Sylva, or, A discourse of forest-trees, and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions as it was deliver'd in the Royal Society the XVth of October, MDCLXII upon occasion of certain quæries propounded to that illustrious assembly, by the Honourable the Principal Officers, and Commissioners of the Navy : to which is annexed Pomona, or, An appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider, the making, and severall wayes of ordering it published by expresse order of the Royal Society : also Kalendarivm hortense, or, the Gard'ners almanac, directing what he is to do monthly throughout the year / by John Evelyn ...
         Evelyn, John, 1620-1706.
      
       
         
           1670
        
      
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             Sylva, or, A discourse of forest-trees, and the propagation of timber in His Majesties dominions as it was deliver'd in the Royal Society the XVth of October, MDCLXII upon occasion of certain quæries propounded to that illustrious assembly, by the Honourable the Principal Officers, and Commissioners of the Navy : to which is annexed Pomona, or, An appendix concerning fruit-trees in relation to cider, the making, and severall wayes of ordering it published by expresse order of the Royal Society : also Kalendarivm hortense, or, the Gard'ners almanac, directing what he is to do monthly throughout the year / by John Evelyn ...
             Evelyn, John, 1620-1706.
          
           
             All which several treatises are in this second edition much enlarged and improved.
          
           [47], 247 [i.e. 249]; [4], 67, 33 p. : ill.
           
             Printed by Jo. Martyn and Ja. Allestry ...,
             London :
             1670.
          
           
             Advertisement: prelim. p. [15].
             Indexes: prelim. p. [22]-[46].
             Pomona and Kalendarium hortense each has special t.p. and separate paging.
             Imperfect: Kalendarium hortense (33 p. at end) is lacking in filmed copy.
             Reproduction of original in Cambridge University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Forests and forestry.
           Trees.
           Gardening -- Early works to 1800.
           Cider.
        
      
    
     
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                 By
                 the
              
               Council
               
                 of
                 the
              
               ROYAL
               SOCIETY
               of
               London
               for
               Improving
               of
               Natural
               Knowledge
               .
            
             
               ORdered
               ,
               That
               the
               Book
               written
               by
               
                 John
                 Evelyn
              
               
                 Esq
              
               Fellow
               of
               this
               Society
               ,
               Entituled
               SYLVA
               ;
               Or
               a
               Discourse
               of
               Forest-Trees
               ,
               and
               the
               Propagation
               of
               Timber
               in
               His
               Majesties
               Dominions
               :
               To
               which
               is
               annexed
               POMONA
               ;
               Or
               an
               Appendix
               concerning
               Fruit-Trees
               in
               relation
               to
               Cider
               ,
               the
               Making
               and
               several
               ways
               of
               Ordering
               it
               ,
               be
               Printed
               by
               
                 John
                 Martyn
              
               and
               
                 James
                 Allestry
              
               ,
               Printers
               to
               the
               said
               Society
               .
            
             
               BROVNCKER
               ,
               P.R.S.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               SYLVA
               ,
               Or
               A
               DISCOURSE
               Of
               FOREST-TREES
               ,
               AND
               THE
               Propagation
               of
               Timber
               in
               His
               MAJESTIES
               Dominions
               .
            
             
               As
               it
               was
               Deliver'd
               in
               the
               
                 ROYAL
                 SOCIETY
              
               the
               XV
               th
               of
               October
               ,
               MDCLXII
               .
               upon
               occasion
               of
               certain
               Quaeries
               propounded
               to
               that
               
                 Illustrious
                 Assembly
              
               ,
               by
               the
               Honourable
               the
               Principal
               Officers
               ,
               and
               Commissioners
               of
               the
               Navy
               .
            
             
               To
               which
               is
               annexed
               POMONA
               ;
               Or
               ,
               An
               Appendix
               concerning
               Fruit-Trees
               in
               relation
               to
               CIDER
               ;
               The
               Making
               ,
               and
               severall
               wayes
               of
               Ordering
               it
               .
            
             
               Published
               by
               expresse
               Order
               of
               the
               
                 ROYAL
                 SOCIETY
              
               .
            
             
               ALSO
               
                 KALENDARIVM
                 HORTENSE
              
               ;
               Or
               ,
               the
               
                 Gard'ners
                 Almanae
              
               ;
               Directing
               what
               he
               is
               to
               do
               Monthly
               throughout
               the
               Year
               .
            
             
               All
               which
               several
               Treatises
               are
               in
               this
               
                 SECOND
                 EDITION
              
               much
               Inlarged
               and
               Improved
               BY
               JOHN
               EVELYN
               
                 Esq
              
               Fellow
               of
               the
               
                 ROYAL
                 SOCIETY
              
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 Tibi
                 res
                 antiquae
                 laudis
                 &
                 artis
              
               
                 Ingredior
                 ,
                 tantos
                 ausus
                 recludere
                 fonteis
                 .
              
               
                 Virg.
                 
              
            
             
               Royal Society coat of arms
            
             
               LONDON
               ,
               Printed
               for
               
                 Jo.
                 Martyn
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Ja.
                 Allestry
              
               ,
               Printers
               to
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               .
               MDCLXX
               .
            
          
           
             
             
             
               TO
               THE
               KING
               .
            
             
               
                 SIR
                 ,
              
            
             
               THis
               
                 Second
                 Edition
              
               of
               SYLVA
               ,
               after
               more
               than
               a
               
                 Thousand
                 Copies
              
               had
               been
               Bought
               up
               ,
               and
               dispers'd
               of
               the
               
                 First
                 Impression
              
               ,
               in
               much
               lesse
               time
               than
               two
               Years
               space
               (
               which
               Book-sellers
               assure
               us
               is
               a
               very
               extraordinary
               thing
               in
               Volumes
               of
               this
               bulk
               )
               comes
               now
               again
               to
               pay
               its
               Homage
               to
               your
               Serene
               Majesty
               ,
               to
               whose
               Auspices
               alone
               it
               owes
               the
               favourable
               Acceptance
               which
               it
               has
               received
               in
               the
               World.
               But
               it
               is
               not
               That
               alone
               ,
               which
               it
               presumes
               to
               tell
               your
               Majesty
               ,
               but
               to
               acquaint
               You
               ,
               that
               it
               has
               been
               the
               sole
               Occasion
               of
               furnishing
               your
               almost
               exhausted
               Dominions
               ,
               with
               more
               (
               I
               dare
               say
               )
               than
               
                 two
                 Millions
              
               of
               Timber-Trees
               ;
               besides
               infinite
               Others
               ,
               which
               
               have
               been
               Propagated
               within
               the
               
                 three
                 Nations
              
               ,
               at
               the
               Instigation
               ,
               and
               by
               the
               Direction
               of
               this
               Work
               ;
               and
               that
               the
               Author
               of
               it
               is
               able
               (
               if
               need
               require
               )
               to
               make
               it
               out
               ,
               by
               a
               competent
               Volume
               of
               Letters
               ,
               and
               acknowledgments
               ,
               which
               are
               come
               to
               his
               hands
               from
               several
               Persons
               of
               the
               most
               eminent
               Quality
               ;
               many
               of
               them
               Illustrious
               ,
               and
               divers
               of
               them
               unknown
               to
               him
               ,
               in
               justification
               of
               what
               he
               asserts
               ,
               which
               he
               the
               rather
               preserves
               with
               the
               more
               care
               ;
               because
               they
               are
               Testimonials
               from
               so
               many
               honourable
               Persons
               ,
               of
               the
               Benefit
               they
               have
               receiv'd
               from
               the
               Endeavours
               of
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               ,
               which
               ,
               now
               adayes
               ,
               passes
               through
               so
               many
               Censures
               ;
               but
               ,
               she
               has
               yet
               your
               Majesty
               for
               her
               Founder
               and
               Patron
               ,
               and
               is
               therefore
               the
               less
               concern'd
               ;
               since
               no
               man
               of
               worth
               can
               likely
               speak
               ill
               of
               an
               Assembly
               ,
               which
               your
               Majesty
               has
               thought
               fit
               to
               dignifie
               ,
               by
               so
               signal
               a
               Relation
               to
               it
               .
            
             
               It
               is
               now
               about
               five
               years
               past
               ,
               that
               your
               Majesty
               was
               pleas'd
               to
               declare
               your
               favourable
               Acceptance
               of
               a
               Treatise
               of
               Architecture
               which
               I
               then
               presented
               to
               you
               ,
               with
               many
               gracious
               expressions
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               was
               a
               most
               useful
               Piece
               .
               Sir
               ,
               That
               Encouragement
               (
               together
               with
               the
               success
               both
               of
               the
               Book
               it self
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               
                 first
                 Edition
              
               of
               this
               )
               has
               animated
               me
               to
               make
               a
               second
               Oblation
               to
               you
               of
               these
               Improvements
               :
               Nor
               was
               it
               certainly
               ,
               without
               some
               Provident
               Conduct
               ,
               that
               we
               have
               been
               thus
               solicitous
               to
               begin
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               with
               Materials
               for
               Building
               ,
               and
               Directions
               
               to
               Builders
               ;
               if
               due
               Reflections
               be
               made
               on
               that
               deplorable
               Calamity
               ,
               the
               Conflagration
               of
               your
               
                 Imperial
                 City
              
               ;
               which
               neverthelesse
               by
               the
               Blessing
               of
               GOD
               ,
               and
               your
               Majesties
               gracious
               Influence
               ,
               we
               despair
               not
               of
               seeing
               Rise
               again
               ,
               a
               New
               ,
               and
               much
               more
               Glorious
               PHOENIX
               .
            
             
               This
               TRIBUTE
               ,
               I
               now
               once
               more
               lay
               at
               the
               Feet
               of
               our
               ROYAL
               FOVNDER
               :
               May
               your
               Majesty
               be
               pleas'd
               ,
               to
               be
               Invok'd
               by
               that
               no
               Inglorious
               TITLE
               in
               the
               profoundest
               Submissions
               of
            
             
               
                 Gracious
                 Sir
                 ,
              
               
                 Your
                 Majesties
                 Ever
                 Loyal
                 ,
                 most
                 obedient
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   Faithful
                   Subject
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Servant
                 ,
                 J.
                 EVELYN
                 .
              
               
                 Says-Court
                 
                   Aug.
                   
                     24
                     1669.
                  
                   
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
             
               TO
               THE
               READER
               .
            
             
               AFter
               what
               the
               Frontispiece
               and
               Porch
               of
               this
               
                 Wooden
                 Edifice
              
               presents
               you
               ,
               I
               shall
               need
               no
               farther
               to
               repeat
               the
               Occasion
               of
               this
               following
               Discourse
               ;
               I
               am
               onely
               to
               acquaint
               you
               ,
               That
               as
               it
               was
               delivered
               to
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               by
               an
               unworthy
               Member
               thereof
               ,
               in
               Obedience
               to
               their
               Commands
               ;
               by
               the
               same
               it
               is
               now
               Re-publish'd
               without
               any
               farther
               Prospect
               :
               And
               the
               Reader
               is
               to
               know
               ,
               That
               if
               these
               dry
               sticks
               afford
               him
               any
               Sap
               ,
               it
               is
               one
               of
               the
               least
               and
               meanest
               of
               those
               Pieces
               which
               are
               every
               day
               produc'd
               by
               that
               
                 Illustrious
                 Assembly
              
               ,
               and
               which
               enrich
               their
               Collections
               ,
               as
               so
               many
               Monuments
               of
               their
               accurate
               Experiments
               ,
               and
               Publick
               endeavours
               ,
               in
               order
               to
               the
               production
               of
               real
               and
               useful
               Theories
               ,
               the
               Propagation
               and
               Improvement
               of
               
                 Nutural
                 Science
              
               ,
               and
               the
               honour
               of
               their
               Institution
               .
               If
               to
               this
               there
               be
               any
               thing
               subjoyned
               here
               ,
               which
               may
               a
               while
               bespeak
               the
               Patience
               of
               the
               Reader
               ,
               it
               is
               onely
               for
               the
               encouragement
               of
               an
               Industry
               ,
               and
               worthy
               Labour
               ,
               too
               much
               in
               our
               dayes
               neglected
               ,
               as
               haply
               reputed
               a
               Consideration
               of
               too
               sordid
               and
               vulgar
               a
               nature
               for
               
                 Noble
                 Persons
              
               ,
               and
               Gentlemen
               to
               busie
               themselves
               withal
               ,
               and
               who
               
               oftner
               find
               wayes
               to
               
                 Fell
                 down
              
               ,
               and
               Destroy
               their
               Trees
               and
               Plantations
               ,
               than
               either
               to
               repair
               or
               improve
               them
               .
            
             
               But
               we
               are
               not
               without
               hopes
               of
               taking
               off
               these
               Prejudices
               ,
               and
               of
               reconciling
               them
               to
               a
               Subject
               and
               an
               Industry
               which
               has
               been
               consecrated
               (
               as
               I
               may
               say
               )
               by
               as
               good
               ,
               and
               as
               great
               Persons
               ,
               as
               any
               the
               World
               has
               produced
               :
               and
               whose
               Names
               we
               find
               mingl'd
               amongst
               Kings
               ,
               and
               Philosophers
               ,
               grave
               Senators
               ,
               and
               Patriots
               of
               their
               Countrey
               :
               For
               such
               were
               of
               old
               
                 Solomon
                 ,
                 Cyrus
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Numa
                 ,
                 Licinius
              
               sirnamed
               
                 Stolo
                 ,
                 Cato
              
               ,
               and
               Cincinnatus
               ;
               the
               
               Piso's
               ,
               
                 Fabii
                 ,
                 Cicero
              
               ,
               the
               Plinies
               ,
               and
               thousands
               more
               whom
               I
               might
               enumerate
               ,
               that
               disdained
               not
               to
               cultivate
               these
               Rusticities
               even
               with
               their
               own
               hands
               ,
               and
               to
               esteem
               it
               a
               great
               Accession
               ,
               to
               dignifie
               their
               Persons
               ,
               and
               adorn
               their
               purple
               with
               these
               
                 Rural
                 Characters
              
               of
               their
               affections
               to
               Planting
               ,
               and
               love
               of
               this
               part
               of
               Agriculture
               ,
               which
               has
               transmitted
               to
               us
               their
               venerable
               Names
               through
               so
               many
               Ages
               and
               Vicissitudes
               of
               the
               World.
               
            
             
               That
               famous
               Answer
               alone
               which
               the
               
                 Persian
                 Monarch
              
               gave
               to
               Lysander
               ,
               will
               sufficiently
               justifie
               that
               which
               I
               have
               said
               ;
               besides
               what
               we
               might
               add
               ,
               out
               of
               the
               Writings
               and
               Examples
               of
               the
               rest
               :
               But
               since
               these
               may
               suffice
               ,
               after
               due
               reproofs
               of
               the
               late
               impolitique
               Wast
               ,
               and
               universal
               sloth
               amongst
               us
               ;
               we
               would
               now
               turn
               our
               Indignation
               into
               Prayers
               ,
               
               and
               addresse
               our selves
               to
               our
               better
               natur'd
               Countrymen
               ;
               that
               such
               Woods
               as
               do
               yet
               remain
               intire
               ,
               might
               be
               carefully
               Preserved
               ,
               and
               such
               as
               are
               Destroy'd
               ,
               sedulously
               repaired
               :
               It
               is
               what
               all
               Persons
               who
               are
               Owners
               of
               Land
               may
               contribute
               to
               ,
               and
               with
               infinite
               delight
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               profit
               ,
               who
               are
               touch'd
               with
               that
               laudable
               Ambition
               of
               imitating
               their
               Illustrious
               Ancestors
               ,
               and
               of
               worthily
               serving
               their
               Generation
               .
               To
               these
               my
               earnest
               and
               humble
               Advice
               should
               be
               ,
               That
               at
               their
               very
               first
               coming
               to
               their
               Estates
               ,
               and
               as
               soon
               as
               they
               get
               Children
               ,
               they
               would
               seriously
               think
               of
               
                 this
                 Work
              
               of
               Propagation
               also
               :
               
               For
               ,
               I
               observe
               there
               is
               no
               part
               of
               Husbandry
               ,
               which
               men
               commonly
               more
               Fail
               in
               ,
               neglect
               ,
               and
               have
               cause
               to
               repent
               of
               ,
               than
               that
               they
               did
               not
               begin
               
                 Planting
                 betimes
              
               ,
               without
               which
               ,
               they
               can
               expect
               neither
               
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 Ornament
              
               ,
               or
               Delight
               from
               their
               Labours
               :
               Men
               seldom
               Plant
               Trees
               till
               they
               begin
               to
               be
               Wise
               ,
               that
               is
               ,
               till
               they
               grow
               Old
               ,
               and
               find
               by
               Experience
               the
               Prudence
               and
               Necessity
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               My
               next
               Advice
               is
               ,
               that
               they
               do
               not
               easily
               commit
               themselves
               to
               the
               Dictates
               of
               their
               ignorant
               Hinds
               and
               Servants
               ,
               
               who
               are
               (
               generally
               speaking
               )
               more
               fit
               to
               Learn
               than
               to
               Instruct
               .
               
                 Male
                 agitur
                 cum
                 Domino
                 quem
                 Villicus
                 docet
                 ,
              
               was
               an
               Observation
               of
               old
               
               Cato's
               ;
               and
               't
               was
               Ischomachus
               who
               told
               Socrates
               (
               discoursing
               one
               day
               upon
               a
               like
               subject
               )
               
                 That
                 it
                 was
                 far
                 easier
                 to
              
               Make
               
                 than
                 to
              
               Find
               
                 a
                 good
                 Husband-man
              
               :
               I
               have
               often
               prov'd
               it
               so
               in
               Gardeners
               ;
               and
               I
               believe
               it
               will
               hold
               in
               most
               of
               our
               Countrey
               Employments
               :
               We
               are
               to
               exact
               Labour
               ,
               not
               Conduct
               and
               Reason
               ,
               from
               the
               greatest
               part
               of
               them
               ;
               and
               the
               business
               of
               Planting
               is
               an
               Art
               or
               Science
               (
               for
               so
               Varro
               has
               solemnly
               defin'd
               it
               )
               and
               that
               exceedingly
               wide
               of
               Truth
               ,
               
               which
               (
               it
               seems
               )
               many
               in
               his
               time
               accounted
               of
               it
               ;
               
                 facillimam
                 esse
                 ,
                 nec
                 ullius
                 acuminis
                 Rusticationem
                 ,
              
               an
               easie
               and
               insipid
               Study
               .
               It
               was
               the
               simple
               Culture
               onely
               ,
               with
               so
               much
               difficulty
               retriv'd
               from
               the
               late
               confusion
               of
               an
               intestine
               and
               bloody
               War
               ,
               like
               Ours
               ,
               and
               now
               put
               in
               Reputation
               again
               ,
               which
               made
               the
               noble
               Poet
               write
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     How
                     hard
                     it
                     was
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Low
                     Subjects
                     with
                     illustrious
                     words
                     to
                     grace
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   —
                   Verbis
                   ea
                   vincere
                   magnum
                
                 
                   Quam
                   sit
                   ,
                   &
                   angustis
                   hanc
                   addere
                   rebus
                   honorem
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Georg.
                     3.
                  
                   
                
              
               Seeing
               ,
               as
               the
               Orator
               does
               himself
               expresse
               it
               ,
               
               
                 Nihil
                 est
                 homine
                 libero
                 dignius
              
               ;
               there
               is
               nothing
               more
               becoming
               and
               worthy
               of
               a
               Gentleman
               .
               
               It
               was
               indeed
               a
               plain
               man
               (
               a
               Potter
               by
               Trade
               )
               but
               let
               no
               body
               despise
               him
               because
               a
               
                 Potter
                 (
                 Agathocles
              
               ,
               and
               a
               King
               was
               of
               that
               Craft
               )
               who
               
               in
               my
               Opinion
               has
               given
               us
               the
               true
               reason
               why
               Husbandry
               ,
               and
               particularly
               Planting
               ,
               is
               no
               more
               improv'd
               in
               this
               Age
               of
               ours
               :
               especially
               ,
               where
               Persons
               are
               Lords
               and
               Owners
               of
               much
               Land.
               The
               truth
               is
               ,
               sayes
               he
               ,
               when
               men
               have
               acquired
               any
               considerable
               Fortune
               by
               their
               
                 good
                 Husbandry
              
               ,
               and
               experience
               (
               forgetting
               that
               the
               greatest
               
                 Patriarchs
                 ,
                 Princes
              
               ,
               their
               Sons
               and
               Daughters
               ,
               belong'd
               to
               the
               Plough
               ,
               and
               the
               Flock
               )
               they
               account
               it
               a
               shame
               to
               breed
               up
               their
               Children
               in
               the
               same
               Calling
               in
               which
               they
               themselves
               were
               educated
               ,
               but
               presently
               design
               them
               for
               Gentlemen
               :
               They
               must
               forsooth
               ,
               have
               a
               Coat
               of
               Arms
               ,
               and
               live
               upon
               their
               Estates
               ;
               So
               as
               by
               that
               time
               his
               Beard
               grows
               ,
               he
               begins
               to
               be
               asham'd
               of
               his
               Father
               ,
               and
               would
               be
               ready
               to
               defie
               him
               ,
               that
               should
               upon
               any
               occasion
               mind
               him
               of
               his
               
                 honest
                 Extraction
              
               :
               And
               if
               it
               chance
               that
               the
               good-man
               have
               other
               Children
               to
               provide
               for
               ;
               This
               must
               be
               the
               Darling
               ,
               be
               bred
               at
               School
               ,
               and
               the
               Vniversity
               ,
               whilst
               the
               rest
               must
               to
               Plow
               with
               the
               Father
               ,
               &c.
               
               This
               is
               the
               Cause
               ,
               says
               my
               Authour
               ,
               that
               our
               Lands
               are
               so
               ill
               Cultivated
               .
               Every
               body
               will
               subsist
               upon
               their
               own
               Revenue
               ,
               and
               take
               their
               Pleasure
               ,
               whilst
               they
               Resign
               their
               Estates
               to
               be
               manag'd
               by
               the
               most
               Ignorant
               ,
               (
               which
               are
               the
               Children
               whom
               they
               leave
               at
               home
               ,
               or
               the
               Hinds
               to
               whom
               they
               commit
               them
               .
               )
               When
               as
               in
               truth
               ,
               and
               in
               reason
               ,
               the
               more
               Learning
               the
               better
               Philosophers
               ,
               and
               the
               greater
               Abilities
               they
               possesse
               ,
               the
               more
               ,
               and
               the
               better
               are
               they
               qualified
               ,
               to
               Cultivate
               ,
               and
               improve
               their
               Estates
               :
               Methinks
               this
               is
               well
               and
               rationally
               argued
               .
            
             
               And
               now
               you
               have
               in
               part
               what
               I
               had
               to
               produce
               in
               extenuation
               of
               this
               my
               Adventure
               ;
               that
               Animated
               with
               a
               Command
               ,
               and
               Assisted
               by
               divers
               
                 Worthy
                 Persons
              
               (
               whose
               Names
               I
               am
               prone
               to
               celebrate
               with
               all
               just
               Respects
               )
               I
               have
               presumed
               to
               cast
               in
               my
               Symbol
               ;
               and
               which
               ,
               with
               the
               rest
               that
               are
               to
               follow
               ,
               may
               (
               I
               hope
               )
               be
               in
               some
               degree
               serviceable
               to
               him
               (
               who
               e're
               the
               happy
               Person
               be
               )
               which
               shall
               
               oblige
               the
               World
               with
               that
               compleat
               Systeme
               of
               Agriculture
               ,
               which
               as
               yet
               seems
               a
               desiderate
               ,
               and
               wanting
               to
               its
               perfection
               .
               It
               is
               (
               I
               assure
               you
               )
               what
               is
               one
               of
               the
               Principal
               Designs
               of
               the
               
                 ROYAL
                 SOCIETY
              
               ,
               not
               in
               this
               Particular
               only
               ,
               but
               through
               all
               the
               Liberal
               and
               more
               useful
               Arts
               ;
               and
               for
               which
               (
               in
               the
               estimation
               of
               all
               equal
               Judges
               )
               it
               will
               merit
               the
               greatest
               of
               Encouragements
               ;
               that
               so
               ,
               at
               last
               ,
               what
               the
               Learned
               Columella
               has
               wittily
               reproach'd
               ,
               and
               complain'd
               of
               ,
               as
               a
               defect
               in
               that
               Age
               of
               his
               ,
               concerning
               Agriculture
               in
               general
               ,
               and
               is
               applicable
               here
               ,
               may
               attain
               its
               desired
               Remedy
               and
               Consummation
               in
               This
               of
               Ours
               .
            
             
               
                 Sola
                 enim
                 Res
                 Rustica
                 ,
                 quae
                 sine
                 dubitatione
                 proxima
                 ,
              
               
               
                 &
                 quasi
                 consanguinea
                 Sapientiae
                 est
                 ,
                 tam
                 discentibus
                 eget
                 ,
                 quam
                 magistris
                 :
                 Adhuc
                 in
                 Scholis
                 Rhetorum
                 ,
                 &
                 Geometrarum
                 ,
                 Musicorumque
                 ,
                 Vel
                 quod
                 magis
                 mirandum
                 est
                 ,
                 contemptissimorum
                 vitiorum
                 officinas
                 ,
                 gulosius
                 condiendi
                 cibos
                 ,
                 &
                 luxuriosius
                 sercula
                 struendi
                 ,
                 capitumque
                 &
                 capillorum
                 concinnatores
                 non
                 solum
                 esse
                 audivi
                 ,
                 sed
                 &
                 ipse
                 vidi
                 ;
                 Agricolationis
                 neque
                 Doctores
                 qui
                 se
                 profiterentur
                 ,
                 neque
                 Discipulos
                 cognovi
                 .
              
               But
               this
               I
               leave
               for
               our
               Gallants
               to
               Interpret
               ,
               and
               should
               now
               apply
               my self
               to
               the
               Directive
               Part
               ,
               which
               I
               am
               all
               this
               while
               bespeaking
               ,
               if
               after
               what
               I
               have
               said
               in
               the
               several
               Paragraphs
               of
               the
               ensuing
               Discourse
               upon
               the
               Argument
               of
               Wood
               ,
               (
               and
               which
               in
               this
               Second
               Edition
               coming
               Abroad
               with
               innumerable
               Improvements
               ,
               to
               at
               the
               least
               ,
               a
               full-half
               Augmented
               ,
               and
               that
               with
               such
               Advantages
               ,
               as
               I
               am
               not
               afraid
               ,
               to
               pronounce
               it
               almost
               altogether
               a
               New-Work
               ,
               so
               furnish'd
               ,
               as
               I
               hope
               shall
               neither
               reproach
               the
               Author
               ,
               or
               repent
               the
               Reader
               )
               it
               might
               not
               seem
               superfluous
               to
               have
               praemised
               any
               thing
               here
               for
               the
               Encouragement
               of
               so
               becoming
               an
               Industry
               .
               There
               are
               divers
               Learned
               ,
               and
               judicious
               Men
               who
               have
               praeceded
               Me
               in
               this
               Argument
               ;
               as
               many
               ,
               at
               least
               ,
               as
               have
               undertaken
               to
               Write
               and
               Compile
               vast
               Herbals
               ,
               and
               Theaters
               of
               Plants
               ;
               of
               which
               we
               have
               some
               of
               our
               own
               Country-men
               ,
               who
               have
               (
               I
               dare
               boldly
               
               affirm
               it
               )
               surpass'd
               any
               ,
               if
               not
               all
               the
               Forriners
               that
               are
               extant
               :
               In
               Those
               it
               is
               you
               meet
               with
               the
               Description
               of
               the
               several
               Plants
               ,
               by
               
                 Discourses
                 ,
                 Figures
                 ,
                 Names
                 ,
                 Places
              
               of
               Growth
               ,
               time
               of
               Flourishing
               ,
               and
               their
               
                 Medicinal
                 Virtues
              
               ;
               which
               may
               supply
               any
               deficiency
               of
               mine
               as
               to
               those
               Particulars
               ;
               if
               the
               forbearing
               that
               Repetition
               ,
               should
               by
               any
               be
               imputed
               for
               a
               defect
               ,
               though
               it
               were
               indeed
               none
               of
               my
               designe
               :
               I
               say
               ,
               these
               things
               are
               long
               since
               performed
               to
               our
               hands
               :
               But
               there
               is
               none
               of
               these
               (
               that
               I
               at
               least
               know
               of
               ,
               and
               are
               come
               to
               my
               perusal
               )
               who
               have
               taken
               any
               considerable
               pains
               how
               to
               Direct
               ,
               and
               Encourage
               us
               in
               the
               Culture
               of
               Forest-Trees
               (
               the
               grand
               defect
               of
               this
               Nation
               )
               :
               besides
               some
               small
               sprinklings
               to
               be
               met
               withal
               in
               
                 Gervas
                 Markham
              
               ,
               Old
               Tusser
               ,
               and
               the
               Country-Farm
               long
               since
               Translated
               out
               of
               French
               ;
               and
               by
               no
               means
               suitable
               to
               our
               clime
               and
               Country
               :
               Neither
               have
               any
               of
               these
               proceeded
               after
               my
               Method
               ,
               and
               so
               particularly
               ,
               in
               
                 Raising
                 ,
                 Planting
                 ,
                 Dressing
              
               and
               Governing
               ,
               &c.
               or
               so
               sedulously
               made
               it
               their
               business
               ,
               to
               specifie
               the
               
                 Mechanical
                 Vses
              
               of
               the
               
                 several
                 kinds
              
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               done
               ,
               which
               was
               hitherto
               a
               great
               desiderate
               :
               and
               in
               which
               the
               Reader
               will
               likewise
               find
               some
               things
               altogether
               New
               and
               Instructive
               ;
               and
               both
               Directions
               and
               Encouragements
               for
               the
               Propagation
               of
               some
               Forain
               Curiosities
               of
               Ornament
               and
               Vse
               ,
               which
               were
               hitherto
               neglected
               .
               If
               I
               have
               upon
               occasion
               presum'd
               to
               say
               any
               thing
               concerning
               their
               Medicinal
               properties
               ,
               it
               has
               been
               Modestly
               and
               Frugally
               ,
               and
               with
               chief
               ,
               if
               not
               onely
               respect
               to
               the
               poor
               Wood-man
               ,
               whom
               none
               I
               presume
               will
               envy
               ,
               that
               living
               far
               from
               the
               Physitian
               ,
               he
               should
               in
               case
               of
               Necessity
               ,
               consult
               the
               reverend
               Druid
               ,
               his
               *
               Okes
               ,
               and
               his
               
                 Elme
                 ,
                 Birch
              
               or
               Elder
               ,
               for
               a
               short
               Breath
               ,
               a
               Green
               Wound
               ,
               or
               a
               sore
               Leg
               ;
               Casualties
               incident
               to
               this
               hard
               Labour
               .
               These
               are
               the
               chief
               Particulars
               of
               this
               ensuing
               Work
               ,
               and
               what
               it
               pretends
               hitherto
               of
               Singular
               ,
               
               in
               which
               let
               me
               be
               permitted
               to
               say
               ,
               There
               is
               sufficient
               for
               Instruction
               ,
               and
               more
               than
               is
               extant
               in
               any
               Collection
               whatsoever
               
                 (
                 absit
                 verbo
                 invidia
              
               )
               in
               this
               way
               ,
               and
               upon
               this
               Subject
               ;
               abstracting
               things
               Practicable
               ,
               of
               solid
               use
               ,
               and
               material
               ,
               from
               the
               Ostentation
               and
               impertinences
               of
               divers
               Writers
               ;
               who
               receiving
               all
               that
               came
               to
               hand
               on
               trust
               ,
               to
               swell
               their
               monstrous
               Volumes
               ,
               have
               hitherto
               impos'd
               upon
               the
               credulous
               World
               ,
               without
               conscience
               or
               honesty
               .
               I
               will
               not
               exasperate
               the
               Adorers
               of
               our
               ancient
               and
               late
               Naturalists
               ,
               by
               repeating
               of
               what
               our
               Verulam
               has
               justly
               pronounc'd
               concerning
               their
               Rhapsodies
               (
               because
               I
               likewise
               honour
               their
               painful
               Endeavours
               ,
               and
               am
               oblig'd
               to
               them
               for
               much
               of
               that
               I
               know
               ,
               )
               nor
               will
               I
               (
               with
               some
               )
               reproach
               
                 Pliny
                 ,
                 Porta
                 ,
                 Cardan
                 ,
                 Mizaldus
                 ,
                 Cursius
                 ,
              
               and
               many
               others
               of
               great
               Names
               (
               whose
               Writings
               I
               have
               diligently
               consulted
               )
               for
               the
               Knowledge
               they
               have
               imparted
               to
               me
               on
               this
               Occasion
               ;
               but
               I
               must
               deplore
               the
               time
               which
               is
               (
               for
               the
               most
               part
               )
               so
               miserably
               lost
               in
               pursuit
               of
               their
               Speculations
               ,
               where
               they
               treat
               upon
               this
               Argument
               :
               But
               the
               World
               is
               now
               advis'd
               ,
               and
               (
               blessed
               be
               God
               )
               infinitely
               redeem'd
               from
               that
               base
               and
               servile
               submission
               of
               our
               noblest
               Faculties
               to
               their
               blind
               Traditions
               .
               This
               ,
               you
               will
               be
               apt
               to
               say
               ,
               is
               a
               haughty
               Period
               ;
               but
               whiles
               I
               affirm
               it
               of
               the
               Past
               ,
               it
               justifies
               ,
               and
               does
               honour
               to
               the
               Present
               Industry
               of
               our
               Age
               ,
               and
               of
               which
               there
               cannot
               be
               a
               greater
               and
               more
               emulous
               Instance
               ,
               than
               the
               Passion
               of
               His
               Majesty
               to
               encourage
               His
               Subjects
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               ,
               His
               
                 Majesties
                 Foundation
              
               ,
               who
               receive
               and
               promote
               His
               Dictates
               ,
               in
               all
               that
               is
               laudable
               and
               truly
               emolumental
               of
               this
               Nature
               .
            
             
               It
               is
               not
               therefore
               that
               I
               here
               presume
               to
               instruct
               Him
               in
               the
               management
               of
               that
               great
               and
               august
               Enterprise
               of
               resolving
               to
               Plant
               and
               repair
               His
               ample
               Forests
               ,
               and
               other
               Magazines
               of
               Timber
               ,
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               His
               
                 Royal
                 Navy
              
               ,
               and
               the
               glory
               of
               His
               Kingdoms
               ;
               but
               to
               present
               to
               His
               
               
                 Sacred
                 Person
              
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               World
               ,
               what
               Advises
               I
               have
               received
               from
               others
               ,
               observed
               my
               self
               ,
               and
               most
               Industriously
               Collected
               from
               a
               studious
               propensity
               to
               serve
               as
               one
               of
               the
               least
               Intelligences
               in
               the
               ampler
               Orb
               of
               our
               
                 Illustrious
                 Society
              
               ,
               and
               in
               a
               Work
               so
               Important
               and
               Necessary
               .
            
             
               J.E.
               
            
          
           
             
               BOOKS
               Publish'd
               by
               the
               Author
               of
               this
               Discourse
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               The
               
                 French
                 Gard'ner
              
               ,
               II.
               Edition
               :
               0
               /
               12.
               
            
             
               2.
               
               Fumi-fugium
               ,
               or
               a
               
                 Prophetic
                 Invective
              
               against
               the
               Smoke
               of
               London
               :
               0
               /
               4.
               
            
             
               3.
               
               Sylva
               ,
               or
               a
               Discourse
               of
               Forest-Trees
               ,
               &c.
               the
               II.
               Edition
               ,
               very
               much
               
                 Improv'd
                 ,
                 Fol.
              
               
            
             
               4.
               
               
                 Kalendarium
                 Hortense
              
               ,
               both
               in
               Fol.
               and
               Octavo
               ,
               the
               III.
               Edition
               ,
               much
               Augmented
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Sculptura
               ,
               or
               the
               History
               of
               Chalcography
               and
               Engraving
               in
               Copper
               ,
               the
               Original
               and
               Progresse
               of
               that
               Art
               ,
               &c.
               Octavo
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               Parallel
               of
               Architecture
               ,
               being
               an
               Account
               of
               Ten
               famous
               Architects
               ,
               with
               a
               Discourse
               of
               the
               Tearms
               ,
               and
               a
               Treatise
               of
               
                 Statues
                 :
                 Fol.
              
               
            
             
               7.
               
               The
               Idea
               of
               the
               Perfection
               of
               
                 Painting
                 :
                 Octavo
              
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               Amico
               charissimo
               
                 Johanni
                 Evelyno
              
               Armigero
               ,
               è
               Societate
               Regali
               Londini
               .
               J.
               Beale
               ,
               
                 S.P.D.
                 In
              
               Sylvam
               .
            
             
               FAre
               age
               quid
               causae
               est
               quod
               tu
               Sylvestria
               pangis
               ,
            
             
               Inter
               Sylvanos
               ,
               capripedesque
               Deos
               ?
            
             
               Inter
               Hamadryadas
               laetus
               ,
               Dryadasque
               pudicas
               ,
            
             
               Cum
               tua
               Cyrrhaeis
               sit
               Chelys
               apta
               modis
               !
            
             
               Scilicet
               hoc
               cecinit
               numerosus
               Horatius
               olim
               ,
            
             
               
                 Scriptorum
                 Sylvam
              
               quod
               
                 Chorus
                 Omnis
                 a
                 mat
              
               .
            
             
               Est
               locus
               ille
               Sacer
               Musis
               ,
               &
               Apolline
               dignus
               ,
            
             
               Prima
               dedit
               Summo
               Templa
               Sacranda
               Jovi
               .
            
             
               Hinc
               quoque
               nunc
               Pontem
               Pontus
               non
               respuit
               ingens
               ,
            
             
               Stringitur
               Oceanus
               ,
               corripiturque
               Salum
               .
            
             
               Hinc
               novus
               Hesperiis
               emersit
               mundus
               in
               oris
               ,
               
            
             
               Effuditque
               auri
               flumina
               larga
               probi
               .
            
             
               Hinc
               exundavit
               distento
               
                 Copia
                 cornu
              
               ,
            
             
               Qualem
               &
               Amalthaeae
               non
               habuere
               sinus
               .
            
             
               Sylva
               tibi
               curae
               est
               ,
               grata
               &
               Pomona
               refundit
            
             
               Auriferum
               ,
               roseum
               ,
               purpureumque
               nemus
               .
            
             
               Illa
               famemque
               sitimque
               abigens
               expirat
               odores
               ,
            
             
               Quales
               nec
               Medus
               ,
               nec
               tibi
               mittit
               Arabs
               .
            
             
               Ambrosiam
               praebent
               modo
               cocta
               Cydonia
               ,
               Tantum
            
             
               Comprime
               ,
               Nectareo
               poma
               liquore
               fluunt
               .
            
             
               Progredere
               ,
               
                 O
                 Soecli
                 Cultor
              
               memorande
               futuri
               ,
            
             
               Felix
               Horticolam
               sic
               imitere
               Deum
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               Nobilissimo
               Viro
               
                 Johanni
                 Evelyno
              
               Regalis
               Soc.
               Socio
               dignissimo
               .
            
             
               AVsus
               laudato
               qui
               quondam
               reddere
               versu
               ,
            
             
               Aeternum
               &
               tentare
               melos
               ,
               conamine
               magno
            
             
               Lucreti
               nomenque
               suum
               donaverat
               aevo
               :
            
             
               Ille
               leves
               atomos
               audaci
               pangere
               musa
            
             
               Aggreditur
               ,
               variis
               &
               semina
               caeca
               figuris
               ,
            
             
               Naturaeque
               vias
               ,
               non
               quae
               Schola
               garrula
               jactat
               ,
            
             
               Non
               quae
               rixanti
               fert
               barbara
               turba
               Lyceo
               ;
            
             
               Ingentes
               animi
               sensus
               ,
               &
               pondera
               rerum
               ,
            
             
               Grandior
               expressit
               Genius
               ,
               nec
               scripta
               minora
            
             
               Ev'linum
               decuisse
               solent
               .
            
             
               Tuque
               per
               obscuros
               (
               victor
               Boylaee
               )
               recessus
               ,
            
             
               Naturae
               meditaris
               opus
               ,
               
               qua
               luce
               colores
            
             
               Percipimus
               ,
               quali
               magnus
               ferit
               organa
               motu
            
             
               Cartesius
               ,
               quali
               volitant
               primordia
               plexu
            
             
               Ex
               atomis
               Gassende
               ,
               tuis
               ;
               simulachraque
               rerum
            
             
               Diffugiunt
               subito
               vastum
               per
               inane
               meatu
               ;
            
             
               Mutato
               varios
               mentitur
               lana
               colores
            
             
               Lumine
               ;
               dum
               tales
               ardens
               habet
               ipsa
               figuras
            
             
               Purpura
               ,
               Sidoniaeque
               aliae
               tinxere
               veneno
               :
            
             
               Materiam
               assiduo
               vatiatam
               ,
               ut
               Protea
               ,
               motu
            
             
               Concipis
               ,
               
               hinc
               formae
               patuit
               nascentis
               origo
               ,
            
             
               Hinc
               hominum
               species
               &
               vasti
               machina
               coeli
               :
            
             
               Ipse
               creare
               Deus
               ,
               solusque
               ostendere
               mundum
            
             
               Boylaeus
               potuit
               ;
               sed
               nunc
               favet
               aemula
               virtus
            
             
               (
               Magne
               Eveline
               )
               tibi
               &
               generosos
               excitat
               ignes
               ;
            
             
               Pergite
               
                 Scipiadae
                 duo
              
               ,
               qui
               vel
               mille
               Marones
            
             
               Vincitis
               ,
               &
               meriti
               longo
               lassatis
               honore
               .
            
             
               Tu
               vero
               dilecte
               nimis
               !
               qui
               stemmate
               ab
               alto
            
             
               Patricios
               deducis
               avos
               ,
               cerasque
               parentum
            
             
               Wottonicae
               de
               stirpe
               domus
               ;
               
               virtutibus
               aequas
            
             
               Nunc
               generis
               monumenta
               tui
               ,
               post
               taedia
               Ponti
            
             
             
               Innumerasque
               errore
               vias
               ,
               quid
               Sequana
               fallax
               ,
            
             
               Quae
               Rhenus
               malefidus
               agit
               ,
               quae
               Tibris
               ,
               &
               Ister
               ,
            
             
               Nota
               tibi
               :
               triplici
               quid
               perfida
               Roma
               corona
            
             
               Gessit
               ,
               &
               
                 Adriaca
                 Venetus
              
               deliberat
               arce
               ,
            
             
               Qualiaque
               Odrysias
               vexarunt
               praelia
               lunas
               :
            
             
               
                 Europae
                 Mundique
              
               artes
               Eveline
               ,
               reducis
               ,
            
             
               Dum
               Phoebo
               comes
               ire
               paras
               ,
               animamque
               ,
               capacem
            
             
               Vidit
               uterque
               polus
               ,
               nec
               Grajum
               cana
               vetustas
            
             
               Te
               latuit
               ,
               veterum
               nunc
               prisca
               numismata
               regum
            
             
               Eruis
               ,
               &
               Latias
               per
               mystica
               templa
               ruinas
               ;
            
             
               Aestimat
               ille
               Forum
               &
               vasti
               fundamina
               Circi
               ,
            
             
               Cumque
               ruinoso
               Capitolia
               prisca
               Theatro
               ,
            
             
               Et
               Dominos
               colles
               altaeque
               palatia
               Romae
               ,
            
             
               Regales
               notat
               inde
               domos
               ,
               ut
               mole
               superba
            
             
               Surgat
               apex
               ,
               molles
               quae
               tecta
               imitantur
               Ionas
            
             
               Qualia
               Romulea
               ,
               
               Gothica
               quae
               marmora
               dextra
            
             
               Quicquid
               Tuscus
               habet
               ,
               mira
               panduntur
               ab
               arte
               ;
            
             
               O
               famae
               patriaeque
               sacer
               !
               modo
               diruta
               chartis
            
             
               Vivet
               Roma
               tuis
               ;
               te
               vindice
               ,
               laeta
               Corinthus
            
             
               Stabit
               adhuc
               magno
               nequicquam
               invisa
               Metello
               .
            
             
               Nunc
               quoque
               Ruris
               opes
               dulcesque
               ante
               omnia
               curas
            
             
               Pandis
               ovans
               ,
               tristes
               maneat
               quae
               cura
               Decembres
               ,
            
             
               Pleiades
               haec
               Hyadesque
               jubent
               ,
               ut
               laeta
               Bootes
            
             
               Semina
               mandet
               humi
               ,
               ardenti
               quae
               Sirius
               agro
            
             
               Coepit
               ut
               aestiva
               segetes
               torrere
               favilla
            
             
               Quid
               Maij
               vernantis
               opus
               ,
               cum
               florea
               serta
            
             
               Invitant
               Dominas
               ruris
               ,
               cum
               vere
               tepenti
            
             
               Ridet
               ager
               renovatque
               suos
               Narcissus
               amores
               ,
            
             
               Haud
               aliter
               victrix
               divinam
               Aeneida
               vates
            
             
               Lusit
               opus
               ;
               simul
               &
               gracili
               modulatus
               avena
               ,
            
             
               Fata
               decent
               majora
               tuos
               Eveline
               ,
               triumphos
               ,
            
             
               Aeternum
               renovatur
               honos
               ,
               te
               nulla
               vetustas
            
             
               Obruet
               ,
               atque
               tua
               servanda
               volumina
               cedro
            
             
               Durent
               ,
               &
               meritam
               cingat
               tibi
               laurea
               frontem
            
             
               Qui
               vitam
               Sylvis
               donasti
               &
               Floribus
               aevum
               .
            
             
               R.
               Bohun
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               .
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               .
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               .
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ;
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
            
             
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               .
            
             
               Jo.
               Evelyn
               ,
               Jun.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               A
               TABLE
               Of
               the
               CHAPTERS
               .
            
             
               
                 SYLVA
                 .
              
               
                 Introduction
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   1
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Soil
                 and
                 Seed
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   6
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   2
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Seminary
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   9
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   3
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Oak
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   14
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   4
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Elm.
                 
                   Pag.
                   28
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   5
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Beech.
                 
                   Pag.
                   35
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   6
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Ash
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   38
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   7
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Chess-nut
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   41
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   8
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Wall-nut
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   44
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   9
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Mulbery
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   57
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   10
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Service
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   62
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   11
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Maple
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   63
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   12
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Sycamore
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   66
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   13
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Horn-beam
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   67
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   14
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Lime-tree
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   68
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   15
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Quick
                 beam
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   70
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   16
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Birch
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   71
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   17
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Hasel
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   78
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   18
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Poplar
                 ,
                 Aspen
                 and
                 Abele
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   80
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   19
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Alder.
                 
                   Pag.
                   83
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   20
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Withy
                 ,
                 Sallow
                 ,
                 Ozier
                 ,
                 and
                 Willow
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   85
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   21
                
                 Of
                 Fences
                 ,
                 Quick-sets
                 ,
                 
                   &c.
                   Pag.
                   93
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   22
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Pine
                 ,
                 Pinaster
                 ,
                 Pitch-tree
                 ,
                 
                   &c.
                   
                   Pag.
                   103
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   23
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Larch
                 ,
                 Platanus
                 ,
                 Lotus
                 ,
                 Cornus
                 ,
                 
                   &c.
                   Pag.
                   113
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   24
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Cypress-tree
                 ,
                 and
                 Cedar
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   115
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   25
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Cork
                 ,
                 Ilex
                 ,
                 Alaternus
                 ,
                 Phillyrea
                 ,
                 Granad
                 ,
                 Lentise
                 ,
                 Olive
                 ,
                 Myrtil
                 ,
                 Jasmine
                 ,
                 
                   &c.
                   Pag.
                   121
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   26
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Acacia
                 ,
                 Arbutus
                 ,
                 Bays
                 ,
                 Box
                 ,
                 Eugh
                 ,
                 Holly
                 ,
                 Juniper
                 ,
                 and
                 Laurel-trees
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   125
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   27
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Infirmities
                 of
                 Trees
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   133
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   28
                
                 Of
                 Copses
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   138
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   29
                
                 Of
                 Pruning
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   141
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   30
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Age
                 ,
                 Stature
                 ,
                 and
                 Felling
                 of
                 Trees
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   147
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   31
                
                 Of
                 Timber
                 ,
                 the
                 Seasoning
                 and
                 Vses
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 Fuel
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   178
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   32
                
                 Aphorisms
                 ,
                 or
                 certain
                 general
                 Praecepts
                 ,
                 of
                 use
                 to
                 the
                 foregoing
                 
                   Chapters
                   .
                   Pag.
                   202
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   33
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Laws
                 and
                 Statutes
                 for
                 the
                 Preservation
                 and
                 Improvement
                 of
                 
                   Woods
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                   Pag.
                   205
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   34
                
                 The
                 Paraenesis
                 and
                 Conclusion
                 ,
                 Containing
                 some
                 encouragements
                 and
                 Proposals
                 for
                 the
                 Planting
                 ,
                 and
                 Improvement
                 of
                 his
                 Majesties
                 Forests
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   212
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   35
                
                 An
                 Historical
                 account
                 of
                 the
                 Sacredness
                 ,
                 and
                 use
                 of
                 standing
                 Groves
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   225
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 POMONA
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Preface
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   1
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   1
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Seminary
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   7
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   2
                
                 Of
                 Stocks
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   10
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   3
                
                 Of
                 Graffs
                 and
                 Insitions
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   11
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   4
                
                 Of
                 Variety
                 and
                 Improvements
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   13
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   5
                
                 Of
                 the
                 Place
                 and
                 Order
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   20
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   6
                
                 Of
                 Transplanting
                 and
                 Distance
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   21
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   7
                
                 Of
                 Fencing
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   22
                
              
               
                 
                   CHAP.
                   8
                
                 Of
                 Pruning
                 and
                 the
                 use
                 of
                 Fruit-trees
                 .
                 
                   Pag.
                   24
                
              
            
             
               
                 CIDER
                 .
              
               
                 General
                 Advertisements
                 concerning
                 Cider
                 by
                 Dr.
                 
                   Beale
                   .
                   29
                
              
               
                 Sir
                 Paul
                 Niele's
                 Discourse
                 of
                 Cider
                 .
                 39
              
               
                 Observations
                 concerning
                 the
                 making
                 and
                 Preserving
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 by
                 
                   John
                   Newburgh
                
                 ,
                 Esq
                 .
                 52
              
               
                 Concerning
                 Cider
                 ,
                 by
                 Dr.
                 
                   Smith
                   .
                   58
                
              
               
                 Of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 by
                 Capt.
                 
                   Taylor
                   .
                   59
                
              
               
                 An
                 Account
                 of
                 Perry
                 and
                 Cider
                 imparted
                 by
                 
                   Daniel
                   Collwall
                
                 
                   Esq
                
                 63
              
               
                 Another
                 Account
                 of
                 
                   Cider
                   ,
                   &c.
                   65
                
              
            
             
               
                 KALENDARIUM
                 HORTENSE
                 .
              
               
                 Introduction
                 .
                 
                   p.
                   5
                
              
               
                 January
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                
              
               
                 February
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   11
                
              
               
                 March.
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                
              
               
                 April
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   15
                
              
               
                 May.
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                
              
               
                 June
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   19
                
              
               
                 July
                 .
                 
                   20
                   ,
                   21
                
              
               
                 August
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   23
                
              
               
                 September
                 .
                 
                   24
                   ,
                   25
                
              
               
                 October
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   27
                
              
               
                 November
                 .
                 
                   28
                   ,
                   29
                
              
               
                 December
                 ,
                 
                   30
                   ,
                   31
                
              
               
                 The
                 Catalogue
                 of
                 Plants
                 ,
                 &c.
                 to
                 to
                 be
                 set
                 into
                 the
                 Conserve
                 ,
                 or
                 otherwise
                 defended
                 in
                 
                   Winter
                   .
                   32
                   ,
                   33.
                
                 
              
            
          
           
             
             
               The
               TABLE
               to
               SYLVA
               .
            
             
               Note
               ,
               
                 that
                 the
              
               first
               Letter
               viz.
               (
               c.
               )
               
                 denotes
                 the
              
               Chapter
               ;
               the
               Second
               viz.
               (
               s
               .
               )
               the
               Section
               .
            
             
               
                 ABeel
                 Cap.
                 6
                 ,
                 Sect.
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Ablaqueation
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Abraham
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   5.
                   vide
                
                 Patriarch
                 .
              
               
                 Abuse
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Acacia
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Acorns
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 3.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 21.
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   21.
                   v.
                
                 Aesculus
                 .
              
               
                 Aequinox
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Aesculus
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Agaric
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Age
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   5.
                
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 30.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   19
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   14.
                   vide
                
                 stature
                 .
              
               
                 Alaternus
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   9.
                
                 
              
               
                 Albumen
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Alburnum
                 vide
                 Sap.
                 
              
               
                 Alder
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   28
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   30.
                
                 c
                 ,
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Ale
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Allegories
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Aliment
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Alkermes
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Almonds
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Almugim
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Altar
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Alum
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Amber
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Amerine
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Anealing
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Angler
                 c.
                 22
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Anglesey
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Animals
                 cap.
                 30
                 ,
                 sect
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   20.
                
                 
              
               
                 Antidots
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
              
               
                 Antients
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Ants
                 v.
                 Pismires
                 .
              
               
                 Aphorismes
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Apothecary
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Apparitions
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Apples
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2.
                   v.
                
                 Fruit.
                 
              
               
                 Approach
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10.
                   v.
                
                 Graffing
                 .
              
               
                 Aquatical
                 Introduct
                 .
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5.
                   v.
                
                 Water
                 .
              
               
                 Aquaeducts
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2.
                   vide
                   Water-Works
                
                 .
              
               
                 Arborator
                 v.
                 Pruner
                 .
              
               
                 Arbours
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Arbutus
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Arke
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 30.
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 31.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Armes
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   6.
                
                 
              
               
                 Army
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Art
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Ash
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   21
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   30
                   ,
                   36
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Ashes
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 8.
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Ashtaroth
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Aspect
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9.
                   v.
                
                 Situation
                 ,
                 Climat
                 .
              
               
                 Aspen
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Assarts
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
              
               
                 Asylum
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Atch
                 c.
                 21.
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Athenians
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Avarice
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Avenues
                 c.
                 2.
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 ,
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   21.
                
                 
              
               
                 Augustin
                 St.
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Axe
                 c
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Axel-tree
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
              
               
                 Ayre
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 14.
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   35
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   18
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 B
              
               
                 BAking
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Bands
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Banks
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1.
                   v.
                
                 Mounds
                 .
              
               
                 Bark
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   19
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   32
                   ,
                   33
                   ,
                   35
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   30
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Barly
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Barrells
                 c
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Barrs
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15.
                   v.
                
                 Bolts
                 ,
                 Dores
                 .
              
               
                 Basilidians
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Basket-maker
                 .
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   17.
                
                 
              
               
                 Bavin
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Bayes
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Bead-tree
                 .
                 c.
                 26
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Beams
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 22.
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 31.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   19.
                   
                
              
               
                 Beds
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 ,
                 30
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22.
                   v.
                
                 Shade
                 .
              
               
                 Beech
                 c.
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   36
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 32.
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 33.
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Bees
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   29
                   ,
                   30
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 bellows
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18.
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 belly
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 benches
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 benefits
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 berberies
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 beere
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 bermudas
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 bernacles
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 berrys
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   26.
                   
                
              
               
                 beetels
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 bests
                 c.
                 28.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Copse
                 .
              
               
                 billet
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   24
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                   27.
                
                 
              
               
                 binding
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Girding
              
               
                 birch
                 c.
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 birds
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 bird-Lime
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 birth
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 biscay
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 black
                 v.
                 Colour
              
               
                 black-Thorn
                 v.
                 Thorn.
                 
              
               
                 blanching
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 blast
                 c.
                 27.
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 blocks
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Pullies
                 ,
                 Shivers
                 .
              
               
                 blossom
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   26
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   21
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Flower
                 .
              
               
                 blood
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 bleeding
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 boards
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Planks
                 .
              
               
                 boaring
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   24
                   ,
                   36
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 boates
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10.
                
                 
              
               
                 bobbins
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 boggs
                 c.
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   19
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Aquatic
                 .
              
               
                 bolts
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 barrs
                 ,
                 dores
                 .
              
               
                 bones
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 books
                 c.
                 5.
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 bordurers
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 bottles
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Boughs
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6.
                
                 
              
               
                 boundaries
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5.
                
                 
              
               
                 bowls
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   17.
                
                 
              
               
                 bows
                 c
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 box
                 c
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32.
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 boxes
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 bracmani
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 brambles
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   24
                   ,
                   37.
                
                 
              
               
                 branches
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 brasile
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 bread
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 bridg
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 broomes
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 browse
                 c.
                 28.
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 bruscum
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 brush
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 bavin
                 .
              
               
                 budds
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 bucklers
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Targets
                 .
              
               
                 building
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 burning
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 burying
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Sepulture
                 .
              
               
                 bushing
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 button-moulds
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 buyer
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 32
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 c.
                 33.
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 C.
                 
              
               
                 CAbinets
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   35.
                
                 
              
               
                 Cablicia
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   v.
                
                 Laws
                 .
              
               
                 Caffè
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Cages
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Calves
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Canaries
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Candles
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   16.
                
                 
              
               
                 Candy
                 c
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Canker
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Canns
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Canoos
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 ●
                 .
              
               
                 Carbuncle
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Carduns
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Carkass
                 c.
                 31
                 s
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Frame
                 .
              
               
                 Carpenter
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33
                 ,
                 c
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Cart
                 Cart-Wright
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Carving
                 .
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Graver
                 ,
                 Sculptor
                 .
              
               
                 Cask
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Cast
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Billet
                 .
              
               
                 Castle
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Cattel
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   6
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   21
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   19
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Fodder
                 ,
                 Cropping
                 .
              
               
                 Caterpillar
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Catholicon
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Cato
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Caesar
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Cedar
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Ceiling
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Lathes
                 .
              
               
                 Celastrus
                 .
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Chalk
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 8.
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Chapell
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Chapman
                 vide
                 Buyer
                 .
              
               
                 Chases
                 vide
                 Parks
                 .
              
               
                 Chastity
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Chaucer
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Chayres
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Chequers
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Cherry-trees
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Chess-Shire
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Chesse-Nutts
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 7.
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Chesse
                 men
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 chests
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
              
               
                 chezill
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Tools
                 .
              
               
                 chimny
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Fire
                 ,
                 Fuell
                 .
              
               
                 chipps
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 choaking
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 choppines
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 church
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Sepulchres
                 .
              
               
                 church-yards
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 chymists
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 cinnamon
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 circles
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5.
                
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 citrin
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Tables
                 .
              
               
                 cities
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 clay
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 3●
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   15.
                
                 
              
               
                 clap-board
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 cleargy
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 cleaving
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 cleft-wood
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 climat
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22.
                   vide
                
                 Aspect
                 ,
                 Situation
                 .
              
               
                 clipping
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 clothes
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 cloves
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 coaches
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 coales
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 6.
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   29
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                   25
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                   29
                   ,
                   30
                   ,
                   31.
                   
                
              
               
                 coating
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Preserving
                 .
              
               
                 cocco
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 coffin
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 cold
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 y
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 College
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Collique
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   21
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Stone
                 .
              
               
                 Colts
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Column
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   15
                   ▪
                   vide
                
                 Posts
                 .
              
               
                 Combs
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Common
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Inclosure
                 .
              
               
                 Compost
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   20.
                
                 
              
               
                 Concretions
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Cones
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Nuts
                 .
              
               
                 Conflagration
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Burning
                 .
              
               
                 Connies
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Consecration
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Conserve
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Consort
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Consul
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   29
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Officers
                 .
              
               
                 Consumption
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Contemplation
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   20.
                
                 
              
               
                 Contemplores
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Contexture
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Conversion
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Cooming
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Cooper
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   19
                   ,
                   24.
                
                 
              
               
                 Coorbs
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Copses
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 31
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Cormiere
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Cord
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   29.
                   vide
                
                 Stack
                 .
              
               
                 Cordial
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Corke
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Corne
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Corn-Lands
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Cornel
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   19
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Cornwall
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Custom
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Laws
                 .
              
               
                 cottages
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 cotton
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 cough
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 couler
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                   35
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 counter-scarp
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 court
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   29
                   ,
                   30.
                
                 
              
               
                 cow-dung
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 crab-tree
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10.
                
                 
              
               
                 cracks
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 clefts
                 .
              
               
                 cranes
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   36.
                   vide
                
                 Engines
                 .
              
               
                 creation
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 cropping
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 cattel
                 .
              
               
                 crosse
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 cudgels
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Staves
                 .
              
               
                 cumberland
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 cup-board
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 cupps
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 curiosity
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 currier
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 cushions
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 cutting
                 c.
                 3.
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19.
                   vide
                
                 Felling
                 .
              
               
                 cyder
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 cyon
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 cypresse
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   30
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 D
              
               
                 DAmasco
                 ,
                 vide
                 Plum.
                 
              
               
                 Damasking
                 ,
                 vide
                 Grain
                 .
              
               
                 Darts
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Deafnesse
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Eares
                 .
              
               
                 Dean-Forrest
                 .
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   28
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Forest
                 .
              
               
                 Deaw
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 34
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Dottards
                 .
              
               
                 Decay
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   24
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   28.
                
                 
              
               
                 December
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
              
               
                 Decortication
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 cork
                 .
              
               
                 Dedication
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Deere
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Game
                 .
              
               
                 Defence
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Delphos
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Deluge
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Depth
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Diameter
                 vide
                 Dimension
                 .
              
               
                 Dictionary
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Dimension
                 c
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   18.
                   vide
                
                 Stature
                 ,
                 Age.
                 
              
               
                 Disbranch
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   28
                   ,
                   32
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23.
                   vide
                
                 Prune
                 .
              
               
                 Dischargers
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Dishes
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Disease
                 ,
                 vide
                 Infirmities
                 .
              
               
                 Distance
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   11.
                
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Distillation
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Distraction
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Distribution
                 Introd
                 .
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Ditching
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Hedg
                 .
              
               
                 Divination
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Division
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Diüretic
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Docks
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Dodona
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Groves
                 .
              
               
                 Doggs
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Dores
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Gates
                 .
              
               
                 Dorsars
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Dotards
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 decay
                 .
              
               
                 Downs
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Dram
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Firr
                 .
              
               
                 draining
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
              
               
                 dreams
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 dreessars
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 dressing
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                   24
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 drink
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 37.
                 
              
               
                 dripping
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Shade
                 .
              
               
                 dropsy
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 druids
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   9.
                   vide
                
                 Dryad
                 .
              
               
                 drumms
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 dryad
                 vide
                 druids
                 .
              
               
                 dry-trees
                 Introduct
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 duration
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   15.
                   vide
                
                 Age.
                 
              
               
                 dust
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 dwarfs
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 dyes
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 dyssenterie
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 E.
                 
              
               
                 EBony
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Polishing
                 .
              
               
                 eares
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 deafnesse
                 .
              
               
                 eare-wigs
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Insects
                 .
              
               
                 earth
                 Introduct
                 .
                 §
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 east
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Winds
                 .
              
               
                 eights
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 elder
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   37
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 electuary
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 elme
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   24.
                
                 
              
               
                 elogies
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36.
                 
              
               
                 elisium
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 emulsions
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Enclosures
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5.
                
                 
              
               
                 encouragements
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 encroachments
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 engines
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cranes
                 .
              
               
                 enthusiasme
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7.
                
                 
              
               
                 enzina
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3.
                
                 
              
               
                 eristchthon
                 c.
                 35
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 errors
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 espaliers
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 essex
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 estovers
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Laws
                 .
              
               
                 eternity
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 eugh
                 .
              
               
                 evonymus
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 excrements
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 excrescences
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 exotics
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 experiment
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 extirpation
                 c.
                 
                   31
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Roots
                 .
              
               
                 extravagance
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 eyes
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 F
              
               
                 FAggots
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   27
                   ,
                   28
                   ,
                   31
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Bavin
                 .
              
               
                 famine
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 farcy
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Horse
                 .
              
               
                 farmer
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 father
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 faunus
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 feasts
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 feavor
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 february
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 felling
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                   25
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                   27
                   ,
                   28
                   ,
                   31
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                   36
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   23
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cutting
                 .
              
               
                 femal
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Sex.
                 
              
               
                 fences
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   24.
                   
                
              
               
                 fermentation
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 fern
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 feet
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   7.
                
                 
              
               
                 fibers
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 figues
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   7.
                
                 
              
               
                 filberts
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 fire
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                
              
               
                 fire-boot
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 firr
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 27
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 firsts
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Copses
                 .
              
               
                 fishers
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 flanders
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 flayle
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 flecher
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 flexures
                 c.
                 29
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Crooks
                 ,
                 Knee-Timber
                 .
              
               
                 flints
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Stones
                 .
              
               
                 floating
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 floores
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4.
                
                 
              
               
                 flowers
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   29
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19.
                   vide
                
                 Inlayer
                 .
              
               
                 fluviari
                 Arborem
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 flux
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 flys
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 foggs
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 food
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 forests
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   28.
                
                 
              
               
                 forges
                 vide
                 Iron-mills
                 .
              
               
                 forks
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 fortifications
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 foundations
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 fountains
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 fowle
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 fracture
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 frames
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   35.
                
                 
              
               
                 framing
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Carkasses
                 .
              
               
                 france
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 french-Pox
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 fretters
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Galling
                 .
              
               
                 friction
                 c.
                 27
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 fritters
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 frondation
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Leaves
                 .
              
               
                 frost
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 6.
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   15.
                
                 
              
               
                 fruit-trees
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   24
                   ,
                   25.
                
                 
              
               
                 fruit
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   25
                   ,
                   30
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ▪
                   18
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 fruiterer
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   24
                   ,
                   29.
                
                 
              
               
                 fuel
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 29.
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   32.
                
                 
              
               
                 fungus
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 furniture
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 videVtensils
                 .
              
               
                 furrz
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   14.
                
                 
              
            
             
               
                 G
              
               
                 GAlling
                 c.
                 27.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Fretters
                 .
              
               
                 Galls
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Game
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Gangreen
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Gapps
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Hedges
                 .
              
               
                 Garden
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                   ●8
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 21.
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   13.
                
                 
              
               
                 Gargle
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Garlick
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   20
                
                 ,
              
               
                 Gates
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Dores
                 .
              
               
                 Gathering
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Gelster
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Generation
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Genius
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Germany
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 Ghosts
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
              
               
                 Girding
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   33
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Binding
                 ,
                 Measure
                 .
              
               
                 Glass
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
                 Glass-Work
                 .
              
               
                 Glue
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Gnatts
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
              
               
                 Goates
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Gold
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Golden-Age
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Gold-Smith
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Gold-Stone
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Gopher
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Gowt
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Graffing
                 Intr.
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   25
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Grain
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Damasking
                 .
              
               
                 Granad
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Grasse
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Grazing
                 ,
                 Pasture
                 .
              
               
                 Gravel
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Stone
                 .
              
               
                 Grazing
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
              
               
                 Grease
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Green
                 vide
                 Couler
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 34.
                 
              
               
                 Green-sicknesse
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Green-timber
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Timber
                 .
              
               
                 Green-Wich
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Grove
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Lucus
                 ,
                 Nemus
                 .
              
               
                 Ground
                 sille
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Growth
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   28
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Age
                 ,
                 Stature
                 .
              
               
                 Grubbing
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Guaicum
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   22.
                
                 
              
               
                 Guilding
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Gumm
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Gun-powder
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Gun-smith
                 c
                 8
                 s
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Gunters-line
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   33
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Girding
                 ,
                 Measure
                 .
              
               
                 Gymnosophists
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 H.
                 
              
               
                 HAfts
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Haggs
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Haires
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Halimus
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Hamadryads
                 c.
                 
                   35
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Hand-bill
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Bill
                 .
              
               
                 Hangings
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Hardning
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Hard-wood
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Hares
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Harps
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Musical
                 Instruments
                 .
              
               
                 Harrows
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Hasel
                 c.
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   28
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Hatchets
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Haw
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Head
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Heading
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Heart
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   15.
                
                 
              
               
                 Heat
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Heath
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Hedg
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 25.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Hedg-row
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   18.
                
                 
              
               
                 Hei-boot
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Height
                 vide
                 Stature
                 .
              
               
                 Hei-thorn
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Quick
                 Setts
                 .
              
               
                 Heraulds
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Hercynian
                 Forest
                 c
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Forest
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Hewing
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Converting
                 ,
                 squaring
                 .
              
               
                 High-waies
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Hills
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   11
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Hinges
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Hipps
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Carkass
                 .
              
               
                 History
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Hives
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Bees
                 .
              
               
                 Hollanders
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Hollownesse
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Holly
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   30
                   ,
                   36
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Hoopes
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cooper
                 .
              
               
                 Hops
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Horn-beam
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   31
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Hornets
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Horse
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Horse-Chess
                 nuts
                 ,
                 vide
                 Chess-nut
                 .
              
               
                 Hovills
                 c.
                 3●
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 House-boot
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Hunters
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Hurdles
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Husks
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4.
                
                 
              
               
                 Husbandman
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   28
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Tooles
                 .
              
               
                 
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                
                 vide
                 Material
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 J
              
               
                 JAmaica
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
                 St.
                 Jame's
                 Park
                 ,
                 vide
                 Park
                 .
              
               
                 January
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Jasmine
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Jaundies
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Idoles
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Ilex
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5.
                
                 
              
               
                 Images
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Imbibition
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Impostumes
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Inclosure
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Commons
                 .
              
               
                 Incorporation
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Incrustation
                 vide
                 Coating
                 .
              
               
                 Indies
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Industry
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Infirmity
                 c.
                 
                   27
                   ,
                   28
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Diseases
                 .
              
               
                 Inflamation
                 c.
                 21.
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Ingraver
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Carver
                 ,
                 Sculptor
                 .
              
               
                 Inke
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 19.
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26.
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Inlaying
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Inoculation
                 Intro
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Graffing
                 .
              
               
                 Inscription
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Interlucation
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Pruning
                 .
              
               
                 Inundation
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Joyner
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Joyn-stools
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Stools
                 .
              
               
                 Joysts
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Ireland
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Iron
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Iron-Works
                 Intro
                 .
                 1.
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11.12
                   ,
                   15.
                
                 
              
               
                 Iron-Mills
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Italy
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Juice
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Sap.
                 
              
               
                 July
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 34.
                 
              
               
                 June
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 32.
                 
              
               
                 Juniper
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Ivy
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ▪
                
              
            
             
               
                 K.
                 
              
               
                 KEele
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Shipping
                 .
              
               
                 Kent
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Kernel
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   15.
                
                 
              
               
                 
                 Keyes
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Keyle-Pinns
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Kidding
                 vide
                 Bavines
                 .
              
               
                 Kidnies
                 c.
                 7.
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Kind
                 vide
                 Species
                 .
              
               
                 Kirfe
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   29
                   ,
                   31
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cutting
                 .
              
               
                 Knee-Timber
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Courbs
                 ,
                 Flexures
                 .
              
               
                 Knife
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Knotts
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Damasking
                 ,
                 Grain
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 L.
                 
              
               
                 LAcq
                 .
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Gumm
                 .
              
               
                 Ladder
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Lamp-black1
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Lancaster
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Larch
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   24
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Laserpitium
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Lasts
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   29
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Shoomaker
                 .
              
               
                 Lathes
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Lattices
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   29.
                
                 
              
               
                 Lantona
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Laurell
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   7.
                
                 
              
               
                 Laurus-Tinus
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Laws
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Lawson
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Layers
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   26.
                
                 
              
               
                 Leaves
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 28
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Lentiscus
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Levity
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   20.
                
                 
              
               
                 Libanus
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Lieutenants
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Officers
                 .
              
               
                 Lightning
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Lights
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Lignum
                 fossile
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Lignum
                 vitae
                 .
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Lime-tree
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   29
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   30.
                
                 
              
               
                 Lime
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Linnen
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Lincolne
                 shire
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Liquors
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Juice
                 ,
                 Sap
                 ,
                 Tapping
                 ,
                 Imbibition
                 .
              
               
                 Load
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 34
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Timber
                 .
              
               
                 Loame
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Soile
                 .
              
               
                 Loggs
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 London
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   27
                   ,
                   29
                   ,
                   31.
                
                 
              
               
                 Lopping
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Pruning
                 .
              
               
                 Lotus
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Love
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Lucus
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Groves
                 .
              
               
                 Lungs
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Luxury
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 M.
                 
              
               
                 MAce
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Mad-dog
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Magnetisme
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Male
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Sex.
                 
              
               
                 Mall-balls
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Malefactors
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Mallet
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Mambre
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Oak
                 .
              
               
                 Man
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Manufacture
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Manure
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Maple
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   19.
                
                 
              
               
                 March
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Marking
                 .
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Marle
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Soile
                 .
              
               
                 Marriage
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Marrons
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 Marshes
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Boggs
                 .
              
               
                 Marrubium
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Mast
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   25.
                
                 
              
               
                 Masts
                 of
                 Ships
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   13
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Mastricht
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Material
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Mathematical
                 Instruments
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 May
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 May-Poles
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Meade
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Meadow
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Pasture
                 .
              
               
                 Measuring
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10.
                
                 
              
               
                 Meat
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Medicine
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 37
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Meditation
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Medlar
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Mechanies
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24
                 ,
                 videVses
                 .
              
               
                 Melancholy
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Mensa-nucina
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Metamorphosis
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Mice
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Mills
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   17.
                
                 
              
               
                 Mill
                 Wright
                 ,
                 vide
                 Mills
                 ,
                 Saw-mill
                 .
              
               
                 Mineral
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Miracle
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Missle
                 to
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Mists
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Moisture
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                   24
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Mole
                 in
                 Surrey
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Molluscum
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Moone
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   27
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Season
                 .
              
               
                 Mopps
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Mortality
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Mortar
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Mosse
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Mothes
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Mouldiness
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Moulding
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Mould
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Soile
                 .
              
               
                 Moules
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Mounds
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Banks
                 ,
                 Fences
                 .
              
               
                 Mountain
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Hills
                 .
              
               
                 Mulbery
                 c.
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   20
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Mushrums
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Musical-Instruments
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Myrtils
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Mysterie
                 vide
                 Art
                 ,
                 Trade
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 N.
                 
              
               
                 NAiles
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Names
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Nature
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18
                 ,
                 36.
                 
              
               
                 Naumachia
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Navy
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
              
               
                 Neasts
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Negligence
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Nemus
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Lucus
                 .
              
               
                 Netts
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Net-work
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 New
                 England
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Nitellina
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Noah
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Arke
                 .
              
               
                 Norfolk
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   11.
                
                 
              
               
                 North
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Wind.
                 
              
               
                 Northampton-shire
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Northumberland
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Norway
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36.
                 
              
               
                 Nose-gaies
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Notching
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   28.
                
                 
              
               
                 Novelty
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 November
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Nursery
                 Intr.
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Seminary
                 .
              
               
                 Nut-Crackers
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
              
               
                 Nutmegs
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Nutts
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Nutriment
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Nux
                 Vescicaria
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Nymph
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
            
             
               
               
                 O.
                 
              
               
                 OAres
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Oates
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 22.
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 October
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 28
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Odoriferous
                 Wood
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Offal
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Officers
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   10.
                   
                
              
               
                 Oak
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   31
                   ,
                   36
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   28
                   ,
                   37
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   19
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   9.
                
                 
              
               
                 Olive
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5.
                
                 
              
               
                 Oracles
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7.
                
                 
              
               
                 Orange-tree
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Orators
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   13.
                
                 
              
               
                 Orchard
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Organ
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Musical
                 Instruments
                 .
              
               
                 Ornament
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Ovens
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Oyle
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   34.
                
                 
              
               
                 Oziers
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 P.
                 
              
               
                 PAles
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   22
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Palmes
                 ,
                 Palmeto
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Pailes
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Painter
                 ,
                 Painting
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 34.
                 
              
               
                 Palisade
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Palsie
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Paliurus
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
              
               
                 Panacea
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Pantherine
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Paper
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Paradise
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Parlysis
                 vide
                 Palsie
                 .
              
               
                 Paris
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Parke
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   23
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 St.
                 James
                 
                   '
                   s.
                
                 
              
               
                 Parts
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Pastorals
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Scenes
                 .
              
               
                 Pasture
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   19
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   23.
                   
                
              
               
                 Patriarchs
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Pattens
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Peach
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Pea-Cocks
                 Tayle
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Pear-tree
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   30
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   34.
                   vide
                
                 Peares
                 .
              
               
                 Peate
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Turfe
                 .
              
               
                 Pecten
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Veines
                 .
              
               
                 Pedegre
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Peelings
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Pembrok-shire
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Penitence
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Pepper
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   21
                   ,
                   22.
                
                 
              
               
                 Perches
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 ,
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                   29
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Poles
                 .
              
               
                 Percolation
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Perfume
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Pestles
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Petrification
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   21
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Stones
                 .
              
               
                 Phanatics
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Philistines
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Philosopy
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   20.
                
                 
              
               
                 Phillyrea
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Phlegme
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Leaves
                 .
              
               
                 Physical-uses
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Medicine
                 .
              
               
                 Pictures
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 Pike-Staves
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   19.
                   
                
              
               
                 Piles
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4.
                
                 
              
               
                 Pillows
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Piceaster
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Pinaster
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   7.
                
                 
              
               
                 Pine
                 Int.
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Pinns
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Pipes
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Pismires
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Ants.
                 
              
               
                 Pitch
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   15.
                
                 
              
               
                 Pith
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   20
                   ,
                   29
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Pitts
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 pitty
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 place
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14.
                   vide
                
                 Situation
                 ,
                 Place
                 .
              
               
                 plague
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
              
               
                 plank
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   35
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Boards
                 .
              
               
                 planting
                 ,
                 plantation
                 Inter.
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   29
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 plants
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 plash-poles
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 plashing
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 pruning
                 .
              
               
                 plaster
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Ceiling
                 ,
                 Lathes
                 .
              
               
                 platanus
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Xerxes
                 .
              
               
                 plough
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2.
                
                 
              
               
                 plough
                 boote
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 plum-tree
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 poets
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   10.
                
                 
              
               
                 pollard
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   6.
                
                 
              
               
                 poles
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   24
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Hops
                 ,
                 Perches
                 .
              
               
                 policy
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 politicians
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 polling
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Heading
                 .
              
               
                 polishing
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                   35.
                
                 
              
               
                 poore
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 pores
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   20
                   ,
                   21.
                
                 
              
               
                 poplar
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 portcullis
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 portion
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 posterity
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 posts
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Columns
                 .
              
               
                 pot-ashes
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 pots
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 poultry
                 c.
                 
                   3
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 powder
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 prayer
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 presages
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   28
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Prophets
                 .
              
               
                 preserving
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ▪
                
              
               
                 prices
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   28
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Sale.
                 
              
               
                 priming
                 vide
                 Painting
                 ▪
              
               
                 principal-Timber
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Timber
                 .
              
               
                 probleme
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 prophets
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 proportion
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Scantling
                 .
              
               
                 protection
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 providence
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   20
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   24.
                   
                
              
               
                 prow
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Shipping
                 .
              
               
                 pruner
                 pruning
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   11
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   20
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   24
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 38
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Arborator
                 ,
                 Polling
                 .
              
               
                 psalteries
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Musical
                 Instruments
                 .
              
               
                 ptisic
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 pullies
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Blocks
                 ,
                 Shivers
                 .
              
               
                 pumps
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Aquaeducts
                 .
              
               
                 purlins
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 puttie
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Painting
                 .
              
               
                 pyracanth
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 pyes
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ▪
                
              
            
             
               
                 Q.
                 
              
               
                 QVakers
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Quality
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   36.
                
                 
              
               
                 Quarter-clift
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Quartering
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Hewing
                 .
              
               
                 Quercus
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   25
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Oak
                 .
              
               
                 Quick
                 beam
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Whitchen
                 .
              
               
                 Quick-Set
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Hey-thorn
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Quince
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Quincunx
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 R.
                 
              
               
                 RAfters
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   19.
                
                 
              
               
                 Raine
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Water
                 ,
                 Wet
                 ,
                 Dripping
                 .
              
               
                 Rakes
                 ,
                 Raking
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   24
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Raising
                 Int.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Rangers
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Recess
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Solitude
                 .
              
               
                 Recreation
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Regarders
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Officers
                 .
              
               
                 Reines
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Religion
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Superstition
                 .
              
               
                 Removing
                 Int.
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Transplanting
                 .
              
               
                 Rent
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Revailing
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Painting
                 .
              
               
                 Rhetorick
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Resurrection
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Rind
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Bark
                 .
              
               
                 Rings
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Circles
                 .
              
               
                 Ripening
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Rivelin
                 ,
                 vide
                 Park
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Rivers
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Robur
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Quercus
                 .
              
               
                 Rocks
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Flints
                 ,
                 Stones
                 .
              
               
                 Rodds
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Rolling-pins
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Romans
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Ropes
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cables
                 .
              
               
                 Rosen
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Roses
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Rose
                 mary
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Roofes
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Rookes
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Rootes
                 Int.
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 3.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 ,
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   11
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                   31
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                   29
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                
                 c
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 rotting
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 royal-Society
                 vide
                 Society
                 .
              
               
                 rubbing
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   7.
                
                 
              
               
                 rulers
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 rupture
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 rust
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Rye
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 S.
                 
              
               
                 SAcks
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   29
                   ,
                   31
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Coales
                 .
              
               
                 Sacraments
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Sacrifices
                 c.
                 35
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   19.
                
                 
              
               
                 Sadlers
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Saffron
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Salads
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Sallies
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Salt
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Samera
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Sand
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Sap
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   13
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   25
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   23
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Savine
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Saw-dust
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5.
                
                 
              
               
                 Sawing
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   37
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Mill.
                 
              
               
                 Saw-mill
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Mill.
                 
              
               
                 Scabbs
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Scaffolds
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Poles
                 .
              
               
                 Scales
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Scantlings
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 3
                 ,
                 c
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   28
                   ,
                   32
                   ,
                   36
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18
                 ,
                 Proportion
                 .
              
               
                 Scarrifying
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Sceanes
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Scholes
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Scotland
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Scraping
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Screw
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Scurvey
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Sea
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Shipps
                 .
              
               
                 Season
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   19.
                   
                
              
               
                 Seasoning
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   25
                   ,
                   34
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   34.
                   
                
              
               
                 Sebestins
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Seconds
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Seedes
                 Int.
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   11
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   20
                   ,
                   22.
                
                 
              
               
                 Seedling
                 Int.
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Seminary
                 vide
                 Sowing
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Nursery
                 ,
                 Sowing
                 ,
                 Seed
                 .
              
               
                 September
                 c.
                 
                   28
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Sepulcher
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Burying
                 .
              
               
                 Serpent
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Service
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Seseli
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Setts
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   13
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Sex
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   29
                   ,
                   30
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Male
                 ,
                 Female
                 .
              
               
                 Shade
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 2●
                 .
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 34
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   24
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   19.
                
                 
              
               
                 Shape
                 c.
                 
                   29
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Sheathing
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Shefield-Park
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Forest
                 .
              
               
                 Sheep
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Shell
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Shelter
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Shade
                 .
              
               
                 Shelves
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Sherewood
                 vide
                 Forest
                 .
              
               
                 Shingles
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Ships
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   29
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Masts
                 .
              
               
                 Ship-boot
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Shivers
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Blocks
                 ,
                 Pullies
                 .
              
               
                 Shootes
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Shovells
                 vide
                 Spades
                 .
              
               
                 Shoo-maker
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Soles
                 .
              
               
                 Shrinking
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Shuttles
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Sickness
                 vide
                 Infirmity
                 .
              
               
                 Signes
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Moon
              
               
                 Silk
                 worm
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Single
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Sinking
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Weight
                 .
              
               
                 Sinnues
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Sittim
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Situation
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 ▪
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Aspect
                 ,
                 Climate
                 .
              
               
                 Skreenes
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Slabbs
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Plank
                 ,
                 Board
                 .
              
               
                 Sleepers
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Sleeping
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Slips
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cyons
                 .
              
               
                 Sloes
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Sluces
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Water-works
                 .
              
               
                 Small-Coale
                 vide
                 Coale
                 .
              
               
                 Smilax
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Smoke
                 c.
                 20.
                 s
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Snailes
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Snow
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cold
                 ,
                 Frost
                 .
              
               
                 Sobriety
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Society
                 vide
                 Royal
                 S.
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Socrates
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   19.
                
                 
              
               
                 Soft-Wood
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Soile
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Mould
                 .
              
               
                 Soles
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Solitude
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Solomon
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Soules
                 vide
                 Spirits
                 .
              
               
                 Sounds
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   13.
                
                 
              
               
                 Soundness
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 South
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Sowing
                 Int.
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Spades
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Spaine
                 ,
                 Spaniard
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Sparrs
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Speares
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Species
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Kind
                 .
              
               
                 Spice
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Spindle-tree
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Spirits
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 37
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Spitts
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Spleen
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Splicing
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Splitting
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   24.
                   vide
                
                 Cleaving
                 ,
                 Chinks
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               
                 Spoile
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Wast
                 .
              
               
                 Spontaneous
                 Productions
                 ,
                 Int.
                 7.
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Spoones
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   21.
                
                 
              
               
                 Spray
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   31
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Bavine
                 ,
                 Brush
                 .
              
               
                 Spreading
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Spring
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Spring-Wood
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Copps
                 .
              
               
                 Springes
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Spruce
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Firr
                 .
              
               
                 Square
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Stacks
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cord.
                 
              
               
                 Stafford-shire
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Stacking
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   28
                   ,
                   29.
                
                 
              
               
                 Standards
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   25
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 3●
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   14.
                
                 
              
               
                 Standells
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 State
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Age
                 ,
                 Stature
                 .
              
               
                 States-men
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Statutes
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Lawes
                 .
              
               
                 Staves
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cudgels
                 .
              
               
                 Stayre-Cases
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Stem
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Sterne
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Ships
                 .
              
               
                 Steward
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Stitch
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Stock
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Stomack
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Stones
                 c.
                 1
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 18
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Flint
                 ,
                 Rock
                 .
              
               
                 Stooles
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Stopping
                 vide
                 Putty
                 ,
                 Timber
                 .
              
               
                 Stoves
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Fuell
                 .
              
               
                 Strangurie
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Strength
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Stripping
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ▪
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Pruning
                 .
              
               
                 Stroke
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Cutting
                 .
              
               
                 Study
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Stumps
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Styrax
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Subterranean-Trees
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   20
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Suckers
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Sudorifique
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Suffolk
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Sun
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Summer
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   25
                   ,
                   26
                
                 ,
                 c
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Season
                 .
              
               
                 Superstition
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Religion
                 .
              
               
                 Surrey
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Surveying
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 28
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   30
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Officers
                 .
              
               
                 Sussex
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Sweating
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Swine
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 ,
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Swisser-Land
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36.
                 
              
               
                 Switches
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 Cudgels
                 ,
                 Staves
                 ,
                 Wands
                 .
              
               
                 Sycomor
                 c.
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Sylva
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Copps
                 ,
                 Wood
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 T.
                 
              
               
                 TAbles
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   35.
                   
                
              
               
                 Tabernacles
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Talishides
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   27
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Lawes
                 .
              
               
                 Talisman
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Tamarisk
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Tankard
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Tanner
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Tapping
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   37
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Sap.
                 
              
               
                 Tar
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Targets
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Bucklers
                 .
              
               
                 Teda
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Pine.
                 
              
               
                 Temples
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
              
               
                 Teeth
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Tettars
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Texture
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   19.
                
                 
              
               
                 Thames
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Thatcher
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   20
                   ▪
                
                 s
                 ▪
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Theater
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Theriacle
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Thinning
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Thistle
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Thorn
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   20
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Throat
                 c
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Tigrin
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Tilia
                 vide
                 Lime-tree
                 .
              
               
                 Timber
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   13
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ▪
                
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   21
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   13
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   16
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   21
                   ,
                   25
                   ,
                   26
                   ,
                   27
                   ,
                   28
                   ,
                   31
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   14
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   19
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   17
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   25
                   ,
                   28.
                
                 
              
               
                 Time
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Tinder
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Tithe
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   14.
                
                 
              
               
                 Toddy
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Tooles
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Husbandry
                 .
              
               
                 Topiary-work
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Topps
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Torches
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Torulus
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Trade
                 vide
                 Art
                 ,
                 Mysterie
                 .
              
               
                 Transplanting
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   12.
                
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ;
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Removing
                 .
              
               
                 Transporting
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Carriage
                 .
              
               
                 Trayes
                 c
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Treason
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Trees
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 36.
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Trenchers
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Trenching
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Ditching
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Tripos
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Trojan-Horse
                 .
                 c.
                 22.
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Tryumphs
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Tulip-tree
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Tunn
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Measure
                 .
              
               
                 Turfe
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Turner
                 c.
                 11
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4.
                
                 
              
               
                 Turpentine
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Twiggs
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Tyling
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 V.
                 
              
               
                 VAllies
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Vanns
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Veines
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Grain
                 .
              
               
                 Venice
                 ,
                 Venetians
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Venturine
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Verdure
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   11
                   ,
                   12.
                
                 
              
               
                 Vermine
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Vernish
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 26.
                 s
                 .
                 21
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   35.
                
                 
              
               
                 Vines
                 ,
                 Vine-yard
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   24
                   ,
                   29
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 37.
                 
              
               
                 Violes
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Virginia
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Viscus
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Visions
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Apparitions
                 .
              
               
                 Vlcers
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Vnder-wood
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Coppse
                 .
              
               
                 Vniversities
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Vpholster
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Vrine
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Vtensils
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 W.
                 
              
               
                 WAgon
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 30.
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Carts
                 .
              
               
                 Wain-Scot
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Clap-board
                 .
              
               
                 Waires
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Wales
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Walkes
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 10
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 12
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   2
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 26
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   23
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Wall-nut
                 Int.
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   27
                
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   22
                   ,
                   23
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30.
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   12
                   ,
                   15
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   19
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Walls
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Wands
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   34
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Staves
                 .
              
               
                 Warders
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Officers
                 .
              
               
                 Warrens
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Wasps
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Wasts
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 30
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 28
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   17
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Commons
                 .
              
               
                 Water
                 c.
                 7
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   4
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 23.
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 27
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   18
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Wet
                 .
              
               
                 Water-boughs
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Boughs
                 .
              
               
                 Water-works
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Aquaeducts
                 .
              
               
                 Wavers
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   6
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Copses
                 .
              
               
                 Wax
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Way-faring-tree
                 .
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Wedges
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Weeding
                 ,
                 VVeeders
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 18
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 24
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   7
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 VVeight
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   17
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Sinking
                 .
              
               
                 VVest
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 VVinds.
                 
              
               
                 VVestphalia
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   25
                   ,
                   26.
                
                 
              
               
                 VVett
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   19
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Rain
                 ,
                 Moisture
                 ,
                 VVater
                 .
              
               
                 VVheat
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 22
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Corn.
                 
              
               
                 VVheeler
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 6
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 9
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
              
               
                 VVheeles
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   10
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 VVhitchen
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 VVich
                 hasel
                 .
              
               
                 VVhite
                 vide
                 Colour
                 .
              
               
                 
                 White-work
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   18
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Oziers
                 ,
                 Baskets
                 .
              
               
                 Wildernesse
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 VVild-Fowle
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 VVillow
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   27
                   ,
                   28
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 28
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   36
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 34
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 VVind
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   12
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11
                 ,
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   14
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   22
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 6
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   26
                   ,
                   27
                   ,
                   34
                   ,
                   36
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   3
                   ,
                   5
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   10
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                
                 c.
                 35
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 VVind-stock
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 VVindow
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
              
               
                 VVine
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 17
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 16
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   8
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 17
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 5
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 25
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 VVinter
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   9
                   ,
                   23
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Season
                 .
              
               
                 VVithy
                 c.
                 20
                 ,
                 s
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 VVood
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   18
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                   35.
                   
                
              
               
                 Woods
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 3
                 ,
                 c.
                 22
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 2
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 26
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   14
                   ▪
                
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   8
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ▪
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 32
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 10
                 ,
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   8.
                
                 
              
               
                 Wood
                 monger
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Wood-stealers
                 c.
                 33
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Statutes
                 .
              
               
                 Wood-wards
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   9
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   28
                   ,
                   33
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Forester
                 .
              
               
                 Wood-pecker
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Working
                 c
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Hewing
                 .
              
               
                 Work-Sop
                 ,
                 vide
                 Park
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   15
                   ,
                   18.
                
                 
              
               
                 Wormes
                 c.
                 3
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 c.
                 5
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 8
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   4
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 1
                 ,
                 c.
                 24
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   13
                   ,
                   16
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 27
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   22
                   ,
                   23
                
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 7
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Wounds
                 c.
                 4
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 c.
                 29
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Wrack
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   25
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Fuell
                 .
              
               
                 Wythes
                 vide
                 Bands
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 X.
                 
              
               
                 XErxes
                 c.
                 23
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 30
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   vide
                
                 Platanus
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Y.
                 
              
               
                 YEw
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Yoakes
                 c.
                 13
                 ,
                 s
                 2
                 ,
                 c.
                 14
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Youth
                 c.
                 19
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 4
                 ,
                 c.
                 31
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Yucca
                 c.
                 21
                 ,
                 s
                 .
                 20
              
            
          
           
             
             
               The
               TABLE
               to
               POMONA
               .
            
             
               
                 A
              
               
                 ABoundance
                 pag.
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Abricot
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Age
                 59
                 ,
                 65.
                 
              
               
                 Agriculture
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Aire
                 3
                 ,
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Ale
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Alteration
                 vide
                 Species
                 ,
                 Mixture
                 15
                 ,
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Antidote
                 37.
                 
              
               
                 Antients
                 14
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Apples
                 7
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 11
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 35
                 ,
                 39
                 ,
                 52.
                 
                 Hard
                 40
                 ,
                 41
                 ,
                 42
                 ,
                 48.
                 
                 Sweet
                 57.
                 
                 Arier-Apple
                 65.
                 
                 Baking-Apple
                 65.
                 
                 Bitter-Sweet
                 56.
                 
                 Bromsberry-Crab
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 65.
                 
                 Codling
                 19
                 ,
                 Coleing
                 Ap.
                 65.
                 
                 Crab
                 and
                 Wilding
                 7
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 9
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 32
                 ,
                 36
                 ,
                 58.
                 
                 Deane
                 57.
                 
                 Eliot
                 16.
                 
                 Fillets
                 59.
                 
                 Fox-Whelp
                 18
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 65.
                 
                 Genet-Moyle
                 12
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 30
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 59
                 ,
                 65.
                 
                 Gilly-Flower
                 57.
                 
                 Greening
                 16.
                 
                 Harley
                 65.
                 
                 Harvy
                 16
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 58.
                 
                 Heming
                 64.
                 
                 Musts
                 8
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 35
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 64
                 ,
                 65.
                 
                 Olive
                 65.
                 
                 Peare-main
                 16
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 30
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 57
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 65.
                 
                 Pepin
                 Kentish
                 Golden
                 16
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 30
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 39
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 50
                 ,
                 57
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 60.
                 
                 Pleascentine
                 57.
                 
                 Purling
                 56.
                 
                 Red-Strake
                 2
                 ,
                 4
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 32
                 ,
                 33
                 ,
                 35
                 ,
                 38
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 59
                 ,
                 65
                 ,
                 Rousseting
                 16.
                 
                 Stoking
                 16.
                 
                 Under-Leaf
                 65.
                 
                 Wood-cock
                 64.
                 
              
               
                 Aprill
                 47.
                 
              
               
                 Approach
                 vide
                 Graffing
                 .
              
               
                 Arrable
                 20
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Aspect
                 22.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 B.
                 
              
               
                 BAking
                 vide
                 Apple
                 .
              
               
                 Bark
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Beere
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Berberies
                 9
              
               
                 Birch
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Birds
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Blasts
                 33
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
              
               
                 Blossomes
                 p.
                 3
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Boiling
                 56
                 ,
                 57
                 ,
                 62
                 ,
              
               
                 Bottling
                 32
                 ,
                 38
                 ,
                 44
                 ,
                 45
                 ,
                 46
                 ,
                 47
                 ,
                 48
                 ,
                 49.55
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 62
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Broching
                 32
                 ,
                 45
                 ,
                 58
              
               
                 Budds
                 11
              
            
             
               
                 C.
                 
              
               
                 CAbinets
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Canary
                 vide
                 Wine
                 .
              
               
                 Cask
                 vide
                 Vessel
                 .
              
               
                 Cellar
                 38
                 ,
                 47
                 ,
                 62
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Challenge
                 3
                 ,
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Chance
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Chayree
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Cherries
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
                 Cherry-Wine
                 ,
                 vide
                 Wine
                 .
              
               
                 Cider
                 2
                 ,
                 3
                 ,
                 4
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 18.
                 
                 By
                 Dr.
                 Beale
                 ,
                 29.
                 
                 Sir
                 
                   P.
                   Neile
                
                 ,
                 39.
                 
                 Mr.
                 Newbery
                 ,
                 52.
                 
                 Dr.
                 Smith
                 ,
                 58.
                 
                 Mr.
                 Taylor
                 ,
                 59.
                 
                 Mr.
                 Callwal
                 ,
                 63
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               
                 Cion
                 11
                 ,
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Clay
                 9
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Clarifying
                 vide
                 Fining
                 .
              
               
                 Clary
                 38.
                 
              
               
                 Clove-Gilly-flowers
                 ,
                 vide
                 Wine
                 .
              
               
                 Clownes
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Codlin
                 vide
                 Apple
                 .
              
               
                 Colour
                 35
                 ,
                 57.
                 
              
               
                 Columella
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Coffee
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Commons
                 2
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Compost
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Cold
                 58.
                 vide
                 Cellar
                 .
              
               
                 Cordial
                 37.
                 
              
               
                 Corn
                 67.
                 
              
               
                 Curiosity
                 20.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 D.
                 
              
               
                 DIet
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Diluting
                 vide
                 Water
                 .
              
               
                 Distance
                 2
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 34.
                 
              
               
                 Distillation
                 38
                 ,
                 57
                 ,
                 58.
                 
              
               
                 Dorcet-shire
                 65.
                 
              
               
                 Drawing
                 vide
                 Broaching
                 .
              
               
                 Drink
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Dwarfes
                 10.
                 
              
            
             
               
               
                 E.
                 
              
               
                 EAst
                 vide
                 Wind.
                 
              
               
                 Ebony
                 pag.
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Elm
                 pag.
                 14
                 ,
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Encouragement
                 pag.
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 English
                 pag.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Experiments
                 pag.
                 14.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 F.
                 
              
               
                 FEavor
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Fencing
                 22
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Fermentation
                 19
                 ,
                 32
                 ,
                 37
                 ,
                 38
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 41
                 ad
                 49
                 ,
                 53
                 ,
                 55
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 62
                 ,
                 64
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Fining
                 55
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 65
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Fountain
                 38.
                 
              
               
                 Fragrancy
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Fret
                 47
                 ,
                 49.
                 
              
               
                 Frosts
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Fruit
                 1
                 ,
                 2
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 33
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 65
                 ,
                 vide
                 Table
                 .
              
               
                 Fruit-trees
                 1
                 ,
                 2
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 33
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 65
                 ,
                 vide
                 Table
                 .
              
               
                 Fruiterer
                 2
                 ,
                 52.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 G.
                 
              
               
                 GArden
                 33
                 ,
              
               
                 Gathering
                 46
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 63
                 ,
                 65.
                 
              
               
                 Ginger
                 37.
                 
              
               
                 Glocester-shire
                 18
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 63.
                 
              
               
                 Graffs
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 ad
                 p.
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Graffing
                 11
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 36
                 ,
                 63.
                 
              
               
                 Grapes
                 40
                 ,
                 43
                 ,
                 47.
                 
              
               
                 Gravell
                 9
                 ,
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Green-Fruit
                 vide
                 Fruit.
                 
              
               
                 Ground
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Gun-stock
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Grinding
                 vide
                 Pressing
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 H.
                 
              
               
                 HAm-lacy
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Head-lands
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Health
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Heat
                 58.
                 
              
               
                 Hedg
                 rowes
                 2
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Hereford
                 shire
                 2
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 38
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 59
                 ,
                 60.
                 
              
               
                 Hills
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Hoarding
                 32
                 ,
                 52
                 ,
                 54
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 63
                 ,
                 65.
                 
              
               
                 Hollowness
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Hopps
                 1
                 ,
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Hypochondria
                 3
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 J.
                 
              
               
                 JArsey
                 56
                 ,
                 57.
                 
              
               
                 Imposture
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Improvement
                 1
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 36.
                 
              
               
                 Inclosure
                 vide
                 Common
                 .
              
               
                 India
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Infirmity
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Infusion
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Inoculation
                 vide
                 Graffing
                 ▪
              
               
                 Instrument-maker
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Juniper
                 Berries
                 37
                 ,
                 36.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 K.
                 
              
               
                 KEnt
                 pag.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Keeping
                 pag.
                 58.
                 
              
               
                 Kernell
                 pag.
                 7
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 9
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Kings-Chapell
                 pag.
                 29.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 L.
                 
              
               
                 LEaking
                 54.
                 
              
               
                 Leaven
                 vide
                 Fermentation
                 32.
                 
              
               
                 Lee
                 41
                 ,
                 42
                 ,
                 43
                 ,
                 44
                 ,
                 46
                 ,
                 47
                 ,
                 50.
                 
              
               
                 Levelling
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Lopping
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Lungs
                 37.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 M.
                 
              
               
                 MEliorating
                 vide
                 Improvement
                 .
              
               
                 Mellowing
                 60
                 ,
                 vide
                 Ripeness
                 .
              
               
                 Mixture
                 38
                 ,
                 56
                 ,
                 64.
                 
              
               
                 Moisture
                 58.
                 
              
               
                 Moon
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Mustard
                 32
                 ,
                 37
                 ,
                 42
                 ,
                 55.
                 
              
               
                 Musts
                 vide
                 Apples
                 .
              
               
                 Mustiness
                 55
                 ,
                 56
                 ,
              
            
             
               
                 N.
                 
              
               
                 NAme
                 35.
                 
              
               
                 Nature
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 November
                 46.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 O.
                 
              
               
                 ORder
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Ortyard
                 10
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 33
                 ,
                 34.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 P.
                 
              
               
                 PAlladius
                 36.
                 
              
               
                 Palat
                 16
              
               
                 Pasture
                 63
              
               
                 Peares
                 12
                 ,
                 7
                 ,
                 9
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 11
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 32
                 ,
                 33
                 ,
                 35
                 ,
                 36
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 63.
                 
                 Barland
                 and
                 Bosbury
                 p.
                 14
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 36
                 ,
                 60.
                 
                 Bery
                 8.
                 
                 Drake
                 Pear
                 64.
                 
                 Harpary
                 64.
                 
                 John
                 Pear
                 64.
                 
                 Lullam
                 64.
                 
                 Mary
                 64.
                 
                 Oken-Pin
                 14.
                 
                 Pigstaile
                 24.
                 
                 Squash
                 63
                 ,
                 64.
                 
                 Tergovian
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Peare-trees
                 19
                 ,
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Perrie
                 13
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 34
                 ,
                 36
                 ,
                 40
                 ,
                 49
                 ,
                 63.
                 
              
               
                 Piercing
                 vide
                 Broching
                 ,
              
               
                 Pith
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Place
                 20
                 ,
                 52.
                 
              
               
                 Planting
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Plow
                 10
                 ,
                 34.
                 
              
               
                 Plowing
                 10
                 ,
                 34.
                 
              
               
                 Plums
                 37.
                 
              
               
                 Poor
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Press
                 30
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 43
                 ,
                 48
                 ,
                 55
                 ,
                 57.58
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 63
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Pressing
                 30
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 43
                 ,
                 48
                 ,
                 55
                 ,
                 57.58
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 63
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Pruning
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Purising
                 vide
                 Fining
              
            
             
               
                 Q
              
               
                 QUantity
                 60
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 65.
                 
              
               
                 Quick-sets
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Quince
                 17
              
               
                 
                 Quincunx
                 20.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 R
              
               
                 RAin
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Raisins
                 32.
                 
              
               
                 Raspis
                 vide
                 Wine
              
               
                 Refrigeratorie
                 vide
                 Cellar
              
               
                 Rhamnus
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Rheumes
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Ripeness
                 31
                 ,
                 60.
                 
              
               
                 Rock
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Royal
                 Society
                 1
                 ,
                 4
                 ,
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Root
                 16
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Rotteness
                 52
                 ,
                 53
                 ,
                 55
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 S
              
               
                 SAp
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Salt
                 9
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Sand
                 vide
                 Cellar
                 .
              
               
                 Sculpture
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Season
                 12
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 32
                 ,
                 46
                 ,
                 47
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 63.
                 
              
               
                 Sharpness
                 55
                 ,
                 65.
                 
              
               
                 Shoot
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Soil
                 4
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 33
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 63.
                 
              
               
                 Sophistication
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 Sowreness
                 54.
                 
              
               
                 Species
                 15
                 ,
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Spices
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Spirits
                 3
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 38
                 ,
                 53
                 ,
                 56
                 ,
                 57
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 62.
                 
              
               
                 Spleen
                 vide
                 Hypochondria
                 .
              
               
                 Stocks
                 7
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 11
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
              
               
                 Stomack
                 30
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 33
                 ,
                 40.
                 
              
               
                 Stones
                 9
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Stools
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Stopping
                 61
                 ,
                 64
                 ,
                 vide
                 Vent
                 :
              
               
                 Straining
                 48
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 64.
                 
              
               
                 Straw
                 47
                 ,
              
               
                 Suggar
                 32
                 ,
              
               
                 Sulphur
                 32.
                 
              
               
                 Summer-fruit
                 46.
                 
              
               
                 Surfeit
                 40.
                 
              
               
                 Sweating
                 vide
                 Hording
                 .
                 46
                 ,
                 60.
                 
              
               
                 Swine
                 20
                 ,
                 36
                 ,
                 60
                 ,
                 63.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 T
              
               
                 TAble-Fruit
                 8
                 ,
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Tables
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Taste
                 48.
                 
              
               
                 Tenant
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 Teeth
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Timber
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Toughness
                 57.
                 
              
               
                 Trade
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Transplanting
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Transporting
                 12
                 ,
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Tunning
                 45
                 ,
                 48
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 64.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 V
              
               
                 VAriety
                 3
                 ,
                 vide
                 Mixture
                 .
              
               
                 Vent
                 53
                 ,
                 64
                 ,
                 vide
                 Stopping
              
               
                 Vertues
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Vessel
                 54
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 61
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Vines
                 11
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Vinous
                 Liquors
                 41.
                 
              
               
                 Vintners
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 Virgil
                 17
                 ,
              
               
                 Usefulness
                 20
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 W
              
               
                 WAter
                 30
                 ,
                 56
                 ,
                 64
                 ,
                 66.
                 
              
               
                 Wages
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Wine
                 3
                 ,
                 4
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 30
                 ,
                 39
                 ,
                 43
                 ,
                 47
                 ,
                 49
                 ,
                 58
                 ,
                 59.
                 
                 Canary
                 38
                 ,
                 40.
                 
                 Cherry
                 37.
                 
                 Gilly
                 .
                 flo
                 .
                 37.
                 
                 Raspis
                 17.
                 
                 Rhenish
                 65.
                 
                 Verdea
                 40.
                 
                 Zerres
                 ,
                 vide
                 Vinous
                 Liquors
                 .
              
               
                 Windfalls
                 54.
                 
              
               
                 Windiness
                 37
                 ,
                 62.
                 
              
               
                 Winds
                 11
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 47.
                 
              
               
                 Wonders
                 14
                 ,
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Worcester-shire
                 60.
                 
              
               
                 Working
                 vide
                 Fermenting
                 .
              
               
                 Wringing
                 vide
                 Press
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               The
               Table
               to
               the
               Kalender
               .
            
             
               It
               might
               seem
               impertinent
               to
               have
               added
               a
               Table
               to
               a
               Book
               of
               so
               small
               a
               Volume
               ,
               and
               which
               seems
               to
               be
               of
               it self
               but
               a
               Table
               :
               But
               since
               it
               may
               prove
               advantageous
               for
               the
               saving
               of
               time
               ,
               at
               once
               to
               learn
               the
               whole
               Culture
               of
               any
               Plant
               ,
               as
               the
               Particulars
               are
               sprinckled
               the
               several
               Pages
               ;
               the
               Authour
               has
               thought
               fit
               to
               Collect
               ,
               and
               annex
               it
               .
            
             
               
                 ABlaqueation
                 Page
                 8
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Abricots
                 18
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Acacia
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Aethiopic
                 Apples
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 African
                 flower
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Age
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Agriculture
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Alaternus
                 11
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Alesanders
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Aloes
                 13
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Althaea
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Amaranthus
                 13
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Amomum
                 Plinii
                 13
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Angelica
                 22
                 ,
              
               
                 Anemonies
                 9
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.27
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Aniseeds
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Antirrhinum
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Annuals
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Apples
                 18
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 April
                 14
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Arbutus
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Artichocks
                 14
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Aspargus
                 12
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 
                 August
                 pag.
                 22
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Aviaries
                 11
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Auricula
                 9
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Autumnals
                 25.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 B
              
               
                 BAlsamina
                 13
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Barba
                 Jovis
                 15
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 Basil
                 12
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Bayes
                 13
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Beans
                 10
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 28
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Bees
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 30.
                 vide
                 Hives
              
               
                 Beetes
                 12
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Birds
                 11
                 ,
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Blanching
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Box
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Budding
                 vide
                 Inoculating
                 .
              
               
                 Buds
                 22
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Bugloss
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Bulbs
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 C
              
               
                 CAbbages
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Camomile
                 13
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Candy-Tufts
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Canna●●nd
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Cankers
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Capillaries
                 25
              
               
                 Capsicum
                 13
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Carnations
                 9
                 ,
                 11
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 27
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Carpet
                 vide
                 Walks
                 .
              
               
                 Carrob
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Carrots
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Cases
                 15
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Caterpillars
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Cats
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Cauly-flower
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Chamae
                 Iris
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Chamaelaea
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Cherries
                 8
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Chervile
                 8
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Cistus
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Climate
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Clipping
                 15
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Cloves
                 vide
                 Carnations
                 .
              
               
                 Colchicum
                 21
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Columbines
              
               
                 Compost
                 vide
                 Stercoration
                 ,
                 Dung
                 ,
                 Soil
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Conservatory
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
                 32
                 ,
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 Contemplation
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Convolvulus
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Corn-sallet
                 10
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Cressus
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Crocus
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Crown
                 Imperial
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Cucumbers
                 12
                 ,
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Cutting
                 pag.
                 6
                 ▪
              
               
                 Cyanus
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Cyons
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Cypresse
                 13.27
                 .
              
               
                 Cyclamen
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Cyder
                 22
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Cytisus
                 19
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 D
              
               
                 DActyls
                 13
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Daffodils
                 vide
                 Narcissus
                 .
              
               
                 Dates
                 vide
                 Dactyle
                 .
              
               
                 Datura
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 December
                 30
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Dens
                 Caninus
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Delphinium
                 11
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Digging
                 8.
                 vide
                 Trenching
                 .
              
               
                 Digitalis
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 vide
                 Fox-glove
                 .
              
               
                 Distilling
                 vide
                 Laboratory
                 .
              
               
                 Dressing
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Drones
                 20
              
               
                 Dung
                 vide
                 Compost
                 ,
                 Soil
                 ,
                 Stercoration
              
               
                 Dwarfs
                 26
              
            
             
               
                 E
              
               
                 EArthing-up
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Endive
                 12
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Exotics
                 13
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Experience
                 5
                 ,
                 6
                 ,
                 7
                 ,
              
            
             
               
                 F
              
               
                 FEbruary
                 10
                 ,
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Felicity
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Fennel
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Fibrous
                 Plants
                 15
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
              
               
                 Firr
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Flos-Cardinalis
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Flowers
                 6
                 ,
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Foggs
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Forest-Trees
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Fountain
                 Pipes
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Fox-gloves
                 vide
                 Digitalis
                 .
              
               
                 Fraxinella
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Fritillaria
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ;
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Frost
                 9
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 30
                 ,
                 31
                 ,
              
               
                 Fruit
                 and
                 Fruit-trees
                 6
                 ,
                 7
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 24.26
                 ,
                 30.
                 vide
                 Gathering
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 G
              
               
                 GAard'ner
                 5
                 ,
                 6
                 ,
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Gardine
                 5
                 ,
                 6
                 ,
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Garlick
                 10
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Garnsey-Lilly
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Gathering
                 24
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Gentianella
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Geranium
                 13
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Gilly-flowers
                 vide
                 Carnations
                 .
              
               
                 Gladiolus
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Gourds
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Granads
                 vide
                 Pome-Granade
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Graffing
                 pag.
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 12.15
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Graffs
                 pag.
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 12.15
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Green
                 house
                 vide
                 Conservatory
                 .
              
               
                 Greens
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.29
                 .
              
               
                 Groves
                 29.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 H.
                 
              
               
                 HEalth
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Hedysarum
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Helleborus
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Hepatica
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Herbs-dry
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Hives
                 vide
                 Bees
                 .
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Holy-hoc
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Hops
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Hot-bed
                 9
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Howsing
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Humble
                 plant
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Hyacinth
                 vide
                 Jacynth
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Hyssop
                 14.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 I.
                 
              
               
                 JAcynth
                 vide
                 Hyacinthus
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 January
                 8
                 ,
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 Jasmine
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Inoculating
                 vide
                 Budding
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Insects
                 18
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 July
                 22
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 June
                 18
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Iris
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 K.
                 
              
               
                 KEri
                 13
              
               
                 Kernels
                 9
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Kitchin-Garden
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Knots
                 21.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 L.
                 
              
               
                 LAbour
                 5
                 ,
              
               
                 Laboratory
                 vide
                 Distilling
                 .
                 16
                 ,
                 18.
                 
              
               
                 Larks-spur
                 vide
                 Delphinium
                 .
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 Lavander
                 12
                 ,
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Laurel
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Layers
                 10
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 20.21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Laying
                 10
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 20.21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Leaves
                 27
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Leeks
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Lemmons
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Lentiscus
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Lettuce
                 8
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Leucoium
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Lilie
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Lilac
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Lupines
                 13
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Lychnis
                 25.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 M.
                 
              
               
                 MAjoran
                 12.14
                 ,
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 March
                 12
                 ,
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Marcoc
                 13
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Marum-syriacum
                 pag.
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Martagon
                 19
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Mary-gold
                 10
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Matricaria
                 13
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 May
                 16
                 ,
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Medica
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Medicinal
                 Plants
                 12
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Melons
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Memory
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Method
                 6
                 ,
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Mirabile
                 Peru
                 13
                 ,
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Moon
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Month
                 5
                 ,
                 6
                 ,
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Mok
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Mowing
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Murals
                 vide
                 Walls
                 .
              
               
                 Muscaris
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Muscipula
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Myrrhe
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Myrtil
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 N.
                 
              
               
                 NAiling
                 vide
                 Pruning
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Narcissus
                 vide
                 Tuberose
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Nasturtium
                 13
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Nectarine
                 10
                 ,
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Neglect
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Nigella
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Nights
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 November
                 28
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Nursery
                 8
                 ,
                 9
                 ▪
                 28
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 O.
                 
              
               
                 OCcasion
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 October
                 26
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Oleander
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Onions
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Oranges
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Orchard
                 26.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 P
              
               
                 PAlisades
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Paradise
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Parsley
                 10
                 ,
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Parterr
                 vide
                 Knots
                 .
              
               
                 Parsnips
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Passion-flower
                 vide
                 Maracoc
                 .
              
               
                 Peach
                 12
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Pear
                 8
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Pease
                 12
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 28
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Peneroyal
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Peonies
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Perennial
                 vide
                 Green.
                 
              
               
                 Perry
                 22
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Phaseoli
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Phillyrea
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Pinus
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Pinks
                 13
                 ,
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Pipes
                 vide
                 Fountains
                 .
                 pag.
                 
              
               
                 Planting
                 6
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Plashing
                 10
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Plums
                 8
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Pomace
                 vide
                 Cider
                 .
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Pomum-Amoris
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Pome-Granad
                 .
                 15
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Poppy
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Potatos
                 10
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Pot-herbs
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 Pots
                 9
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Prime-rose
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Pruning
                 6
                 ,
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Purslain
                 12
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 Q
              
               
                 QUick-sets
                 8
                 ,
                 10.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 R
              
               
                 RAin
                 9
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 27
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Ranunculus
                 9
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 27
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Raddish
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 12
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Removing
                 vide
                 Transplanting
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Rosemary
                 12
                 ,
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Roses
                 12
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Roots
                 10.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 S.
                 
              
               
                 SAffron
                 vide
                 Crocus
                 .
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Sage
                 12.14
                 .
              
               
                 Salleting
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Savoury
                 14.
                 
              
               
                 Scabious
                 15
                 ,
                 19.
                 
              
               
                 Scorpoides
                 15.
                 
              
               
                 Scorzonera
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Scurvy-grass
                 22
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Sellery
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Seacrests
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Season
                 5
                 ,
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Seeds
                 19
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 26.28
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Seedlings
                 19
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 26.28
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Senses
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 Sedum
                 25
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Sensitive-Plant
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 September
                 24
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Shade
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Shelter
                 29
                 ,
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Shrubs
                 26.
                 
              
               
                 Signes
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 Skirrets
                 12
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Slips
                 pag.
                 21
                 ,
                 23.
                 
              
               
                 Smalege
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Snailes
                 14
                 ,
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Snow
                 9
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Soil
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Sorel
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Sowing
                 25
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Spinach
                 10
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Stalks
                 17.
                 
              
               
                 Standards
                 26
                 ,
                 28
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Stercoration
                 vide
                 Compost
                 .
                 12
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Stock
                 gilly-flowers
                 vide
                 Leucöium
                 .
              
               
                 Stocks
                 8
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 28
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Stones
                 9
                 ,
                 29
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Stove
                 29
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Strawberries
                 12
                 ,
                 24.
                 
              
               
                 Suckers
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Sun
                 13
                 ,
                 22.
                 
              
               
                 Swarmes
                 vide
                 Bees
                 .
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Sweeping
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Sweet-Williams
                 13.
                 
              
               
                 Syringa
                 29.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 T
              
               
                 TObacco
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Thyme
                 12
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 Time
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 Tools
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Tuberose
                 vide
                 Narcissus
                 .
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Tulips
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 19
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 27
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Turneps
                 12
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Transplanting
                 vide
                 Removing
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 13
                 ,
                 15
                 ,
                 17
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 28.
                 
              
               
                 Trenching
                 vide
                 Digging
                 .
                 8
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 28
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 V
              
               
                 VAriegation
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Vermine
                 9
                 ,
                 31.
                 
              
               
                 Vines
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 30.7
                 ,
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Vineyard
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 30.7
                 ,
                 20.
                 
              
               
                 Violets
                 15
                 ,
                 25.
                 
              
               
                 Volubilis
                 13.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 W
              
               
                 WAlks
                 21
                 ,
                 27
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Walls
                 8
                 ,
                 10
                 ,
                 22
                 ,
                 26
                 ,
                 28
                 ,
                 30.
                 
              
               
                 Water
                 17
                 ,
                 18
                 ,
                 20
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 23
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Weeding
                 15
                 ,
                 16
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
               
                 Wither'd
                 Flowers
                 21.
                 
              
               
                 Winds
                 13
                 ,
                 21
                 ,
                 24
                 ,
                 25
                 ,
                 29.
                 
              
               
                 Worms
                 10
                 ,
                 14
                 ,
                 27.
                 
              
            
          
        
         
           
             
             
             SYLVA
             :
             OR
             ,
             A
             DISCOURSE
             OF
             Forest-Trees
             ,
             AND
             The
             Propagation
             of
             Timber
             in
             His
             MAJESTIES
             Dominions
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             
               
                 Tuque
                 ades
                 ,
                 inceptumque
                 una
                 decurre
                 laborem
                 ,
              
               
                 O
                 decus
                 ,
                 ô
                 famae
                 merito
                 pars
                 maxima
                 nostrae
                 ,
              
               
                 CAROLIDE
                 ,
                 pelagoque
                 volans
                 da
                 vela
                 petenti
                 :
              
               
                 Da
                 facilem
                 cursum
                 ,
                 atque
                 audacibus
                 annue
                 coeptis
                 :
              
               
                 Ignarosque
                 viae
                 mecum
                 miseratus
                 agrestes
              
               
                 Ingredere
                 ,
                 &
                 votis
                 jam
                 nunc
                 assuesce
                 vocari
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               The
               Introduction
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               
               SInce
               there
               is
               nothing
               which
               seems
               more
               fatally
               to
               threaten
               a
               Weakning
               ,
               if
               not
               a
               Dissolution
               of
               the
               strength
               of
               this
               famous
               and
               flourishing
               Nation
               ,
               then
               the
               sensible
               and
               notorious
               decay
               of
               her
               
                 Wooden
                 walls
              
               ,
               when
               either
               through
               
                 time
                 ,
                 negligence
              
               ,
               or
               other
               accident
               ,
               the
               present
               Navy
               shall
               be
               worn
               out
               and
               impair'd
               ;
               it
               has
               been
               a
               very
               worthy
               and
               seasonable
               Advertisement
               in
               the
               Honourable
               the
               principal
               Officers
               and
               Commissioners
               ,
               what
               they
               have
               lately
               suggested
               to
               this
               
                 Illustrious
                 Society
              
               ,
               for
               the
               timely
               prevention
               and
               redress
               of
               this
               intollerable
               defect
               .
               For
               it
               has
               not
               been
               the
               late
               increase
               of
               Shipping
               alone
               ,
               the
               multiplication
               of
               
                 Glass-works
                 ,
                 Iron-Furnaces
              
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               ,
               from
               whence
               this
               impolitick
               diminution
               of
               our
               Timber
               has
               proceeded
               ;
               but
               from
               the
               disproportionate
               spreading
               
               of
               Tillage
               ,
               caused
               through
               that
               prodigious
               havock
               made
               by
               such
               as
               lately
               professing
               themselves
               against
               Root
               and
               Branch
               (
               either
               to
               be
               re-imburs'd
               of
               their
               Holy
               purchases
               ,
               or
               for
               some
               other
               sordid
               respect
               )
               were
               tempted
               ,
               not
               only
               to
               fell
               and
               cut
               down
               ,
               but
               utterly
               to
               
                 grub
                 up
                 ,
                 demolish
              
               ,
               and
               raze
               ,
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               all
               those
               many
               goodly
               Woods
               ,
               and
               Forests
               ,
               which
               our
               more
               prudent
               Ancestors
               left
               standing
               ,
               for
               the
               Ornament
               ,
               and
               service
               of
               their
               Country
               .
               And
               this
               devastation
               is
               now
               become
               so
               Epidemical
               ,
               that
               unless
               some
               favourable
               expedient
               offer
               it self
               ,
               and
               a
               way
               be
               seriously
               ,
               and
               speedily
               resolv'd
               upon
               ,
               for
               the
               future
               repair
               of
               this
               intollerable
               defect
               ,
               one
               of
               the
               most
               glorious
               ,
               and
               considerable
               Bulwarks
               of
               this
               Nation
               ,
               will
               ,
               within
               a
               short
               time
               ,
               be
               totally
               wanting
               to
               it
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               To
               attend
               now
               a
               spontaneous
               supply
               of
               these
               decay'd
               Materials
               (
               which
               is
               the
               vulgar
               ,
               and
               natural
               way
               )
               would
               cost
               (
               besides
               the
               Inclosure
               )
               some
               entire
               Ages
               repose
               of
               the
               Plow
               :
               Therefore
               ,
               the
               most
               expeditious
               ,
               and
               obvious
               Method
               ,
               would
               (
               doubtless
               )
               be
               by
               one
               of
               these
               two
               ways
               ,
               Sowing
               ,
               or
               Planting
               .
               But
               ,
               first
               ,
               it
               will
               be
               requisite
               to
               agree
               upon
               the
               Species
               ;
               as
               what
               Trees
               are
               likely
               to
               be
               of
               greatest
               Vse
               ,
               and
               the
               fittest
               to
               be
               cultivated
               ;
               and
               then
               ,
               to
               consider
               of
               the
               Manner
               how
               it
               may
               best
               be
               effected
               .
               Truly
               ,
               the
               waste
               ,
               and
               destruction
               of
               our
               Woods
               ,
               has
               been
               so
               universal
               ,
               that
               I
               conceive
               nothing
               less
               then
               an
               universal
               Plantation
               of
               all
               the
               sorts
               of
               Trees
               will
               supply
               ,
               and
               well
               encounter
               the
               defect
               ;
               and
               therefore
               ,
               I
               shall
               here
               adventure
               to
               speak
               something
               in
               general
               of
               them
               all
               ;
               though
               I
               chiefly
               insist
               upon
               the
               propagation
               of
               such
               only
               as
               seem
               to
               be
               the
               most
               wanting
               ,
               and
               serviceable
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               And
               first
               by
               Trees
               here
               ,
               I
               consider
               principally
               for
               the
               
                 Genus
                 generalissimum
              
               ,
               such
               Lignous
               and
               woody
               Plants
               ,
               as
               are
               hard
               of
               substance
               ,
               procere
               of
               stature
               ;
               that
               are
               thick
               and
               solid
               ,
               and
               stifly
               adhere
               to
               the
               Ground
               on
               which
               they
               stand
               :
               These
               we
               shall
               divide
               into
               the
               Greater
               and
               more
               
                 Ceduous
                 ,
                 Fruticant
              
               and
               
                 Shrubby
                 ;
                 Feras
              
               and
               wild
               ;
               or
               more
               Civiliz'd
               and
               domestique
               ;
               and
               such
               as
               are
               Sative
               and
               Hortensial
               subalternate
               to
               the
               other
               ;
               But
               of
               which
               I
               give
               only
               a
               touch
               ,
               distributing
               the
               rest
               into
               these
               two
               Classes
               ,
               the
               Dry
               ,
               and
               the
               Aquatic
               ;
               both
               of
               them
               applicable
               to
               the
               same
               civil
               uses
               of
               
                 Building
                 ,
                 Vtensils
                 ,
                 Ornament
              
               ,
               and
               Fuel
               ;
               for
               to
               dip
               into
               their
               Medicinal
               virtues
               is
               none
               of
               my
               Province
               ,
               though
               I
               sometimes
               glance
               at
               them
               with
               due
               submission
               ,
               and
               in
               few
               Instances
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Among
               the
               dry
               ,
               I
               esteem
               the
               more
               principal
               ,
               and
               solid
               ,
               to
               be
               the
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Elme
                 ,
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Chess-nut
                 ,
                 Wall-nut
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               The
               less
               principal
               ,
               the
               
                 Service
                 ,
                 Maple
                 ,
                 Lime-tree
                 ,
                 Horn-beam
                 ,
                 Quick-beam
                 ,
                 Birch
                 ,
                 Hasel
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               together
               with
               all
               their
               sub-alternate
               ,
               and
               several
               kinds
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 Which
                 of
                 how
                 many
                 sorts
                 they
                 are
                 ,
              
               
                 We
                 can't
                 at
                 present
                 here
                 stand
                 to
                 declare
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Sed
                   neque
                   quàm
                   multa
                   species
                   ,
                   nec
                   nomina
                   quae
                   sint
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Est
                   numerus
                
                 ,
              
               
                 Geor.
                 2.
                 
              
            
             
               5.
               
               Of
               the
               Aquatical
               ,
               I
               reckon
               the
               
                 Poplars
                 ,
                 Asp
                 ,
                 Alder
                 ,
                 Willow
                 ,
                 Sallow
                 ,
                 Osier
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               Then
               I
               shall
               add
               a
               word
               or
               two
               ,
               for
               the
               encouragement
               of
               the
               planting
               of
               Fruit-trees
               ,
               together
               with
               some
               less
               vulgar
               ,
               but
               no
               less
               useful
               Trees
               ,
               which
               ,
               as
               yet
               are
               not
               endenizon'd
               amongst
               us
               ,
               or
               (
               at
               least
               )
               not
               much
               taken
               notice
               of
               :
               And
               in
               pursuance
               hereof
               ,
               
               I
               shall
               observe
               this
               order
               :
               First
               ,
               to
               shew
               how
               they
               are
               to
               be
               Raised
               ,
               and
               then
               to
               be
               Cultivated
               ;
               By
               raising
               ,
               I
               understand
               the
               Seed
               and
               the
               Soil
               ;
               by
               Culture
               the
               
                 Planting
                 ,
                 Fencing
                 ,
                 Watering
                 ,
                 Dressing
                 ,
                 Pruning
              
               and
               Cutting
               ;
               of
               all
               which
               briefly
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               And
               first
               for
               their
               Raising
               ,
               some
               there
               are
               ,
               
                 
                   Spring
                   of
                   themselves
                   unforc't
                   by
                   human
                   eare
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     Nullis
                     hominum
                     cogentibus
                     ,
                     ipsae
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Sponte
                     sua
                     veniunt
                  
                   —
                
              
               Specifying
               according
               to
               the
               various
               disposition
               of
               the
               Air
               and
               Soil
               ;
               
                 
                   Some
                   from
                   their
                   Seeds
                   arise
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Pars
                     autem
                     posito
                     surgunt
                     de
                     semine
                     ▪
                  
                
              
               As
               the
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Chess-nut
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Some
                   to
                   th●●
                   Groves
                   from
                   their
                   own
                   Roots
                   do
                   spring
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Pullulat
                     ab
                     radico
                     ali●s
                     deusissima
                     Sylva
                     ▪
                  
                
              
               As
               the
               
                 Elme
                 ,
                 Alder
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               there
               are
               others
               ,
               
                 
                   Grow
                   without
                   Root
                
                 
                   
                     Mil
                     radicit
                     egeut
                  
                   —
                
              
               as
               Willows
               ,
               and
               all
               the
               Vimineous
               kinds
               ,
               which
               are
               raised
               of
               Sets
               only
               .
            
             
               
                 These
                 wayes
                 first
                 Nature
                 gave
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   Hos
                   natura
                   modos
                   primùm
                   dedit
                
                 —
              
            
             
               For
               thus
               we
               see
               there
               are
               more
               ways
               to
               the
               Wood
               than
               one
               ;
               and
               she
               has
               furnish'd
               us
               with
               variety
               of
               expedients
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               And
               here
               we
               might
               fall
               into
               a
               deep
               Philosophical
               Research
               ,
               whether
               the
               Earth
               it self
               in
               some
               place
               thereof
               or
               other
               ,
               even
               without
               
                 Seed
                 ,
                 Branch
              
               or
               Root
               ,
               &c.
               would
               produce
               every
               kind
               of
               Vegetable
               ,
               as
               it
               manifestly
               does
               ,
               divers
               sorts
               of
               Grasse
               and
               
                 Plants
                 ?
                 (
                 viz.
              
               )
               the
               Tre-fole
               or
               Clover
               in
               succulent
               land
               ;
               In
               dry
               ground
               May
               and
               Ra●-weeds
               ;
               In
               the
               very
               moyst
               ,
               
                 Argentina
                 ,
                 Flaggs
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               And
               the
               very
               barren
               
                 Ferne
                 ,
                 Broome
              
               ,
               and
               Heath
               ,
               &c.
               
               So
               Virgil
               notes
               sterile
               places
               for
               the
               Pitch-tree
               ;
               we
               our
               wett
               and
               Vligi●ous
               for
               
                 Birch
                 ,
                 Alder
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               The
               more
               lofty
               ,
               poor
               and
               perflatile
               for
               
                 Eugh
                 ,
                 Guiniper
                 ,
                 Box
              
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               ;
               and
               we
               read
               in
               the
               
                 Natural
                 Histories
              
               of
               divers
               Countries
               ,
               that
               the
               
                 Cedar
                 ,
                 Palmetos
                 Queen-Pines
                 ,
                 Ebony
                 ,
                 Nutmeg
                 ,
                 Cinnamon
                 ,
              
               &c.
               For
               Trees
               ;
               the
               
                 Tulip
                 ,
                 Hyacinth
                 ,
                 Crocus
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               For
               Flowers
               ,
               are
               sometimes
               ,
               and
               in
               some
               regions
               Aborigines
               ,
               descended
               immediately
               from
               the
               Genius
               of
               the
               
                 Soyls
                 ,
                 Climate
                 ,
                 Sun
                 ,
                 Shade
                 ,
                 Air
                 ,
                 Winds
                 ,
                 Water
                 ,
                 Niterous-Salts
                 ,
                 Rocks
                 ,
                 Bankes
                 ,
                 Shores
                 ,
              
               and
               (
               as
               the
               Negros-Heads
               in
               the
               Bachados
               )
               even
               without
               Seed
               ,
               or
               any
               perceptible
               rudiment
               .
               But
               with
               all
               this
               we
               are
               not
               satisfied
               without
               supposing
               some
               previous
               seminal
               disposition
               lurking
               ,
               and
               dispers'd
               in
               every
               part
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               in
               what
               Moleculae
               or
               subtile
               contextures
               we
               shall
               not
               enquire
               ,
               but
               though
               happly
               not
               at
               first
               so
               perfect
               as
               the
               maturer
               Seeds
               of
               their
               after
               peculiar
               Plants
               ;
               yet
               such
               as
               are
               fit
               for
               the
               Sun
               and
               Influences
               to
               operate
               on
               ,
               '
               til
               they
               have
               prepar'd
               ,
               discuss'd
               ,
               and
               excited
               their
               Seminal
               and
               Prolifique
               vertue
               to
               exert
               it self
               and
               awake
               out
               of
               sleep
               ,
               in
               which
               they
               lay
               as
               in
               their
               causes
               ;
               And
               free
               themselves
               from
               those
               impediments
               which
               hindred
               their
               Specification
               and
               Nativity
               :
               This
               Conception
               the
               learned
               Gassendus
               would
               illustrate
               by
               the
               latent
               fire
               in
               Flints
               ,
               which
               never
               betrays
               it self
               
               '
               til
               it
               be
               forced
               out
               by
               Collision
               ;
               but
               which
               yet
               methinks
               ,
               does
               not
               so
               fully
               inlighten
               this
               Hypothesis
               ,
               which
               we
               only
               hint
               for
               Method
               and
               Introduction
               onely
               :
               For
               the
               design
               of
               this
               Discourse
               is
               not
               to
               perswade
               Men
               to
               sit
               still
               ,
               and
               let
               Nature
               work
               alone
               ,
               but
               to
               ayd
               and
               assist
               her
               as
               much
               as
               they
               are
               able
               from
               Seeds
               and
               Plants
               already
               perfected
               ,
               and
               qualified
               for
               more
               speedy
               Propagation
               .
               Most
               Ingenious
               ,
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               is
               what
               some
               upon
               an
               accurate
               and
               narrow
               guesse
               ,
               have
               not
               feared
               to
               pronounce
               ;
               namely
               ,
               that
               all
               planting
               by
               Seed
               ,
               was
               but
               a
               kind
               of
               Inoculation
               ;
               and
               propagation
               by
               Cyons
               and
               Sprouts
               ,
               but
               a
               
                 Subterranean
                 Graffing
              
               :
               And
               upon
               this
               account
               I
               am
               the
               more
               willing
               to
               assent
               ,
               that
               in
               Removing
               of
               wild
               Trees
               ,
               taken
               out
               of
               incumber'd
               places
               ,
               (
               so
               it
               be
               perform'd
               with
               all
               due
               circumstances
               )
               there
               may
               happen
               considerable
               Improvements
               ;
               since
               ,
               as
               there
               is
               something
               in
               
                 Super
                 graffing
              
               ,
               or
               the
               repetition
               of
               Graffing
               for
               the
               inlargement
               ,
               and
               melioration
               of
               Fruit
               ;
               so
               there
               may
               be
               also
               in
               a
               carefull
               Removal
               ;
               especially
               the
               Tree
               being
               of
               a
               kind
               apt
               to
               dilate
               its
               Roots
               ,
               and
               taken
               whilest
               those
               Roots
               may
               be
               safely
               ,
               and
               intirely
               transferr'd
               ;
               and
               likewise
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               presum'd
               that
               most
               Trees
               propagated
               by
               Seeds
               ,
               emitt
               a
               principal
               Root
               ,
               very
               deep
               into
               the
               Earth
               ,
               which
               frequently
               extracting
               but
               a
               courser
               Nutriment
               (
               though
               it
               may
               happly
               yield
               a
               close
               ,
               and
               firmer
               Timber
               )
               yet
               is
               not
               so
               apt
               to
               Shoot
               and
               spread
               ,
               as
               what
               are
               by
               Removal
               deprived
               of
               that
               Root
               ,
               and
               by
               being
               more
               impregnate
               with
               the
               
                 Sun
                 ,
                 Dews
              
               and
               heavenly
               Influences
               neer
               the
               surface
               ,
               inabled
               to
               produce
               larger
               ,
               more
               delicate
               and
               better
               tasted
               Fruit
               ;
               supposing
               
                 Nutts
                 ,
                 Mast
              
               ,
               or
               Berries
               ,
               for
               we
               would
               not
               go
               out
               of
               our
               Forest
               for
               instances
               .
               And
               yet
               even
               in
               these
               desents
               of
               the
               Top-Root
               ,
               it
               sometimes
               penetrating
               to
               a
               Veine
               of
               some
               rich
               Marle
               or
               other
               Mould
               ,
               the
               extraordinary
               flourishing
               and
               expedition
               of
               growth
               ,
               will
               soon
               give
               notice
               of
               it
               .
               But
               to
               make
               some
               Trial
               of
               this
               ,
               't
               were
               no
               difficult
               matter
               ,
               when
               one
               plants
               a
               Nursery
               or
               Grove
               ,
               to
               experiment
               what
               the
               Earth
               ,
               as
               far
               as
               the
               Roots
               are
               like
               to
               reach
               ,
               will
               advance
               and
               discover
               to
               us
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               In
               the
               mean
               time
               ,
               it
               has
               been
               stifly
               controverted
               by
               some
               ,
               whether
               were
               better
               to
               raise
               Trees
               for
               Timber
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               uses
               ,
               from
               their
               Seeds
               and
               first
               Rudiments
               ;
               or
               to
               Transplant
               such
               as
               we
               find
               have
               either
               rais'd
               themselves
               from
               their
               Seeds
               ,
               or
               spring
               from
               the
               
                 Mother
                 roots
              
               .
               Now
               ,
               that
               to
               produce
               them
               immediately
               of
               the
               Seed
               is
               the
               better
               way
               ,
               these
               Reasons
               may
               seem
               to
               evince
               .
            
             
               First
               .
               because
               they
               take
               soonest
               .
               Secondly
               ,
               because
               they
               make
               the
               straightest
               ,
               and
               most
               uniform
               shoot
               .
               Thirdly
               ,
               because
               they
               will
               neither
               require
               staking
               ,
               nor
               watering
               (
               which
               are
               two
               very
               considerable
               Articles
               )
               and
               lastly
               ,
               for
               that
               all
               transplanting
               (
               though
               it
               much
               improve
               
                 Fruit
                 trees
              
               )
               unless
               they
               are
               taken
               up
               the
               first
               Year
               ,
               or
               two
               ,
               is
               a
               considerable
               impediment
               to
               the
               growth
               of
               Forest-trees
               .
               And
               ,
               though
               it
               be
               true
               ,
               that
               divers
               of
               those
               which
               are
               found
               in
               Woods
               ,
               especially
               Oaklings
               ,
               young
               
                 Beeches
                 ,
                 Ash
              
               ,
               and
               some
               others
               ,
               spring
               from
               the
               self-sown
               mast
               and
               keys
               ;
               yet
               ,
               being
               for
               the
               most
               part
               dropp'd
               ,
               and
               disseminated
               amongst
               the
               half
               rotten
               sticks
               ,
               musty
               leaves
               ,
               and
               perplexities
               of
               the
               mother-roots
               ,
               they
               grow
               scraggy
               ;
               
               and
               being
               over-dripp'd
               become
               squalid
               and
               mossie
               ,
               
                 
                   Which
                   checks
                   their
                   growth
                   ,
                   and
                   makes
                   their
                   bodies
                   pine
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Crescentique
                     adimunt
                     foetus
                     ,
                     uruntque
                     ferentem
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Geo.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               Nor
               can
               their
               roots
               expand
               ,
               and
               spread
               themselves
               as
               they
               would
               do
               if
               they
               were
               sown
               ,
               or
               had
               been
               planted
               in
               a
               more
               open
               ,
               free
               ,
               and
               ingenuous
               Soil
               .
               And
               that
               this
               is
               so
               ,
               I
               do
               affirm
               upon
               Experience
               ,
               that
               an
               Acorn
               sown
               by
               hand
               in
               a
               Nursery
               ,
               or
               ground
               where
               it
               may
               be
               free
               from
               these
               encumbrances
               ,
               shall
               in
               two
               or
               three
               Years
               out-strip
               a
               Plant
               of
               twice
               that
               age
               ,
               which
               has
               either
               been
               self-sown
               in
               the
               Woods
               ,
               or
               removed
               ;
               unless
               it
               fortune
               ,
               by
               some
               favourable
               accident
               ,
               to
               have
               been
               scattered
               into
               a
               more
               natural
               ,
               penetrable
               ,
               and
               better
               qualified
               place
               :
               But
               this
               disproportion
               is
               yet
               infinitely
               more
               remarkable
               in
               the
               Pine
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Wall-nut
                 tree
              
               ,
               where
               the
               Nut
               set
               into
               the
               ground
               does
               usually
               overtake
               a
               Tree
               of
               ten
               years
               growth
               which
               was
               planted
               at
               the
               same
               instant
               ;
               and
               this
               is
               a
               Secret
               so
               generally
               mis-represented
               by
               most
               of
               those
               who
               have
               treated
               of
               these
               sort
               of
               Trees
               ,
               that
               I
               could
               not
               suffer
               it
               to
               pass
               over
               without
               a
               particular
               remark
               ;
               so
               as
               the
               noble
               Poet
               (
               with
               pardon
               for
               receding
               from
               so
               venerable
               Authority
               )
               might
               be
               mistaken
               ,
               when
               he
               delivers
               this
               observation
               as
               universal
               ,
               to
               the
               prejudice
               of
               Sowing
               ,
               and
               raising
               Woods
               from
               their
               Rudiments
               :
               
                 
                   Trees
                   which
                   from
                   scattered
                   Seeds
                   to
                   spring
                   are
                   made
                
                 
                   Come
                   slowly
                   on
                   ;
                   for
                   our
                   Grand-childrens
                   shade
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Nam
                     quae
                     seminibus
                     jactis
                     se
                     sustulit
                     arbos
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Tarda
                     venit
                     ;
                     seris
                     factura
                     nepotibus
                     umbram
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Geor.
                   l.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               And
               indeed
               I
               know
               divers
               are
               of
               this
               opinion
               ;
               and
               possibly
               in
               some
               luckier
               Soils
               ,
               and
               where
               extraordinary
               care
               is
               had
               in
               Transplanting
               ,
               and
               removing
               cumbrances
               ,
               &c.
               
               There
               may
               be
               reason
               for
               it
               ;
               But
               I
               affirm
               it
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               and
               for
               the
               most
               part
               ,
               and
               find
               I
               have
               the
               suffrage
               of
               another
               no
               inelegant
               Poet
               ,
               if
               not
               in
               a
               full
               assent
               to
               my
               Assertion
               ,
               yet
               in
               the
               choyce
               of
               my
               procedure
               for
               their
               perfection
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 Though
                 Suckers
                 which
                 the
                 Stock
                 repaire
                 ,
              
               
                 Will
                 with
                 th●ck
                 Branches
                 crowd
                 the
                 empty
                 Aire
                 ,
              
               
                 Or
                 the
                 Ground-Oak
                 transplanted
                 ,
                 boughs
                 may
                 shoot
                 ;
              
               
                 Yet
                 no
                 such
                 Grov's
                 do's
                 with
                 my
                 fancy
                 suit
              
               
                 As
                 what
                 from
                 Acorns
                 set
                 on
                 even
                 rows
              
               
                 In
                 open
                 fields
                 at
                 their
                 due
                 distance
                 grows
                 .
              
               
                 What
                 though
                 your
                 Ground
                 long
                 time
                 must
                 fallow
                 ly
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 Se●dling-Oakes
                 yield
                 but
                 a
                 slow
                 supply
                 ?
              
               
                 No
                 walks
                 else
                 can
                 be
                 for
                 like
                 beauty
                 prais'd
              
               
                 For
                 ,
                 certain
                 't
                 is
                 ,
                 that
                 Plants
                 from
                 Acorns
                 rais'd
                 ,
              
               
                 As
                 to
                 the
                 Center
                 deeper
                 fivers
                 spread
                 ,
              
               
                 So
                 to
                 the
                 Zenith
                 more
                 advance
                 their
                 head
                 :
              
               
                 Be
                 it
                 that
                 Plants
                 for
                 natural
                 moysture
                 pine
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 as
                 expos'd
                 at
                 Change
                 of
                 Soile
                 decline
                 ;
              
               
                 Or
                 that
                 the
                 Acorn
                 with
                 its
                 native
                 mould
              
               
                 Do's
                 thrive
                 ,
                 and
                 spread
                 ,
                 and
                 firme
                 alliance
                 hold
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   —
                   Quamvis
                   ipsa
                   de
                   stirpe
                   parentis
                
              
               
                 Pullulet
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   tenues
                   tollat
                   se
                   quercus
                   in
                   auras
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Aut
                   mutata
                   solo
                   ,
                   ramis
                   exultet
                   opacis
                
                 ;
              
               
                 
                   Forma
                   tamen
                   nemoris
                   non
                   sit
                   mihi
                   gratior
                   ulla
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Quam
                   quod
                   per
                   campos
                   ,
                   posito
                   de
                   semine
                   ,
                   crevit
                
              
               
                 
                   Et
                   quamquam
                   sit
                   agro
                   praelongum
                   tempus
                   inerti
                
              
               
                 
                   Durcendum
                   ,
                   ac
                   tardae
                   surgant
                   de
                   semine
                   quercus
                   :
                
              
               
                 
                   His
                   tamen
                   ,
                   his
                   longe
                   veniunt
                   felicius
                   umbrae
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Nam
                   certum
                   est
                   de
                   glande
                   satas
                   radicibus
                   imis
                
              
               
                 
                   Altius
                   in
                   terram
                   per
                   se
                   descendere
                   plantas
                
                 :
              
               
                 
                   Majoresque
                   adeo
                   in
                   coelum
                   profundere
                   ramos
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Seu
                   quod
                   dediscant
                   mutatam
                   semina
                   matrem
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Dgen
                   remque
                   ferant
                   alieno
                   ex
                   ubere
                   prolem
                
                 :
              
               
                 
                   Sive
                   quod
                   ipsa
                   ●bi
                   cognatae
                   inolescere
                   terrae
                
              
               
                 
                   Glans
                   primo
                   melius
                   paulatim
                   assuevit
                   ab
                   ortu
                   .
                
              
               
                 Rapinus
                 Hort.
                 l.
                 2.
                 
              
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               I.
               Of
               the
               Soile
               ,
               and
               of
               Seed
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               HEre
               ,
               for
               Methods
               sake
               ,
               something
               it
               were
               expedient
               to
               premise
               concerning
               the
               Soile
               ;
               and
               indeed
               I
               do
               acknowledge
               to
               have
               observ'd
               so
               vast
               a
               difference
               in
               the
               Improvement
               of
               Woods
               ,
               by
               that
               of
               the
               Ground
               ,
               that
               it
               is
               at
               no
               hand
               to
               be
               neglected
               :
               But
               this
               being
               more
               than
               Transitorily
               touch'd
               in
               each
               Chapter
               of
               the
               ensuing
               Discourse
               ,
               I
               shall
               not
               need
               to
               assign
               it
               any
               apart
               ,
               when
               I
               have
               affirm'd
               in
               General
               ,
               that
               most
               Timber-Trees
               grow
               and
               prosper
               well
               in
               any
               tollerable
               Land
               which
               will
               produce
               Corn
               or
               Rye
               ,
               and
               which
               is
               not
               in
               excesse
               Stony
               ;
               in
               which
               neverthelesse
               there
               are
               some
               Trees
               delight
               ;
               or
               altogether
               Clay
               ,
               which
               few
               ,
               or
               none
               do
               naturally
               affect
               ;
               And
               yet
               the
               Oak
               is
               seen
               to
               prosper
               in
               it
               ,
               for
               its
               toughnesse
               preferr'd
               before
               any
               other
               by
               many
               Workmen
               ,
               though
               of
               all
               Soyls
               the
               Cow-pasture
               do
               certainly
               exceed
               ,
               be
               it
               for
               what
               purpose
               soever
               of
               planting
               Wood.
               Rather
               therefore
               we
               should
               take
               notice
               how
               many
               great
               Witts
               and
               ingenious
               Persons
               ,
               who
               have
               leasure
               and
               faculty
               are
               in
               pain
               for
               Improvements
               of
               their
               Heaths
               and
               barren
               Hills
               ,
               cold
               and
               starving
               places
               ,
               which
               causes
               them
               to
               be
               neglected
               and
               despair'd
               of
               ;
               whilest
               they
               flatter
               their
               hopes
               and
               vain
               expectations
               with
               fructifying
               liquors
               ,
               
                 Chymical
                 Menstrues
              
               and
               such
               vast
               conceptions
               ;
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               that
               one
               may
               shew
               them
               as
               Heathy
               and
               Hope-less
               grounds
               ,
               and
               barren
               Hills
               as
               any
               in
               England
               ,
               that
               do
               now
               bear
               ,
               or
               lately
               have
               born
               
                 Woods
                 ,
                 Groves
              
               and
               Copses
               which
               yield
               the
               Owners
               more
               wealth
               ,
               than
               the
               richest
               and
               most
               opulent
               Wheat-Lands
               :
               And
               if
               it
               be
               objected
               that
               't
               is
               so
               long
               a
               day
               before
               these
               Plantations
               can
               afford
               that
               gain
               ;
               The
               Brabant
               Nurseries
               ,
               and
               divers
               home-plantations
               of
               
                 Industrious
                 Persons
              
               are
               sufficient
               to
               convince
               the
               gain-sayer
               .
               And
               when
               by
               this
               Husbandry
               a
               few
               Acorns
               shall
               have
               peopl'd
               the
               Neighboring
               Regions
               with
               young
               Stocks
               and
               Trees
               ;
               the
               residue
               will
               become
               Groves
               and
               Copses
               of
               infinite
               delight
               and
               satisfaction
               to
               the
               Planters
               .
               Besides
               ,
               we
               daily
               see
               what
               
                 Course
                 Lands
              
               will
               bear
               these
               Stocks
               (
               suppose
               them
               
                 Oaks
                 ,
                 Wall-nutts
                 ,
                 Chess-nutts
                 ,
                 Pines
                 ,
                 Firr
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Wild-Pears
                 ,
                 Crabbs
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               )
               and
               some
               of
               them
               ,
               as
               for
               instance
               the
               Peare
               and
               the
               Firr
               or
               Pine
               ,
               strike
               their
               Roots
               through
               the
               roughest
               and
               most
               impenetrable
               Rocks
               and
               clefts
               of
               Stone
               it self
               ;
               and
               others
               require
               not
               any
               rich
               or
               pingued
               ,
               but
               very
               moderate
               Soile
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               committed
               to
               it
               in
               Seeds
               ,
               which
               allyes
               them
               to
               their
               Mother
               and
               Nurse
               without
               renitency
               or
               regrett
               :
               And
               then
               considering
               what
               assistances
               a
               little
               Care
               in
               easing
               and
               stirring
               of
               the
               ground
               about
               them
               for
               a
               few
               years
               does
               afford
               them
               :
               What
               cannot
               a
               
               strong
               Plow
               ,
               a
               Winter
               mellowing
               ,
               and
               summer
               heats
               ,
               incorporated
               with
               the
               pregnant
               Turfe
               ,
               or
               a
               slight
               assistance
               of
               Lime
               performe
               even
               in
               the
               most
               unnatural
               and
               obstinate
               Soile
               ?
               And
               in
               such
               places
               where
               anciently
               Woods
               have
               grown
               ,
               but
               are
               now
               unkind
               to
               them
               ,
               the
               fault
               is
               to
               be
               reformed
               by
               this
               Care
               ;
               and
               chiefly
               ,
               by
               a
               Sedulous
               extirpation
               of
               the
               old
               remainders
               of
               Roots
               ,
               and
               latent
               Stumps
               ,
               which
               by
               their
               mustiness
               ,
               and
               other
               pernicious
               qualities
               ,
               sowre
               the
               ground
               ,
               and
               poyson
               the
               Conception
               ;
               And
               herewith
               let
               me
               put
               in
               this
               note
               ,
               that
               even
               the
               Soile
               it self
               does
               frequently
               discover
               and
               point
               best
               to
               the
               particular
               Species
               ,
               though
               some
               are
               for
               all
               places
               alike
               :
               but
               I
               shall
               say
               no
               more
               of
               these
               particulars
               at
               this
               time
               ,
               because
               ,
               the
               rest
               is
               sprinkl'd
               over
               this
               whole
               Work
               in
               their
               due
               places
               ;
               Wherefore
               we
               hasten
               to
               the
               following
               Title
               ,
               namely
               ,
               the
               choyce
               and
               ordering
               of
               the
               Seeds
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Chuse
               your
               Seed
               of
               that
               which
               is
               perfectly
               mature
               ,
               
               ponderous
               and
               sound
               ;
               commonly
               that
               which
               is
               easily
               shaken
               from
               the
               boughs
               ,
               or
               gathered
               about
               November
               ,
               immediately
               upon
               its
               spontaneous
               fall
               ,
               or
               taken
               from
               the
               tops
               and
               summities
               of
               the
               fairest
               and
               soundest
               Trees
               ,
               is
               best
               ,
               and
               does
               (
               for
               the
               most
               part
               )
               direct
               to
               the
               proper
               season
               of
               
                 interring
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               According
               to
               Institution
               .
               For
               ,
               
                 
                   Nature
                   her self
                   who
                   all
                   created
                   first
                   ,
                
                 
                   Invented
                   sowing
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   wild
                   Plants
                   nurs't
                   :
                
                 
                   When
                   Mast
                   and
                   Berries
                   from
                   the
                   Trees
                   did
                   drop
                   ,
                
                 
                   Succeeded
                   under
                   by
                   a
                   numerous
                   Crop.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Nam
                     specimen
                     sationis
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     insitionis
                     origo
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Ipsa
                     fuit
                     rerum
                     primum
                     natura
                     creatrix
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   
                     Arboribus
                     quoniam
                     baccae
                     ,
                     glandesque
                     caducae
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Tempestiva
                     dabant
                     pullorum
                     examina
                     subter
                  
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   Lucret.
                   l.
                   5.
                   
                
              
               Yet
               this
               is
               to
               be
               consider'd
               ,
               that
               if
               the
               place
               you
               sow
               in
               be
               too
               cold
               for
               an
               Autumnal
               semination
               ,
               your
               
                 Acorns
                 ,
                 Mast
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Seeds
               may
               be
               prepared
               for
               the
               Vernal
               by
               being
               barrel'd
               ,
               or
               potted
               up
               in
               moist
               Sand
               or
               
                 Earth
                 stratum
              
               S.S.
               during
               the
               Winter
               ;
               at
               the
               expiration
               whereof
               you
               will
               find
               them
               sprouted
               ;
               and
               being
               committed
               to
               the
               Earth
               ,
               with
               a
               tender
               hand
               ,
               as
               apt
               to
               take
               as
               if
               they
               had
               been
               sown
               with
               the
               most
               early
               ,
               nay
               with
               great
               advantage
               :
               by
               this
               means
               ,
               too
               ,
               they
               have
               escaped
               the
               Vermine
               (
               which
               are
               prodigious
               devourers
               of
               Winter
               fowing
               )
               and
               will
               not
               be
               much
               concern'd
               with
               the
               increasing
               heat
               of
               the
               Season
               ,
               as
               such
               as
               being
               crude
               ,
               and
               unfermented
               are
               newly
               sown
               in
               the
               beginning
               of
               the
               Spring
               ;
               especially
               in
               hot
               and
               loose
               Grounds
               ;
               being
               already
               in
               so
               fair
               a
               progress
               by
               this
               artificial
               preparation
               ;
               and
               which
               (
               if
               the
               provision
               to
               be
               made
               be
               very
               great
               )
               may
               be
               thus
               manag'd
               .
               Chuse
               a
               fit
               piece
               of
               Ground
               ,
               and
               with
               boards
               (
               if
               it
               have
               not
               that
               position
               of
               it self
               )
               design
               it
               three
               foot
               high
               ;
               lay
               the
               first
               foot
               in
               fine
               Earth
               ,
               another
               of
               Seeds
               ,
               
                 Acorns
                 ,
                 Mast
                 ,
                 Keys
                 ,
                 Nuts
                 ,
                 Haws
                 ,
                 Holly-beries
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               Promiscuously
               ,
               or
               separate
               ,
               with
               (
               now
               ,
               and
               then
               )
               a
               little
               Mould
               sprinkled
               amongst
               them
               :
               The
               third
               foot
               wholly
               Earth
               :
               Of
               these
               preparatory
               Magazines
               make
               as
               many
               ,
               and
               as
               much
               larger-ones
               as
               will
               serve
               your
               turn
               ,
               continuing
               it
               from
               time
               to
               time
               as
               your
               store
               is
               brought
               in
               .
               The
               same
               for
               ruder
               handlings
               ,
               may
               you
               also
               do
               by
               burying
               your
               Seeds
               in
               dry
               Sand
               ,
               or
               pulveriz'd
               Earth
               ,
               Barrelling
               them
               (
               as
               I
               said
               )
               in
               Tubs
               ,
               or
               laid
               in
               heaps
               in
               some
               deep
               Cellar
               where
               the
               rigour
               of
               the
               Winter
               may
               least
               prejudice
               them
               ;
               and
               I
               have
               fill'd
               old
               
                 Hampers
                 ,
                 
                 Bee-hives
              
               ,
               and
               Boxes
               with
               them
               ,
               and
               found
               the
               like
               advantage
               ,
               which
               is
               to
               have
               them
               ready
               for
               your
               Seminary
               ,
               as
               before
               hath
               been
               shew'd
               ,
               and
               exceedingly
               prevent
               the
               season
               .
               There
               be
               also
               who
               affirm
               ,
               that
               the
               carefull
               cracking
               and
               opening
               of
               Stones
               which
               include
               the
               Kernels
               ,
               as
               soon
               as
               ripe
               ,
               precipitate
               Growth
               and
               gain
               a
               years
               advance
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               But
               to
               pursue
               this
               to
               some
               farther
               Advantage
               ;
               as
               to
               what
               concerns
               the
               election
               of
               your
               Seed
               ,
               It
               is
               to
               be
               consider'd
               ,
               that
               there
               is
               vast
               difference
               ,
               (
               what
               if
               I
               should
               affirm
               more
               than
               an
               
                 hundred
                 years
              
               )
               in
               Trees
               even
               of
               the
               same
               growth
               and
               Bed
               ,
               which
               I
               judge
               to
               proceed
               from
               the
               variety
               and
               quality
               of
               the
               Seed
               :
               This
               ,
               for
               instance
               ,
               is
               evidently
               seen
               in
               the
               heart
               ,
               procerity
               and
               stature
               of
               Timber
               ;
               and
               therefore
               chuse
               not
               your
               Seeds
               alwaies
               from
               the
               most
               Fruitful-trees
               ,
               which
               are
               commonly
               the
               most
               Aged
               ,
               and
               decayed
               ;
               but
               from
               such
               as
               are
               found
               most
               solid
               and
               fair
               :
               Nor
               ,
               for
               this
               reason
               ,
               covet
               the
               largest
               
                 Acorns
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               (
               but
               as
               
                 Husband
                 men
              
               do
               their
               Wheat
               )
               the
               most
               
                 weighty
                 ,
                 clean
              
               and
               bright
               :
               This
               Observation
               we
               deduce
               from
               Fruit-trees
               ,
               which
               we
               seldom
               find
               to
               bear
               so
               kindly
               ,
               and
               plentifully
               ,
               from
               a
               sound
               stock
               ,
               smooth
               Rind
               ,
               and
               firm
               Wood
               ,
               as
               from
               a
               
                 rough
                 ,
                 lax
              
               ,
               and
               untoward
               Tree
               ,
               which
               is
               rather
               prone
               to
               spend
               it self
               in
               Fruit
               ,
               (
               the
               ultimate
               effort
               ,
               and
               final
               endeavour
               of
               its
               most
               delicate
               Sap
               ,
               )
               than
               in
               solid
               and
               close
               substance
               to
               encrease
               the
               Timber
               .
               And
               this
               shall
               suffice
               ,
               though
               some
               haply
               might
               here
               recommend
               to
               us
               a
               more
               accurate
               Microscopical
               examen
               ,
               to
               interpret
               their
               most
               secret
               Schematismes
               ,
               which
               were
               an
               over
               nicity
               for
               these
               great
               Plantations
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               As
               concerning
               the
               medicating
               ,
               and
               insuccation
               of
               Seeds
               ,
               or
               enforcing
               the
               Earth
               by
               rich
               and
               generous
               
                 Composts
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               Trees
               of
               these
               kinds
               ,
               I
               am
               no
               great
               favourer
               of
               it
               ;
               not
               only
               ,
               because
               the
               charge
               would
               much
               discourage
               the
               Work
               ;
               but
               for
               that
               we
               find
               it
               unnecessary
               ,
               and
               for
               most
               of
               our
               Forest-trees
               ,
               noxious
               ;
               since
               even
               where
               the
               ground
               is
               too
               fertile
               ,
               they
               thrive
               not
               so
               well
               ;
               and
               if
               a
               Mould
               be
               not
               proper
               for
               one
               sort
               it
               may
               be
               fit
               for
               another
               :
               Yet
               I
               would
               not
               (
               by
               this
               )
               hinder
               any
               from
               the
               trial
               ,
               what
               advance
               such
               Experiments
               will
               produce
               :
               In
               the
               mean
               time
               ,
               for
               the
               simple
               Imbibition
               of
               some
               Seeds
               and
               Kernels
               ,
               when
               they
               prove
               extraordinary
               dry
               ,
               and
               ,
               as
               the
               Season
               may
               fall
               out
               ,
               it
               might
               not
               be
               amiss
               to
               macerate
               them
               in
               Milk
               ,
               or
               Water
               only
               ,
               a
               little
               impregnated
               with
               
                 Cow-dung
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               during
               the
               space
               of
               twenty
               four
               hours
               ,
               to
               give
               them
               a
               spirit
               to
               sprout
               ,
               and
               chet
               the
               sooner
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               you
               have
               been
               retarded
               in
               your
               sowing
               without
               our
               former
               preparation
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Being
               thus
               provided
               with
               Seeds
               of
               all
               kinds
               ,
               I
               would
               advise
               to
               raise
               Woods
               by
               sowing
               them
               apart
               ,
               in
               several
               places
               destin'd
               for
               their
               growth
               ,
               where
               the
               Mould
               being
               prepar'd
               (
               as
               I
               shall
               shew
               hereafter
               )
               and
               so
               qualified
               (
               if
               election
               be
               made
               )
               as
               best
               to
               suit
               with
               the
               nature
               of
               the
               Species
               ,
               they
               may
               be
               sown
               promiscuously
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               most
               natural
               and
               Rural
               ;
               or
               in
               streight
               and
               even
               lines
               ,
               for
               
                 Hedg-rows
                 ,
                 Avenues
              
               ,
               and
               Walks
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               more
               Ornamental
               :
               But
               ,
               because
               some
               may
               chuse
               rather
               to
               draw
               them
               out
               of
               Nurseries
               ;
               
               that
               the
               Culture
               is
               not
               much
               different
               ,
               nor
               the
               hinderance
               considerable
               (
               provided
               they
               be
               early
               ,
               and
               carefully
               Removed
               )
               I
               will
               finish
               what
               I
               have
               to
               say
               concerning
               these
               Trees
               in
               the
               Seminary
               ,
               and
               shew
               how
               they
               are
               there
               to
               be
               
                 Raised
                 ,
                 Transplanted
              
               ,
               and
               Govern'd
               till
               they
               can
               shift
               for
               themselves
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               II.
               Of
               the
               Seminary
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               
                 QVi
                 Vineam
                 ,
                 vel
                 Arbustum
                 constituere
                 volet
                 ,
              
               
               
                 Seminaria
                 priùs
                 facere
                 debebit
              
               ,
               was
               the
               precept
               of
               
                 Columella
                 ,
                 l.
              
               3.
               c.
               5.
               speaking
               of
               Vineyards
               and
               Fruit-trees
               :
               and
               ,
               doubtlesse
               ,
               we
               cannot
               pursue
               a
               better
               Course
               for
               the
               Propagation
               of
               Timber-trees
               :
               For
               though
               it
               seem
               but
               a
               trivial
               design
               that
               one
               should
               make
               a
               Nursery
               of
               Foresters
               ;
               yet
               it
               is
               not
               to
               be
               imagin'd
               ,
               without
               the
               experience
               of
               it
               ,
               what
               prodigious
               Numbers
               a
               very
               small
               spot
               of
               Ground
               well
               Cultivated
               ,
               and
               destin'd
               for
               this
               purpose
               ,
               would
               be
               able
               to
               furnish
               towards
               the
               sending
               forth
               of
               yearly
               Colonies
               into
               all
               the
               naked
               quarters
               of
               a
               Lordship
               ,
               or
               Demeasnes
               ;
               Being
               with
               a
               pleasant
               Industry
               liberally
               distributed
               amongst
               the
               Tenants
               ,
               and
               dispos'd
               of
               about
               the
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               and
               other
               Waste
               ,
               and
               uncultivated
               places
               ,
               for
               
                 Timber
                 ,
                 Shelter
                 ,
                 Fuel
              
               ,
               and
               Ornament
               ,
               to
               an
               incredible
               Advantage
               .
               This
               being
               a
               cheap
               ,
               and
               laudable
               Work
               ,
               of
               so
               much
               pleasure
               in
               the
               execution
               ,
               and
               so
               certain
               a
               profit
               in
               the
               event
               ;
               to
               be
               but
               once
               well
               done
               (
               for
               ,
               as
               I
               affirm'd
               ,
               a
               very
               small
               Nursery
               will
               in
               a
               few
               years
               people
               a
               vast
               extent
               of
               Ground
               )
               hath
               made
               me
               sometimes
               in
               admiration
               at
               the
               universal
               negligence
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Having
               therefore
               made
               choice
               of
               some
               fit
               place
               of
               Ground
               ,
               well
               Fenced
               ,
               respecting
               the
               South-east
               ,
               rather
               than
               the
               full
               South
               ,
               and
               well
               protected
               from
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ;
               
                 
                   He
                   that
                   for
                   wood
                   his
                   Field
                   would
                   sow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Must
                   clear
                   it
                   of
                   the
                   Shrubbs
                   that
                   grow
                   ;
                
                 
                   Cut
                   Brambles
                   up
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Ferne
                   mow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Qui
                     serere
                     ingenuum
                     volet
                     agrum
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Liberat
                     prius
                     arva
                     fruticibus
                  
                   ;
                
                 
                   
                     Falce
                     rubos
                     ,
                     filicemque
                     resecat
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Boeth
                   .
                   l.
                   2.
                   
                   Me●
                   ▪
                   
                
              
               This
               done
               ,
               let
               it
               be
               
                 Broken
                 up
              
               the
               Winter
               before
               you
               sow
               ,
               to
               mellow
               it
               ;
               especially
               if
               it
               be
               a
               Clay
               ,
               and
               then
               the
               furrow
               would
               be
               made
               deeper
               ;
               or
               so
               ,
               at
               least
               ;
               as
               you
               would
               prepare
               it
               for
               Wheat
               :
               Or
               you
               may
               Trench
               it
               with
               the
               Spade
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               it
               will
               the
               easier
               be
               cleansed
               of
               whatsoever
               may
               obstruct
               the
               putting
               forth
               ,
               and
               insinuating
               of
               the
               tender
               Roots
               :
               Then
               having
               given
               it
               a
               second
               stirring
               ,
               immediately
               before
               you
               sow
               ,
               cast
               ,
               and
               dispose
               it
               into
               Rills
               ,
               or
               small
               narrow
               Trenches
               of
               four
               ,
               or
               five
               inches
               deep
               ,
               and
               in
               even
               lines
               ,
               at
               two
               foot
               interval
               ,
               for
               the
               more
               commodious
               
                 Runcation
                 ,
                 Hawing
              
               ,
               and
               dressing
               the
               Trees
               :
               Into
               these
               Furrows
               (
               for
               a
               
                 Conseminea
                 
                 Sylva
              
               )
               throw
               your
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Nuts
                 ,
              
               all
               the
               Glandiferous
               Seeds
               ,
               Mast
               ,
               and
               Key-bearing
               kinds
               ,
               so
               as
               they
               lie
               not
               too
               thick
               ,
               and
               then
               cover
               them
               very
               well
               with
               a
               Rake
               ,
               or
               fine-tooth'd
               Harrow
               ,
               as
               they
               do
               for
               Pease
               :
               Or
               ,
               to
               be
               more
               accurate
               ,
               you
               may
               set
               them
               as
               they
               do
               Beans
               (
               especially
               ,
               the
               Nuts
               and
               Acorns
               )
               and
               that
               every
               Species
               by
               themselves
               ,
               for
               the
               
                 Roboraria
                 ,
                 Glandaria
                 ,
                 Vlmaria
              
               ,
               &c.
               which
               is
               the
               better
               way
               :
               This
               is
               to
               be
               done
               at
               the
               latter
               end
               of
               October
               ,
               for
               the
               Autumnal
               sowing
               ;
               and
               in
               the
               lighter
               ground
               about
               February
               for
               the
               Vernal
               .
            
             
               
                 Then
                 see
                 your
                 hopefull
                 Grove
                 with
                 Acorns
                 sown
                 ,
              
               
                 But
                 e're
                 your
                 Seed
                 into
                 the
                 Field
                 be
                 thrown
              
               
                 With
                 crooked
                 Plough
                 first
                 let
                 the
                 lusty
                 Swain
              
               
                 Break-up
                 ,
                 and
                 stubborn
                 Clodds
                 with
                 Harrow
                 plain
                 .
              
               
                 Then
                 when
                 the
                 Stemm
                 appears
                 ,
                 to
                 make
                 it
                 bare
              
               
                 And
                 lighten
                 the
                 hard
                 Earth
                 with
                 Hough
                 ,
                 prepare
                 .
              
               
                 Hough
                 in
                 the
                 Spring
                 :
                 nor
                 frequent
                 Culture
                 fail
                 ,
              
               
                 Lest
                 noxious
                 Weeds
                 'ore
                 the
                 young
                 Wood
                 prevail
                 :
              
               
                 To
                 barren
                 ground
                 with
                 toyle
                 large
                 meanour
                 add
                 ,
              
               
                 Good-husbandry
                 will
                 force
                 a
                 Ground
                 that
                 's
                 bad
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Proinde
                   nemus
                   sparsa
                   cures
                   de
                   glande
                   parandum
                   :
                
              
               
                 
                   Sed
                   tamen
                   ante
                   tuo
                   mandes
                   quam
                   semina
                   campo
                
                 ;
              
               
                 
                   Ipse
                   tibi
                   duro
                   robustus
                   vomere
                   fossor
                
              
               
                 
                   Omne
                   solum
                   subigat
                   late
                   ,
                   explanetque
                   subactum
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Cumque
                   novus
                   fisso
                   primum
                   de
                   germine
                   ramus
                
              
               
                 
                   Findit
                   humum
                   ,
                   rursus
                   ferro
                   versanda
                   bicorni
                
              
               
                 
                   Consita
                   vere
                   novo
                   tellus
                   ,
                   cultuque
                   frequenti
                
              
               
                 
                   Exercenda
                   ,
                   herbae
                   circum
                   ne
                   forte
                   nocentes
                
              
               
                 
                   Proveniant
                   ,
                   germenque
                   ipsum
                   radicibus
                   urant
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Nec
                   cultu
                   campum
                   cunctantem
                   urgere
                   frequenti
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Et
                   saturare
                   fimo
                   pudeat
                   ,
                   si
                   forte
                   resistat
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Culturae
                   :
                   nam
                   tristis
                   humus
                   superanda
                   colendo
                   est
                   .
                
              
               
                 Rapinus
                 l.
                 2.
                 
              
            
             
               Note
               that
               6
               Bushells
               of
               Acorns
               will
               sow
               or
               plant
               an
               Aker
               ,
               at
               one
               foots
               distance
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               Your
               Plants
               beginning
               now
               to
               peep
               should
               be
               earthed
               up
               ,
               and
               comforted
               a
               little
               ;
               especially
               ,
               after
               breaking
               of
               the
               greater
               Frosts
               ,
               and
               when
               the
               swelling
               mould
               is
               apt
               to
               spue
               them
               forth
               ;
               but
               when
               they
               are
               about
               an
               inch
               above
               ground
               you
               may
               in
               a
               moist
               season
               ,
               draw
               them
               up
               where
               they
               are
               too
               thick
               ,
               and
               set
               them
               immediately
               in
               other
               lines
               ,
               or
               Beds
               prepar'd
               for
               them
               ;
               or
               you
               may
               plant
               them
               in
               double
               fosses
               ,
               where
               they
               may
               abide
               for
               good
               and
               all
               ,
               and
               to
               remain
               till
               they
               are
               of
               a
               competent
               stature
               to
               be
               Transplanted
               ;
               where
               they
               should
               be
               set
               at
               such
               distances
               as
               their
               several
               kinds
               require
               ;
               but
               if
               you
               draw
               them
               only
               for
               the
               thinning
               of
               your
               Seminary
               ,
               prick
               them
               into
               some
               empty
               Beds
               (
               or
               a
               Plantarium
               purposely
               design'd
               )
               at
               one
               foot
               interval
               ,
               leaving
               the
               rest
               at
               two
               or
               three
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               When
               your
               Seedlings
               have
               stood
               thus
               till
               June
               ,
               bestow
               a
               slight
               digging
               upon
               them
               ,
               and
               scatter
               a
               little
               mungy
               ,
               half
               rotten
               
                 Litter
                 ,
                 Fearn
                 ,
                 Bean-hame
              
               ,
               or
               old
               Leaves
               among
               them
               ,
               to
               preserve
               the
               Roots
               from
               scorching
               ,
               and
               to
               entertain
               the
               moisture
               ;
               and
               then
               in
               March
               following
               (
               by
               which
               time
               it
               will
               be
               quite
               consum'd
               and
               very
               mellow
               )
               you
               shall
               chop
               it
               all
               into
               the
               earth
               ,
               and
               mingle
               it
               together
               :
               Continue
               this
               process
               for
               two
               or
               three
               years
               successively
               ;
               For
               till
               then
               ,
               the
               substance
               of
               the
               Kernell
               will
               hardly
               be
               spent
               in
               the
               plant
               ,
               which
               is
               of
               maine
               import
               ;
               but
               then
               (
               and
               that
               the
               stature
               of
               your
               young
               Impes
               invite
               )
               you
               may
               plant
               them
               forth
               ,
               carefully
               taking
               up
               their
               Roots
               ,
               and
               cutting
               the
               Stem
               within
               an
               inch
               of
               the
               ground
               (
               if
               the
               kind
               ,
               of
               which
               hereafter
               ,
               suffer
               the
               knife
               )
               set
               them
               where
               they
               are
               to
               continue
               :
               If
               thus
               you
               reduce
               them
               to
               the
               distance
               of
               forty
               foot
               ;
               the
               Intervals
               may
               be
               planted
               with
               Ash
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               fell'd
               either
               for
               Poles
               ,
               or
               Timber
               without
               the
               least
               prejudice
               of
               the
               Oak
               ,
               some
               repeat
               the
               cutting
               we
               spake
               of
               the
               second
               Year
               ,
               and
               after
               March
               
               (
               the
               Moon
               decreasing
               )
               re-cut
               them
               at
               half
               a
               foot
               from
               the
               surface
               ;
               and
               then
               meddle
               with
               them
               no
               more
               :
               but
               this
               (
               if
               the
               process
               be
               not
               more
               severe
               than
               needs
               )
               must
               be
               done
               with
               a
               very
               sharp
               Instrument
               ,
               and
               with
               care
               ,
               least
               you
               violate
               ,
               and
               unsettle
               the
               Root
               ;
               which
               is
               likewise
               to
               be
               practis'd
               upon
               all
               those
               which
               you
               did
               not
               Transplant
               ,
               unless
               you
               find
               them
               very
               thriving
               Trees
               ;
               and
               then
               it
               shall
               suffice
               to
               prune
               off
               the
               Branches
               ,
               and
               spare
               the
               Tops
               ;
               for
               this
               does
               not
               only
               greatly
               establish
               your
               Plants
               by
               diverting
               the
               Sap
               to
               the
               Roots
               ;
               but
               likewise
               frees
               them
               from
               the
               injury
               and
               concussions
               of
               the
               Winds
               ,
               and
               makes
               them
               to
               produce
               handsom
               ,
               streight
               shoots
               ,
               infinitely
               preferable
               to
               such
               as
               are
               abandon'd
               to
               Nature
               ,
               and
               Accident
               ,
               without
               this
               discipline
               :
               By
               this
               means
               the
               Oak
               will
               become
               excellent
               Timber
               ,
               shooting
               into
               streight
               and
               single
               Stems
               ,
               :
               The
               
                 Chess-nut
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               multiply
               into
               Poles
               ,
               which
               you
               may
               reduce
               to
               standards
               at
               pleasure
               :
               To
               this
               I
               add
               ,
               that
               as
               oft
               as
               you
               make
               your
               annual
               Transplanting
               ,
               out
               of
               the
               Nursery
               ,
               by
               drawing
               forth
               the
               choycest
               Stocks
               ,
               the
               remainder
               will
               be
               improved
               by
               a
               due
               stirring
               and
               turning
               of
               the
               mould
               about
               their
               Roots
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Theophrastus
               in
               his
               third
               Book
               
                 de
                 Causes
                 c.
              
               7.
               gives
               us
               great
               caution
               in
               planting
               to
               preserve
               the
               Roots
               ,
               and
               especially
               the
               Earth
               ,
               adhering
               to
               the
               smallest
               Fibers
               ,
               which
               should
               by
               no
               means
               be
               shaken
               off
               ,
               as
               most
               of
               our
               Gardners
               do
               to
               trim
               and
               quicken
               them
               as
               they
               pretend
               ,
               which
               is
               to
               cut
               them
               shorter
               ,
               &c.
               not
               at
               all
               considering
               ,
               that
               those
               tender
               Hairs
               are
               the
               very
               mouths
               and
               Vehicles
               which
               suck
               in
               the
               nutriment
               ,
               and
               transfuse
               into
               all
               the
               parts
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               and
               that
               these
               once
               perishing
               ,
               the
               thicker
               and
               larger
               Roots
               ,
               hard
               and
               less
               spungie
               ,
               signifie
               little
               but
               to
               establish
               the
               Stem
               ;
               as
               I
               have
               frequently
               experimented
               in
               Orange-Trees
               ,
               whose
               Fibers
               are
               so
               very
               obnoxious
               to
               rot
               ,
               if
               they
               take
               in
               the
               least
               excess
               of
               wet
               :
               And
               therefore
               Cato
               advises
               us
               to
               take
               care
               that
               we
               bind
               the
               mould
               about
               them
               ,
               or
               transfer
               the
               Roots
               in
               Baskets
               ,
               to
               preserve
               it
               from
               forsaking
               them
               ;
               For
               this
               Earth
               being
               already
               applied
               and
               fitted
               to
               the
               overtures
               and
               mouths
               of
               the
               Fibers
               ,
               it
               will
               require
               some
               time
               to
               bring
               them
               in
               appetite
               again
               to
               a
               new
               mould
               ,
               by
               which
               to
               repair
               their
               loss
               ,
               furnish
               their
               stock
               ,
               and
               proceed
               in
               their
               wonted
               Oeconomy
               without
               manifest
               danger
               and
               interruption
               :
               Nor
               less
               ought
               our
               care
               to
               be
               in
               the
               making
               and
               dressing
               of
               the
               pits
               and
               fosses
               into
               which
               we
               design
               our
               Transplantation
               ,
               which
               should
               be
               prepar'd
               and
               left
               some
               time
               open
               to
               macerating
               
                 Rains
                 ,
                 Frosts
              
               and
               Sun
               ,
               that
               may
               resolve
               the
               compacted
               Salt
               ,
               render
               the
               Earth
               friable
               ,
               mix
               and
               qualifie
               it
               for
               aliment
               ,
               and
               to
               be
               more
               easily
               drawn
               in
               and
               digested
               by
               the
               Roots
               and
               analogus
               Stomack
               of
               the
               Trees
               :
               This
               to
               some
               degree
               may
               be
               artificially
               done
               ,
               by
               burning
               of
               straw
               in
               the
               newly
               opened
               Pits
               ,
               and
               drenching
               the
               mould
               with
               Water
               ;
               especially
               in
               over
               dry
               seasons
               ,
               and
               by
               meliorating
               barren-ground
               with
               sweet
               ,
               and
               comminuted
               letations
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               Author
               of
               the
               Natural
               History
               ,
               Pliny
               ,
               tells
               us
               it
               was
               a
               vulgar
               Tradition
               ,
               in
               his
               time
               ,
               that
               no
               Tree
               ,
               should
               be
               Removed
               under
               two
               years
               old
               ,
               or
               above
               three
               :
               Cato
               would
               have
               none
               Transplanted
               
               less
               than
               five
               fingers
               in
               diametre
               ;
               But
               I
               have
               shew'd
               why
               we
               are
               not
               to
               attend
               so
               long
               for
               such
               as
               we
               raise
               of
               Seedlings
               :
               In
               the
               interim
               ,
               if
               these
               directions
               appear
               too
               busie
               ,
               or
               operose
               ,
               or
               that
               the
               Plantation
               you
               intend
               be
               very
               ample
               ,
               a
               more
               compendious
               Method
               will
               be
               the
               confused
               sowing
               of
               
                 Acorns
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               in
               Furrows
               ,
               two
               foot
               asunder
               ,
               covered
               at
               three
               fingers
               depth
               ,
               and
               so
               for
               three
               years
               cleansed
               ,
               and
               the
               first
               Winter
               cover'd
               with
               fearn
               ,
               without
               any
               farther
               culture
               ,
               unless
               you
               Transplant
               them
               ;
               but
               ,
               as
               I
               shewed
               before
               ,
               in
               Nurseries
               they
               would
               be
               cut
               an
               inch
               from
               the
               Ground
               ,
               and
               then
               let
               stand
               till
               March
               the
               second
               year
               ,
               when
               it
               shall
               be
               sufficient
               to
               disbranch
               them
               to
               one
               only
               shoot
               ,
               whether
               you
               suffer
               them
               to
               stand
               ,
               or
               remove
               them
               elsewhere
               .
               But
               to
               make
               an
               Essay
               what
               Seed
               is
               most
               agreeable
               to
               the
               Soil
               ,
               you
               may
               by
               the
               thriving
               of
               a
               promiscuous
               Semination
               make
               a
               judgement
               of
               ,
               
                 
                   What
                   each
                   Soil
                   bears
                   ,
                   and
                   what
                   it
                   does
                   refuse
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Quid
                     quaque
                     ferat
                     regio
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     quid
                     quaque
                     recuset
                  
                   .
                
              
               Transplanting
               those
               which
               you
               find
               least
               agreeing
               with
               the
               place
               ;
               or
               else
               ,
               by
               Copsing
               the
               starvlings
               in
               the
               places
               where
               they
               are
               new
               sown
               ,
               cause
               them
               sometimes
               to
               overtake
               even
               their
               untouch'd
               contemporaries
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               But
               here
               some
               may
               inquire
               what
               distances
               I
               would
               generally
               assign
               to
               
                 Transplanted
                 Trees
              
               ?
               To
               this
               somewhat
               is
               said
               in
               the
               ensuing
               Periods
               ,
               and
               as
               occasion
               offers
               ;
               though
               the
               promiscuous
               rising
               of
               them
               in
               Forest-Work
               ,
               wild
               ,
               and
               natural
               is
               to
               us
               I
               acknowledge
               more
               pleasing
               ,
               than
               all
               the
               studied
               accuracy
               in
               ranging
               of
               them
               ;
               unless
               it
               be
               ,
               where
               they
               conduct
               and
               lead
               us
               to
               Avenues
               ,
               and
               are
               planted
               for
               Vistas
               (
               as
               the
               Italians
               term
               is
               )
               in
               which
               case
               ,
               the
               proportion
               of
               the
               Breadth
               and
               Length
               of
               the
               Walks
               ,
               &c.
               should
               govern
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               Nature
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               with
               this
               only
               note
               ;
               That
               such
               Trees
               as
               are
               rather
               apt
               to
               spread
               ,
               than
               mount
               ,
               as
               the
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Wall-nutt
              
               ,
               &c.
               be
               dispos'd
               at
               wider
               intervals
               ,
               than
               the
               other
               ,
               and
               such
               as
               grow
               best
               in
               Consort
               ,
               as
               the
               
                 Elm
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Lime-tree
                 ,
                 Sycomore
                 ,
                 Firr
                 ,
                 Pine
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               Regard
               is
               likewise
               to
               be
               had
               to
               the
               quality
               of
               the
               Soil
               ,
               for
               this
               work
               :
               V.G.
               If
               Trees
               that
               affect
               cold
               and
               moist
               grounds
               ,
               be
               planted
               in
               hot
               and
               dry
               places
               ,
               then
               set
               them
               at
               closer
               Order
               ;
               but
               Trees
               which
               love
               scorching
               and
               dry
               Grounds
               at
               farther
               distance
               :
               The
               like
               rule
               may
               also
               guide
               in
               situations
               expos'd
               to
               impetuous
               Winds
               and
               other
               accidents
               which
               may
               serve
               for
               general
               Rules
               in
               this
               piece
               of
               Tacties
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               To
               leave
               nothing
               omitted
               which
               may
               contribute
               to
               the
               stability
               of
               our
               
                 Transplanted
                 Trees
              
               ,
               something
               is
               to
               be
               premis'd
               concerning
               their
               staking
               ,
               and
               securing
               from
               external
               injuries
               ,
               especially
               from
               Winds
               and
               Cattel
               ,
               against
               both
               which
               ,
               such
               as
               are
               planted
               in
               Copses
               ,
               and
               for
               ample
               Woods
               ,
               are
               sufficiently
               defended
               by
               the
               Mounds
               and
               their
               closer
               order
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               they
               rise
               of
               Seed
               :
               But
               where
               they
               are
               expos'd
               in
               single
               rows
               ,
               as
               in
               Walks
               and
               Avenues
               ,
               the
               most
               effectual
               course
               is
               to
               empale
               them
               with
               three
               good
               quarter
               stakes
               of
               competent
               length
               set
               in
               triangle
               and
               made
               fast
               to
               one
               another
               by
               short
               pieces
               above
               and
               beneath
               ;
               in
               which
               a
               few
               Brambles
               
               being
               stuck
               ,
               secure
               it
               abundantly
               without
               that
               choking
               or
               fretting
               ,
               to
               which
               Trees
               are
               obnoxious
               that
               are
               only
               single
               Staked
               and
               Bushed
               as
               the
               vulgar
               manner
               is
               ;
               Nor
               is
               the
               charge
               of
               this
               so
               considerable
               ,
               as
               the
               great
               advantage
               ,
               accounting
               for
               the
               frequent
               reparations
               which
               the
               other
               will
               require
               .
               Where
               Cattel
               do
               not
               come
               ,
               I
               find
               a
               good
               piece
               of
               Rope
               ,
               tyed
               fast
               about
               the
               neck
               of
               Trees
               upon
               a
               wisp
               of
               straw
               to
               preserve
               it
               from
               galing
               ;
               and
               the
               other
               end
               tightly
               strein'd
               to
               a
               hook
               or
               peg
               in
               the
               ground
               (
               as
               the
               Shrouds
               in
               Ships
               are
               fastned
               to
               the
               Masts
               )
               sufficiently
               stablishes
               my
               Trees
               against
               the
               Western
               blasts
               without
               more
               trouble
               ;
               for
               the
               Winds
               of
               other
               quarters
               seldom
               infest
               us
               .
               But
               these
               Cords
               had
               need
               be
               well
               pitch't
               to
               preserve
               them
               from
               wett
               ,
               and
               so
               they
               will
               last
               many
               Years
               :
               I
               cannot
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               conceal
               what
               a
               noble
               Person
               has
               assur'd
               me
               ,
               that
               in
               his
               goodly
               Plantations
               of
               Trees
               in
               Scotland
               ,
               where
               they
               are
               continually
               expos'd
               to
               much
               greater
               ,
               and
               more
               impetuous
               Winds
               than
               we
               are
               usually
               acquainted
               with
               ;
               he
               never
               stakes
               any
               of
               his
               Trees
               ;
               but
               upon
               all
               disasters
               of
               this
               kind
               ,
               causes
               only
               his
               Servants
               to
               redress
               ,
               and
               set
               them
               up
               again
               as
               oft
               as
               they
               happen
               to
               be
               overthrown
               ;
               which
               he
               has
               affirm'd
               to
               me
               ,
               thrives
               better
               with
               them
               ,
               than
               with
               those
               which
               he
               has
               staked
               ;
               and
               that
               at
               last
               they
               strike
               root
               so
               fast
               ,
               as
               nothing
               but
               the
               Axe
               is
               able
               to
               prostrate
               them
               ;
               and
               there
               is
               good
               reason
               for
               it
               in
               my
               opinion
               ,
               whilst
               these
               concussions
               of
               the
               Roots
               ,
               loosning
               the
               mould
               ,
               not
               only
               make
               room
               for
               their
               more
               easie
               insinuations
               ,
               but
               likewise
               opens
               ,
               and
               prepares
               it
               to
               receive
               ,
               and
               impart
               the
               better
               nourishment
               :
               It
               is
               in
               another
               place
               I
               suggest
               that
               Transplanted
               Pines
               and
               Firrs
               ,
               for
               want
               of
               their
               penetrating
               
                 Tap
                 roots
              
               ,
               are
               hardly
               consistent
               against
               these
               Gusts
               after
               they
               are
               grown
               high
               ;
               especially
               where
               they
               are
               set
               close
               ,
               and
               in
               Tufts
               ,
               which
               betraies
               them
               to
               the
               greater
               disadvantage
               ;
               And
               therefore
               such
               Trees
               do
               best
               in
               Walks
               ,
               and
               at
               competent
               distances
               ,
               where
               they
               escape
               tolerably
               well
               :
               Such
               therefore
               as
               we
               design
               for
               Woods
               of
               them
               ,
               should
               be
               sow'd
               ,
               and
               never
               remov'd
               ;
               but
               of
               this
               hereafter
               .
               I
               now
               proceed
               to
               particulars
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               III.
               Of
               the
               Oak
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               RObur
               ,
               the
               Oak
               ,
               I
               have
               sometimes
               consider'd
               it
               very
               seriously
               ,
               what
               should
               move
               Pliny
               to
               make
               a
               whole
               Chapter
               of
               one
               only
               Line
               ,
               which
               is
               less
               then
               the
               Argument
               alone
               of
               most
               of
               the
               rest
               in
               his
               huge
               Volumn
               :
               but
               the
               weightiness
               of
               the
               Matter
               does
               worthily
               excuse
               him
               ,
               who
               is
               not
               wont
               to
               spare
               his
               Words
               ,
               or
               his
               Reader
               .
               
                 
                   Glandiferi
                   maximè
                   generis
                   omnes
                   ,
                   quibus
                   honos
                   apud
                   Romanos
                   perpetuus
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Mast-bearing-trees
                   were
                   principally
                   those
                   which
                   the
                
                 Romans
                 
                   held
                   in
                   chiefest
                   repute
                
                 ,
              
               
                 lib.
                 6.
                 cap.
                 3.
                 
              
               And
               in
               the
               following
               where
               he
               treats
               of
               Chaplets
               ,
               and
               the
               dignity
               of
               the
               
                 Civic
                 Coronet
              
               ,
               it
               might
               be
               compos'd
               of
               the
               Leaves
               or
               Branches
               of
               any
               Oak
               ,
               provided
               it
               were
               a
               bearing
               Tree
               ,
               and
               had
               Acorns
               upon
               it
               .
               It
               is
               for
               the
               esteem
               which
               these
               wise
               ,
               and
               glorious
               people
               had
               of
               this
               Tree
               above
               all
               others
               ,
               that
               I
               will
               first
               begin
               with
               the
               Oak
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               Oak
               is
               of
               four
               kinds
               ;
               two
               of
               which
               are
               most
               common
               with
               us
               ;
               (
               for
               we
               shall
               say
               little
               of
               the
               Cerris
               ,
               goodly
               to
               look
               on
               ,
               but
               for
               little
               else
               )
               the
               
                 Quercus
                 urbana
              
               ,
               which
               grows
               more
               up-right
               ,
               and
               being
               clean
               ,
               and
               lighter
               is
               fittest
               for
               Timber
               :
               And
               the
               Robur
               or
               
                 Quercus
                 Sylvestris
              
               ,
               (
               taking
               Robur
               for
               the
               general
               name
               ,
               at
               least
               ,
               as
               contradistinct
               from
               the
               rest
               )
               which
               is
               of
               an
               hard
               ,
               black
               grain
               ,
               bearing
               a
               smaller
               Acorn
               ,
               and
               affecting
               to
               spread
               in
               branches
               ,
               and
               to
               put
               forth
               his
               Roots
               more
               above
               ground
               ;
               and
               therefore
               in
               the
               planting
               ,
               to
               be
               allow'd
               a
               greater
               distance
               ;
               viz.
               from
               
                 twenty
                 five
              
               ,
               to
               
                 forty
                 foot
              
               ;
               (
               nay
               sometimes
               as
               many
               yards
               )
               whereas
               the
               other
               shooting
               up
               more
               erect
               will
               be
               contented
               with
               fifteen
               :
               This
               kind
               is
               farther
               to
               be
               distinguish'd
               by
               his
               fullness
               of
               leaves
               ,
               which
               tarnish
               ,
               and
               becoming
               yellow
               at
               the
               fall
               ,
               do
               commonly
               clothe
               it
               all
               the
               Winter
               ,
               the
               Roots
               growing
               very
               deep
               and
               stragling
               .
               The
               Author
               of
               
                 Britannia
                 Baconica
              
               speaks
               of
               an
               Oak
               ,
               in
               Lanhadron
               Park
               in
               Cornwall
               ,
               which
               bears
               constantly
               leaves
               speckl'd
               with
               White
               ;
               and
               of
               another
               call'd
               the
               Painted-Oak
               ,
               which
               I
               only
               mention
               here
               ,
               that
               the
               variety
               may
               be
               compar'd
               by
               some
               ingenious
               person
               thereabouts
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               truth
               of
               the
               fatal
               prae-admonition
               of
               Oaks
               bearing
               strange
               leaves
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               It
               is
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               the
               propagation
               of
               this
               large
               spreading
               Oak
               ,
               which
               is
               especially
               recommended
               for
               the
               excellency
               of
               the
               Timber
               ,
               and
               that
               his
               Majesties
               Forests
               were
               well
               and
               plentifully
               stor'd
               with
               them
               ;
               because
               they
               require
               room
               ,
               and
               space
               to
               amplifie
               and
               expand
               themselves
               ,
               and
               would
               therefore
               be
               planted
               at
               more
               remote
               distances
               ,
               and
               free
               from
               all
               encumbrances
               :
               And
               this
               upon
               consideration
               how
               slowly
               a
               full-grown
               Oak
               mounts
               upwards
               ,
               and
               how
               speedily
               they
               spread
               ,
               and
               dilate
               themselves
               to
               all
               quarters
               ,
               by
               
               dressing
               and
               due
               culture
               ;
               so
               as
               above
               
                 forty
                 years
              
               advance
               is
               to
               be
               gain'd
               by
               this
               only
               Industry
               :
               And
               ,
               if
               thus
               his
               Majesties
               Forests
               ,
               and
               Chases
               were
               stor'd
               ;
               viz.
               with
               this
               
                 spreading
                 Tree
              
               at
               handsom
               Intervals
               ,
               by
               which
               Grazing
               might
               be
               improv'd
               for
               the
               feeding
               of
               Deer
               and
               Cattel
               under
               them
               ,
               (
               for
               such
               was
               the
               old
               Saltus
               )
               benignly
               visited
               with
               the
               gleams
               of
               the
               Sun
               ,
               and
               adorn'd
               with
               the
               distant
               Landskips
               appearing
               through
               the
               glades
               ,
               and
               frequent
               Vallies
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 betwixt
              
               
                 Whose
                 rows
                 the
                 azure
                 Skie
                 is
                 seen
                 immix'd
                 ,
              
               
                 With
                 
                   Hillocks
                   ,
                   Vales
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Fields
                 ,
                 as
                 now
                 wee
                 see
              
               
                 Distinguish'd
                 in
                 a
                 sweet
                 variety
                 ;
              
               
                 Such
                 places
                 which
                 wild
                 Apple-trees
                 throughout
              
               
                 Adorn
                 ,
                 and
                 happy
                 Shrubs
                 grow
                 all
                 about
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Caerula
                   disting●ens
                   inter
                   plaga
                   currere
                   posset
                
              
               
                 
                   Per
                   tumulos
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   convalles
                   ,
                   camposque
                   profusa
                
                 :
              
               
                 
                   Vt
                   nunc
                   esse
                   vides
                   vario
                   distincta
                   lepôre
                
              
               
                 
                   Omnia
                   ,
                   quae
                   pomis
                   intersita
                   dulcibus
                   ornant
                
              
               
                 
                   Arbustisque
                   tenent
                   felicibus
                   obsita
                   circum
                
                 .
              
               
                 Lucret.
                 l.
                 5.
                 
              
            
             
               As
               the
               Poet
               describes
               his
               Olive-groves
               .
               Nothing
               could
               be
               more
               ravishing
               ;
               for
               so
               we
               might
               also
               sprinkle
               Fruit-trees
               amongst
               them
               (
               of
               which
               hereafter
               )
               for
               Sider
               ,
               and
               many
               singular
               uses
               ,
               and
               should
               find
               such
               goodly
               Plantations
               the
               boast
               of
               our
               Rangers
               ,
               and
               Forests
               infinitely
               preferrable
               to
               any
               thing
               we
               have
               yet
               beheld
               ,
               rude
               ,
               and
               neglected
               as
               they
               are
               :
               I
               say
               ,
               when
               his
               Majesty
               shall
               proceed
               (
               as
               he
               hath
               design'd
               )
               to
               animate
               this
               laudable
               pride
               into
               fashon
               ,
               Forests
               and
               Woods
               (
               as
               well
               as
               Fields
               and
               Inclosures
               )
               will
               present
               us
               with
               another
               face
               than
               now
               they
               do
               .
               And
               here
               I
               cannot
               but
               applaud
               the
               worthy
               Industry
               of
               old
               Sir
               
                 Harbotle
                 Grimstone
              
               ,
               who
               (
               I
               am
               told
               )
               from
               a
               very
               small
               Nursery
               of
               Acorns
               ,
               which
               he
               sow'd
               in
               the
               neglected
               corners
               of
               his
               ground
               ,
               did
               draw
               forth
               such
               numbers
               of
               Oaks
               of
               competent
               growth
               ;
               as
               being
               planted
               about
               his
               Fields
               in
               even
               ,
               and
               uniform
               rows
               ,
               about
               one
               hundred
               foot
               from
               the
               Hedges
               ;
               bush'd
               ,
               and
               well
               water'd
               till
               they
               had
               sufficiently
               fix'd
               themselves
               ,
               did
               wonderfully
               improve
               both
               the
               beauty
               ,
               and
               the
               value
               of
               his
               Demeasnes
               .
               But
               I
               proceed
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Both
               these
               kinds
               would
               be
               taken
               up
               very
               young
               ,
               and
               Transplanted
               about
               October
               ;
               some
               yet
               for
               these
               hardy
               ,
               and
               late
               springing
               Trees
               ,
               defer
               it
               till
               the
               Winter
               be
               well
               over
               ;
               but
               the
               Earth
               had
               need
               be
               moyst
               ;
               and
               though
               they
               will
               grow
               tolerably
               in
               most
               grounds
               ;
               yet
               do
               they
               generally
               affect
               the
               
                 sound
                 ,
                 black
                 ,
                 deep
              
               and
               fast
               mould
               ,
               rather
               warm
               than
               over
               wet
               and
               cold
               ,
               and
               a
               little
               rising
               ;
               for
               this
               produces
               the
               firmest
               Timber
               ;
               though
               my
               L.
               Bacon
               prefer
               that
               which
               grows
               in
               the
               moister
               grounds
               for
               
                 Ship
                 timber
              
               ,
               as
               the
               most
               tough
               ,
               and
               less
               subject
               to
               rift
               :
               but
               let
               us
               hear
               Pliny
               .
               This
               is
               a
               general
               Rule
               ,
               
                 saith
                 he
              
               ;
               
                 What
                 Trees
                 soever
                 they
                 be
                 which
                 grow
                 tolerably
                 either
                 on
                 Hills
                 ,
                 or
                 Vallies
                 ,
                 arise
                 to
                 greater
                 stature
                 ,
                 and
                 spread
                 more
                 amply
                 in
                 the
                 
                   lower
                   ground
                
                 :
                 But
                 the
                 Timber
                 is
                 far
                 better
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 a
                 finer
                 grain
                 ,
                 which
                 grows
                 upon
                 the
                 Mountains
                 ;
                 excepting
                 only
                 Apple
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   Pear
                   trees
                
                 .
                 And
                 in
                 the
                 39
                 
                   cap.
                   lib.
                
                 16.
                 
                 The
                 Timber
                 of
                 those
                 Trees
                 which
                 grow
                 in
                 moist
                 and
                 shady
                 places
                 is
                 not
                 so
                 good
                 as
                 that
                 which
                 comes
                 from
                 a
                 more
                 expos'd
                 situation
                 ,
                 nor
                 is
                 it
                 so
                 close
                 ,
                 substantial
                 and
                 durable
                 ;
              
               upon
               which
               he
               much
               prefers
               the
               Timber
               growing
               in
               Tuscany
               ,
               before
               that
               towards
               the
               Venetian
               side
               ,
               and
               upper
               part
               of
               the
               Gulph
               :
               And
               that
               Timber
               so
               growing
               was
               in
               greatest
               esteem
               long
               before
               Pliny
               ,
               we
               have
               the
               spear
               of
               Agamemnon
               
               —
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               :
               from
               a
               Tree
               so
               expos'd
               ;
               and
               Dydimus
               gives
               the
               reason
               .
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               (
               says
               he
               )
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               For
               that
               being
               continually
               weather-beaten
               they
               become
               hardier
               and
               tougher
               .
               The
               result
               of
               all
               is
               ,
               that
               upon
               occasion
               of
               special
               Timber
               ,
               there
               is
               a
               very
               great
               and
               considerable
               difference
               ;
               so
               as
               some
               
                 Oaken
                 Timber
              
               proves
               manifestly
               weaker
               ,
               more
               spungie
               ,
               and
               sooner
               decaying
               than
               other
               :
               The
               like
               may
               be
               affirm'd
               of
               Ash
               ,
               and
               other
               kinds
               ;
               and
               generally
               speaking
               ,
               the
               close-grain'd
               is
               the
               stoutest
               ,
               and
               most
               permanent
               :
               But
               of
               this
               let
               the
               industrious
               consult
               that
               whole
               
                 tenth
                 Chapter
              
               in
               the
               
                 second
                 Book
              
               of
               Vitruvius
               ,
               where
               he
               expresly
               treats
               of
               this
               Argument
               ,
               
                 De
                 Abiete
                 supernate
                 &
                 infernate
                 ,
                 cum
                 Apennini
                 descriptione
                 :
              
               Where
               we
               note
               concerning
               Oak
               ,
               that
               it
               neither
               prospers
               in
               very
               hot
               ,
               nor
               excessive
               cold
               Countries
               ;
               and
               therefore
               there
               is
               little
               good
               of
               it
               to
               be
               found
               in
               Africa
               ,
               or
               indeed
               ,
               the
               lower
               ,
               and
               most
               southern
               parts
               of
               Italy
               (
               for
               the
               Venetians
               have
               excellent
               Timber
               )
               nor
               in
               Denmark
               or
               Norway
               comparable
               to
               ours
               ;
               it
               chiefly
               affecting
               a
               temperate
               Climate
               ,
               and
               where
               they
               grow
               naturally
               in
               abundance
               ,
               't
               is
               a
               promising
               marke
               of
               it
               ;
               If
               I
               were
               to
               make
               choice
               of
               the
               place
               ,
               or
               the
               Tree
               ,
               it
               should
               be
               such
               as
               grows
               in
               the
               best
               Cow-pasture
               ,
               or
               ,
               up-land
               Meadow
               ,
               where
               the
               mould
               is
               rich
               and
               sweet
               (
               Suffolk
               affords
               an
               admirable
               instance
               )
               and
               in
               such
               places
               you
               may
               also
               Transplant
               large
               Trees
               with
               extraordinary
               success
               ;
               And
               therefore
               it
               were
               not
               amiss
               to
               bore
               ,
               and
               search
               the
               ground
               where
               you
               intend
               to
               plant
               or
               sow
               before
               you
               fall
               to
               work
               ;
               since
               Earth
               too
               shallow
               or
               rockie
               is
               not
               so
               proper
               for
               this
               Timber
               ;
               the
               Roots
               fix
               not
               kindly
               ,
               and
               though
               for
               a
               time
               they
               may
               seem
               to
               flourish
               ,
               yet
               they
               will
               dwindle
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               But
               to
               discourage
               none
               ,
               Oaks
               prosper
               exceedingly
               even
               in
               gravel
               ,
               and
               moist
               Clays
               ,
               which
               most
               other
               Trees
               abhor
               ;
               yea
               ,
               even
               the
               coldest
               Clay
               grounds
               that
               will
               hardly
               graze
               :
               But
               these
               Trees
               will
               frequently
               make
               Stands
               ,
               as
               they
               encounter
               variety
               of
               footing
               ;
               and
               sometimes
               proceed
               again
               vigorously
               ,
               as
               they
               either
               penetrate
               beyond
               ,
               or
               out-grow
               their
               obstructions
               ,
               and
               meet
               better
               Earth
               ,
               ;
               which
               is
               of
               that
               consequence
               ,
               that
               I
               dare
               boldly
               affirm
               ,
               more
               than
               an
               hundred
               years
               advance
               is
               clearly
               gain'd
               by
               Soil
               and
               Husbandry
               .
               I
               have
               yet
               read
               ,
               that
               there
               grow
               Oaks
               (
               some
               of
               which
               have
               contain'd
               ten
               loads
               apiece
               )
               out
               of
               the
               very
               Walls
               of
               Silcester
               in
               Hantshire
               ,
               which
               seem
               to
               strike
               root
               in
               the
               very
               Stones
               ;
               and
               even
               in
               our
               renouned
               Forest
               of
               Dean
               it self
               ,
               some
               goodly
               Oaks
               have
               been
               noted
               to
               grow
               upon
               Ground
               ,
               which
               has
               been
               as
               it
               were
               a
               Rock
               of
               antient
               Cinders
               ,
               buried
               there
               many
               ages
               since
               .
               It
               is
               indeed
               observ'd
               ,
               that
               Oaks
               which
               grow
               in
               rough
               stony
               grounds
               ,
               and
               obstinate
               clays
               ,
               are
               long
               before
               they
               come
               to
               any
               considerable
               stature
               ;
               for
               such
               places
               ,
               and
               all
               sort
               of
               Clay
               ,
               is
               held
               but
               a
               step-mother
               to
               Trees
               ;
               but
               in
               time
               they
               afford
               the
               most
               excellent
               Timber
               ,
               having
               stood
               long
               ,
               and
               got
               good
               rooting
               :
               The
               same
               may
               we
               affirm
               of
               the
               lightest
               sands
               ,
               which
               produces
               a
               smoother-grain'd
               Timber
               ,
               of
               all
               other
               the
               most
               useful
               for
               the
               Joyner
               ;
               but
               that
               which
               grows
               in
               Gravell
               is
               subject
               to
               be
               Frow
               (
               as
               they
               term
               it
               )
               and
               brittle
               .
               What
               improvement
               the
               
               stirring
               of
               the
               ground
               about
               the
               roots
               of
               Oaks
               is
               to
               the
               Trees
               I
               have
               already
               hinted
               ;
               and
               yet
               in
               Copses
               where
               they
               stand
               warm
               ,
               and
               so
               thickn'd
               with
               the
               
                 under
                 wood
              
               ,
               as
               this
               culture
               cannot
               be
               practis'd
               ,
               they
               prove
               in
               time
               to
               be
               goodly
               Trees
               .
               I
               have
               of
               late
               tried
               the
               Graffing
               of
               Oaks
               ,
               but
               as
               yet
               with
               slender
               successe
               ;
               Ruellius
               indeed
               affirms
               it
               will
               take
               the
               Pears
               and
               other
               Fruit
               ,
               and
               if
               we
               may
               credit
               the
               Poet
               ,
               
                 
                   The
                   sturdy
                   Oak
                   do's
                   Golden
                   Apples
                   bear
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     Aurea
                     durae
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Mala
                     feraut
                     quercus
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Ecl.
                   8.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   And
                   under
                   Elmes
                   swine
                   do
                   the
                   Mast
                   devour
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Glandemque
                     sues
                     fregere
                     sub
                     Vlmo
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Geor.
                   
                
              
               Which
               I
               conceive
               to
               be
               the
               more
               probable
               ,
               for
               that
               the
               Sap
               of
               the
               Oak
               is
               of
               an
               unkind
               tincture
               to
               most
               Trees
               .
               But
               for
               this
               Improvement
               ,
               I
               would
               rather
               advise
               Inoculation
               ,
               as
               the
               ordinary
               Elm
               upon
               the
               Witch-Hasel
               ,
               for
               those
               large
               leaves
               we
               shall
               anon
               mention
               ,
               and
               which
               are
               so
               familiar
               in
               France
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               That
               the
               Transplanting
               of
               young
               Oaks
               gains
               them
               ten
               years
               Advance
               some
               happy
               persons
               have
               affirmed
               :
               from
               this
               belief
               ,
               if
               in
               a
               former
               Impression
               I
               have
               desir'd
               to
               be
               excused
               ,
               and
               produc't
               my
               Reasons
               for
               it
               ,
               I
               shall
               not
               persist
               against
               any
               sober
               mans
               Experience
               ;
               and
               therefore
               leave
               this
               Article
               to
               their
               choice
               ;
               since
               (
               as
               the
               Butchers
               phrase
               is
               )
               change
               of
               Pasture
               makes
               fat
               Calves
               ;
               and
               so
               Transplantations
               of
               these
               hard
               wood-trees
               ,
               when
               young
               ,
               may
               possibly
               ,
               by
               an
               happy
               hand
               ,
               in
               fit
               season
               ,
               and
               other
               circumstances
               of
               
                 Soil
                 ,
                 Sun
              
               ,
               and
               Room
               for
               growth
               ,
               be
               an
               improvement
               :
               But
               as
               for
               those
               who
               advise
               us
               to
               plant
               Oaks
               of
               too
               great
               a
               stature
               ,
               they
               hardly
               make
               any
               considerable
               progresse
               in
               an
               Age
               ,
               and
               therefore
               I
               cannot
               encourage
               it
               unlesse
               the
               ground
               be
               extraordinarily
               qualified
               :
               Yet
               if
               any
               be
               desirous
               to
               make
               trial
               of
               it
               let
               their
               Stems
               be
               of
               the
               smoothest
               ,
               and
               tenderest
               Bark
               ;
               for
               that
               is
               ever
               an
               indication
               of
               youth
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               paucity
               of
               their
               Circles
               ,
               which
               in
               disbranching
               ,
               and
               cutting
               the
               head
               off
               ,
               at
               five
               or
               six
               foot
               height
               (
               a
               thing
               ,
               by
               the
               way
               ,
               which
               the
               French
               usually
               spare
               when
               they
               Transplant
               this
               Tree
               )
               may
               (
               before
               you
               stir
               their
               Roots
               )
               serve
               for
               the
               more
               certain
               Guide
               ;
               and
               then
               plant
               them
               immediately
               ,
               with
               as
               much
               Earth
               as
               will
               adhere
               to
               them
               ,
               in
               the
               place
               destin'd
               for
               their
               station
               ;
               abating
               only
               the
               
                 tap
                 roots
              
               ,
               which
               is
               that
               down
               right
               ,
               and
               stubby
               part
               of
               the
               Roots
               (
               which
               all
               Trees
               rais'd
               of
               Seeds
               do
               universally
               produce
               )
               and
               quickning
               some
               of
               the
               rest
               with
               a
               sharp
               knife
               (
               but
               sparing
               the
               Fibrous
               ,
               which
               are
               the
               main
               Suckers
               and
               Mouths
               of
               all
               Trees
               )
               spread
               them
               in
               the
               foss
               ,
               or
               pit
               which
               hath
               been
               prepar'd
               to
               receive
               them
               .
               I
               say
               in
               the
               foss
               ,
               unlesse
               you
               will
               rather
               trench
               the
               whole
               Field
               ,
               which
               is
               incomparably
               the
               best
               ;
               and
               infinitely
               to
               be
               preferr'd
               before
               narrow
               pits
               and
               holes
               (
               as
               the
               manner
               is
               )
               in
               case
               you
               plant
               any
               number
               considerable
               ,
               the
               Earth
               being
               hereby
               made
               
                 loose
                 ,
                 easier
              
               and
               penetrable
               for
               the
               Roots
               ,
               about
               which
               you
               are
               to
               cast
               that
               Mould
               which
               (
               in
               opening
               of
               the
               Trench
               )
               you
               took
               from
               the
               Surface
               ,
               and
               purposely
               laid
               apart
               ;
               because
               it
               is
               sweet
               ,
               mellow
               ,
               and
               better
               impregnated
               :
               But
               
               in
               this
               Work
               ,
               be
               circumspect
               never
               to
               inter
               your
               Stem
               deeper
               than
               you
               found
               it
               standing
               ;
               for
               profound
               buryings
               very
               frequently
               destroys
               a
               Tree
               ;
               though
               an
               Errour
               seldom
               observed
               :
               If
               therefore
               the
               Roots
               be
               sufficiently
               cover'd
               to
               keep
               the
               Body
               steady
               and
               erect
               ,
               it
               is
               enough
               ;
               and
               the
               not
               minding
               of
               this
               trifling
               Circumstance
               does
               very
               much
               deceive
               our
               ordinary
               Wood-men
               :
               For
               most
               Roots
               covet
               the
               Air
               (
               though
               that
               of
               the
               
                 Quercus
                 urbana
              
               least
               of
               any
               ,
               for
               like
               the
               Aesculus
               
                 
                   How
                   much
                   to
                   heaven
                   her
                   towring
                   head
                   ascends
                   ,
                
                 
                   So
                   much
                   towards
                   hell
                   her
                   piercing
                   root
                   extends
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Quòd
                     quantum
                     vertice
                     ad
                     auras
                  
                
                 
                   
                     (
                     Aethereas
                     ,
                     tantum
                     radicem
                     Tartara
                     tendit
                     )
                  
                
                 
                   Geo.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               And
               the
               perfection
               of
               that
               does
               almost
               as
               much
               concern
               the
               prosperity
               of
               a
               Tree
               ,
               as
               of
               Man
               himself
               ;
               since
               Homo
               is
               but
               
                 Arbor
                 inversa
              
               ;
               which
               prompts
               me
               to
               this
               curious
               ,
               but
               important
               Advertisement
               ;
               That
               the
               Position
               be
               likewise
               sedulously
               observed
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               For
               ,
               the
               Southern
               parts
               being
               more
               dilated
               ,
               and
               the
               pores
               expos'd
               (
               as
               evidently
               appears
               in
               their
               
                 Horizontal
                 Sections
              
               )
               by
               the
               constant
               Excentricity
               of
               their
               
                 Hyperbolical
                 Circles
              
               ,
               being
               now
               on
               the
               sudden
               ,
               and
               at
               such
               a
               season
               converted
               to
               the
               North
               ,
               does
               sterve
               ,
               and
               destroy
               more
               Trees
               (
               how
               carefull
               soever
               men
               have
               been
               in
               ordering
               the
               Roots
               ,
               and
               preparing
               the
               Ground
               )
               than
               any
               other
               Accident
               whatsoever
               (
               neglect
               of
               staking
               ,
               and
               defending
               from
               Cattle
               excepted
               )
               the
               importance
               whereof
               caused
               the
               best
               of
               Poets
               ,
               and
               most
               experienc'd
               in
               this
               Argument
               ,
               giving
               advice
               concerning
               this
               Article
               ,
               to
               add
               .
            
             
               
                 The
                 Card'nal
                 poynts
                 upon
                 the
                 Bark
                 they
                 signe
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 as
                 before
                 it
                 stood
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 line
              
               
                 Place
                 to
                 warm
                 south
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 obverted
                 polo
                 ;
              
               
                 Such
                 force
                 has
                 custome
                 ,
                 in
                 each
                 tender
                 soule
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Quinetiam
                   Coeli
                   regionem
                   in
                   cortice
                   signant
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Vt
                   quo
                   quaeque
                   modo
                   steterit
                   ,
                   quâ
                   parte
                   calores
                
              
               
                 
                   Austrinos
                   tulerit
                   ,
                   quae
                   terga
                   obverterit
                   axi
                
                 ;
              
               
                 
                   Restituant
                   :
                   Adeo
                   in
                   teneris
                   consuescero
                   multum
                   est
                   .
                
              
               
                 Geor.
                 li.
                 1.
                 
              
            
             
               Which
               Monition
               ,
               though
               Pliny
               ,
               and
               some
               others
               think
               good
               to
               neglect
               ,
               or
               esteem
               indifferent
               ,
               I
               can
               confirm
               from
               frequent
               losses
               of
               my
               own
               ,
               and
               by
               particular
               trials
               ;
               having
               sometimes
               Transplanted
               great
               trees
               at
               Mid-somer
               with
               successe
               (
               the
               Earth
               adhearing
               to
               the
               Roots
               )
               and
               miscarried
               in
               others
               where
               this
               Circumstance
               only
               was
               omitted
               .
            
             
               To
               observe
               therefore
               the
               Coast
               ,
               and
               side
               of
               the
               stock
               (
               especially
               of
               Fruit-trees
               )
               is
               not
               such
               a
               trifle
               as
               by
               some
               pretended
               :
               For
               if
               the
               Air
               be
               as
               much
               the
               Mother
               or
               Nurse
               ,
               as
               Water
               and
               Earth
               ,
               (
               as
               more
               than
               probable
               it
               is
               )
               such
               blossoming
               Plants
               as
               court
               the
               motion
               of
               the
               
                 Meridian
                 Sun
              
               ,
               do
               as
               't
               were
               evidently
               point
               out
               the
               advantage
               they
               receive
               by
               their
               position
               by
               the
               clearnesse
               ,
               politure
               ,
               and
               comparative
               splendor
               of
               the
               
                 South
                 side
              
               :
               And
               the
               frequent
               mossinesse
               of
               most
               Trees
               on
               the
               opposite
               side
               ,
               does
               sufficiently
               note
               the
               unkindnesse
               of
               that
               Aspect
               ;
               and
               which
               is
               most
               evident
               in
               the
               bark
               of
               Oaks
               white
               and
               smooth
               ;
               The
               Trees
               growing
               more
               kindly
               on
               the
               South
               side
               of
               an
               Hill
               ,
               than
               those
               which
               are
               expos'd
               to
               the
               North
               ,
               with
               an
               hard
               ,
               dark
               ,
               rougher
               ,
               and
               more
               mossie
               Integument
               ,
               as
               I
               can
               now
               demonstrate
               in
               a
               prodigious
               coat
               of
               it
               ,
               investing
               some
               Pyracanths
               which
               I
               have
               removed
               to
               a
               Northern
               dripping
               
               shade
               .
               I
               have
               seen
               (
               writes
               a
               worthy
               Friend
               to
               me
               on
               this
               occasion
               )
               whole
               Hedge-rows
               of
               Apples
               and
               Pears
               that
               quite
               perished
               after
               that
               shelter
               was
               removed
               :
               The
               good
               Husbands
               expected
               the
               contrary
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Fruit
               should
               improve
               ,
               as
               freed
               from
               the
               predations
               of
               the
               Hedge
               ;
               but
               use
               and
               custom
               made
               that
               shelter
               necessary
               ;
               and
               therefore
               (
               saith
               he
               )
               a
               stock
               for
               a
               time
               is
               the
               weaker
               ,
               taken
               out
               of
               a
               Thicket
               ,
               if
               it
               be
               not
               well
               protected
               from
               all
               sudden
               and
               fierce
               invasions
               either
               of
               crude
               Air
               or
               Winds
               :
               Nor
               let
               any
               be
               deterr'd
               ,
               if
               being
               to
               remove
               many
               Trees
               ,
               he
               shall
               esteem
               it
               too
               consumptive
               of
               time
               ;
               for
               with
               a
               Brush
               dipped
               in
               any
               white
               colour
               ,
               or
               Oaker
               ,
               a
               thousand
               may
               be
               marked
               as
               they
               stand
               ,
               in
               a
               moment
               ;
               and
               that
               once
               done
               ,
               the
               difficulty
               is
               over
               .
               I
               have
               been
               the
               larger
               upon
               these
               two
               Remarks
               ,
               because
               I
               find
               them
               so
               material
               ,
               and
               yet
               so
               much
               neglected
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               There
               are
               other
               Rules
               concerning
               the
               situation
               of
               Trees
               ;
               the
               former
               Authour
               commending
               the
               North-east-wind
               both
               for
               the
               flourishing
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               and
               advantage
               of
               the
               Timber
               ;
               but
               to
               my
               observation
               in
               our
               Climates
               ,
               where
               those
               sharp
               winds
               do
               rather
               flanker
               than
               blow
               fully
               opposite
               upon
               our
               Plantations
               ,
               they
               thrive
               best
               ;
               and
               there
               are
               as
               well
               other
               Circumstances
               to
               be
               considered
               ,
               as
               they
               respect
               Rivers
               and
               Marshes
               obnoxious
               to
               unwholsom
               and
               poysonous
               
                 Fogs
                 ;
                 Hills
              
               ,
               and
               Seas
               ,
               which
               expose
               them
               to
               the
               weather
               ;
               and
               those
               
                 sylvifragi
                 venti
              
               ,
               our
               cruel
               ,
               and
               tedious
               Western-winds
               ;
               all
               which
               I
               leave
               to
               Observation
               ,
               because
               these
               Accidents
               do
               so
               universally
               govern
               ,
               that
               it
               is
               not
               easie
               to
               determine
               farther
               than
               that
               the
               Timber
               is
               commonly
               better
               qualified
               which
               hath
               endur'd
               the
               colder
               Aspects
               without
               these
               prejudices
               :
               And
               hence
               it
               is
               ,
               that
               Seneca
               observes
               Wood
               most
               expos'd
               to
               the
               Winds
               to
               be
               the
               most
               strong
               and
               solid
               ,
               and
               that
               therefore
               Chiron
               made
               
               Achilles's
               Spear
               of
               a
               Mountain-tree
               ;
               and
               of
               those
               the
               best
               which
               grow
               thin
               ,
               not
               much
               shelter'd
               from
               the
               North.
               Again
               ,
               Theophrastus
               seems
               to
               have
               special
               regard
               to
               places
               ;
               exemplifying
               in
               many
               of
               Greece
               ,
               which
               exceeded
               others
               for
               good
               Timber
               ,
               as
               doubtlesse
               do
               our
               Oaks
               in
               the
               Forest
               of
               Dean
               all
               others
               of
               England
               :
               and
               much
               certainly
               there
               may
               reasonably
               be
               attributed
               to
               these
               advantages
               for
               the
               growth
               of
               Timber
               ,
               and
               of
               almost
               all
               other
               Trees
               ,
               as
               we
               daily
               see
               by
               their
               general
               improsperity
               where
               the
               ground
               is
               a
               
                 hot
                 gravel
              
               ,
               and
               a
               
                 loose
                 earth
              
               :
               An
               Oak
               or
               Elme
               in
               such
               a
               place
               shall
               not
               in
               an
               
                 hundred
                 years
              
               overtake
               one
               of
               fifty
               planted
               in
               its
               proper
               Soil
               ;
               though
               next
               to
               this
               and
               (
               haply
               )
               before
               it
               ,
               I
               prefer
               the
               good
               Air
               :
               But
               thus
               have
               they
               such
               vast
               Junipers
               in
               Spain
               ;
               and
               the
               Ashes
               in
               some
               parts
               of
               the
               Levant
               (
               as
               of
               old
               n●er
               Troy
               )
               so
               excellent
               ,
               as
               it
               was
               after
               mistaken
               for
               Cedar
               ,
               so
               great
               was
               the
               difference
               ;
               as
               now
               the
               Cantabrian
               or
               Spanish
               exceeds
               any
               we
               have
               else
               where
               in
               Europe
               .
               And
               we
               shall
               sometimes
               in
               our
               own
               Country
               see
               Woods
               within
               a
               little
               of
               each
               other
               ,
               and
               to
               all
               appearance
               ,
               growing
               on
               the
               same
               Soil
               ,
               that
               Oaks
               of
               twenty
               years
               growth
               ,
               or
               forty
               ,
               will
               in
               the
               same
               bulke
               of
               Timber
               ,
               contain
               their
               double
               in
               Heart
               and
               Timber
               ;
               and
               that
               in
               one
               the
               Heart
               will
               not
               be
               so
               big
               as
               a
               mans
               Arm
               ,
               when
               the
               
               trunke
               exceeds
               a
               mans
               body
               :
               This
               ought
               therefore
               to
               be
               weighed
               in
               the
               first
               plantation
               of
               Copses
               ,
               and
               a
               good
               Eye
               may
               discern
               it
               in
               the
               first
               Shoot
               ;
               the
               difference
               proceeding
               doubtlesse
               from
               the
               variety
               of
               the
               Seed
               ,
               and
               therefore
               great
               care
               should
               be
               had
               of
               its
               goodness
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               be
               gather'd
               from
               the
               best
               sort
               of
               Trees
               ,
               as
               was
               formerly
               hinted
               ,
               c.
               1.
               
            
             
               9.
               
               
                 Veterem
                 Arborem
                 Transplantare
              
               was
               say'd
               of
               a
               difficult
               enterprise
               ;
               Yet
               before
               we
               take
               leave
               of
               this
               Paragraph
               ,
               concerning
               the
               Transplanting
               of
               great
               Trees
               ,
               and
               to
               shew
               what
               is
               possible
               to
               be
               effected
               in
               this
               kind
               ,
               with
               cost
               ,
               and
               industry
               ;
               
                 Count
                 Maurice
              
               (
               the
               late
               Governour
               of
               Brasil
               for
               the
               Hollanders
               )
               planted
               a
               Grove
               neer
               his
               delicious
               Paradise
               of
               Friburge
               ,
               containing
               six
               hundred
               Coco-trees
               of
               eighty
               years
               growth
               ,
               and
               fifty
               foot
               high
               to
               the
               neerest
               bough
               :
               these
               he
               wafted
               upon
               Floats
               ,
               and
               Engines
               ,
               four
               long
               miles
               ,
               and
               planted
               them
               so
               luckily
               ,
               that
               they
               bare
               abundantly
               the
               very
               first
               year
               ;
               as
               
                 Gasper
                 Barlaeus
              
               hath
               related
               in
               his
               elegant
               Description
               of
               that
               Princes
               expedition
               :
               Nor
               hath
               this
               only
               succeeded
               in
               the
               Indies
               alone
               ;
               
                 Monsieur
                 de
                 Fiat
              
               (
               one
               of
               the
               Marshals
               of
               France
               )
               hath
               with
               huge
               Oaks
               done
               the
               like
               at
               
                 de
                 Fiat
              
               :
               shall
               I
               yet
               bring
               you
               neerer
               home
               ?
               A
               great
               person
               in
               Devon
               ,
               planted
               Oaks
               as
               big
               as
               twelve
               Oxen
               could
               draw
               ,
               to
               supply
               some
               defect
               in
               an
               Avenue
               to
               one
               of
               his
               houses
               ;
               as
               the
               Right
               Honourable
               the
               Lord
               Fits-Harding
               ,
               late
               Treasurer
               of
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 houshold
              
               ,
               assur'd
               me
               ;
               who
               had
               himself
               likewise
               practis'd
               the
               Removing
               of
               great
               Oaks
               by
               a
               particular
               address
               extreamly
               ingenious
               ,
               and
               worthy
               the
               communication
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               Chuse
               a
               Tree
               as
               big
               as
               your
               thigh
               ,
               remove
               the
               earth
               from
               about
               him
               ;
               cut
               through
               all
               the
               collateral
               Roots
               ,
               till
               with
               a
               competent
               strength
               you
               can
               enforce
               him
               down
               upon
               one
               side
               ,
               so
               as
               to
               come
               with
               your
               Ax
               at
               the
               Tap-root
               ;
               cut
               that
               off
               ,
               redress
               your
               Tree
               ,
               and
               so
               let
               it
               stand
               cover'd
               about
               with
               the
               Mould
               you
               loosen'd
               from
               it
               ,
               till
               the
               next
               year
               ,
               or
               longer
               if
               you
               think
               good
               ;
               then
               take
               it
               up
               at
               a
               fit
               season
               ;
               it
               will
               likely
               have
               drawn
               new
               tender
               Roots
               apt
               to
               take
               ,
               and
               sufficient
               for
               the
               Tree
               ,
               wheresoever
               you
               shall
               Transplant
               him
               :
               Pliny
               notes
               it
               as
               a
               common
               thing
               ,
               to
               re-establish
               huge
               Trees
               which
               have
               been
               blown
               down
               ,
               part
               of
               their
               Roots
               torn
               up
               ,
               and
               the
               body
               prostrate
               ;
               and
               ,
               in
               particular
               ,
               of
               a
               Firr
               ,
               that
               when
               it
               was
               to
               be
               Transplanted
               had
               a
               tap-root
               which
               went
               no
               less
               than
               eight
               cubits
               perpendicular
               ;
               and
               to
               these
               I
               could
               superadd
               ,
               but
               I
               proceed
               .
               To
               facilitate
               the
               Removal
               of
               such
               monstrous
               Trees
               ,
               for
               the
               Adornment
               of
               some
               particular
               place
               ,
               or
               the
               rarity
               of
               the
               Plant
               ,
               there
               is
               this
               expedient
               .
               A
               little
               before
               the
               hardest
               Frosts
               surprize
               you
               ,
               make
               a
               square
               Trench
               about
               your
               Tree
               ,
               at
               such
               distance
               from
               the
               Stem
               as
               you
               judge
               sufficient
               for
               the
               Root
               ;
               dig
               this
               of
               competent
               depth
               ,
               so
               as
               almost
               quite
               to
               undermine
               it
               ;
               by
               placing
               blocks
               ,
               and
               quarters
               of
               wood
               ,
               to
               sustain
               the
               Earth
               ;
               this
               done
               ,
               cast
               in
               as
               much
               Water
               as
               may
               fill
               the
               Trench
               ,
               or
               at
               least
               sufficiently
               wet
               it
               ,
               unless
               the
               ground
               were
               very
               moist
               before
               .
               Thus
               let
               it
               stand
               ,
               till
               some
               very
               hard
               Frost
               do
               bind
               it
               firmly
               to
               the
               Roots
               ,
               and
               then
               convey
               it
               to
               the
               pit
               prepar'd
               for
               its
               new
               station
               ;
               but
               in
               case
               the
               mould
               about
               it
               be
               so
               ponderous
               as
               not
               
               to
               be
               remov'd
               by
               an
               ordinary
               force
               ;
               you
               may
               then
               raise
               it
               with
               a
               Crane
               or
               Pully
               hanging
               between
               a
               Triangle
               ,
               which
               is
               made
               of
               three
               strong
               and
               tall
               Limbs
               united
               at
               the
               top
               ,
               where
               a
               Pully
               is
               fastned
               ,
               as
               the
               Cables
               are
               to
               be
               under
               the
               quarters
               which
               bear
               the
               earth
               about
               the
               Roots
               :
               For
               by
               this
               means
               you
               may
               weigh
               up
               ,
               and
               place
               the
               whole
               weighty
               Clod
               upon
               a
               Trundle
               to
               be
               convey'd
               ,
               and
               Replanted
               where
               you
               please
               ,
               being
               let
               down
               prependicularly
               into
               the
               place
               by
               the
               help
               of
               the
               foresaid
               Engine
               .
               And
               by
               this
               addresse
               you
               may
               Transplant
               Trees
               of
               a
               wonderfull
               stature
               ,
               without
               the
               least
               disorder
               ;
               and
               many
               times
               without
               topping
               ,
               or
               diminution
               of
               the
               head
               ,
               which
               is
               of
               great
               importance
               where
               this
               is
               practis'd
               to
               supply
               a
               Defect
               ,
               or
               remove
               a
               Curiosity
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               Some
               advise
               ,
               that
               in
               planting
               of
               
                 Oaks
                 ,
                 &c.
                 four
              
               ,
               or
               five
               ,
               be
               suffer'd
               to
               stand
               very
               neer
               to
               one
               another
               ,
               and
               then
               to
               leave
               the
               most
               prosperous
               ,
               when
               they
               find
               the
               rest
               to
               disturb
               his
               growth
               ;
               but
               I
               conceive
               it
               were
               better
               to
               plant
               them
               at
               such
               distances
               ,
               as
               they
               may
               least
               incommode
               one
               another
               :
               For
               Timber-trees
               ,
               I
               would
               have
               none
               neerer
               then
               forty
               foot
               where
               they
               stand
               closest
               ;
               especially
               of
               the
               spreading
               kind
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               Lastly
               ,
               Trees
               of
               ordinary
               stature
               Transplanted
               (
               being
               first
               well
               water'd
               )
               must
               be
               sufficiently
               staked
               ,
               and
               Bush'd
               about
               with
               thorns
               ,
               or
               with
               some
               thing
               better
               ,
               to
               protect
               them
               from
               the
               concussions
               of
               the
               Winds
               ,
               and
               from
               the
               casual
               rubbing
               ,
               and
               poysonous
               brutting
               of
               Cattle
               and
               Sheep
               ,
               the
               oylinesse
               of
               whose
               Wooll
               is
               also
               very
               noxious
               to
               them
               ;
               till
               being
               well
               grown
               ,
               and
               fixed
               (
               which
               by
               seven
               years
               will
               be
               to
               some
               competent
               degree
               )
               they
               shall
               be
               able
               to
               withstand
               all
               accidental
               invasions
               ,
               but
               the
               Axe
               ;
               for
               I
               am
               now
               come
               to
               their
               Pruning
               and
               Cutting
               ,
               in
               which
               work
               the
               Seasons
               are
               of
               main
               importance
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               Therefore
               ,
               if
               you
               would
               propagate
               Trees
               for
               Timber
               ,
               cut
               not
               off
               their
               heads
               at
               all
               ,
               nor
               be
               too
               busie
               with
               lopping
               :
               but
               if
               you
               desire
               Shade
               ,
               and
               Fuel
               ,
               or
               bearing
               of
               Mast
               alone
               ,
               lop
               off
               their
               tops
               ,
               sear
               ,
               and
               unthriving
               Branches
               only
               ;
               If
               you
               intend
               an
               out-right
               felling
               ,
               expect
               till
               November
               ;
               for
               this
               praemature
               cutting
               down
               of
               Trees
               before
               the
               Sap
               is
               perfectly
               at
               rest
               will
               be
               to
               your
               exceeding
               prejudice
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               Worm
               ,
               which
               will
               certainly
               breed
               in
               the
               Timber
               which
               is
               felled
               before
               that
               period
               :
               But
               in
               case
               you
               cut
               only
               for
               the
               Chimney
               ,
               you
               need
               not
               be
               so
               punctual
               as
               to
               the
               time
               ;
               yet
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               what
               you
               let
               stand
               observe
               the
               Moons
               increase
               .
               The
               Reason
               of
               these
               differences
               ,
               is
               ;
               because
               this
               is
               the
               best
               reason
               for
               the
               growth
               of
               the
               Tree
               which
               you
               do
               not
               fell
               ,
               the
               other
               for
               the
               durablenesse
               of
               the
               Timber
               which
               you
               do
               :
               Now
               that
               which
               is
               to
               be
               burnt
               is
               not
               so
               material
               for
               lasting
               ,
               as
               the
               growth
               of
               the
               Tree
               is
               considerable
               for
               the
               Timber
               :
               But
               of
               these
               particulars
               more
               at
               large
               in
               Cap.
               30.
               
            
             
               14.
               
               The
               very
               stumps
               of
               Oak
               ,
               especially
               that
               part
               which
               is
               dry
               ,
               and
               above
               ground
               being
               well
               grubb'd
               ,
               is
               many
               times
               worth
               the
               pains
               and
               charge
               ,
               for
               sundry
               rare
               ,
               and
               hard
               works
               ;
               and
               where
               Timber
               is
               dear
               .
               I
               could
               name
               some
               who
               abandoning
               this
               to
               workmen
               
               for
               their
               pains
               only
               ,
               when
               they
               perceiv'd
               the
               great
               advantage
               ,
               repented
               of
               their
               Bargain
               ,
               and
               undertaking
               it
               themselves
               ,
               were
               gainers
               above
               half
               :
               I
               wish
               only
               for
               the
               expedition
               of
               this
               knotty
               work
               ,
               some
               effectual
               Engine
               were
               devised
               ;
               such
               as
               I
               have
               been
               told
               a
               worthy
               Person
               of
               this
               Nation
               made
               use
               of
               ,
               by
               which
               he
               was
               able
               with
               
                 one
                 man
              
               to
               perform
               more
               than
               with
               
                 twelve
                 Oxen
              
               ;
               and
               surely
               ,
               there
               might
               be
               much
               done
               by
               fastning
               of
               
                 Iron
                 hooks
              
               and
               fangs
               about
               one
               Root
               to
               extract
               another
               ;
               the
               hoock
               chayn'd
               to
               some
               portable
               Screw
               or
               Winch
               :
               I
               say
               such
               an
               invention
               might
               effect
               wonders
               not
               only
               for
               the
               extirpation
               of
               Roots
               ,
               but
               the
               prostrating
               of
               huge
               Trees
               :
               That
               small
               Engine
               ,
               which
               by
               some
               is
               cal'd
               the
               German-devil
               ,
               reform'd
               ,
               after
               this
               manner
               ,
               and
               duely
               applied
               ,
               might
               be
               very
               expedient
               for
               this
               purpose
               ,
               and
               therefore
               we
               have
               exhibited
               the
               following
               figure
               and
               submit
               it
               to
               improvement
               .
            
             
             
               
               
                 A
                 The
                 hand
                 
                   that
                   keeps
                   the
                
                 Rope
                 ,
                 b
                 
                   close
                   upon
                   the
                
                 Cylinder
                 c
                 
                   which
                   is
                   moved
                   by
                   a
                
                 Pinnion
                 
                   of
                   three
                   or
                   four
                   teeth
                
                 :
                 d
                 
                   which
                   moves
                   a
                   larger
                
                 Iron
                 Wheel
                 f.
                 e
                 the
                 Handle
                 
                   put
                   upon
                   the
                
                 Spindle
                 
                   of
                   the
                
                 Pinnion
                 ,
                 
                   to
                   turne
                   it
                   withall
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   whole
                
                 Frame
                 
                   is
                   let
                   into
                   a
                   bigger
                   piece
                   of
                   Wood
                   ,
                
                 viz.
                 h
                 
                   being
                   about
                   four
                   foot
                   in
                   length
                   ,
                   and
                   one
                   in
                   breadth
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   other
                   end
                   of
                   the
                
                 Roller
                 or
                 Cylinder
                 ,
                 
                   is
                   sustein'd
                   by
                   a
                   lesser
                
                 block
                 
                   of
                   Wood
                
                 (
                 i
                 )
                 g
                 the
                 Plate
                 
                   which
                   holds
                   the
                
                 Wheel
                 and
                 Pinnion
                 
                   in
                   the
                   larger
                
                 block
                 .
                 Note
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   That
                   the
                
                 Cylinder
                 
                   may
                   be
                   made
                   of
                   good
                   tough
                
                 Iron
                 ,
                 
                   about
                   four
                   inches
                   in
                
                 diameter
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   fourteen
                   or
                   sixteen
                   inches
                   in
                
                 length
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   the
                   tooth'd
                
                 Wheel
                 f
                 
                   of
                   the
                   like
                   stuff
                   ,
                   and
                   of
                   a
                   thicknesse
                   proportionable
                   .
                
              
            
             
               But
               this
               is
               to
               be
               practis'd
               only
               where
               you
               design
               a
               final
               extirpation
               ;
               for
               some
               have
               drawn
               suckers
               even
               from
               an
               old
               
                 stub
                 root
              
               ;
               but
               they
               certainly
               perish
               by
               the
               Moss
               which
               invades
               them
               ,
               and
               are
               very
               subject
               to
               grow
               rotten
               .
               
                 Pliny
                 speaks
              
               of
               one
               Root
               which
               took
               up
               an
               intire
               Acre
               of
               Ground
               ,
               and
               Theophrastus
               describes
               the
               
                 Lycean
                 Platanus
              
               to
               have
               spread
               an
               hundred
               foot
               ;
               if
               so
               ,
               the
               Argument
               may
               hold
               good
               for
               their
               growth
               after
               the
               Tree
               is
               come
               to
               its
               period
               .
               They
               made
               Cups
               of
               the
               Roots
               of
               Oak
               heretofore
               ,
               and
               such
               a
               curiosity
               Athenaeus
               tells
               us
               was
               carv'd
               by
               Thericleus
               himself
               ;
               and
               there
               is
               a
               way
               so
               to
               
                 tinge
                 Oak
              
               after
               long
               burying
               and
               soaking
               in
               Water
               ,
               which
               gives
               it
               a
               wonderfull
               politure
               ,
               as
               that
               it
               has
               frequently
               been
               taken
               for
               a
               course
               Ebony
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               There
               is
               not
               in
               nature
               a
               thing
               more
               obnoxious
               to
               deceit
               ,
               then
               the
               buying
               of
               Trees
               standing
               ,
               upon
               the
               reputation
               of
               their
               Appearance
               to
               the
               eye
               ,
               unlesse
               the
               Chapman
               be
               extraordinarily
               judicious
               ;
               so
               various
               are
               their
               hidden
               ,
               and
               conceal'd
               Infirmities
               ,
               till
               they
               be
               fell'd
               ,
               and
               sawn
               out
               :
               so
               as
               if
               to
               any
               thing
               applicable
               ,
               certainly
               there
               is
               nothing
               which
               does
               more
               perfectly
               confirm
               it
               then
               the
               most
               flourishing
               out-side
               of
               Trees
               ,
               
                 Fonti
                 nulla
                 fides
              
               .
               A
               Timber-tree
               is
               a
               
                 Merchant
                 Adventurer
              
               ,
               you
               shall
               never
               know
               what
               he
               is
               worth
               ,
               till
               he
               be
               dead
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               Oaks
               are
               in
               some
               places
               (
               where
               the
               soil
               is
               specially
               qualified
               )
               ready
               to
               be
               cut
               for
               Cops
               in
               fourteen
               years
               and
               sooner
               ;
               I
               compute
               from
               the
               first
               semination
               ;
               though
               it
               be
               told
               as
               an
               instance
               of
               high
               encouragement
               (
               and
               as
               indeed
               it
               merits
               )
               that
               a
               Lady
               in
               Northamptonshire
               sowed
               Acorns
               ,
               and
               liv'd
               to
               cut
               the
               Trees
               produc'd
               from
               them
               ,
               twice
               in
               two
               and
               
                 twenty
                 years
              
               ;
               and
               both
               as
               well
               grown
               as
               most
               are
               in
               sixteen
               or
               eighteen
               .
               This
               yet
               is
               certain
               ,
               that
               Acorns
               set
               in
               Hedg-rows
               have
               in
               thirty
               years
               born
               a
               stem
               of
               a
               foot
               diametre
               .
               Generally
               ,
               Copps-wood
               should
               be
               cut
               close
               ,
               and
               at
               such
               Intervals
               as
               the
               growth
               requires
               ;
               which
               being
               seldom
               constant
               ,
               depends
               much
               on
               the
               places
               ,
               and
               the
               kinds
               ,
               the
               mould
               and
               the
               air
               ,
               and
               for
               which
               there
               are
               extant
               particular
               Statutes
               to
               direct
               us
               ,
               of
               all
               which
               more
               at
               large
               hereafter
               .
               Oak
               for
               Tan-bark
               may
               be
               fell'd
               from
               April
               to
               the
               last
               of
               June
               ,
               by
               a
               
                 Statute
                 in
                 the
              
               1
               Jacobi
               .
            
             
             
               17.
               
               To
               enumerate
               now
               the
               incomparable
               Vses
               of
               this
               Wood
               ,
               were
               needlesse
               :
               But
               so
               precious
               was
               the
               esteem
               of
               it
               ,
               that
               of
               Old
               there
               was
               an
               express
               Law
               amongst
               the
               
                 Twelve
                 Tables
              
               concerning
               the
               very
               gathering
               of
               the
               Acorns
               ,
               though
               they
               should
               be
               found
               fall●n
               into
               another
               mans
               Ground
               :
               The
               Land
               and
               the
               Sea
               do
               sufficiently
               speak
               for
               the
               improvement
               of
               this
               excellent
               material
               ;
               Houses
               ,
               and
               
                 Ships
                 ,
                 Cities
              
               ,
               and
               Navies
               are
               built
               with
               it
               ;
               and
               there
               is
               a
               kind
               of
               it
               so
               tough
               ,
               and
               extreamly
               compact
               ,
               that
               our
               sharpest
               Tools
               will
               hardly
               enter
               it
               ,
               and
               scarcely
               the
               very
               Fire
               it self
               ,
               in
               which
               it
               consumes
               but
               slowly
               ,
               as
               seeming
               to
               partake
               of
               a
               ferruginous
               ,
               and
               mettallin
               shining
               nature
               ,
               proper
               for
               sundry
               robust
               Uses
               ;
               It
               is
               doubtlesse
               of
               all
               Timber
               hitherto
               known
               ,
               the
               most
               universally
               usefull
               and
               strong
               ;
               for
               though
               some
               Trees
               be
               harder
               ,
               as
               
                 Box
                 ,
                 Cornus
                 ,
                 Ebony
              
               ,
               and
               divers
               of
               the
               
                 Indian
                 Woods
              
               ;
               yet
               we
               find
               them
               more
               fragil
               ,
               and
               not
               so
               well
               qualified
               to
               support
               great
               incumbencies
               and
               weights
               ,
               nor
               is
               there
               any
               Timber
               more
               lasting
               which
               way
               soever
               us'd
               :
               There
               has
               (
               we
               know
               )
               been
               no
               little
               stir
               amongst
               Learned
               men
               of
               what
               material
               the
               Cross
               was
               made
               ,
               on
               which
               our
               blessed
               Saviour
               suffer'd
               :
               The
               contentions
               about
               it
               are
               very
               great
               :
               but
               ,
               besides
               
                 Lipsius
                 ,
                 Angelus
                 Rocca
                 ,
                 Alphonsus
                 Ciaconus
                 ,
              
               and
               divers
               others
               ,
               writing
               on
               this
               subject
               ,
               and
               upon
               accurate
               examination
               of
               the
               many
               fragments
               pretended
               to
               be
               parcells
               of
               it
               ;
               't
               is
               generally
               concluded
               to
               have
               been
               the
               Oak
               ,
               and
               I
               do
               verily
               believe
               it
               ;
               since
               those
               who
               have
               described
               those
               Countries
               ,
               assure
               us
               there
               is
               no
               Tree
               more
               frequent
               ,
               which
               with
               relation
               to
               severall
               celebrations
               and
               Mysteries
               under
               Oaks
               in
               the
               
                 Old
                 Testament
              
               ,
               has
               been
               the
               subject
               of
               many
               fine
               discourses
               .
               That
               which
               is
               twin'd
               ,
               and
               a
               little
               wreathed
               (
               easily
               to
               be
               discern'd
               by
               the
               texture
               of
               the
               Bark
               )
               is
               best
               to
               support
               Burthens
               ,
               for
               
                 Posts
                 ,
                 Columns
                 ,
                 Summers
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               all
               which
               our
               
                 English
                 Oak
              
               is
               infinitely
               preferrable
               to
               the
               French
               ,
               which
               is
               nothing
               so
               usefull
               ,
               nor
               comparably
               so
               strong
               ;
               insomuch
               as
               I
               have
               frequently
               admir'd
               at
               the
               sudden
               failing
               of
               most
               goodly
               Timber
               to
               the
               Eye
               ,
               which
               being
               imploy'd
               to
               these
               Vses
               does
               many
               times
               most
               dangerously
               flie
               in
               sunder
               ,
               as
               wanting
               that
               native
               spring
               ,
               and
               toughness
               ,
               which
               our
               English
               Oak
               is
               indu'd
               withall
               .
               And
               here
               we
               forget
               not
               the
               stresse
               which
               Sir
               
                 H.
                 Wotton
              
               and
               other
               Architects
               put
               even
               in
               the
               very
               position
               of
               their
               growth
               ,
               their
               native
               streightnesse
               and
               loftinesse
               ,
               for
               
                 Columns
                 ,
                 Supporters
                 ,
                 Cross-beams
              
               ,
               &c.
               and
               't
               is
               found
               that
               the
               rough
               grain'd
               body
               of
               a
               
                 stubbed
                 Oak
              
               ,
               is
               the
               fittest
               Timber
               for
               the
               Case
               of
               a
               Sider-Mill
               ,
               and
               such
               like
               Engines
               ,
               as
               best
               enduring
               the
               unquietnesse
               of
               a
               ponderous
               Rolling-stone
               .
               For
               
                 Shingles
                 ,
                 Pales
                 ,
                 Lathes
                 ,
                 Coopers
              
               ware
               ,
               Clap-board
               for
               Wainscot
               ,
               and
               some
               pannells
               ,
               are
               curiously
               vein'd
               ,
               of
               much
               esteem
               in
               former
               times
               ,
               till
               the
               finer
               grain'd
               Norway
               Timber
               came
               amongst
               us
               ,
               which
               is
               likewise
               of
               a
               whiter
               colour
               :
               It
               is
               observ'd
               that
               Oak
               will
               not
               easily
               glue
               to
               other
               Wood
               ;
               no
               not
               very
               well
               with
               its
               own
               kind
               ;
               and
               some
               sorts
               will
               never
               cohere
               tolerably
               ,
               as
               the
               Box
               and
               Horn-beam
               ,
               though
               both
               hard
               woods
               ;
               so
               nor
               Service
               with
               Cornell
               ,
               &c.
               
               Oak
               is
               excellent
               for
               
                 Wheel-spokes
                 ,
                 Pinns
              
               and
               Peggs
               for
               Tyling
               ,
               &c.
               Mr.
               Blith
               makes
               
               Sparrs
               and
               small
               building
               -
               Timber
               of
               Oaks
               of
               eleven
               years
               growth
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               prodigious
               advance
               ,
               &c.
               the
               smallest
               and
               streightest
               is
               best
               ;
               discover'd
               by
               the
               upright
               tenor
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               as
               being
               the
               most
               proper
               for
               cleaving
               :
               The
               knottiest
               for
               
                 Water-works
                 ,
                 Piles
              
               and
               the
               like
               ;
               because
               't
               will
               drive
               best
               ,
               and
               last
               longest
               ,
               the
               crooked
               ,
               yet
               firm
               ,
               for
               knee-timber
               in
               
                 Shipping
                 ,
                 Mill-wheels
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               Were
               planting
               of
               these
               Woods
               more
               in
               use
               ,
               we
               should
               banish
               our
               hoops
               of
               
                 Hasel
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               those
               of
               good
               coppet
               Oak
               ,
               which
               being
               made
               of
               the
               younger
               shoots
               ,
               are
               exceeding
               tough
               and
               strong
               :
               One
               of
               them
               being
               of
               Ground-Oak
               will
               out-last
               six
               of
               the
               best
               Ash
               ;
               but
               this
               our
               Coopers
               love
               not
               to
               hear
               of
               ,
               who
               work
               by
               the
               great
               for
               Sale
               ,
               and
               for
               others
               .
               The
               smaller
               trunchions
               ,
               and
               spray
               ,
               make
               
                 Billet
                 ,
                 Bavine
              
               and
               Coals
               ;
               and
               the
               Bark
               is
               of
               price
               with
               the
               Tanner
               and
               Dyer
               ,
               to
               whom
               the
               very
               Saw-dust
               is
               of
               use
               ,
               as
               are
               the
               Ashes
               and
               Lee
               to
               cure
               the
               roapishness
               of
               Wine
               :
               And
               't
               is
               probable
               the
               Cups
               of
               our
               Acorns
               would
               
                 tan
                 Leather
              
               as
               well
               as
               the
               Bark
               .
               The
               Ground-Oak
               while
               young
               is
               us'd
               for
               
                 Poles
                 ,
                 Cudgels
              
               and
               walking-staffs
               ,
               much
               come
               into
               mode
               of
               late
               ,
               but
               to
               the
               wast
               of
               many
               a
               hopefull
               Plant
               which
               might
               have
               prov'd
               good
               Timber
               ;
               and
               I
               the
               rather
               declaime
               against
               the
               Custom
               ,
               because
               I
               suspect
               they
               are
               such
               as
               are
               for
               the
               most
               part
               cut
               and
               stolen
               by
               idle
               Persons
               ,
               and
               brought
               up
               to
               London
               in
               great
               bundles
               ,
               without
               the
               knowledg
               or
               leave
               of
               the
               Owners
               ,
               who
               would
               never
               have
               glean'd
               their
               Copses
               for
               such
               trifling
               uses
               :
               Here
               I
               am
               again
               to
               give
               a
               general
               notice
               of
               the
               peculiar
               excellency
               of
               the
               Roots
               of
               most
               Trees
               ,
               for
               fair
               ,
               beautifull
               ,
               chamleted
               ,
               and
               lasting
               Timber
               ,
               applicable
               to
               many
               purposes
               ;
               such
               as
               formerly
               made
               Hafts
               for
               
                 Daggers
                 ,
                 Hangers
                 ,
                 Knives
                 ,
                 Handles
              
               for
               
                 staves
                 ,
                 Tobacco-Boxes
              
               ,
               and
               elegant
               Joyners-work
               ,
               and
               even
               for
               some
               
                 Mathematical
                 Instruments
              
               of
               the
               larger
               size
               ,
               to
               be
               had
               either
               in
               ,
               or
               neer
               the
               Roots
               of
               many
               Trees
               ;
               however
               't
               is
               a
               kindnesse
               to
               premonish
               Stewards
               and
               Surveyors
               ,
               that
               they
               do
               not
               negligently
               wast
               those
               materials
               :
               Nor
               may
               we
               here
               omit
               to
               mention
               the
               
                 Galls
                 ,
                 Missletoe
                 ,
                 Polypod
                 ,
                 Agaric
              
               (
               us'd
               in
               Antidots
               )
               Vuae
               ,
               Fungus's
               to
               make
               Tinder
               ,
               and
               many
               other
               usefull
               Excrescencies
               ,
               to
               the
               number
               of
               above
               twenty
               ,
               which
               doubtlesse
               discovers
               the
               variety
               of
               
                 transudations
                 ,
                 percolations
              
               and
               contextures
               of
               this
               admirable
               
                 Tree
                 .
                 Pliny
              
               affirms
               that
               the
               Galls
               break
               out
               altogether
               in
               one
               night
               about
               the
               beginning
               of
               June
               ,
               and
               arrive
               to
               their
               full
               growth
               in
               one
               day
               ;
               this
               I
               recommend
               to
               the
               experience
               of
               some
               extraordinary
               vigilant
               
                 Wood-man
                 .
                 Galls
              
               are
               of
               several
               kinds
               ,
               but
               grow
               upon
               a
               different
               species
               of
               Robur
               from
               any
               of
               ours
               ,
               which
               never
               arive
               to
               any
               maturity
               ;
               the
               white
               and
               imperforated
               are
               the
               best
               .
               What
               benefit
               the
               Mast
               does
               universally
               yield
               for
               the
               fatting
               of
               Hogs
               and
               Deer
               I
               shall
               shew
               upon
               another
               occasion
               ,
               before
               the
               conclusion
               of
               this
               Discourse
               .
               A
               Peck
               of
               Acorns
               a
               day
               ,
               with
               a
               little
               Bran
               ,
               will
               make
               an
               Hog
               (
               't
               is
               said
               )
               increase
               a
               pound-weight
               
                 per
                 diem
              
               for
               two
               moneths
               together
               .
               They
               give
               them
               also
               to
               Oxen
               mingled
               with
               Bran
               ,
               chop'd
               or
               broken
               ;
               otherwise
               they
               are
               apt
               to
               sprout
               and
               grow
               in
               their
               bellies
               .
               Others
               say
               ,
               they
               should
               first
               be
               macerated
               in
               water
               ,
               to
               extract
               their
               malignity
               ;
               cattel
               many
               
               times
               perishing
               without
               this
               preparation
               .
               Cato
               advises
               the
               Husband-man
               to
               reserve
               ●40
               
                 bushels
                 of
                 Acorns
              
               for
               his
               Oxen
               ,
               mingled
               with
               a
               like
               quantity
               of
               Beans
               and
               Lupines
               ,
               and
               to
               drench
               them
               well
               .
               But
               in
               truth
               they
               are
               more
               proper
               for
               Swine
               ,
               and
               being
               so
               made
               small
               will
               fatten
               
                 Pigeons
                 ,
                 Peacocks
                 ,
                 Turkies
                 ,
                 Pheasants
                 ,
              
               and
               Poultry
               :
               nay
               't
               is
               reported
               ,
               that
               some
               Fishes
               feed
               on
               them
               ,
               especially
               the
               Tunny
               ,
               in
               such
               places
               of
               the
               coast
               where
               trees
               hang
               over
               Arms
               of
               the
               
                 Sea.
                 Acorns
              
               were
               heretofore
               the
               food
               of
               Men
               ,
               nay
               of
               Jupiter
               himself
               ,
               (
               as
               well
               as
               other
               productions
               of
               the
               Earth
               )
               till
               their
               luxurious
               palats
               were
               debauched
               :
               and
               even
               in
               the
               Romans
               time
               ,
               the
               custom
               was
               in
               Spain
               to
               make
               a
               
                 second
                 service
              
               of
               Acorns
               and
               Mast
               ,
               (
               as
               the
               French
               now
               do
               of
               Marrons
               and
               Chesnuts
               )
               which
               they
               likewise
               used
               to
               rost
               under
               the
               embers
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 Fed
                 with
                 the
                 Oaken
                 Mast
              
               
                 The
                 aged
                 Trees
                 themselves
                 in
                 years
                 surpass'd
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   —
                   Et
                   quernâ
                   glande
                   repasta
                
              
               
                 
                   Aequâsse
                   annosas
                   vivendo
                   corpora
                   Quercus
                
                 .
              
            
             
               And
               men
               had
               indeed
               
                 hearts
                 of
                 Oak
              
               ;
               I
               mean
               ,
               not
               so
               hard
               ,
               but
               health
               ,
               and
               strength
               ,
               and
               liv'd
               naturally
               ,
               and
               with
               things
               easily
               parable
               and
               plain
               .
               
                 
                   Blest
                   Age
                   o'
                   th'
                   World
                   ,
                   just
                   Nymph
                   ,
                   when
                   Man
                   did
                   dwell
                
                 
                   Under
                   thy
                   shade
                   ,
                   whence
                   his
                   provision
                   fell
                   ;
                
                 
                   Sallads
                   the
                   meal
                   :
                   Wildings
                   were
                   the
                   Dissert
                   ,
                
                 
                   No
                   Tree
                   yet
                   learn'd
                   by
                   ill-exampled
                   Art
                
                 
                   With
                   
                     in●ititious
                     fruit
                  
                   to
                   symbolize
                   ,
                
                 
                   As
                   in
                   an
                   Emblem
                   ,
                   our
                   Adulteries
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Foelix
                     illa
                     aetas
                     mundi
                     justissima
                     Nymphe
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Cùm
                     dabat
                     umbra
                     domum
                     vivam
                     tua
                     ,
                     cùm
                     domus
                     ipsa
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Deciduâ
                     Dominos
                     pascebat
                     fruge
                     quietos
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Soláque
                     praebebaut
                     Sylvestria
                     poma
                     secundas
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Gramineis
                     epulas
                     mensis
                     ;
                     nondum
                     arte
                     magistrâ
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Arbor
                     Adulteriis
                     praeluserat
                     iusita
                     nostris
                  
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   Couleii
                   Pl.
                   L.
                   6.
                   
                
              
               as
               the
               sweet
               Poet
               bespeaks
               the
               Dryad
               ;
               But
               't
               is
               in
               another
               place
               where
               I
               shew
               you
               what
               this
               Acorn
               was
               ;
               and
               even
               now
               I
               am
               told
               ,
               that
               those
               small
               young
               Acorns
               which
               we
               find
               in
               the
               Stock-doves
               Craws
               ,
               are
               a
               delicious
               fare
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               those
               incomparable
               Salads
               of
               young
               herbs
               taken
               out
               of
               the
               maws
               of
               Partridges
               at
               a
               certain
               season
               of
               the
               year
               ,
               which
               gives
               them
               a
               preparation
               far
               exceeding
               all
               the
               art
               of
               
                 Cookery
                 .
                 Oaks
              
               bear
               also
               a
               knur
               ,
               full
               of
               a
               cottony
               matter
               ,
               of
               which
               they
               anciently
               made
               Wick
               for
               their
               Lamps
               and
               Candles
               ;
               and
               among
               the
               
                 Selectiora
                 Remedia
              
               of
               
                 Jo.
                 Praevotius
              
               there
               is
               mention
               of
               an
               Oil
               
                 è
                 querna
                 glande
              
               Chymically
               extracted
               ,
               which
               he
               affirms
               to
               be
               of
               the
               longest
               continuance
               ,
               and
               least
               consumptive
               of
               any
               other
               whatsoever
               ,
               for
               such
               lights
               ,
               
                 ita
                 ut
                 uncia
                 singulis
                 mensibus
                 vix
                 absumatur
                 continuo
                 igne
                 .
              
               The
               leaves
               of
               Oaks
               abundantly
               congested
               on
               Snow
               ,
               preserves
               it
               as
               well
               for
               wine
               ,
               as
               a
               deep
               pit
               ,
               or
               the
               most
               artificial
               
                 Refrigeratory
                 .
                 Varro
              
               affirms
               ,
               they
               made
               Salt
               of
               Oak
               ashes
               ,
               with
               which
               they
               sometimes
               seasoned
               meat
               ,
               but
               more
               frequently
               made
               use
               of
               it
               to
               sprinkle
               among
               and
               fertilize
               their
               seed-corn
               :
               which
               minds
               me
               of
               a
               certain
               Oak
               found
               buried
               somewhere
               in
               Transilvania
               ,
               near
               the
               Salt-pits
               ,
               that
               was
               intirely
               converted
               into
               an
               hard
               salt
               ,
               when
               they
               came
               to
               examine
               it
               by
               cutting
               .
               This
               experiment
               (
               if
               true
               )
               may
               possibly
               encourage
               some
               other
               attempts
               for
               the
               multiplying
               of
               Salt.
               Of
               the
               Galls
               is
               made
               the
               ground
               and
               basis
               of
               Inks
               and
               several
               Dies
               ,
               especially
               sadder
               colours
               ,
               and
               are
               a
               great
               revenue
               to
               those
               who
               have
               quantities
               of
               them
               .
               The
               very
               Mosse
               of
               
               the
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 viz.
              
               that
               which
               is
               white
               ,
               composes
               the
               choicest
               Cypresse-powder
               ,
               which
               is
               esteemed
               good
               for
               the
               head
               :
               but
               Impostors
               familiarly
               vend
               other
               Mosses
               under
               that
               name
               ,
               as
               they
               do
               the
               Fungi
               for
               the
               true
               Agaric
               ,
               to
               the
               great
               scandal
               of
               Physick
               .
               Young
               red
               Oaken
               leaves
               decocted
               in
               wine
               ,
               make
               an
               excellent
               gargle
               for
               a
               sore
               mouth
               :
               and
               almost
               every
               part
               of
               this
               Tree
               is
               soveraign
               against
               Fluxes
               in
               general
               .
               The
               dew
               that
               impearls
               the
               leaves
               in
               May
               ,
               insolated
               ,
               meteorizes
               and
               sends
               up
               a
               liquor
               ,
               which
               is
               of
               admirable
               effect
               in
               Ruptures
               :
               And
               a
               water
               distill'd
               from
               the
               Acorns
               are
               good
               against
               the
               
                 Phthisick
                 ,
                 Stitch
              
               in
               the
               side
               ,
               and
               heals
               inward
               Vlcers
               ,
               breaks
               the
               Stone
               ,
               and
               refrigerates
               Inflammations
               ,
               being
               applied
               with
               Linnen
               dip'd
               therein
               :
               nay
               ,
               the
               Acorns
               themselves
               eaten
               fasting
               kill
               the
               worms
               ,
               provoke
               urine
               ,
               and
               (
               some
               affirm
               )
               break
               even
               the
               Stone
               it self
               .
               The
               Coals
               of
               Oak
               beaten
               and
               mingled
               with
               honey
               ,
               cures
               the
               Carbuncle
               ;
               to
               say
               nothing
               of
               the
               
                 Viscous's
                 ,
                 Polypods
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Exerescences
               ,
               of
               which
               innumerable
               Remedies
               are
               composed
               ,
               noble
               
                 Antidotes
                 ,
                 Syrups
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               Nay
               ,
               't
               is
               reported
               ,
               that
               the
               very
               shade
               of
               this
               tree
               is
               so
               wholesom
               ,
               that
               the
               sleeping
               or
               lying
               under
               it
               becomes
               a
               present
               remedy
               to
               Paralyticks
               ,
               and
               recovers
               those
               whom
               the
               mistaken
               malign
               influence
               of
               the
               Walnut-tree
               has
               smitten
               .
               To
               conclude
               ,
               and
               upon
               serious
               meditation
               of
               the
               various
               uses
               of
               this
               and
               other
               trees
               ,
               we
               cannot
               but
               take
               notice
               of
               the
               admirable
               Mechanism
               of
               Vegetables
               in
               general
               ;
               as
               in
               particular
               in
               this
               species
               ;
               that
               by
               the
               diversity
               of
               Percolations
               and
               Strainers
               ,
               and
               by
               mixtures
               as
               it
               were
               of
               divine
               Chymistry
               ,
               various
               concoctions
               ,
               &c.
               the
               sap
               should
               be
               so
               green
               on
               the
               indented
               leaves
               ,
               so
               lustily
               esculent
               for
               our
               hardier
               and
               rustick
               Constitutions
               in
               the
               fruit
               ;
               so
               flat
               and
               palid
               in
               the
               
                 Atramental
                 Galls
              
               ;
               and
               haply
               so
               prognostick
               in
               the
               Apple
               ;
               so
               Suberous
               in
               the
               Bark
               (
               for
               even
               the
               
                 Cork
                 tree
              
               is
               but
               a
               courser
               Oak
               )
               so
               Oozie
               in
               the
               
                 Tanners
                 pit
              
               ;
               and
               in
               that
               subduction
               so
               wonderfully
               specifick
               in
               corroborating
               the
               Entrails
               ,
               and
               
                 Bladder
                 ,
                 Reins
                 ,
                 Loins
                 ,
                 Back
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               which
               are
               all
               but
               the
               gifts
               and
               qualities
               ,
               with
               many
               more
               ,
               that
               these
               robust
               
                 sons
                 of
                 the
                 Earth
              
               afford
               us
               ;
               and
               that
               in
               other
               specific's
               ,
               even
               the
               most
               despicable
               and
               vulgar
               Elder
               imparts
               to
               us
               in
               its
               
                 rind
                 ,
                 leaves
                 ,
                 buds
                 ,
                 blossoms
                 ,
                 berries
                 ,
                 ears
                 ,
                 pith
                 ,
                 bark
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               Which
               hint
               may
               also
               carry
               our
               remarks
               upon
               all
               the
               varieties
               of
               
                 Shape
                 ,
                 Leaf
                 ,
                 Seed
                 ,
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 Timber
                 ,
                 Grain
                 ,
                 Colour
                 ,
              
               and
               all
               those
               other
               forms
               that
               Philosophers
               have
               enumerated
               ;
               but
               which
               were
               here
               too
               injurious
               for
               us
               to
               repeat
               .
               Let
               us
               end
               with
               the
               Poet
               :
               
                 
                   When
                   Ships
                   for
                   bloudy
                   combat
                   we
                   prepare
                   ,
                
                 
                   Oak
                   affords
                   plank
                   ,
                   and
                   arms
                   our
                   Men
                   of
                   War
                   ;
                
                 
                   Maintains
                   our
                   fires
                   ,
                   makes
                   plows
                   to
                   till
                   the
                   ground
                   ,
                
                 
                   For
                   use
                   no
                   Timber
                   like
                   the
                   Oak
                   is
                   found
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Si
                     quando
                     armandae
                     naves
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     bella
                     paranda
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Det
                     quercus
                     nautis
                     tabulata
                     ,
                     det
                     arma
                     furorè
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Bellantum
                     ;
                     det
                     ligna
                     foco
                     ,
                     det
                     aratra
                     colono
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Aut
                     aliis
                     alios
                     porro
                     sumatur
                     in
                     usus
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Rapinus
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               IV.
               Of
               the
               Elm.
               
            
             
               
               1.
               
               ULmus
               the
               Elm
               ,
               There
               are
               four
               ,
               or
               five
               sorts
               ,
               and
               from
               the
               difference
               of
               the
               Soil
               and
               Air
               divers
               spurious
               :
               Two
               of
               these
               kinds
               are
               most
               worthy
               our
               culture
               ,
               the
               vulgar
               ,
               viz.
               the
               
                 Mountain
                 Elm
              
               ,
               which
               is
               taken
               to
               be
               the
               Oriptelea
               of
               Theophrastus
               ;
               being
               of
               a
               lesse
               jagged
               and
               smaller
               leaf
               ;
               and
               the
               Vernacula
               or
               
                 French
                 Elm
              
               ,
               whose
               leaves
               are
               thicker
               ,
               and
               more
               florid
               ,
               glabrous
               and
               smooth
               ,
               delighting
               in
               the
               lower
               and
               moister
               grounds
               ,
               where
               they
               will
               sometimes
               rise
               to
               above
               an
               hundred
               foot
               in
               height
               ;
               and
               a
               prodigious
               growth
               ,
               in
               lesse
               than
               an
               Age
               ;
               my self
               having
               seen
               one
               planted
               by
               the
               hand
               of
               a
               Countesse
               yet
               living
               ,
               which
               is
               neer
               twelve
               foot
               in
               compass
               ,
               and
               of
               an
               height
               proportionable
               ;
               notwithstanding
               the
               numerous
               progeny
               which
               grows
               under
               the
               shade
               of
               it
               ,
               some
               whereof
               are
               at
               least
               a
               foot
               in
               Diameter
               ,
               that
               for
               want
               of
               being
               seasonably
               transplanted
               ,
               must
               needs
               have
               hindered
               the
               procerity
               of
               their
               ample
               and
               indulgent
               Mother
               :
               I
               am
               persuaded
               some
               of
               these
               are
               
                 Viviradices
                 &
                 Traduces
              
               produc't
               of
               the
               falling
               seeds
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               For
               though
               both
               these
               sorts
               are
               rais'd
               of
               Appendices
               or
               Suckers
               (
               as
               anon
               we
               shall
               describe
               )
               yet
               this
               latter
               comes
               well
               from
               the
               Samera
               or
               Seeds
               ,
               and
               therefore
               I
               suppose
               it
               to
               be
               the
               antient
               Attinea
               ,
               for
               such
               an
               Elm
               they
               acknowledge
               to
               be
               rais'd
               of
               Seeds
               ,
               which
               being
               ripe
               about
               the
               beginning
               of
               March
               (
               though
               frequently
               not
               till
               the
               following
               Month
               )
               will
               produce
               them
               ;
               as
               we
               see
               abundantly
               in
               the
               Gardens
               of
               the
               Thuylleries
               ,
               and
               that
               of
               Luxembourg
               ,
               at
               Paris
               ,
               where
               they
               usually
               sow
               themselves
               and
               come
               up
               very
               thick
               ;
               and
               so
               do
               they
               in
               many
               places
               of
               our
               Countrey
               ,
               though
               so
               seldom
               taken
               notice
               of
               ,
               as
               that
               it
               is
               esteemed
               a
               fable
               ,
               by
               the
               lesse
               observant
               and
               ignorant
               vulgar
               ;
               let
               it
               be
               tryed
               in
               season
               ,
               by
               turning
               and
               raking
               some
               fine
               earth
               ,
               often
               refreshed
               under
               some
               amply
               spreading
               Tree
               ,
               or
               to
               raise
               them
               of
               their
               Seeds
               (
               being
               well
               dryed
               a
               day
               or
               two
               before
               )
               sprinkled
               in
               Beds
               prepar'd
               of
               good
               earth
               ,
               and
               siefting
               some
               of
               the
               finest
               mould
               thinly
               over
               them
               ,
               and
               watering
               them
               when
               need
               requires
               .
               Being
               risen
               an
               inch
               above
               ground
               (
               refreshed
               and
               preserved
               from
               the
               scraping
               of
               Birds
               and
               Poultry
               )
               comfort
               the
               tender
               seedlings
               by
               a
               second
               siefting
               of
               more
               sine
               earth
               ,
               to
               establish
               them
               ;
               thus
               keep
               them
               clean
               weeded
               for
               the
               first
               
                 two
                 years
              
               ;
               or
               till
               being
               of
               fitting
               stature
               to
               remove
               ,
               you
               may
               thin
               ,
               and
               Transplant
               them
               in
               the
               same
               manner
               as
               you
               were
               directed
               for
               young
               Oaks
               ;
               only
               they
               shall
               n●t
               need
               above
               one
               cutting
               ,
               
               where
               they
               grow
               lesse
               regular
               and
               hopeful
               .
               But
               because
               this
               is
               an
               Experiment
               of
               some
               curiosity
               ,
               obnoxious
               to
               many
               casualties
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               producing
               them
               from
               the
               Mother-roots
               of
               greater
               Trees
               is
               very
               facile
               and
               expeditious
               (
               besides
               the
               numbers
               which
               are
               to
               be
               found
               in
               the
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               and
               Woods
               ,
               of
               all
               plantable
               sizes
               )
               I
               rather
               advise
               our
               Forester
               to
               furnish
               himself
               from
               those
               places
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               The
               Suckers
               which
               I
               speak
               of
               are
               produced
               in
               abundance
               from
               the
               Roots
               ,
               whence
               ,
               being
               dextrously
               separated
               ,
               after
               the
               Earth
               has
               been
               well
               loosned
               ,
               and
               planted
               about
               the
               end
               of
               October
               ,
               they
               will
               grow
               very
               well
               :
               Nay
               ,
               the
               stubs
               onely
               ,
               which
               are
               left
               in
               the
               ground
               after
               a
               felling
               (
               being
               fenced
               in
               as
               far
               as
               the
               Roots
               extend
               )
               will
               furnish
               you
               with
               plenty
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               transplanted
               from
               the
               
                 first
                 year
              
               or
               two
               ,
               successively
               ,
               by
               slipping
               them
               from
               the
               Roots
               ,
               which
               will
               continually
               supply
               you
               for
               many
               years
               after
               that
               the
               body
               of
               the
               Mother-tree
               has
               been
               cut
               down
               :
               And
               from
               hence
               probably
               is
               sprung
               that
               (
               I
               fear
               )
               mistake
               of
               Salmasius
               and
               others
               ,
               where
               they
               write
               of
               the
               growing
               of
               their
               Chips
               (
               I
               suppose
               having
               some
               of
               the
               Bark
               on
               )
               scattered
               in
               hewing
               of
               their
               Timber
               ;
               the
               Errour
               proceeding
               from
               this
               ,
               that
               after
               an
               Elm-tree
               has
               been
               fell'd
               ,
               the
               numerous
               Suckers
               which
               shoot
               from
               the
               remainders
               of
               the
               latent
               Roots
               ,
               seem
               to
               be
               produced
               from
               this
               dispersion
               of
               the
               Chips
               :
               Let
               this
               yet
               be
               more
               accurately
               examined
               ;
               for
               I
               pronounce
               nothing
               Magisterially
               ,
               since
               it
               is
               so
               confidently
               reported
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               I
               have
               known
               Stakes
               sharpned
               at
               the
               ends
               for
               other
               purposes
               ,
               take
               root
               familiarly
               in
               moist
               grounds
               ,
               and
               become
               Trees
               ;
               and
               divers
               have
               essay'd
               with
               extraordinary
               success
               the
               trunchions
               of
               the
               Boughs
               and
               Arms
               of
               Elms
               cut
               to
               the
               scantling
               of
               a
               mans
               arm
               ,
               about
               an
               ell
               in
               length
               .
               These
               must
               be
               chopp'd
               on
               each
               side
               opposite
               ,
               and
               laid
               into
               trenches
               about
               half
               a
               foot
               deep
               ,
               covered
               about
               two
               or
               three
               fingers
               deep
               with
               good
               mould
               .
               The
               season
               for
               this
               work
               is
               towards
               the
               exit
               of
               January
               ,
               or
               early
               in
               February
               if
               the
               Frosts
               impede
               not
               ,
               and
               after
               the
               first
               year
               ,
               you
               may
               cut
               or
               saw
               the
               trunchions
               off
               in
               as
               many
               places
               as
               you
               find
               cause
               ,
               and
               as
               the
               shoots
               and
               rooted
               Sprouts
               will
               direct
               you
               for
               transplantation
               .
               Another
               expedient
               for
               the
               propagation
               of
               Elms
               is
               this
               ;
               let
               trenches
               be
               sunk
               at
               a
               good
               distance
               (
               viz.
               twenty
               or
               thirty
               yards
               )
               from
               such
               Trees
               as
               stand
               in
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               and
               in
               such
               order
               as
               you
               desire
               your
               Elms
               should
               grow
               ;
               where
               these
               gutters
               are
               ,
               many
               young
               Elms
               will
               spring
               from
               the
               small
               roots
               of
               the
               adjoyning
               Trees
               ,
               divide
               (
               after
               one
               year
               )
               the
               shoots
               from
               their
               Mother-roots
               ,
               which
               you
               may
               dextrously
               do
               with
               a
               sharp
               spade
               :
               These
               transplanted
               ,
               will
               prove
               good
               Trees
               without
               any
               damage
               to
               their
               Progenitors
               .
               Or
               do
               thus
               ,
               Lop
               a
               young
               Elm
               ,
               the
               lop
               being
               about
               three
               years
               growth
               ,
               do
               it
               in
               the
               latter
               end
               of
               March
               ,
               when
               the
               Sap
               begins
               to
               creep
               up
               into
               the
               Boughs
               ,
               and
               the
               Buds
               ready
               to
               break
               out
               ;
               cut
               the
               Boughs
               into
               lengths
               of
               four
               foot
               slanting
               ,
               leaving
               the
               knot
               where
               the
               bud
               seems
               to
               put
               forth
               in
               the
               middle
               :
               
               Interr
               these
               short
               pieces
               in
               trenches
               of
               three
               or
               four
               inches
               deep
               ,
               and
               in
               good
               mou●d
               well
               trodden
               ,
               and
               they
               will
               infallibly
               produce
               you
               a
               Crop
               ,
               for
               even
               the
               smallest
               Suckers
               of
               Elms
               will
               grow
               being
               set
               when
               the
               Sap
               is
               newly
               stirring
               in
               them
               :
               There
               is
               yet
               a
               fourth
               way
               no
               lesse
               expeditious
               ,
               and
               frequently
               confirmed
               with
               excellent
               successe
               :
               Bare
               some
               of
               the
               Master-roots
               of
               a
               vigorous
               Tree
               within
               a
               foot
               of
               the
               Trunk
               ,
               or
               thereabouts
               ,
               and
               with
               your
               Ax
               make
               several
               Chops
               ,
               putting
               a
               small
               stone
               into
               every
               clest
               ,
               to
               hinder
               their
               closure
               ,
               and
               give
               accesse
               to
               the
               wet
               ;
               then
               cover
               them
               with
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               inch
               thick
               of
               Earth
               ;
               and
               thus
               they
               will
               send
               forth
               Suckers
               in
               abundance
               (
               I
               assure
               you
               one
               single
               Elm
               thus
               well
               ordered
               ,
               is
               a
               fair
               Nursery
               )
               which
               after
               two
               or
               three
               years
               ,
               you
               may
               separate
               ,
               and
               plant
               in
               the
               Vlmarium
               ,
               or
               place
               designed
               for
               them
               ;
               and
               which
               if
               it
               be
               in
               Plumps
               (
               as
               they
               call
               them
               )
               within
               ten
               or
               twelve
               foot
               of
               each
               other
               ,
               or
               in
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               it
               will
               be
               the
               better
               :
               For
               the
               Elm
               is
               a
               Tree
               of
               
                 Consort
                 ,
                 Sociable
              
               ,
               and
               so
               affecting
               to
               grow
               in
               Company
               ,
               that
               the
               very
               best
               which
               I
               have
               ever
               seen
               do
               almost
               touch
               one
               another
               :
               This
               also
               protects
               them
               from
               the
               Winds
               ,
               and
               causes
               them
               to
               shoot
               of
               an
               extraordinary
               height
               ;
               so
               as
               in
               little
               more
               than
               
                 forty
                 years
              
               ,
               they
               even
               arrive
               to
               a
               load
               of
               Timber
               ;
               provided
               they
               be
               sedulously
               and
               carefully
               cultivated
               ,
               and
               the
               Soil
               propitious
               .
               For
               an
               Elm
               does
               not
               thrive
               so
               well
               in
               the
               Forest
               ,
               as
               where
               it
               may
               enjoy
               scope
               for
               the
               Roots
               to
               dilate
               and
               spread
               at
               the
               sides
               ,
               as
               in
               Hedge-rows
               and
               Avenues
               ,
               where
               they
               have
               the
               Air
               likewise
               free
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               There
               is
               besides
               these
               sorts
               we
               have
               named
               ,
               one
               of
               a
               more
               Scabrous
               harsh
               leaf
               ,
               but
               very
               large
               ,
               which
               becomes
               an
               huge
               Tree
               ,
               and
               is
               distinguished
               by
               the
               name
               of
               the
               Witch-hazel
               in
               our
               Statute
               Books
               ,
               as
               serving
               formerly
               to
               make
               
                 long
                 Bowes
              
               of
               ;
               but
               the
               Timber
               is
               not
               so
               good
               as
               the
               first
               more
               vulgar
               ;
               but
               the
               Bark
               at
               time
               of
               year
               ,
               will
               serve
               to
               make
               a
               course
               bast-rope
               with
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               Of
               all
               the
               Trees
               which
               grow
               in
               our
               Woods
               ,
               there
               is
               none
               which
               does
               better
               suffer
               the
               Transplantation
               then
               the
               Elm
               ;
               for
               you
               may
               
                 remove
                 a
                 tree
                 of
                 twenty
                 years
                 growth
              
               with
               undoubted
               successe
               :
               It
               is
               an
               Experiment
               I
               have
               made
               in
               a
               Tree
               almost
               as
               big
               more
               as
               my
               waste
               ;
               but
               then
               you
               must
               totally
               disbranch
               him
               ,
               leaving
               onely
               the
               Summit
               intire
               ;
               and
               being
               careful
               to
               take
               him
               up
               with
               as
               much
               Earth
               as
               you
               can
               ,
               refresh
               him
               with
               abundance
               of
               water
               .
               This
               is
               an
               excellent
               ,
               and
               expeditious
               way
               for
               great
               Persons
               to
               plant
               the
               Accesses
               of
               their
               Houses
               with
               ;
               for
               being
               disposed
               at
               sixteen
               ,
               or
               eighteen
               foot
               interval
               ,
               they
               will
               in
               a
               few
               years
               bear
               goodly
               heads
               ,
               and
               thrive
               to
               admiration
               .
               Some
               that
               are
               very
               cautious
               ,
               emplaster
               the
               wounded
               head
               of
               such
               over-grown
               Elms
               with
               a
               mixture
               of
               clay
               and
               horse-dung
               ,
               bound
               about
               them
               with
               a
               wisp
               of
               Hay
               or
               fine
               Moss
               ,
               and
               I
               do
               not
               reprove
               it
               ,
               provided
               they
               take
               care
               to
               temper
               it
               well
               ,
               so
               as
               the
               Vermine
               nestle
               not
               in
               it
               .
               But
               for
               more
               ordinary
               plantations
               ,
               younger
               Trees
               ,
               which
               have
               their
               bark
               smooth
               and
               tender
               ,
               about
               the
               scantling
               of
               your
               leg
               ,
               and
               their
               heads
               trimm'd
               at
               five
               or
               six
               foot
               height
               ,
               are
               to
               be
               preferr'd
               before
               
               all
               other
               .
               Cato
               would
               have
               none
               of
               these
               sorts
               of
               Trees
               to
               be
               removed
               till
               they
               are
               five
               or
               six
               fingers
               in
               diameter
               ;
               others
               think
               they
               cannot
               take
               them
               too
               young
               ;
               but
               experience
               (
               the
               best
               Mistriss
               )
               tells
               us
               ,
               that
               you
               can
               hardly
               plant
               an
               Elm
               too
               big
               .
               There
               are
               who
               pare
               away
               the
               Root
               within
               two
               fingers
               of
               the
               stem
               ,
               and
               quite
               cut
               off
               the
               Head
               ;
               but
               I
               cannot
               commend
               this
               extream
               severity
               ,
               no
               more
               than
               I
               do
               the
               strewing
               of
               Oats
               in
               the
               pit
               ;
               which
               fermenting
               with
               the
               moisture
               ,
               and
               frequent
               watering●
               ,
               is
               believed
               much
               to
               accelerate
               the
               putting
               forth
               of
               the
               Roots
               ;
               not
               considering
               ,
               that
               for
               want
               of
               air
               they
               corrupt
               ,
               and
               grow
               musty
               ,
               which
               more
               frequently
               suffocates
               the
               Roots
               ,
               and
               endangers
               the
               whole
               Tree
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               I
               have
               affirmed
               how
               patient
               this
               Tree
               is
               of
               Transplantation
               ;
               not
               onely
               for
               that
               I
               observe
               so
               few
               of
               them
               to
               grow
               wild
               in
               England
               ,
               and
               where
               it
               may
               not
               be
               suspected
               ;
               but
               they
               ,
               or
               their
               predecessors
               have
               been
               planted
               by
               some
               industrious
               hand
               ;
               but
               for
               that
               those
               incomparable
               Walkes
               and
               Vistas
               of
               them
               both
               at
               
                 Aranivez
                 ,
                 Casa
                 del
                 Campo
                 ,
                 Madrid
                 ,
              
               the
               Escurial
               ,
               and
               other
               places
               of
               delight
               belonging
               to
               the
               King
               and
               Grandees
               of
               Spain
               ,
               are
               planted
               with
               such
               as
               they
               report
               Philip
               the
               second
               caused
               to
               be
               brought
               out
               of
               England
               ;
               before
               which
               (
               as
               that
               most
               Honourable
               Person
               the
               Earl
               of
               Sandwich
               now
               his
               Majesties
               Ambassador
               Extraordinary
               ,
               at
               that
               Court
               writes
               to
               me
               )
               it
               does
               not
               appear
               there
               were
               any
               of
               those
               Trees
               in
               all
               Spain
               .
               In
               that
               Princely
               Seat
               it
               is
               ,
               that
               double
               rowes
               of
               them
               are
               planted
               in
               many
               places
               for
               a
               league
               together
               in
               length
               ,
               and
               some
               of
               them
               
                 fourty
                 yards
              
               high
               ,
               which
               are
               kept
               stript
               up
               to
               the
               very
               top
               branch
               ,
               which
               must
               needs
               render
               a
               most
               glorious
               ,
               and
               agreeable
               effect
               ;
               no
               Tree
               whatsoever
               ,
               becoming
               long
               Walks
               and
               Avenues
               ,
               comparably
               to
               this
               Majestick
               plant
               :
               But
               hear
               it
               as
               sweetly
               advised
               as
               described
               ;
               
                 
                   An
                   Elm
                   
                     for
                     graceful
                     verdure
                     ,
                     bushy
                     bough
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     A
                     lofty
                     top
                     ,
                     and
                     a
                     firm
                     rind
                     allow
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Plant
                   Elm
                   
                     in
                     borders
                     ,
                     on
                     the
                     Grasse-plots
                     list
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Branches
                     of
                  
                   Elm
                   
                     into
                     thick
                  
                   Arbours
                   twist
                   ;
                
                 
                   
                     A
                     Gallery
                     of
                  
                   Elm
                   
                     draw
                     to
                     the
                     end
                  
                
                 
                   
                     That
                     Eyes
                     can
                     reach
                     ,
                     or
                     a
                     breath'd
                     race
                     extend
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Vt
                   viror
                   est
                   ulmo
                   laetus
                   ,
                   ramique
                   comantes
                   ,
                
                 
                   Arduus
                   ,
                   alta
                   petens
                   &
                   levi
                   cortice
                   truncus
                   .
                
                 
                   Vlmum
                   adhibe
                   ordinibus
                   ,
                   quoties
                   fundenda
                   per
                   hortum
                   ,
                
                 
                   Sunt
                   serie
                   spatia
                   ingenti
                   ,
                   texendaque
                   totis
                   ,
                
                 
                   Aestivos
                   contra
                   soles
                   umbracula
                   campis
                   :
                
                 
                   Vna
                   alias
                   inter
                   texendis
                   aptior
                   ulmus
                
                 
                   Marginibus
                   spatiorum
                   ,
                   exornandoque
                   vireto
                   .
                
                 
                   Seque
                   adeo
                   series
                   ,
                   plano
                   super
                   aequore
                   ,
                   tendat
                
                 
                   Vlmorum
                   tractu
                   longo
                   ;
                   quantum
                   ipsa
                   tuentum
                
                 
                   Lumina
                   ,
                   vel
                   gressus
                   valeant
                   lustrare
                   sequentum
                   .
                
                 
                   Rapinus
                   .
                
              
            
             
               8.
               
               The
               Elm
               delights
               in
               a
               
                 sound
                 ,
                 sweet
              
               ,
               and
               fertile
               Land
               ,
               something
               more
               inclined
               to
               moisture
               ,
               and
               where
               good
               pasture
               is
               produced
               ;
               though
               it
               will
               also
               prosper
               in
               the
               gravelly
               ,
               provided
               there
               be
               a
               competent
               depth
               of
               mould
               ,
               and
               be
               refreshed
               with
               Springs
               ;
               in
               defect
               of
               which
               ,
               being
               planted
               on
               the
               very
               surface
               of
               the
               ground
               (
               the
               swarth
               par'd
               first
               away
               ,
               and
               the
               earth
               stirred
               a
               foot
               deep
               or
               more
               )
               they
               will
               undoubtedly
               succeed
               ;
               but
               in
               this
               trial
               ,
               let
               the
               Roots
               be
               handsomly
               spread
               ,
               and
               covered
               a
               foot
               ,
               or
               more
               in
               height
               ,
               and
               above
               all
               ,
               firmly
               staked
               .
               This
               is
               practicable
               also
               
               for
               other
               Trees
               ,
               where
               the
               Soil
               is
               over
               moist
               ,
               or
               unkind
               :
               For
               as
               the
               Elm
               does
               not
               thrive
               in
               too
               
                 dry
                 ,
                 sandy
              
               ,
               or
               hot
               grounds
               ,
               no
               more
               will
               it
               abide
               the
               cold
               and
               spungy
               ;
               but
               in
               places
               that
               are
               competently
               fertile
               ,
               or
               a
               little
               elevated
               from
               these
               annoyances
               ;
               as
               we
               see
               in
               the
               Mounds
               ,
               and
               castings
               up
               of
               Ditches
               ,
               upon
               whose
               banks
               the
               Female
               sort
               does
               more
               naturally
               delight
               ;
               though
               it
               seems
               to
               be
               so
               much
               more
               addicted
               to
               some
               places
               than
               to
               others
               ,
               that
               I
               have
               frequently
               doubted
               ,
               whether
               it
               be
               a
               pure
               Indigene
               or
               translatitious
               ;
               and
               not
               onely
               because
               I
               have
               hardly
               ever
               known
               any
               considerable
               Woods
               of
               them
               (
               besides
               some
               few
               Nurseries
               neer
               Cambridge
               ,
               planted
               I
               suppose
               for
               store
               )
               but
               almost
               continually
               in
               
                 Tufts
                 ,
                 Hedg-rowes
              
               ,
               and
               Mounds
               ;
               and
               that
               Shropshire
               ,
               and
               several
               other
               Counties
               ,
               have
               rarely
               ,
               any
               growing
               in
               many
               miles
               together
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               The
               Elm
               is
               by
               reason
               of
               its
               aspiring
               ,
               and
               tapering
               growth
               (
               unlesse
               it
               be
               topped
               to
               enlarge
               the
               Branches
               ,
               and
               make
               them
               spread
               low
               )
               the
               least
               offensive
               to
               Corn
               and
               
                 Pasture
                 grounds
              
               ,
               to
               both
               which
               ,
               and
               the
               Cattel
               ,
               they
               afford
               a
               benign
               
                 shade
                 ,
                 defence
              
               ,
               and
               agreeable
               Ornament
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               It
               would
               be
               planted
               as
               shallow
               as
               might
               be
               ;
               for
               ,
               as
               we
               noted
               ,
               deep
               interring
               of
               Roots
               is
               amongst
               the
               Catholick
               mistakes
               ;
               and
               of
               this
               ,
               the
               greatest
               to
               which
               Trees
               are
               obnoxious
               .
               Let
               new
               planted
               Elms
               be
               kept
               moist
               by
               frequent
               refreshings
               upon
               some
               half-rotten
               Fern
               ,
               or
               Litter
               laid
               about
               the
               foot
               of
               the
               stem
               ;
               the
               earth
               a
               little
               stirred
               and
               depressed
               for
               the
               better
               reception
               ,
               and
               retention
               of
               the
               Water
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               Lastly
               ,
               your
               Plantation
               must
               above
               all
               things
               be
               carefully
               preserved
               from
               Cattel
               ,
               and
               the
               concussions
               of
               impetuous
               Winds
               ,
               till
               they
               are
               out
               of
               reach
               of
               the
               one
               ,
               and
               sturdy
               enough
               to
               encounter
               the
               other
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               When
               you
               lop
               the
               side-boughs
               of
               an
               Elm
               (
               which
               may
               be
               about
               January
               for
               the
               Fire
               ,
               and
               more
               frequently
               ,
               if
               you
               desire
               to
               have
               them
               tall
               ;
               or
               that
               you
               would
               form
               them
               into
               Hedges
               (
               for
               so
               they
               may
               be
               kept
               plashed
               ,
               and
               thickned
               to
               the
               highest
               twig
               ;
               affording
               both
               a
               magnificent
               ,
               and
               august
               defence
               against
               the
               Winds
               and
               Sun
               )
               I
               say
               ,
               when
               you
               trim
               them
               ,
               be
               careful
               to
               indulge
               the
               tops
               ;
               for
               they
               protect
               the
               body
               of
               your
               Trees
               from
               the
               wet
               ,
               which
               alwayes
               invades
               those
               parts
               first
               ,
               and
               will
               in
               time
               perish
               them
               to
               the
               very
               heart
               ;
               so
               as
               Elms
               beginning
               thus
               to
               decay
               ,
               are
               not
               long
               prosperous
               .
               Sir
               
                 Hugh
                 Plat
              
               relates
               (
               as
               from
               an
               expert
               Carpenter
               )
               that
               the
               boughs
               and
               branches
               of
               an
               Elm
               should
               be
               left
               a
               foot
               long
               next
               the
               trunk
               when
               they
               are
               lop'd
               ;
               but
               this
               is
               to
               my
               certain
               observation
               a
               very
               great
               mistake
               either
               in
               the
               Relator
               ,
               or
               Authour
               ;
               for
               I
               have
               noted
               many
               Elms
               so
               disbranched
               ,
               that
               the
               remaining
               stubs
               grew
               immediately
               hollow
               ,
               and
               were
               as
               so
               many
               Conduits
               or
               Pipes
               ,
               to
               hold
               ,
               and
               convey
               the
               Rain
               to
               the
               very
               body
               and
               heart
               of
               the
               Tree
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               There
               is
               a
               Cloyster
               of
               the
               right
               
                 French
                 Elm
              
               in
               the
               little
               Garden
               neer
               to
               her
               Majesties
               the
               Queen
               Mothers
               Chappel
               at
               Somerset-house
               ,
               which
               were
               (
               I
               suppose
               )
               planted
               there
               ,
               by
               the
               industry
               of
               
               the
               
                 F.F.
                 Capuchines
              
               ,
               that
               will
               perfectly
               direct
               you
               to
               the
               incomparable
               use
               of
               this
               noble
               Tree
               for
               shade
               and
               delight
               ,
               into
               whatever
               figure
               you
               will
               accustom
               them
               .
               I
               have
               my self
               procured
               some
               of
               them
               from
               Paris
               ,
               but
               they
               were
               so
               abused
               in
               the
               Transportation
               ,
               that
               they
               all
               perished
               save
               one
               ,
               which
               now
               flourishes
               with
               me
               :
               I
               have
               also
               heard
               of
               graffing
               Elms
               to
               a
               great
               improvement
               of
               their
               heads
               :
               Virgil
               tells
               us
               they
               will
               joyn
               in
               Marriage
               with
               the
               Oak
               ,
               and
               they
               would
               both
               be
               tryed
               ;
               and
               that
               with
               the
               more
               probable
               successe
               ,
               for
               such
               lignous
               kinds
               ,
               if
               you
               graff
               under
               the
               Earth
               ,
               upon
               ,
               or
               neer
               the
               very
               Root
               it self
               ,
               which
               is
               likely
               to
               entertain
               the
               Cyon
               better
               than
               when
               more
               exposed
               ,
               till
               it
               be
               well
               fixt
               ,
               and
               have
               made
               some
               considerable
               progresse
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               When
               you
               would
               Fell
               ,
               let
               the
               Sap
               be
               perfectly
               in
               repose
               ;
               as
               't
               is
               commonly
               about
               November
               or
               December
               ,
               after
               the
               frost
               hath
               well
               nipp'd
               them
               :
               I
               have
               already
               alleadged
               my
               reason
               for
               it
               ;
               and
               I
               am
               told
               ,
               that
               both
               Oak
               and
               Elm
               so
               cut
               ,
               the
               very
               Saplings
               (
               whereof
               
                 Rafters
                 ,
                 Spars
              
               ,
               &c.
               are
               made
               )
               will
               continue
               as
               long
               as
               the
               very
               heart
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               without
               decay
               .
               In
               this
               work
               ,
               cut
               your
               kerse
               neer
               to
               the
               ground
               ;
               but
               have
               a
               care
               that
               it
               suffer
               not
               in
               the
               fall
               ,
               and
               be
               ruined
               with
               its
               own
               weight
               :
               This
               depends
               upon
               your
               Wood-mans
               judgment
               in
               disbranching
               ,
               and
               is
               a
               necessary
               caution
               to
               the
               Felling
               of
               all
               other
               Timber-trees
               .
               If
               any
               begin
               to
               doat
               ,
               pick
               out
               such
               for
               the
               Ax
               ,
               and
               rather
               trust
               to
               its
               Successor
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               Elm
               is
               a
               Timber
               of
               most
               singular
               use
               ;
               especially
               where
               it
               may
               lie
               continually
               dry
               ,
               or
               wet
               in
               extreames
               ;
               therefore
               proper
               for
               
                 Water-works
                 ,
                 Mills
                 ,
                 Pipes
                 ,
                 Pumps
                 ,
                 Aquae-ducts
                 ,
                 Ship-planks
              
               beneath
               the
               Waterline
               ;
               and
               some
               that
               has
               been
               found
               buried
               in
               Bogs
               has
               turned
               like
               the
               most
               polish'd
               ,
               and
               hardest
               Ebony
               ,
               onely
               discerned
               by
               the
               grain
               :
               Also
               for
               
                 Wheel-wrights
                 ,
                 Handles
                 for
                 the
                 single
                 Hand-saw
                 ,
              
               the
               knotty
               for
               Naves
               ,
               the
               straight
               and
               smooth
               for
               Axel-trees
               ,
               and
               the
               very
               Roots
               for
               curiously
               dappled
               works
               ,
               scarce
               has
               any
               superior
               for
               Kerbs
               of
               
                 Coppers
                 ,
                 Featheridge
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Weather-boards
                 ,
                 Chopping-blocks
                 ,
                 Blocks
              
               for
               the
               
                 Hatmaker
                 ,
                 Trunks
              
               ,
               and
               Boxes
               to
               be
               covered
               with
               leather
               ;
               for
               Dressers
               ,
               and
               Shovel-board-Tables
               of
               great
               length
               ,
               and
               a
               lustrous
               Colour
               if
               rightly
               seasoned
               ;
               also
               for
               the
               Carver
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               tenor
               of
               the
               grain
               ,
               and
               toughnesse
               which
               fits
               it
               for
               all
               those
               curious
               works
               of
               
                 Frutages
                 ,
                 Foleage
                 ,
                 Shields
                 ,
                 Statues
                 ,
              
               and
               most
               of
               the
               Ornaments
               appertaining
               to
               the
               Orders
               of
               Architecture
               ;
               and
               for
               not
               being
               much
               subject
               to
               warping
               ;
               I
               find
               that
               of
               old
               they
               used
               it
               even
               for
               hinges
               and
               hooks
               of
               Doors
               ;
               but
               then
               ,
               that
               part
               of
               the
               Plank
               ,
               which
               grew
               towards
               the
               top
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               was
               in
               work
               to
               be
               alwayes
               reversed
               :
               But
               besides
               these
               and
               sundry
               other
               employments
               ,
               it
               makes
               also
               the
               second
               sort
               of
               Charcoal
               ;
               and
               finally
               (
               which
               I
               must
               not
               omit
               )
               the
               use
               of
               the
               very
               
                 leaves
                 of
              
               this
               Tree
               ,
               especially
               of
               the
               female
               ,
               is
               not
               to
               be
               despis'd
               ;
               for
               being
               suffered
               to
               dry
               in
               the
               Sun
               upon
               the
               Branches
               ,
               and
               the
               spray
               strip'd
               off
               about
               the
               decrease
               in
               August
               (
               as
               also
               where
               the
               suckers
               and
               stolones
               are
               super-numerary
               ,
               and
               hinder
               the
               thriving
               of
               their
               Nurses
               )
               they
               will
               
               prove
               a
               great
               relief
               to
               Cattel
               in
               Winter
               ,
               and
               scorching
               Summers
               ,
               when
               Hay
               and
               fodder
               is
               dear
               ;
               they
               will
               eat
               them
               before
               Oates
               ,
               and
               thrive
               exceedingly
               well
               with
               them
               ;
               remember
               onely
               to
               lay
               your
               Boughs
               up
               in
               some
               dry
               and
               sweet
               corner
               of
               your
               Barn
               :
               It
               was
               for
               this
               the
               Poet
               prais'd
               them
               ,
               and
               the
               Epithite
               was
               advis'd
               ,
               
                 
                   
                     Fruitful
                     in
                     leaves
                     the
                     Elm.
                  
                
                 
                   —
                   foecundae
                   frondibus
                   Vlmi
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Georg.
                     2.
                  
                   
                
              
            
             
               In
               some
               parts
               of
               Herefordshire
               they
               gather
               them
               in
               Sacks
               for
               their
               Swine
               ,
               and
               other
               Cattel
               according
               to
               this
               Husbandry
               .
               But
               I
               hear
               an
               ill
               report
               of
               them
               for
               Bees
               ,
               that
               surfeiting
               of
               the
               blooming
               Seeds
               ,
               they
               are
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               Lask
               ,
               at
               their
               first
               going
               abroad
               in
               Spring
               ,
               which
               endangers
               whole
               Stock●
               ,
               if
               Remedies
               be
               not
               timely
               adhibited
               ;
               therefore
               't
               is
               said
               in
               great
               Elm
               Countries
               they
               do
               not
               thrive
               ,
               but
               the
               truth
               of
               which
               I
               am
               yet
               to
               learn.
               The
               Green
               leaf
               of
               the
               Elms
               contused
               ,
               heales
               a
               
                 green
                 wound
              
               or
               Cut
               ,
               and
               boyled
               with
               the
               Bark
               consolidates
               fractur'd
               bones
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               V.
               Of
               the
               Beech.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               THe
               
                 Beech
                 ,
                 [
                 Fagus
              
               ]
               (
               of
               two
               or
               three
               kinds
               )
               and
               numbred
               amongst
               the
               glandiferous
               Trees
               ,
               
               I
               rank
               here
               before
               the
               martial
               Ash
               ,
               because
               it
               commonly
               grows
               to
               a
               greater
               stature
               .
               But
               here
               I
               may
               not
               omit
               a
               Note
               of
               the
               accurate
               
                 Critis
                 Palmerius
              
               ,
               
               upon
               a
               passage
               in
               Theophrastus
               ,
               where
               he
               Animadverts
               upon
               his
               Interpreter
               ,
               and
               shews
               that
               the
               antient
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               was
               by
               no
               means
               the
               Beech
               ,
               but
               a
               kind
               of
               Oak
               ;
               for
               that
               the
               figure
               of
               the
               fruit
               is
               so
               widely
               unlike
               it
               ;
               that
               being
               round
               ,
               this
               triangular
               ;
               and
               both
               Theophrastus
               and
               Pausanias
               make
               it
               indeed
               a
               Species
               of
               Oak
               ,
               
               wholly
               differing
               in
               Trunk
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               Fruit
               and
               Leaf
               ,
               to
               which
               he
               adds
               (
               what
               determines
               the
               Controversie
               )
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               
                 &c.
                 
                 That
                 it
                 is
                 of
                 a
                 firm
                 Timber
                 ,
                 not
                 obnoxious
                 to
                 the
                 Worm
                 ,
              
               neither
               of
               which
               can
               so
               confidently
               be
               said
               of
               the
               Beech.
               Yet
               
                 La
                 Cerda
              
               too
               seems
               guilty
               of
               the
               same
               mistake
               :
               But
               leaving
               this
               ,
               there
               are
               of
               our
               Fagi
               ,
               too
               or
               three
               kinds
               with
               us
               ;
               the
               Mountain
               (
               where
               it
               most
               affects
               to
               grow
               )
               which
               is
               the
               whitest
               ,
               and
               most
               sought
               after
               by
               the
               Turner
               ;
               and
               the
               Campestral
               or
               wild
               ,
               which
               is
               of
               a
               blacker
               colour
               ,
               and
               more
               durable
               .
               They
               are
               both
               to
               be
               rais'd
               from
               the
               Mast
               ,
               and
               govern'd
               like
               the
               Oak
               (
               of
               which
               amply
               )
               and
               that
               is
               absolutely
               the
               best
               way
               of
               furnishing
               a
               Wood
               :
               But
               they
               are
               likewise
               to
               be
               planted
               of
               young
               seedlings
               to
               be
               drawn
               out
               of
               the
               places
               where
               the
               fruitful
               Trees
               abound
               .
               In
               transplanting
               them
               cut
               off
               onely
               the
               boughs
               and
               bruised
               parts
               ,
               two
               Inches
               from
               the
               stem
               ,
               to
               within
               a
               yard
               of
               the
               top
               ;
               but
               be
               very
               sparing
               of
               the
               Root
               :
               This
               ,
               for
               such
               as
               are
               of
               pretty
               stature
               .
               They
               make
               spreading
               Trees
               ,
               and
               noble
               Shades
               with
               their
               well-furnished
               and
               glistering
               leaves
               ,
               being
               set
               at
               forty
               foot
               distance
               ;
               but
               they
               grow
               taller
               ,
               and
               more
               upright
               in
               the
               Forests
               ,
               where
               I
               have
               beheld
               them
               at
               eight
               and
               ten
               foot
               ,
               shoot
               into
               very
               long
               Poles
               ;
               but
               neither
               so
               apt
               for
               Timber
               ,
               nor
               Fuel
               :
               In
               the
               Vallies
               (
               where
               they
               stand
               warm
               and
               in
               Consort
               )
               they
               will
               grow
               to
               a
               stupendious
               procerity
               ,
               though
               the
               soyl
               be
               stony
               and
               very
               barren
               :
               Also
               upon
               the
               declivities
               ,
               sides
               ,
               and
               tops
               of
               high
               Hills
               ,
               and
               
                 Chalkie
                 Mountains
              
               especially
               ;
               for
               they
               will
               strangely
               insinuate
               their
               roots
               into
               the
               bowels
               of
               those
               seemingly
               impenetrable
               places
               ,
               not
               much
               unlike
               the
               Firr
               it self
               ,
               which
               ,
               with
               this
               so
               common
               Tree
               ,
               the
               great
               Caesar
               denies
               to
               be
               found
               in
               
                 Britanny
                 ,
                 Materia
                 cujusque
                 generis
                 ,
                 ut
                 in
                 Gallia
                 ,
                 praeter
                 Fagum
                 &
                 abietem
                 :
              
               But
               certainly
               from
               a
               grand
               mistake
               ,
               or
               rather
               ,
               for
               that
               he
               had
               not
               travelled
               much
               up
               
               into
               the
               Countrey
               .
               Virgil
               reports
               it
               will
               graff
               with
               the
               Chesnut
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               Beech
               serves
               for
               various
               Vses
               of
               the
               Housewife
               ;
               
                 
                   Hence
                   in
                   the
                   Worlds
                   best
                   years
                   the
                   humble
                   Shed
                   ,
                
                 
                   Was
                   happily
                   ,
                   and
                   fully
                   furnished
                   :
                
                 
                   Beech
                   made
                   their
                   Chests
                   ,
                   their
                   Beds
                   and
                   the
                   Joyn'd-stools
                   ,
                
                 
                   Beech
                   made
                   the
                   Board
                   ,
                   the
                   Platters
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Bowles
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Hinc
                     olim
                     juvenis
                     Mundi
                     melioribus
                     annis
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Fortunatarum
                     domuum
                     non
                     magna
                     Supeliex
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Tota
                     petebatur
                     ;
                     Sellas
                     ,
                     Armaria
                     ,
                     Lectos
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     Mensas
                     dabat
                     ,
                     &
                     Lances
                     ,
                     &
                     pocula
                     Fagus
                     ,
                  
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   Couleij
                   Pl.
                   l.
                   6.
                   
                
              
               with
               it
               the
               Turner
               makes
               
                 Dishes
                 ,
                 Trays
                 ,
                 Rimbs
              
               ,
               for
               Buckets
               ,
               and
               other
               Utensils
               ,
               
                 Trenchers
                 ,
                 Dresser-boards
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               likewise
               for
               the
               
                 Wheeler
                 ,
                 Joyner
              
               ,
               and
               Vpholster
               for
               
                 Sellyes
                 ,
                 Chairs
                 ,
                 Stools
                 ,
                 Bedsteads
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               the
               Bellows-maker
               ,
               and
               Husbandman
               his
               Shovel
               and
               
                 Spade-graffs
                 ;
                 Floates
              
               for
               
                 Fishers
                 Nets
              
               instead
               of
               Corks
               ,
               is
               made
               of
               its
               Bark
               ;
               for
               
                 Fuel
                 ,
                 Billet
                 ,
                 Bavin
              
               and
               Coal
               though
               one
               of
               the
               least
               lasting
               :
               Not
               to
               omit
               even
               the
               very
               Shavings
               for
               the
               fining
               of
               
                 Wines
                 .
                 Peter
                 Cresentius
              
               writes
               ,
               that
               the
               Ashes
               of
               Beech
               with
               proper
               mixture
               ,
               is
               excellent
               to
               make
               Glasse
               with
               .
               If
               the
               Timber
               lye
               altogether
               under
               water
               ,
               't
               is
               little
               inferior
               to
               Elm
               ,
               as
               I
               find
               it
               practised
               and
               asserted
               by
               Shipwrights
               :
               Of
               old
               they
               made
               their
               
                 Vasa
                 Vindimiatoria
              
               and
               
                 Corbes
                 Messoriae
              
               (
               as
               we
               our
               pots
               for
               Strawberries
               )
               with
               the
               Rind
               of
               this
               Beech
               ,
               nay
               ,
               and
               Vessels
               to
               preserve
               Wine
               in
               ,
               and
               that
               curiously
               wrought
               Cup
               which
               the
               Shepherd
               in
               the
               Buchollicks
               wagers
               with
               all
               ,
               was
               engraven
               by
               Alcimedon
               upon
               the
               Bark
               of
               this
               tree
               :
               And
               an
               happy
               age
               it
               seems
               :
               
                 
                   —
                   No
                   Wars
                   did
                   men
                   molest
                   ,
                
                 
                   When
                   onely
                   Beechen-Bowles
                   were
                   in
                   request
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     nec
                     bella
                     fuerunt
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Faginus
                     astabat
                     dum
                     Scyphus
                     ante
                     dapes
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Tibul.
                   
                
              
               Of
               the
               thin
               Lamina
               or
               Scale
               of
               this
               wood
               (
               as
               our
               Cutlers
               call
               it
               )
               are
               made
               Scabards
               for
               Swords
               and
               Bandboxes
               ,
               superinduc'd
               with
               thin
               leather
               or
               Paper
               ,
               Boxes
               for
               
                 Writings
                 ,
                 Hat-cases
              
               ,
               and
               formerly
               Book-covers
               .
               I
               wonder
               we
               cannot
               split
               it
               our selves
               but
               send
               into
               other
               Countreys
               for
               such
               trifles
               .
               In
               the
               Cavities
               of
               these
               
                 Trees
                 ,
                 Bees
              
               much
               delight
               to
               Hive
               themselves
               :
               Yet
               for
               all
               this
               ,
               you
               would
               not
               wonder
               to
               hear
               me
               deplore
               the
               so
               frequent
               use
               of
               this
               Wood
               ,
               if
               you
               did
               consider
               that
               the
               industry
               of
               France
               furnishes
               that
               Country
               for
               all
               domestic
               Vtensils
               with
               excellent
               Wallnut
               ;
               a
               material
               infinitely
               preferrable
               to
               the
               best
               Beech
               ,
               which
               is
               indeed
               good
               only
               for
               shade
               and
               for
               fire
               ,
               as
               being
               brittle
               ,
               and
               exceedingly
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               Worm
               ,
               where
               it
               lyes
               either
               dry
               ,
               or
               wet
               and
               dry
               ,
               as
               has
               been
               noted
               ;
               but
               being
               put
               ten
               dayes
               in
               water
               ,
               it
               will
               exceedingly
               resist
               the
               
                 worm
                 .
                 Ricciolus
              
               much
               commends
               it
               for
               Oars
               ,
               and
               some
               say
               that
               the
               vast
               Argo
               was
               built
               of
               the
               Fagus
               ,
               a
               good
               part
               of
               it
               at
               least
               ,
               as
               we
               learn
               out
               of
               Apolonius
               ;
               this
               will
               admit
               of
               Interpretation
               .
               But
               whilst
               we
               thus
               condemn
               the
               Timber
               ,
               we
               must
               not
               omit
               to
               praise
               the
               Mast
               ,
               which
               fats
               our
               Swine
               and
               Deer
               ,
               and
               hath
               in
               some
               Families
               even
               supported
               men
               with
               bread
               :
               Chios
               indured
               a
               memorable
               Siege
               by
               the
               benefit
               of
               this
               Mast
               ;
               and
               in
               some
               parts
               of
               France
               they
               now
               grind
               the
               Buck
               in
               Mills
               :
               It
               affords
               a
               sweet
               
               Oyl
               ,
               which
               the
               poor
               People
               eat
               most
               willingly
               :
               But
               there
               is
               yet
               another
               benefit
               which
               this
               Tree
               presents
               us
               ;
               that
               its
               very
               leaves
               which
               make
               a
               natural
               ,
               and
               most
               agreeable
               Canopy
               all
               the
               Summer
               ;
               being
               gathered
               about
               ●●e
               Fall
               ,
               and
               somewhat
               before
               they
               are
               much
               frost-bitten
               ,
               afford
               the
               best
               and
               easiest
               Mattrasses
               in
               the
               world
               to
               lay
               under
               our
               Quilts
               instead
               of
               straw
               ;
               because
               ,
               besides
               their
               tendernesse
               and
               loose
               lying
               together
               ,
               they
               continue
               sweet
               for
               seven
               or
               eight
               years
               long
               ;
               before
               which
               time
               straw
               becomes
               musty
               and
               hard
               ;
               they
               are
               thus
               used
               by
               divers
               persons
               of
               quality
               in
               Dauphine
               ;
               and
               in
               Swizzerland
               I
               have
               sometimes
               lain
               on
               them
               to
               my
               great
               refreshment
               ;
               so
               as
               of
               this
               Tree
               it
               may
               properly
               be
               said
               ,
               
                 
                   The
                   Wood's
                   an
                   House
                   ,
                   the
                   leaves
                   a
                   Bed.
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     Sylva
                     domus
                     ,
                     cubilia
                     froudes
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Juvenal
                   .
                
              
            
             
               The
               stagnant
               water
               in
               the
               hollow
               Trees
               cure
               the
               most
               obstinate
               
                 Tettars
                 ,
                 Scabs
              
               ,
               and
               Scurfs
               ,
               in
               Man
               or
               Beast
               ,
               fomenting
               the
               part
               with
               it
               ;
               and
               the
               Leaves
               chew'd
               ,
               are
               wholesome
               for
               the
               Gums
               and
               Teeth
               ,
               for
               which
               the
               very
               Buds
               ,
               as
               they
               are
               in
               Winter
               hardned
               and
               dryed
               upon
               the
               twiggs
               ,
               make
               good
               
                 Tooth
                 pickers
                 .
                 Swine
              
               may
               be
               driven
               to
               Mast
               about
               the
               end
               of
               August
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               VI.
               Of
               the
               Ash
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               FRaxinus
               the
               Ash
               ,
               is
               with
               us
               Male
               and
               Female
               ,
               the
               one
               affecting
               the
               higher
               grounds
               :
               The
               other
               the
               plains
               ,
               of
               a
               whiter
               wood
               ,
               and
               rising
               many
               times
               to
               a
               prodigious
               stature
               ;
               so
               as
               in
               forty
               years
               from
               the
               Key
               ,
               an
               Ash
               hath
               been
               sold
               for
               thirty
               pound
               sterling
               :
               And
               I
               have
               been
               credibly
               inform'd
               ,
               that
               one
               Person
               hath
               planted
               so
               much
               of
               this
               one
               sort
               of
               Timber
               in
               his
               life
               time
               ,
               as
               hath
               been
               valued
               worth
               
                 fifty
                 thousand
                 pounds
              
               to
               be
               bought
               .
               These
               are
               pretty
               encouragements
               ,
               for
               a
               small
               ,
               and
               pleasant
               industry
               .
               That
               there
               is
               a
               lower
               ,
               and
               more
               knotty
               sort
               ,
               every
               Husbandman
               can
               distinguish
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               Keys
               being
               gathered
               when
               they
               begin
               to
               fall
               (
               which
               is
               about
               the
               end
               of
               October
               ,
               and
               the
               ensuing
               Month
               )
               are
               to
               be
               sowed
               ;
               but
               not
               altogether
               so
               deep
               as
               your
               former
               Masts
               :
               Thus
               they
               do
               in
               Spain
               :
               from
               whence
               it
               were
               good
               to
               procure
               some
               of
               the
               keyes
               from
               their
               best
               trees
               :
               A
               very
               narrow
               Seminary
               will
               be
               sufficient
               to
               store
               an
               whole
               Country
               :
               They
               will
               lye
               a
               full
               year
               in
               the
               ground
               before
               they
               appear
               ;
               therefore
               you
               must
               carefully
               Fence
               them
               all
               that
               time
               and
               have
               patience
               :
               But
               if
               you
               would
               make
               a
               considerable
               Wood
               of
               them
               at
               once
               ,
               Dig
               ,
               or
               Plow
               a
               parcel
               of
               ground
               ,
               as
               you
               would
               prepare
               it
               for
               Corn
               and
               with
               the
               Corn
               (
               or
               what
               other
               Grain
               you
               think
               fittest
               )
               sow
               also
               good
               store
               of
               Keys
               ,
               some
               
                 Crab-kernels
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               amongst
               them
               :
               Take
               off
               your
               Crop
               of
               Corn
               ,
               or
               Seed
               in
               its
               Season
               ,
               and
               the
               next
               year
               following
               it
               will
               be
               cover'd
               with
               young
               Ashes
               ,
               which
               will
               be
               fit
               either
               to
               stand
               (
               which
               I
               prefer
               )
               or
               be
               transplanted
               for
               divers
               years
               after
               ;
               and
               these
               you
               will
               find
               to
               be
               far
               better
               then
               any
               you
               can
               gather
               out
               of
               the
               Woods
               (
               especially
               Suckers
               ,
               which
               are
               worth
               nothing
               )
               being
               removed
               at
               one
               foot
               stature
               (
               the
               sooner
               the
               better
               )
               provided
               you
               defend
               them
               well
               from
               Cattel
               :
               The
               reason
               of
               this
               hasty
               transplanting
               ,
               is
               to
               prevent
               their
               obstnate
               ,
               and
               deep
               rooting
               ;
               
                 tantus
                 amor
                 terrae
              
               —
               which
               makes
               them
               hard
               to
               be
               taken
               up
               when
               they
               grow
               older
               ,
               and
               that
               being
               removed
               they
               take
               no
               great
               hold
               till
               the
               second
               year
               ,
               after
               which
               ,
               they
               come
               away
               amain
               :
               Yet
               I
               have
               planted
               them
               of
               five
               and
               six
               inches
               diametre
               ,
               which
               have
               thriven
               as
               well
               as
               the
               smaller
               wands
               .
               Cut
               not
               his
               head
               at
               all
               (
               which
               being
               young
               is
               pithy
               )
               nor
               ,
               by
               any
               means
               ,
               the
               fibrous
               part
               of
               the
               Roots
               ;
               onely
               ,
               that
               down-right
               ,
               or
               Tap-root
               (
               which
               gives
               our
               Husbandmen
               so
               much
               trouble
               in
               drawing
               )
               is
               to
               be
               totally
               abated
               :
               But
               this
               work
               ought
               to
               be
               in
               the
               increase
               of
               October
               ,
               or
               November
               ,
               and
               not
               in
               the
               Spring
               .
               We
               are
               (
               as
               I
               told
               you
               )
               willing
               to
               spare
               his
               head
               ;
               
               because
               being
               yet
               young
               ,
               it
               is
               but
               of
               a
               spongie
               substance
               ;
               but
               being
               once
               well
               fixed
               ,
               you
               may
               cut
               him
               as
               close
               to
               the
               earth
               as
               you
               please
               ;
               it
               will
               cause
               him
               to
               shoot
               prodigiously
               ;
               so
               as
               in
               a
               few
               years
               to
               be
               fit
               for
               Pike-staves
               .
               Young
               Ashes
               are
               sometimes
               in
               
                 Winter
                 frost-burnt
              
               ,
               black
               as
               Coals
               ,
               and
               then
               to
               use
               the
               knife
               is
               seasonable
               ,
               though
               they
               do
               commonly
               recover
               of
               themselves
               slowly
               .
               In
               South-Spain
               (
               where
               as
               we
               said
               are
               the
               best
               )
               after
               the
               first
               dressing
               ,
               they
               let
               them
               grow
               till
               they
               are
               so
               big
               ,
               as
               being
               cleft
               into
               four
               parts
               ,
               each
               part
               is
               sufficient
               to
               make
               a
               Pike-staff
               :
               I
               am
               told
               there
               is
               a
               
                 Flemish
                 Ash
              
               planted
               by
               the
               Dutchmen
               in
               Lincolnshire
               ,
               which
               in
               six
               years
               grows
               to
               be
               worth
               
                 twenty
                 shillings
              
               the
               Tree
               ;
               but
               I
               am
               not
               assur'd
               whether
               it
               be
               the
               Ash
               or
               Abeele
               ;
               either
               of
               them
               were
               ,
               upon
               this
               account
               ,
               a
               worthy
               encouragement
               .
               From
               these
               low
               Cuttings
               come
               our
               Ground-Ashes
               ,
               so
               much
               sought
               after
               for
               
                 Arbours
                 ,
                 Espaliers
              
               ,
               and
               other
               
               Pole-works
               :
               They
               will
               spring
               in
               abundance
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               reduced
               to
               one
               for
               a
               Standard-tree
               ,
               or
               for
               Timber
               ,
               if
               you
               design
               it
               ;
               for
               thus
               Hydra
               like
               ,
               a
               Ground-cut-Ash
               ,
               
                 
                   By
                   havock
                   ,
                   Wounds
                   ,
                   and
                   Blows
                   ,
                
                 
                   More
                   lively
                   and
                   luxuriant
                   grows
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Per
                     damna
                     ,
                     per
                     caedes
                     ,
                     ab
                     ipso
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Ducit
                     opes
                     auimúmque
                     ferro
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Ho●
                   .
                
              
               Ash
               will
               be
               propagated
               from
               a
               Bough
               slipt
               off
               with
               some
               of
               the
               old-wood
               ,
               a
               little
               before
               the
               Bud
               swells
               .
               Such
               as
               they
               reserve
               for
               Spears
               in
               Spain
               ,
               they
               keep
               shrip'd
               up
               close
               to
               the
               stem
               ,
               and
               plant
               them
               in
               close
               order
               ,
               and
               moyster
               places
               .
               These
               they
               cut
               above
               the
               knot
               (
               for
               the
               least
               nodosity
               spoils
               all
               )
               in
               the
               decrease
               of
               January
               ,
               which
               were
               of
               the
               latest
               for
               us
               :
               It
               is
               reported
               that
               the
               Ash
               will
               not
               onely
               receive
               its
               own
               kind
               ,
               but
               graff
               ,
               or
               be
               inoculated
               with
               the
               Pear
               and
               Apple
               ,
               but
               to
               what
               improvement
               I
               know
               not
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               It
               is
               by
               no
               means
               convenient
               to
               plant
               Ash
               in
               Plow-lands
               ;
               for
               the
               Roots
               will
               be
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               Coulter
               ;
               and
               the
               shade
               of
               the
               Tree
               is
               malignant
               to
               Corn
               when
               the
               head
               and
               branches
               over-drip
               it
               ;
               but
               in
               Hedge-rowes
               ,
               and
               Plumps
               ,
               they
               will
               thrive
               exceedingly
               ,
               where
               they
               may
               be
               dispos'd
               at
               nine
               or
               ten
               foot
               distance
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               neerer
               :
               But
               in
               planting
               of
               a
               whole
               Wood
               of
               several
               kinds
               of
               Trees
               for
               Timber
               ,
               every
               third
               set
               at
               least
               ,
               would
               be
               an
               Ash
               .
               The
               best
               Ash
               delights
               in
               the
               best
               Land
               (
               which
               it
               will
               soon
               impoverish
               )
               yet
               grows
               in
               any
               ;
               so
               it
               be
               not
               over-wet
               ,
               and
               approaching
               to
               the
               Ma●shy
               ,
               unlesse
               it
               be
               first
               well
               drain'd
               :
               By
               the
               Banks
               of
               sweet
               and
               crystal
               Rivers
               and
               Streams
               ,
               I
               have
               observ'd
               them
               to
               thrive
               infinitely
               .
               One
               may
               observe
               as
               manifest
               a
               difference
               in
               the
               Timber
               of
               Ashes
               ,
               as
               of
               the
               Oak
               ;
               much
               more
               than
               is
               found
               in
               any
               one
               kind
               of
               
                 Elm
                 ,
                 caeteris
                 paribus
              
               :
               For
               so
               the
               ground-Ash
               (
               like
               the
               Oak
               )
               much
               excells
               a
               bough
               ,
               or
               branch
               of
               the
               same
               bulk
               ,
               for
               strength
               and
               toughnesse
               ;
               and
               in
               yet
               farther
               emulation
               of
               the
               Oak
               ,
               it
               has
               been
               known
               to
               prove
               as
               good
               ,
               and
               lasting
               Timber
               for
               Building
               ,
               nay
               ,
               preferr'd
               before
               it
               ,
               where
               there
               has
               
               been
               plenty
               of
               Oake
               ;
               vast
               difference
               there
               is
               also
               in
               the
               strength
               of
               Ground
               ,
               and
               
                 quarter'd
                 Ash
              
               :
               'T
               is
               likewise
               remarkable
               that
               the
               Ash
               ,
               like
               the
               
                 Cork
                 tree
              
               ,
               grows
               when
               the
               Bark
               is
               quite
               peel'd
               off
               ,
               as
               has
               been
               observ'd
               in
               several
               Forests
               ,
               where
               the
               Deer
               have
               bared
               them
               as
               far
               as
               they
               could
               climb
               :
               Some
               Ash
               is
               curiously
               camleted
               and
               vein'd
               ,
               I
               say
               ,
               so
               differently
               from
               other
               Timber
               ;
               that
               our
               skilful
               Cabinet-makers
               prize
               it
               equal
               with
               Ebony
               ,
               and
               give
               it
               the
               name
               of
               
                 green
                 Ebony
              
               ,
               which
               the
               Customer
               payes
               well
               for
               ;
               and
               when
               our
               Woodmen
               light
               upon
               it
               ,
               they
               may
               make
               what
               mony
               they
               will
               of
               it
               :
               But
               to
               bring
               it
               to
               that
               curious
               lustre
               ,
               so
               as
               't
               is
               hardly
               to
               be
               distinguished
               from
               the
               most
               curiously
               diaper'd
               Olive
               ,
               they
               Varnish
               their
               Work
               with
               the
               China-varnish
               (
               hereafter
               described
               )
               which
               infinitely
               excells
               I●ynseed-oyl
               ,
               that
               Cardan
               so
               commends
               ,
               speaking
               of
               this
               Root
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               The
               use
               of
               Ash
               is
               (
               next
               to
               that
               of
               the
               Oak
               it self
               )
               one
               of
               the
               most
               universal
               :
               It
               serves
               the
               Souldier
               —
               
                 &
                 Fraxinus
                 utilis
                 hastis
                 ▪
                 Ovid.
              
               The
               
                 Carpenter
                 ,
                 Wheel-wright
                 ,
                 Cart-wright
              
               ,
               for
               
                 Ploughs
                 ,
                 Axel
                 trees
                 ,
                 Wheelrings
                 ,
                 Harrows
                 ,
                 Bulls
                 ,
                 Oares
                 ,
              
               the
               best
               blocks
               for
               Pullys
               and
               Sheffs
               ,
               as
               Seamen
               name
               them
               ;
               Also
               for
               the
               
                 Cooper
                 ,
                 Turner
              
               ,
               and
               Thatcher
               :
               Nothing
               like
               it
               for
               our
               Garden
               
                 Palisad-hedges
                 ,
                 Hop-yards
                 ,
                 Poles
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Spars
                 ,
                 Handles
                 ,
                 Stocks
              
               for
               
                 Tools
                 ,
                 Spade-trees
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
               In
               sum
               ,
               the
               Husbandman
               cannot
               be
               without
               the
               Ash
               for
               his
               
                 Carts
                 ,
                 Ladders
              
               ,
               and
               other
               tackling
               :
               From
               the
               Pike
               ,
               to
               the
               
                 Plow
                 ;
                 Spear
              
               ,
               and
               Bow
               ,
               for
               of
               Ash
               were
               they
               formerly
               made
               ,
               and
               therefore
               reckon'd
               amongst
               those
               woods
               ,
               which
               after
               long
               tension
               has
               a
               natural
               Spring
               ,
               and
               recovers
               its
               position
               ;
               so
               as
               in
               Peace
               and
               War
               it
               is
               a
               Wood
               in
               highest
               request
               :
               There
               is
               extracted
               an
               Oyl
               from
               the
               Ash
               ,
               by
               the
               processe
               on
               other
               Woods
               ,
               which
               is
               excellent
               to
               recover
               the
               Hearing
               ;
               some
               drops
               of
               it
               being
               distill'd
               warm
               into
               the
               Ears
               ,
               and
               for
               the
               Caries
               or
               rot
               of
               the
               
                 Bones
                 ,
                 Tooth-ach
              
               ,
               pains
               in
               the
               Kidneys
               ,
               and
               Spleen
               ,
               the
               anointing
               therewith
               is
               most
               soveraign
               .
               Lastly
               ,
               the
               white
               ,
               and
               rotten
               dottard
               part
               composes
               a
               ground
               for
               our
               Gallants
               Sweet-powder
               ,
               and
               the
               Truncheons
               make
               the
               third
               sort
               of
               the
               most
               durable
               Coal
               ,
               and
               is
               (
               of
               all
               other
               )
               the
               sweetest
               of
               our
               Forest-fuelling
               ,
               and
               the
               fittest
               for
               Ladies
               Chambers
               :
               To
               conclude
               ,
               the
               very
               dead
               leaves
               afford
               (
               like
               those
               of
               the
               Elm
               )
               relief
               to
               our
               Cattel
               in
               Winter
               ;
               and
               there
               is
               a
               dwarfe
               sort
               in
               France
               (
               if
               in
               truth
               it
               be
               not
               ,
               as
               I
               suspect
               ,
               our
               Witchen-tree
               )
               whose
               Berries
               feed
               the
               poor
               People
               ,
               in
               scarce
               years
               ,
               but
               it
               bears
               no
               Keys
               ,
               like
               to
               ours
               ,
               which
               being
               pickled
               tender
               ,
               afford
               a
               delicate
               Salading
               .
               But
               the
               Shade
               of
               the
               Ash
               is
               not
               to
               be
               endur'd
               ,
               because
               it
               produces
               a
               noxious
               Insect
               ;
               and
               for
               displaying
               themselves
               so
               very
               late
               ,
               and
               falling
               very
               early
               ,
               not
               to
               be
               planted
               for
               Vmbrage
               ,
               or
               Ornament
               ;
               especially
               neer
               the
               Garden
               ,
               since
               (
               besides
               their
               predatitious
               Roots
               )
               the
               deciduous
               leaves
               descending
               with
               so
               long
               a
               Stalk
               ,
               are
               drawn
               by
               clusters
               into
               the
               Worm
               holes
               ,
               which
               foul
               the
               Allies
               with
               their
               falling
               Keys
               ,
               and
               suddenly
               infect
               the
               ground
               .
               Note
               ,
               that
               the
               Season
               for
               felling
               of
               this
               Tree
               must
               be
               when
               the
               Sap
               is
               fully
               at
               rest
               ;
               for
               if
               you
               cut
               it
               down
               too
               early
               ,
               or
               over
               late
               in
               the
               year
               ,
               it
               will
               be
               so
               obnoxious
               
               to
               the
               Worm
               ,
               as
               greatly
               to
               prejudice
               the
               timber
               ;
               therefore
               to
               be
               sure
               ,
               fell
               not
               till
               the
               three
               Mid-winter
               Months
               ,
               beginning
               about
               November
               .
               I
               am
               astonish'd
               at
               the
               universal
               Confidence
               of
               all
               our
               Botanists
               ,
               that
               a
               Serpent
               will
               rather
               creep
               into
               the
               Fire
               ,
               than
               over
               a
               twig
               of
               Ash
               ;
               this
               is
               an
               old
               Imposture
               of
               Plinys
               ,
               who
               either
               took
               it
               up
               upon
               trust
               ,
               or
               we
               mistake
               the
               Tree
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               VII
               .
               Of
               the
               Chesnut
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               THe
               next
               is
               the
               Chesnut
               ,
               
               
                 [
                 Castanea
              
               ]
               of
               which
               Pliny
               reckons
               many
               kinds
               ,
               especially
               about
               Tarentum
               and
               Naples
               ;
               but
               we
               commend
               those
               of
               Portugal
               or
               Bayone
               ,
               choosing
               the
               largest
               brown
               and
               most
               ponderous
               for
               fruit
               ,
               such
               as
               Pliny
               calls
               Coctivae
               ,
               but
               the
               lesser
               ones
               to
               raise
               for
               Timber
               .
               They
               are
               produc'd
               best
               by
               sowing
               ;
               previous
               to
               which
               ,
               let
               the
               Nuts
               be
               first
               spread
               to
               sweat
               ,
               then
               cover
               them
               in
               sand
               ,
               a
               Month
               being
               past
               ,
               plunge
               them
               in
               Water
               ,
               reject
               the
               swimmers
               ;
               being
               dry'd
               for
               thirty
               dayes
               more
               ,
               sand
               them
               again
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               water-ordeal
               as
               before
               .
               Being
               thus
               treated
               till
               the
               beginning
               of
               Spring
               ,
               or
               in
               November
               ,
               set
               them
               as
               you
               would
               do
               Beans
               ;
               and
               as
               some
               practise
               it
               ,
               drench'd
               for
               a
               night
               or
               more
               ,
               in
               new
               Milk
               :
               They
               should
               be
               put
               into
               the
               holes
               with
               the
               poynt
               upmost
               as
               you
               plant
               
                 Tulips
                 ;
                 Pliny
              
               will
               tell
               you
               they
               come
               not
               up
               ,
               unless
               four
               ,
               or
               five
               be
               pil'd
               together
               in
               a
               hole
               ;
               but
               that
               is
               false
               ,
               if
               they
               be
               good
               ,
               as
               you
               may
               presume
               all
               those
               to
               be
               which
               passe
               this
               examination
               ;
               nor
               will
               any
               of
               them
               fail
               :
               But
               being
               come
               up
               they
               thrive
               best
               unremoved
               ,
               making
               a
               great
               stand
               for
               at
               least
               two
               years
               ,
               upon
               every
               transplanting
               ;
               yet
               if
               needs
               you
               must
               alter
               their
               station
               ,
               let
               it
               be
               done
               about
               November
               ,
               and
               that
               into
               a
               light
               friable
               ground
               ,
               or
               moist
               Gravel
               ,
               however
               ,
               they
               will
               grow
               even
               in
               
                 Clay
                 ,
                 Sand
              
               ,
               and
               all
               mixed
               Soils
               ,
               upon
               exposed
               ,
               and
               bleak
               places
               ,
               and
               the
               pendent
               declivities
               of
               Hills
               to
               the
               North
               ,
               in
               dry
               airy
               places
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               neer
               Marshes
               and
               Waters
               ;
               but
               they
               affect
               no
               other
               compost
               ,
               save
               what
               their
               own
               leaves
               afford
               them
               ,
               and
               are
               more
               patient
               of
               cold
               than
               heat
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               If
               you
               desire
               to
               set
               them
               in
               Winter
               ,
               or
               Autumn
               ,
               I
               counsel
               you
               to
               inter
               them
               within
               their
               Husks
               ,
               which
               being
               every
               way
               arm'd
               are
               a
               good
               protection
               against
               the
               Mouse
               ,
               and
               a
               providential
               integument
               .
               
                 Pliny
                 l.
              
               15.
               c.
               23.
               from
               this
               natural
               Guard
               ,
               concludes
               them
               to
               be
               excellent
               food
               ,
               and
               doubtlesse
               Caesar
               thought
               so
               ,
               when
               he
               transported
               them
               from
               Sardis
               first
               into
               Italy
               ,
               whence
               they
               were
               propagated
               into
               France
               ,
               and
               thence
               among
               us
               ;
               another
               encouragement
               to
               make
               such
               Experiments
               out
               of
               forain
               Countreys
               .
               Some
               
               sow
               them
               confusedly
               in
               the
               Furrow
               like
               the
               Acorn
               ,
               and
               govern
               them
               as
               the
               Oak
               ;
               but
               then
               would
               the
               ground
               be
               broken
               up
               'twixt
               November
               and
               February
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               spring
               ,
               be
               cleansed
               at
               two
               foot
               asunder
               ,
               after
               two
               years
               growth
               :
               Likewise
               may
               Copses
               of
               Chesnuts
               be
               wonderfully
               increased
               ,
               and
               thickned
               ,
               by
               laying
               the
               tender
               and
               young
               branches
               ;
               but
               such
               as
               spring
               from
               the
               Nuts
               and
               Marrons
               are
               best
               of
               all
               ,
               and
               will
               thrive
               exceedingly
               ,
               if
               being
               let
               stand
               without
               removing
               ,
               the
               ground
               be
               stirr'd
               and
               loosned
               about
               their
               Roots
               ,
               for
               two
               or
               three
               of
               the
               first
               years
               ,
               and
               the
               superfluous
               wood
               prun'd
               away
               ;
               and
               indeed
               for
               good
               Trees
               ,
               they
               should
               be
               shrip'd
               up
               after
               the
               first
               years
               removal
               :
               Thus
               will
               you
               have
               a
               Copse
               ready
               for
               a
               felling
               ,
               within
               eight
               years
               ,
               which
               (
               besides
               many
               other
               uses
               )
               will
               yield
               you
               incomparable
               Poles
               for
               any
               work
               of
               the
               
                 Garden
                 ,
                 Vineyard
              
               ,
               or
               Hopyard
               ,
               till
               the
               next
               cutting
               :
               And
               if
               the
               Tree
               like
               the
               ground
               ,
               will
               in
               ten
               or
               twelve
               years
               grow
               to
               a
               kind
               of
               Timber
               ,
               and
               bear
               plentiful
               fruit
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               I
               have
               seen
               many
               Chess-nut-trees
               transplanted
               as
               big
               as
               my
               arm
               ,
               their
               heads
               cut
               off
               at
               five
               and
               six
               foot
               height
               ;
               but
               they
               came
               on
               at
               leisure
               :
               In
               such
               Plantations
               ,
               and
               all
               others
               for
               Avenues
               ,
               you
               may
               set
               them
               from
               thirty
               ,
               to
               ten
               foot
               distance
               ,
               though
               they
               will
               grow
               much
               neerer
               ,
               and
               shoot
               into
               Poles
               ,
               if
               (
               being
               tender
               )
               you
               cultivate
               them
               like
               the
               Ash
               ,
               the
               nature
               of
               whose
               shade
               it
               resembles
               ,
               since
               nothing
               affects
               much
               to
               grow
               under
               it
               :
               Some
               Husbands
               tell
               me
               ,
               that
               the
               young
               Chess-nut-trees
               should
               not
               be
               pruned
               or
               touched
               with
               any
               knife
               or
               edgetool
               ,
               for
               the
               first
               three
               or
               four
               years
               ,
               but
               rather
               crop'd
               or
               broken
               off
               ,
               which
               I
               leave
               to
               farther
               Experience
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               The
               Chessnut
               being
               graffed
               in
               the
               
                 Wall-nut
                 ,
                 Oak
              
               ,
               or
               Beech
               (
               I
               have
               been
               told
               )
               will
               come
               exceeding
               fair
               ,
               and
               produce
               incomparabl●
               Fruit
               ;
               for
               the
               Wall-nut
               ,
               and
               Chessnut
               in
               each
               other
               ,
               it
               is
               probable
               ;
               but
               I
               have
               not
               as
               yet
               made
               a
               full
               attempt
               ;
               they
               also
               speak
               of
               Inoculating
               Cherrys
               in
               the
               
               Chessnut-stock
               for
               a
               
                 later
                 fruit
              
               .
               In
               the
               mean
               time
               ,
               I
               wish
               we
               did
               more
               universally
               propagate
               the
               Horse-Chessnut
               ,
               which
               being
               easily
               increas'd
               from
               layers
               ,
               grows
               into
               a
               goodly
               Standard
               ,
               and
               bears
               a
               most
               glorious
               flower
               ,
               even
               in
               our
               cold
               Countrey
               :
               This
               Tree
               is
               now
               all
               the
               mode
               for
               the
               Avenues
               to
               their
               Countrey
               Palaces
               in
               France
               ,
               as
               appears
               by
               the
               late
               superintendents
               Plantation
               at
               Vaux
               .
               It
               was
               first
               brought
               from
               Constantinople
               to
               Vienna
               ,
               thence
               into
               Italy
               ,
               and
               so
               France
               ;
               but
               to
               Vs
               from
               the
               Levant
               more
               immediately
               ,
               and
               flourishes
               so
               well
               ,
               and
               grows
               so
               goodly
               a
               Tree
               in
               compent
               time
               ,
               that
               by
               this
               alone
               ,
               we
               might
               have
               ample
               encouragement
               to
               Denizen
               other
               strangers
               amongst
               us
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               The
               Chess-nut
               is
               (
               next
               the
               Oak
               )
               one
               of
               the
               most
               sought
               after
               by
               the
               Carpenter
               and
               Joyner
               :
               It
               hath
               formerly
               built
               a
               good
               part
               of
               our
               ancient
               Houses
               in
               the
               City
               of
               London
               ,
               as
               does
               yet
               appear
               .
               I
               had
               once
               a
               very
               large
               Barn
               neer
               the
               City
               fram'd
               intirely
               of
               this
               Timber
               :
               And
               certainly
               they
               grew
               not
               far
               off
               ;
               probably
               in
               some
               Woods
               neer
               the
               Town
               :
               For
               in
               that
               description
               of
               London
               
               written
               by
               Fitz-Stephens
               ,
               in
               the
               Reign
               of
               Hen.
               2.
               he
               speaks
               of
               a
               very
               noble
               and
               large
               Forest
               which
               grew
               on
               the
               Boreal
               part
               of
               it
               :
               Proxime
               (
               sayes
               he
               )
               
                 patet
                 foresta
                 ingens
                 ,
                 saltus
                 nemorosi
                 ferarum
                 ,
                 latebrae
                 cervorum
                 ,
                 damarum
                 ,
                 aprorum
                 ,
                 &
                 taurorum
                 Sylvestrium
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               A
               very
               goodly
               thing
               it
               seems
               ,
               and
               as
               well
               stor'd
               with
               all
               sorts
               of
               good
               Timber
               ,
               as
               with
               Venison
               and
               all
               kind
               of
               Chase
               .
               The
               Chess-nut
               affords
               the
               best
               Stakes
               and
               Poles
               for
               
                 Palisades
                 ,
                 Pedaments
              
               for
               Vine-props
               ,
               and
               Hops
               ,
               as
               I
               said
               before
               :
               Also
               for
               Mill-timber
               and
               Water-works
               ,
               or
               when
               it
               may
               lie
               buried
               ;
               but
               if
               water
               touch
               the
               Roots
               of
               the
               growing
               Trees
               ,
               it
               spoils
               both
               Fruit
               and
               Timber
               :
               'T
               is
               likewise
               observed
               ,
               that
               this
               Tree
               is
               so
               prevalent
               against
               cold
               ,
               that
               where
               they
               stand
               ,
               they
               defend
               other
               Plantations
               from
               the
               injuries
               of
               the
               severest
               frosts
               :
               I
               am
               sure
               being
               planted
               in
               
                 Hedge-rowes
                 ,
                 &
                 circa
                 agrorum
                 itinera
                 ,
              
               or
               for
               Avenues
               to
               our
               Countrey-houses
               ,
               they
               are
               a
               magnificent
               ,
               and
               royal
               Ornament
               :
               This
               Timber
               also
               does
               well
               for
               
                 Columns
                 ,
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Chests
                 ,
                 Chairs
                 ,
                 Stools
                 ,
                 Bedsteads
              
               ;
               for
               Tubs
               ,
               and
               VVine-Cask
               ,
               which
               it
               preserves
               with
               the
               least
               tincture
               of
               the
               wood
               of
               any
               whatsoever
               :
               If
               the
               Timber
               be
               dip'd
               in
               
                 scalding
                 Oyl
              
               ,
               and
               well
               Pitch'd
               ,
               it
               becomes
               extreamly
               durable
               :
               Beams
               made
               of
               
                 Chessnut
                 tree
              
               have
               this
               property
               ,
               that
               being
               somewhat
               brittle
               ,
               they
               give
               warning
               ,
               and
               premonish
               the
               danger
               by
               a
               certain
               crackling
               which
               it
               makes
               :
               Formerly
               they
               made
               
                 Consultatory
                 Staves
              
               of
               this
               Tree
               ;
               and
               the
               Variegated
               Rods
               which
               Jacob
               peel'd
               to
               lay
               in
               the
               Troughs
               ,
               and
               impresse
               a
               fancy
               in
               his
               Father-in-law's
               conceiving
               Ewes
               ,
               were
               of
               this
               material
               .
               The
               Coales
               are
               excellent
               for
               the
               Smith
               ,
               being
               soon
               kindled
               ,
               and
               as
               soon
               extinguisht
               ;
               but
               the
               Ashes
               of
               Chessnut-wood
               are
               not
               convenient
               for
               to
               make
               a
               Lee
               with
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               observ'd
               to
               stain
               the
               Linnen
               .
               As
               for
               the
               Fruit
               ,
               't
               is
               better
               to
               beat
               it
               down
               from
               the
               Tree
               ,
               some
               little
               time
               before
               they
               fall
               off
               themselves
               ;
               thus
               ,
               they
               will
               the
               better
               keep
               ,
               or
               else
               you
               must
               smoke-dry
               them
               .
               But
               we
               give
               that
               fruit
               to
               our
               Swine
               in
               England
               ,
               which
               is
               amongst
               the
               delicacies
               of
               Princes
               in
               other
               Countries
               ;
               and
               being
               of
               the
               larger
               Nut
               ,
               is
               a
               lusty
               ,
               and
               masculine
               food
               for
               Rustics
               at
               all
               times
               ;
               and
               of
               better
               nourishment
               for
               Husbandmen
               than
               Cole
               and
               
                 rusty
                 Bacon
              
               ,
               yea
               ,
               or
               Beans
               to
               boote
               ,
               instead
               of
               which
               ,
               they
               boyle
               them
               in
               Italy
               with
               their
               Bacon
               ;
               and
               in
               Virgil's
               time
               ,
               they
               ate
               them
               with
               Milk
               and
               Cheese
               .
               The
               best
               Tables
               in
               France
               and
               Italy
               make
               them
               a
               Service
               ,
               eating
               them
               with
               Salt
               ,
               in
               VVine
               ,
               or
               juice
               of
               Lemon
               and
               Sugar
               ;
               being
               first
               rosted
               in
               Embers
               on
               the
               Chaplet
               ;
               and
               doubtlesse
               we
               might
               propagate
               their
               use
               ,
               amongst
               our
               
                 common
                 people
              
               ,
               (
               as
               of
               old
               the
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               )
               being
               a
               food
               so
               cheap
               ,
               and
               so
               lasting
               .
               In
               Italy
               they
               also
               boyl
               them
               in
               Wine
               ,
               and
               then
               smoke
               them
               a
               little
               ,
               these
               they
               call
               Anseri
               or
               Geese
               ,
               I
               know
               not
               why
               :
               Those
               of
               Piemont
               add
               
                 Fennel
                 ,
                 Cinnamon
              
               and
               Nutmeg
               to
               their
               Wine
               ,
               but
               first
               they
               peele
               them
               .
               Others
               macerate
               them
               in
               Rose-water
               ;
               the
               Bread
               of
               the
               flower
               is
               exceeding
               nutritive
               ;
               't
               is
               a
               robust
               food
               and
               makes
               Women
               well
               complexion'd
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               read
               in
               a
               good
               Authour
               :
               They
               also
               make
               Fritters
               of
               
                 Chessnut
                 flower
              
               ,
               which
               they
               wet
               with
               Rosewater
               ,
               and
               sprinkle
               with
               
               grated
               Parmegiano
               ,
               and
               so
               fry
               them
               in
               fresh
               Butter
               ,
               a
               delicate
               :
               How
               we
               here
               use
               them
               in
               stew'd-meats
               ,
               and
               Beatille-Pyes
               ,
               our
               
                 French
                 Cooks
              
               teach
               us
               ;
               and
               this
               is
               in
               truth
               the
               very
               best
               use
               of
               their
               Fruit
               ,
               and
               very
               commendable
               ;
               for
               it
               is
               found
               that
               the
               eating
               of
               them
               raw
               or
               in
               Bread
               (
               as
               they
               do
               much
               about
               Limosin
               )
               is
               apt
               to
               swell
               the
               belly
               ,
               though
               without
               any
               other
               inconvenience
               that
               I
               can
               learn
               ,
               and
               yet
               some
               condemn
               them
               as
               dangerous
               for
               such
               as
               are
               subject
               to
               the
               Gravel
               in
               the
               Kidnies
               .
               The
               best
               way
               to
               preserve
               them
               ,
               is
               to
               keep
               them
               in
               Earthen
               vessels
               in
               a
               cold
               place
               ;
               some
               lay
               them
               in
               a
               Smoke-loft
               ,
               others
               ,
               in
               dry
               Barly-straw
               ,
               others
               ,
               in
               Sand
               ,
               &c.
               
               The
               leaves
               of
               the
               Chess-nut
               tree
               makes
               very
               wholsome
               Mattrasses
               to
               lye
               on
               ,
               and
               they
               are
               good
               Litter
               for
               Cattel
               :
               But
               those
               leafie-beds
               ,
               for
               the
               crackling
               noyse
               they
               make
               when
               one
               turns
               upon
               them
               ,
               the
               French
               call
               
                 Licts
                 de
                 Parliament
              
               :
               Lastly
               ,
               the
               flower
               of
               Chessnuts
               made
               into
               an
               Electuary
               with
               Hony
               ,
               is
               an
               approved
               Remedy
               against
               spitting
               blood
               ,
               and
               the
               Cough
               ;
               and
               a
               decoction
               of
               the
               Rind
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               tinctures
               hair
               of
               a
               golden
               Colour
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               VIII
               .
               Of
               the
               Wall-nut
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               
                 JVglans
                 ,
                 quasi
                 Jovis
                 glans
              
               ,
               the
               Wall-nut
               ,
               is
               of
               several
               sorts
               ;
               the
               
                 soft
                 shell
              
               ,
               and
               the
               hard
               ,
               the
               whiter
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 blacker
                 grain
              
               :
               This
               black
               bears
               the
               worst
               Nut
               ,
               but
               the
               Timber
               much
               to
               be
               preferred
               ,
               and
               we
               might
               propagate
               more
               of
               them
               if
               we
               were
               careful
               to
               procure
               them
               out
               of
               Virginia
               ,
               where
               they
               abound
               ,
               or
               from
               Grenoble
               ,
               which
               our
               Cabinet-makers
               so
               prize
               .
               It
               is
               said
               that
               the
               Wallnut
               kernel
               wrap'd
               in
               its
               own
               leaf
               ,
               being
               carefully
               taken
               out
               of
               its
               shell
               ,
               brings
               a
               Nut
               without
               shell
               ;
               but
               this
               is
               a
               trifle
               ;
               the
               best
               way
               to
               elevate
               them
               is
               ,
               to
               set
               them
               as
               you
               do
               the
               Chess-nut
               ,
               being
               planted
               of
               the
               Nut
               ,
               or
               set
               at
               the
               distance
               you
               would
               have
               him
               stand
               ;
               for
               which
               they
               may
               be
               prepared
               by
               beating
               them
               off
               the
               Tree
               (
               as
               was
               prescribed
               of
               the
               Chessnut
               )
               some
               dayes
               before
               they
               quit
               the
               Branches
               of
               themselves
               ,
               and
               kept
               in
               their
               husks
               ,
               or
               without
               them
               ,
               till
               Spring
               ,
               or
               by
               bedding
               them
               (
               being
               dry
               )
               in
               sand
               ,
               or
               good
               Earth
               ,
               till
               March
               ,
               from
               the
               time
               they
               fell
               ,
               or
               were
               beaten
               off
               the
               Tree
               :
               Or
               if
               before
               ,
               they
               be
               set
               with
               husk
               and
               all
               upon
               them
               ;
               for
               the
               extream
               bitternesse
               thereof
               is
               most
               exitial
               ,
               and
               deadly
               to
               Worms
               ;
               or
               it
               were
               good
               to
               strew
               some
               Furzes
               (
               broken
               or
               chopp'd
               small
               )
               under
               the
               ground
               amongst
               them
               ,
               to
               preserve
               them
               from
               Mice
               and
               Rats
               ,
               when
               their
               shells
               begin
               to
               wax
               tender
               ;
               especially
               if
               as
               some
               ,
               you
               supple
               them
               a
               little
               in
               warm
               
                 Cows
                 milk
              
               ;
               
               but
               being
               treated
               as
               before
               ,
               you
               will
               find
               them
               already
               sprouted
               ,
               and
               have
               need
               onely
               to
               be
               planted
               where
               they
               are
               to
               abide
               ;
               because
               (
               as
               we
               said
               long
               since
               )
               they
               are
               most
               impatient
               of
               transplanting
               :
               But
               if
               there
               be
               an
               absolute
               necessity
               of
               removing
               ,
               let
               your
               Tree
               be
               about
               four
               years
               old
               ,
               and
               then
               by
               no
               means
               touch
               the
               head
               with
               your
               Knife
               ,
               nor
               cut
               away
               so
               much
               as
               the
               very
               Tap-root
               ,
               if
               you
               can
               well
               dispose
               of
               it
               ,
               since
               being
               of
               a
               pithy
               and
               hollow
               substance
               ,
               the
               least
               diminution
               ,
               or
               bruise
               ,
               will
               greatly
               endanger
               the
               killing
               :
               But
               see
               here
               what
               we
               have
               said
               of
               the
               Chess-nut
               ;
               I
               have
               been
               told
               ,
               that
               the
               very
               Tops
               ,
               and
               palish
               Buds
               of
               this
               Tree
               ,
               when
               it
               first
               sprouts
               ,
               though
               as
               late
               as
               April
               ,
               will
               take
               hold
               of
               the
               ground
               ,
               and
               grow
               to
               an
               incredible
               improvement
               ;
               but
               first
               they
               steep
               them
               in
               Milk
               and
               Saffron
               ;
               but
               this
               attempt
               did
               not
               succeed
               with
               us
               ,
               yet
               it
               will
               be
               propagated
               by
               a
               Branch
               slipp'd
               off
               with
               some
               of
               the
               old
               wood
               ,
               and
               set
               in
               February
               :
               An
               industrious
               and
               very
               experienc'd
               Husbandman
               told
               me
               ,
               that
               if
               they
               be
               transplanted
               as
               big
               as
               ones
               Middle
               ,
               it
               may
               be
               done
               safer
               than
               when
               younger
               ;
               I
               do
               onely
               report
               it
               :
               What
               they
               hint
               of
               putting
               a
               Tile-shard
               under
               the
               Nuts
               when
               first
               set
               ,
               to
               divaricate
               and
               spread
               the
               Roots
               (
               which
               are
               otherwise
               apt
               to
               penetrate
               very
               deep
               )
               I
               like
               well
               enough
               ;
               't
               is
               said
               they
               will
               receive
               their
               own
               Cyons
               being
               Graffed
               ,
               but
               that
               it
               does
               not
               at
               all
               improve
               their
               Fruit
               :
               The
               best
               compost
               is
               the
               strewing
               of
               Ashes
               at
               the
               foot
               of
               the
               Trees
               ,
               the
               Salt
               whereof
               being
               washed
               into
               the
               Earth
               ,
               is
               the
               best
               dressing
               ,
               whilst
               the
               juice
               of
               the
               fallen
               leaves
               ,
               though
               it
               kill
               the
               Worm
               ,
               is
               noxious
               to
               the
               Root
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               Wallnut
               delights
               in
               a
               dry
               ,
               sound
               ,
               and
               rich
               land
               ;
               especially
               if
               it
               incline
               to
               a
               feeding
               Chalk
               ,
               or
               Marle
               ;
               and
               where
               it
               may
               be
               protected
               from
               the
               cold
               (
               though
               it
               affect
               cold
               rather
               then
               extream
               heat
               )
               as
               in
               great
               Pits
               ,
               Vallies
               ,
               and
               Highway
               sides
               ;
               also
               in
               Stonie-grounds
               ,
               and
               on
               Hills
               ,
               especially
               Chalkie
               :
               likewise
               in
               Cornfields
               :
               Thus
               Burgundy
               abounds
               with
               them
               ,
               where
               they
               stand
               in
               the
               midst
               of
               goodly
               Wheat-lands
               ,
               at
               sixty
               ,
               and
               an
               hundred
               foot
               distance
               ;
               and
               it
               is
               so
               far
               from
               hurting
               the
               crop
               ,
               that
               they
               look
               on
               them
               as
               a
               great
               Preserver
               ,
               by
               keeping
               the
               grounds
               warm
               ;
               nor
               do
               the
               roots
               hinder
               the
               Plow
               .
               When
               ever
               they
               fell
               a
               Tree
               (
               which
               is
               onely
               the
               the
               old
               ,
               and
               decayed
               )
               they
               alwayes
               plant
               a
               young
               one
               near
               him
               ;
               and
               in
               several
               places
               'twixt
               Hanaw
               ,
               and
               Francfort
               in
               Germany
               ,
               no
               young
               Farmer
               whatsoever
               is
               permitted
               to
               Marry
               a
               Wife
               ,
               till
               he
               bring
               proof
               that
               he
               hath
               planted
               ,
               and
               is
               a
               Father
               of
               such
               a
               stated
               number
               of
               Walnut-trees
               ,
               as
               the
               Law
               is
               inviolably
               observed
               to
               this
               day
               ,
               for
               the
               extraordinary
               benefit
               which
               this
               Tree
               affords
               the
               Inhabitants
               :
               And
               in
               truth
               ,
               were
               this
               Timber
               in
               greater
               plenty
               amongst
               us
               ,
               we
               should
               have
               far
               better
               Vtensils
               of
               all
               sorts
               for
               our
               Houses
               ,
               as
               
                 Chairs
                 ,
                 Stools
                 ,
                 Bedsteads
                 ,
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Wainscot
                 ,
                 Cabinets
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               in
               stead
               of
               the
               more
               vulgar
               Beech
               ,
               subject
               to
               the
               worm
               ,
               weak
               ,
               and
               unsightly
               ;
               but
               which
               to
               counterfeit
               and
               deceive
               the
               unwary
               ,
               they
               wash
               over
               with
               a
               decoction
               made
               of
               the
               
                 Green
                 husks
              
               of
               
                 Walnuts
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
               I
               say
               ,
               had
               we
               store
               of
               this
               material
               ,
               we
               should
               
               find
               an
               incredible
               improvement
               in
               the
               more
               stable
               Furniture
               of
               our
               Houses
               ,
               as
               in
               the
               first
               frugal
               ,
               and
               better
               dayes
               of
               Rome
               ,
               when
               
                 
                   Tables
                   made
                   here
                   at
                   home
                   ,
                   those
                   times
                   beheld
                   ,
                
                 
                   Of
                   our
                   own
                   Wood
                   ,
                   for
                   that
                   same
                   purpose
                   fell'd
                   ,
                
                 
                   Old
                   Walnut
                   blown
                   down
                   ,
                   when
                   the
                   Wind
                   set
                   East
                   .
                
                 
                   Sr.
                   
                     R.
                     Stapylton
                  
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Illa
                     domi
                     natas
                     ,
                     nostraque
                     ex
                     arbore
                     mensas
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Tempora
                     viderunt
                     :
                     hos
                     lignum
                     stabat
                     in
                     usus
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Annosam
                     si
                     fortè
                     nucem
                     dejecerat
                     Enrus
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Juv.
                   l.
                   4.
                   
                   Sat.
                   11.
                   
                
              
               for
               if
               it
               had
               been
               cut
               in
               that
               season
               ,
               it
               would
               not
               have
               prov'd
               so
               sound
               ,
               as
               we
               shew
               in
               our
               
                 Chapter
                 of
                 Felling
              
               .
               It
               is
               certain
               ,
               that
               the
               
                 Mensae
                 nucinae
              
               ,
               were
               once
               in
               price
               even
               before
               the
               Citrin
               ,
               as
               Strabo
               notes
               ;
               and
               nothing
               can
               be
               more
               beautiful
               ,
               than
               some
               Planks
               ,
               and
               Works
               which
               I
               have
               beheld
               of
               it
               ,
               especially
               that
               which
               comes
               from
               Grenoble
               ,
               of
               all
               other
               the
               most
               beautiful
               and
               esteemed
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               They
               render
               most
               graceful
               Avenues
               to
               our
               Country
               dwellings
               ,
               and
               do
               excellently
               neer
               Hedge-rows
               ;
               but
               had
               need
               be
               planted
               at
               forty
               ,
               or
               fifty
               foot
               interval
               ,
               for
               they
               affect
               to
               spread
               both
               their
               Roots
               and
               Branches
               .
               The
               Bergstras
               (
               which
               extends
               from
               Heidelberg
               to
               Darmstadt
               )
               is
               all
               planted
               with
               Walnuts
               ;
               for
               so
               by
               another
               antient
               Law
               ,
               the
               Bordurers
               were
               obliged
               to
               nurse
               up
               ,
               and
               take
               care
               of
               them
               ;
               and
               that
               chiefly
               ,
               for
               their
               ornament
               and
               shade
               ;
               so
               as
               a
               man
               may
               ride
               for
               many
               miles
               about
               that
               Countrey
               ,
               under
               a
               continued
               Arbour
               ,
               or
               Close-walk
               ;
               The
               Traveller
               both
               refreshed
               with
               the
               Fruit
               ,
               and
               the
               shade
               ,
               which
               some
               have
               causlesly
               defam'd
               for
               its
               ill
               effects
               on
               the
               head
               ,
               for
               which
               the
               Fruit
               is
               a
               specifique
               and
               a
               notable
               signature
               ;
               although
               I
               deny
               not
               ,
               but
               the
               sent
               of
               the
               fallen
               leaves
               ,
               when
               they
               begin
               to
               be
               damp'd
               with
               lying
               ,
               may
               emit
               somewhat
               a
               heady
               steam
               ,
               which
               to
               some
               has
               prov'd
               noxious
               ;
               but
               not
               whilst
               they
               were
               fresh
               ,
               and
               lively
               upon
               the
               Trees
               .
               How
               would
               such
               publick
               Plantations
               improve
               the
               Glory
               and
               Wealth
               of
               a
               Nation
               !
               but
               where
               shall
               we
               find
               the
               spirits
               among
               our
               Countrymen
               ?
               Yes
               ,
               I
               will
               adventure
               to
               instance
               in
               those
               Plantations
               of
               Sir
               
                 Richard
                 Stidolph
              
               ,
               upon
               the
               Downs
               neer
               Lether-head
               in
               Surry
               ;
               and
               so
               about
               Cassaulton
               ,
               where
               many
               thousands
               of
               these
               Trees
               do
               celebrate
               the
               industry
               of
               the
               Owners
               ;
               and
               will
               certainly
               reward
               it
               with
               infinite
               improvement
               ,
               as
               I
               am
               assur'd
               they
               do
               in
               part
               already
               ,
               and
               that
               very
               considerably
               ;
               besides
               the
               Ornament
               which
               they
               afford
               to
               those
               pleasant
               tracts
               ,
               for
               some
               Miles
               in
               circumference
               .
               I
               remember
               
                 Monsieur
                 Sorbiere
              
               ,
               in
               a
               Sceptical
               discourse
               to
               
                 Monsieur
                 de
                 Martel
              
               ,
               speaking
               of
               the
               readinesse
               of
               the
               People
               in
               Holland
               to
               furnish
               and
               maintain
               whatsoever
               may
               conduce
               to
               the
               
                 publick
                 Ornament
              
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               convenience
               ;
               tells
               us
               ,
               that
               their
               Plantations
               of
               these
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               Trees
               ,
               even
               in
               their
               very
               Roads
               ,
               and
               common
               High-wayes
               ,
               are
               better
               preserv'd
               ,
               and
               entertain'd
               (
               as
               I
               my self
               have
               likewise
               been
               often
               an
               eye-witness
               )
               then
               those
               about
               the
               Houses
               ,
               and
               
                 Gardens
                 of
                 pleasure
              
               belonging
               to
               the
               Nobles
               and
               Gentry
               of
               most
               other
               Countries
               :
               And
               in
               effect
               it
               is
               a
               most
               ravishing
               object
               ,
               to
               behold
               their
               amenities
               in
               this
               particular
               :
               With
               us
               sayes
               he
               (
               speaking
               of
               France
               )
               they
               make
               a
               jest
               at
               such
               political
               Ordinances
               ,
               by
               
               ruining
               these
               publick
               and
               useful
               Ornaments
               ,
               if
               haply
               some
               more
               prudent
               Magistrate
               ,
               do
               at
               any
               time
               introduce
               them
               .
               Thus
               in
               the
               Reign
               of
               Henry
               the
               fourth
               ,
               during
               the
               Superintendency
               of
               
                 Monsieur
                 de
                 Sulli
              
               ,
               there
               was
               resolution
               of
               adorning
               all
               the
               High-wayes
               of
               France
               with
               
                 Elms
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               but
               the
               rude
               and
               mischievous
               Paysans
               ,
               did
               so
               hack
               ,
               steal
               ,
               and
               destroy
               what
               they
               had
               begun
               ,
               that
               they
               were
               forced
               to
               desist
               from
               the
               thorough
               prosecution
               of
               the
               design
               ;
               so
               as
               there
               is
               nothing
               more
               expos'd
               ,
               wild
               ,
               and
               lesse
               pleasant
               then
               the
               Common
               Roads
               of
               France
               for
               want
               of
               shade
               ,
               and
               the
               decent
               limits
               which
               these
               sweet
               ,
               and
               divertissant
               Plantations
               would
               have
               afforded
               ;
               not
               to
               omit
               that
               Political
               use
               ,
               as
               my
               Lord
               Bacon
               hints
               it
               ,
               where
               he
               speaks
               of
               the
               Statues
               and
               Monuments
               of
               brave
               men
               ,
               and
               such
               as
               had
               well
               deserv'd
               of
               the
               Publick
               ,
               erected
               by
               the
               Romans
               even
               in
               their
               High-wayes
               ,
               since
               doubtlesse
               ,
               such
               noble
               ,
               and
               agreeable
               objects
               ,
               would
               exceedingly
               divert
               ,
               entertain
               ,
               and
               take
               off
               the
               Minds
               and
               Discourses
               of
               Melancholy
               people
               ,
               and
               pensive
               Travellers
               ,
               who
               having
               nothing
               but
               the
               dull
               and
               enclosed
               Wayes
               to
               cast
               their
               eyes
               on
               ,
               are
               but
               ill
               Conversation
               to
               themselves
               ,
               and
               others
               ,
               and
               instead
               of
               Celebrating
               ,
               Censure
               their
               Superiours
               .
               It
               is
               by
               a
               curious
               Person
               ,
               and
               industrious
               Friend
               of
               mine
               ,
               observ'd
               ,
               that
               the
               Sap
               of
               this
               Tree
               rises
               ,
               and
               descends
               with
               the
               Suns
               diurnal
               course
               (
               which
               it
               visibly
               slackens
               in
               the
               Night
               )
               and
               more
               plentifully
               at
               the
               Root
               on
               the
               South-side
               ,
               though
               those
               on
               the
               North
               were
               larger
               ,
               and
               lesse
               distant
               from
               the
               Body
               of
               the
               Tree
               ;
               and
               not
               onely
               distill'd
               from
               the
               ends
               ,
               which
               were
               next
               the
               Stem
               ,
               but
               from
               those
               which
               were
               cut
               off
               and
               separated
               ;
               which
               was
               never
               observed
               to
               happen
               in
               the
               Birch
               ,
               or
               other
               
                 Sap-yielding
                 Trees
              
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               What
               universal
               use
               the
               French
               make
               of
               the
               Timber
               of
               this
               sole
               Tree
               ,
               for
               domestic
               affairs
               ,
               may
               be
               seen
               in
               every
               Room
               both
               of
               Poor
               and
               Rich
               :
               It
               is
               of
               singular
               account
               with
               the
               Joyner
               ,
               for
               the
               best
               grain'd
               and
               colour'd
               Wainscot
               ,
               with
               the
               Gunsmith
               for
               Stocks
               ,
               for
               
                 Coach
                 wheels
              
               excellent
               ,
               and
               the
               Bodies
               of
               Coaches
               ,
               the
               Drum-maker
               for
               Rimbs
               ,
               the
               Cabinet-maker
               for
               Inlayings
               ,
               especially
               the
               firm
               and
               close
               Timber
               about
               the
               Roots
               ,
               which
               is
               admirable
               for
               fleck'd
               and
               chambletted
               works
               ,
               some
               wood
               especially
               ,
               as
               that
               which
               we
               have
               from
               Bologne
               very
               black
               of
               Colour
               ,
               and
               so
               admirably
               streaked
               ,
               as
               to
               represent
               natural
               
                 flowers
                 ,
                 Landskips
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Fancys
               :
               To
               render
               this
               the
               better
               coloured
               ,
               Joyners
               put
               the
               boards
               into
               an
               Oven
               after
               the
               
                 batch
                 is
                 forth
              
               ,
               or
               lay
               them
               in
               a
               warm
               Stable
               ,
               and
               when
               they
               work
               it
               ,
               polish
               it
               over
               with
               its
               own
               Oyl
               very
               hot
               ,
               which
               makes
               it
               look
               black
               and
               sleek
               ,
               and
               the
               older
               it
               is
               the
               more
               esteemable
               ;
               but
               then
               it
               should
               not
               be
               put
               in
               work
               till
               thoroughly
               seasoned
               ,
               because
               it
               will
               shrink
               beyond
               expectation
               .
               It
               is
               only
               not
               good
               to
               confide
               in
               it
               much
               for
               beams
               ,
               or
               Joysts
               ,
               because
               of
               its
               brittleness
               ,
               of
               which
               yet
               ,
               it
               has
               been
               observed
               to
               give
               timely
               notice
               ,
               by
               the
               crackling
               before
               it
               breaks
               .
               Besides
               the
               uses
               of
               the
               Wood
               ,
               the
               fruit
               with
               husk
               and
               all
               when
               tender
               and
               very
               young
               ,
               is
               for
               preserves
               ,
               for
               food
               ,
               and
               Oyl
               ,
               of
               extraordinary
               use
               with
               the
               Painter
               ,
               in
               whites
               ,
               and
               other
               delicate
               Colours
               ,
               also
               for
               Gold-size
               ,
               and
               Vernish
               ;
               and
               
               with
               this
               they
               polish
               Walking-staves
               ,
               and
               other
               works
               which
               are
               wrought
               in
               with
               burning
               :
               For
               Food
               they
               Fry
               with
               it
               in
               some
               places
               ,
               and
               use
               it
               to
               burn
               in
               Lamps
               ;
               the
               younger
               Timber
               is
               held
               to
               make
               the
               better
               coloured
               work
               (
               and
               so
               the
               Oak
               )
               but
               the
               older
               more
               firm
               and
               close
               ,
               is
               finer
               Chambleted
               for
               Ornament
               ;
               and
               the
               very
               husks
               and
               leaves
               being
               macerated
               in
               warm
               Water
               ,
               and
               that
               Liquor
               poured
               on
               the
               Carpet
               of
               Walks
               ,
               and
               Bowling-greens
               ,
               does
               infallibly
               kill
               the
               Worms
               without
               endangering
               the
               grasse
               ;
               not
               to
               mention
               the
               Dye
               which
               is
               made
               of
               this
               Lixive
               ,
               to
               Colour
               
                 Wooll
                 ,
                 Woods
              
               ,
               and
               Hair
               ,
               as
               of
               old
               they
               us'd
               it
               .
               The
               water
               of
               the
               Husks
               is
               soveraign
               against
               all
               pestilential
               infections
               ,
               and
               that
               of
               the
               leaves
               to
               mundifie
               ,
               and
               heal
               inveterate
               Vlcers
               .
               That
               which
               is
               produc'd
               of
               the
               thick-shell
               ,
               becomes
               best
               Timber
               ,
               that
               of
               the
               thinner
               better
               
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 Columella
              
               has
               sundry
               excellent
               Rules
               how
               to
               ascertain
               ,
               and
               accelerate
               the
               growth
               of
               this
               Tree
               ,
               and
               to
               improve
               its
               qualities
               ,
               and
               I
               am
               assur'd
               ,
               that
               having
               been
               Graffed
               on
               the
               Ash
               (
               though
               others
               say
               no
               Insition
               improves
               it
               )
               they
               thrive
               exceedingly
               ,
               become
               handsome
               Trees
               ,
               and
               what
               is
               most
               estimable
               ,
               bears
               its
               fruit
               within
               four
               years
               ;
               all
               which
               I
               recommend
               to
               the
               farther
               Industrious
               .
               The
               green
               husk
               dry'd
               ,
               or
               the
               first
               peeping
               red
               Buds
               and
               leaves
               reduc'd
               to
               powder
               ,
               serves
               in
               stead
               of
               Pepper
               ,
               to
               condite
               meats
               and
               sauces
               .
               'T
               is
               better
               to
               cudgel
               off
               the
               Fruit
               ,
               than
               to
               gather
               it
               by
               hand
               ;
               and
               in
               Italy
               they
               arm
               the
               tops
               of
               long
               Poles
               with
               nails
               and
               iron
               for
               the
               purpose
               ,
               and
               believe
               the
               beating
               improves
               the
               Tree
               :
               Those
               Nuts
               which
               come
               not
               easily
               out
               of
               their
               husks
               ,
               should
               be
               laid
               to
               mellow
               in
               heaps
               ,
               and
               the
               rest
               expos'd
               in
               the
               Sun
               ,
               till
               the
               Shells
               dry
               ,
               else
               they
               will
               be
               apt
               to
               perish
               the
               Kernel
               :
               Some
               again
               preserve
               them
               in
               their
               own
               leaves
               ,
               or
               in
               a
               Chest
               made
               of
               Walnut-tree
               wood
               ;
               others
               in
               Sand
               :
               Old
               Nuts
               are
               not
               wholesome
               till
               macerated
               in
               warm
               and
               almost
               boyling
               water
               ;
               but
               if
               you
               lay
               them
               in
               a
               Leaden
               pot
               ,
               and
               bury
               them
               in
               the
               Earth
               ,
               so
               as
               no
               Vermine
               can
               attaque
               them
               ,
               they
               will
               keep
               mervellously
               plump
               the
               whole
               year
               about
               ,
               and
               may
               easily
               be
               blanched
               :
               In
               Spain
               they
               use
               to
               strew
               the
               gratings
               of
               old
               and
               hard
               Nuts
               (
               first
               peeld
               )
               into
               their
               Tarts
               and
               other
               Meats
               .
               For
               the
               Oyl
               ,
               one
               Bushel
               of
               Nuts
               will
               yield
               fifteen
               pounds
               of
               peeld
               and
               cleer
               Kernels
               ,
               and
               that
               half
               as
               much
               Oyl
               ,
               which
               the
               sooner
               'tis
               drawn
               ,
               is
               the
               more
               in
               quantity
               ,
               though
               the
               dryer
               the
               Nut
               the
               better
               in
               quality
               ;
               the
               Lees
               ,
               or
               Marc
               of
               the
               Pressing
               ,
               is
               excellent
               to
               fatten
               Hogs
               with
               .
               After
               the
               Nuts
               are
               beaten
               down
               ,
               the
               leaves
               would
               be
               swep'd
               into
               heaps
               ,
               and
               carried
               away
               ,
               because
               their
               extream
               Bitternesse
               impairs
               the
               ground
               ,
               and
               as
               I
               am
               assured
               ,
               prejudices
               the
               Trees
               :
               The
               Green
               husks
               boyled
               ,
               make
               a
               good
               Colour
               to
               dye
               a
               dark
               Yellow
               ,
               without
               any
               mixture
               ;
               and
               the
               distillation
               of
               its
               leaves
               with
               Hony
               and
               Vrine
               ,
               makes
               Hair
               spring
               in
               bald-heads
               :
               Besides
               its
               use
               in
               the
               Famous
               
                 Salernitan
                 Antidote
              
               ;
               if
               the
               Kernel
               a
               little
               masticated
               ,
               be
               applied
               to
               the
               biting
               of
               a
               suspected
               Mad-dog
               ,
               and
               when
               it
               has
               lain
               three
               hours
               ,
               be
               cast
               to
               Poultrey
               ,
               they
               will
               dye
               if
               they
               eat
               of
               it
               .
               In
               Italy
               ,
               when
               a
               Countrey
               man
               finds
               any
               pain
               in
               his
               Side
               ,
               he
               drinks
               a
               Pint
               of
               the
               
               fresh
               Oyl
               of
               this
               Nut
               ,
               and
               finds
               immediate
               ease
               :
               The
               Kernel
               being
               rub'd
               upon
               any
               crack
               or
               chink
               of
               a
               Leaking
               or
               crasy
               Vessel
               ,
               stops
               it
               better
               than
               either
               
                 Clay
                 ,
                 Pitch
              
               ,
               or
               Wax
               :
               In
               France
               they
               eat
               them
               blanch'd
               and
               fresh
               with
               Wine
               and
               Salt
               ,
               having
               first
               cut
               them
               out
               of
               the
               shells
               before
               they
               are
               hardned
               ,
               with
               a
               short
               broad
               brasse-knife
               ,
               because
               Iron
               rusts
               ,
               and
               these
               they
               call
               Cernois
               ,
               from
               their
               manner
               of
               scooping
               them
               out
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               IX
               .
               Of
               the
               Mulberry
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               MOrus
               ,
               the
               Mulberry
               :
               
               It
               may
               possibly
               be
               wonder'd
               by
               some
               ,
               why
               we
               should
               insert
               this
               Tree
               amongst
               our
               Forest
               Inhabitants
               ;
               but
               we
               shall
               soon
               reconcile
               our
               industrious
               Planter
               ,
               when
               he
               comes
               to
               understand
               the
               incomparable
               benefit
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               that
               for
               its
               Timber
               ,
               durablenesse
               ,
               and
               use
               for
               the
               Joyner
               and
               Carpenter
               ,
               and
               to
               make
               
                 Hoops
                 ,
                 Bows
                 ,
                 Wheels
              
               ,
               and
               even
               Ribs
               for
               small
               Vessels
               in
               stead
               of
               Oak
               ,
               &c.
               though
               the
               Fruit
               and
               the
               leaves
               had
               not
               the
               due
               value
               with
               us
               ,
               which
               they
               diservedly
               enjoy
               in
               other
               places
               of
               the
               World.
               
            
             
               2.
               
               But
               it
               is
               not
               here
               I
               would
               recommend
               our
               ordinary
               black
               fruit
               bearers
               ,
               though
               that
               be
               likewise
               worth
               the
               propagation
               ;
               but
               that
               kind
               which
               is
               call'd
               the
               
                 White
                 Mulberry
              
               ,
               one
               of
               them
               of
               a
               
                 broad
                 leaf
              
               ,
               found
               in
               Province
               ,
               whose
               Seeds
               being
               procured
               from
               Paris
               ,
               where
               they
               have
               it
               from
               Avignion
               ,
               should
               be
               thus
               treated
               in
               the
               Seminary
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               In
               Countreys
               where
               they
               cultivate
               them
               for
               the
               Silk-worm
               ,
               and
               other
               uses
               ,
               they
               sow
               the
               perfectly
               mature
               berrys
               of
               a
               Tree
               whose
               Leaves
               have
               not
               been
               gather'd
               ;
               these
               they
               shake
               down
               upon
               an
               old
               Sheet
               ,
               spread
               under
               the
               Tree
               ,
               to
               protect
               them
               from
               Gravel
               and
               Ordure
               ,
               which
               will
               hinder
               you
               from
               discerning
               the
               Seed
               :
               If
               they
               be
               not
               ripe
               ,
               lay
               them
               to
               mature
               upon
               Shelves
               ,
               but
               by
               no
               means
               till
               they
               corrupt
               ;
               to
               prevent
               which
               ,
               turn
               them
               daily
               ;
               then
               put
               them
               in
               a
               fine
               Siev
               ,
               and
               plunging
               it
               in
               Water
               ,
               bruise
               them
               with
               your
               hand
               ;
               do
               this
               in
               several
               Waters
               ,
               then
               change
               them
               in
               other
               clear
               Water
               ,
               and
               the
               Seed
               will
               sink
               to
               the
               bottom
               ,
               whilst
               the
               pulp
               swims
               ,
               and
               must
               be
               taken
               off
               carefully
               :
               This
               done
               ,
               lay
               them
               to
               dry
               in
               the
               Sun
               upon
               a
               linnen
               Cloth
               ,
               for
               which
               ,
               one
               hour
               is
               sufficient
               ,
               then
               Van
               and
               sieft
               it
               from
               the
               husks
               ,
               and
               reserve
               it
               till
               the
               season
               .
               This
               is
               the
               processe
               of
               curious
               persons
               ,
               but
               the
               sowing
               of
               ripe
               Mulberries
               themselves
               is
               altogether
               as
               good
               ,
               and
               from
               the
               excrement
               of
               Hogs
               ,
               and
               even
               Dogs
               (
               that
               will
               frequently
               eat
               them
               )
               they
               will
               rise
               abundantly
               :
               Note
               ,
               that
               in
               sowing
               the
               Berry
               't
               is
               
               good
               to
               squash
               and
               bruise
               them
               with
               fine
               siefted
               Mould
               ,
               and
               if
               it
               be
               rich
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               old
               bed
               ,
               so
               much
               the
               better
               :
               They
               would
               be
               interr'd
               ,
               well
               moystned
               and
               cover'd
               with
               straw
               ,
               and
               then
               rarely
               water'd
               till
               they
               peep
               ;
               Or
               you
               may
               squeeze
               the
               ripe
               Berrys
               in
               Ropes
               of
               Hair
               or
               Bast
               ,
               and
               bury
               them
               as
               is
               prescrib'd
               for
               Hipps
               and
               Haws
               ;
               the
               Earth
               in
               which
               you
               sow
               them
               ,
               should
               be
               fine
               Mould
               ,
               and
               as
               rich
               as
               for
               Melons
               ,
               rais'd
               a
               little
               higher
               then
               the
               Area
               ,
               as
               they
               make
               the
               Beds
               for
               ordinary
               Pot-herbs
               ,
               to
               keep
               them
               loose
               and
               warm
               ,
               and
               in
               such
               beds
               you
               may
               sow
               Seeds
               as
               you
               do
               Purslane
               ,
               mingled
               with
               some
               fine
               Earth
               ,
               and
               thinly
               cover'd
               ,
               and
               then
               for
               a
               fortnight
               strew'd
               over
               with
               straw
               ,
               to
               protect
               them
               both
               from
               sudden
               heat
               ,
               and
               from
               birds
               :
               The
               Season
               is
               April
               or
               May
               ,
               though
               some
               forbear
               even
               till
               July
               and
               August
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               second
               quarter
               of
               the
               Moon
               ,
               the
               Weather
               calm
               and
               serene
               ;
               at
               the
               beginning
               ,
               keep
               them
               moderately
               fresh
               (
               not
               over
               wet
               )
               and
               clean
               weeded
               ,
               secured
               from
               the
               rigor
               of
               Frosts
               ;
               the
               second
               year
               of
               their
               growth
               about
               the
               beginning
               of
               October
               ,
               or
               early
               Spring
               ,
               draw
               them
               gently
               out
               ,
               prune
               the
               Roots
               ,
               and
               dipping
               them
               a
               little
               in
               Pond-water
               ,
               transplant
               them
               in
               a
               warm
               place
               or
               Nursery
               ;
               't
               is
               best
               ranging
               them
               in
               Drills
               ,
               two
               foot
               large
               ,
               and
               one
               in
               depth
               ,
               each
               rill
               three
               foot
               distance
               ,
               and
               each
               Plant
               two
               .
               And
               if
               thus
               the
               new
               Earth
               be
               somewhat
               lower
               then
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               rest
               ,
               't
               will
               the
               better
               receive
               the
               Rain
               :
               Being
               Planted
               ,
               cut
               them
               all
               within
               three
               Inches
               of
               the
               ground
               .
               Water
               them
               not
               in
               Winter
               ,
               but
               in
               extream
               necessity
               ,
               and
               when
               the
               weather
               is
               warm
               ,
               and
               then
               do
               it
               in
               the
               Morning
               .
               In
               this
               cold
               Season
               you
               shall
               do
               well
               to
               cover
               the
               ground
               with
               the
               Leaves
               of
               
                 Trees
                 ,
                 Straw
              
               ,
               or
               short
               Littier
               ,
               to
               keep
               them
               warm
               ;
               and
               every
               year
               you
               shall
               give
               them
               three
               Dressings
               or
               half
               diggings
               ;
               viz.
               in
               
                 April
                 ,
                 June
              
               ,
               and
               in
               August
               ;
               this
               ,
               for
               the
               first
               year
               ,
               still
               after
               Rain
               :
               The
               second
               Spring
               after
               Transplanting
               ,
               purge
               them
               of
               all
               superfluous
               shoots
               and
               Scions
               ,
               reserving
               only
               the
               most
               towardly
               for
               the
               future
               Stem
               ;
               this
               to
               be
               done
               yearly
               ,
               as
               long
               as
               they
               continue
               in
               the
               Nursery
               ;
               and
               if
               of
               the
               principal
               Stem
               so
               left
               ,
               the
               frost
               mortifie
               any
               part
               ,
               cut
               it
               off
               ,
               and
               continue
               this
               government
               till
               they
               are
               neer
               
                 six
                 foot
              
               high
               ,
               after
               which
               suffer
               them
               to
               spread
               into
               head
               by
               discreetly
               pruning
               ,
               and
               fashioning
               them
               :
               But
               if
               you
               plant
               where
               Cattel
               may
               endanger
               them
               ,
               the
               stem
               had
               need
               be
               taller
               ,
               for
               they
               are
               extreamly
               liquorish
               of
               the
               leaves
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               When
               now
               they
               are
               about
               five
               years
               growth
               ,
               you
               may
               transplant
               them
               without
               cutting
               the
               Root
               (
               provided
               you
               irradicate
               them
               with
               care
               )
               onely
               trimming
               the
               head
               a
               little
               ;
               the
               Season
               is
               from
               September
               to
               November
               in
               the
               
                 New
                 Moon
              
               ,
               and
               if
               the
               holes
               or
               pits
               you
               set
               them
               in
               were
               dug
               and
               prepar'd
               some
               months
               before
               ,
               it
               would
               much
               secure
               their
               taking
               ;
               some
               cast
               
                 hornes
                 ,
                 bones
                 ,
                 Shells
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               into
               them
               the
               better
               to
               loosen
               the
               earth
               about
               them
               ,
               which
               should
               be
               rich
               ,
               and
               well
               refresh'd
               all
               Summer
               .
               A
               light
               ,
               and
               dry
               Mould
               is
               best
               ,
               well
               expos'd
               to
               the
               Sun
               and
               Air
               ,
               which
               above
               all
               things
               this
               Tree
               affects
               ,
               and
               hates
               watery
               low
               grounds
               :
               In
               sum
               ,
               they
               thrive
               best
               where
               Vines
               prosper
               most
               ,
               whose
               society
               they
               exceedingly
               
               cherish
               ;
               nor
               do
               they
               lesse
               delight
               to
               be
               amongst
               Corn
               ,
               no
               way
               prejudicing
               it
               with
               its
               shade
               .
               The
               Distance
               for
               these
               Standards
               would
               be
               twenty
               ,
               or
               twenty
               four
               foot
               every
               way
               ,
               if
               you
               would
               design
               Walks
               or
               Groves
               of
               them
               ;
               if
               the
               environs
               of
               Fields
               ,
               Banks
               of
               
                 Rivers
                 ,
                 High-wayes
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               twelve
               or
               fourteen
               foot
               may
               suffice
               ,
               but
               the
               farther
               distant
               ,
               the
               better
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Another
               Expedient
               to
               increase
               Mulberries
               is
               ,
               by
               Layers
               from
               the
               Suckers
               at
               the
               foot
               ,
               this
               done
               in
               Spring
               ,
               leaving
               not
               above
               two
               Buds
               out
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               which
               you
               must
               diligently
               water
               ,
               and
               the
               second
               year
               they
               will
               be
               rooted
               :
               They
               will
               also
               take
               by
               passing
               any
               branch
               or
               Arm
               slit
               ,
               and
               kept
               a
               little
               open
               with
               a
               wedge
               ,
               or
               stone
               ,
               through
               a
               basket
               of
               Earth
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               very
               sure
               way
               :
               Nay
               ,
               the
               very
               Cuttings
               will
               strike
               in
               Spring
               ,
               but
               let
               them
               be
               from
               Shoots
               of
               two
               years
               growth
               ,
               with
               some
               of
               the
               old
               Wood
               ,
               though
               of
               seven
               or
               eight
               years
               ;
               these
               set
               in
               Rills
               like
               Vines
               ,
               having
               two
               or
               three
               Buds
               at
               the
               top
               ,
               will
               root
               infallibly
               ,
               especially
               if
               you
               twist
               the
               old
               Wood
               a
               little
               ,
               or
               at
               least
               hack
               it
               ,
               though
               some
               slit
               the
               foot
               ,
               inserting
               a
               stone
               ,
               or
               grain
               of
               an
               Oate
               ,
               to
               suckle
               and
               entertain
               the
               Plant
               with
               moysture
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               They
               may
               also
               be
               propagated
               by
               Graffing
               them
               on
               the
               
                 black
                 Mulberry
              
               in
               Spring
               ,
               or
               inoculated
               in
               July
               ,
               taking
               the
               cyons
               from
               some
               old
               tree
               ,
               that
               has
               broad
               ,
               even
               ,
               and
               round
               leaves
               ,
               which
               causes
               it
               to
               produce
               very
               ample
               and
               tender
               leaves
               ,
               of
               great
               emolument
               to
               the
               Silk-master
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               Some
               experienc'd
               Husbandmen
               advise
               to
               poll
               our
               Mulberries
               every
               three
               or
               four
               years
               ,
               as
               we
               do
               our
               Willows
               :
               others
               not
               till
               8
               years
               :
               both
               erroneously
               .
               The
               best
               way
               is
               yearly
               to
               prune
               them
               of
               their
               dry
               and
               superfluous
               branches
               ,
               and
               to
               form
               their
               heads
               round
               and
               natural
               .
               The
               first
               year
               of
               removal
               where
               they
               are
               to
               abide
               ,
               cut
               off
               all
               the
               shoots
               to
               five
               or
               six
               of
               the
               most
               promising
               :
               the
               next
               year
               leave
               not
               above
               three
               of
               these
               ,
               which
               dispose
               in
               triangle
               as
               near
               as
               may
               be
               ,
               and
               then
               disturb
               them
               no
               more
               ,
               unless
               it
               be
               to
               purge
               them
               (
               as
               we
               taught
               )
               of
               dead
               Scare-wood
               ,
               and
               extravagant
               parts
               ,
               which
               may
               impeach
               the
               rest
               ;
               and
               if
               afterward
               any
               prun'd
               branch
               shoot
               above
               three
               or
               four
               Cyons
               ,
               reduce
               them
               to
               that
               number
               .
               One
               of
               the
               best
               ways
               of
               Pruning
               is
               ,
               what
               they
               practise
               in
               Sicily
               and
               Province
               ,
               to
               make
               the
               head
               hollow
               and
               like
               a
               bell
               ,
               by
               cleansing
               them
               of
               their
               inmost
               branches
               ;
               and
               this
               may
               be
               done
               ,
               either
               before
               they
               bud
               ,
               viz.
               in
               the
               
                 New
                 Moon
                 of
                 March
              
               ,
               or
               when
               they
               are
               full
               of
               leaves
               in
               June
               or
               July
               ,
               if
               the
               season
               prove
               any
               thing
               fresh
               .
               Here
               I
               must
               not
               omit
               what
               I
               read
               of
               the
               Chinese
               culture
               ,
               and
               which
               they
               now
               also
               imitate
               in
               Virginia
               ,
               where
               they
               have
               found
               a
               way
               to
               raise
               these
               Plants
               of
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               which
               they
               mow
               and
               cut
               like
               a
               
                 crop
                 of
                 grasse
              
               which
               sprout
               and
               bear
               leaves
               again
               in
               a
               few
               moneths
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               The
               Mulberry
               is
               much
               improv'd
               by
               stirring
               the
               Mould
               at
               root
               ,
               and
               Lestulion
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               We
               have
               already
               mentioned
               some
               of
               the
               Vses
               of
               this
               excellent
               tree
               ,
               especially
               of
               the
               white
               ,
               so
               called
               because
               the
               fruit
               is
               of
               a
               paler
               colour
               ,
               which
               is
               also
               of
               a
               more
               luscious
               taste
               ,
               and
               lesser
               than
               
               the
               black
               ;
               The
               rind
               likewise
               is
               whiter
               ,
               and
               the
               leaves
               of
               a
               mealy
               clear
               green
               colour
               ,
               and
               far
               tenderer
               ,
               and
               sooner
               produc'd
               by
               at
               least
               a
               fortnight
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               marvellous
               advantage
               to
               the
               newly
               disclos'd
               Silk-worm
               ;
               Also
               they
               arrive
               sooner
               to
               their
               maturity
               ,
               and
               the
               food
               produces
               a
               finer
               web
               .
               Nor
               is
               this
               tree
               less
               beautiful
               to
               the
               eye
               then
               the
               fairest
               Elm
               ,
               very
               proper
               for
               Walks
               and
               Avenues
               :
               The
               timber
               (
               amongst
               other
               properties
               )
               will
               last
               in
               the
               water
               as
               well
               as
               the
               most
               solid
               Oak
               ,
               and
               the
               bark
               makes
               good
               and
               tough
               Bast-ropes
               .
               It
               suffers
               no
               kind
               of
               Vermin
               to
               breed
               on
               it
               ,
               whether
               standing
               or
               fell'd
               ,
               nor
               dares
               any
               Caterpillar
               attaque
               it
               save
               the
               Silk-worm
               only
               .
               The
               Loppings
               are
               excellent
               fuel
               :
               but
               that
               for
               which
               this
               tree
               is
               in
               greatest
               and
               most
               worthy
               esteem
               ,
               is
               for
               the
               Leaves
               ,
               which
               (
               besides
               the
               Silk-worm
               )
               nourishes
               
                 Cows
                 ,
                 Sheep
              
               ,
               and
               other
               cattel
               ;
               especially
               young
               Porkers
               ,
               being
               boil'd
               with
               a
               little
               bran
               :
               and
               the
               fruit
               excellent
               to
               feed
               Poultry
               .
               In
               summe
               ,
               what
               ever
               eats
               of
               them
               ,
               will
               with
               difficulty
               be
               reduc'd
               to
               endure
               any
               thing
               else
               ,
               as
               long
               as
               they
               can
               come
               by
               them
               ;
               to
               say
               nothing
               of
               their
               other
               soveraign
               qualities
               ,
               as
               relaxing
               of
               the
               belly
               being
               eaten
               in
               the
               morning
               ,
               and
               curing
               Inflammations
               and
               Ulcers
               of
               the
               mouth
               and
               throat
               ,
               mix'd
               with
               
                 Mel
                 Rosarum
              
               ,
               in
               which
               Receipt
               they
               do
               best
               ,
               being
               taken
               before
               they
               are
               over-ripe
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               To
               proceed
               with
               the
               Leaf
               (
               for
               which
               they
               are
               chiefly
               cherish'd
               )
               the
               benefit
               of
               it
               is
               so
               great
               ,
               that
               they
               are
               frequently
               
                 let
                 to
                 farm
              
               for
               vast
               summes
               ;
               so
               as
               some
               one
               sole
               tree
               has
               yielded
               the
               proprietor
               a
               rent
               of
               twenty
               Shillings
               
                 per
                 Annum
              
               ,
               for
               the
               Leaves
               onely
               ;
               and
               six
               or
               seven
               pounds
               of
               Silk
               ,
               worth
               as
               many
               pounds
               Sterling
               ,
               in
               five
               or
               six
               weeks
               ,
               to
               those
               who
               keep
               the
               worms
               .
               We
               know
               that
               till
               after
               Italy
               had
               made
               Silk
               above
               a
               thousand
               years
               ,
               they
               receiv'd
               it
               not
               in
               France
               ;
               it
               being
               hardly
               yet
               an
               hundred
               since
               they
               betook
               themselves
               to
               this
               manufacture
               in
               
                 Province
                 ,
                 ●anguedoc
                 ,
                 Dauphine
                 ,
                 Lionnois
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               not
               in
               Tourain
               and
               Orleans
               till
               Hen.
               the
               fourth's
               time
               ;
               but
               it
               is
               incredible
               what
               a
               Revenue
               it
               amounts
               to
               in
               that
               Kingdom
               .
               About
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               or
               a
               little
               after
               ,
               it
               was
               that
               
                 King
                 James
              
               did
               with
               extraordinary
               care
               recommend
               it
               to
               this
               Nation
               ,
               by
               a
               
                 Book
                 of
                 Directions
                 ,
                 Acts
                 of
                 Councel
                 ,
              
               and
               all
               other
               Princely
               assistance
               .
               But
               this
               did
               not
               take
               no
               more
               then
               that
               of
               Hen.
               the
               fourth's
               Proposal
               about
               the
               Invirons
               of
               Paris
               ,
               who
               filled
               the
               
                 High-ways
                 ,
                 Parks
              
               ,
               and
               Gardens
               of
               France
               with
               the
               trees
               ,
               beginning
               in
               his
               own
               Gardens
               for
               encouragement
               :
               Yet
               ,
               I
               say
               ,
               this
               would
               not
               be
               brought
               into
               example
               ,
               till
               this
               present
               great
               Monarch
               ,
               by
               the
               indefatigable
               diligence
               of
               
                 Monsieur
                 Colbert
              
               (
               Superintendent
               of
               
                 His
                 Majesties
                 manufactures
              
               )
               who
               has
               so
               successfully
               reviv'd
               it
               ,
               that
               't
               is
               prodigious
               to
               consider
               what
               an
               happy
               progress
               they
               have
               made
               in
               it
               ,
               to
               our
               shame
               be
               it
               spoken
               ;
               who
               have
               no
               other
               discouragements
               from
               any
               insuperable
               difficulty
               whatever
               ,
               but
               our
               sloth
               and
               want
               of
               industry
               :
               since
               where
               ever
               these
               trees
               will
               grow
               and
               prosper
               ,
               the
               Silk-worms
               will
               do
               so
               also
               ;
               and
               they
               were
               alike
               averse
               ,
               and
               from
               the
               very
               same
               suggestions
               where
               now
               that
               manufacture
               flourishes
               in
               our
               neighbour
               Countries
               .
               It
               is
               demonstrable
               ,
               that
               Mulberries
               in
               four
               or
               five
               years
               may
               be
               made
               to
               
               spread
               all
               over
               this
               Land
               ,
               and
               when
               the
               indigent
               and
               young
               daughters
               in
               proud
               Families
               are
               as
               willing
               to
               gain
               three
               or
               four
               Shillings
               a
               day
               for
               gathering
               Silk
               ,
               and
               busying
               themselves
               in
               this
               sweet
               and
               easie
               imployment
               ,
               as
               some
               do
               to
               get
               
                 four
                 pence
              
               a
               day
               for
               hard
               work
               at
               
                 Hemp
                 ,
                 Flax
              
               ,
               and
               Wool
               ;
               the
               reputation
               of
               Mulberries
               would
               spread
               in
               England
               and
               other
               Plantations
               .
               I
               might
               say
               something
               like
               this
               of
               Saffron
               ,
               which
               we
               yet
               too
               much
               neglect
               the
               culture
               of
               ;
               but
               ,
               which
               for
               all
               this
               I
               do
               not
               despair
               of
               seeing
               reassum'd
               when
               that
               good
               Genius
               returns
               .
               In
               order
               to
               this
               hopeful
               Prognostick
               we
               will
               add
               a
               few
               Directions
               about
               the
               gathering
               of
               their
               Leaves
               ,
               to
               render
               this
               chapter
               one
               of
               the
               most
               accomplish'd
               ;
               for
               certainly
               one
               of
               the
               most
               accomplish'd
               and
               agreeable
               works
               in
               the
               world
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               The
               Leaves
               of
               the
               Mulberry
               should
               be
               collected
               from
               trees
               of
               seven
               or
               eight
               years
               old
               ;
               if
               of
               such
               as
               are
               very
               young
               ,
               it
               impairs
               their
               growth
               ,
               neither
               are
               they
               so
               healthful
               for
               the
               worms
               ,
               making
               them
               hydropical
               and
               apt
               to
               burst
               :
               As
               do
               also
               the
               Leaves
               of
               such
               trees
               as
               be
               planted
               in
               a
               too
               waterish
               or
               over-rich
               soil
               ,
               or
               where
               no
               Sun
               comes
               ;
               and
               all
               sick
               and
               yellow
               leaves
               are
               hurtful
               .
               It
               is
               better
               to
               clip
               ,
               and
               let
               the
               leaves
               fall
               upon
               a
               subtended
               sheet
               or
               blanket
               ,
               than
               to
               gather
               them
               by
               hand
               ;
               and
               to
               gather
               them
               ,
               than
               to
               strip
               them
               ,
               which
               marrs
               and
               gauls
               the
               branches
               ,
               and
               bruises
               the
               leaves
               that
               should
               hardly
               be
               touched
               .
               Some
               there
               are
               who
               lop
               off
               the
               boughs
               ,
               and
               make
               it
               their
               pruning
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               a
               tolerable
               way
               ,
               so
               it
               be
               discreetly
               done
               in
               the
               over-thick
               parts
               of
               the
               tree
               ;
               but
               these
               leaves
               gather'd
               from
               a
               separated
               branch
               will
               die
               ,
               and
               wither
               much
               sooner
               than
               those
               which
               are
               taken
               from
               the
               tree
               immediately
               ,
               unless
               you
               set
               the
               stem
               in
               water
               .
               Leaves
               gathered
               from
               boughs
               cut
               off
               will
               shrink
               in
               three
               hours
               ;
               whereas
               those
               you
               take
               from
               the
               living
               tree
               will
               last
               as
               many
               days
               ;
               and
               being
               thus
               a
               while
               kept
               are
               better
               than
               over-fresh
               ones
               .
               It
               is
               a
               Rule
               ,
               Never
               to
               gather
               in
               a
               rainy
               season
               ,
               nor
               cut
               any
               branch
               whilst
               the
               wet
               is
               upon
               it
               ;
               and
               therefore
               against
               such
               suspected
               times
               you
               are
               to
               provide
               before
               hand
               ,
               and
               to
               reserve
               them
               in
               some
               fresh
               but
               dry
               place
               :
               the
               same
               caution
               you
               must
               observe
               for
               the
               dew
               ,
               though
               it
               do
               not
               rain
               ,
               for
               
               wet-food
               kills
               the
               worms
               .
               But
               if
               this
               cannot
               be
               altogether
               prevented
               ,
               put
               the
               leaves
               between
               a
               pair
               of
               sheets
               well
               dried
               by
               the
               fire
               ,
               and
               shake
               them
               up
               and
               down
               'till
               the
               moisture
               be
               drunk
               up
               in
               the
               Linen
               ,
               and
               then
               spreading
               them
               to
               the
               air
               a
               little
               ,
               on
               another
               dry
               cloth
               ,
               you
               may
               feed
               with
               them
               boldly
               .
               The
               top-leaves
               and
               oldest
               would
               be
               gathered
               last
               of
               all
               ,
               as
               being
               most
               proper
               to
               repast
               the
               worms
               with
               towards
               their
               last
               change
               .
               The
               gatherer
               must
               be
               neat
               ,
               and
               have
               his
               hands
               clean
               ,
               and
               his
               breath
               sweet
               ,
               and
               not
               poison'd
               with
               Onions
               or
               Tobacco
               ,
               and
               be
               careful
               not
               to
               press
               the
               leaves
               by
               crouding
               them
               into
               the
               Bags
               or
               Baskets
               .
               Lastly
               ,
               that
               they
               gather
               onely
               (
               unless
               in
               case
               of
               necessity
               )
               leaves
               from
               the
               present
               ,
               not
               from
               the
               former
               years
               sprigs
               ,
               or
               old
               wood
               ,
               which
               are
               not
               onely
               rude
               and
               harsh
               ,
               but
               are
               annex'd
               to
               stubb'd
               Stalks
               ,
               which
               injure
               the
               worms
               ,
               and
               spoil
               the
               denudated
               branches
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               This
               is
               what
               I
               thought
               fit
               to
               premonish
               concerning
               the
               gathering
               
               of
               the
               Leaves
               of
               this
               tree
               for
               Silk-worms
               ,
               as
               I
               newly
               find
               it
               in
               Monsieur
               Isnard's
               Instructions
               ,
               in
               that
               exact
               Discourse
               of
               his
               published
               some
               three
               years
               since
               ,
               and
               dedicated
               to
               
                 Monsieur
                 Colbert
              
               ,
               who
               has
               ,
               it
               seems
               ,
               constituted
               this
               industrious
               and
               experienc'd
               
                 person
                 ,
                 Surveyor
              
               of
               this
               Princely
               manufacture
               about
               Paris
               ;
               and
               because
               the
               book
               it self
               is
               rare
               ,
               and
               known
               of
               by
               very
               few
               .
               I
               have
               no
               more
               to
               adde
               ,
               but
               this
               for
               our
               encouragement
               ,
               and
               to
               encounter
               the
               Objections
               which
               may
               be
               suggested
               about
               the
               coldness
               and
               moisture
               of
               our
               Country
               ;
               That
               the
               Spring
               is
               in
               Province
               no
               less
               inconstant
               than
               is
               ours
               in
               England
               ;
               that
               the
               colds
               at
               Paris
               are
               altogether
               as
               sharp
               ;
               and
               that
               when
               in
               May
               it
               has
               continued
               raining
               for
               
                 nine
                 and
                 twenty
              
               days
               successively
               ,
               
                 Monsieur
                 Isnard
              
               assures
               us
               ,
               he
               proceeded
               in
               his
               work
               without
               the
               least
               disaster
               ;
               and
               in
               the
               year
               1664
               he
               presented
               the
               
                 French
                 King
              
               his
               Master
               with
               a
               considerable
               quantity
               of
               better
               Silks
               ,
               than
               any
               Messina
               or
               Boulonia
               could
               produce
               ,
               which
               he
               sold
               raw
               at
               Lions
               ,
               for
               a
               Pistol
               the
               pound
               ;
               when
               that
               of
               
                 Avignion
                 ,
                 Province
              
               ,
               and
               Dauphine
               produc'd
               little
               above
               half
               that
               price
               .
               But
               you
               are
               to
               expect
               the
               compleat
               History
               of
               the
               Silk-worm
               from
               that
               incomparable
               Treatise
               ,
               which
               the
               learned
               Malpighius
               has
               lately
               sent
               out
               of
               Italy
               ,
               and
               dedicated
               to
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               (
               now
               ready
               to
               be
               publish'd
               )
               as
               a
               specimen
               ,
               and
               noble
               effect
               of
               its
               universal
               correspondence
               and
               concernments
               for
               the
               improvement
               of
               
                 useful
                 knowledge
              
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               X.
               Of
               the
               Service
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               SOrbus
               ,
               the
               
                 Service
                 tree
              
               (
               of
               which
               there
               are
               four
               sorts
               )
               is
               rais'd
               of
               the
               Chequers
               or
               Berries
               ,
               which
               being
               ripe
               (
               that
               is
               )
               rotten
               ,
               about
               September
               ,
               may
               be
               sown
               like
               Beech-Mast
               :
               It
               is
               reported
               that
               the
               Sower
               never
               sees
               the
               fruit
               of
               his
               labour
               ;
               either
               for
               that
               it
               bears
               only
               being
               very
               old
               ,
               or
               that
               Men
               are
               commonly
               so
               ,
               before
               they
               think
               of
               planting
               Trees
               :
               But
               this
               is
               an
               egregious
               mistake
               ;
               for
               these
               come
               very
               soon
               to
               be
               Trees
               ,
               and
               being
               planted
               young
               ,
               thrive
               exceedingly
               ;
               I
               have
               likewise
               planted
               them
               as
               big
               as
               my
               arm
               successfully
               :
               The
               best
               way
               is
               therefore
               to
               propagate
               them
               of
               Suckers
               or
               Sets
               ;
               they
               delight
               in
               reasonable
               good
               ground
               ,
               rather
               inclining
               to
               cold
               ,
               then
               over
               hot
               ;
               for
               in
               places
               which
               are
               too
               dry
               ,
               they
               never
               bear
               kindly
               .
               The
               Torminalis
               is
               the
               kind
               most
               frequent
               with
               us
               ;
               for
               those
               of
               the
               narrower
               and
               lesse
               indented
               Leaf
               ,
               is
               not
               so
               common
               in
               England
               as
               in
               France
               ,
               bearing
               a
               sort
               of
               Berry
               of
               the
               Pear
               shape
               ,
               and
               is
               there
               call'd
               the
               Cormier
               ;
               this
               Tree
               may
               be
               Graffed
               either
               with
               it self
               ,
               or
               on
               the
               White-thorn
               ,
               and
               Quince
               .
            
             
             
               2.
               
               The
               Timber
               is
               useful
               for
               the
               Joyner
               ,
               for
               the
               Engraver
               of
               
                 Woodcuts
                 ,
                 Bows
                 ,
                 Pulleys
                 ,
                 Skrews
                 ,
                 Mill-Spindles
              
               and
               other
               ,
               Goads
               to
               drive
               Oxen
               with
               ,
               
                 &c.
                 
                 Pistol
              
               ,
               and
               Gun-stocks
               ,
               and
               for
               most
               that
               the
               Wild-Pear-tree
               serves
               ;
               and
               being
               of
               a
               very
               delicate
               Grain
               ,
               for
               the
               Turner
               ,
               and
               divers
               curiosities
               ,
               and
               looks
               delicately
               ,
               and
               is
               almost
               everlasting
               ,
               being
               rub'd
               over
               with
               Oyl
               of
               Linseed
               ,
               well
               boyl'd
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               made
               to
               counterfeit
               Ebony
               ,
               or
               almost
               any
               
                 Indian
                 Wood
              
               ,
               colour'd
               according
               to
               Art
               :
               Also
               it
               is
               taken
               to
               Build
               with
               ,
               yielding
               Beams
               of
               considerable
               substance
               :
               The
               shade
               is
               beautiful
               for
               Walks
               ,
               and
               the
               Fruit
               not
               unpleasant
               ,
               especially
               the
               second
               kind
               ,
               of
               which
               with
               new
               Wine
               and
               Honey
               ,
               they
               make
               a
               Condilum
               of
               admirable
               effect
               to
               corroborate
               the
               Stomach
               ;
               and
               the
               Fruit
               alone
               is
               good
               in
               Dysenteria
               and
               Lasks
               .
               The
               water
               distill'd
               from
               the
               Stalks
               of
               the
               Flowers
               and
               Leaves
               on
               M.B.
               and
               twice
               Rectified
               upon
               fresh
               matter
               ,
               is
               incomparable
               for
               Consumptive
               and
               Tabed
               Bodies
               ,
               taking
               an
               Ounce
               daily
               at
               several
               times
               :
               Likewise
               it
               cures
               the
               Green-sicknesse
               in
               Virgins
               ,
               and
               is
               prevalent
               in
               all
               Fluxes
               ;
               distill'd
               warm
               into
               the
               Ears
               it
               abates
               the
               pain
               :
               The
               Wood
               ,
               or
               Bark
               contus'd
               and
               applied
               to
               any
               green
               Wound
               ,
               heals
               it
               ;
               and
               the
               Powder
               thereof
               drank
               in
               
                 Oyl
                 Olive
              
               ,
               consolidates
               inward
               Ruptures
               :
               Lastly
               ,
               the
               Salt
               of
               the
               Wood
               taken
               in
               decoction
               of
               Althaea
               to
               three
               Grains
               ,
               is
               an
               incomparable
               Remedy
               to
               break
               and
               expel
               Gravel
               .
               The
               Service
               gives
               the
               Husbandman
               an
               early
               presage
               of
               the
               approching
               Spring
               ,
               by
               extending
               his
               adorned
               Buds
               for
               a
               peculiar
               entertainment
               ,
               and
               dares
               peep
               out
               in
               the
               severest
               Winters
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XI
               .
               Of
               the
               Maple
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               
               THe
               
                 Maple
                 [
                 Acer
                 minus
              
               ]
               (
               of
               which
               Authors
               (
               see
               Salmasius
               upon
               
                 Solinus
                 .
                 c.
              
               33.
               )
               reckon
               very
               many
               kinds
               )
               was
               of
               old
               held
               in
               equal
               estimation
               almost
               with
               the
               Citron
               ;
               especially
               the
               Bruseum
               ,
               the
               French-Maple
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Peacocks-tail
                 Maple
              
               ,
               which
               is
               that
               sort
               so
               elegantly
               undulated
               ,
               and
               crisped
               into
               variety
               of
               curles
               .
               It
               were
               a
               most
               laudable
               attempt
               ,
               if
               some
               would
               enquire
               out
               ,
               and
               try
               the
               planting
               of
               such
               sorts
               as
               are
               not
               Indigenes
               amongst
               us
               ;
               such
               as
               is
               especially
               the
               
                 German
                 Aire
              
               ,
               and
               that
               of
               Virginia
               ,
               not
               yet
               cultivated
               here
               ,
               but
               an
               excellent
               Tree
               :
               And
               if
               this
               were
               extended
               to
               other
               Timber
               and
               exotic
               Trees
               ,
               likewise
               it
               would
               prove
               of
               extraordinary
               benefit
               and
               Ornament
               to
               the
               Publick
               ,
               and
               were
               worthy
               even
               of
               the
               Royal
               Care.
               They
               are
               all
               produced
               of
               the
               Keys
               ,
               like
               the
               Ash
               ;
               and
               like
               to
               it
               ,
               affect
               a
               sound
               ,
               and
               a
               dry
               ,
               mould
               ;
               
               growing
               both
               in
               Woods
               and
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               especially
               in
               the
               latter
               ;
               which
               if
               rather
               hilly
               then
               low
               ,
               affords
               the
               fairest
               Timber
               .
               By
               shreding
               up
               the
               boughs
               to
               a
               head
               ,
               I
               have
               caused
               it
               to
               shoot
               to
               a
               wonderful
               height
               in
               a
               little
               time
               ;
               but
               if
               you
               would
               lop
               it
               for
               the
               fire
               ,
               let
               it
               be
               done
               in
               January
               .
               The
               timber
               is
               far
               superiour
               to
               Beech
               for
               all
               uses
               of
               the
               Turner
               ,
               who
               seeks
               it
               for
               
                 Dishes
                 ,
                 Cups
                 ,
                 Trays
                 ,
                 Trenchers
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               as
               the
               Joyner
               for
               
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Inlayings
              
               ,
               and
               for
               the
               delicateness
               of
               the
               grain
               ,
               when
               the
               knurs
               and
               nodosities
               are
               rarely
               diapred
               ,
               which
               does
               much
               advance
               its
               price
               .
               Also
               for
               the
               lightness
               (
               under
               the
               name
               Ayer
               )
               imploy'd
               often
               by
               those
               who
               make
               
                 Musical
                 Instruments
              
               .
               But
               there
               is
               a
               larger
               sort
               ,
               which
               we
               call
               the
               Sycomor
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               But
               the
               description
               of
               this
               lesser
               Maple
               ,
               and
               the
               ancient
               value
               of
               it
               ,
               is
               worth
               the
               citing
               .
               
                 
                   Acer
                   operum
                   elegantiâ
                   &
                   subtilitate
                   Cedro
                   secundum
                   ;
                   plura
                   ejus
                   genera
                   :
                   Album
                   ,
                   quod
                   praecipui
                   candoris
                   vocatur
                   Gallicum
                   :
                   In
                   Transpadana
                   Italia
                   ,
                   tránsque
                   Alpes
                   nascens
                   .
                   Alterum
                   genus
                   crispo
                   macularum
                   discursu
                   ,
                   qui
                   cùm
                   excellentior
                   fuit
                   ,
                   à
                   similitudine
                   caudae
                   pavonum
                   nomen
                   accepit
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Maple
                   (
                   says
                   Pliny
                   )
                   for
                   the
                   elegancy
                   and
                   fineness
                   of
                   the
                   wood
                   is
                   next
                   to
                   the
                   very
                   Cedar
                   it self
                   :
                   There
                   are
                   several
                   kinds
                   of
                   it
                   ,
                   especially
                   the
                   White
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   wonderfully
                   beautiful
                   ;
                   this
                   is
                   call'd
                   the
                   
                     French
                     Maple
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   grows
                   on
                   that
                   part
                   of
                   Italy
                   ,
                   that
                   is
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   of
                   Po
                   beyond
                   the
                   Alpes
                   :
                   The
                   other
                   has
                   a
                   curl'd
                   grain
                   ,
                   so
                   curiously
                   maculated
                   ,
                   that
                   from
                   a
                   neer
                   resemblance
                   ,
                   it
                   was
                   usually
                   cal'd
                   the
                   Peacocks-tayl
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 
              
               He
               goes
               on
               to
               commend
               that
               of
               Istria
               ,
               and
               that
               growing
               on
               the
               Mountains
               for
               the
               best
               :
               But
               in
               the
               next
               chapter
               ;
               
                 
                   Pulcherrimum
                   vero
                   est
                   Bruscum
                   ,
                   multóque
                   excellentius
                   ,
                   etiamnum
                   Mollusculum
                   tuber
                   utrumque
                   arboris
                   ejus
                   Bruscum
                   intortiùs
                   crispum
                   ,
                   Mollusculum
                   simplicius
                   sparsum
                   ;
                   Et
                   si
                   magnitudinem
                   mensarum
                   caperet
                   ,
                   haud
                   dubiè
                   praeferretur
                   Cedro
                   ,
                   nunc
                   intrà
                   pugillares
                   ,
                   lectorúmque
                   silicios
                   aut
                   laminas
                   ,
                   &c.
                   è
                   Brusco
                   fiunt
                   mensae
                   nigrescentes
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
                 Plin.
                 l.
                 16.
                 c.
                 15
                 ,
                 16.
                 
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Bruscum
                   ,
                   or
                   Knur
                   is
                   wonderfully
                   fair
                   ,
                   but
                   the
                   Molluscum
                   is
                   counted
                   most
                   precious
                   ;
                   both
                   of
                   them
                   Knobs
                   and
                   swellings
                   out
                   of
                   the
                   Tree
                   .
                   The
                   Bruscum
                   is
                   more
                   intricately
                   crisp'd
                   ;
                   the
                   Molluscum
                   not
                   so
                   much
                   ;
                   and
                   had
                   we
                   Trees
                   large
                   enough
                   to
                   saw
                   into
                   Planks
                   for
                   Tables
                   ,
                   't
                   would
                   be
                   preferr'd
                   before
                   Cedar
                   (
                   or
                   Citron
                   ,
                   for
                   so
                   some
                   Copies
                   read
                   it
                   )
                   but
                   now
                   they
                   use
                   it
                   onely
                   for
                   small
                   Table-books
                   ,
                   and
                   with
                   its
                   thin
                   boards
                   to
                   Wainscot
                   Bed-Testers
                   with
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                   The
                   Bruscum
                   is
                   of
                   a
                   blackish
                   kind
                   ,
                   with
                   which
                   they
                   make
                   Tables
                   .
                
              
               Thus
               far
               Pliny
               .
               And
               such
               spotted
               Tables
               were
               the
               famous
               Tigrin
               ,
               and
               Pantherine
               Curiosities
               of
               ,
               not
               so
               call'd
               from
               being
               supported
               with
               figures
               carved
               like
               those
               Beasts
               ,
               as
               some
               conceive
               ,
               and
               was
               in
               use
               even
               in
               our
               Grandfathers
               dayes
               ,
               but
               from
               its
               natural
               Spots
               and
               maculations
               ;
               such
               a
               Table
               was
               that
               of
               Cicero's
               ,
               which
               cost
               him
               10000.
               
               Sesterces
               ;
               that
               of
               King
               Juba
               ,
               sold
               for
               15000.
               and
               another
               which
               I
               read
               of
               ,
               valu'd
               at
               140000
               H.S.
               which
               at
               about
               3
               
                 d.
                 sterling
              
               ,
               arives
               to
               a
               pretty
               Summ
               ;
               and
               yet
               that
               of
               the
               
                 Mauritanian
                 Ptolomie
              
               ,
               was
               far
               richer
               ,
               containing
               four
               Foot
               and
               an
               half
               diameter
               ,
               three
               Inches
               thick
               ,
               which
               is
               reported
               to
               have
               been
               sold
               for
               its
               
               weight
               in
               Gold
               :
               Of
               that
               value
               they
               were
               ,
               and
               so
               madly
               luxurious
               the
               age
               ,
               that
               when
               they
               at
               any
               time
               reproach'd
               their
               Wives
               for
               their
               wanton
               Expensivenesse
               in
               Pearl
               and
               other
               rich
               trifles
               ,
               they
               were
               wont
               to
               retort
               ,
               and
               turn
               the
               Tables
               upon
               their
               Husbands
               .
               The
               Knot
               of
               the
               Timber
               was
               the
               most
               esteem'd
               ,
               and
               is
               said
               to
               be
               much
               resembled
               by
               the
               Female
               Cypress
               ;
               we
               have
               now
               ,
               I
               am
               almost
               perswaded
               ,
               as
               beautiful
               Planks
               of
               some
               Wallnut-trees
               ,
               neer
               the
               Root
               ;
               and
               of
               
                 Eugh
                 ,
                 Ivy
                 ,
                 Rose-wood
              
               ,
               and
               Olive
               ,
               I
               have
               seen
               incomparable
               pieces
               ;
               but
               the
               great
               Art
               was
               in
               the
               Seasoning
               ,
               and
               Politure
               ,
               for
               which
               last
               ,
               the
               rubbing
               with
               a
               Mans
               hand
               who
               came
               warm
               out
               of
               the
               Bath
               ,
               was
               accounted
               better
               then
               any
               Cloth
               ,
               as
               Pliny
               reports
               .
               Some
               there
               be
               who
               contend
               ,
               this
               Citern
               was
               a
               part
               neer
               the
               Root
               of
               the
               Cedar
               ,
               which
               ,
               as
               they
               describe
               that
               ,
               is
               very
               Oriental
               and
               Oderiferous
               ,
               but
               most
               of
               the
               Learned
               favour
               the
               Citern
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               grew
               not
               far
               from
               our
               Tangier
               ,
               about
               the
               foot
               of
               
                 Mount
                 Atlas
              
               ,
               when
               haply
               some
               industrious
               Person
               might
               procure
               of
               it
               from
               the
               Moors
               ;
               and
               I
               have
               not
               forgotten
               to
               put
               his
               Excellency
               my
               Lord
               
                 H.
                 Howard
              
               in
               mind
               of
               it
               ,
               who
               will
               have
               all
               the
               opportunities
               of
               satisfying
               our
               Curiosity
               ,
               that
               by
               comparing
               it
               with
               those
               elegant
               Woods
               ,
               both
               our
               own
               Countreys
               ,
               and
               the
               Indies
               furnish
               ,
               we
               might
               pronounce
               something
               in
               the
               Controversie
               .
               Here
               I
               think
               good
               to
               add
               what
               honest
               Palissy
               Philosophises
               after
               his
               plain
               manner
               ,
               about
               the
               reason
               of
               those
               pretty
               undulations
               and
               chamfers
               ,
               which
               we
               so
               frequently
               find
               in
               diverse
               Woods
               ;
               which
               he
               takes
               to
               be
               the
               descent
               as
               well
               as
               ascent
               of
               Moisture
               :
               For
               what
               else
               (
               sayes
               he
               )
               becomes
               of
               that
               water
               which
               we
               often
               encounter
               in
               the
               Cavities
               ,
               when
               many
               branches
               divaricate
               and
               spread
               themselves
               at
               the
               tops
               of
               great
               Trees
               (
               especially
               Pollards
               )
               unlesse
               (
               according
               to
               its
               natural
               appetite
               )
               it
               sink
               into
               the
               very
               Body
               of
               the
               Stem
               through
               the
               Pores
               ?
               For
               example
               ,
               in
               the
               Wall-nut
               ,
               you
               shall
               find
               ,
               when
               't
               is
               old
               ,
               that
               the
               Wood
               is
               admirably
               figur'd
               ,
               and
               as
               it
               were
               marbl'd
               ,
               and
               therefore
               much
               more
               esteemed
               by
               the
               
                 Joyners
                 ,
                 Cabinet-makers
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               then
               the
               Young
               ,
               which
               is
               paler
               of
               Colour
               ,
               and
               without
               any
               notable
               Grain
               ,
               as
               they
               call
               it
               .
               For
               the
               Rain
               distilling
               along
               the
               Branches
               ,
               when
               many
               of
               them
               break
               out
               into
               clusters
               from
               the
               stem
               ,
               sinks
               in
               ,
               and
               is
               the
               Cause
               of
               these
               marks
               ;
               since
               we
               find
               it
               exceedingly
               full
               of
               pores
               :
               Do
               but
               Plane
               off
               a
               thin
               chip
               ,
               or
               sliver
               from
               one
               of
               these
               
                 old
                 Trees
              
               ,
               and
               interposing
               it
               'twixt
               your
               Eye
               and
               the
               Light
               ,
               you
               shall
               observe
               it
               to
               be
               full
               of
               innumerable
               
                 holes
                 (
                 much
                 more
                 perspicuous
                 and
                 ample
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 application
                 of
                 a
                 good
                 Microscope
                 )
              
               But
               above
               all
               ,
               notable
               for
               these
               extravagant
               Damaskings
               and
               Characters
               ,
               is
               the
               Maple
               ;
               and
               't
               is
               notorious
               ,
               that
               this
               Tree
               is
               very
               full
               of
               Branches
               from
               the
               Root
               to
               its
               very
               Summit
               ,
               by
               reason
               that
               it
               produces
               no
               considerable
               Fruit
               :
               These
               Arms
               being
               frequently
               cut
               ,
               the
               Head
               is
               more
               surcharged
               with
               them
               ,
               which
               spreading
               like
               so
               many
               Raies
               from
               a
               Center
               ,
               form
               that
               hollownesse
               at
               the
               top
               of
               the
               Stem
               whence
               they
               shoot
               ,
               capable
               of
               containing
               a
               good
               quantity
               of
               Water
               every
               time
               it
               Raines
               :
               This
               sinking
               into
               the
               pores
               ,
               as
               was
               before
               hinted
               ,
               is
               compell'd
               to
               divert
               its
               course
               as
               it
               passes
               
               through
               the
               Body
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               where-ever
               it
               encounters
               the
               knot
               of
               any
               of
               those
               Branches
               which
               were
               cut
               off
               from
               the
               stem
               ;
               because
               their
               Roots
               not
               onely
               deeply
               penetrate
               towards
               the
               heart
               ,
               but
               are
               likewise
               of
               themselves
               very
               hard
               and
               impervious
               ;
               and
               the
               frequent
               obliquity
               of
               this
               Course
               of
               the
               subsiding
               moisture
               by
               reason
               of
               these
               obstructions
               ,
               is
               ,
               as
               may
               be
               conceived
               ,
               the
               cause
               of
               those
               curious
               works
               ,
               which
               we
               find
               remarkable
               in
               this
               ,
               and
               other
               woods
               ,
               whose
               Branches
               grow
               thick
               from
               the
               Stem
               .
               We
               have
               shewed
               how
               by
               Culture
               and
               stripping
               up
               ,
               it
               arrives
               to
               a
               goodly
               Tree
               ;
               and
               surely
               ,
               there
               were
               some
               of
               them
               of
               large
               bulk
               ,
               and
               noble
               Shades
               ,
               that
               Virgil
               should
               choose
               it
               for
               the
               Court
               of
               his
               Evander
               ,
               one
               of
               his
               Worthiest
               Princes
               in
               his
               best
               of
               Poems
               sitting
               in
               his
               Maple-Throne
               ;
               and
               when
               he
               brings
               Aeneas
               into
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Cottage
              
               ,
               he
               makes
               him
               this
               memorable
               
                 Complement
                 ;
                 Greater
              
               ,
               sayes
               
                 great
                 Cowley
              
               ,
               than
               ever
               was
               yet
               spoken
               at
               the
               Escurial
               ,
               the
               Louvre
               ,
               or
               Whitehall
               .
            
             
               
                 This
                 humble
                 Roof
                 ,
                 this
                 Rustique
                 Court
                 ,
                 said
                 he
                 ,
              
               
                 Receiv'd
                 Alcides
                 crown'd
                 with
                 Victorie
                 :
              
               
                 Scorn
                 not
                 (
                 great
                 Guest
                 )
                 the
                 steps
                 where
                 he
                 has
                 trod
                 ,
              
               
                 But
                 contemn
                 Wealth
                 ,
                 and
                 imitate
                 a
                 God.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 
                   —
                   Haec
                   (
                   inquit
                   )
                   limina
                   Victor
                
              
               
                 Alcides
                 —
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XII
               .
               Of
               the
               Sycomor
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               THE
               Sycomor
               ,
               falsely
               so
               called
               ,
               is
               ,
               our
               
                 Acer
                 majus
              
               ,
               one
               of
               the
               Maples
               ,
               and
               is
               much
               more
               in
               reputation
               for
               its
               shade
               than
               it
               deserves
               ;
               for
               the
               leaves
               which
               fall
               early
               (
               like
               those
               of
               the
               Ash
               )
               turn
               to
               Mucilage
               ,
               and
               putrefie
               with
               the
               first
               moisture
               of
               the
               season
               ;
               so
               as
               they
               contaminate
               and
               mar
               our
               Walks
               ,
               and
               are
               therefore
               by
               my
               consent
               to
               be
               banish'd
               from
               all
               curious
               Gardens
               and
               Avenues
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               There
               is
               in
               Germany
               a
               better
               sort
               of
               Sycomor
               then
               ours
               ,
               wherewith
               they
               make
               
                 Saddle
                 trees
              
               ,
               and
               divers
               other
               things
               of
               use
               ;
               our
               own
               is
               excellent
               for
               
                 Trenchers
                 ,
                 Cart
              
               ,
               and
               Plow-timber
               ,
               being
               light
               ,
               tough
               ,
               and
               not
               much
               inferiour
               to
               Ash
               it self
               ;
               and
               if
               the
               trees
               be
               very
               tall
               and
               handsome
               ,
               are
               the
               more
               tolerable
               for
               distant
               Walks
               ,
               especially
               where
               other
               better
               trees
               prosper
               not
               so
               well
               ,
               or
               where
               a
               sudden
               shade
               is
               expected
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XIII
               .
               Of
               the
               Horn-beam
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               OStrys
               the
               Horn-beam
               ,
               in
               Latine
               ignorantly
               the
               Carpinus
               ,
               
               is
               planted
               of
               Sets
               ;
               though
               it
               may
               likewise
               be
               raised
               from
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               which
               being
               mature
               in
               August
               ,
               should
               be
               sown
               in
               October
               ;
               but
               the
               more
               expeditious
               way
               is
               by
               Sets
               ,
               of
               about
               an
               inch
               diametre
               ,
               and
               cut
               within
               half
               a
               foot
               of
               the
               earth
               :
               thus
               it
               will
               advance
               to
               a
               considerable
               Tree
               .
               The
               places
               it
               chiefly
               desires
               to
               grow
               in
               are
               in
               cold
               hills
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               barren
               and
               most
               expos'd
               parts
               of
               woods
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Amongst
               other
               uses
               which
               it
               serves
               for
               ,
               as
               Mill-cogs
               ,
               &c.
               (
               for
               which
               it
               excells
               either
               Yew
               or
               Crab
               )
               Yoak-timber
               (
               whence
               of
               old
               't
               was
               called
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               )
               Heads
               of
               Beetles
               ,
               Stocks
               and
               Handles
               of
               Tools
               ;
               It
               is
               likewise
               for
               the
               Turners
               use
               excellent
               :
               Good
               Fire-wood
               ,
               where
               it
               burns
               like
               a
               candle
               ,
               and
               was
               of
               old
               so
               employ'd
               ;
               
                 Carpinus
                 taedas
                 fissa
                 facésque
                 dabit
                 .
              
               (
               For
               all
               which
               purposes
               its
               extreme
               toughness
               and
               whiteness
               commends
               it
               to
               the
               Husbandman
               .
               )
               Being
               planted
               in
               small
               Fosses
               or
               Trenches
               ,
               at
               half
               a
               foot
               intervall
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               single
               row
               it
               makes
               the
               noblest
               ,
               and
               the
               stateliest
               Hedges
               for
               long
               Walks
               in
               Gardens
               ,
               or
               Parks
               ,
               of
               any
               Tree
               whatsoever
               whose
               leaves
               are
               deciduos
               ,
               and
               forsake
               their
               Branches
               in
               Winter
               ;
               because
               it
               grows
               tall
               ,
               and
               so
               sturdy
               ,
               as
               not
               to
               be
               wronged
               by
               the
               Winds
               :
               Besides
               ,
               it
               will
               furnish
               to
               the
               very
               foot
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               and
               flourishes
               with
               a
               glossie
               and
               polish'd
               verdure
               which
               is
               exceeding
               delightful
               ,
               of
               long
               continuance
               ,
               and
               of
               all
               other
               the
               harder
               Woods
               ,
               the
               speediest
               Grower
               ;
               maintaining
               a
               slender
               ,
               upright
               -
               stem
               ,
               which
               does
               not
               come
               to
               be
               bare
               and
               sticky
               in
               many
               years
               .
               That
               admirable
               Espalier-hedge
               in
               the
               long
               middle-walk
               of
               Luxembourg
               Garden
               at
               Paris
               (
               than
               which
               there
               is
               nothing
               more
               graceful
               )
               is
               planted
               of
               this
               Tree
               ;
               and
               so
               is
               that
               Cradle
               ,
               or
               
                 Close
                 walk
              
               ,
               with
               that
               perplext
               Canopy
               ,
               which
               covers
               the
               seat
               in
               his
               Majesties
               Garden
               at
               Hampton-Court
               .
               These
               Hedges
               are
               tonsile
               ;
               but
               where
               they
               are
               maintain'd
               to
               fifteen
               ,
               or
               twenty
               foot
               height
               (
               which
               is
               very
               frequent
               in
               the
               places
               before
               mention'd
               )
               they
               are
               to
               be
               cut
               ,
               and
               kept
               in
               order
               with
               a
               Sythe
               of
               four
               foot
               long
               ,
               and
               very
               little
               falcated
               ;
               this
               is
               fix'd
               on
               a
               long
               sneed
               or
               streight
               handle
               ,
               and
               does
               wonderfully
               expedite
               the
               trimming
               of
               these
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               Hedges
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               They
               very
               frequently
               plant
               a
               Clump
               of
               these
               Trees
               before
               the
               Entries
               of
               most
               of
               the
               great
               Towns
               in
               Germany
               ,
               to
               which
               they
               apply
               Timber-Frames
               for
               convenience
               ,
               and
               the
               People
               to
               sit
               and
               solace
               
               in
               .
               Scamozzi
               the
               Architect
               ,
               sayes
               ,
               that
               in
               his
               time
               he
               found
               one
               whose
               Branches
               extended
               seventy
               foot
               in
               breadth
               :
               This
               was
               at
               Vuimfen
               neer
               the
               Necker
               ,
               belonging
               to
               the
               Duke
               of
               Witemberg
               :
               But
               that
               which
               I
               find
               planted
               before
               the
               Gates
               of
               Strasburgh
               ,
               is
               a
               Platanus
               and
               a
               
                 Lime
                 tree
              
               growing
               hard
               by
               one
               another
               ,
               in
               which
               is
               erected
               a
               Pergolo
               eight
               foot
               from
               the
               ground
               ,
               of
               fifty
               foot
               wide
               ,
               having
               ten
               Arches
               of
               twelve
               foot
               height
               ,
               all
               shaded
               with
               their
               folige
               ;
               and
               there
               is
               besides
               this
               ,
               an
               Over-grown
               Oak
               ,
               which
               has
               an
               Arbour
               in
               it
               of
               60
               foot
               diameter
               :
               hear
               we
               Rapinus
               describe
               the
               use
               of
               our
               Horn-beam
               for
               these
               and
               other
               Elegancies
               .
            
             
               
                 In
                 Walkes
                 the
                 Horn-beam
                 stands
                 ,
                 or
                 in
                 a
                 Maze
              
               
                 Through
                 thousand
                 self-entangling
                 Labyrinths
                 strays
                 :
              
               
                 So
                 clasp
                 the
                 Branches
                 lopp'd
                 on
                 either
                 side
                 ,
              
               
                 As
                 though
                 an
                 Alley
                 did
                 two
                 Walls
                 divide
                 :
              
               
                 This
                 Beauty
                 found
                 ,
                 Order
                 did
                 next
                 adorne
              
               
                 The
                 Boughs
                 into
                 a
                 thousand
                 figures
                 shorne
                 ,
              
               
                 Which
                 pleasing
                 Objects
                 wearinesse
                 betray'd
                 ,
              
               
                 Your
                 feet
                 into
                 a
                 Wildernesse
                 convey'd
                 .
              
               
                 Nor
                 better
                 Leaf
                 on
                 twining
                 Arbor
                 spread
                 ,
              
               
                 Against
                 the
                 scorching
                 Sun
                 to
                 shield
                 your
                 head
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   In
                   tractus
                   longos
                   facilis
                   tibi
                   Carpinus
                   ibit
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Mille
                   per
                   errores
                   ,
                   indeprehensosque
                   recessus
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Et
                   molles
                   tendens
                   secto
                   seu
                   pariete
                   ramos
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Praebebit
                   viridem
                   diverso
                   e
                   margine
                   scenam
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Primus
                   honos
                   illi
                   quondam
                   ,
                   post
                   aditus
                   ord●
                   est
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Attonsaeque
                   coma
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   formis
                   quaesita
                   voluptas
                
              
               
                 
                   Innumeris
                   ,
                   fartoque
                   viae
                   ,
                   obliquoque
                   recessu
                
                 :
              
               
                 
                   In
                   tractus
                   acta
                   est
                   longos
                
                 &
                 
                   opaca
                   vireta
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Quinetiam
                   egregiae
                   tendens
                   umbracula
                   frondis
                
              
               
                 
                   Temperat
                   ardentes
                   ramis
                   ingentibus
                   aestus
                
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XIV
               .
               Of
               the
               Lime-Tree
               .
            
             
               
               TIlia
               the
               Lime-Tree
               ,
               or
               
                 [
                 Linden
              
               ]
               is
               of
               two
               kinds
               ;
               the
               Male
               (
               which
               some
               allow
               to
               be
               but
               a
               finer
               sort
               of
               Elm
               )
               is
               harder
               ,
               fuller
               of
               knots
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               redder
               colour
               ;
               but
               producing
               neither
               Flower
               ,
               nor
               Seed
               ,
               as
               does
               the
               Female
               ,
               whose
               Blossom
               is
               very
               odoriferous
               ,
               perfuming
               the
               Air
               :
               The
               Wood
               is
               likewise
               thicker
               ,
               of
               small
               pith
               ,
               and
               not
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               VVorm
               ,
               so
               as
               it
               seems
               
                 Theophrastus
                 ,
                 de
                 Pl.
                 l.
              
               3.
               c.
               10.
               said
               true
               ,
               that
               though
               they
               were
               of
               both
               Sexes
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               &c.
               yet
               they
               totally
               differ'd
               as
               to
               their
               form
               .
               We
               send
               commonly
               for
               this
               Tree
               into
               Flanders
               and
               Holland
               ,
               to
               our
               excessive
               cost
               ,
               whiles
               our
               own
               Woods
               do
               in
               some
               places
               spontaneously
               produce
               them
               ,
               and
               though
               of
               somewhat
               a
               smaller
               leaf
               ,
               yet
               altogether
               as
               good
               ,
               apt
               to
               be
               civiliz'd
               ,
               and
               made
               more
               florid
               .
               From
               thence
               I
               have
               received
               many
               of
               their
               Berries
               ;
               so
               as
               it
               is
               a
               shameful
               negligence
               ,
               that
               we
               are
               no
               better
               provided
               of
               Nurseries
               ,
               of
               a
               Tree
               so
               choice
               ,
               and
               universally
               acceptable
               .
               For
               so
               they
               may
               be
               rais'd
               either
               of
               the
               Seeds
               in
               October
               ,
               or
               (
               with
               better
               successe
               )
               by
               the
               Suckers
               ,
               and
               Plants
               ,
               after
               the
               same
               method
               ,
               and
               in
               as
               great
               abundance
               as
               the
               Elm
               ,
               like
               to
               which
               it
               should
               be
               cultivated
               .
               But
               not
               onely
               by
               the
               Suckers
               ,
               at
               the
               Roots
               ,
               but
               even
               by
               Branches
               lop'd
               from
               the
               head
               ,
               may
               this
               Tree
               be
               propagated
               ;
               
               and
               peeling
               off
               a
               little
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               at
               a
               competent
               distance
               from
               the
               Stem
               or
               Arms
               ,
               and
               covering
               it
               with
               Lome
               mingled
               with
               rich
               Earth
               ,
               they
               will
               shoot
               their
               fibers
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               seasonably
               separated
               :
               But
               to
               facilitate
               this
               and
               the
               like
               attempts
               ,
               it
               is
               advisable
               to
               apply
               a
               ligature
               above
               the
               place
               ,
               when
               the
               Sap
               is
               ascending
               ,
               or
               beneath
               it
               ,
               when
               it
               descends
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               Lime-tree
               affects
               a
               rich
               feeding
               Soil
               ;
               in
               such
               Ground
               their
               growth
               will
               be
               almost
               incredible
               for
               speed
               and
               spreading
               .
               They
               may
               be
               Planted
               as
               big
               as
               ones
               Leg
               ;
               their
               Heads
               topp'd
               at
               about
               six
               foot
               bole
               ;
               thus
               it
               will
               become
               (
               of
               all
               other
               )
               the
               most
               proper
               and
               beautiful
               for
               Walks
               ,
               as
               producing
               an
               upright
               Body
               ,
               smooth
               and
               even
               Bark
               ,
               ample
               Leaf
               ,
               sweet
               Blossom
               ,
               and
               a
               goodly
               Shade
               at
               distance
               of
               eighteen
               or
               twenty
               foot
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               The
               
                 Prince
                 Elector
              
               did
               lately
               remove
               very
               great
               Lime-trees
               out
               of
               one
               of
               his
               Forests
               ,
               to
               a
               steep
               Hill
               exceedingly
               expos'd
               to
               the
               heat
               of
               the
               Sun
               at
               Hidelbourg
               ;
               and
               that
               in
               the
               midst
               of
               Summer
               :
               They
               grow
               behind
               that
               strong
               Tower
               on
               the
               South-west
               ,
               and
               most
               torrid
               part
               of
               the
               eminence
               ;
               being
               of
               a
               dry
               reddish
               barren
               Earth
               ;
               yet
               do
               they
               prosper
               rarely
               well
               :
               But
               the
               Heads
               were
               cut
               off
               ,
               and
               the
               Pits
               into
               which
               they
               were
               transplanted
               ,
               were
               (
               by
               the
               industry
               and
               direction
               of
               
                 Monsieur
                 de
                 Son
              
               ,
               a
               Frenchman
               ,
               that
               admirable
               Mechanicean
               ,
               who
               himself
               related
               it
               to
               me
               )
               fill'd
               with
               a
               composition
               of
               Earth
               and
               Cow-dung
               ,
               which
               was
               exceedingly
               beaten
               ,
               and
               so
               diluted
               with
               Water
               ,
               as
               it
               became
               almost
               a
               liquid
               pap
               :
               It
               was
               in
               this
               that
               he
               plunged
               the
               Roots
               ,
               covering
               the
               surface
               with
               the
               Turf
               :
               A
               singular
               example
               of
               removing
               so
               great
               Trees
               at
               such
               a
               season
               ,
               and
               therefore
               by
               me
               taken
               notice
               of
               here
               expresly
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               The
               Timber
               of
               a
               well-grown
               Lime
               is
               convenient
               for
               any
               use
               that
               the
               Willow
               is
               ;
               but
               much
               to
               be
               preferr'd
               ,
               as
               being
               both
               stronger
               ,
               and
               yet
               lighter
               ;
               whence
               Virgil
               calls
               them
               
                 tilias
                 leves
              
               ;
               and
               therefore
               fit
               for
               Yokes
               ,
               and
               to
               be
               turn'd
               into
               Boxes
               for
               the
               Apothecaries
               ;
               and
               Columella
               commends
               
                 Arculas
                 tiliaceas
              
               .
               And
               because
               of
               its
               Colour
               and
               easie
               working
               ,
               Architects
               make
               with
               it
               Modells
               for
               their
               designed
               Buildings
               ;
               and
               small
               Statues
               ,
               and
               little
               curious
               Figures
               have
               been
               Carved
               of
               this
               wood
               .
               With
               the
               twigs
               they
               made
               Baskets
               ,
               and
               Cradles
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               smoother
               side
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               Tablets
               for
               Writing
               ;
               for
               the
               antient
               Philyra
               is
               but
               our
               
                 Tilia
                 .
                 Bellonius
              
               sayes
               ,
               that
               the
               Grecians
               made
               Bottles
               of
               it
               ,
               which
               they
               finely
               Rozin'd
               within
               side
               ,
               also
               Lattices
               for
               Windows
               .
               The
               Gravers
               in
               Wood
               do
               sometimes
               make
               use
               of
               this
               fine
               material
               ;
               and
               even
               the
               coursest
               membrane
               ,
               or
               slivers
               of
               the
               Tree
               growing
               'twixt
               the
               Bark
               and
               the
               main
               Body
               ,
               they
               now
               twist
               into
               Bass-ropes
               ;
               Besides
               the
               Truncheons
               make
               a
               far
               better
               Coal
               for
               Gun-powder
               than
               that
               of
               Alder
               it self
               :
               And
               the
               extraordinary
               candor
               and
               lightnesse
               ,
               has
               dignifi'd
               it
               above
               all
               the
               VVoods
               of
               our
               Forest
               ,
               in
               the
               hands
               of
               the
               Right
               Honourable
               the
               VVhite-stave
               Officers
               of
               His
               Majesties
               Imperial
               Court.
               Those
               royal
               Plantations
               of
               these
               Trees
               in
               the
               Parks
               of
               
                 Hampton
                 Court
              
               ,
               and
               St.
               
               James's
               ,
               will
               sufficiently
               instruct
               any
               man
               how
               these
               (
               and
               indeed
               all
               other
               
               Trees
               which
               stand
               single
               )
               are
               to
               be
               govern'd
               ,
               and
               defended
               from
               the
               injuries
               of
               Beasts
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               more
               unreasonable
               Creatures
               ,
               till
               they
               are
               able
               to
               protect
               themselves
               .
               In
               Holland
               (
               where
               the
               very
               
                 High
                 wayes
              
               are
               adorn'd
               with
               them
               )
               they
               frequently
               clap
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               Deal-boards
               (
               in
               manner
               of
               a
               close
               trunk
               )
               about
               them
               ;
               but
               it
               is
               not
               so
               well
               ;
               because
               it
               keeps
               out
               the
               Air
               ,
               which
               should
               have
               free
               accesse
               ,
               and
               intercourse
               to
               the
               bole
               ,
               and
               by
               no
               means
               be
               excluded
               from
               flowing
               freely
               about
               them
               ,
               or
               indeed
               any
               other
               Trees
               ;
               provided
               they
               are
               secur'd
               from
               the
               violence
               of
               impetuous
               winds
               ,
               &c.
               as
               his
               Majesties
               are
               ,
               without
               those
               close
               Coffins
               ,
               in
               which
               the
               Dutch-men
               seem
               rather
               to
               bury
               them
               alive
               :
               In
               the
               mean
               time
               ,
               is
               there
               a
               more
               ravishing
               ,
               or
               delightful
               object
               then
               to
               behold
               some
               intire
               streets
               ,
               and
               whole
               Towns
               planted
               with
               these
               Trees
               ,
               in
               even
               lines
               before
               their
               doors
               ,
               so
               as
               they
               seem
               like
               Cities
               in
               a
               VVood
               ?
               this
               is
               extreamly
               fresh
               ,
               of
               admirable
               effect
               against
               the
               Epilepsie
               ,
               for
               which
               the
               delicately
               sented
               blossoms
               are
               held
               prevalent
               ;
               and
               skreens
               the
               Houses
               both
               from
               
                 VVinds
                 ,
                 Sun
              
               ,
               and
               Dust
               ;
               then
               which
               there
               can
               be
               nothing
               more
               desirable
               where
               Streets
               are
               much
               frequented
               .
            
             
               
                 The
                 stately
                 Lime
                 ,
                 smooth
                 ,
                 gentle
                 ,
                 streight
                 ,
                 and
                 fair
                 ,
              
               
                 (
                 With
                 which
                 no
                 other
                 Dryad
                 may
                 compare
                 )
              
               
                 With
                 verdant
                 locks
                 ,
                 and
                 fragrant
                 Blossoms
                 deckt
                 ,
              
               
                 Does
                 a
                 large
                 ,
                 ev'n
                 ,
                 odorate
                 Shade
                 project
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Stat
                 Philyra
                 ;
                 
                   haud
                   omnes
                   formos●or
                   altera
                   surgit
                
              
               
                 Inter
                 Hamadryades
                 ;
                 
                   mollissima
                   ,
                   candida
                   ,
                   lavis
                
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   Et
                   viridante
                   comâ
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   beneolenti
                   flore
                   superba
                
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   Spargit
                   odoratam
                   latè
                   ,
                   atque
                   aequaliter
                   umbram
                   .
                
              
               
                 Coulei
                 l.
                 6.
                 
                 Pl.
                 
              
            
             
               The
               distance
               for
               VValks
               may
               in
               rich
               ground
               be
               eighteen
               foot
               ,
               in
               more
               ordinary
               Soil
               ,
               fifteen
               ,
               or
               sixteen
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XV.
               Of
               the
               Quick-Beam
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               THe
               Quick-beam
               [
               Ornus
               ,
               or
               as
               the
               Pinax
               more
               peculiarly
               ,
               
                 Fraxinus
                 bubula
              
               ,
               others
               ,
               the
               
                 Wild
                 Sorb
              
               ]
               or
               (
               as
               some
               term
               it
               )
               the
               Witchen
               ,
               is
               a
               species
               of
               wild-Ash
               .
               The
               berries
               which
               it
               produces
               in
               October
               ,
               may
               then
               be
               sown
               ;
               or
               rather
               the
               Sets
               planted
               :
               It
               rises
               to
               a
               reasonable
               stature
               ,
               shoots
               upright
               ,
               and
               slender
               ;
               and
               consists
               of
               a
               fine
               smooth
               bark
               .
               It
               delights
               to
               be
               both
               in
               Mountains
               and
               VVoods
               ,
               and
               to
               fix
               it self
               in
               good
               light
               ground
               ;
               Virgil
               affirms
               ,
               't
               will
               unite
               with
               the
               Peare
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Besides
               the
               use
               of
               it
               for
               the
               Husbandmans
               Tools
               ,
               the
               VVheel-wright
               commends
               it
               for
               being
               all
               heart
               ;
               and
               our
               Fletchers
               for
               Bowes
               next
               to
               Eugh
               ,
               which
               we
               ought
               not
               to
               passe
               over
               ,
               for
               
               the
               glory
               of
               right
               English
               Ancestors
               :
               In
               a
               Statute
               of
               Hen.
               8.
               you
               have
               it
               mention'd
               :
               It
               is
               excellent
               Fuel
               ;
               but
               I
               have
               not
               yet
               observed
               any
               other
               use
               ,
               save
               that
               the
               Blossoms
               are
               of
               an
               agreeable
               scent
               ,
               and
               the
               Berries
               such
               a
               tempting
               Bait
               for
               the
               Thrushes
               ,
               that
               as
               long
               as
               they
               last
               ,
               you
               shall
               be
               sure
               of
               their
               Company
               .
               Some
               highly
               commend
               the
               Juice
               of
               the
               berries
               ,
               which
               (
               fermenting
               of
               it self
               )
               if
               well
               preserv'd
               ,
               makes
               an
               excellent
               Drink
               ,
               against
               the
               Spleen
               and
               
                 Scorbut
                 :
                 Ale
              
               and
               Beer
               Brew'd
               with
               these
               Berries
               ,
               being
               ripe
               ,
               is
               an
               incomparable
               Drink
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XVI
               .
               Of
               the
               Birch
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               THe
               
                 Birch
                 [
                 Betula
              
               ]
               is
               altogether
               produc'd
               of
               Suckers
               ,
               
               (
               though
               it
               sheds
               a
               kind
               of
               Samera
               about
               the
               Spring
               )
               which
               being
               planted
               at
               four
               or
               five
               foot
               interval
               ,
               in
               small
               Twigs
               ,
               will
               suddenly
               rise
               to
               Trees
               ;
               provided
               they
               affect
               the
               ground
               ,
               which
               cannot
               well
               be
               too
               Barren
               ;
               for
               it
               will
               thrive
               both
               in
               the
               dry
               ,
               and
               the
               Wet
               ,
               Sand
               ,
               and
               Stony
               ,
               Marshes
               ,
               and
               Bogs
               ;
               the
               Water-galls
               ,
               and
               uliginous
               parts
               of
               Forests
               that
               hardly
               bear
               any
               Grasse
               ,
               do
               many
               times
               spontaneously
               produce
               it
               in
               abundance
               ,
               whether
               the
               place
               be
               high
               ,
               or
               low
               ,
               and
               nothing
               comes
               amisse
               to
               it
               .
               Plant
               the
               small
               Twigs
               ,
               or
               Suckers
               having
               Roots
               ,
               and
               after
               the
               first
               year
               ,
               cut
               them
               within
               an
               inch
               of
               the
               surface
               ;
               this
               will
               cause
               them
               to
               sprout
               in
               strong
               and
               lusty
               tufts
               ,
               fit
               for
               Coppse
               ,
               and
               Spring-woods
               ;
               or
               ,
               by
               reducing
               them
               to
               one
               stem
               ,
               render
               them
               in
               a
               very
               few
               years
               fit
               for
               the
               Turner
               .
               For
            
             
               2.
               
               Though
               Birch
               be
               of
               all
               other
               the
               worst
               of
               Timber
               ,
               yet
               has
               it
               its
               various
               uses
               ,
               as
               for
               the
               
                 Husbandmans
                 Ox-yokes
              
               ;
               also
               for
               
                 Hoops
                 ,
                 Paniers
                 ,
                 Brooms
                 ,
                 Wands
                 ,
                 bavin
                 bands
                 ,
              
               and
               Wythes
               for
               Fagots
               ;
               and
               claims
               a
               memory
               for
               
                 Arrows
                 ,
                 bolts
                 ,
                 Shafts
              
               ,
               our
               old
               English
               Artillery
               ;
               also
               for
               
                 Dishes
                 ,
                 Boules
                 ,
                 Ladles
              
               ,
               and
               other
               domestic
               Utensils
               ,
               in
               the
               good
               old
               dayes
               of
               more
               simplicity
               ,
               yet
               of
               better
               and
               truer
               Hospitality
               :
               Also
               for
               
                 Fuel
                 ,
                 great
              
               and
               small-Coal
               ,
               which
               last
               is
               made
               by
               charring
               the
               slenderest
               brush
               ,
               and
               summities
               of
               the
               twigs
               ;
               as
               of
               the
               Tops
               and
               loppings
               M.
               Howards
               new
               Tanne
               .
               The
               inner
               silken-bark
               was
               antiently
               us'd
               for
               Writing-Tables
               ,
               even
               before
               the
               Invention
               of
               Paper
               ;
               and
               of
               the
               out-ward
               thicker
               ,
               and
               courser
               part
               ,
               are
               divers
               Houses
               in
               Russia
               ,
               and
               those
               poor
               Northern
               Tracts
               cover'd
               ,
               in
               stead
               of
               Slates
               ,
               and
               Tyle
               :
               'T
               is
               affirm'd
               by
               Cardan
               ,
               that
               some
               Birch-roots
               are
               so
               very
               extravagantly
               rein'd
               ,
               as
               to
               represent
               the
               Shapes
               and
               Images
               of
               
                 Beasts
                 ,
                 Birds
                 ,
                 Trees
              
               ,
               and
               
               many
               other
               pretty
               resemblances
               .
               Lastly
               ,
               of
               the
               whitest
               part
               of
               the
               
                 old
                 Wood
              
               ,
               found
               commonly
               in
               doating
               Birches
               ,
               is
               made
               the
               grounds
               of
               our
               
                 Gallants
                 sweet-Powder
              
               ;
               and
               of
               the
               quite
               consum'd
               and
               rotten
               ,
               such
               as
               we
               find
               reduc'd
               to
               a
               kind
               of
               
                 reddish
                 Earth
              
               in
               superexannuated
               hollow-trees
               ,
               is
               gotten
               the
               best
               Mould
               for
               the
               raising
               of
               divers
               Seedlings
               of
               the
               rarest
               Plants
               and
               Flowers
               ;
               to
               say
               nothing
               here
               of
               the
               Magisterial
               Fasces
               ,
               for
               which
               antiently
               the
               Gudgels
               were
               us'd
               by
               the
               Lictor
               ;
               as
               now
               the
               gentler
               Rods
               by
               our
               tyrannical
               Paedagogues
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               I
               should
               here
               add
               the
               uses
               of
               the
               Water
               too
               ,
               had
               I
               full
               permission
               to
               tamper
               with
               all
               the
               Medicinal
               virtues
               of
               Trees
               :
               But
               if
               the
               sovereign
               effects
               of
               the
               Juice
               of
               this
               despicable
               Tree
               supply
               its
               other
               defects
               (
               which
               makes
               some
               judge
               it
               unworthy
               to
               be
               brought
               into
               the
               Catalogue
               of
               Woods
               to
               be
               propagated
               )
               I
               may
               for
               once
               be
               permitted
               to
               play
               the
               Empiric
               ,
               and
               to
               gratifie
               our
               laborious
               Woodman
               with
               a
               Draught
               of
               his
               own
               Liquor
               :
               And
               the
               rather
               ,
               because
               these
               kind
               of
               Secrets
               are
               not
               yet
               sufficiently
               cultivated
               ;
               and
               ingenious
               Planters
               would
               by
               all
               means
               be
               encourag'd
               to
               make
               more
               trials
               of
               this
               nature
               ,
               as
               the
               Indians
               ,
               and
               other
               Nations
               have
               done
               on
               their
               Palmes
               ,
               and
               Trees
               of
               several
               kinds
               ,
               to
               their
               great
               emolument
               .
               The
               Mystery
               is
               no
               more
               than
               this
               :
               About
               the
               beginning
               of
               March
               (
               when
               the
               Buds
               begin
               to
               be
               proud
               and
               turgid
               )
               with
               a
               Chizel
               and
               a
               Mallet
               ,
               cut
               a
               slit
               almost
               as
               deep
               as
               the
               very
               Pith
               ,
               under
               some
               bough
               ,
               or
               branch
               of
               a
               well
               spreading
               Birch
               ;
               cut
               it
               oblique
               ,
               and
               not
               long-wayes
               (
               as
               a
               good
               Chirurgion
               would
               make
               his
               orifice
               in
               a
               Vein
               )
               inserting
               a
               small
               stone
               or
               chip
               ,
               to
               keep
               the
               Lips
               of
               the
               wound
               a
               little
               open
               :
               Sir
               
                 Hugh
                 Plat
              
               ,
               giving
               a
               general
               Rule
               for
               the
               gathering
               of
               Sap
               ,
               and
               Tapping
               of
               Trees
               ,
               would
               have
               it
               done
               within
               one
               foot
               of
               the
               ground
               ,
               the
               first
               rind
               taken
               off
               ,
               and
               then
               the
               white
               Bark
               slit
               overthwart
               ,
               no
               farther
               then
               to
               the
               Body
               of
               the
               Tree
               :
               Moreover
               ,
               that
               this
               wound
               be
               made
               onely
               in
               that
               part
               of
               the
               bark
               which
               respects
               the
               
                 South
                 west
              
               ,
               or
               between
               those
               quarters
               ;
               because
               (
               says
               he
               )
               little
               ,
               or
               no
               Sap
               riseth
               from
               the
               Northern
               .
               In
               this
               slit
               ,
               by
               the
               help
               of
               your
               knife
               to
               open
               it
               ,
               he
               directs
               that
               a
               leaf
               of
               the
               Tree
               be
               inserted
               ,
               first
               fitted
               to
               the
               dimensions
               of
               the
               slit
               ,
               from
               which
               the
               Sap
               will
               distil
               in
               manner
               of
               filtration
               :
               Take
               away
               the
               leaf
               ,
               and
               the
               bark
               will
               close
               again
               ,
               a
               little
               Earth
               being
               clapped
               to
               the
               slit
               :
               Thus
               the
               Knight
               for
               any
               Tree
               :
               But
               we
               have
               already
               shew'd
               how
               the
               Birch
               is
               to
               be
               treated
               :
               Fasten
               therefore
               a
               Bottle
               ,
               or
               some
               such
               convenient
               Vessel
               appendant
               :
               This
               does
               the
               effect
               as
               well
               as
               perforation
               or
               tapping
               :
               Out
               of
               this
               aperture
               will
               extil
               a
               limpid
               and
               clear
               Water
               ,
               retaining
               an
               obscure
               smack
               both
               of
               the
               tast
               and
               odor
               of
               the
               Tree
               ;
               and
               which
               (
               as
               I
               am
               credibly
               inform'd
               )
               will
               in
               the
               space
               of
               twelve
               ,
               or
               fourteen
               dayes
               preponderate
               ,
               and
               out-weigh
               the
               whole
               Tree
               it self
               ,
               Body
               ,
               and
               Roots
               ;
               which
               if
               it
               be
               constant
               ,
               and
               so
               happen
               likewise
               in
               other
               trees
               ,
               is
               not
               onely
               stupendious
               ,
               but
               an
               experiment
               worthy
               the
               Consideration
               of
               our
               profoundest
               
                 Philosophers
                 :
                 an
                 ex
                 sola
                 aqua
                 fiunt
                 Arbores
                 ?
              
               whether
               Water
               only
               be
               the
               Principle
               of
               
               Vegetables
               ,
               and
               consequently
               of
               trees
               :
               For
               evident
               it
               is
               ,
               that
               we
               know
               of
               no
               tree
               which
               does
               more
               copiously
               attract
               ,
               be
               it
               that
               so
               much
               celebrated
               Spirit
               of
               the
               World
               (
               as
               they
               call
               it
               )
               in
               Form
               of
               Water
               (
               as
               some
               )
               or
               a
               certain
               
                 specifique
                 liquor
              
               richly
               impregnated
               with
               this
               Balsamical
               property
               :
               That
               there
               is
               such
               a
               Magnes
               in
               this
               simple
               tree
               as
               does
               manifestly
               draw
               to
               it self
               some
               occult
               and
               wonderful
               virtue
               ,
               is
               notorious
               ;
               nor
               is
               it
               conceivable
               ,
               indeed
               ,
               the
               difference
               between
               the
               efficacy
               of
               that
               Liquor
               which
               distills
               from
               the
               bole
               ,
               or
               parts
               of
               the
               tree
               neerer
               to
               the
               Root
               (
               where
               Sir
               Hugh
               would
               celebrate
               the
               Incision
               )
               and
               that
               which
               weeps
               out
               from
               the
               more
               sublime
               Branches
               ,
               more
               impregnated
               with
               this
               Astral
               Vertue
               ,
               as
               not
               so
               near
               the
               Root
               ,
               which
               seems
               to
               attract
               rather
               a
               cruder
               and
               more
               common
               water
               ,
               through
               fewer
               strainers
               ,
               and
               neither
               so
               pure
               and
               Aërial
               as
               in
               those
               refined
               percolations
               ,
               the
               nature
               of
               the
               places
               where
               these
               trees
               delight
               to
               grow
               (
               for
               the
               most
               part
               lofty
               ,
               dry
               ,
               and
               barren
               )
               consider'd
               .
               But
               I
               refer
               these
               Disquisitions
               to
               the
               Learned
               ;
               especially
               ,
               as
               mention'd
               by
               that
               incomparable
               Philosopher
               ,
               and
               my
               most
               noble
               Friend
               ,
               the
               honourable
               Mr.
               Boyle
               ,
               in
               his
               
                 Second
                 part
              
               of
               the
               usefulnesse
               of
               
                 Natural
                 Philosophy
                 Sect.
              
               1.
               
               Essay
               3d.
               where
               he
               speaks
               of
               the
               
                 Manna
                 del
                 Corpo
              
               ,
               or
               Trunk-Manna
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               of
               that
               Liquor
               from
               the
               bough
               ;
               so
               of
               the
               Sura
               which
               the
               Coco-trees
               afford
               ;
               and
               that
               Polonian
               secret
               of
               the
               Liquor
               of
               the
               Wallnut-tree
               Root
               ;
               with
               an
               encouragement
               of
               more
               frequent
               Experiments
               to
               educe
               Saccharine
               substances
               upon
               these
               occasions
               :
               But
               the
               Book
               being
               publish'd
               so
               long
               since
               this
               Discourse
               was
               first
               ready
               ,
               I
               have
               onely
               here
               the
               liberty
               to
               refer
               the
               Reader
               to
               one
               of
               the
               best
               Entertainments
               in
               the
               world
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               But
               whilst
               this
               
                 Second
                 Edition
              
               is
               now
               under
               my
               hand
               ,
               there
               comes
               to
               me
               divers
               Papers
               upon
               this
               subject
               experimentally
               made
               by
               a
               worthy
               Friend
               of
               mine
               ,
               a
               Learned
               and
               most
               industrious
               Person
               ,
               which
               I
               had
               here
               once
               resolv'd
               to
               have
               publish'd
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               generous
               liberty
               granted
               me
               for
               so
               doing
               ;
               but
               understanding
               he
               was
               still
               in
               pursuit
               of
               that
               usefull
               ,
               and
               curious
               Secret
               ,
               I
               chang'd
               my
               resolution
               into
               an
               earnest
               addresse
               ,
               that
               he
               would
               communicate
               it
               to
               the
               World
               himself
               ,
               together
               with
               those
               other
               excellent
               Enquiries
               ,
               and
               observations
               which
               he
               is
               adorning
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               Planters
               ,
               and
               such
               as
               delight
               themselves
               in
               those
               innocent
               Rusticities
               .
               I
               will
               onely
               by
               way
               of
               Corolarie
               ,
               hint
               some
               particulars
               for
               satisfaction
               of
               the
               Curious
               ;
               and
               especially
               that
               we
               may
               in
               some
               sort
               gratifie
               those
               earnest
               suggestions
               and
               Queries
               of
               the
               most
               obliging
               Publisher
               of
               the
               
                 Philosophical
                 Transactions
              
               ,
               to
               whose
               
                 indefatigable
                 pains
              
               the
               Learned
               World
               is
               infinitely
               engag'd
               .
               In
               compliance
               therefore
               to
               his
               
                 Queries
                 ,
                 Monday
                 Octob.
              
               19.
               1668.
               
               Numb
               .
               40.
               p.
               797
               ,
               821
               ,
               &c.
               these
               Generals
               are
               submitted
               :
               That
               in
               such
               Trials
               as
               my
               Friend
               essai'd
               ,
               he
               has
               not
               yet
               encountred
               with
               any
               Sap
               but
               what
               is
               very
               clear
               and
               sweet
               ;
               especially
               that
               of
               the
               Sycomor
               ,
               which
               has
               a
               dulcoration
               as
               if
               mixed
               with
               Sugar
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               runs
               one
               of
               the
               earliest
               :
               That
               the
               Maple
               distill'd
               when
               quite
               reseinded
               from
               the
               Body
               ,
               and
               even
               whilst
               he
               yet
               held
               it
               in
               his
               
               hand
               :
               That
               the
               Sycomor
               ran
               at
               the
               Root
               ,
               which
               some
               dayes
               before
               yielded
               no
               Sap
               ,
               from
               his
               branches
               ;
               the
               Experiment
               made
               at
               the
               end
               of
               March
               :
               But
               the
               accurate
               knowledge
               of
               the
               nature
               of
               Sap
               ,
               and
               its
               periodic
               Motions
               and
               properties
               in
               several
               Trees
               ,
               should
               be
               observed
               by
               some
               at
               entire
               leisure
               to
               attend
               it
               daily
               ,
               and
               almost
               continually
               ,
               and
               will
               require
               more
               than
               any
               one
               persons
               industry
               can
               afford
               :
               For
               it
               must
               be
               enquir'd
               concerning
               every
               tree
               ,
               its
               
                 age
                 ,
                 soyl
                 ,
                 scituation
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               the
               variety
               of
               its
               ascending
               Sap
               depending
               on
               it
               ;
               and
               then
               of
               its
               Sap
               ascending
               in
               the
               branches
               and
               Roots
               ;
               descending
               in
               cut
               branches
               ;
               descending
               from
               Root
               and
               not
               from
               branches
               ;
               the
               Seasons
               and
               difference
               of
               time
               in
               which
               those
               Accidents
               happen
               ,
               &c.
               
               He
               likewise
               thinks
               the
               best
               expedient
               to
               procure
               store
               of
               Liquor
               ,
               is
               ,
               to
               cut
               the
               Trees
               almost
               quite
               through
               all
               the
               Circles
               on
               both
               sides
               the
               Pith
               ,
               leaving
               only
               the
               outmost
               Circle
               and
               the
               barks
               on
               the
               North
               ,
               or
               North-East
               side
               unpierced
               ;
               and
               this
               hole
               the
               larger
               it
               is
               bored
               ,
               the
               more
               plentifully
               't
               will
               distill
               ;
               which
               if
               it
               be
               under
               ,
               and
               through
               a
               large
               Arm
               ,
               neer
               the
               Ground
               ,
               it
               is
               effected
               with
               greatest
               advantage
               ,
               and
               will
               need
               neither
               stone
               nor
               Chip
               to
               keep
               it
               open
               ,
               nor
               Spigot
               to
               direct
               it
               to
               the
               Recipient
               .
               Thus
               it
               will
               in
               a
               short
               time
               ,
               afford
               Liquor
               sufficient
               to
               Brew
               with
               ;
               and
               in
               some
               of
               these
               sweet
               Saps
               ,
               one
               Bushel
               of
               Mault
               will
               afford
               as
               good
               Ale
               as
               four
               in
               ordinary
               Waters
               ,
               even
               in
               March
               it self
               ;
               in
               others
               ,
               as
               good
               as
               two
               Bushels
               ;
               for
               this
               ,
               prefering
               the
               Sycomor
               before
               any
               other
               :
               But
               to
               preserve
               it
               in
               best
               condition
               for
               brewing
               ,
               till
               you
               are
               stor'd
               with
               a
               sufficient
               quantity
               ,
               it
               is
               advis'd
               that
               what
               first
               runs
               ,
               be
               insolated
               ,
               till
               the
               remainder
               be
               prepar'd
               to
               prevent
               its
               growing
               sowre
               :
               But
               it
               may
               also
               be
               fermented
               alone
               by
               such
               as
               have
               the
               Secret
               :
               To
               the
               Curious
               these
               Essayes
               are
               recommended
               .
               That
               it
               be
               immediately
               stopp'd
               up
               in
               bottles
               in
               which
               it
               is
               gathered
               ,
               the
               Corks
               well
               wax'd
               and
               expos'd
               to
               the
               Sun
               ,
               till
               (
               as
               was
               said
               )
               sufficient
               quantity
               be
               run
               ;
               then
               let
               so
               much
               Rye-bread
               (
               toasted
               very
               dry
               ,
               but
               not
               burnt
               )
               be
               put
               into
               it
               as
               will
               serve
               to
               set
               it
               a
               working
               ;
               and
               when
               it
               begins
               to
               ferment
               ,
               take
               it
               out
               ,
               and
               Bottle
               it
               immediately
               .
               If
               you
               add
               a
               few
               
                 Cloves
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               to
               steep
               in
               it
               ,
               't
               will
               certainly
               keep
               the
               year
               about
               :
               'T
               is
               a
               wonder
               how
               speedily
               it
               extracts
               the
               tast
               ,
               and
               tincture
               of
               the
               spice
               :
               Mr.
               Boyle
               proposes
               a
               sulphurous
               fume
               to
               the
               
                 bottles
                 :
                 Spirit
              
               of
               Wine
               may
               haply
               not
               onely
               preserve
               ,
               but
               advance
               the
               Vertues
               of
               Saps
               ;
               and
               Infusions
               of
               Raisins
               are
               obvious
               ,
               and
               without
               decoction
               best
               ,
               which
               does
               but
               spend
               the
               more
               delicate
               parts
               .
               Note
               that
               the
               Sap
               of
               the
               Birch
               will
               make
               excellent
               Meade
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               To
               these
               Observations
               ,
               that
               of
               the
               Weight
               ,
               and
               Vertue
               of
               the
               several
               Juices
               would
               be
               both
               useful
               and
               Curious
               :
               As
               whether
               that
               which
               proceeds
               from
               the
               bark
               ,
               or
               between
               that
               and
               the
               Wood
               be
               of
               the
               same
               nature
               with
               that
               which
               is
               suppos'd
               to
               spring
               from
               the
               pores
               of
               the
               woody
               Circles
               ?
               and
               whether
               it
               rise
               in
               like
               quantity
               upon
               comparing
               the
               incisures
               ?
               All
               which
               may
               be
               try'd
               ,
               first
               attempting
               through
               the
               bark
               ,
               and
               saving
               that
               apart
               ,
               and
               then
               
               perforating
               into
               the
               Wood
               to
               the
               thicknesse
               of
               the
               bark
               or
               more
               ,
               with
               a
               like
               separation
               of
               what
               distills
               .
               The
               period
               also
               of
               its
               current
               would
               be
               calculated
               ;
               as
               how
               much
               proceeds
               from
               the
               bark
               ,
               in
               one
               hour
               ,
               how
               much
               from
               the
               Wood
               or
               Body
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               and
               thus
               every
               hour
               ,
               still
               a
               deeper
               incision
               with
               a
               good
               large
               Augre
               ,
               till
               the
               Tree
               be
               quite
               perforated
               :
               Then
               by
               making
               a
               
                 second
                 hole
              
               within
               the
               first
               ,
               fitted
               with
               a
               lesser
               pipe
               ,
               the
               interior
               heart-sap
               may
               be
               drawn
               apart
               ,
               and
               examin'd
               by
               
                 Weight
                 ,
                 Quantity
                 ,
                 Colour
                 ,
                 Distillation
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               And
               if
               no
               difference
               perceptible
               be
               detected
               ,
               the
               presumption
               will
               be
               greater
               ,
               that
               the
               difference
               of
               heart
               and
               Sap
               in
               Timber
               ,
               is
               not
               from
               the
               Saps
               plenty
               or
               penury
               ,
               but
               the
               Season
               ;
               and
               then
               possibly
               ,
               the
               very
               season
               of
               squaring
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               Felling
               of
               Timber
               ,
               may
               be
               considerable
               to
               the
               preservation
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               notice
               likewise
               of
               the
               Saps
               rising
               more
               plentifully
               ,
               and
               constantly
               in
               the
               Sun
               ,
               than
               Shade
               ;
               more
               in
               the
               Day
               than
               Night
               ,
               more
               in
               the
               Roots
               than
               Branch
               ,
               more
               Southward
               than
               
                 Northward
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               may
               yield
               many
               useful
               Observations
               :
               As
               for
               Planting
               ,
               to
               set
               thicker
               ,
               or
               thinner
               
                 (
                 si
                 coetera
                 sint
                 paria
              
               )
               namely
               the
               nature
               of
               the
               
                 Tree
                 ,
                 Soyl
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               )
               and
               not
               to
               shade
               over
               much
               the
               Roots
               of
               those
               Trees
               whose
               stems
               we
               desire
               should
               mount
               ,
               &c.
               
               That
               in
               transplanting
               Trees
               we
               turn
               the
               best
               ,
               and
               largest
               Roots
               towards
               the
               South
               ,
               and
               consequently
               the
               most
               ample
               and
               spreading
               part
               of
               the
               head
               correspondent
               to
               the
               Roots
               :
               For
               if
               there
               be
               a
               strong
               Root
               on
               that
               Quarter
               ,
               and
               but
               a
               feeble
               attraction
               in
               the
               Branches
               ,
               this
               may
               not
               alwayes
               counterpoise
               the
               weak
               Roots
               on
               the
               North-side
               ,
               damnified
               by
               the
               too
               puissant
               attraction
               of
               over
               large
               Branches
               :
               this
               may
               also
               suggest
               a
               cause
               why
               Trees
               flourish
               more
               on
               the
               South-side
               ,
               and
               have
               their
               Integument
               and
               Coates
               thicker
               on
               those
               aspects
               annually
               ,
               with
               divers
               other
               useful
               speculations
               ,
               if
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               they
               seem
               not
               rather
               to
               be
               puntillos
               ,
               over
               nice
               for
               a
               plain
               Forester
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               To
               shew
               our
               Reader
               yet
               ,
               that
               these
               are
               no
               novel
               Experiments
               ,
               we
               are
               to
               know
               ,
               that
               a
               large
               Tract
               of
               the
               World
               almost
               altogether
               subsist
               on
               these
               Treen
               Liquors
               ;
               Especially
               ,
               that
               of
               the
               Date
               ,
               which
               being
               grown
               to
               about
               seven
               or
               eight
               foot
               in
               height
               ,
               they
               wound
               ,
               as
               we
               have
               taught
               ,
               for
               the
               Sap
               ,
               which
               they
               call
               Toddy
               ,
               a
               very
               famous
               Drink
               in
               the
               East-Indias
               .
               This
               Tree
               increasing
               every
               year
               about
               a
               foot
               ,
               near
               the
               opposite
               part
               of
               the
               first
               Incisure
               ,
               they
               pierce
               again
               ,
               changing
               the
               Receiver
               ;
               and
               so
               still
               by
               opposite
               wounds
               and
               Notches
               ,
               they
               yearly
               draw
               forth
               the
               Liquor
               ,
               till
               it
               arrive
               to
               near
               thirty
               foot
               upward
               ,
               and
               of
               these
               they
               have
               ample
               Groves
               and
               Plantations
               which
               they
               set
               at
               seven
               or
               eight
               foot
               distance
               :
               But
               then
               they
               use
               to
               percolate
               what
               they
               extract
               ,
               through
               a
               Stratum
               made
               of
               the
               Rind
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               well
               contus'd
               and
               beaten
               ,
               before
               which
               preparation
               it
               is
               not
               safe
               to
               Drink
               it
               ;
               and
               't
               is
               observ'd
               ,
               that
               some
               Trees
               afford
               a
               much
               more
               generous
               Wine
               ,
               than
               others
               of
               the
               same
               kind
               .
               In
               the
               Coco
               and
               Palmeto
               Trees
               ,
               they
               Chop
               a
               Bough
               as
               we
               do
               the
               Betula
               ;
               but
               in
               
               the
               Date
               ,
               make
               the
               Incision
               with
               a
               Chisel
               in
               the
               Body
               very
               neatly
               ,
               in
               which
               they
               stitch
               a
               Leaf
               of
               the
               Tree
               as
               a
               lingula
               to
               direct
               it
               into
               the
               appendent
               Vessel
               ,
               which
               the
               subjoyn'd
               Figure
               represents
               ,
               and
               illustrates
               with
               its
               improvement
               to
               our
               former
               Discourse
               :
            
             
               Note
               ,
               
                 If
                 there
                 be
                 no
                 fitting
              
               Arms
               ,
               the
               hole
               
                 thus
                 obliquely
              
               perforated
               ,
               
                 and
                 a
              
               Faucet
               or
               pipe
               
                 inserted
                 ,
                 will
                 lead
                 the
              
               Sap
               
                 into
                 the
              
               Recipient
               .
            
             
               
                 (
                 a.
                 b.
                 )
                 
                   the
                   body
                   of
                   the
                
                 Tree
                 (
                 g.
                 )
                 
                   boar'd
                   at
                   that
                   part
                   of
                   the
                
                 Arm
                 (
                 f.
                 )
                 
                   joyn'd
                   to
                   the
                
                 Stem
                 ,
                 
                   with
                   an
                   Augre
                   of
                   an
                
                 inch
                 
                   or
                   more
                
                 diameter
                 ,
                 
                   according
                   to
                   the
                   bignesse
                   of
                   the
                
                 Tree
                 .
                 (
                 c.
                 )
                 
                   a
                   part
                   of
                   the
                
                 Bark
                 
                   bent
                   down
                   into
                   the
                   mouth
                   of
                   the
                
                 Bottle
                 (
                 e.
                 )
                 
                   to
                   conduct
                   the
                
                 Liquor
                 
                   into
                   it
                
                 .
                 (
                 d.
                 )
                 the
                 String
                 
                   about
                   the
                
                 Arm
                 (
                 f.
                 )
                 
                   by
                   which
                   the
                
                 Bottle
                 hangs
                 .
              
            
             
               8.
               
               The
               Liquor
               of
               the
               Birch
               is
               esteem'd
               to
               have
               all
               the
               Virtues
               of
               the
               
                 Spirit
                 of
                 Salt
              
               ,
               
               without
               the
               danger
               of
               its
               acrimony
               ;
               most
               powerful
               for
               the
               dissolving
               of
               the
               Stone
               in
               the
               Bladder
               :
               Helmont
               shews
               how
               to
               make
               a
               Beer
               of
               the
               Water
               ;
               but
               the
               Wine
               is
               a
               most
               
               rich
               Cordial
               ,
               curing
               (
               as
               I
               am
               told
               )
               Consumptions
               ,
               and
               such
               interior
               Diseases
               as
               accompany
               the
               Stone
               in
               the
               Bladder
               or
               Reins
               :
               This
               Wine
               ,
               exquisitely
               made
               ,
               is
               so
               strong
               ,
               that
               the
               common
               sort
               of
               stone-bottles
               cannot
               preserve
               the
               spirits
               ,
               so
               subtile
               they
               are
               and
               volatile
               ;
               and
               yet
               it
               is
               gentle
               ,
               and
               very
               harmlesse
               in
               operation
               within
               the
               body
               ,
               and
               exceedingly
               sharpens
               the
               Appetite
               ,
               being
               drank
               
                 ante
                 pastum
              
               :
               I
               will
               present
               you
               a
               Receipt
               ,
               as
               it
               was
               sent
               me
               by
               a
               fair
               Lady
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               To
               every
               Gallon
               of
               Birch-water
               put
               a
               quart
               of
               Hony
               well
               stirr'd
               together
               ;
               then
               boyl
               it
               almost
               an
               hour
               with
               a
               few
               Cloves
               ,
               and
               a
               little
               Limon-peel
               ,
               keeping
               it
               well
               scumm'd
               :
               When
               it
               is
               sufficiently
               boil'd
               ,
               and
               become
               cold
               ,
               add
               to
               it
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               spoonfulls
               of
               good
               Ale
               to
               make
               it
               work
               (
               which
               it
               will
               do
               like
               new
               Ale
               )
               and
               when
               the
               Yest
               begins
               to
               settle
               ,
               bottle
               it
               up
               as
               you
               do
               other
               winy
               Liquors
               .
               It
               will
               in
               a
               competent
               time
               become
               a
               most
               brisk
               ,
               and
               spiritous
               Drink
               ,
               which
               (
               besides
               the
               former
               virtues
               )
               is
               a
               very
               powerful
               opener
               ,
               and
               doing
               wonders
               for
               cure
               of
               the
               Ptisick
               :
               This
               Wine
               may
               (
               if
               you
               please
               )
               be
               made
               as
               successfully
               with
               Sugar
               in
               stead
               of
               Hony
               ,
               lbj
               .
               to
               each
               Gallon
               of
               Water
               ;
               or
               you
               may
               dulcifie
               it
               with
               Raisins
               ,
               and
               compose
               a
               Raisin-wine
               of
               it
               .
               I
               know
               not
               whether
               the
               quantity
               of
               the
               sweet
               Ingredients
               might
               not
               be
               somewhat
               reduc'd
               ,
               and
               the
               operation
               improv'd
               :
               But
               I
               give
               it
               as
               receiv'd
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               But
               besides
               these
               ,
               
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Alder
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Elder
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               would
               be
               attempted
               for
               Liquors
               :
               Thus
               Crabs
               ,
               and
               even
               our
               very
               brambles
               ,
               may
               possibly
               yield
               us
               medical
               and
               useful
               Wines
               .
               The
               Poplar
               was
               heretofore
               esteem'd
               more
               Physical
               than
               the
               Betula
               .
               The
               Sap
               of
               the
               Oak
               ,
               juice
               ,
               or
               decoction
               of
               the
               inner
               bark
               cures
               the
               Fashions
               ,
               or
               Farcy
               ,
               a
               virulent
               and
               dangerous
               infirmity
               in
               Horses
               ,
               and
               which
               (
               like
               Cancers
               )
               were
               reputed
               incurable
               by
               any
               other
               Topic
               ,
               then
               some
               actual
               ,
               or
               potential
               cautery
               :
               But
               ,
               what
               is
               more
               noble
               ;
               a
               dear
               Friend
               of
               mine
               assur'd
               me
               ,
               that
               a
               Country
               Neighbour
               of
               his
               (
               at
               least
               fourscore
               years
               of
               age
               )
               who
               had
               lain
               sick
               of
               a
               bloody
               Strangury
               (
               which
               by
               cruel
               torments
               reduc'd
               him
               to
               the
               very
               article
               of
               Death
               )
               was
               ,
               under
               God
               ,
               recover'd
               to
               perfect
               ,
               and
               almost
               miraculous
               health
               ,
               and
               strength
               (
               so
               as
               to
               be
               able
               to
               fall
               stoutly
               to
               his
               labour
               )
               by
               one
               sole
               Draught
               of
               Beer
               ,
               wherein
               was
               the
               decoction
               of
               the
               internal
               bark
               of
               the
               Oak-tree
               ;
               And
               I
               have
               seen
               a
               Composition
               of
               an
               admirable
               sudorific
               ,
               and
               diuretic
               for
               all
               affections
               of
               the
               Liver
               ,
               out
               of
               the
               like
               of
               the
               Elm
               ,
               which
               might
               yet
               be
               drank
               daily
               as
               our
               Cophee
               is
               ,
               and
               with
               no
               lesse
               delight
               ;
               but
               Quacking
               is
               not
               my
               Trade
               :
               I
               speak
               onely
               here
               as
               a
               plain
               
                 Husband
                 man
              
               ,
               and
               a
               simple
               Forester
               ,
               out
               of
               the
               limits
               whereof
               I
               hope
               I
               have
               not
               unpardonably
               transgress'd
               .
               Pan
               was
               a
               Physician
               ,
               and
               he
               (
               you
               know
               )
               was
               President
               of
               the
               Woods
               .
               But
               I
               proceed
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XVII
               .
               Of
               the
               Hasel
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               
                 NVx
                 Sylvestris
              
               ,
               or
               Corylus
               ,
               the
               Hasel
               ,
               is
               best
               rais'd
               from
               the
               Nuts
               ,
               which
               you
               shall
               sow
               like
               Mast
               in
               a
               pretty
               deep
               furrow
               toward
               the
               end
               of
               February
               :
               Light
               ground
               may
               immediately
               be
               sown
               and
               harrow'd
               in
               very
               accurately
               ;
               but
               in
               case
               the
               mould
               be
               clay
               ,
               plow
               it
               earlier
               ,
               and
               let
               it
               be
               sufficiently
               mellow'd
               with
               the
               Frosts
               ;
               and
               then
               the
               third
               year
               ,
               cut
               your
               Trees
               near
               to
               the
               ground
               with
               a
               sharp
               bill
               ,
               the
               Moon
               decreasing
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               But
               if
               you
               would
               make
               a
               Grove
               for
               Pleasure
               ,
               Plant
               them
               in
               Fosses
               at
               a
               yard
               distance
               ,
               and
               cut
               them
               within
               half
               a
               foot
               of
               the
               earth
               ,
               dressing
               them
               for
               three
               or
               four
               Springs
               and
               Autumns
               ,
               by
               onely
               loosning
               the
               Mould
               a
               little
               about
               their
               roots
               .
               Others
               there
               are
               ,
               who
               set
               the
               Nuts
               by
               hand
               at
               one
               foot
               distance
               ,
               to
               be
               transplanted
               the
               third
               year
               at
               a
               yard
               asunder
               :
               But
               this
               work
               is
               not
               to
               be
               taken
               in
               hand
               so
               soon
               as
               the
               Nuts
               fall
               ,
               till
               Winter
               be
               well
               advanc'd
               ;
               because
               they
               are
               exceedingly
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               Frosts
               ;
               nor
               will
               they
               sprout
               till
               the
               Spring
               ;
               besides
               ,
               Vermine
               are
               great
               devourers
               of
               them
               :
               Preserve
               them
               therefore
               moist
               ,
               not
               mouldy
               ;
               by
               laying
               them
               in
               their
               own
               dry
               leaves
               ,
               or
               in
               Sand
               ,
               till
               January
               .
            
             
               
                 Hasels
                 from
                 Sets
                 and
                 Suckers
                 take
                 .
              
               
                 Plantis
                 &
                 
                   durae
                   Coryli
                   nascuntur
                
                 —
              
               
                 Georg
                 2.
                 
              
            
             
               3.
               
               From
               whence
               they
               thrive
               very
               well
               ,
               the
               shoots
               being
               of
               the
               scantlings
               of
               small
               wands
               ,
               and
               switches
               ,
               or
               somewhat
               bigger
               ,
               and
               such
               as
               have
               drawn
               divers
               hairy
               twiggs
               ,
               which
               are
               by
               no
               means
               to
               be
               disbranch'd
               no
               more
               than
               their
               Roots
               ,
               unless
               by
               a
               very
               sparing
               and
               discreet
               hand
               .
               Thus
               your
               Coryletum
               or
               Copse
               of
               Hasels
               being
               Planted
               about
               Autumn
               ,
               may
               (
               as
               some
               practise
               it
               )
               be
               cut
               within
               three
               or
               four
               inches
               of
               the
               ground
               the
               Spring
               following
               ,
               which
               the
               new
               Cyon
               will
               suddenly
               repair
               ,
               in
               clusters
               and
               tufts
               of
               fair
               poles
               of
               twenty
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               thirty
               foot
               long
               :
               But
               I
               rather
               should
               spare
               them
               till
               two
               ,
               or
               three
               years
               after
               ,
               when
               they
               shall
               have
               taken
               strong
               hold
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               cut
               close
               to
               the
               very
               Earth
               ;
               the
               improsperous
               ,
               and
               feeble
               ones
               especially
               .
               Thus
               ,
               are
               likewise
               Filberts
               to
               be
               treated
               ,
               both
               of
               them
               improv'd
               much
               by
               transplanting
               ,
               but
               chiefly
               by
               Graffing
               ,
               and
               it
               would
               be
               try'd
               with
               Filberts
               ,
               and
               even
               with
               Almonds
               themselves
               ,
               for
               more
               elegant
               Experiments
               .
            
             
             
               4.
               
               For
               the
               Place
               ,
               they
               above
               all
               affect
               
                 cold
                 ,
                 barren
                 ,
                 dry
              
               ,
               and
               Sandy
               grounds
               ;
               also
               Mountains
               ,
               and
               even
               Rockie
               Soils
               produce
               them
               ;
               but
               more
               plentifully
               ,
               if
               somewhat
               moist
               ,
               dankish
               ,
               and
               Mossie
               ,
               as
               in
               the
               fresher
               bottoms
               ,
               and
               sides
               of
               Hills
               ,
               and
               in
               Hedge-rowes
               .
               Such
               as
               are
               maintain'd
               for
               Coppses
               ,
               may
               after
               Twelve
               years
               be
               fell'd
               the
               first
               time
               ;
               the
               next
               at
               seven
               or
               eight
               ,
               &c.
               for
               by
               this
               period
               their
               Roots
               will
               be
               compleatly
               vigorous
               .
               You
               may
               Plant
               them
               from
               October
               to
               January
               ,
               provided
               you
               keep
               them
               carefully
               Weeded
               till
               they
               have
               taken
               fast
               hold
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               The
               use
               of
               the
               Hasel
               is
               for
               
                 Poles
                 ,
                 Spars
                 ;
                 Hoops
                 ,
                 Forks
                 ,
                 Angling
                 rods
                 ,
                 Faggots
                 ,
                 Cudgels
                 ,
                 Coals
                 ,
              
               and
               Springes
               to
               catch
               birds
               ;
               and
               it
               makes
               one
               of
               the
               best
               Coals
               ,
               once
               us'd
               for
               Gun-powder
               ,
               being
               very
               fine
               and
               Light
               ,
               till
               they
               found
               Alder
               to
               be
               more
               fit
               :
               There
               is
               no
               Wood
               which
               purifies
               Wine
               sooner
               ,
               than
               the
               Chipps
               of
               Hasel
               :
               Also
               for
               VVith's
               and
               Bands
               ,
               upon
               which
               I
               remember
               Pliny
               thinks
               it
               a
               pretty
               Speculation
               ,
               that
               a
               Wood
               should
               be
               stronger
               to
               bind
               withal
               being
               bruis'd
               and
               divided
               ,
               then
               when
               whole
               and
               entire
               ;
               lastly
               ,
               for
               Riding
               Switches
               and
               
                 Divinatory
                 Rods
              
               for
               the
               detecting
               and
               finding
               out
               of
               Minerals
               ;
               at
               least
               ,
               if
               that
               Tradition
               be
               no
               imposture
               .
               But
               the
               most
               signal
               Honour
               it
               was
               ever
               employ'd
               in
               ,
               and
               which
               might
               deservedly
               exalt
               this
               humble
               ,
               and
               common
               Plant
               above
               all
               the
               Trees
               of
               the
               Wood
               ,
               is
               that
               of
               Hurdles
               ;
               not
               for
               that
               it
               is
               generally
               us'd
               for
               the
               Folding
               of
               our
               Innocent
               Sheep
               ,
               an
               Emblem
               of
               the
               Church
               ;
               but
               for
               making
               the
               Walks
               of
               one
               of
               the
               first
               
                 Christian
                 Oratories
              
               in
               the
               World
               ;
               and
               particularly
               in
               this
               Island
               ,
               that
               venerable
               and
               Sacred
               Fabric
               at
               Glastenbury
               ,
               founded
               by
               S.
               Joseph
               of
               Arimathea
               ,
               which
               is
               storied
               to
               have
               been
               first
               compos'd
               but
               of
               a
               few
               small
               Hasel-Rods
               interwoven
               about
               certain
               Stakes
               driven
               into
               the
               ground
               ;
               and
               Walls
               of
               this
               kind
               ,
               in
               stead
               of
               Laths
               and
               Punchions
               ,
               superinduc'd
               with
               a
               course
               Mortar
               made
               of
               Loam
               and
               Straw
               ,
               does
               to
               this
               day
               ,
               inclose
               divers
               humble
               
                 Cottages
                 ,
                 Sheads
              
               ,
               and
               Out-Houses
               in
               the
               Countrey
               ;
               and
               't
               is
               strong
               and
               lasting
               for
               such
               purposes
               ,
               whole
               ,
               or
               Cleft
               ,
               and
               I
               have
               seen
               ample
               enclosures
               of
               Courts
               and
               Gardens
               so
               secur'd
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               There
               is
               a
               compendious
               expedient
               for
               the
               thickning
               of
               Copses
               which
               are
               too
               transparant
               ,
               by
               laying
               of
               a
               Sampler
               ,
               or
               Pole
               of
               an
               
                 Hasel
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Poplar
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               of
               twenty
               ,
               or
               thirty
               foot
               in
               length
               (
               the
               head
               a
               little
               lopp'd
               )
               into
               the
               ground
               ,
               giving
               it
               a
               Chop
               near
               the
               foot
               ,
               to
               make
               it
               succumb
               ;
               this
               fastned
               to
               the
               earth
               with
               a
               hook
               or
               two
               ,
               and
               cover'd
               with
               some
               fresh
               mould
               at
               a
               competent
               depth
               (
               as
               Gardeners
               lay
               their
               Carnations
               )
               will
               produce
               a
               world
               of
               Suckers
               ,
               thicken
               ,
               and
               furnish
               a
               Copse
               speedily
               .
               But
               I
               am
               now
               come
               to
               the
               VVater-side
               ;
               let
               us
               next
               consider
               the
               Aquatic
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XVIII
               .
               Of
               the
               Poplar
               ,
               Aspen
               ,
               and
               Abele
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               POpulus
               .
               I
               begin
               this
               second
               Class
               (
               according
               to
               our
               former
               distribution
               )
               with
               the
               Poplar
               ,
               of
               which
               there
               are
               several
               kinds
               ;
               
                 White
                 ,
                 Black
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               (
               which
               in
               Candy
               't
               is
               reported
               bears
               seed
               )
               besides
               the
               Aspen
               .
               The
               white
               is
               the
               most
               ordinary
               with
               us
               ,
               to
               be
               rais'd
               in
               abundance
               by
               every
               set
               or
               slip
               .
               Fence
               the
               ground
               as
               far
               as
               any
               old
               Poplar
               roots
               extend
               ,
               they
               will
               furnish
               you
               with
               suckers
               innumerable
               ,
               to
               be
               slipp'd
               from
               their
               mothers
               ,
               and
               transplanted
               the
               very
               first
               year
               .
               You
               shall
               need
               no
               other
               Nursery
               .
               When
               they
               are
               young
               ,
               their
               leaves
               are
               somewhat
               broader
               and
               rounder
               then
               when
               they
               grow
               aged
               .
               In
               moist
               and
               boggie
               places
               they
               will
               flourish
               wonderfully
               ,
               so
               the
               ground
               be
               not
               spewing
               ;
               but
               especially
               near
               the
               margins
               and
               banks
               of
               Rivers
               ,
               
                 Populus
                 in
                 fluviis
                 —
              
               and
               in
               low
               ,
               sweet
               and
               fertile
               grounds
               .
               Also
               trunchions
               of
               seven
               or
               eight
               foot
               long
               ,
               thrust
               two
               foot
               into
               the
               earth
               ,
               (
               a
               hole
               being
               made
               with
               a
               sharp
               hard
               stake
               ,
               fill'd
               with
               water
               ,
               and
               then
               with
               fine
               earth
               pressed
               in
               and
               close
               about
               them
               )
               when
               once
               rooted
               ,
               may
               be
               cut
               at
               six
               inches
               above
               ground
               ;
               and
               thus
               placed
               at
               a
               yard
               distant
               ,
               they
               will
               immediately
               furnish
               a
               kind
               of
               Copse
               .
               But
               in
               case
               you
               plant
               them
               of
               
                 rooted
                 trees
              
               ,
               or
               smaller
               sets
               ,
               fix
               them
               not
               so
               deep
               ;
               for
               though
               we
               bury
               the
               trunchions
               thus
               profound
               ,
               yet
               is
               the
               root
               which
               they
               strike
               commonly
               but
               shallow
               .
               They
               will
               make
               prodigious
               shoots
               in
               15
               or
               16
               years
               ;
               but
               then
               the
               heads
               must
               by
               no
               means
               be
               diminish'd
               ,
               but
               the
               lower
               branches
               may
               ,
               yet
               not
               too
               far
               up
               :
               the
               foot
               would
               also
               be
               cleansed
               every
               second
               year
               .
               This
               for
               the
               White
               .
               The
               
                 Black
                 Poplar
              
               is
               frequently
               pollar'd
               when
               as
               big
               as
               ones
               arm
               ,
               eight
               or
               nine
               foot
               from
               the
               ground
               ,
               as
               they
               trim
               them
               in
               Italy
               for
               their
               Vines
               to
               serpent
               on
               ,
               and
               those
               they
               poll
               or
               head
               every
               second
               year
               ,
               sparing
               the
               middle
               ,
               streight
               and
               thrivingest
               shoot
               ,
               and
               at
               the
               third
               year
               cut
               him
               also
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               shade
               of
               this
               tree
               is
               esteemed
               very
               wholesome
               in
               Summer
               ,
               and
               the
               leaves
               good
               for
               cattel
               ,
               which
               must
               be
               stripp'd
               from
               the
               cut
               boughs
               before
               they
               are
               faggotted
               .
               This
               to
               be
               done
               in
               the
               decrease
               of
               October
               ,
               and
               reserv'd
               in
               bundles
               for
               the
               winter
               fodder
               .
               The
               wood
               of
               white
               Poplar
               is
               sought
               of
               the
               Sculptor
               ,
               and
               they
               saw
               both
               sorts
               into
               boards
               ,
               which
               ,
               where
               they
               lie
               dry
               ,
               continue
               a
               long
               time
               .
               Of
               this
               material
               they
               also
               made
               Shields
               of
               defence
               in
               
                 Sword
                 and
                 Buckler
              
               days
               .
               Dioscorides
               writes
               ,
               that
               the
               bark
               chopt
               small
               ,
               and
               sow'd
               in
               rills
               ,
               well
               and
               richly
               manur'd
               and
               watered
               ,
               
               will
               produce
               a
               plentiful
               crop
               of
               Mushrums
               .
               It
               is
               to
               be
               noted
               ,
               that
               those
               Fungi
               ,
               which
               spring
               from
               the
               putrid
               stumps
               of
               this
               tree
               ,
               are
               not
               venomous
               (
               as
               of
               all
               or
               most
               other
               trees
               they
               are
               )
               being
               gathered
               after
               the
               first
               Autumnal
               rains
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               They
               have
               a
               Poplar
               in
               Virginia
               of
               a
               very
               peculiar
               shap'd
               leaf
               ,
               as
               if
               the
               point
               of
               it
               were
               cut
               off
               ,
               which
               grows
               very
               well
               with
               the
               curious
               amongst
               us
               to
               a
               considerable
               stature
               .
               I
               conceive
               it
               was
               first
               brought
               over
               by
               
                 John
                 Tradescant
              
               under
               the
               name
               of
               the
               Tulip-tree
               ,
               but
               is
               not
               that
               I
               find
               taken
               notice
               of
               in
               any
               of
               our
               Herbals
               ;
               I
               wish
               we
               had
               more
               of
               them
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               The
               Aspen
               onely
               (
               which
               is
               that
               kind
               of
               Libica
               or
               white
               Poplar
               ,
               
               bearing
               a
               smaller
               and
               more
               tremulous
               leaf
               )
               thrusts
               down
               a
               more
               searching
               foot
               ,
               and
               in
               this
               likewise
               differs
               ,
               that
               he
               takes
               it
               ill
               to
               have
               his
               head
               cut
               off
               :
               Pliny
               would
               have
               short
               trunchions
               couched
               two
               foot
               in
               the
               ground
               (
               but
               first
               two
               days
               dried
               )
               at
               one
               foot
               and
               half
               distance
               ,
               and
               then
               moulded
               over
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               There
               is
               something
               a
               finer
               sort
               of
               
                 white
                 Poplar
              
               ,
               
               which
               the
               Dutch
               call
               Abele
               ,
               and
               we
               have
               much
               transported
               out
               of
               Holland
               :
               these
               are
               also
               best
               propagated
               of
               slips
               from
               the
               roots
               ,
               the
               least
               of
               which
               will
               take
               ,
               and
               may
               in
               March
               ,
               at
               three
               or
               four
               years
               growth
               be
               transplanted
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               In
               Flanders
               (
               not
               in
               France
               ,
               as
               a
               late
               Author
               pretends
               )
               they
               have
               large
               Nurseries
               of
               them
               ,
               which
               first
               they
               plant
               at
               one
               foot
               distance
               ,
               the
               mould
               light
               and
               moist
               ,
               by
               no
               means
               clayie
               ,
               in
               which
               though
               they
               may
               shoot
               up
               tall
               ,
               yet
               for
               want
               of
               root
               they
               never
               spread
               ;
               for
               ,
               as
               I
               said
               ,
               they
               must
               be
               interr'd
               pretty
               deep
               ,
               not
               above
               three
               inches
               above
               ground
               ;
               and
               kept
               clean
               by
               pruning
               them
               to
               the
               middle
               shoot
               for
               the
               first
               two
               years
               ,
               and
               so
               till
               the
               third
               or
               fourth
               .
               When
               you
               transplant
               ,
               place
               them
               at
               eight
               ,
               ten
               ,
               or
               twelve
               foot
               intervall
               :
               They
               will
               likewise
               grow
               of
               layers
               ,
               and
               even
               of
               cuttings
               in
               very
               moist
               places
               .
               In
               
                 three
                 years
              
               they
               will
               come
               to
               an
               incredible
               altitude
               ;
               in
               twelve
               ,
               be
               as
               big
               as
               your
               middle
               ;
               and
               in
               eighteen
               or
               twenty
               ,
               arrive
               to
               full
               perfection
               .
               A
               specimen
               of
               this
               advance
               we
               have
               had
               of
               an
               Abele
               tree
               at
               Sion
               ,
               which
               being
               lopp'd
               in
               Febr.
               1651
               ,
               did
               by
               the
               end
               of
               October
               52
               produce
               branches
               as
               big
               as
               a
               mans
               wrist
               ,
               and
               17
               foot
               in
               length
               :
               for
               which
               celerity
               we
               may
               recommend
               them
               to
               such
               late
               builders
               ,
               as
               seat
               their
               houses
               in
               naked
               and
               unsheltered
               places
               ,
               and
               that
               would
               put
               a
               guise
               of
               Antiquity
               upon
               any
               new
               Inclosure
               ;
               since
               by
               these
               ,
               whilest
               a
               man
               is
               in
               a
               voyage
               of
               no
               long
               continuance
               ,
               his
               house
               and
               lands
               may
               be
               so
               covered
               ,
               as
               to
               be
               hardly
               known
               at
               his
               return
               .
               But
               as
               they
               thus
               increase
               in
               bulk
               ,
               their
               value
               (
               as
               the
               
                 Italian
                 Poplar
              
               has
               taught
               us
               )
               advances
               likewise
               ;
               which
               after
               the
               first
               seven
               years
               is
               annually
               worth
               
                 twelve
                 pence
              
               more
               ;
               So
               as
               the
               Dutch
               look
               upon
               a
               plantation
               of
               these
               trees
               as
               an
               ample
               portion
               for
               a
               daughter
               ,
               and
               none
               of
               the
               least
               effects
               of
               their
               good
               Husbandry
               ;
               which
               truly
               may
               very
               well
               be
               allow'd
               if
               that
               calculation
               hold
               ,
               which
               the
               Knight
               has
               asserted
               ,
               who
               began
               his
               plantation
               not
               long
               since
               about
               Richmond
               ,
               that
               30
               lib.
               being
               laid
               out
               in
               these
               plants
               ,
               would
               render
               at
               the
               least
               
                 ten
                 thousand
                 pounds
              
               in
               eighteen
               
               years
               ;
               every
               tree
               affording
               thirty
               plants
               ,
               and
               every
               of
               them
               thirty
               more
               ,
               after
               each
               seven
               years
               improving
               
                 twelve
                 pence
              
               in
               growth
               ,
               till
               they
               arrived
               to
               their
               acme
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               The
               
                 Black
                 Poplar
              
               grows
               rarely
               with
               us
               ;
               it
               is
               a
               stronger
               and
               taller
               tree
               then
               the
               White
               ,
               the
               leaves
               more
               dark
               ,
               and
               not
               so
               ample
               .
               Divers
               stately
               ones
               of
               these
               I
               remember
               about
               the
               banks
               of
               Po
               in
               Italy
               ;
               which
               river
               being
               the
               old
               Eridanus
               ,
               so
               celebrated
               by
               the
               Poets
               ,
               in
               which
               the
               temerarious
               Phaeton
               is
               said
               to
               have
               been
               precipitated
               ,
               doubtless
               gave
               argument
               to
               that
               fiction
               of
               his
               sad
               Sisters
               Metamorphosis
               into
               these
               trees
               ;
               but
               for
               the
               Amber
               of
               their
               pretious
               tears
               I
               could
               hear
               of
               no
               such
               matter
               ,
               whiles
               passing
               down
               that
               River
               towards
               Ferrara
               ,
               I
               diverted
               my self
               with
               this
               story
               of
               the
               ingenious
               Poet.
               I
               am
               told
               there
               is
               a
               
                 Mountain
                 Poplar
              
               much
               propagated
               in
               Germany
               about
               Vienna
               ,
               and
               in
               Bohemia
               ,
               of
               which
               some
               trees
               have
               yielded
               Planks
               of
               a
               yard
               in
               breadth
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               The
               best
               use
               of
               the
               Poplar
               and
               Abele
               (
               which
               are
               all
               of
               them
               hospitable
               trees
               ,
               for
               any
               thing
               thrives
               under
               their
               shades
               )
               is
               for
               Walks
               and
               Avenues
               about
               Grounds
               which
               are
               situated
               low
               ,
               and
               near
               the
               water
               ,
               till
               coming
               to
               be
               very
               old
               ,
               they
               are
               apt
               to
               grow
               knurry
               ,
               and
               out
               of
               proportion
               .
               The
               timber
               is
               incomparable
               for
               all
               sorts
               of
               white
               
                 wooden
                 vessels
              
               ,
               as
               
                 Trays
                 ,
                 Bowls
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Turners
               ware
               ;
               and
               of
               especial
               use
               for
               the
               Bellows-maker
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               almost
               of
               the
               nature
               of
               Cork
               ,
               though
               not
               very
               solid
               ,
               yet
               very
               close
               :
               also
               for
               
                 wooden
                 heels
              
               ,
               &c.
               
                 Vitruvius
                 l.
              
               2.
               
                 de
                 materia
                 caedenda
              
               reckons
               it
               among
               the
               Building
               Timbers
               ,
               
                 quae
                 maximè
                 in
                 aedificiis
                 sunt
                 idoneae
                 .
              
               Likewise
               to
               make
               Carts
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               exceeding
               light
               ;
               for
               Vine
               ,
               and
               Hop-props
               ,
               and
               divers
               viminious
               works
               .
               The
               loppings
               in
               January
               are
               for
               the
               fire
               ;
               and
               therefore
               such
               as
               have
               proper
               Grounds
               ,
               may
               with
               ease
               and
               in
               short
               time
               store
               themselves
               for
               a
               considerable
               family
               ,
               where
               fuel
               is
               dear
               :
               but
               the
               truth
               is
               ,
               it
               burns
               untowardly
               ,
               and
               rather
               moulders
               away
               than
               maintains
               any
               solid
               heat
               .
               Of
               the
               twigs
               (
               with
               the
               leaves
               on
               )
               are
               made
               Brooms
               .
               The
               Brya
               or
               Catkins
               attract
               the
               Bees
               ,
               as
               do
               also
               the
               leaves
               (
               especially
               of
               the
               black
               )
               more
               tenacious
               of
               the
               Mel●dews
               then
               most
               other
               Forest-trees
               ,
               the
               Oak
               excepted
               .
            
             
               Of
               the
               Aspen
               our
               Wood-men
               make
               
                 Hoops
                 ,
                 Fire-wood
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Coals
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
            
             
               The
               juice
               of
               Poplar
               leaves
               drop'd
               into
               the
               ears
               asswages
               the
               pain
               ;
               and
               the
               buds
               contus'd
               and
               mix'd
               with
               Hony
               ,
               is
               a
               good
               Collyrium
               for
               the
               eyes
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XIX
               .
               Of
               the
               Alder.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               ALnus
               ,
               
               the
               Alder
               is
               of
               all
               other
               the
               most
               faithful
               lover
               of
               watery
               and
               boggie
               places
               ,
               and
               those
               most
               despis'd
               weeping
               parts
               or
               water-galls
               of
               
                 Forests
                 ;
                 —
                 crassisque
                 paludibus
                 Alni
                 .
              
               They
               are
               propagated
               of
               Trunchions
               ,
               and
               will
               come
               of
               seeds
               (
               for
               so
               they
               raise
               them
               in
               Flanders
               ,
               and
               make
               wonderful
               profit
               of
               the
               plantations
               )
               like
               the
               Poplar
               ;
               or
               of
               Roots
               ,
               which
               I
               prefer
               ,
               being
               set
               as
               big
               as
               the
               small
               of
               ones
               leg
               ,
               and
               in
               length
               about
               two
               foot
               ;
               whereof
               one
               would
               be
               plunged
               in
               the
               mud
               .
               This
               profound
               fixing
               of
               
                 Aquatick
                 trees
              
               being
               to
               preserve
               them
               steddy
               ,
               and
               from
               the
               concussions
               of
               the
               winds
               ,
               and
               violence
               of
               waters
               in
               their
               liquid
               and
               slippery
               foundations
               .
               They
               may
               be
               placed
               at
               four
               or
               five
               foot
               distance
               ,
               and
               when
               they
               have
               struck
               root
               you
               may
               cut
               them
               ,
               which
               will
               cause
               them
               to
               spring
               in
               clumps
               ,
               and
               to
               shoot
               out
               into
               many
               useful
               Poles
               .
               But
               if
               you
               plant
               smaller
               Sets
               ,
               cut
               them
               not
               till
               they
               are
               arriv'd
               to
               some
               competent
               bigness
               ;
               and
               that
               in
               a
               proper
               season
               :
               which
               is
               ,
               for
               all
               the
               Aquatics
               not
               till
               Winter
               be
               well
               advanc'd
               ,
               in
               regard
               of
               their
               pithy
               substance
               .
               Therefore
               ,
               such
               as
               you
               shall
               have
               occasion
               to
               make
               use
               of
               before
               that
               period
               ,
               ought
               to
               be
               well-grown
               ,
               and
               fell●d
               with
               the
               earliest
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               first
               quarter
               of
               the
               increasing
               Moon
               ;
               that
               so
               the
               successive
               shoot
               receive
               no
               prejudice
               .
               But
               there
               is
               yet
               another
               way
               of
               planting
               Alders
               after
               the
               Jersey
               manner
               ,
               and
               as
               I
               receiv'd
               it
               from
               a
               most
               ingenious
               Gentleman
               of
               that
               Country
               ,
               which
               is
               ,
               by
               taking
               trunchions
               of
               two
               or
               three
               foot
               long
               ,
               at
               the
               beginning
               of
               Winter
               ,
               and
               to
               bind
               them
               in
               faggots
               ,
               and
               place
               the
               ends
               of
               them
               in
               water
               'till
               towards
               the
               Spring
               ,
               by
               which
               season
               they
               will
               have
               contracted
               a
               swelling
               spire
               or
               knurr
               about
               that
               part
               ,
               which
               being
               set
               ,
               does
               (
               like
               the
               Gennet-moil
               Apple
               )
               never
               fail
               of
               growing
               and
               striking
               root
               .
               There
               is
               a
               black
               sort
               more
               affected
               to
               Woods
               and
               drier
               grounds
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               There
               are
               a
               sort
               of
               Husbands
               who
               take
               excessive
               pains
               in
               stubbing
               up
               their
               Alders
               ,
               where
               ever
               they
               meet
               them
               in
               the
               boggie
               places
               of
               their
               grounds
               ,
               with
               the
               same
               indignation
               as
               one
               would
               exstirpate
               the
               most
               pernicious
               of
               Weeds
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               have
               finished
               ,
               know
               not
               how
               to
               convert
               their
               best
               lands
               to
               more
               profit
               then
               this
               (
               ●eeming
               despicable
               plant
               might
               lead
               them
               to
               ,
               were
               it
               rightly
               understood
               .
               Besides
               ,
               the
               shadow
               of
               this
               tree
               does
               feed
               and
               nourish
               the
               very
               grass
               which
               grows
               under
               it
               ;
               and
               being
               set
               and
               well
               plashed
               ,
               is
               an
               excellent
               defence
               to
               the
               banks
               of
               Rivers
               ;
               so
               as
               I
               wonder
               it
               is
               not
               more
               practis'd
               about
               the
               Thames
               ,
               to
               fortifie
               and
               prevent
               
               the
               mouldring
               of
               the
               walls
               ,
               and
               the
               violent
               weather
               they
               are
               exposed
               to
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               You
               may
               cut
               Aquatic-trees
               every
               third
               or
               fourth
               year
               ,
               and
               some
               more
               frequently
               ,
               as
               I
               shall
               shew
               you
               hereafter
               .
               They
               should
               also
               be
               abated
               within
               half
               a
               foot
               of
               the
               principal
               head
               ,
               to
               prevent
               the
               perishing
               of
               the
               main
               Stock
               ;
               and
               besides
               ,
               to
               accelerate
               their
               sprouting
               .
               In
               setting
               the
               Trunchions
               it
               were
               not
               amisse
               to
               prepare
               them
               a
               little
               after
               they
               are
               fitted
               to
               the
               size
               ,
               by
               laying
               them
               a
               while
               in
               water
               ;
               this
               is
               also
               practicable
               in
               
                 Willows
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
            
             
               4.
               
               Of
               old
               they
               made
               Boats
               of
               the
               greater
               parts
               of
               this
               Tree
               ,
               and
               excepting
               
                 Noah's
                 Ark
              
               ;
               the
               first
               Vessels
               we
               read
               of
               ,
               were
               made
               of
               this
               VVood.
               
            
             
               
                 
                   When
                   hollow
                   Alders
                
                 first
                 
                   the
                   Waters
                   tri'd
                
                 ,
              
               
                 Tunc
                 alnos
                 primum
                 fluvii
                 sensêre
                 cavatas
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Georg.
                   1.
                
                 
              
            
             
               
                 
                   And
                   down
                   the
                   rapid
                
                 Poe
                 
                   light
                   Aldars
                   glide
                
                 .
              
               
                 Nec
                 non
                 &
                 torrentem
                 undam
                 levis
                 innatat
                 alnus
              
               
                 Missa
                 Pado
                 —
              
               
                 2.
                 
              
            
             
               And
               as
               then
               ,
               so
               now
               ,
               are
               over-grown
               Alders
               frequently
               sought
               after
               ,
               for
               such
               Buildings
               as
               lye
               continually
               under
               water
               ,
               where
               it
               will
               harden
               like
               a
               very
               stone
               ;
               whereas
               being
               kept
               in
               any
               unconstant
               temper
               it
               Rots
               immediately
               ,
               because
               its
               natural
               humidity
               is
               of
               so
               near
               affinity
               with
               its
               adventitious
               ;
               as
               Scaliger
               assigns
               the
               cause
               .
               Vitruvius
               tells
               us
               ,
               that
               the
               Morasses
               about
               Ravenna
               in
               Italy
               ,
               were
               pil'd
               with
               this
               Timber
               ,
               to
               superstruct
               upon
               ,
               and
               highly
               commends
               it
               .
               I
               find
               also
               they
               us'd
               it
               under
               that
               famous
               Bridge
               at
               Venice
               ,
               the
               Rialto
               which
               passes
               over
               the
               Gran-Canal
               bearing
               a
               vast
               weight
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               The
               Poles
               of
               Alder
               are
               as
               useful
               as
               those
               of
               Willows
               ;
               but
               the
               Coals
               far
               exceed
               them
               ;
               especially
               for
               Gun-powder
               :
               The
               wood
               is
               likewise
               useful
               for
               
                 Piles
                 ,
                 Pumps
                 ,
                 Hop-poles
                 ,
                 Water-pipes
                 ,
                 Troughs
                 ,
                 Sluces
                 ,
              
               small
               Trays
               ,
               and
               
                 Trenchers
                 ,
                 Wooden-heels
              
               ;
               the
               bark
               is
               precious
               to
               Dyers
               ,
               and
               some
               Tanners
               and
               Leather-dressers
               make
               use
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               with
               it
               ,
               and
               the
               Fruits
               (
               in
               stead
               of
               Galls
               )
               they
               make
               Ink.
               The
               fresh
               Leaves
               alone
               applied
               to
               the
               naked
               soal
               of
               the
               Foot
               ,
               infinitely
               refresh
               the
               surbated
               Traveller
               ;
               and
               the
               swelling
               bunches
               which
               are
               now
               and
               then
               found
               in
               the
               old
               Trees
               ,
               afford
               the
               Inlayer
               pieces
               curiously
               chambletted
               and
               very
               hard
               ,
               &c.
               but
               the
               Fagots
               better
               for
               the
               Fire
               than
               for
               the
               draining
               of
               Grounds
               ,
               by
               placing
               them
               (
               as
               the
               guise
               is
               )
               in
               the
               Trenches
               ;
               which
               old
               rubbish
               of
               
                 Flints
                 ,
                 Stones
              
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               grosse
               materials
               ,
               does
               infinitely
               exceed
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               for
               ever
               ,
               preserves
               the
               Drains
               hollow
               ,
               and
               being
               a
               little
               moulded
               over
               will
               produce
               good
               grass
               ,
               without
               any
               detriment
               to
               the
               ground
               ;
               but
               this
               is
               a
               secret
               ,
               not
               yet
               well
               understood
               ,
               and
               would
               merit
               an
               expresse
               Paragraph
               ,
               were
               it
               here
               seasonable
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   &
                   jam
                   nos
                   inter
                   opacas
                
                 
                   Musa
                   vocat
                   Salices
                   —
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XX.
               Of
               the
               Withy
               ,
               Sally
               ,
               Ozier
               ,
               and
               Willow
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               SAlix
               ,
               
               since
               Cato
               has
               attributed
               the
               
                 third
                 place
              
               to
               the
               Salictum
               ,
               preferring
               it
               even
               next
               to
               the
               very
               Ortyard
               ;
               and
               (
               what
               one
               would
               wonder
               at
               )
               before
               even
               the
               
                 Olive
                 ,
                 Meadow
              
               ,
               or
               Corn-field
               it self
               (
               for
               
                 Salictum
                 tertio
                 loco
                 ,
                 nempe
                 post
                 vineam
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               )
               and
               that
               we
               find
               it
               so
               easily
               rais'd
               ,
               of
               so
               great
               and
               universal
               Vse
               ,
               I
               have
               thought
               good
               to
               be
               the
               more
               particular
               in
               my
               Discourse
               upon
               them
               ;
               especially
               ,
               since
               so
               much
               of
               that
               which
               shall
               Publish
               concerning
               them
               ,
               is
               deriv'd
               from
               the
               long
               Experience
               of
               a
               most
               Learned
               and
               ingenious
               Person
               ,
               from
               whom
               I
               acknowledge
               to
               have
               receiv'd
               many
               of
               these
               hints
               .
               Not
               to
               perplex
               the
               Reader
               with
               the
               various
               names
               ,
               
                 Greek
                 ,
                 Gallic
                 ,
                 Sabinic
                 ,
                 Amerine
                 ,
                 Vitex
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               better
               distinguish'd
               by
               their
               growth
               ,
               and
               bark
               ;
               and
               by
               
                 Latine
                 Authors
              
               all
               comprehended
               under
               that
               of
               Salices
               ;
               and
               our
               English
               Books
               reckon
               them
               promiscuously
               thus
               ;
               The
               
                 Common-white
                 Willow
              
               ,
               the
               Black
               ,
               and
               the
               Hard-black
               ,
               the
               Rose
               of
               Cambridge
               ,
               the
               Black-Withy
               ,
               the
               
                 Round-long
                 Sallow
              
               ;
               the
               
                 longest
                 Sallow
              
               ,
               the
               
                 Lesser-broad-leav'd
                 Willow
                 ,
                 Silver
                 Sallow
                 ,
                 Vpright
                 broad-Willow
                 ,
                 Repent
                 broad-leaf'd
                 ,
              
               the
               Red-stone
               ,
               the
               
                 Lesser
                 Willow
              
               ,
               the
               Strait-Dwarf
               ,
               the
               Creeper
               ,
               the
               Black-low-Willow
               ,
               the
               Willow-bay
               ,
               and
               the
               Ozier
               .
               I
               begin
               with
               the
               Withy
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               Withy
               is
               a
               reasonable
               large
               Tree
               ,
               and
               fit
               to
               be
               planted
               on
               high
               Banks
               ;
               because
               they
               extend
               their
               Roots
               deeper
               then
               either
               Salleys
               or
               Willows
               .
               For
               this
               reason
               you
               shall
               Plant
               them
               at
               ten
               ,
               or
               twenty
               foot
               distance
               ;
               and
               though
               they
               grow
               the
               slowest
               of
               all
               the
               Twiggie
               Trees
               ;
               yet
               do
               they
               recompence
               it
               with
               the
               larger
               crop
               ;
               the
               wood
               being
               tough
               ,
               and
               the
               Twigs
               fit
               to
               bind
               strongly
               ;
               the
               very
               peelings
               of
               the
               branches
               being
               useful
               to
               bind
               
               Arbor-poling
               ,
               and
               in
               Topiary
               works
               ,
               
                 Vineyards
                 ,
                 Espalier-fruit
              
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               .
               There
               are
               two
               principal
               sorts
               of
               these
               Withies
               ,
               the
               hoary
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 red
                 Withy
              
               which
               is
               the
               Greek
               ;
               toughest
               ,
               and
               fittest
               to
               bind
               ,
               whiles
               the
               Twigs
               are
               flexible
               and
               tender
               .
               
            
             
               3.
               
               Sallyes
               grow
               much
               faster
               ,
               if
               they
               are
               Planted
               within
               reach
               of
               water
               ,
               or
               in
               a
               very
               Moorish
               ground
               ,
               or
               flat
               plain
               ;
               and
               where
               the
               Soil
               is
               (
               by
               reason
               of
               extraordinary
               moisture
               )
               unfit
               for
               Arable
               ,
               or
               Meadow
               ;
               for
               in
               these
               cases
               it
               is
               an
               extraordinary
               improvement
               :
               In
               a
               word
               ,
               where
               Birch
               ,
               and
               Alder
               will
               thrive
               .
               Before
               you
               Plant
               them
               ,
               it
               is
               found
               best
               to
               turn
               the
               ground
               with
               a
               Spade
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               you
               design
               them
               for
               a
               flat
               .
               We
               have
               three
               sorts
               of
               Sallyes
               amongst
               us
               (
               which
               is
               one
               more
               than
               the
               Antients
               challeng'd
               ,
               who
               
               name
               onely
               the
               Black
               ,
               and
               White
               which
               was
               their
               Nitellina
               )
               the
               vulgar
               ,
               which
               proves
               best
               in
               dryer
               Banks
               ,
               and
               the
               hopping-Sallyes
               which
               require
               a
               moister
               Soil
               ,
               growing
               with
               incredible
               celerity
               :
               And
               a
               third
               kind
               ,
               of
               a
               different
               colour
               from
               the
               other
               two
               ,
               having
               the
               twigs
               reddish
               ,
               the
               Leaf
               not
               so
               long
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               more
               dusky
               green
               ;
               more
               brittle
               whilst
               it
               is
               growing
               in
               twigs
               ,
               and
               more
               tough
               when
               arriv'd
               to
               a
               competent
               size
               :
               All
               of
               them
               useful
               for
               the
               Thatcher
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Of
               these
               ,
               the
               hopping-Sallyes
               are
               in
               greatest
               esteem
               ,
               being
               of
               a
               clearer
               terse
               grain
               ,
               and
               requiring
               a
               more
               succulent
               Soil
               ;
               best
               planted
               a
               foot
               deep
               ,
               and
               a
               foot
               and
               half
               above
               ground
               (
               though
               some
               will
               allow
               but
               a
               foot
               )
               for
               then
               every
               branch
               will
               prove
               excellent
               for
               future
               setlings
               .
               After
               three
               years
               growth
               (
               being
               cropped
               the
               second
               and
               third
               )
               the
               first
               years
               increase
               will
               be
               'twixt
               eight
               and
               twelve
               foot
               long
               generally
               ;
               the
               third
               years
               growth
               strong
               enough
               to
               make
               Rakes
               ,
               and
               Pike-staves
               ;
               and
               the
               fourth
               for
               M.
               
               Blithes's
               tren●hing
               Plow
               ,
               and
               other
               like
               Vtensils
               of
               the
               Husbandman
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               If
               ye
               Plant
               them
               at
               full
               height
               (
               as
               some
               do
               ,
               at
               four
               years
               growth
               ,
               setting
               them
               five
               ,
               or
               six
               foot
               length
               ,
               to
               avoid
               the
               biting
               of
               Cattel
               )
               they
               will
               be
               lesse
               useful
               for
               streight
               staves
               ,
               and
               for
               setlings
               ,
               and
               make
               lesse
               speed
               in
               their
               growth
               ;
               yet
               this
               also
               is
               a
               considerable
               improvement
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               These
               would
               require
               to
               be
               Planted
               at
               least
               five
               foot
               distance
               ,
               (
               some
               set
               them
               as
               much
               more
               )
               and
               in
               the
               Quincunx
               order
               :
               If
               they
               affect
               the
               Soil
               ,
               the
               Leaf
               will
               come
               large
               ,
               half
               as
               broad
               as
               a
               Man's
               hand
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               more
               vivid
               green
               ,
               alwayes
               larger
               the
               first
               year
               than
               afterwards
               :
               Some
               Plant
               them
               sloping
               ,
               and
               cross-wise
               like
               a
               Hedge
               ,
               but
               this
               impedes
               their
               wonderful
               growth
               ;
               and
               (
               though
               Pliny
               seems
               to
               commend
               it
               ,
               teaching
               us
               how
               to
               excorticate
               some
               places
               of
               each
               set
               ,
               for
               the
               sooner
               production
               of
               shoots
               )
               it
               is
               but
               a
               deceitful
               Fence
               ,
               neither
               fit
               to
               keep
               out
               Swine
               ,
               nor
               Sheep
               ;
               and
               being
               set
               too
               near
               ,
               inclining
               to
               one
               another
               ,
               they
               soon
               destroy
               each
               other
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               The
               worst
               Sallyes
               may
               be
               planted
               so
               neer
               yet
               ,
               as
               to
               be
               instead
               of
               Stakes
               in
               a
               Hedge
               ,
               and
               then
               their
               Tops
               will
               supply
               their
               dwarfishnesse
               ;
               and
               to
               prevent
               Hedge-breakers
               many
               do
               thus
               Plant
               them
               ;
               because
               ,
               they
               cannot
               easily
               be
               pull'd
               up
               ,
               after
               once
               they
               have
               struck
               root
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               If
               some
               be
               permitted
               to
               wear
               their
               Tops
               five
               or
               six
               years
               ,
               their
               Palms
               will
               be
               very
               ample
               ,
               and
               yield
               the
               first
               ,
               and
               most
               plentiful
               relief
               to
               Bees
               ,
               even
               before
               our
               Abricots
               Blossom
               .
               The
               hopping-Sallys
               open
               ,
               and
               yield
               their
               Palms
               before
               other
               Sallys
               ,
               and
               when
               they
               are
               blown
               (
               which
               is
               about
               the
               exit
               of
               May
               ,
               or
               sometimes
               June
               )
               the
               Palms
               (
               or
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               frugiperdae
               as
               Homer
               terms
               them
               for
               their
               extream
               levity
               )
               are
               four
               inches
               long
               ,
               and
               full
               of
               a
               fine
               
                 lanuginous
                 Cotton
              
               :
               A
               poor
               Body
               might
               in
               an
               hours
               space
               ,
               gather
               a
               pound
               or
               two
               of
               it
               ,
               which
               resembling
               the
               finest
               Silk
               ,
               might
               doubtlesse
               be
               converted
               to
               some
               profitable
               use
               by
               an
               ingenious
               House-wife
               ,
               if
               gather'd
               
               in
               calm
               Evenings
               ,
               before
               the
               
                 Wind
                 ,
                 Rain
              
               and
               Dew
               impair
               them
               ;
               I
               am
               of
               opinion
               ,
               if
               it
               were
               dri'd
               with
               care
               ,
               it
               might
               be
               fit
               for
               Cushions
               ,
               and
               Pillows
               of
               Chastity
               ,
               for
               such
               of
               old
               was
               the
               reputation
               of
               those
               Trees
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               Of
               these
               
                 hopping
                 Sallys
              
               ,
               after
               three
               years
               Rooting
               ,
               each
               Plant
               will
               yield
               about
               a
               score
               of
               Staves
               of
               full
               eight
               foot
               in
               length
               ,
               and
               so
               following
               ,
               for
               use
               ,
               as
               we
               noted
               above
               :
               Compute
               then
               how
               many
               fair
               
                 Pike-staves
                 ,
                 Perches
              
               ,
               and
               other
               useful
               Materials
               ,
               that
               will
               amount
               to
               in
               an
               Acre
               ,
               if
               Planted
               at
               five
               foot
               interval
               :
               But
               a
               fat
               ,
               and
               moist
               Soil
               ,
               requires
               indeed
               more
               space
               than
               a
               lean
               or
               dryer
               ;
               namely
               six
               ,
               or
               eight
               foot
               distance
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               You
               may
               Plant
               setlings
               of
               the
               very
               first
               years
               growth
               ;
               but
               the
               second
               year
               they
               are
               better
               ,
               and
               the
               third
               year
               better
               then
               the
               second
               ;
               and
               the
               fourth
               as
               good
               as
               the
               third
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               they
               approach
               the
               Water
               .
               A
               bank
               at
               a
               foot
               distance
               from
               the
               water
               ,
               is
               kinder
               for
               them
               then
               a
               Bog
               ,
               or
               to
               be
               altogether
               immers'd
               in
               the
               water
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               'T
               is
               good
               to
               new
               -
               mould
               them
               about
               the
               Roots
               every
               second
               or
               third
               year
               ;
               but
               Men
               seldom
               take
               the
               pains
               .
               It
               seems
               that
               Sa●lys
               are
               more
               hardy
               then
               even
               Willows
               and
               Oziers
               ,
               of
               which
               Columella
               takes
               as
               much
               care
               as
               of
               Vines
               themselves
               .
               But
               ●is
               cheaper
               to
               supply
               the
               vacuity
               of
               such
               accidental
               decays
               by
               a
               new
               Plantation
               ,
               then
               to
               be
               at
               the
               charge
               of
               digging
               about
               them
               three
               times
               a
               year
               ,
               as
               that
               Author
               advises
               ;
               seeing
               some
               of
               them
               will
               decay
               ,
               whatever
               care
               be
               used
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               Sallys
               may
               also
               be
               propagated
               like
               Vines
               ,
               by
               courbing
               ,
               and
               bowing
               them
               in
               Arches
               ,
               and
               covering
               some
               of
               their
               parts
               with
               mould
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               13.
               
               For
               Setlings
               ,
               those
               are
               to
               be
               preferr'd
               which
               grow
               neerest
               to
               the
               Stock
               ,
               and
               so
               (
               consequently
               )
               those
               worst
               ,
               which
               most
               approach
               the
               Top.
               They
               should
               be
               Planted
               in
               the
               first
               fair
               ,
               and
               pleasant
               Weather
               in
               February
               ,
               before
               they
               begin
               to
               bud
               ;
               we
               about
               London
               begin
               at
               the
               latter
               end
               of
               December
               .
               They
               may
               be
               cut
               in
               Spring
               for
               Fuel
               ,
               but
               best
               in
               Autumn
               for
               use
               ;
               but
               in
               this
               work
               (
               as
               of
               Poplar
               )
               leave
               a
               twig
               or
               two
               ;
               which
               being
               twisted
               Arch-wise
               ,
               will
               produce
               plentiful
               sprouts
               ,
               and
               suddenly
               furnish
               a
               head
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               If
               in
               our
               Coppses
               one
               in
               four
               were
               a
               Sally
               set
               ,
               amongst
               the
               rest
               of
               varieties
               ,
               the
               profit
               would
               recompence
               the
               care
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               The
               swift
               growing
               Sally
               is
               not
               so
               tough
               ,
               and
               hardy
               for
               some
               uses
               as
               the
               slower
               ,
               which
               makes
               Stocks
               for
               Gard'ners
               Spades
               ;
               but
               the
               other
               are
               proper
               for
               
                 Rakes
                 ,
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 Mops
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 Sally-Coal
              
               is
               the
               soonest
               consum'd
               ;
               but
               of
               all
               others
               the
               most
               accommodate
               for
               Painters
               to
               design
               their
               Work
               ,
               and
               
                 first
                 draught
              
               on
               Paper
               with
               ,
               &c.
               as
               being
               fine
               ,
               and
               apt
               to
               slit
               into
               Pencils
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               To
               conclude
               ,
               there
               is
               a
               way
               of
               Graffing
               a
               Sally
               trunchion
               ;
               take
               it
               of
               two
               foot
               and
               half
               long
               as
               big
               as
               your
               wrist
               ;
               Graff
               at
               both
               ends
               a
               Figure
               ,
               and
               Mulberry
               Cyon
               of
               a
               foot
               long
               ,
               and
               so
               ,
               without
               claying
               ,
               set
               the
               Stock
               so
               far
               into
               the
               ground
               as
               the
               Plant
               may
               be
               three
               or
               four
               inches
               above
               the
               Earth
               :
               This
               will
               thrive
               exceedingly
               
               the
               first
               year
               ,
               and
               in
               three
               ,
               be
               fit
               to
               transplant
               .
               The
               Season
               for
               this
               Curiosity
               is
               February
               .
            
             
               
               17.
               
               Oziers
               or
               the
               
                 Aquatic
                 Salix
              
               ,
               are
               of
               innumerable
               kinds
               ,
               commonly
               distinguish'd
               from
               Sallyes
               ,
               as
               Sallyes
               are
               from
               Withies
               ;
               being
               so
               much
               smaller
               then
               the
               Sallyes
               ,
               and
               shorter
               liv'd
               ,
               and
               requiring
               more
               constant
               moisture
               ,
               yet
               would
               be
               Planted
               in
               rather
               a
               dryish
               ground
               ,
               than
               over
               moist
               and
               spewing
               ,
               which
               we
               frequently
               cut
               Trenches
               to
               avert
               :
               It
               likewise
               yields
               more
               limber
               ,
               and
               flexible
               twigs
               for
               
                 Baskets
                 ,
                 Flaskets
                 ,
                 Hampers
                 ,
                 Cages
                 ,
                 Lattices
                 ,
                 Cradles
                 ,
              
               the
               Bodies
               of
               Coaches
               ,
               and
               Wagons
               ,
               for
               which
               't
               is
               of
               excellent
               use
               ,
               light
               ,
               durable
               ,
               and
               neat
               ,
               as
               it
               may
               be
               wrought
               and
               cover'd
               :
               For
               
                 Chairs
                 ,
                 Hurdles
                 ,
                 Stayes
                 ,
                 Bands
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               likewise
               for
               Fish
               Wairs
               ,
               and
               to
               support
               the
               Banks
               of
               impetuous
               Rivers
               :
               In
               fine
               ,
               for
               all
               Wicker
               and
               Twiggie
               Works
               :
               
                 
                   Viminibus
                   Salices
                
                 —
              
            
             
               18.
               
               But
               these
               sort
               of
               Oziers
               would
               be
               cut
               in
               the
               new
               shoot
               ;
               for
               if
               they
               stand
               longer
               they
               become
               more
               inflexible
               ;
               cut
               them
               close
               to
               the
               head
               (
               a
               foot
               or
               so
               above
               earth
               )
               about
               the
               beginning
               of
               October
               ;
               unlesse
               you
               will
               attend
               till
               the
               Cold
               be
               past
               ,
               which
               is
               better
               ;
               and
               yet
               we
               about
               London
               ,
               Cut
               them
               in
               the
               most
               piercing
               Seasons
               ,
               and
               Plant
               them
               also
               till
               Candlemass
               ,
               which
               those
               who
               do
               not
               observe
               ,
               we
               Judge
               ill
               Husbands
               ,
               as
               I
               learn
               from
               a
               very
               Experienc'd
               Basket-maker
               ;
               and
               in
               the
               decrease
               ,
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               the
               Workman
               ,
               though
               not
               altogether
               for
               that
               of
               the
               Stock
               ,
               and
               succeeding
               Shoot
               :
               When
               they
               are
               cut
               ,
               make
               them
               up
               into
               bundles
               ,
               and
               give
               them
               shelter
               ;
               but
               such
               as
               are
               for
               White-work
               (
               as
               they
               call
               it
               )
               being
               thus
               fagotted
               ,
               and
               made
               up
               in
               Bolts
               ,
               as
               the
               tearm
               is
               ,
               severing
               each
               sort
               by
               themselves
               ,
               should
               be
               set
               in
               water
               ,
               the
               ends
               dipped
               ;
               but
               for
               black
               ,
               and
               unpeel'd
               preserv'd
               under
               Covert
               only
               ,
               or
               in
               some
               Vault
               or
               Cellar
               ,
               to
               keep
               them
               fresh
               ,
               sprinkling
               them
               now
               and
               then
               in
               excessive
               hot
               Weather
               :
               The
               peelings
               of
               the
               former
               are
               for
               the
               use
               of
               the
               Gard'ner
               ,
               and
               Cooper
               ;
               or
               rather
               the
               splicings
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               We
               have
               in
               England
               these
               three
               vulgar
               sorts
               ;
               one
               of
               little
               worth
               ,
               being
               brittle
               ,
               and
               very
               much
               resembling
               the
               fore-mention'd
               Sally
               ,
               with
               reddish
               twigs
               ,
               and
               more
               greenish
               ,
               and
               rounder
               Leaves
               :
               Another
               kind
               there
               is
               ,
               call'd
               Perch
               ,
               of
               limber
               and
               green
               twigs
               ,
               having
               a
               very
               slender
               leaf
               ;
               the
               third
               sort
               is
               totally
               like
               the
               second
               ,
               onely
               the
               twigs
               are
               not
               altogether
               so
               green
               ,
               but
               yellowish
               ,
               and
               near
               the
               Popinjay
               :
               This
               is
               the
               very
               best
               for
               Vse
               ,
               tough
               ,
               and
               hardy
               .
               But
               the
               most
               usual
               names
               by
               which
               
                 Basket
                 makers
              
               call
               them
               about
               London
               ,
               and
               which
               are
               all
               of
               different
               species
               ,
               therefore
               to
               be
               Planted
               separately
               ,
               are
               ,
               the
               
                 hard
                 Gelster
              
               ,
               the
               
                 Horse
                 Gelster
                 ,
                 Whyning
              
               ,
               or
               
                 shrivell'd
                 Gelster
              
               ,
               the
               Black
               Gelster
               ,
               in
               which
               Suffolk
               abounds
               .
               Then
               follow
               the
               Golstones
               ,
               the
               Hard
               and
               the
               
                 Soft
                 Golston
              
               (
               brittle
               ,
               and
               worst
               of
               all
               the
               Golstones
               )
               the
               sharp
               ,
               and
               slender
               top'd
               
                 yellow
                 Golston
              
               ;
               the
               fine
               Golston
               :
               Then
               is
               there
               the
               
               
                 Yellow
                 Ozier
              
               ,
               the
               Green-Ozier
               ,
               the
               Snake
               or
               
                 speckled
                 Ozier
                 ,
                 Swallow-tayl
              
               ,
               and
               the
               Spaniard
               :
               To
               these
               we
               may
               add
               amongst
               the
               number
               of
               Oziers
               (
               for
               they
               are
               both
               govern'd
               and
               us'd
               alike
               )
               the
               
                 Flanders
                 VVillow
              
               ,
               which
               will
               arrive
               to
               be
               a
               large
               Tree
               as
               big
               as
               ones
               middle
               ,
               the
               oftner
               cut
               the
               better
               :
               With
               these
               our
               Coopers
               tie
               their
               Hoops
               ,
               to
               keep
               them
               bent
               .
               Lastly
               ,
               the
               white-Sallow
               ,
               which
               being
               of
               a
               Year
               or
               two
               growth
               ,
               is
               us'd
               for
               Green-work
               ;
               and
               if
               of
               the
               toughest
               sort
               ,
               to
               make
               quarter-Can-hoops
               ,
               of
               which
               our
               Seamen
               provide
               great
               quantities
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               20.
               
               These
               choicer
               sorts
               of
               Oziers
               ,
               which
               are
               ever
               the
               smallest
               ;
               also
               the
               golden-yellow
               ,
               and
               white
               ,
               which
               is
               preferr'd
               for
               propagation
               ,
               and
               to
               breed
               of
               ,
               should
               be
               Planted
               of
               slips
               of
               two
               ,
               or
               three
               years
               growth
               a
               foot
               deep
               ,
               and
               half
               a
               yard
               length
               ,
               in
               Moorish
               ground
               ,
               or
               banks
               ,
               or
               else
               in
               furrows
               ;
               so
               that
               (
               as
               some
               direct
               )
               the
               Roots
               may
               frequently
               reach
               the
               water
               ;
               for
               
                 Fulminibus
                 Salices
              
               —
               though
               we
               commonly
               find
               it
               rots
               them
               ,
               and
               therefore
               never
               choose
               to
               set
               them
               so
               deep
               as
               to
               sent
               it
               ,
               and
               at
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               foot
               distance
               .
            
             
               21.
               
               The
               Season
               for
               Planting
               is
               January
               ,
               and
               all
               February
               ,
               though
               some
               not
               till
               mid
               -
               February
               ,
               at
               two
               foot
               square
               ;
               but
               Cattel
               being
               excessively
               liquorish
               of
               their
               leaves
               and
               tender
               buds
               ,
               some
               talk
               of
               a
               graffing
               them
               out
               of
               reach
               upon
               Sallys
               ,
               and
               by
               this
               ,
               to
               advance
               their
               sprouting
               ;
               but
               as
               the
               work
               would
               consume
               time
               ,
               so
               have
               I
               never
               seen
               it
               succeed
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               Some
               do
               also
               Plant
               Oziers
               in
               their
               Eights
               like
               Quick-sets
               ,
               thick
               ,
               and
               (
               neer
               the
               water
               )
               keep
               them
               not
               more
               than
               half
               a
               foot
               above
               ground
               ;
               but
               then
               they
               must
               be
               diligently
               cleans'd
               from
               
                 Moss
                 ,
                 Slab
              
               ,
               and
               Ouze
               ,
               and
               frequently
               prun'd
               (
               especially
               the
               smaller
               spires
               )
               to
               form
               single
               shoots
               ;
               at
               least
               ,
               that
               few
               ,
               or
               none
               grow
               double
               :
               These
               ,
               they
               head
               every
               second
               year
               about
               September
               ,
               the
               Autumnal
               cuttings
               being
               best
               for
               use
               :
               But
               generally
            
             
               23.
               
               You
               may
               cut
               
                 VVithies
                 ,
                 Sallys
              
               ,
               and
               VVillows
               ,
               at
               any
               mild
               and
               gentle
               season
               between
               leaf
               and
               leaf
               ,
               even
               in
               VVinter
               ;
               but
               the
               most
               congruous
               time
               both
               to
               Plant
               ,
               and
               to
               cut
               them
               is
               
                 Crescente
                 Lunâ
                 Vere
                 ,
                 circa
                 calendas
                 Martias
              
               ;
               that
               is
               ,
               about
               the
               new
               Moon
               ,
               and
               first
               open
               weather
               of
               the
               early
               Spring
               .
            
             
               24.
               
               It
               is
               in
               France
               ,
               upon
               the
               Loire
               ,
               where
               these
               Eights
               (
               as
               we
               call
               them
               )
               and
               Plantations
               of
               Oziers
               and
               VVithies
               are
               perfectly
               understood
               ;
               and
               both
               there
               ,
               and
               in
               divers
               other
               Countries
               beyond
               Seas
               ,
               they
               raise
               them
               of
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               contain'd
               in
               their
               Juli
               or
               Catkins
               ,
               which
               they
               sow
               in
               Furrows
               or
               shallow
               Trenches
               ,
               and
               it
               springs
               up
               like
               Corn
               in
               the
               blade
               ,
               and
               come
               to
               be
               so
               tender
               and
               delicate
               ,
               that
               they
               frequently
               mow
               them
               with
               a
               Scyth
               :
               This
               we
               have
               attempted
               in
               England
               too
               ,
               even
               in
               the
               place
               where
               I
               live
               ,
               but
               the
               obstinate
               ,
               and
               unmerciful
               Weed
               did
               so
               confound
               them
               ,
               that
               it
               was
               impossible
               to
               keep
               them
               clean
               with
               any
               ordinary
               Industry
               ,
               and
               so
               they
               were
               given
               over
               :
               It
               seems
               either
               weeds
               grow
               not
               so
               fast
               in
               other
               Countries
               ,
               or
               that
               the
               People
               (
               which
               I
               rather
               think
               )
               are
               more
               patient
               and
               laborious
               .
               The
               Ozier
               is
               of
               that
               Emolument
               ,
               
               that
               in
               some
               places
               I
               have
               heard
               twenty-pounds
               has
               been
               given
               for
               one
               
                 Acre
                 ;
                 ten
              
               is
               in
               this
               part
               an
               usual
               price
               ;
               and
               doubtlesse
               ,
               it
               is
               far
               preferrable
               to
               the
               best
               Corn-land
               ;
               not
               onely
               for
               that
               it
               needs
               but
               
                 once
                 Planting
              
               ,
               but
               because
               it
               yields
               a
               constant
               Crop
               and
               revenue
               to
               the
               Worlds
               end
               ;
               and
               is
               therefore
               in
               esteem
               of
               knowing
               Persons
               ,
               valu'd
               in
               Purchase
               accordingly
               ;
               consider'd
               likewise
               ,
               how
               easily
               't
               is
               renew'd
               ,
               when
               a
               Plant
               now
               and
               then
               fails
               ,
               by
               but
               pricking
               in
               a
               twig
               of
               the
               next
               at
               hand
               ,
               when
               you
               visie
               to
               cut
               them
               :
               We
               have
               in
               this
               Parish
               where
               I
               dwell
               ,
               improv'd
               Land
               from
               lesse
               than
               one
               pound
               ,
               to
               neer
               ten
               pounds
               the
               Acre
               :
               And
               when
               we
               shall
               reflect
               upon
               the
               infinite
               quantities
               of
               them
               we
               yearly
               bring
               out
               of
               France
               and
               Flanders
               ,
               to
               supply
               the
               extraordinary
               expence
               of
               
                 Basket-work
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               the
               
                 Fruiterers
                 ,
                 Lime-burners
                 ,
                 Gardners
                 ,
                 Coopers
                 ,
                 Packers
              
               up
               of
               all
               sorts
               of
               Ware
               ,
               and
               for
               general
               Carriage
               ,
               which
               seldom
               last
               above
               a
               Journey
               or
               two
               ;
               I
               greatly
               admire
               Gentlemen
               do
               no
               more
               think
               of
               employing
               their
               
                 moist
                 grounds
              
               (
               especially
               ,
               where
               Tides
               near
               fresh
               Rivers
               are
               reciprocal
               )
               in
               Planting
               and
               propagating
               Oziers
               .
               To
               omit
               nothing
               of
               the
               Culture
               of
               this
               useful
               
                 Ozier
                 ,
                 Pliny
              
               would
               have
               the
               place
               to
               be
               prepar'd
               by
               trenching
               it
               a
               foot
               and
               half
               deep
               ,
               and
               in
               that
               ,
               to
               fix
               the
               sets
               or
               cuttings
               of
               the
               same
               length
               at
               six
               foot
               interval
               .
               These
               (
               if
               the
               sets
               be
               large
               )
               will
               come
               immediately
               to
               be
               Trees
               ;
               which
               after
               the
               first
               three
               years
               ,
               are
               to
               be
               abated
               within
               two
               foot
               of
               the
               ground
               .
               Then
               ,
               in
               April
               ,
               he
               advises
               to
               dig
               about
               them
               :
               Of
               these
               they
               formerly
               made
               Vine-props
               ,
               and
               one
               Acre
               hath
               been
               known
               to
               yield
               Props
               sufficient
               to
               serve
               a
               Vineyard
               of
               twenty
               five
               Acres
               .
            
             
               25.
               
               
                 John
                 Tradescant
              
               brought
               a
               small
               Ozier
               from
               S.
               Omers
               in
               Flanders
               ,
               which
               makes
               incomparable
               Net-work●
               ,
               not
               much
               inferiour
               to
               the
               Indian
               twig
               or
               bent-work●
               which
               we
               have
               seen
               ;
               but
               if
               we
               had
               them
               in
               greater
               abundance
               ,
               we
               should
               haply
               want
               the
               Artificers
               who
               could
               imploy
               them
               .
            
             
               
               26.
               
               Our
               common
               Salix
               or
               Willow
               ,
               is
               of
               two
               kinds
               ,
               the
               white
               and
               the
               black
               :
               The
               white
               is
               also
               of
               two
               sorts
               ,
               the
               one
               of
               a
               yellowish
               ,
               the
               other
               of
               a
               browner
               Bark
               :
               The
               black
               Willow
               is
               Planted
               of
               stakes
               of
               three
               years
               growth
               ,
               taken
               from
               the
               head
               of
               an
               
                 old
                 Tree
              
               ,
               before
               it
               begins
               to
               sprout
               :
               Set
               them
               of
               six
               foot
               high
               ,
               and
               ten
               distant
               .
               Those
               Woody
               sorts
               of
               VVillow
               delight
               in
               Meads
               and
               Ditch-sides
               ,
               rather
               dry
               ,
               then
               over
               wet
               (
               for
               so
               they
               last
               longest
               )
               yet
               the
               black
               sort
               ,
               and
               the
               reddish
               do
               sometimes
               well
               in
               more
               boggie
               grounds
               ,
               and
               would
               be
               Planted
               of
               Stakes
               as
               big
               as
               on
               's
               Leg
               ,
               cut
               as
               the
               other
               ,
               at
               the
               length
               of
               five
               or
               six
               foot
               ,
               and
               fix'd
               a
               foot
               or
               more
               into
               the
               earth
               ;
               the
               hole
               made
               with
               an
               Oken-stake
               and
               beetle
               ,
               or
               with
               an
               
                 Iron
                 crow
              
               (
               some
               use
               a
               long
               Augur
               )
               so
               as
               not
               to
               be
               forced
               in
               with
               too
               great
               violence
               :
               But
               first
               ,
               the
               Trunchions
               should
               be
               a
               little
               slop'd
               at
               both
               extreams
               ,
               and
               the
               biggest
               planted
               downwards
               :
               To
               this
               ,
               if
               they
               are
               soak'd
               in
               water
               two
               or
               three
               dayes
               (
               after
               they
               have
               been
               siz'd
               for
               length
               ,
               and
               the
               twigs
               cut
               off
               ere
               you
               plant
               them
               )
               it
               will
               be
               the
               better
               .
               Let
               this
               be
               done
               in
               February
               ;
               the
               mould
               as
               well
               clos'd
               to
               them
               as
               possible
               ,
               and
               treated
               as
               was
               taught
               in
               the
               Poplar
               .
               If
               you
               
               Plant
               for
               a
               kind
               of
               VVood
               or
               Coppse
               (
               for
               such
               I
               have
               seen
               )
               set
               them
               at
               six
               foot
               distance
               ,
               or
               nearer
               ,
               in
               the
               Quincunx
               ,
               and
               be
               careful
               to
               take
               away
               all
               Suckers
               from
               them
               at
               three
               years
               end
               :
               You
               may
               abate
               the
               head
               half
               a
               foot
               from
               the
               
                 Trunk
                 ,
                 viz.
              
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               of
               the
               lustiest
               Shoots
               ,
               and
               the
               rest
               cut
               close
               ,
               and
               bare
               them
               yearly
               ,
               that
               the
               three
               or
               four
               you
               left
               ,
               may
               enjoy
               all
               the
               Sap
               ,
               and
               so
               those
               which
               were
               spared
               ,
               will
               be
               gallant
               Pearches
               within
               two
               years
               .
               Arms
               of
               four
               years
               growth
               will
               yield
               substantial
               sets
               to
               be
               Planted
               at
               eight
               ,
               or
               ten
               foot
               distance
               ;
               and
               for
               the
               first
               three
               years
               well
               defended
               from
               the
               Cattel
               ,
               who
               infinitely
               delight
               in
               their
               leaves
               ,
               green
               or
               wither'd
               .
               Thus
               ,
               a
               Willow
               may
               continue
               twenty
               ,
               or
               five
               and
               
                 twenty
                 years
              
               ,
               with
               good
               profit
               to
               the
               industrious
               Planter
               ,
               being
               headed
               every
               four
               or
               five
               years
               ;
               some
               have
               been
               known
               to
               shoot
               no
               lesse
               then
               
                 twelve
                 foot
              
               in
               one
               year
               ,
               after
               which
               the
               old
               ,
               rotten
               Dotards
               may
               be
               fell'd
               ,
               and
               easily
               suppli'd
               .
               But
               if
               you
               have
               ground
               fit
               for
               whole
               Coppses
               of
               this
               wood
               ,
               cast
               it
               into
               double
               Dikes
               ,
               making
               every
               foss
               near
               three
               foot
               wide
               ;
               two
               and
               half
               in
               depth
               ;
               then
               leaving
               four
               foot
               at
               least
               of
               ground
               for
               the
               earth
               (
               because
               in
               such
               Plantations
               the
               moisture
               should
               be
               below
               the
               Roots
               ,
               that
               they
               may
               rather
               see
               than
               feel
               the
               Water
               )
               and
               two
               Tables
               of
               Sets
               on
               each
               side
               ,
               plant
               the
               Ridges
               of
               these
               Banks
               with
               but
               one
               single
               Table
               ,
               longer
               ,
               and
               bigger
               than
               the
               
                 Collateral
                 ,
                 viz.
              
               three
               ,
               four
               ,
               five
               or
               six
               foot
               high
               ,
               and
               distant
               from
               each
               other
               about
               two
               yards
               .
               These
               banks
               being
               carefully
               kept
               weeded
               for
               the
               first
               two
               years
               ,
               till
               the
               Plants
               have
               vanquish'd
               the
               Grasse
               ,
               and
               not
               cut
               till
               the
               third
               ;
               then
               lop
               them
               traverse
               ,
               and
               not
               obliquely
               ,
               at
               one
               foot
               from
               the
               ground
               ,
               or
               somewhat
               more
               ,
               and
               he
               will
               head
               to
               admiration
               :
               But
               such
               which
               are
               cut
               at
               three
               foot
               height
               ,
               are
               most
               durable
               ,
               as
               least
               soft
               and
               aquatic
               :
               They
               may
               also
               be
               Graffed
               'twixt
               the
               Bark
               ,
               or
               budded
               ;
               and
               then
               they
               become
               so
               beautifull
               ,
               as
               to
               be
               fit
               for
               some
               kind
               of
               delightful
               Walks
               ;
               and
               this
               I
               wish
               were
               practis'd
               among
               such
               as
               are
               seated
               in
               low
               ,
               and
               Marshy
               places
               ,
               not
               so
               friendly
               to
               other
               Trees
               .
               Every
               Acre
               at
               eleven
               ,
               or
               twelve
               years
               growth
               ,
               may
               yield
               you
               near
               an
               
                 hundred
                 Load
              
               of
               Wood
               :
               Cut
               them
               in
               the
               Spring
               for
               dressing
               ;
               but
               in
               the
               Fall
               for
               Timber
               and
               Fuel
               :
               I
               have
               been
               inform'd
               ,
               that
               a
               Gentleman
               in
               Essex
               ,
               has
               lopp'd
               no
               lesse
               than
               2000
               yearly
               ,
               all
               of
               his
               own
               planting
               .
               It
               is
               far
               the
               sweetest
               of
               all
               our
               English
               Fuel
               ,
               provided
               it
               be
               sound
               and
               dry
               ,
               and
               emitting
               little
               Smoke
               is
               the
               fittest
               for
               Ladies
               Chambers
               ;
               and
               all
               those
               Woods
               and
               Twiggs
               would
               be
               cut
               either
               to
               
                 Plant
                 ,
                 Work
              
               with
               ,
               or
               Burn
               in
               the
               dryest
               time
               of
               the
               day
               .
            
             
               27.
               
               There
               is
               a
               sort
               of
               Willow
               of
               a
               slender
               and
               long
               Leaf
               ,
               resembling
               the
               smaller
               Ozier
               ;
               but
               rising
               to
               a
               Tree
               as
               big
               as
               the
               Sally
               ,
               full
               of
               knots
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               very
               brittle
               spray
               ,
               onely
               here
               rehears'd
               to
               acknowledge
               the
               variety
               .
            
             
               28.
               
               There
               is
               likewise
               the
               Garden-willow
               ,
               which
               produces
               a
               sweet
               and
               beautiful
               flower
               ,
               fit
               to
               be
               admitted
               into
               our
               Hortulan
               ornaments
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               set
               for
               partitions
               of
               squares
               ;
               but
               they
               have
               no
               affinity
               with
               other
               .
               There
               is
               also
               in
               Shropshire
               another
               very
               odoriferous
               kind
               .
            
             
             
               29.
               
               What
               most
               of
               the
               former
               enumerated
               kinds
               differ
               from
               the
               Sallys
               ,
               is
               indeed
               not
               much
               considerable
               ,
               they
               being
               generally
               u●eful
               for
               the
               same
               purposes
               ;
               as
               Boxes
               ,
               such
               as
               Apothecaries
               and
               Goldsmiths
               use
               ;
               for
               Cart-Saddle-trees
               ,
               yea
               ,
               Gun-stocks
               ,
               and
               
                 Half-Pikes
                 ,
                 Harrows
                 ,
                 Shooe-makers
                 Lasts
                 ,
                 Heels
                 ,
                 Clogs
              
               for
               
                 Pattens
                 ,
                 Forks
                 ,
                 Rakes
              
               ,
               especially
               the
               Tooths
               ,
               which
               should
               be
               wedg'd
               with
               Oak
               ,
               but
               let
               them
               not
               be
               cut
               for
               this
               when
               the
               Sap
               is
               stirring
               ,
               because
               they
               will
               shrink
               ,
               
                 Pearches
                 ,
                 Hop-poles
                 ,
                 Ricing
              
               of
               Kidny-beans
               ,
               and
               for
               Supporters
               to
               Vines
               ,
               when
               our
               
                 English
                 Vineyards
              
               come
               more
               in
               request
               :
               Also
               for
               
                 Hurdles
                 ,
                 Sieves
                 ,
                 Lattices
              
               ;
               for
               the
               
                 Turner
                 ,
                 Kyele-pins
              
               ,
               great
               Town-Topps
               ;
               for
               Platters
               ,
               little
               Cashes
               and
               Vessels
               ;
               especially
               to
               preserve
               Verjuices
               in
               the
               best
               of
               any
               :
               Pailes
               are
               also
               made
               of
               cleft
               
                 Willow
                 ,
                 Dorsers
                 ,
                 Fruit-baskets
                 ,
                 Canns
                 ,
                 Hives
              
               for
               
                 Bees
                 ,
                 Trenchers
                 ,
                 Trays
              
               ,
               and
               for
               polishing
               and
               whetting
               Table-Knives
               ,
               the
               Butler
               will
               find
               it
               above
               any
               Wood
               or
               Whet-stone
               ;
               also
               for
               Coals
               and
               Bavin
               ,
               not
               forgetting
               the
               fresh
               boughs
               ,
               which
               of
               all
               the
               Trees
               in
               nature
               ,
               yield
               the
               most
               chast
               and
               coolest
               Shade
               in
               the
               hottest
               season
               of
               the
               day
               ;
               and
               this
               Umbrage
               so
               wholesome
               ,
               that
               Physicians
               prescribe
               it
               to
               Feaverish
               persons
               ,
               permitting
               them
               to
               be
               plac'd
               even
               about
               their
               Beds
               ,
               as
               a
               safe
               and
               comfortable
               refrigerium
               .
               The
               wood
               being
               preserv'd
               dry
               will
               dure
               a
               very
               long
               time
               ;
               but
               that
               which
               is
               found
               wholly
               putrifi'd
               ,
               and
               reduc'd
               to
               a
               loamy
               earth
               in
               the
               hollow
               trunks
               of
               superannuated
               Trees
               ,
               is
               ,
               of
               all
               other
               ,
               the
               fittest
               to
               be
               mingl'd
               with
               fine
               mould
               ,
               for
               the
               raising
               our
               choicest
               Flowers
               ,
               such
               as
               
                 Anemonies
                 ,
                 Ranunculus's
                 ,
                 Auriculas
              
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               .
            
             
               
                 What
                 would
                 we
                 more
                 ?
                 low
                 Broom
                 ,
                 and
                 Sallys
                 wild
                 ,
              
               
                 Or
                 feed
                 the
                 Flock
                 ,
                 or
                 Shepheards
                 shade
                 ,
                 or
                 Field
              
               
                 Hedges
                 about
                 ,
                 or
                 do
                 us
                 Hony
                 yield
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Quid
                   majora
                   sequ●r
                   ?
                   Salices
                   ,
                   humilesque
                   genista
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Aut
                   illae
                   pecori
                   frondem
                   ,
                   aut
                   pastoribus
                   umbram
                
              
               
                 
                   Sufficiunt
                   ,
                   sepemque
                   satis
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   pabula
                   melli
                
                 .
              
               
                 Georg.
                 2.
                 
              
            
             
               30.
               
               Now
               by
               all
               these
               Plantations
               of
               the
               Aquatic
               Trees
               ,
               it
               is
               evident
               ,
               the
               Lords
               of
               Moorish
               Commons
               ,
               and
               unprofitable
               Wasts
               ,
               may
               learn
               some
               Improvement
               ,
               and
               the
               neighbour
               Bees
               be
               gratified
               ;
               and
               many
               Tools
               of
               Husbandry
               become
               much
               cheaper
               .
               I
               conclude
               ,
               with
               the
               Learned
               
               Stephanus's
               note
               upon
               these
               kind
               of
               Trees
               ,
               after
               he
               has
               enumerated
               the
               universal
               benefit
               of
               the
               
                 Salictum
                 :
                 Nullius
                 enim
                 tutior
                 reditus
                 ,
                 minorisve
                 impendii
                 ,
                 aut
                 tempestatis
                 securior
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XXI
               .
               Of
               Fences
               ,
               Quick-sets
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               OUr
               main
               Plantation
               is
               now
               finish'd
               ,
               
               and
               our
               Forest
               adorn'd
               with
               a
               just
               variety
               :
               But
               what
               is
               yet
               all
               this
               labour
               ,
               but
               losse
               of
               time
               ,
               and
               irreparable
               expence
               ,
               unlesse
               our
               young
               ,
               and
               (
               as
               yet
               )
               tender
               Plants
               be
               sufficiently
               guarded
               from
               all
               external
               injuries
               for
               ,
               as
               old
               Tusser
               ,
               
                 
                   
                     If
                     Cattel
                     ,
                     or
                     Cony
                     may
                     enter
                     to
                     Crop
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Young
                     Oak
                     is
                     in
                     danger
                     of
                     losing
                     his
                     Cop.
                     
                  
                
              
               But
               with
               something
               a
               more
               polish'd
               stile
               ,
               though
               to
               the
               same
               purpose
               ,
               the
               best
               of
               Poets
               ,
               
                 
                   Plash
                   Fences
                   thy
                   Plantation
                   round
                   about
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   whilst
                   yet
                   Young
                   ,
                   be
                   sure
                   keep
                   Cattell
                   out
                   ;
                
                 
                   Severest
                   Winters
                   ,
                   scorching
                   Sun
                   infest
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   Sheep
                   ,
                   Goats
                   ,
                   Bullocks
                   ,
                   all
                   young
                   Plants
                   molest
                   ;
                
                 
                   Yet
                   neither
                   Cold
                   ,
                   nor
                   the
                   hoar
                   rigid
                   Frost
                   ,
                
                 
                   Nor
                   Heat
                   reflecting
                   from
                   the
                   Rocky
                   Coast
                   ,
                
                 
                   Like
                   Cattel
                   Trees
                   ,
                   and
                   tender
                   Shoots
                   consound
                   ,
                
                 
                   When
                   with
                   invenom'd
                   Teeth
                   the
                   twigs
                   they
                   wound
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Texendae
                     sepes
                     etiam
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     pecus
                     omne
                     tenendum
                     est
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   
                     Praecipuè
                     ,
                     dum
                     frons
                     tenera
                     ,
                     imprudensque
                     laborum
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Cui
                     ,
                     super
                     indignas
                     hyemes
                     ,
                     solemque
                     potentem
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Sylvestres
                     Vri
                     assiduè
                     ,
                     capreaeque
                     sequaces
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Illudunt
                     :
                     Pascuntur
                     Oves
                     ,
                     avidaeque
                     juven●ae
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Frigora
                     nec
                     tantum
                     cana
                     concreta
                     pruina
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Aut
                     gravis
                     incumbens
                     scopulis
                     arentibus
                     astas
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Quantum
                     illi
                     nocuere
                     greges
                     ,
                     durique
                     venenum
                  
                
                 
                   Dentis
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     admorso
                     signata
                     in
                     stirpe
                     cicatrix
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   2.
                   
                
              
            
             
               2.
               
               For
               the
               reason
               that
               so
               many
               complain
               of
               the
               improsperous
               condition
               of
               their
               Wood-lands
               ,
               and
               Plantations
               of
               this
               kind
               ,
               proceeds
               from
               this
               neglect
               ;
               though
               (
               Sheep
               excepted
               )
               there
               is
               no
               employment
               whatsoever
               incident
               to
               the
               Farmer
               ,
               which
               requires
               less
               expence
               to
               gratifie
               their
               expectations
               :
               One
               diligent
               ,
               and
               skilful
               Man
               will
               govern
               
                 five
                 hundred
              
               Acres
               :
               But
               if
               through
               any
               accident
               a
               Beast
               shall
               break
               into
               his
               Masters
               Field
               ;
               or
               the
               wicked
               Hunters
               make
               a
               Gap
               for
               his
               Dogs
               and
               Horses
               ,
               what
               a
               clamor
               is
               there
               made
               for
               the
               disturbance
               of
               a
               years
               Crop
               at
               most
               in
               a
               little
               Corn
               ?
               whiles
               abandoning
               his
               young
               Woods
               all
               this
               time
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               many
               years
               ,
               to
               the
               venomous
               bitings
               and
               treading
               of
               Cattel
               ,
               and
               other
               like
               injuries
               (
               for
               want
               of
               due
               care
               )
               the
               detriment
               is
               many
               times
               irreparable
               :
               Young
               Trees
               once
               cropp'd
               hardly
               ever
               recovering
               :
               It
               is
               the
               bane
               of
               all
               our
               most
               hopeful
               Timber
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               But
               shall
               I
               provoke
               you
               by
               an
               instance
               ?
               A
               Kins-man
               of
               mine
               has
               a
               Wood
               of
               more
               than
               60
               years
               standing
               ;
               it
               was
               ,
               before
               he
               purchas'd
               it
               ,
               expos'd
               and
               abandon'd
               to
               the
               Cattel
               for
               divers
               years
               :
               some
               of
               the
               outward
               skirts
               were
               nothing
               save
               shrubs
               and
               miserable
               
               starvlings
               ;
               yet
               still
               the
               place
               had
               a
               disposition
               to
               grow
               woody
               ;
               but
               by
               this
               neglect
               continually
               suppress'd
               .
               The
               industrious
               Gentleman
               has
               Fenced
               in
               some
               Acres
               of
               this
               ,
               and
               cut
               all
               close
               to
               the
               ground
               ;
               it
               is
               come
               in
               eight
               or
               nine
               years
               ,
               to
               be
               better
               worth
               than
               the
               Wood
               of
               sixty
               ;
               and
               will
               (
               in
               time
               )
               prove
               most
               incomparable
               Timber
               ,
               whiles
               the
               other
               part
               so
               many
               years
               advanc'd
               ,
               shall
               never
               recover
               ;
               and
               all
               this
               from
               no
               other
               cause
               ,
               than
               preserving
               it
               fenc'd
               :
               Judge
               then
               by
               this
               ,
               how
               our
               Woods
               come
               to
               be
               so
               decried
               :
               Are
               five
               hundred
               Sheep
               worthy
               the
               care
               of
               a
               Shepherd
               ?
               and
               are
               not
               
                 five
                 thousand
              
               Oaks
               worth
               the
               fencing
               ,
               and
               the
               inspection
               of
               a
               Hayward
               ?
               
                 
                   And
                   shall
                   men
                   doubt
                   to
                   Plant
                   ,
                   and
                   careful
                   be
                   ?
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     dabitant
                     homines
                     serere
                     ,
                     atque
                     impendere
                     curam
                     ?
                  
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               Let
               us
               therefore
               shut
               up
               what
               we
               have
               thus
               laboriously
               Planted
               ,
               with
               some
               good
               
                 Quick-set
                 hedge
              
               .
               Which
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   All
                   Countreys
                   bear
                   ,
                   in
                   every
                   ground
                
                 
                   As
                   Denizen
                   ,
                   or
                   Enter-loper
                   found
                   :
                
                 
                   From
                   Gardens
                   and
                   till'd
                   fields
                   expell'd
                   ,
                   yet
                   there
                
                 
                   On
                   the
                   extreams
                   stands
                   up
                   ,
                   and
                   claims
                   a
                   share
                   .
                
                 
                   Nor
                   Mastiff-dog
                   ,
                   nor
                   Pike-man
                   can
                   be
                   found
                
                 
                   A
                   better
                   Fence
                   to
                   the
                   enclosed
                   Ground
                   .
                
                 
                   Such
                   breed
                   the
                   rough
                   and
                   hardy
                   Cantons
                   rear
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   into
                   all
                   adjacent
                   Lands
                   prefer
                   ,
                
                 
                   Tough
                   rugged
                   Churles
                   ;
                   and
                   for
                   the
                   Battel
                   fit
                   ,
                
                 
                   Who
                   Courts
                   and
                   States
                   with
                   Complement
                   or
                   Wit
                
                 
                   To
                   civilize
                   nor
                   to
                   instruct
                   pretend
                   ;
                
                 
                   But
                   with
                   stout
                   faithful
                   service
                   to
                   defend
                   .
                
                 
                   This
                   Tyrants
                   know
                   full
                   well
                   ,
                   nor
                   more
                   confide
                
                 
                   On
                   Guards
                   that
                   serve
                   lesse
                   for
                   Defence
                   than
                   Pride
                   :
                
                 
                   Their
                   Persons
                   safe
                   they
                   do
                   not
                   judge
                   amisse
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   Realms
                   committed
                   to
                   their
                   Guard
                   of
                   Swisse
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Omne
                     solum
                     natale
                     est
                     ,
                     intrat
                     ubique
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Ardelio
                     ;
                     illa
                     quidem
                     culiis
                     excluditur
                     agris
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Plerumque
                     ,
                     atque
                     hortis
                     ;
                     sed
                     circumsepit
                     utrosque
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Atque
                     omnes
                     adytus
                     servat
                     fidissima
                     custos
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Vtilior
                     latrante
                     Cane
                     ,
                     armatoque
                     Priapo
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Aspera
                     frigoribus
                     saxisque
                     Helvetia
                     tales
                  
                
                 
                   Educat
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     peregis
                     terras
                     emittit
                     in
                     omnes
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Enormes
                     durósque
                     viros
                     ,
                     sed
                     fortia
                     bell●
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Pectora
                     ;
                     non
                     illi
                     cultu
                     ,
                     non
                     moribus
                     Aulas
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Atque
                     Vrbes
                     decorare
                     valent
                     ,
                     sed
                     utrasque
                     fideli
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Defendunt
                     opera
                     ;
                     nec
                     iis
                     ,
                     gens
                     cauta
                     ,
                     Tyranni
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Praeponunt
                     speciosa
                     magis
                     ,
                     multúmque
                     sonora
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Praefidia
                     ;
                     his
                     certi
                     vitam
                     tutantur
                     opesque
                     ,
                  
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   Couleii
                   
                     pl.
                     l.
                  
                   6.
                   
                
              
               For
               so
               the
               ingenious
               Poet
               has
               metamorphos'd
               him
               ,
               and
               I
               could
               not
               withstand
               him
               .
            
             
               
               4.
               
               The
               Hei-thorne
               ,
               and
               indeed
               the
               very
               best
               of
               common
               hedges
               ,
               is
               either
               rais'd
               of
               Seeds
               or
               Plants
               ;
               but
               then
               it
               must
               not
               be
               with
               despair
               ,
               because
               sometimes
               you
               do
               not
               see
               them
               peep
               the
               first
               year
               ;
               for
               the
               Haw
               ,
               and
               many
               other
               Seeds
               ,
               being
               invested
               with
               a
               very
               hard
               Integument
               ,
               will
               now
               and
               then
               suffer
               imprisonment
               two
               whole
               years
               under
               the
               earth
               ;
               and
               impatience
               of
               this
               does
               often
               frustrate
               the
               expectation
               of
               the
               resurrection
               of
               divers
               seeds
               of
               this
               nature
               ;
               so
               as
               we
               frequently
               dig
               up
               ,
               and
               disturb
               the
               beds
               where
               they
               have
               been
               sown
               ,
               in
               despair
               ,
               before
               they
               have
               gone
               their
               
                 full
                 time
              
               ;
               which
               is
               also
               the
               reason
               of
               a
               very
               popular
               mistake
               in
               other
               Seeds
               :
               Especially
               ,
               that
               of
               the
               Holly
               ,
               concerning
               which
               there
               goes
               a
               tradition
               ;
               that
               they
               will
               not
               sprout
               till
               they
               be
               pass'd
               through
               the
               Maw
               of
               a
               Thrush
               ;
               whence
               the
               saying
               ,
               
                 Turdus
                 exitium
                 suum
                 cacat
              
               (
               alluding
               to
               the
               Viscus
               made
               thereof
               ,
               not
               the
               Missleto
               of
               Oak
               )
               but
               this
               is
               an
               errour
               ,
               as
               I
               am
               able
               to
               testifie
               on
               experience
               ;
               they
               come
               up
               very
               well
               of
               the
               Berries
               ,
               and
               with
               patience
               ;
               for
               (
               as
               I
               affirm'd
               )
               they
               will
               sleep
               sometimes
               two
               entire
               years
               in
               their
               Graves
               ;
               as
               will
               also
               
               the
               seeds
               of
               
                 Yew
                 ,
                 Sloes
                 ,
                 Phillyrea
                 angustifolia
                 ,
              
               and
               sundry
               others
               ,
               whose
               shells
               are
               very
               hard
               about
               the
               small
               kernels
               ;
               but
               which
               is
               wonderfully
               facilitated
               ,
               by
               being
               (
               as
               we
               directed
               )
               prepar'd
               in
               beds
               ,
               and
               Magazines
               of
               Earth
               or
               Sand
               for
               a
               competent
               time
               ,
               and
               then
               committed
               to
               the
               ground
               before
               the
               full
               in
               March
               ,
               by
               which
               season
               they
               will
               be
               chitting
               ,
               and
               speedily
               take
               Root
               :
               Others
               bury
               them
               deep
               in
               the
               ground
               all
               Winter
               ,
               and
               sow
               them
               in
               February
               :
               And
               thus
               I
               have
               been
               told
               of
               a
               Gentleman
               who
               has
               considerably
               improv'd
               his
               Revenue
               ,
               by
               sowing
               Haws
               only
               ,
               and
               raising
               Nurseries
               of
               Quick-sets
               ,
               which
               he
               sells
               by
               the
               hundred
               far
               and
               neer
               :
               This
               is
               a
               commendable
               industry
               ;
               any
               neglected
               corners
               of
               ground
               will
               fit
               this
               Plantation
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               But
               Columella
               has
               another
               expedient
               for
               the
               raising
               of
               our
               spinetum
               ,
               by
               rubbing
               the
               now
               mature
               Hips
               and
               Haws
               into
               the
               crevices
               of
               
                 Bass
                 ropes
              
               ,
               and
               then
               burying
               them
               in
               a
               Trench
               :
               Whether
               way
               you
               attempt
               it
               ,
               they
               must
               (
               so
               soon
               as
               they
               peep
               ,
               and
               as
               long
               as
               they
               require
               it
               )
               be
               sedulously
               cleans'd
               of
               the
               weeds
               ,
               which
               ,
               if
               in
               beds
               for
               transplantation
               ,
               had
               need
               be
               at
               the
               least
               three
               or
               four
               year
               ;
               by
               which
               time
               even
               your
               seedlings
               will
               be
               of
               stature
               fit
               to
               remove
               ;
               for
               I
               do
               by
               no
               means
               approve
               of
               the
               vulgar
               praemature
               Planting
               of
               Sets
               ,
               as
               is
               generally
               us'd
               throughout
               England
               ;
               which
               is
               to
               take
               such
               onely
               as
               are
               the
               very
               smallest
               ,
               and
               so
               to
               crowd
               them
               into
               three
               or
               four
               files
               ,
               which
               are
               both
               egregious
               mistakes
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               Whereas
               it
               is
               found
               by
               constant
               experience
               ,
               that
               Plants
               as
               big
               as
               ones
               thumb
               ,
               set
               in
               the
               posture
               ,
               and
               at
               the
               distance
               which
               we
               spake
               of
               in
               the
               Horn-beam
               ;
               that
               is
               ,
               almost
               perpendicular
               (
               not
               altogether
               ,
               because
               the
               Rain
               should
               not
               get
               in
               'twixt
               the
               Rind
               and
               wood
               )
               and
               single
               ,
               or
               at
               most
               not
               exceeding
               a
               double
               row
               ,
               do
               prosper
               infinitely
               ,
               and
               much
               out-strip
               the
               densest
               ,
               and
               closest
               ranges
               of
               our
               trifling
               Sets
               ,
               which
               make
               but
               weak
               shoots
               ,
               and
               whose
               roots
               do
               but
               hinder
               each
               other
               ,
               and
               for
               being
               couch'd
               in
               that
               posture
               on
               the
               sides
               of
               Banks
               and
               Fences
               (
               especially
               where
               the
               earth
               is
               not
               very
               tenacious
               )
               are
               bared
               of
               the
               mould
               which
               should
               entertain
               them
               ,
               by
               that
               time
               the
               Rains
               and
               Storms
               of
               one
               Winter
               ,
               have
               passed
               over
               them
               .
               In
               Holland
               ,
               and
               Flanders
               (
               where
               they
               have
               the
               goodliest
               Hedges
               of
               this
               kind
               about
               the
               Counter-scarps
               of
               their
               invincible
               fortifications
               ,
               to
               the
               great
               security
               of
               their
               Musketiers
               upon
               occasion
               )
               they
               Plant
               them
               according
               to
               my
               description
               ,
               and
               raise
               Fences
               so
               speedily
               ,
               and
               so
               impenetrable
               ,
               that
               our
               best
               are
               not
               to
               enter
               into
               the
               comparison
               .
               Yet
               ,
               that
               I
               may
               not
               be
               wanting
               to
               direct
               such
               as
               either
               affect
               the
               other
               way
               ,
               or
               whose
               Grounds
               may
               require
               some
               Bank
               of
               Earth
               ,
               as
               ordinarily
               the
               verges
               of
               Coppses
               ,
               and
               other
               Inclosures
               do
               :
               You
               shall
               by
               line
               cast
               up
               your
               fosse
               of
               about
               three
               foot
               broad
               ,
               and
               about
               the
               same
               depth
               ,
               provided
               your
               mould
               hold
               it
               ;
               beginning
               first
               to
               turn
               the
               turf
               ,
               upon
               which
               ,
               be
               careful
               to
               lay
               some
               of
               the
               best
               Earth
               to
               bed
               your
               Quick
               in
               ,
               and
               there
               lay
               ,
               or
               set
               the
               
                 Plants
                 ;
                 two
              
               in
               a
               foot
               space
               is
               sufficient
               ;
               being
               diligent
               to
               procure
               such
               as
               are
               fresh
               gathered
               ,
               
                 streight
                 ,
                 smooth
              
               ,
               and
               well
               rooted
               ;
               adding
               now
               and
               then
               ,
               at
               equal
               spaces
               of
               twenty
               or
               thirty
               foot
               ,
               a
               young
               
               Oakling
               or
               
               Elme-sucker
               ,
               Ash
               or
               the
               like
               ,
               which
               will
               come
               in
               time
               to
               be
               ornamental
               Standards
               ,
               and
               good
               Timber
               :
               If
               you
               will
               needs
               multiply
               your
               rowes
               ,
               a
               foot
               or
               somewhat
               lesse
               :
               Above
               that
               ,
               upon
               more
               congested
               mould
               ,
               plant
               another
               ranke
               of
               sets
               ,
               so
               as
               to
               point
               just
               in
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               vacuities
               of
               the
               first
               ,
               which
               I
               conceive
               enough
               :
               This
               is
               but
               for
               the
               single
               Fosse
               ;
               but
               if
               you
               would
               fortifie
               it
               to
               the
               purpose
               ,
               do
               as
               much
               on
               the
               other
               side
               ,
               of
               the
               same
               
                 depth
                 ,
                 height
              
               ,
               and
               planting
               ;
               and
               then
               last
               of
               all
               ,
               cap
               the
               top
               in
               Pyramis
               with
               the
               worst
               ,
               or
               bottom
               of
               the
               Ditch
               :
               Some
               ,
               if
               the
               mould
               be
               good
               ,
               plant
               a
               row
               or
               two
               on
               the
               Edge
               ,
               or
               very
               crest
               of
               the
               mound
               ,
               which
               ought
               to
               be
               a
               little
               flatned
               :
               Here
               also
               many
               set
               their
               dry-Hedge
               ,
               to
               defend
               ,
               and
               shade
               their
               under-plantation
               ,
               and
               I
               cannot
               reprove
               it
               :
               But
               great
               care
               is
               to
               be
               had
               in
               this
               work
               ,
               that
               the
               main
               bank
               be
               well
               footed
               ,
               and
               not
               made
               with
               too
               suddain
               a
               declivity
               ,
               which
               is
               subject
               to
               fall-in
               after
               frosts
               and
               wet
               weather
               ;
               and
               this
               is
               good
               husbandry
               for
               moyst
               grounds
               ;
               but
               where
               the
               Land
               lyes
               high
               ,
               and
               is
               hot
               and
               gravelly
               ,
               I
               prefer
               the
               lower
               fencing
               ;
               which
               ,
               though
               even
               with
               the
               arëa
               it self
               ,
               may
               be
               protected
               with
               stakes
               and
               a
               dry
               hedge
               ,
               the
               distance
               competent
               ,
               and
               to
               very
               good
               purposes
               of
               educating
               more
               frequent
               Timber
               amongst
               the
               rowes
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               Your
               Hedge
               being
               yet
               Young
               ,
               should
               be
               constantly
               weeded
               ,
               (
               of
               Brambles
               especially
               ,
               the
               great
               Dock
               ,
               and
               Thistle
               ,
               &c.
               )
               though
               some
               admit
               not
               of
               this
               work
               after
               Michaelmas
               ,
               for
               Reasons
               that
               I
               approve
               not
               :
               It
               has
               been
               the
               practice
               of
               Herefordshire
               ,
               in
               the
               plantation
               of
               Quick-set-hedges
               ,
               to
               plant
               a
               Crab-stock
               at
               every
               twenty-foot
               distance
               ;
               and
               this
               they
               observe
               so
               Religiously
               ,
               as
               if
               they
               had
               been
               under
               some
               rigorous
               Statute
               requiring
               it
               :
               But
               by
               this
               means
               ,
               they
               were
               provided
               in
               a
               short
               time
               with
               all
               advantages
               for
               the
               graffing
               of
               Fruit
               amongst
               them
               ,
               which
               does
               highly
               recompense
               their
               industry
               .
               Some
               cut
               their
               Sets
               at
               three
               years
               growth
               even
               to
               the
               very
               ground
               ,
               and
               find
               that
               in
               a
               year
               or
               two
               ,
               it
               will
               have
               shot
               ,
               as
               much
               as
               in
               seven
               ,
               had
               it
               been
               let
               alone
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               When
               your
               Hedge
               is
               now
               neer
               six
               years
               stature
               ,
               plash
               it
               about
               February
               or
               October
               ;
               but
               this
               is
               the
               work
               of
               a
               very
               dextrous
               and
               skilful
               Husbandman
               ;
               and
               for
               which
               our
               honest
               Country-man
               M.
               Markam
               gives
               excellent
               directions
               ;
               only
               I
               approve
               not
               so
               well
               of
               his
               deep
               cutting
               ,
               if
               it
               be
               possible
               to
               bend
               it
               ,
               having
               suffered
               in
               some
               thing
               of
               that
               kind
               :
               It
               is
               almost
               incredible
               to
               what
               perfection
               some
               have
               laid
               these
               Hedges
               ,
               by
               the
               rural
               way
               of
               plashing
               ,
               better
               than
               by
               clipping
               ;
               yet
               may
               both
               be
               used
               for
               ornament
               ,
               as
               where
               they
               are
               planted
               about
               our
               Garden-fences
               ,
               and
               fields
               neer
               the
               Mansion
               .
               In
               Scotland
               ,
               by
               tying
               the
               young
               shoots
               with
               bands
               of
               hay
               ,
               they
               make
               the
               stems
               grow
               so
               very
               close
               together
               ,
               as
               that
               it
               encloseth
               Rabbets
               in
               Warrens
               instead
               of
               pales
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               And
               now
               since
               I
               did
               mention
               it
               ,
               and
               that
               most
               I
               find
               do
               greatly
               affect
               the
               vulgar
               way
               of
               Quicking
               (
               that
               this
               our
               Discourse
               be
               in
               nothing
               deficient
               )
               we
               will
               in
               brief
               give
               it
               you
               again
               after
               
                 Geo.
                 Markams
              
               description
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               the
               best
               and
               most
               accurate
               ,
               although
               much
               resembling
               our
               former
               direction
               ,
               of
               which
               it
               seems
               
               but
               a
               Repetition
               ,
               'till
               he
               comes
               to
               the
               plashing
               .
               In
               a
               Ground
               which
               is
               more
               dry
               then
               wet
               (
               for
               watry
               places
               it
               abhors
               )
               plant
               your
               Quick
               thus
               :
               Let
               the
               first
               row
               of
               Sets
               be
               placed
               in
               a
               trench
               of
               about
               half
               a
               foot
               deep
               ,
               even
               with
               the
               top
               of
               your
               ditch
               ,
               in
               somewhat
               a
               sloping
               ,
               or
               inclining
               posture
               :
               Then
               ,
               having
               rais'd
               your
               bank
               neer
               a
               foot
               upon
               them
               ,
               plant
               another
               row
               ,
               so
               as
               their
               tops
               may
               just
               peep
               out
               over
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               spaces
               of
               your
               first
               row
               :
               These
               cover'd
               again
               to
               the
               height
               or
               thickness
               of
               the
               other
               ,
               place
               a
               third
               rank
               opposite
               to
               the
               first
               ,
               and
               then
               finish
               your
               bank
               to
               its
               intended
               height
               .
               The
               distances
               of
               the
               plants
               would
               not
               be
               above
               one
               foot
               ;
               and
               the
               season
               to
               do
               the
               work
               in
               ,
               may
               be
               from
               the
               entry
               of
               February
               ,
               till
               the
               end
               of
               March
               ;
               or
               else
               in
               September
               ,
               to
               the
               beginning
               of
               December
               .
               When
               this
               is
               finish'd
               ,
               you
               must
               guard
               both
               the
               top
               of
               your
               Bank
               ,
               and
               outmost
               verge
               of
               your
               Ditch
               ,
               with
               a
               sufficient
               dry-hedge
               interwoven
               from
               stake
               to
               stake
               into
               the
               earth
               (
               which
               commonly
               they
               do
               on
               the
               bank
               )
               to
               secure
               your
               Quick
               from
               the
               spoil
               of
               Cattle
               .
               And
               then
               being
               careful
               to
               repair
               such
               as
               decay
               ,
               or
               do
               not
               spring
               ,
               by
               suppling
               the
               dead
               ,
               and
               trimming
               the
               rest
               ;
               you
               shall
               after
               three
               years
               growth
               ,
               sprinkle
               some
               Timber-trees
               amongst
               them
               ;
               such
               as
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Maple
                 ,
                 Fruit
                 ,
              
               or
               the
               like
               ;
               which
               being
               drawn
               young
               out
               of
               your
               Nurseries
               ,
               may
               be
               very
               easily
               inserted
               .
               But
               that
               which
               we
               affirm'd
               to
               require
               the
               greatest
               dexterity
               in
               this
               work
               ,
               is
               ,
               the
               artificial
               plashing
               of
               our
               Hedge
               when
               it
               is
               now
               arriv'd
               to
               a
               six
               or
               seven
               years
               head
               ;
               though
               some
               stay
               till
               the
               tenth
               or
               longer
               .
               In
               February
               therefore
               ,
               or
               October
               ,
               with
               a
               very
               sharp
               hand-bill
               cut
               away
               all
               superfluous
               sprays
               and
               straglers
               which
               may
               hinder
               your
               progress
               ,
               and
               are
               useless
               .
               Then
               ,
               searching
               out
               the
               principal
               stems
               ,
               with
               a
               keen
               and
               light
               Hatchet
               ,
               cut
               them
               slant-wise
               close
               to
               the
               Ground
               ,
               about
               three
               quarters
               through
               ,
               or
               rather
               ,
               so
               far
               onely
               ,
               as
               till
               you
               can
               make
               them
               comply
               handsomely
               ,
               which
               is
               your
               best
               direction
               ,
               and
               so
               lay
               it
               from
               you
               sloping
               as
               you
               go
               ,
               folding
               in
               the
               lesser
               branches
               which
               spring
               from
               them
               ;
               and
               ever
               within
               a
               five
               ,
               or
               six
               foot
               distance
               ,
               where
               you
               find
               an
               upright
               set
               (
               cutting
               off
               only
               the
               top
               to
               the
               height
               of
               your
               intended
               hedge
               )
               let
               it
               stand
               as
               a
               stake
               to
               fortifie
               your
               work
               ,
               and
               to
               receive
               the
               twinings
               of
               those
               branches
               about
               it
               .
               Lastly
               ,
               at
               the
               top
               (
               which
               would
               be
               about
               
                 five
                 foot
              
               above
               ground
               )
               take
               the
               longest
               ,
               most
               slender
               and
               flexible
               twigs
               which
               you
               reserved
               (
               and
               being
               cut
               as
               the
               former
               where
               need
               requires
               )
               bind
               in
               the
               extremities
               of
               all
               the
               rest
               ,
               and
               thus
               your
               work
               is
               finish'd
               :
               This
               being
               done
               very
               close
               ,
               and
               thick
               ,
               makes
               an
               impregnable
               Hedge
               ,
               in
               few
               years
               ;
               for
               it
               may
               be
               repeated
               as
               you
               see
               occasion
               ;
               and
               what
               you
               so
               cut
               away
               ,
               will
               help
               to
               make
               your
               dry-hedges
               for
               your
               young
               Plantations
               ,
               or
               be
               profitable
               for
               the
               Oven
               ,
               and
               make
               good
               Bavin
               .
               For
               stakes
               in
               this
               work
               ,
               Oake
               is
               to
               be
               preferr'd
               ,
               though
               some
               will
               use
               Elder
               ,
               or
               the
               Black-Thorn
               droven
               well
               in
               at
               every
               yard
               of
               interval
               ;
               and
               even
               your
               plash'd-hedges
               need
               some
               small
               thorns
               to
               be
               lay'd
               over
               to
               protect
               the
               Spring
               from
               Cattel
               and
               Sheep
               ,
               'till
               they
               are
               somewhat
               fortified
               ;
               and
               the
               doubler
               the
               winding
               is
               lodg'd
               ,
               the
               better
               ;
               which
               should
               be
               beaten
               ,
               and
               forced
               
               down
               together
               with
               the
               stakes
               ,
               as
               equally
               as
               may
               be
               .
               Note
               ,
               that
               in
               sloping
               your
               Windings
               ,
               if
               it
               be
               too
               low
               done
               (
               as
               very
               usually
               )
               it
               frequently
               mortifies
               the
               tops
               ;
               therefore
               ,
               it
               ought
               to
               be
               so
               bent
               ,
               as
               it
               may
               not
               impead
               the
               mounting
               of
               the
               Sap
               :
               If
               the
               plash
               be
               of
               a
               great
               ,
               and
               extraordinary
               age
               ,
               wind
               it
               at
               the
               neather
               boughs
               all
               together
               ,
               and
               cutting
               the
               sets
               as
               directed
               ,
               permit
               it
               rather
               to
               hang
               downwards
               a
               little
               ,
               than
               rise
               too
               forwards
               ;
               and
               then
               twist
               the
               branches
               into
               the
               work
               ,
               leaving
               a
               set
               free
               and
               unconstrain'd
               at
               every
               yard
               space
               ;
               besides
               such
               as
               will
               serve
               for
               stakes
               ,
               abated
               to
               about
               five-foot-length
               (
               which
               is
               a
               competent
               stature
               for
               an
               Hedge
               )
               and
               so
               let
               it
               stand
               .
               One
               shall
               often
               find
               in
               this
               work
               ,
               especially
               in
               Old
               neglected
               Hedges
               ,
               some
               great
               Trees
               ,
               or
               stubs
               ,
               that
               commonly
               make
               gaps
               for
               Cattel
               :
               Such
               ,
               should
               be
               cut
               so
               neer
               the
               Earth
               ,
               as
               'till
               you
               can
               lay
               them
               thwart
               ,
               that
               the
               top
               of
               one
               ,
               may
               rest
               on
               the
               root
               ,
               or
               stub
               of
               the
               other
               ,
               as
               far
               as
               they
               extend
               ,
               stopping
               the
               cavities
               with
               its
               boughs
               and
               branches
               ;
               and
               thus
               Hedges
               which
               seem
               to
               consist
               but
               onely
               of
               Scrubby-Trees
               and
               stumps
               ,
               may
               be
               reduc'd
               to
               a
               tollerable
               Fence
               .
               We
               have
               been
               the
               longer
               on
               these
               descriptions
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               of
               main
               importance
               ,
               and
               that
               so
               few
               Husband-men
               are
               perfectly
               skil'd
               in
               it
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               The
               Roots
               of
               an
               Old
               Thorne
               is
               excellent
               both
               for
               Boxes
               and
               Combs
               ,
               and
               is
               curiously
               and
               naturally
               wrought
               :
               I
               have
               read
               ,
               that
               they
               made
               ribs
               to
               some
               small
               Boates
               or
               Vessels
               with
               the
               White-Thorn
               .
               The
               Black-Crab
               rightly
               season'd
               and
               treated
               ,
               is
               famous
               for
               
                 Walking-staves
                 ▪
              
               and
               if
               over-grown
               us'd
               in
               Mill-work
               .
               Here
               we
               owe
               due
               Elogy
               to
               the
               Industry
               of
               that
               honourable
               Person
               my
               
                 Lord
                 Ashley
              
               ,
               who
               has
               taught
               us
               to
               make
               such
               Enclosures
               of
               Crab-stocks
               onely
               ,
               planted
               close
               to
               one
               another
               ,
               as
               there
               is
               nothing
               more
               impregnable
               and
               becoming
               ;
               or
               you
               may
               sowe
               Sider-kernels
               in
               a
               rill
               ,
               and
               fence
               it
               for
               a
               while
               with
               a
               double
               
                 dry
                 Hedge
              
               ,
               not
               onely
               for
               a
               suddain
               and
               beautiful
               ,
               but
               a
               very
               profitable
               Inclosure
               ;
               because
               ,
               amongst
               other
               benefits
               ,
               they
               will
               yield
               you
               Sider-fruit
               in
               abundance
               :
               But
               in
               Devonshire
               ,
               they
               build
               two
               walls
               with
               their
               stones
               ,
               setting
               them
               edge-ways
               ,
               two
               ,
               and
               then
               one
               between
               ;
               and
               so
               as
               it
               rises
               ,
               fill
               the
               intervall
               or
               Cofer
               with
               Earth
               (
               the
               breadth
               and
               height
               as
               you
               please
               )
               and
               continuing
               the
               stone-work
               ,
               and
               filling
               ,
               and
               as
               you
               work
               beating
               in
               the
               stones
               flat
               to
               the
               sides
               ,
               which
               causes
               them
               to
               stick
               everlastingly
               :
               This
               is
               absolutely
               the
               neatest
               ,
               most
               saving
               ,
               and
               profitable
               Fencing
               imaginable
               ,
               where
               
                 slaty
                 stones
              
               are
               in
               any
               abundance
               ;
               and
               it
               becomes
               not
               onely
               the
               most
               secure
               to
               the
               Lands
               ,
               but
               the
               best
               for
               Cattel
               to
               lye
               warme
               under
               the
               Walls
               ;
               when
               other
               Hedges
               ,
               (
               be
               they
               never
               so
               thick
               )
               admit
               of
               some
               cold
               winds
               in
               Winter
               time
               that
               the
               leaves
               are
               of
               :
               Upon
               these
               Banks
               they
               plant
               not
               onely
               
                 Quick
                 sets
              
               ,
               but
               even
               Timber-Trees
               which
               exceedingly
               thrive
               ,
               being
               out
               of
               all
               danger
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               The
               
                 Pyracanth
                 ,
                 Paliurus
              
               ,
               and
               like
               pretioser
               sorts
               of
               Thorne
               might
               easily
               be
               propagated
               into
               plenty
               sufficient
               to
               store
               even
               these
               vulgar
               Vses
               were
               Men
               industrious
               ;
               and
               then
               how
               beautiful
               ,
               and
               sweet
               would
               the
               environs
               of
               our
               Fields
               be
               ?
               for
               there
               are
               none
               of
               the
               
                 spinous
                 shrubs
              
               more
               hardy
               ,
               nor
               fitter
               for
               our
               defence
               .
               
               Thus
               might
               Berberies
               now
               and
               then
               be
               also
               inserted
               among
               our
               hedges
               ,
               which
               ,
               with
               the
               
                 Hips
                 ,
                 Haws
              
               ,
               and
               Cornel-berries
               ,
               do
               well
               in
               
                 light
                 lands
              
               ,
               and
               would
               rather
               be
               planted
               to
               the
               South
               than
               North
               or
               West
               ,
               as
               usually
               we
               observe
               them
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               Some
               (
               as
               we
               noted
               )
               mingle
               their
               very
               hedges
               with
               
                 Oaklings
                 ,
                 Ash
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Fruit
                 trees
              
               sown
               ,
               or
               planted
               ,
               and
               't
               is
               a
               laudable
               improvement
               ;
               though
               others
               do
               rather
               recommend
               to
               us
               Sets
               of
               all
               one
               sort
               ,
               and
               will
               not
               so
               much
               as
               admit
               of
               the
               Black-Thorne
               to
               be
               mingled
               with
               the
               White
               ,
               because
               of
               their
               unequal
               progress
               ;
               and
               indeed
               ,
               Timber-trees
               set
               in
               the
               Hedge
               (
               though
               contemporaries
               with
               it
               )
               do
               frequently
               wear
               it
               out
               ;
               and
               therefore
               I
               should
               rather
               incourage
               such
               Plantations
               to
               be
               at
               some
               Yards
               neer
               the
               Verges
               ,
               than
               perpendicularly
               in
               them
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               In
               Cornwall
               they
               secure
               their
               Lands
               and
               Woods
               with
               high
               Mounds
               ,
               and
               on
               them
               they
               plant
               Acorns
               ,
               whose
               roots
               bind
               in
               the
               looser
               mould
               ,
               and
               so
               form
               a
               double
               ,
               and
               most
               durable
               Fence
               ,
               incircling
               the
               Fields
               with
               a
               Coronet
               of
               Trees
               .
               They
               do
               likewise
               (
               and
               that
               with
               great
               commendation
               )
               make
               hedges
               of
               our
               
                 Genista
                 Spinosa
              
               ,
               prickly
               Furzes
               ,
               of
               which
               they
               have
               a
               taller
               sort
               ,
               
               such
               as
               the
               French
               imploy
               for
               the
               same
               purpose
               in
               Bretaigne
               ,
               where
               they
               are
               incomparable
               husbands
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               It
               is
               to
               be
               sown
               (
               which
               is
               best
               )
               or
               planted
               of
               the
               roots
               in
               a
               furrow
               :
               If
               sown
               ,
               weeded
               till
               it
               be
               strong
               :
               both
               Tonsile
               ,
               and
               to
               be
               diligently
               clip'd
               ,
               which
               will
               render
               it
               very
               thick
               ,
               an
               excellent
               and
               beautiful
               hedge
               :
               Otherwise
               permitted
               to
               grow
               at
               large
               ,
               't
               will
               yield
               very
               good
               Fagot
               :
               It
               is
               likewise
               admirable
               Covert
               for
               wilde-fowle
               ,
               and
               will
               be
               made
               to
               grow
               even
               in
               moyst
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               dry
               places
               :
               The
               young
               ,
               and
               tender
               tops
               of
               Furzes
               ,
               being
               a
               little
               bruis'd
               ,
               and
               given
               to
               a
               lean
               sickly
               Horse
               ,
               will
               strangely
               recover
               and
               plump
               him
               .
               Thus
               ,
               in
               some
               places
               ,
               they
               sow
               in
               
                 barren
                 grounds
              
               (
               when
               they
               lay
               them
               down
               )
               the
               last
               crop
               with
               this
               seed
               ,
               and
               so
               let
               them
               remain
               till
               they
               break
               them
               up
               again
               ,
               and
               during
               that
               interim
               ,
               reap
               considerable
               advantage
               :
               Would
               you
               believe
               (
               writes
               a
               worthy
               Correspondent
               of
               mine
               )
               that
               in
               Herefordshire
               (
               famous
               for
               plenty
               of
               wood
               )
               their
               Thickets
               of
               Furzes
               (
               viz.
               the
               vulgar
               )
               should
               yield
               them
               more
               profit
               ,
               then
               a
               like
               quantity
               of
               the
               best
               Wheat
               land
               of
               England
               ?
               for
               such
               is
               theirs
               ,
               if
               this
               be
               question'd
               ,
               the
               Scene
               is
               within
               a
               mile
               of
               Hereford
               ,
               and
               proved
               by
               anniversary
               experience
               ,
               in
               the
               Lands
               ,
               as
               I
               take
               it
               ,
               of
               a
               Gentleman
               who
               is
               now
               one
               of
               the
               Burgesses
               for
               that
               City
               .
               And
               in
               Devonshire
               (
               the
               seat
               of
               the
               best
               Husbands
               in
               the
               World
               )
               they
               sow
               on
               their
               worst
               Land
               (
               well
               plow'd
               )
               the
               seeds
               of
               the
               rankest
               Furzes
               ,
               which
               in
               four
               or
               five
               years
               becomes
               a
               rich
               Wood
               :
               no
               provender
               (
               as
               we
               say
               )
               makes
               Horses
               so
               hardy
               ,
               as
               the
               young
               tops
               of
               these
               Furzes
               ;
               no
               other
               Wood
               so
               thick
               ,
               nor
               more
               excellent
               Fuel
               ;
               and
               for
               some
               purposes
               also
               ,
               yielding
               them
               a
               kind
               of
               Timber
               to
               their
               more
               humble
               buildings
               ,
               and
               a
               great
               refuge
               for
               Fowl
               and
               other
               Game
               :
               I
               am
               assur'd
               ,
               in
               Bretaigne
               't
               is
               sometimes
               sown
               no
               lesse
               then
               
                 twelve
                 yards
              
               thick
               ,
               for
               a
               speedy
               ,
               profitable
               ,
               and
               impenetrable
               Mound
               :
               If
               we
               imitated
               this
               husbandry
               in
               the
               barren
               
               places
               of
               Surrey
               ,
               and
               other
               parts
               of
               this
               Nation
               ,
               we
               might
               exceedingly
               spare
               our
               woods
               ;
               and
               I
               have
               bought
               the
               best
               sort
               of
               
                 French
                 seed
              
               at
               the
               shops
               in
               London
               .
               It
               seems
               that
               in
               the
               more
               Eastern
               parts
               of
               Germany
               ,
               and
               especially
               in
               Poland
               ,
               this
               vulgar
               trifle
               ,
               and
               even
               our
               common
               Broom
               is
               so
               rare
               ,
               that
               they
               have
               desired
               the
               seeds
               of
               them
               out
               of
               England
               ,
               and
               preserve
               them
               with
               extraordinary
               care
               in
               their
               best
               Gardens
               ;
               this
               I
               learn
               out
               of
               our
               
                 Johnsons
                 Herbal
              
               ;
               by
               which
               we
               may
               consider
               ,
               that
               what
               is
               reputed
               a
               curse
               and
               a
               cumber
               in
               some
               places
               ,
               is
               esteem'd
               the
               ornament
               and
               blessing
               of
               another
               :
               But
               we
               shall
               not
               need
               go
               so
               far
               for
               this
               ,
               since
               both
               Beech
               and
               Birch
               are
               almost
               as
               great
               strangers
               in
               many
               parts
               of
               this
               Nation
               ,
               particularly
               Northampton
               and
               Oxfordshire
               .
            
             
               
               15.
               
               This
               puts
               me
               in
               mind
               of
               the
               Broom
               ;
               another
               improvement
               for
               Barren
               grounds
               ,
               and
               saver
               of
               more
               substantial
               Fuel
               :
               It
               may
               be
               sown
               English
               ,
               or
               (
               what
               is
               more
               sweet
               ,
               and
               beautiful
               )
               the
               Spanish
               ,
               with
               equal
               success
               .
               In
               the
               Western
               parts
               of
               France
               ,
               and
               Cornwall
               ,
               it
               grows
               with
               us
               to
               an
               incredible
               height
               (
               however
               our
               Poet
               give
               it
               the
               epithete
               of
               humilis
               )
               and
               so
               it
               seems
               they
               had
               it
               of
               old
               ,
               as
               appears
               by
               Gratius
               his
               
                 Genistae
                 Altinates
              
               ,
               with
               which
               (
               as
               he
               affirms
               )
               they
               us'd
               to
               make
               staves
               for
               their
               Spears
               ,
               and
               hunting
               Darts
               .
            
             
               
               16.
               
               Lastly
               ,
               a
               considerable
               Fence
               may
               be
               made
               of
               the
               Elder
               ,
               set
               of
               reasonable
               lusty
               trunchions
               ;
               much
               like
               the
               Willow
               ,
               and
               (
               as
               I
               have
               seen
               them
               maintain'd
               )
               laid
               with
               great
               curiosity
               ,
               and
               far
               excelling
               those
               extravagant
               plantations
               of
               them
               about
               London
               ,
               where
               the
               lops
               are
               permitted
               to
               grow
               without
               due
               and
               skilful
               laying
               .
               There
               is
               a
               sort
               of
               Elder
               which
               has
               hardly
               any
               Pith
               ;
               this
               makes
               exceeding
               stout
               Fences
               ,
               and
               the
               Timber
               very
               useful
               for
               Cogs
               of
               Mills
               ,
               Butchers
               Skewers
               ,
               and
               such
               tough
               employments
               .
               Old
               trees
               do
               in
               time
               become
               firm
               ,
               and
               close
               up
               the
               hollowness
               to
               an
               almost
               invisible
               pith
               .
               But
               if
               the
               Medicinal
               properties
               of
               the
               
                 Leaves
                 ,
                 Bark
                 ,
                 Berries
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               were
               throughly
               known
               ,
               I
               cannot
               tell
               what
               our
               Country-man
               could
               aile
               for
               which
               he
               might
               not
               fetch
               a
               Remedy
               from
               every
               Hedge
               ,
               either
               for
               Sicknesse
               or
               Wound
               :
               The
               inner
               Barke
               of
               Elder
               ,
               or
               ,
               in
               season
               ,
               the
               Buds
               ,
               boyld
               in
               Water-grewel
               for
               a
               Break-fast
               ,
               has
               effected
               wonders
               in
               the
               Feaver
               ;
               and
               the
               decoction
               is
               admirable
               to
               asswage
               Inflammations
               and
               tetrous
               humors
               ,
               and
               especially
               the
               Scorbut
               :
               But
               an
               Extract
               or
               Therica
               may
               be
               compos'd
               of
               the
               Berries
               ,
               which
               is
               not
               onely
               efficacious
               to
               erradicate
               this
               Epidemical
               inconvenience
               ,
               and
               greatly
               to
               assist
               Longaevity
               (
               for
               famous
               is
               the
               story
               of
               Naeander
               )
               but
               is
               a
               kind
               of
               Catholicon
               against
               all
               Infirmities
               whatever
               :
               The
               Water
               of
               the
               leaves
               and
               Berries
               are
               approved
               in
               the
               Dropsy
               ,
               every
               part
               of
               the
               Tree
               is
               useful
               :
               The
               Oyntment
               made
               with
               the
               young
               buds
               and
               leaves
               in
               May
               with
               Butter
               ,
               is
               most
               soveraine
               for
               Aches
               ,
               shrunk
               sinnues
               ,
               &c.
               
               And
               lesse
               than
               this
               could
               I
               not
               say
               (
               with
               the
               leave
               of
               the
               charitable
               Physitian
               )
               to
               gratifie
               our
               poor
               Wood-man
               ;
               and
               yet
               when
               I
               have
               say'd
               all
               this
               ,
               I
               do
               by
               no
               means
               commend
               the
               sent
               of
               it
               ,
               which
               is
               very
               noxious
               to
               the
               Ayre
               ,
               and
               therefore
               ,
               though
               I
               do
               not
               undertake
               that
               all
               things
               which
               sweeten
               the
               Ayre
               are
               salubrious
               ,
               nor
               all
               ill
               savors
               pernicious
               ;
               yet
               ,
               as
               not
               for
               its
               beauty
               ,
               so
               
               neither
               for
               its
               smell
               ,
               would
               I
               plant
               Elder
               or
               much
               Box
               neer
               my
               Habitation
               :
               The
               Elder
               does
               likewise
               produce
               a
               certain
               green
               Fly
               ,
               almost
               invisible
               ,
               which
               is
               exceedingly
               troublesome
               ,
               and
               whose
               sting
               is
               plainly
               venomous
               ,
               smarts
               vehemently
               ,
               and
               gathers
               a
               fiery
               rednesse
               where
               it
               ataques
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               There
               is
               a
               Shrub
               call'd
               the
               
                 Spindle-Tree
                 ,
                 Evonymus
              
               or
               Fusanum
               ,
               
               commonly
               growing
               in
               our
               Hedges
               ,
               which
               bears
               a
               very
               hard
               wood
               ,
               of
               which
               they
               sometimes
               made
               Bowes
               for
               Viols
               ,
               and
               the
               Inlayer
               us'd
               it
               for
               its
               colour
               ,
               and
               
               Instrument-makers
               for
               Toothing
               of
               Organs
               and
               
                 Virginal-keys
                 ,
                 Tooth-pickers
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               What
               we
               else
               do
               with
               it
               I
               know
               not
               ,
               save
               that
               ,
               according
               with
               its
               name
               abroad
               ,
               they
               make
               spindles
               with
               it
               .
               Here
               might
               come
               in
               (
               or
               be
               nam'd
               at
               least
               )
               the
               Wild-Cornel
               ,
               good
               to
               make
               
                 Mill-Cogs
                 ,
                 Pestles
                 ,
                 Bobins
              
               for
               Bonelace
               ,
               
               &c.
               
               Lastly
               ,
               the
               Viburnum
               ,
               or
               
                 Way-faring
                 tree
              
               ,
               growing
               also
               plentifully
               in
               every
               corner
               ,
               makes
               the
               most
               plyant
               and
               best
               bands
               to
               Fagot
               with
               .
            
             
               20.
               
               
               The
               
                 American
                 Yucca
              
               is
               a
               hardier
               plant
               then
               we
               take
               it
               to
               be
               ;
               for
               it
               will
               suffer
               our
               sharpest
               Winter
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               seen
               by
               experience
               ,
               without
               that
               trouble
               ,
               and
               care
               of
               setting
               it
               in
               Cases
               in
               our
               Conservatories
               for
               hyemation
               ;
               such
               as
               have
               beheld
               it
               in
               Flower
               (
               which
               is
               not
               indeed
               till
               it
               be
               of
               some
               age
               )
               must
               needs
               admire
               the
               beauty
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               it
               being
               easily
               multiplied
               ,
               why
               should
               it
               not
               make
               one
               of
               the
               best
               ,
               and
               most
               ornamental
               Fences
               in
               the
               world
               for
               our
               Gardens
               ,
               with
               its
               natural
               palisados
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               more
               tender
               ,
               and
               impatient
               of
               moisture
               the
               Aloes
               does
               for
               their
               Vineyards
               in
               
                 Languedoc
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               but
               We
               believe
               nothing
               improvable
               ,
               save
               what
               our
               
                 Grand
                 fathers
              
               taught
               us
               .
               Finally
               ,
               let
               trial
               likewise
               be
               made
               of
               that
               Thorn
               mention'd
               by
               
                 Cap.
                 Liggon
              
               in
               his
               History
               of
               Barbados
               ;
               whether
               it
               would
               not
               be
               made
               grow
               amongst
               us
               ,
               and
               prove
               as
               convenient
               for
               fences
               as
               there
               ;
               the
               Seeds
               or
               Sets
               transported
               to
               us
               with
               due
               care
               .
               And
               thus
               ,
               having
               accomplish'd
               what
               (
               by
               your
               Commands
               )
               I
               had
               to
               offer
               concerning
               the
               propagation
               of
               the
               more
               
                 Solid
                 ,
                 Material
              
               ,
               and
               useful
               Trees
               ,
               as
               well
               the
               Dry
               ,
               as
               Aquatical
               ;
               and
               to
               the
               best
               of
               my
               talent
               fenc'd
               our
               Plantation
               in
               ,
               I
               should
               here
               conclude
               ,
               and
               set
               a
               bound
               likewise
               to
               my
               Discourse
               ,
               by
               making
               an
               Apologie
               for
               the
               many
               errours
               and
               impertinencies
               of
               it
               ;
               did
               not
               the
               zeal
               ,
               and
               ambition
               of
               this
               
                 Illustrious
                 Society
              
               to
               promote
               and
               improve
               all
               Attempts
               which
               may
               concern
               the
               
                 Publick
                 utility
              
               or
               Ornament
               ,
               perswade
               Me
               ,
               that
               what
               I
               am
               adding
               for
               the
               farther
               encouragement
               to
               the
               planting
               of
               some
               other
               useful
               (
               though
               less
               Vulgar
               )
               Trees
               ,
               will
               at
               least
               obtain
               your
               pardon
               ,
               if
               it
               miss
               of
               your
               Approbation
               .
            
             
               21.
               
               To
               discourse
               in
               this
               stile
               of
               all
               such
               Fruit-trees
               as
               would
               prove
               of
               greatest
               emolument
               to
               the
               whole
               Nation
               ,
               
               were
               to
               design
               a
               just
               Volume
               ;
               and
               there
               are
               directions
               already
               so
               many
               ,
               and
               so
               accurately
               deliver'd
               and
               publish'd
               (
               but
               which
               cannot
               be
               affirm'd
               of
               any
               of
               the
               former
               Classes
               of
               Forest-trees
               and
               other
               remarkes
               ,
               at
               the
               least
               to
               my
               poor
               knowledge
               and
               research
               )
               that
               it
               would
               be
               needless
               to
               Repeat
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               I
               do
               only
               wish
               (
               upon
               the
               prospect
               ,
               and
               meditation
               of
               the
               universal
               Benefit
               )
               that
               every
               person
               whatsoever
               ,
               worth
               ten
               pounds
               
               
                 per
                 annum
              
               ,
               within
               his
               Majesties
               Dominions
               ,
               were
               by
               some
               indispensable
               Statute
               oblig'd
               to
               plant
               his
               Hedg-rows
               with
               the
               best
               ,
               and
               most
               useful
               kinds
               of
               them
               ;
               especially
               ,
               in
               such
               places
               of
               the
               Nation
               ,
               as
               being
               the
               more
               in-land
               Counties
               ,
               and
               remote
               from
               the
               Seas
               and
               Navigable
               Rivers
               ,
               might
               the
               better
               be
               excus'd
               from
               the
               planting
               of
               Timber
               ,
               to
               the
               proportion
               of
               those
               who
               are
               more
               happily
               and
               commodiously
               situated
               for
               the
               transportation
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               Undoubtedly
               ,
               if
               this
               course
               were
               taken
               effectually
               ,
               a
               very
               considerable
               part
               both
               of
               the
               Meat
               and
               Drink
               which
               is
               spent
               to
               our
               prejudice
               ,
               might
               be
               saved
               by
               the
               Country-people
               ,
               even
               out
               of
               the
               Hedges
               and
               Mounds
               ,
               which
               would
               afford
               them
               not
               only
               the
               pleasure
               and
               profit
               of
               their
               delicious
               Fruit
               ,
               but
               such
               abundance
               of
               Sider
               and
               Perry
               ,
               as
               should
               suffice
               them
               to
               drink
               of
               one
               of
               the
               most
               wholesom
               and
               excellent
               Beverages
               in
               the
               World.
               Old
               Gerard
               did
               long
               since
               alledg
               us
               an
               example
               worthy
               to
               be
               pursu'd
               ;
               
                 I
                 have
                 seen
              
               (
               saith
               he
               ,
               speaking
               of
               
                 Apple-Trees
                 ,
                 lib.
              
               3.
               cap.
               101.
               )
               
                 in
                 the
              
               Pastures
               and
               Hedg-rows
               
                 about
                 the
                 Grounds
                 of
                 a
                 Worshipful
              
               Gentleman
               
                 dwelling
                 two
                 miles
                 from
              
               Hereford
               ,
               
                 call'd
                 Mr.
              
               Roger
               Bodnome
               ,
               
                 so
                 many
              
               Trees
               
                 of
                 all
              
               sorts
               ,
               
                 that
                 the
              
               Servants
               
                 drink
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 no
                 other
                 drink
                 but
                 that
                 which
                 is
                 made
                 of
              
               Apples
               :
               
                 The
                 quantity
                 is
                 such
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 the
                 report
                 of
                 the
              
               Gentleman
               
                 himself
                 ,
                 the
              
               Parson
               
                 hath
                 for
              
               Tythe
               
                 many
                 Hogs-heads
                 of
              
               Sider
               :
               The
               Hogs
               
                 are
                 fed
                 with
                 the
                 fallings
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 so
                 many
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 make
                 choice
                 of
                 those
              
               Apples
               
                 they
                 do
                 eat
                 ,
                 who
                 will
                 not
                 taste
                 of
                 any
                 but
                 of
                 the
                 best
                 .
                 An
              
               Example
               
                 doubtless
                 to
                 be
                 followed
                 of
              
               Gentlemen
               
                 that
                 have
              
               Land
               and
               Living
               ;
               but
               Envy
               
                 saith
                 ,
                 The
              
               Poor
               
                 will
                 break
                 down
                 our
              
               Hedges
               ,
               
                 and
                 we
                 shall
                 have
                 the
                 least
                 part
                 of
                 the
              
               Fruit
               ;
               
                 but
                 forward
                 in
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 God
                 ,
              
               Graff
               ,
               Set
               ,
               Plant
               ,
               
                 and
                 nourish
                 up
              
               Trees
               
                 in
                 every
                 corner
                 of
                 your
                 Ground
                 ;
                 the
              
               labour
               
                 is
                 small
                 ,
                 the
              
               cost
               
                 is
                 nothing
                 ,
                 the
              
               commodity
               
                 is
                 great
                 ;
                 your selves
                 shall
                 have
              
               plenty
               ,
               the
               poor
               
                 shall
                 have
                 somewhat
                 in
                 time
                 of
                 want
                 to
                 relieve
                 their
                 necessity
                 ,
                 and
              
               God
               
                 shall
                 reward
                 your
                 good
                 minds
                 and
                 diligence
                 .
              
               Thus
               far
               honest
               Gerard.
               And
               in
               truth
               ,
               with
               how
               small
               a
               charge
               ,
               and
               infinite
               pleasure
               this
               were
               to
               be
               effected
               ,
               every
               one
               that
               is
               Patron
               of
               a
               little
               Nursery
               can
               easily
               calculate
               :
               But
               by
               this
               Expedient
               ,
               many
               thousands
               of
               Acres
               ,
               sow'd
               now
               yearly
               with
               Barley
               ,
               might
               be
               cultivated
               for
               Wheat
               ,
               or
               converted
               into
               Pasture
               to
               the
               increase
               of
               Corn
               ,
               and
               Cattel
               :
               Besides
               ,
               the
               Timber
               which
               the
               
                 Pear-tree
                 ,
                 Black-Cherry
              
               afford
               ,
               and
               many
               thorny
               plums
               (
               which
               are
               best
               for
               grain
               ,
               colour
               and
               glosse
               )
               afford
               ,
               comparable
               (
               for
               divers
               curious
               Vses
               )
               with
               any
               we
               have
               enumerated
               .
               The
               
               Black-Cherry-Wood
               grows
               sometimes
               to
               that
               bulke
               ,
               as
               is
               fit
               to
               make
               stooles
               with
               ,
               
                 Cabinets
                 ,
                 Tables
              
               ,
               especially
               the
               redder
               sort
               ,
               which
               will
               polish
               well
               ;
               also
               Pipes
               ,
               and
               
                 Musical
                 Instruments
              
               ,
               the
               very
               bark
               employ'd
               for
               Bee-Hyves
               :
               But
               of
               this
               I
               am
               to
               render
               a
               more
               ample
               Accompt
               in
               the
               Appendix
               to
               this
               Discourse
               .
               I
               would
               farther
               recommend
               the
               more
               frequent
               planting
               ,
               and
               propagation
               of
               
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Pine-trees
              
               ,
               and
               some
               other
               beneficial
               Materials
               both
               for
               Ornament
               and
               profit
               ;
               especially
               ,
               since
               we
               find
               by
               experience
               ,
               they
               thrive
               so
               well
               ,
               where
               they
               are
               cultivated
               for
               Curiosity
               only
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XXII
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
              
               Fir
               ,
               Pine
               ,
               Pinaster
               ,
               Pitch-tree
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               
                 ABies
                 ,
                 Pinus
                 ,
                 Pinaster
                 ,
                 Picea
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               are
               all
               of
               them
               easily
               rais'd
               of
               the
               Kernels
               ,
               and
               Nuts
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               gotten
               out
               of
               their
               Cones
               and
               Clogs
               ,
               by
               exposing
               them
               a
               little
               before
               the
               fire
               ,
               or
               in
               
                 warm
                 water
              
               ,
               till
               they
               begin
               to
               gape
               ,
               and
               are
               ready
               to
               deliver
               themselves
               of
               their
               numerous
               burthen
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               There
               are
               of
               the
               Fir
               two
               principal
               species
               ;
               the
               Male
               which
               is
               the
               bigger
               Tree
               most
               beautiful
               and
               tapering
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               harder
               wood
               ;
               the
               Female
               ,
               which
               is
               much
               the
               softer
               ,
               and
               whiter
               .
               Though
               Whitenesse
               be
               not
               the
               best
               character
               ;
               that
               which
               knowing
               Workemen
               call
               the
               Dram
               ,
               and
               that
               comes
               to
               us
               from
               
                 Bergen
                 ,
                 Swinsound
                 ,
                 Mosse
                 ,
                 Longlound
                 ,
                 Dranton
                 ,
              
               &c.
               long
               ,
               strait
               ,
               clear
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               yellow
               more
               Cedrie
               colour
               ,
               is
               esteemed
               much
               before
               the
               White
               for
               flooring
               and
               wainscot
               ;
               For
               Masts
               ,
               &c.
               
               Those
               of
               Prusia
               ,
               which
               we
               call
               Spruse
               ,
               and
               Norway
               (
               especially
               from
               Gottenberg
               )
               are
               the
               best
               ;
               unlesse
               we
               had
               more
               commerce
               of
               them
               from
               our
               Plantations
               in
               New-England
               ,
               which
               are
               preferrable
               to
               any
               of
               them
               .
               In
               the
               
                 Scottish
                 High-lands
              
               are
               Trees
               of
               wonderful
               altitude
               (
               though
               not
               altogether
               so
               tall
               ,
               thick
               and
               fine
               as
               the
               former
               )
               which
               grow
               upon
               places
               so
               unaccessable
               ,
               and
               far
               from
               the
               Sea
               ,
               that
               (
               as
               one
               says
               )
               they
               seem
               to
               be
               planted
               of
               God
               on
               purpose
               for
               Nurseries
               of
               Seed
               ,
               and
               monitors
               to
               our
               Industry
               ,
               reserved
               with
               other
               Blessings
               ,
               to
               be
               discover'd
               in
               our
               days
               amongst
               the
               new-invented
               Improvements
               of
               Husbandry
               ,
               not
               known
               to
               our
               Southern
               people
               of
               this
               Nation
               ,
               &c.
               
               Did
               we
               consider
               the
               pains
               they
               take
               to
               bring
               them
               out
               of
               the
               Alps
               ,
               we
               should
               lesse
               stick
               at
               the
               difficulty
               of
               transporting
               them
               from
               the
               utmost
               parts
               of
               Scotland
               .
               To
               the
               former
               sorts
               we
               may
               add
               the
               Esterund
               Firs
               ,
               
                 Tonsberry
                 ,
                 Fredrick-stad
                 ,
                 Hellerone
                 ,
                 Holmstrand
                 ,
                 Landifer
                 ,
                 Stavenger
                 ,
                 Lawrwat
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               They
               may
               be
               sown
               in
               beds
               ,
               or
               cases
               ,
               at
               any
               time
               during
               March
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               peep
               ,
               carefully
               defended
               with
               Furzes
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               fence
               ,
               from
               the
               rapacious
               birds
               ,
               which
               are
               very
               apt
               to
               pull
               them
               up
               ,
               by
               taking
               hold
               of
               that
               little
               infecund
               part
               of
               the
               seed
               ,
               which
               they
               commonly
               bear
               upon
               their
               tops
               :
               The
               Beds
               wherein
               you
               sow
               them
               had
               need
               be
               shelter'd
               from
               the
               Southern
               Aspects
               with
               some
               skreen
               of
               Reed
               ,
               or
               thick
               hedge
               :
               Sow
               them
               in
               shallow
               rills
               ,
               not
               above
               half-inch-deep
               ,
               and
               cover
               them
               with
               fine
               light
               mould
               :
               Being
               risen
               a
               finger
               in
               height
               ,
               establish
               their
               weak
               stalks
               ,
               by
               siefting
               some
               more
               earth
               about
               them
               ;
               especially
               the
               Pines
               ,
               which
               being
               more
               top-heavy
               ,
               are
               more
               apt
               to
               swag
               .
               When
               
               they
               are
               of
               two
               ,
               or
               three
               years
               growth
               ,
               you
               may
               transplant
               them
               where
               you
               please
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               have
               gotten
               good
               root
               ,
               they
               will
               make
               prodigious
               shoots
               ;
               but
               not
               for
               the
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               first
               years
               comparatively
               .
               They
               will
               grow
               both
               in
               moyst
               ,
               or
               barren
               Gravel
               ,
               and
               poor
               ground
               ,
               so
               it
               be
               not
               over
               sandy
               and
               light
               ;
               but
               before
               sowing
               (
               I
               mean
               here
               for
               large
               designes
               )
               turn
               it
               up
               a
               foot
               deep
               ,
               sowing
               or
               setting
               your
               Seeds
               an
               hand
               distance
               ,
               and
               riddle
               Earth
               upon
               them
               ;
               In
               five
               or
               six
               weeks
               they
               will
               peep
               :
               When
               you
               transplant
               ,
               water
               them
               well
               before
               ,
               and
               cut
               the
               clod
               out
               about
               the
               root
               as
               you
               do
               Melons
               out
               of
               the
               Hot-bed
               ,
               which
               knead
               close
               to
               them
               like
               an
               Egg
               :
               Thus
               they
               may
               be
               sent
               safely
               many
               miles
               ,
               but
               the
               top
               must
               neither
               be
               bruised
               ,
               much
               lesse
               cut
               ,
               which
               would
               dwarfe
               it
               for
               ever
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               The
               best
               time
               to
               transplant
               ,
               were
               in
               the
               beginning
               of
               April
               ;
               they
               would
               thrive
               mainly
               in
               a
               stiff
               hungry
               Clay
               ;
               but
               by
               no
               means
               in
               over
               light
               ,
               or
               rich
               Soyle
               :
               Fill
               the
               holes
               therefore
               with
               such
               barren
               Earth
               ,
               if
               your
               ground
               be
               improper
               of
               it self
               ;
               and
               if
               the
               Clay
               be
               too
               stiff
               and
               untractable
               ,
               with
               a
               little
               sand
               ,
               removing
               with
               as
               much
               Earth
               about
               the
               roots
               as
               is
               possible
               ,
               though
               the
               Fir
               will
               better
               endure
               a
               naked
               transplantation
               ,
               than
               the
               Pine
               :
               You
               may
               likewise
               sow
               in
               such
               earth
               about
               February
               ,
               they
               will
               make
               a
               shoot
               the
               very
               first
               year
               of
               an
               
                 Inch
                 ;
                 next
              
               an
               handful
               ,
               the
               third
               year
               three
               foot
               ,
               and
               thence
               forward
               ,
               above
               a
               yard
               annually
               .
               A
               
                 Northern
                 Gentleman
              
               ,
               who
               has
               oblig'd
               me
               with
               this
               processe
               upon
               his
               great
               Experience
               ,
               assures
               me
               ,
               that
               there
               are
               trees
               planted
               in
               Northumberland
               ,
               which
               are
               in
               few
               years
               grown
               to
               the
               magnitude
               of
               Ship-masts
               ;
               and
               from
               all
               has
               been
               sayd
               ,
               deduces
               these
               Incouragements
               ;
               1.
               
               The
               facility
               of
               their
               propagation
               ,
               2.
               
               The
               nature
               of
               their
               growth
               ,
               which
               is
               to
               affect
               places
               where
               nothing
               else
               will
               thrive
               :
               3.
               
               Their
               uniformity
               and
               beauty
               ,
               4.
               
               Their
               perpetual
               Verdure
               ;
               5.
               
               Their
               sweetnesse
               ,
               6.
               
               Their
               Fruitfulness
               ,
               affording
               
                 seed
                 ,
                 gum
                 ,
                 fuel
              
               ,
               and
               timber
               of
               all
               other
               woods
               the
               most
               useful
               and
               easy
               to
               work
               ,
               &c.
               
               All
               which
               highly
               recommend
               it
               as
               an
               excellent
               Improvement
               of
               Husbandry
               ,
               fit
               to
               be
               enjoyn'd
               by
               some
               solemn
               Edict
               to
               the
               Inhabitants
               of
               this
               our
               Island
               ,
               that
               we
               may
               have
               masts
               ,
               and
               those
               other
               materials
               of
               our
               own
               growth
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               The
               Pine
               (
               of
               which
               are
               reckon'd
               no
               lesse
               then
               ten
               several
               sorts
               ,
               preferring
               the
               Domestic
               or
               Sative
               for
               the
               fuller
               growth
               )
               is
               likewise
               of
               both
               Sexes
               ,
               whereof
               the
               Male
               growing
               lower
               ,
               hath
               its
               wood
               more
               knotty
               and
               rude
               than
               the
               Female
               .
               They
               would
               be
               gather'd
               in
               June
               ,
               before
               they
               gape
               ,
               yet
               having
               hung
               two
               years
               (
               for
               there
               will
               be
               always
               some
               ripe
               ,
               and
               some
               green
               on
               the
               same
               Tree
               )
               preserve
               them
               in
               their
               nuts
               ,
               in
               Sand
               ,
               as
               you
               treat
               Akorns
               ,
               &c.
               'till
               the
               season
               invite
               ,
               and
               then
               set
               ,
               or
               sow
               them
               in
               Ground
               which
               is
               cultivated
               like
               the
               Fir
               ,
               in
               most
               respects
               ;
               only
               you
               may
               bury
               the
               Nuts
               a
               little
               deeper
               .
               By
               a
               friend
               of
               mine
               they
               were
               rolled
               in
               a
               fine
               compost
               made
               of
               Sheeps-dung
               ,
               and
               scatter'd
               in
               February
               ,
               and
               this
               way
               never
               fail'd
               Fir
               and
               Pine
               ;
               they
               came
               to
               be
               above
               Inch
               high
               by
               May
               ;
               and
               a
               
                 Spanish
                 Author
              
               tels
               us
               ,
               that
               macerated
               five
               days
               in
               a
               
                 childs
                 urine
              
               ,
               and
               three
               days
               in
               water
               ,
               is
               of
               wonderful
               effect
               ;
               This
               
               were
               an
               expeditious
               processe
               for
               great
               Plantations
               ;
               unless
               you
               would
               rather
               set
               the
               Pine
               as
               they
               do
               Pease
               ;
               but
               at
               wider
               distances
               ,
               that
               when
               there
               is
               occasion
               of
               removal
               ,
               they
               might
               be
               taken
               up
               with
               earth
               and
               all
               ,
               I
               say
               ,
               
                 taken
                 up
              
               ,
               and
               not
               remov'd
               by
               Evulsion
               ;
               because
               they
               are
               (
               of
               all
               other
               Trees
               )
               the
               most
               obnoxious
               to
               miscarry
               without
               this
               caution
               ;
               and
               therefore
               it
               were
               much
               better
               (
               where
               the
               Nuts
               might
               be
               commodiously
               set
               ,
               and
               defended
               )
               never
               to
               remove
               them
               at
               all
               ,
               it
               gives
               this
               Tree
               so
               considerable
               a
               check
               .
               The
               safest
               course
               of
               all
               ,
               were
               to
               set
               the
               Nuts
               in
               an
               Earthen-pot
               ,
               and
               in
               frosty
               weather
               ,
               shewing
               it
               a
               little
               to
               the
               fire
               ,
               the
               intire
               Clod
               will
               come
               out
               with
               them
               ,
               which
               are
               to
               be
               reserved
               ,
               and
               set
               in
               the
               naked
               Earth
               ,
               in
               convenient
               and
               fit
               holes
               ,
               so
               soon
               as
               the
               thaw
               is
               universal
               :
               Some
               commend
               the
               strewing
               a
               few
               Oats
               at
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               fosses
               or
               pits
               in
               which
               you
               transplant
               the
               naked
               roots
               ,
               for
               a
               great
               promotement
               of
               their
               taking
               ;
               and
               that
               it
               will
               cause
               them
               to
               shoot
               more
               in
               one
               year
               than
               in
               three
               ;
               but
               to
               this
               I
               have
               already
               spoken
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               I
               am
               assur'd
               (
               by
               a
               person
               most
               worthy
               of
               credit
               )
               that
               in
               the
               Territory
               of
               Alzey
               (
               a
               Country
               in
               Germany
               ,
               where
               they
               were
               miserably
               distressed
               for
               Wood
               ,
               which
               they
               had
               so
               destroy'd
               as
               that
               they
               were
               reduced
               to
               make
               use
               of
               Straw
               for
               their
               best
               Fuel
               )
               a
               very
               large
               Tract
               being
               newly
               plowed
               ,
               but
               the
               Warrs
               surprizing
               them
               ,
               not
               suffer'd
               to
               sow
               ,
               there
               sprung
               up
               the
               next
               year
               a
               whole
               Forest
               of
               Pine-trees
               ,
               of
               which
               sort
               of
               Wood
               there
               was
               none
               at
               all
               within
               lesse
               then
               fourscore
               miles
               ;
               so
               as
               't
               is
               verily
               conjectur'd
               by
               some
               ,
               they
               might
               be
               wafted
               thither
               from
               the
               Country
               of
               Westrasia
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               neerest
               part
               to
               that
               where
               they
               grow
               :
               If
               this
               be
               true
               ,
               we
               are
               no
               more
               to
               wonder
               ,
               how
               ,
               when
               our
               Oak-woods
               are
               grubb'd
               up
               ,
               Beech
               ,
               and
               Trees
               of
               
                 other
                 kinds
              
               ,
               have
               frequently
               succeeded
               them
               :
               What
               some
               impetuous
               Winds
               have
               done
               in
               this
               nature
               ,
               I
               could
               produce
               instances
               almost
               miraculous
               :
               I
               shall
               say
               nothing
               of
               the
               opinion
               of
               our
               Master
               Varro
               ,
               and
               the
               learned
               Theophrastus
               ,
               who
               were
               both
               of
               a
               faith
               ,
               that
               the
               seeds
               of
               Plants
               drop'd
               out
               of
               the
               
                 Air
                 :
                 Pliny
              
               in
               his
               16.
               
               
                 Book
                 ,
                 Chap.
              
               33.
               upon
               discourse
               of
               the
               
                 Cretan
                 Cypress
              
               ,
               attributes
               much
               to
               the
               indoles
               and
               nature
               of
               the
               
                 soil
                 ,
                 virtue
              
               of
               the
               Climate
               ,
               and
               Impressions
               of
               the
               Air
               :
               And
               indeed
               it
               is
               very
               strange
               ,
               what
               is
               affirm'd
               of
               that
               Pitchy-rain
               ,
               reported
               to
               have
               fallen
               about
               Cyrene
               ,
               the
               year
               430.
               
               U.
               C.
               after
               which
               ,
               in
               a
               short
               time
               ,
               sprung
               up
               a
               whole
               wood
               of
               the
               Trees
               of
               Laserpitium
               ,
               producing
               a
               precious
               Gum
               not
               much
               inferiour
               to
               Benzoin
               ,
               if
               at
               least
               the
               story
               be
               warrantable
               :
               But
               of
               these
               
                 Aerial
                 irradiations
              
               ,
               various
               conceptions
               ,
               and
               aequivocal
               productions
               without
               
                 seed
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               upon
               another
               occasion
               ,
               if
               life
               and
               leisure
               permit
               me
               to
               finish
               what
               has
               been
               long
               under
               the
               hand
               and
               file
               ,
               to
               gratifie
               our
               Horticultores
               ;
               this
               present
               Treatise
               being
               but
               an
               imperfect
               limb
               of
               that
               more
               ample
               Work.
               
            
             
               6.
               
               In
               transplanting
               of
               these
               Coniferous
               Trees
               ,
               which
               are
               generally
               
                 Resinaceous
                 ,
                 viz.
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Pine
                 ,
                 Larix
                 ,
                 Cedar
                 ,
              
               and
               which
               have
               but
               thin
               and
               single
               Roots
               ,
               you
               must
               never
               diminish
               their
               heads
               ,
               nor
               be
               at
               all
               busie
               with
               their
               roots
               ,
               which
               pierce
               deep
               ,
               and
               is
               all
               their
               foundation
               ,
               unless
               
               you
               find
               any
               of
               them
               bruised
               ,
               or
               much
               broken
               ,
               therefore
               such
               down-right
               Roots
               as
               you
               may
               be
               forc'd
               to
               cut
               off
               ,
               it
               were
               safe
               to
               sear
               with
               an
               
                 hot
                 Iron
              
               ,
               and
               prevent
               the
               danger
               of
               bleeding
               ,
               to
               which
               they
               are
               obnoxious
               even
               to
               destruction
               ,
               though
               unseen
               and
               unheeded
               :
               Neither
               may
               you
               disbranch
               them
               ,
               but
               with
               great
               caution
               ,
               as
               about
               March
               ,
               or
               before
               ,
               or
               else
               in
               September
               ,
               and
               then
               't
               is
               best
               ,
               to
               prune
               up
               the
               side
               -
               branches
               close
               to
               the
               Trunk
               ,
               cutting
               off
               all
               that
               are
               above
               a
               year
               old
               ;
               if
               you
               suffer
               them
               too
               long
               ,
               they
               grow
               too
               big
               ,
               and
               the
               cicatrice
               will
               be
               more
               apt
               to
               spend
               the
               Tree
               in
               gumme
               ;
               upon
               which
               accident
               I
               advise
               you
               to
               rub
               over
               their
               wounds
               with
               a
               mixture
               of
               Cow-dung
               ;
               the
               neglect
               of
               this
               cost
               me
               dear
               ,
               so
               apt
               are
               they
               to
               spend
               their
               Gum.
               Some
               advise
               us
               to
               break
               the
               shells
               of
               Pines
               to
               facilitate
               their
               delivery
               ,
               and
               I
               have
               essay'd
               it
               ,
               but
               to
               my
               losse
               ;
               Nature
               does
               obstetricate
               ,
               and
               do
               that
               office
               of
               her self
               ,
               when
               it
               is
               the
               proper
               season
               ;
               neither
               does
               this
               preparation
               at
               all
               prevent
               those
               which
               are
               so
               buried
               ,
               whiles
               their
               hard
               Integuments
               ,
               protect
               them
               both
               from
               rotting
               ,
               and
               the
               Vermine
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               The
               
                 domestic
                 Pine
              
               grows
               very
               well
               with
               us
               both
               in
               Mountains
               and
               Plains
               ;
               but
               the
               Pinaster
               or
               wilder
               (
               of
               which
               are
               four
               sorts
               )
               best
               for
               Walks
               ,
               because
               it
               grows
               tall
               ,
               and
               proud
               ,
               maintaining
               their
               Branches
               at
               the
               sides
               ,
               which
               the
               Pine
               does
               lesse
               frequently
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               The
               Fir
               grows
               tallest
               ,
               being
               planted
               reasonable
               close
               together
               ;
               but
               suffers
               nothing
               to
               thrive
               under
               them
               .
               The
               Pine
               not
               so
               Inhospitable
               ;
               for
               (
               by
               Plinies
               good
               leave
               )
               it
               may
               be
               sown
               with
               any
               Tree
               ,
               all
               things
               growing
               well
               under
               its
               shade
               ,
               and
               excellent
               in
               Woods
               ;
               hence
               Claudian
               ,
               
                 
                   The
                   friendly
                   Pine
                   the
                   mighty
                   Oke
                   invites
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     comitem
                     quercum
                     Pinus
                     amica
                     trahit
                     .
                  
                
              
            
             
               9.
               
               They
               both
               affect
               the
               
                 cold
                 ,
                 high
              
               ,
               and
               rockie
               grounds
               ,
               
                 Abies
                 in
                 montibus
                 altis
              
               ;
               yet
               will
               grow
               in
               better
               ,
               but
               not
               in
               over
               rich
               ,
               and
               pinguid
               .
               The
               worst
               Land
               in
               Wales
               bears
               (
               as
               I
               am
               told
               )
               large
               Pine
               ;
               and
               the
               Fir
               according
               to
               his
               aspiring
               nature
               ,
               loves
               also
               the
               Mountain
               more
               than
               the
               Valley
               ;
               but
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               It
               cannot
               endure
               the
               Shade
               ,
               as
               Theophrastus
               observes
               ,
               
                 de
                 Pl.
                 l.
              
               4.
               c.
               1.
               
               But
               this
               is
               not
               rigidly
               true
               ;
               for
               they
               will
               grow
               in
               Consort
               ,
               till
               they
               even
               shade
               ,
               and
               darken
               one
               another
               ,
               and
               will
               also
               descend
               from
               the
               Hills
               ,
               and
               succeed
               very
               well
               ,
               being
               desirous
               of
               plentiful
               waterings
               ,
               till
               they
               arrive
               to
               some
               competent
               stature
               ;
               and
               therefore
               they
               do
               not
               prosper
               so
               well
               in
               an
               over
               sandy
               ,
               and
               hungry
               Soil
               ,
               or
               gravel
               ,
               as
               in
               the
               very
               entrails
               of
               the
               Rocks
               ,
               which
               afford
               more
               drink
               to
               the
               Roots
               ,
               that
               penetrate
               into
               their
               meanders
               ,
               and
               winding
               recesses
               .
               But
               though
               they
               require
               this
               refreshing
               at
               first
               ,
               yet
               do
               they
               perfectly
               abhor
               all
               stercoration
               ;
               nor
               will
               they
               much
               endure
               to
               have
               the
               earth
               open'd
               about
               their
               Roots
               for
               Ablaqueation
               ,
               or
               be
               disturb'd
               .
               This
               is
               also
               to
               be
               understood
               of
               Cypress
               .
               A
               Fir
               for
               the
               first
               half
               dozen
               years
               seems
               to
               stand
               ,
               or
               at
               least
               make
               no
               considerable
               advance
               ;
               but
               it
               is
               when
               throughly
               rooted
               ,
               that
               it
               comes
               away
               miraculously
               .
               That
               Honourable
               Knight
               Sir
               
                 Norton
                 Knatchbull
              
               (
               whose
               delicious
               Plantation
               of
               Pines
               ,
               and
               Firs
               I
               beheld
               with
               
               great
               satisfaction
               )
               having
               assur'd
               me
               that
               a
               Fir-tree
               of
               his
               raising
               ,
               did
               shoot
               no
               lesse
               than
               sixty
               foot
               in
               height
               ,
               in
               little
               more
               than
               twenty
               years
               ,
               is
               a
               pregnant
               instance
               ,
               as
               of
               the
               speedy
               growing
               of
               that
               material
               ;
               so
               of
               all
               the
               encouragement
               I
               have
               already
               given
               for
               the
               more
               frequent
               cultivating
               this
               ornamental
               ,
               useful
               ,
               and
               profitable
               Tree
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               The
               Picea
               is
               another
               sort
               of
               Pine
               ,
               
               and
               to
               be
               cultivated
               like
               it
               ,
               the
               cold
               grounds
               which
               these
               Plants
               most
               affect
               ,
               though
               it
               be
               hard
               to
               discover
               ,
               
                 
                   Yet
                   sometimes
                   Pitch-trees
                   and
                   the
                   noxious
                   Yew
                   ,
                
                 
                   Or
                   the
                   dark
                   Ivy
                   will
                   dire
                   Symptomes
                   shew
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Piceae
                     tantum
                     ,
                     taxique
                     nocentes
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Interdum
                     ,
                     aut
                     ederae
                     pandunt
                     Vestigia
                     nigrae
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               And
               therefore
               I
               am
               not
               satisfied
               why
               it
               might
               not
               prosper
               in
               some
               tollerable
               degree
               in
               England
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               in
               
                 Germany
                 ,
                 Russia
              
               ,
               the
               Colder
               Tracts
               ,
               and
               abundantly
               in
               France
               :
               It
               grows
               on
               the
               Alpes
               among
               the
               Pine
               ,
               but
               neither
               so
               tall
               nor
               so
               upright
               ,
               and
               produces
               a
               Gum
               almost
               as
               white
               and
               firm
               as
               Frankincense
               :
               But
               it
               is
               the
               Larix
               (
               another
               sort
               of
               Pine
               )
               that
               yields
               the
               
                 Venetian
                 Turpentine
              
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               There
               is
               also
               the
               Piceaster
               (
               a
               wilder
               sort
               )
               out
               of
               which
               the
               greatest
               store
               of
               Pitch
               is
               boyl'd
               .
               The
               Teda
               likewise
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               sort
               abounding
               in
               Dalmatia
               ,
               more
               unctious
               ,
               and
               more
               patient
               of
               the
               warmer
               situations
               ,
               and
               so
               inflamable
               ,
               that
               it
               will
               slit
               into
               Candles
               ,
               and
               therefore
               some
               will
               by
               no
               means
               admit
               it
               to
               be
               of
               a
               different
               Species
               ,
               but
               a
               metamorphosis
               of
               over-grown
               fattinesse
               ,
               to
               which
               the
               most
               Judicious
               incline
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               The
               Bodies
               of
               these
               being
               cut
               ,
               or
               burnt
               down
               to
               the
               ground
               ,
               will
               emit
               frequent
               Suckers
               from
               the
               Roots
               ;
               but
               so
               will
               neither
               the
               Pine
               nor
               Fir
               :
               But
               the
               Fir
               may
               be
               propagated
               of
               Layers
               ,
               which
               I
               divulge
               ,
               as
               a
               considerable
               Secret
               that
               has
               been
               essay'd
               with
               successe
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               That
               all
               these
               ,
               especially
               the
               Fir
               ,
               and
               Pine
               ,
               will
               prosper
               well
               with
               us
               is
               more
               than
               probable
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               a
               kind
               of
               Demonstration
               that
               they
               did
               heretofore
               grow
               plentifully
               in
               
                 Cumberland
                 ,
                 Cheshire
                 ,
                 Stafford
              
               ,
               and
               Lancashire
               ,
               if
               the
               multitudes
               of
               these
               Trees
               to
               this
               day
               found
               intire
               ,
               and
               buried
               under
               the
               Earth
               ,
               though
               suppos'd
               to
               have
               been
               or'ethrown
               and
               cover'd
               so
               ever
               since
               the
               universal
               Deluge
               ,
               be
               indeed
               of
               this
               Species
               :
               That
               incomparable
               Naturalist
               ,
               the
               Learned
               
                 Dr.
                 Merre●t
              
               ,
               in
               his
               Pinax
               ,
               speaks
               of
               several
               places
               of
               this
               Nation
               ,
               where
               
                 subterraneous
                 Trees
              
               are
               found
               ;
               as
               namely
               ,
               in
               
                 Cornwal
                 ,
                 ad
                 finem
                 terrae
                 ,
                 in
                 agris
                 Flints
              
               ;
               in
               Penbrok-shire
               towards
               the
               shore
               ,
               where
               they
               so
               abound
               ,
               
                 ut
                 totum
                 littus
              
               (
               says
               the
               Doctor
               )
               
                 tanquam
                 Sylva
                 caedua
                 apparet
              
               ;
               in
               Cheshire
               also
               ,
               as
               we
               said
               ,
               Cumberland
               ,
               and
               Anglesey
               ,
               and
               several
               of
               our
               Euro-boreal
               tracts
               ,
               and
               are
               called
               Noahs-Ark
               .
               By
               Chatnesse
               in
               Lancashire
               (
               says
               Cambden
               )
               the
               low
               Mossie
               ground
               was
               no
               very
               long
               time
               since
               ,
               carried
               away
               by
               an
               impetuous
               flood
               ,
               and
               in
               that
               place
               now
               lies
               a
               low
               irriguous
               Vale
               ,
               where
               many
               prostrate
               Trees
               have
               been
               digged
               out
               :
               These
               Trees
               were
               (
               some
               think
               )
               carried
               away
               in
               times
               past
               by
               some
               
               accident
               of
               Innundation
               ,
               or
               by
               Waters
               undermining
               the
               ground
               ,
               till
               their
               own
               weight
               ,
               and
               the
               Winds
               bow'd
               them
               down
               and
               overwhelm'd
               in
               the
               Mud
               :
               For
               't
               is
               observ'd
               ,
               that
               these
               Trees
               are
               no
               where
               found
               but
               in
               Boggie
               places
               ;
               but
               that
               the
               burning
               of
               these
               Trees
               so
               very
               bright
               ,
               should
               be
               an
               Argument
               they
               were
               Fir
               ,
               is
               not
               necessary
               ,
               since
               the
               Bitumineous
               quality
               of
               such
               Earth
               may
               have
               imparted
               it
               to
               them
               ;
               and
               Cambden
               denies
               them
               to
               be
               
               fir-trees
               ,
               suggesting
               the
               Querie
               ;
               Whether
               there
               may
               not
               possibly
               grow
               Trees
               even
               under
               the
               Ground
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               other
               things
               ?
               There
               are
               in
               Cumberland
               ,
               on
               the
               Sea-shore
               ,
               Trees
               sometimes
               discover'd
               at
               Low-water
               ,
               and
               at
               other
               times
               that
               lye
               buried
               in
               the
               Sand
               ;
               and
               in
               other
               Mossie
               places
               of
               that
               Shire
               't
               is
               reported
               ,
               the
               People
               frequently
               dig
               up
               the
               Bodies
               of
               vast
               Trees
               without
               Boughs
               ,
               and
               that
               by
               direction
               of
               the
               Deaw
               alone
               in
               Summer
               ;
               for
               they
               observe
               it
               never
               lyes
               upon
               that
               part
               ,
               under
               which
               those
               Trees
               are
               interr'd
               .
               These
               particulars
               I
               find
               noted
               by
               the
               Ingenious
               Authour
               of
               the
               
                 Britannia
                 Baconica
              
               :
               But
               we
               shall
               enquire
               farther
               concerning
               these
               Subterranean
               Productions
               anon
               ,
               and
               whether
               the
               Earth
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               Water
               ,
               have
               not
               the
               vertue
               of
               strange
               Transmutations
               :
               These
               Trees
               are
               found
               in
               Moors
               by
               poking
               with
               Staves
               of
               three
               or
               four
               foot
               length
               ,
               shod
               with
               Iron
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               In
               Scotland
               (
               as
               we
               noted
               )
               there
               is
               a
               most
               beautiful
               sort
               of
               Fir
               growing
               upon
               the
               Mountains
               ;
               of
               which
               from
               the
               late
               Marquiss
               of
               Argyle
               ,
               I
               had
               sent
               me
               some
               seeds
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               sown
               with
               tolerable
               successe
               ;
               and
               I
               preferr
               them
               before
               any
               other
               ,
               because
               they
               grow
               both
               very
               erect
               ,
               and
               fixing
               themselves
               stoutly
               ,
               need
               little
               or
               no
               support
               .
               And
               there
               neer
               Loughbrun
               ,
               'twixt
               the
               Lough
               and
               an
               Hill
               ,
               they
               grow
               in
               such
               quantity
               ;
               that
               from
               the
               spontaneous
               Fall
               ,
               Ruine
               ,
               and
               Decay
               of
               the
               Trees
               lying
               crosse
               one
               another
               to
               a
               Man's
               height
               ,
               partly
               cover'd
               with
               Mosse
               ,
               and
               partly
               Earth
               and
               Grasse
               ,
               which
               rots
               ,
               fills
               up
               ,
               and
               grows
               again
               ,
               a
               considerable
               Hill
               has
               in
               processe
               of
               time
               been
               raised
               to
               almost
               their
               very
               tops
               ,
               which
               being
               an
               Accident
               of
               singular
               remark
               ,
               I
               thought
               fit
               to
               mention
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               For
               the
               many
               ,
               and
               almost
               universal
               use
               of
               these
               Trees
               ,
               both
               Sea
               and
               Land
               will
               plead
               ,
               
                 
                   The
                   useful
                   Pine
                   for
                   Ships
                   —
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     dant
                     utile
                     Lignum
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Navigiis
                     Pines
                  
                   —
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               Hence
               Papinius
               6.
               
               Thebaid
               .
               calls
               it
               
                 audax
                 abies
              
               .
               They
               make
               our
               best
               
                 Mast
                 ,
                 Sheathing
                 ,
                 Scaffold-poles
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               heretofore
               the
               whole
               
                 Vessel
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 pretty
              
               (
               saith
               Pliny
               )
               
                 to
                 consider
                 ,
                 that
                 those
                 Trees
                 which
                 are
                 so
                 much
                 sought
                 after
                 for
              
               Shipping
               ,
               
                 should
                 most
                 delight
                 in
                 the
                 highest
                 of
              
               Mountains
               ,
               
                 as
                 if
                 it
                 fled
                 from
                 the
              
               Sea
               
                 on
                 purpose
                 ,
                 and
                 were
                 afraid
                 to
                 descend
                 into
                 the
              
               Waters
               .
               With
               Fir
               we
               likewise
               make
               all
               intestine
               works
               ,
               as
               
                 Wainscot
                 ,
                 Floors
                 ,
                 Pales
                 ,
                 Balks
                 ,
                 Laths
                 ,
                 Boxes
                 ,
                 Bellies
              
               for
               all
               
                 Musical
                 Instruments
              
               in
               general
               ,
               nay
               the
               Ribs
               and
               Sides
               of
               that
               enormous
               Stratagem
               ,
               the
               so
               famous
               
                 Trojan
                 Horse
              
               ,
               may
               be
               thought
               to
               be
               built
               of
               this
               Material
               ,
               and
               if
               the
               Poet
               mistake
               not
               .
            
             
               
               
                 —
                 The
                 Ribs
                 with
                 Deal
                 they
                 fit
                 :
              
               
                 
                   —
                   Sectáque
                   intexunt
                
                 Abiete
                 costas
                 .
              
               
                 Aen.
                 2.
                 
              
            
             
               It
               is
               exceeding
               smooth
               to
               polish
               on
               ,
               and
               therefore
               does
               well
               under
               Gilding
               work
               ,
               and
               takes
               black
               equal
               with
               the
               Pear-tree
               :
               Both
               Fir
               ,
               and
               especially
               Pine
               ,
               succeed
               well
               in
               Carving
               ,
               as
               for
               
                 Capitols
                 ,
                 Festoons
              
               ,
               nay
               Statues
               ,
               especially
               being
               Gilded
               ,
               because
               of
               the
               easinesse
               of
               the
               Grain
               ,
               to
               work
               and
               take
               the
               Tool
               every
               way
               ;
               and
               he
               that
               shall
               examine
               it
               nearly
               ,
               will
               find
               that
               famous
               Image
               of
               the
               
                 B.
                 Virgin
              
               at
               Loretto
               (
               reported
               to
               be
               Carved
               by
               the
               hands
               of
               S.
               Luke
               )
               to
               be
               made
               of
               Fir
               ,
               as
               the
               grain
               easily
               discovers
               it
               .
               The
               Torulus
               (
               as
               Vitruvius
               calls
               it
               )
               and
               heart
               of
               Deal
               ,
               kept
               dry
               ,
               rejecting
               the
               Albumen
               and
               white
               is
               everlasting
               ;
               nor
               does
               there
               any
               Wood
               so
               well
               agree
               with
               the
               glew
               ,
               as
               it
               ,
               or
               so
               easie
               to
               be
               wrought
               :
               It
               is
               also
               excellent
               for
               Beams
               ,
               and
               other
               Timber-work
               in
               Houses
               ,
               being
               both
               light
               ,
               and
               exceedingly
               strong
               ,
               and
               therefore
               of
               very
               good
               use
               for
               Barrs
               and
               bolts
               of
               Doors
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               for
               Doors
               themselves
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               a
               natural
               Spring
               which
               it
               has
               ,
               not
               easily
               violated
               :
               You
               shall
               find
               ,
               that
               of
               old
               they
               made
               Carts
               ,
               and
               Coaches
               of
               it
               :
               For
               Scaffolding
               also
               there
               is
               none
               comparable
               to
               it
               ;
               and
               I
               am
               sure
               we
               find
               it
               an
               extraordinary
               saver
               of
               Oak
               where
               it
               may
               be
               had
               at
               reasonable
               price
               .
               I
               will
               not
               complain
               what
               an
               incredible
               mass
               of
               ready
               Money
               is
               yearly
               exported
               into
               the
               
                 Northern
                 Countreys
              
               for
               this
               sole
               Commodity
               ,
               which
               might
               all
               be
               saved
               were
               we
               industrious
               at
               home
               .
               Likewise
               from
               Fir
               we
               have
               the
               most
               of
               our
               Pot-Ashes
               :
               Of
               Fir
               are
               made
               our
               Torch
               or
               Funebral-staves
               ;
               nay
               ,
               and
               of
               old
               ,
               Spears
               of
               it
               ,
               if
               we
               may
               credit
               
                 Virgil's
                 Amazonian
              
               Combate
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   She
                   prest
                
                 
                   A
                   long
                   Fir
                   Spear
                   through
                   his
                   exposed
                   Breast
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Cujus
                     apertum
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Adversi
                     longâ
                     transverberat
                     abiete
                     pectus
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Aen.
                   11.
                   
                
              
               Lastly
               ,
               the
               very
               Chips
               ,
               or
               Shavings
               of
               Deal-boards
               ,
               are
               of
               other
               use
               than
               to
               kindle
               Fires
               alone
               :
               
                 Thomas
                 Bartholinus
              
               in
               his
               
                 Medicina
                 Danorum
                 Dissert
              
               .
               7.
               &c.
               where
               he
               disclaims
               the
               use
               of
               Hops
               in
               Beer
               ,
               as
               pernicious
               and
               malignant
               ,
               and
               from
               several
               instances
               how
               apt
               it
               is
               to
               produce
               and
               usher
               in
               Infections
               ,
               nay
               ,
               
                 Plagues
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               would
               substitute
               in
               its
               place
               ,
               the
               Shavings
               of
               Deal-boards
               ,
               as
               he
               affirms
               ,
               to
               give
               a
               grateful
               odor
               to
               the
               Drink
               ;
               and
               how
               soverain
               those
               
                 resinous
                 woods
              
               ,
               the
               Tops
               of
               Fir
               and
               Pines
               ,
               are
               against
               the
               Scorbut
               ,
               we
               generally
               find
               :
               It
               is
               in
               the
               same
               Chapter
               that
               he
               commends
               also
               
                 Wormwood
                 ,
                 Marrubium
                 ,
                 Chamelaeagnum
                 ,
                 Sage
                 ,
                 Tamarisc
                 ,
              
               and
               almost
               any
               thing
               rather
               than
               Hopps
               .
               The
               Pine
               ,
               or
               Picea
               buried
               in
               the
               Earth
               never
               decay
               :
               From
               the
               latter
               transudes
               a
               very
               bright
               and
               pellucid
               Gum
               ;
               hence
               we
               have
               likewise
               Rosin
               ;
               also
               of
               the
               Pine
               are
               made
               Boxes
               ,
               and
               Barrels
               for
               
                 dry
                 Goods
              
               ;
               yea
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               cloven
               into
               Shingles
               for
               the
               covering
               of
               Houses
               in
               some
               places
               ;
               also
               Hoops
               for
               Wine-Vessels
               ,
               especially
               ,
               of
               the
               easily
               flexible
               Wild-Pine
               ;
               not
               to
               forget
               the
               Kernels
               (
               this
               Tree
               being
               alwayes
               furnish'd
               with
               Cones
               ,
               some
               ripe
               ,
               others
               green
               )
               of
               such
               admirable
               use
               in
               Emulsion
               ,
               and
               
               the
               Tooth-pickers
               for
               which
               even
               the
               very
               leaves
               are
               commended
               :
               In
               sum
               ,
               they
               are
               Plantations
               which
               exceedingly
               improve
               the
               Air
               by
               their
               oderiferous
               ,
               and
               balsamical
               emissions
               ,
               and
               for
               ornament
               ,
               create
               a
               
                 perpetual
                 Spring
              
               where
               they
               are
               plentifully
               propagated
               .
               And
               if
               it
               could
               be
               proved
               that
               the
               Almugim-trees
               ,
               Recorded
               1
               Reg.
               10.12
               .
               and
               whereof
               Pillars
               for
               that
               famous
               Temple
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Palace
                 ,
                 Harps
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Psalteries
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               were
               made
               ,
               were
               of
               this
               sort
               of
               Wood
               (
               as
               some
               doubt
               not
               to
               assert
               )
               we
               should
               esteem
               it
               at
               another
               rate
               ;
               yet
               we
               know
               Josephus
               affirms
               they
               were
               a
               kind
               of
               Pine-tree
               ,
               though
               somewhat
               resembling
               the
               Fig-tree
               wood
               to
               appearance
               ,
               as
               of
               a
               most
               lustrious
               Candor
               .
               In
               the
               2
               Chron.
               2.8
               .
               there
               is
               mention
               of
               Almug-trees
               to
               grow
               in
               Lebanon
               ;
               and
               if
               so
               ,
               methinks
               it
               should
               rather
               be
               a
               kind
               of
               Cedar
               ;
               (
               yet
               we
               find
               Firr
               also
               in
               the
               same
               period
               )
               for
               we
               have
               seen
               a
               whiter
               sort
               of
               it
               ,
               even
               very
               white
               as
               well
               as
               red
               ;
               though
               some
               affirm
               it
               to
               be
               but
               the
               Sap
               of
               it
               (
               so
               our
               Cabinet-makers
               call
               it
               )
               I
               say
               ,
               their
               were
               both
               Fir
               and
               Pine-trees
               also
               growing
               upon
               those
               Mountains
               .
               Mr.
               Purchas
               informs
               us
               ,
               that
               Dr.
               Dee
               Writ
               a
               laborious
               Treatise
               almost
               wholly
               of
               this
               Subject
               (
               but
               I
               could
               never
               have
               the
               good
               hap
               to
               see
               it
               )
               wherein
               ,
               as
               Commissioner
               for
               
                 Solomon's
                 Timber
              
               ,
               and
               like
               a
               Learned
               Architect
               ,
               and
               Planter
               ,
               he
               has
               summon'd
               a
               Jury
               of
               twelve
               sorts
               of
               Trees
               .
               namely
               ,
               1.
               the
               Fir
               ,
               2.
               
               Box
               ,
               3.
               
               Cedar
               ,
               4.
               
               Cypresse
               ,
               5.
               
               Ebony
               ,
               6.
               
               Ash
               ,
               7.
               
               Juniper
               ,
               8.
               
               Larch
               ,
               9.
               
               Olive
               ,
               10.
               
               Pine
               ,
               11.
               
               Oke
               ,
               and
               12.
               
               Sandal-trees
               ,
               to
               examine
               which
               of
               them
               were
               this
               Almugim
               ,
               and
               at
               last
               seems
               to
               concur
               with
               Josephus
               ,
               in
               favour
               of
               Pine
               or
               Fir
               ;
               who
               possibly
               from
               some
               antient
               Record
               ,
               or
               fragment
               of
               the
               Wood
               it self
               ,
               might
               learn
               something
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               't
               is
               believ'd
               ,
               that
               it
               was
               some
               material
               both
               odoriferous
               to
               the
               Sent
               ,
               and
               beautiful
               to
               the
               Eye
               ,
               and
               of
               fittest
               temper
               to
               refract
               Sounds
               ;
               besides
               its
               serviceablenesse
               for
               Building
               ,
               all
               which
               Properties
               are
               in
               the
               best
               sort
               of
               Pine
               or
               Thyina
               ,
               as
               Pliny
               calls
               it
               ;
               or
               perhaps
               some
               other
               rare
               Wood
               ,
               of
               which
               the
               
                 Eastern
                 Indias
              
               are
               doubtlesse
               the
               best
               provided
               ;
               and
               yet
               I
               find
               ,
               that
               these
               vast
               beams
               which
               sustain'd
               the
               Roof
               of
               S.
               Peter's
               Church
               at
               Rome
               ,
               laid
               (
               as
               reported
               )
               by
               Constantine
               the
               Great
               ,
               were
               made
               of
               the
               
                 Pitch
                 tree
              
               ,
               and
               have
               lasted
               from
               Anno
               336.
               down
               to
               our
               dayes
               ,
               above
               1300.
               years
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               But
               now
               whiles
               I
               am
               reciting
               the
               Vses
               of
               these
               beneficial
               Trees
               ,
               Mr.
               Winthorp
               presents
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               with
               the
               Process
               of
               making
               the
               Tar
               and
               Pitch
               in
               New-England
               ,
               which
               we
               thus
               abbreviate
               .
               Tar
               is
               made
               out
               of
               that
               sort
               of
               Pine-tree
               from
               which
               natually
               Turpentine
               extilleth
               ;
               and
               which
               at
               its
               first
               flowing
               out
               is
               liquid
               and
               clear
               ;
               but
               being
               hardned
               by
               the
               Air
               ,
               either
               on
               the
               Tree
               ,
               or
               where-ever
               it
               falls
               ,
               is
               not
               much
               unlike
               the
               
                 Burgundy
                 Pitch
              
               ;
               and
               we
               call
               them
               
                 Pitch
                 pines
              
               out
               of
               which
               this
               gummy
               substance
               transudes
               :
               They
               grow
               upon
               the
               most
               
                 barren
                 Plains
              
               ,
               on
               Rocks
               also
               and
               Hills
               rising
               amongst
               those
               Plains
               ,
               where
               several
               are
               found
               blown
               dovvn
               ,
               that
               have
               lain
               so
               many
               Ages
               ,
               as
               that
               the
               vvhole
               Bodies
               ,
               Branches
               and
               Roots
               of
               the
               Trees
               being
               perished
               ,
               some
               certain
               knots
               onely
               of
               the
               Boughs
               have
               been
               left
               remaining
               intire
               (
               these
               knots
               are
               that
               part
               vvhere
               the
               bough
               is
               joyn'd
               to
               the
               
               body
               of
               the
               Tree
               )
               lying
               at
               the
               same
               distance
               and
               posture
               as
               they
               grevv
               upon
               the
               Tree
               for
               its
               vvhole
               length
               .
               The
               Bodies
               of
               some
               of
               these
               Trees
               are
               not
               corrupted
               through
               age
               ,
               but
               quite
               consum'd
               and
               reduc'd
               to
               ashes
               ,
               by
               the
               annual
               burnings
               of
               the
               Indians
               ,
               when
               they
               set
               their
               grounds
               on
               fire
               ;
               which
               yet
               has
               ,
               it
               seems
               ,
               no
               power
               over
               these
               hard
               knots
               ,
               beyond
               a
               black
               scorching
               ;
               although
               being
               laid
               on
               heaps
               ,
               they
               are
               apt
               enough
               to
               burn
               .
               It
               is
               of
               these
               knots
               they
               make
               their
               Tar
               in
               New-England
               and
               the
               Countrey
               adjacent
               ,
               whiles
               they
               are
               well
               impregnated
               with
               that
               Terebinthine
               ,
               and
               
               Resinous
               ●atter
               ,
               which
               like
               a
               Balsam
               preserves
               them
               so
               long
               from
               putrifaction
               .
               The
               rest
               of
               the
               Tree
               does
               indeed
               contain
               the
               like
               
                 Terebinthine
                 Sap
              
               ,
               as
               appears
               (
               upon
               any
               slight
               incision
               of
               bark
               on
               the
               stem
               ,
               or
               boughs
               )
               by
               a
               small
               crystaline
               pearl
               which
               will
               sweat
               out
               ;
               but
               this
               ,
               for
               being
               more
               watery
               ,
               and
               undigested
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               porosity
               of
               the
               Wood
               ,
               which
               exposes
               it
               to
               the
               impressions
               of
               the
               Air
               and
               Wet
               ,
               renders
               the
               Tree
               more
               obnoxious
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               it
               lye
               prostrate
               with
               the
               bark
               on
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               receptacle
               for
               a
               certain
               Intercutaneous
               Worm
               ,
               that
               accelerates
               its
               decay
               .
               They
               are
               the
               knots
               then
               alone
               which
               the
               Tar-makers
               amass
               in
               heaps
               ,
               carrying
               them
               in
               Carts
               to
               some
               convenient
               place
               not
               far
               off
               ,
               where
               finding
               Clay
               ,
               or
               Loam
               fit
               for
               their
               turn
               ,
               they
               lay
               an
               Hearth
               of
               such
               ordinary
               stone
               as
               they
               have
               at
               hand
               :
               This
               they
               build
               to
               such
               an
               height
               from
               the
               level
               of
               the
               ground
               ,
               that
               a
               Vessel
               may
               stand
               a
               little
               lower
               then
               the
               Hearth
               ,
               to
               receive
               the
               Tar
               as
               it
               runs
               out
               :
               But
               first
               ,
               the
               Hearth
               is
               made
               wide
               according
               to
               the
               quantity
               of
               knots
               to
               be
               set
               at
               once
               ,
               and
               that
               with
               a
               very
               smooth
               floor
               of
               Clay
               ,
               yet
               somewhat
               descending
               ,
               or
               dripping
               from
               the
               extream
               parts
               to
               the
               middle
               ,
               and
               thence
               towards
               one
               of
               the
               sides
               ,
               where
               a
               gullet
               is
               left
               for
               the
               Tar
               to
               run
               out
               at
               .
               The
               Hearth
               thus
               finish'd
               ,
               they
               pile
               the
               knots
               one
               upon
               another
               ,
               after
               the
               very
               same
               manner
               as
               our
               Colliers
               do
               their
               wood
               for
               Char-coal
               ;
               and
               of
               a
               height
               proportionable
               to
               the
               breadth
               of
               the
               Hearth
               ;
               and
               then
               cover
               them
               over
               with
               a
               coat
               of
               loam
               or
               clay
               (
               which
               is
               best
               )
               or
               in
               defect
               of
               those
               ,
               with
               the
               best
               ,
               and
               most
               tenacious
               Earth
               the
               place
               will
               afford
               ;
               leaving
               onely
               a
               small
               spiracle
               at
               the
               top
               ,
               whereat
               to
               put
               the
               fire
               in
               ;
               and
               making
               some
               little
               holes
               round
               about
               at
               several
               heights
               ,
               for
               the
               admission
               of
               so
               much
               air
               as
               is
               requisite
               to
               keep
               it
               burning
               ,
               and
               to
               regulate
               the
               fire
               by
               opening
               ,
               and
               stopping
               them
               at
               pleasure
               .
               The
               processe
               is
               almost
               the
               the
               same
               with
               that
               of
               making
               Char●coal
               ,
               as
               will
               appear
               in
               due
               place
               ;
               for
               when
               it
               is
               well
               on
               fire
               ,
               that
               middle
               hole
               is
               also
               stopp'd
               ,
               and
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               Registers
               so
               govern'd
               ,
               as
               the
               knots
               may
               keep
               burning
               and
               not
               be
               suffocated
               with
               too
               much
               smoak
               ,
               whiles
               all
               being
               now
               through
               heated
               ,
               the
               Tar
               runs
               down
               to
               the
               Hearth
               ,
               together
               with
               some
               of
               the
               more
               watry
               Sap
               ,
               which
               hasting
               from
               all
               parts
               towards
               the
               middle
               ,
               is
               convey'd
               by
               the
               fore-mention'd
               gutter
               into
               the
               Barrel
               ,
               or
               Vessel
               placed
               to
               receive
               it
               :
               Thus
               ,
               the
               whole
               Art
               of
               Tarmaking
               is
               no
               other
               ,
               than
               a
               kind
               of
               rude
               distillation
               
                 per
                 descensum
              
               ,
               and
               might
               therefore
               be
               as
               well
               done
               in
               Furnaces
               of
               large
               capacity
               ,
               were
               it
               worth
               the
               expence
               .
               When
               the
               Tar
               is
               now
               all
               melted
               out
               ,
               and
               
               run
               ,
               they
               stop
               up
               all
               the
               vents
               very
               close
               ;
               and
               afterwards
               find
               the
               knots
               made
               into
               excellent
               Char-coal
               ,
               preferr'd
               by
               the
               Smiths
               before
               any
               other
               whatsoever
               which
               is
               made
               of
               wood
               ;
               and
               nothing
               so
               apt
               to
               burn
               out
               when
               their
               blast
               ceaseth
               ;
               neither
               do
               they
               sparkle
               in
               the
               fire
               ,
               as
               many
               other
               sorts
               of
               Coal
               do
               ;
               so
               as
               ,
               in
               defect
               of
               Sea-coal
               ,
               they
               make
               choice
               of
               this
               as
               best
               for
               their
               use
               ,
               and
               give
               greater
               prices
               for
               it
               .
               Of
               these
               knots
               likewise
               do
               the
               Planters
               split
               out
               small
               slivers
               about
               the
               thickness
               of
               one's
               finger
               ,
               or
               somewhat
               thinner
               ,
               which
               serve
               them
               to
               burn
               in
               stead
               of
               Candles
               ;
               giving
               a
               very
               good
               light
               .
               This
               they
               call
               Candle-wood
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               in
               muc●
               use
               both
               in
               
                 New-England
                 ,
                 Virginia
              
               ,
               and
               amongst
               the
               
                 Dutch
                 planters
              
               in
               their
               Villages
               ;
               but
               for
               that
               it
               is
               something
               offensive
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               much
               fuliginous
               smoak
               which
               comes
               from
               it
               ,
               they
               commonly
               burn
               it
               in
               the
               chimney-corner
               upon
               a
               flat
               stone
               or
               Iron
               ;
               except
               ,
               occasionally
               ,
               they
               carry
               a
               single
               stick
               in
               their
               hand
               ,
               as
               there
               is
               need
               of
               light
               to
               go
               about
               the
               house
               .
               It
               must
               not
               be
               conceiv'd
               ,
               by
               what
               we
               have
               mention'd
               in
               the
               former
               description
               of
               the
               knots
               ,
               that
               they
               are
               only
               to
               be
               separated
               from
               the
               bodies
               of
               the
               trees
               by
               devouring
               time
               ,
               or
               that
               they
               are
               the
               only
               materials
               out
               of
               which
               Tar
               can
               be
               extracted
               :
               For
               there
               are
               in
               these
               Tracts
               millions
               of
               Trees
               which
               abound
               with
               the
               same
               sort
               of
               knots
               ,
               and
               full
               of
               Turpentine
               fit
               to
               make
               Tar
               :
               But
               the
               labour
               of
               felling
               these
               Trees
               ,
               and
               of
               cutting
               out
               their
               knots
               ,
               would
               far
               exceed
               the
               value
               of
               the
               Tar
               ;
               especially
               in
               Countries
               where
               Workmen
               are
               so
               very
               dear
               :
               But
               those
               knots
               above
               mention'd
               ,
               are
               provided
               to
               hand
               ,
               without
               any
               other
               labour
               then
               the
               gathering
               only
               .
               There
               are
               sometimes
               found
               of
               those
               sort
               of
               Pine-trees
               the
               lowest
               part
               of
               whose
               stems
               towards
               the
               root
               is
               as
               full
               of
               Turpentine
               as
               the
               knots
               ;
               and
               of
               these
               also
               may
               Tar
               be
               made
               :
               but
               such
               Trees
               being
               rarely
               found
               ,
               are
               commonly
               preserved
               to
               split
               into
               Candle-wood
               ;
               because
               they
               will
               be
               easily
               riven
               out
               into
               any
               lengths
               ,
               and
               scantlings
               desir'd
               ,
               much
               better
               then
               the
               knots
               .
               There
               be
               who
               pretend
               an
               art
               of
               as
               fully
               impregnating
               the
               body
               of
               any
               living
               Pine-tree
               for
               six
               or
               eight
               foot
               high
               ;
               and
               some
               have
               reported
               that
               such
               an
               art
               is
               practis'd
               in
               Norway
               :
               But
               upon
               several
               experiments
               ,
               by
               girdling
               the
               Tree
               (
               as
               they
               call
               it
               )
               and
               cutting
               some
               of
               the
               bark
               round
               ,
               and
               a
               little
               into
               the
               wood
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               six
               or
               eight
               foot
               distant
               from
               the
               ground
               ,
               it
               has
               yet
               never
               succeeded
               ;
               whether
               the
               just
               season
               of
               the
               year
               were
               not
               observ'd
               ,
               or
               what
               else
               omitted
               ,
               were
               worth
               the
               disquisition
               ;
               if
               at
               least
               there
               be
               any
               such
               secret
               amongst
               the
               
                 Norwegians
                 ,
                 Swedes
              
               ,
               or
               any
               other
               Nation
               .
               Of
               Tar
               ,
               by
               boiling
               it
               to
               a
               sufficient
               height
               ,
               is
               Pitch
               made
               :
               and
               in
               some
               places
               where
               Rosin
               is
               plentiful
               ,
               a
               fit
               proportion
               of
               that
               may
               be
               dissolved
               in
               the
               Tar
               whiles
               it
               is
               boiling
               ,
               and
               this
               mixture
               is
               soonest
               converted
               to
               Pitch
               ;
               but
               it
               is
               of
               somewhat
               a
               differing
               kind
               from
               that
               which
               is
               made
               of
               Tar
               only
               ,
               without
               other
               composition
               .
               There
               is
               a
               way
               which
               some
               Ship-Carpenters
               in
               those
               Countries
               have
               us'd
               ,
               to
               bring
               their
               Tar
               into
               Pitch
               for
               any
               sudden
               use
               ;
               by
               making
               the
               Tar
               so
               very
               hot
               in
               an
               Iron-kettle
               ,
               that
               it
               will
               easily
               take
               fire
               ,
               which
               when
               blazing
               ,
               and
               set
               in
               an
               airy
               place
               ,
               they
               let
               burn
               so
               long
               ,
               till
               ,
               by
               taking
               
               out
               some
               small
               quantity
               for
               trial
               ,
               being
               cold
               ,
               it
               appears
               of
               a
               sufficient
               consistence
               :
               Then
               by
               covering
               the
               Kettle
               close
               ,
               the
               fire
               is
               extinguish'd
               ,
               and
               the
               Pitch
               is
               made
               without
               more
               ceremony
               .
               There
               is
               a
               process
               of
               making
               Rosin
               also
               out
               of
               the
               same
               knots
               ,
               by
               splitting
               them
               out
               into
               thin
               pieces
               ,
               and
               then
               boiling
               them
               in
               water
               ,
               which
               will
               educe
               all
               the
               Resinous
               matter
               ,
               and
               gather
               it
               into
               a
               body
               which
               (
               when
               cold
               )
               will
               harden
               into
               pure
               Rosin
               .
               It
               is
               moreover
               to
               be
               understood
               ,
               that
               the
               Fir
               and
               most
               Coniferous
               Trees
               ,
               yield
               the
               same
               
                 Concretes
                 ,
                 Lachrymae
                 ,
                 Turpentines
                 ,
                 Rosins
                 ,
                 Hard
                 ,
                 Naval
              
               or
               stone
               and
               liquid
               Pitch
               and
               Tar
               for
               innumerable
               uses
               ;
               and
               from
               the
               burning
               ,
               and
               fuliginous
               vapour
               of
               these
               ,
               especially
               ,
               the
               Rosin
               ,
               we
               have
               our
               Lamp
               and
               Printers
               black
               ,
               &c.
               
               I
               am
               perswaded
               the
               Pine
               ,
               and
               Fir
               trees
               in
               Scotland
               ,
               might
               yield
               his
               Majesty
               plenty
               of
               excellent
               Tar
               ,
               were
               some
               industrious
               Person
               employ'd
               about
               the
               work
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXIII
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
              
               Larch
               ,
               Platanus
               ,
               Lotus
               ,
               Cornus
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               LArix
               ,
               though
               of
               the
               Coniferous
               family
               ,
               looses
               its
               leaf
               ,
               
               and
               therefore
               we
               separate
               him
               from
               the
               Firs
               and
               Pines
               ;
               but
               why
               we
               might
               not
               hope
               as
               well
               of
               the
               Larch
               as
               from
               any
               of
               them
               I
               know
               not
               :
               I
               read
               of
               Beams
               of
               no
               less
               then
               120.
               foot
               in
               length
               made
               out
               of
               this
               goodly
               Tree
               ,
               which
               is
               of
               so
               strange
               a
               composition
               ,
               that
               't
               will
               hardly
               burn
               ,
               as
               Caesar
               found
               in
               a
               Castle
               he
               besieg'd
               built
               of
               it
               ;
               (
               the
               story
               is
               recited
               at
               large
               by
               
                 Vitruvius
                 l.
              
               2.
               c.
               9.
               )
               but
               see
               what
               Philander
               says
               upon
               the
               place
               ,
               on
               his
               own
               experience
               :
               yet
               the
               Coals
               thereof
               were
               held
               far
               better
               then
               any
               other
               for
               the
               melting
               of
               Iron
               .
               There
               is
               abundance
               of
               this
               Larch
               timber
               in
               the
               Buildings
               at
               Venice
               ,
               especially
               about
               the
               Palaces
               in
               
                 Piazza
                 San
                 Marco
              
               ,
               where
               I
               remember
               Scmozzi
               says
               he
               himself
               us'd
               much
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               infinitely
               commends
               it
               :
               Tiberius
               we
               find
               built
               that
               famous
               Bridg
               to
               his
               Naumachia
               with
               it
               ;
               and
               it
               seems
               to
               excel
               for
               
                 Beams
                 ,
                 Dores
                 ,
                 Windoes
              
               ,
               and
               will
               support
               an
               incredible
               Weight
               ;
               which
               (
               and
               for
               its
               property
               of
               long
               refecting
               fire
               )
               makes
               Vitruvius
               wish
               they
               had
               greater
               plenty
               of
               it
               at
               Rome
               to
               make
               Goists
               of
               .
               From
               this
               Tree
               it
               is
               that
               useful
               Drug
               Agaric
               is
               gathered
               ;
               and
               the
               timber
               of
               it
               is
               so
               exceedingly
               transparant
               ,
               that
               Cabanes
               made
               of
               the
               thin
               boards
               ,
               when
               in
               the
               dark
               night
               ,
               they
               have
               lighted
               candles
               ,
               people
               ,
               who
               are
               at
               a
               distance
               without
               dores
               ,
               would
               imagine
               the
               whole
               room
               to
               be
               on
               fire
               ,
               which
               is
               pretty
               odd
               ,
               considering
               there
               is
               no
               material
               so
               unapt
               to
               kindle
               .
               That
               which
               now
               grows
               some
               where
               about
               Chelnsford
               in
               Essex
               ,
               arriv'd
               to
               a
               flourishing
               ,
               and
               ample
               Tree
               ,
               does
               sufficiently
               reproach
               our
               negligence
               and
               want
               of
               industry
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               incomparable
               and
               shady
               .
            
             
             
               
               2.
               
               
                 Platanus
                 ,
                 that
              
               so
               beautiful
               and
               precious
               Tree
               ,
               so
               doated
               on
               by
               Xerxes
               ,
               that
               Aelian
               and
               other
               Authours
               tell
               us
               he
               made
               halt
               ,
               and
               stop'd
               his
               prodigious
               Army
               of
               
                 seventeen
                 hundred
                 thousand
              
               souldiers
               which
               even
               cover'd
               the
               Sea
               ,
               exhausted
               Rivers
               ,
               and
               thrust
               Mount
               Athos
               from
               the
               Continent
               ,
               to
               admire
               the
               pulchritude
               and
               procerity
               of
               one
               of
               these
               goodly
               Trees
               ,
               and
               became
               so
               fond
               of
               it
               ,
               that
               spoiling
               both
               himself
               ,
               his
               Concubines
               ,
               and
               great
               Persons
               of
               all
               their
               jewels
               ,
               he
               cover'd
               it
               with
               
                 Gold
                 ,
                 Gems
                 ,
                 Neck-laces
                 ,
                 Scarfs
              
               and
               Bracelets
               ,
               and
               infinite
               riches
               ;
               In
               sum
               ,
               was
               so
               enamor'd
               of
               it
               ,
               that
               for
               some
               days
               neither
               the
               concernment
               of
               his
               grand
               Expedition
               ,
               nor
               interest
               of
               honor
               ,
               nor
               the
               necessary
               motion
               of
               his
               portentous
               Army
               ,
               could
               perswade
               him
               from
               it
               :
               He
               styl'd
               it
               his
               Mistris
               ,
               his
               Minion
               ,
               his
               Goddesse
               ;
               and
               when
               he
               was
               forc'd
               to
               part
               from
               it
               ,
               he
               caus'd
               the
               figure
               of
               it
               to
               be
               stampt
               in
               a
               Medail
               of
               Gold
               ,
               which
               he
               continually
               wore
               about
               him
               .
               These
               Trees
               the
               Romans
               first
               brought
               out
               of
               the
               Levant
               ,
               and
               cultivated
               with
               so
               much
               industry
               and
               cost
               ,
               for
               its
               stately
               and
               proud
               head
               only
               ;
               
               that
               great
               Orators
               and
               
                 States-men
                 ,
                 Cicero
              
               and
               Hortensius
               would
               exchange
               now
               and
               then
               a
               turn
               at
               the
               Bar
               ,
               that
               they
               might
               have
               the
               pleasure
               ●o
               step
               to
               their
               Villas
               ,
               and
               refresh
               their
               Platans
               ,
               which
               they
               would
               often
               irrigate
               with
               Wine
               instead
               of
               Water
               ;
               and
               so
               priz'd
               the
               very
               shadow
               of
               it
               ,
               that
               when
               afterwards
               they
               transplanted
               them
               into
               France
               ,
               they
               exacted
               a
               Tribute
               of
               any
               of
               the
               Natives
               who
               should
               presume
               but
               to
               put
               his
               head
               under
               it
               .
               Pliny
               tells
               us
               there
               is
               no
               Tree
               whatsoever
               which
               so
               well
               defends
               us
               from
               the
               heat
               of
               the
               Sun
               in
               Summer
               ;
               nor
               that
               admits
               it
               more
               kindly
               in
               Winter
               .
               And
               for
               our
               encouragement
               ,
               I
               do
               upon
               experience
               assure
               you
               ,
               that
               they
               will
               flourish
               and
               abide
               with
               us
               ,
               without
               any
               more
               trouble
               than
               frequent
               ,
               and
               plentiful
               Watering
               ,
               which
               from
               their
               youth
               they
               excessively
               delight
               in
               ,
               and
               gratefully
               acknowledge
               by
               their
               growth
               accordingly
               ;
               so
               as
               I
               am
               perswaded
               ,
               that
               with
               very
               ordinary
               Industry
               ,
               they
               might
               be
               propagated
               to
               the
               incredible
               Ornament
               of
               the
               Walks
               and
               Avenues
               to
               Great-mens
               houses
               .
               The
               Introduction
               of
               this
               true
               Plane
               amongst
               us
               ,
               is
               due
               to
               that
               
                 honorable
                 Gentleman
                 Sir
                 Geo.
                 Crook
              
               of
               Oxfordshire
               ,
               from
               whose
               bounty
               I
               received
               an
               hopefull
               plant
               now
               growing
               in
               my
               Villa
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               There
               was
               lately
               at
               Basil
               in
               Switzerland
               an
               ancient
               goodly
               Platanetum
               ,
               and
               now
               in
               France
               they
               are
               come
               again
               in
               vogue
               :
               I
               know
               it
               was
               antiently
               accounted
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ;
               but
               they
               may
               with
               us
               be
               rais'd
               of
               their
               seeds
               with
               care
               ,
               in
               a
               moist
               soil
               ,
               as
               here
               I
               have
               known
               them
               :
               But
               the
               reason
               of
               our
               little
               success
               ,
               is
               ,
               that
               we
               very
               rarely
               have
               them
               sent
               us
               ripe
               ;
               which
               should
               be
               gather'd
               late
               in
               Autumn
               ,
               and
               brought
               us
               from
               some
               more
               Levantine
               parts
               than
               Italy
               .
               They
               come
               also
               of
               Layers
               abundantly
               ;
               affecting
               a
               fresh
               and
               feeding
               ground
               ;
               for
               so
               they
               plant
               them
               about
               their
               Rivulets
               ,
               and
               Fountains
               .
               The
               
                 West-Indian
                 Plane
              
               is
               not
               altogether
               so
               rare
               ,
               but
               it
               rises
               to
               a
               goodly
               Tree
               ,
               and
               bears
               a
               very
               ample
               ,
               and
               lesse
               jaged
               leaf
               :
               That
               the
               Turks
               use
               their
               Platanus
               for
               the
               building
               of
               Ships
               ,
               I
               learn
               out
               of
               
                 Ricciolus
                 Hydrog
                 .
                 l.
              
               10.
               c.
               37.
               
            
             
               
               4.
               
               The
               same
               opinion
               have
               I
               of
               the
               noble
               Lotus
               ,
               (
               another
               lover
               
               of
               the
               Water
               )
               which
               in
               Italy
               yields
               both
               an
               admirable
               shade
               ,
               and
               Timber
               immortal
               .
               Of
               this
               Wood
               are
               made
               Pipes
               and
               Wind-Instruments
               ,
               and
               of
               its
               Root
               ,
               Hafts
               for
               knives
               ,
               and
               other
               Tools
               ,
               &c.
               
               The
               offer
               of
               Crassus
               to
               Domitius
               for
               half
               a
               dozen
               of
               these
               Trees
               growing
               about
               an
               house
               of
               his
               in
               Rome
               ,
               testifies
               in
               what
               esteem
               they
               were
               had
               for
               their
               incomparable
               beauty
               and
               use
               .
               The
               Cornel-tree
               ,
               
               though
               not
               mention'd
               by
               Plinie
               for
               its
               Timber
               ,
               is
               exceedingly
               commended
               for
               its
               durablenesse
               ,
               and
               use
               in
               
                 Wheel-work
                 ,
                 Pinns
              
               ,
               and
               Wedges
               ,
               in
               which
               it
               lasts
               like
               the
               hardest
               Iron
               ;
               and
               it
               will
               grow
               with
               us
               to
               good
               bulk
               and
               stature
               ;
               and
               the
               preserv'd
               ,
               and
               pickl'd
               berries
               ,
               are
               most
               refreshing
               ,
               and
               an
               excellent
               condiment
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXIV
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
              
               Cypress-tree
               and
               Cedar
               .
            
             
               CVpressus
               ,
               the
               Cypresse-Tree
               ,
               is
               either
               the
               Sative
               or
               Garden
               tree
               ,
               
               the
               most
               pyramidal
               and
               beautiful
               ;
               or
               that
               which
               is
               call'd
               the
               Male
               ,
               (
               though
               somewhat
               prepostrously
               )
               which
               bears
               the
               Cones
               ,
               but
               is
               of
               a
               more
               extravagant
               shape
               :
               should
               we
               reason
               only
               from
               our
               common
               experience
               ,
               even
               the
               Cypresse-tree
               was
               ,
               but
               within
               a
               few
               years
               past
               ,
               reputed
               so
               tender
               ,
               and
               nice
               a
               Plant
               ,
               that
               it
               was
               cultivated
               with
               the
               greatest
               care
               ,
               and
               to
               be
               found
               only
               amongst
               the
               Curious
               ;
               whereas
               we
               see
               it
               now
               ,
               in
               every
               Garden
               ,
               rising
               to
               as
               goodly
               a
               bulk
               and
               stature
               ,
               as
               most
               which
               you
               shall
               find
               even
               in
               Italy
               it self
               ;
               for
               such
               I
               remember
               to
               have
               once
               seen
               in
               his
               late
               
                 Majesties
                 Gardens
              
               at
               Theobalds
               ,
               before
               that
               Princely
               seat
               was
               demolish'd
               .
               I
               say
               ,
               if
               we
               did
               argue
               from
               this
               Topic
               :
               Methinks
               it
               should
               rather
               encourage
               our
               Country-men
               to
               add
               yet
               to
               their
               Plantations
               other
               Forreign
               and
               useful
               Trees
               ,
               and
               not
               in
               the
               least
               deter
               them
               ,
               because
               many
               of
               them
               are
               not
               as
               yet
               become
               endenizon'd
               amongst
               us
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               We
               may
               read
               that
               the
               Peach
               was
               at
               first
               accounted
               so
               tender
               and
               delicate
               a
               Tree
               ,
               as
               that
               it
               was
               believ'd
               to
               thrive
               only
               in
               Persia
               ;
               and
               even
               in
               the
               days
               of
               Galen
               ,
               it
               grew
               no
               nearer
               then
               Egypt
               ,
               of
               all
               the
               Roman
               Provinces
               ,
               but
               was
               not
               seen
               in
               the
               City
               till
               more
               then
               thirty
               years
               before
               
               Pliny's
               time
               ;
               whereas
               there
               is
               now
               hardly
               a
               more
               common
               and
               universal
               in
               Europe
               :
               Thus
               likewise
               ,
               the
               Avellana
               from
               Pontus
               in
               Asia
               ;
               Thence
               into
               Greece
               ,
               and
               so
               Italy
               ,
               to
               the
               City
               of
               Abellino
               in
               Campania
               .
            
             
               Vna
               tantùm
               litera
               immutata
               ,
               Avellina
               dici
               ,
               quae
               prius
               Abellina
               .
            
             
               I
               might
               affirm
               the
               same
               of
               our
               Damasco
               Plum
               ,
               
                 Quince
                 ,
                 Medlar
                 ,
                 Figue
              
               ,
               and
               most
               ordinary
               Pears
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               of
               several
               other
               Peregrine
               Trees
               ,
               Fruit-bearers
               ,
               and
               others
               ;
               For
               even
               the
               very
               Damask-rose
               it self
               ,
               (
               as
               my
               Lord
               Bacon
               tels
               us
               Cent.
               2.
               
               Exp.
               659.
               )
               is
               little
               more
               
               than
               an
               hundred
               years
               old
               in
               England
               :
               Methinks
               this
               should
               be
               of
               wonderful
               incitement
               .
               It
               was
               680
               years
               after
               the
               foundation
               of
               Rome
               ,
               ere
               Italy
               had
               tasted
               a
               Cherry
               of
               their
               own
               ,
               which
               being
               then
               brought
               thither
               out
               of
               Pontus
               (
               as
               the
               above-mention'd
               Filberts
               were
               )
               did
               afterwards
               travel
               
                 ad
                 ultimos
                 Britannos
              
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               Josephus
               tels
               us
               ,
               
                 That
                 the
              
               Cedar
               in
               Judea
               
                 was
                 first
                 planted
              
               there
               by
               Solomon
               ,
               who
               doubtless
               try'd
               many
               rare
               Experiments
               of
               this
               nature
               ;
               and
               none
               more
               Kingly
               then
               that
               of
               Planting
               to
               Posterity
               .
               I
               do
               not
               speak
               of
               those
               which
               grow
               on
               the
               Mountains
               of
               Libanus
               ,
               
               in
               the
               colder
               and
               Northern
               tracts
               of
               Syria
               :
               But
               as
               I
               am
               inform'd
               by
               that
               curious
               
                 Traveller
                 ,
                 Ranwolfius
                 .
                 i.
              
               Since
               also
               confirm'd
               by
               that
               Virtuoso
               Monsieur
               Monconys
               ,
               there
               remaining
               now
               not
               above
               
                 twenty
                 four
              
               of
               those
               stately
               Trees
               in
               all
               those
               goodly
               Forests
               ,
               where
               that
               mighty
               Prince
               set
               
                 fourscore
                 thousand
                 Hewers
              
               at
               work
               for
               the
               Materials
               of
               one
               onely
               Temple
               and
               a
               Palace
               ,
               't
               is
               a
               pregnant
               Example
               what
               Time
               ,
               and
               Neglect
               will
               bring
               to
               ruine
               ,
               if
               due
               ,
               and
               continual
               care
               be
               not
               taken
               to
               propagate
               Timber
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Nor
               is
               it
               any
               wonder
               if
               we
               find
               the
               whole
               Species
               of
               some
               Trees
               so
               totally
               lost
               in
               a
               Countrey
               ,
               as
               if
               there
               had
               never
               been
               any
               such
               planted
               in
               it
               :
               Be
               this
               therefore
               applied
               to
               
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Pine
              
               ,
               and
               many
               others
               with
               us
               ;
               since
               it
               was
               so
               long
               ere
               Rome
               was
               acquainted
               with
               them
               ,
               or
               indeed
               with
               any
               of
               the
               
               Pitch-bearers
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               We
               had
               our
               first
               Myrtils
               out
               of
               Greece
               ,
               and
               Cypress
               from
               Creete
               ,
               which
               was
               yet
               a
               meer
               stranger
               in
               Italy
               ,
               as
               Pliny
               reports
               ,
               and
               most
               difficult
               to
               be
               raised
               ;
               which
               made
               Cato
               to
               write
               more
               concerning
               the
               culture
               of
               it
               then
               of
               any
               other
               Tree
               :
               Notwithstanding
               we
               have
               in
               this
               Countrey
               of
               ours
               ,
               no
               less
               then
               three
               sorts
               ,
               which
               are
               all
               of
               them
               easily
               propagated
               ,
               and
               prosper
               very
               well
               if
               they
               are
               rightly
               ordered
               ;
               and
               therefore
               I
               shall
               not
               omit
               to
               disclose
               one
               secret
               ,
               as
               well
               to
               confute
               a
               popular
               Errour
               ,
               as
               for
               the
               Instruction
               of
               our
               Gard'ners
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               Tradition
               is
               ,
               That
               the
               Cypress
               (
               being
               a
               Symbol
               of
               Mortality
               ,
               they
               should
               say
               of
               the
               contrary
               )
               is
               never
               to
               be
               cut
               for
               fear
               of
               killing
               it
               .
               This
               makes
               them
               to
               impale
               ,
               and
               wind
               them
               about
               like
               so
               many
               
                 Aegyptian
                 Mummies
              
               ;
               by
               which
               means
               the
               inward
               parts
               of
               the
               Tree
               being
               heated
               ,
               for
               want
               of
               Air
               and
               Refreshment
               ,
               it
               never
               arrives
               to
               any
               perfection
               ,
               but
               is
               exceedingly
               troublesome
               ,
               and
               chargeable
               to
               maintain
               ;
               whereas
               indeed
               ,
               there
               is
               not
               a
               more
               tonsile
               and
               governable
               Plant
               in
               nature
               ;
               For
               the
               Cypress
               may
               be
               cut
               to
               the
               very
               Roots
               ,
               and
               yet
               spring
               afresh
               :
               And
               this
               we
               find
               was
               the
               husbandry
               in
               the
               Isle
               of
               Aenaria
               ,
               where
               they
               us'd
               to
               fell
               it
               for
               Copse
               :
               For
               the
               Cypress
               being
               rais'd
               from
               the
               Nursery
               of
               Seeds
               sown
               in
               September
               (
               or
               rather
               March
               ,
               )
               and
               within
               two
               years
               after
               transplanted
               ,
               should
               at
               two
               years
               standing
               more
               ,
               have
               the
               master
               stem
               of
               the
               middle
               shaft
               cut
               off
               some
               hand-breadth
               below
               the
               summit
               ,
               the
               sides
               ,
               and
               smaller
               sprigs
               shorn
               into
               a
               conique
               or
               pyramidal
               form
               ,
               and
               so
               kept
               clipp'd
               from
               April
               to
               September
               ,
               as
               oft
               as
               there
               is
               occasion
               ;
               and
               by
               this
               Regiment
               they
               will
               grow
               furnish'd
               to
               the
               foot
               ,
               and
               become
               the
               most
               beautiful
               Trees
               in
               the
               world
               ,
               without
               binding
               or
               stake
               ;
               still
               remembring
               to
               abate
               the
               middle
               stem
               ,
               and
               to
               bring
               up
               the
               collateral
               
               branches
               in
               its
               stead
               to
               what
               altitude
               you
               please
               ;
               but
               when
               I
               speak
               of
               shortning
               the
               middle
               shoot
               ,
               I
               do
               not
               intend
               the
               dwarfing
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               therefore
               it
               must
               be
               done
               discreetly
               ,
               so
               as
               it
               may
               not
               over-hastily
               advance
               ,
               till
               the
               foot
               thereof
               be
               perfectly
               furnished
               :
               But
               there
               is
               likewise
               another
               ,
               no
               lesse
               commendable
               expedient
               ,
               to
               dresse
               this
               Tree
               with
               all
               the
               former
               advantages
               ;
               if
               sparing
               the
               shaft
               altogether
               ,
               you
               diligently
               cut
               away
               all
               the
               
                 forked
                 branches
              
               ,
               reserving
               onely
               such
               as
               radiate
               directly
               from
               the
               body
               ,
               which
               being
               shorn
               ,
               and
               clipt
               in
               due
               season
               ,
               will
               render
               the
               Tree
               very
               beautiful
               ;
               and
               though
               more
               subject
               to
               obey
               the
               shaking
               winds
               ,
               yet
               the
               natural
               spring
               of
               it
               ,
               does
               immediately
               redress
               it
               ,
               without
               the
               least
               discomposure
               ;
               and
               this
               is
               a
               secret
               worth
               the
               learning
               of
               Gard'ners
               ,
               who
               subject
               themselves
               to
               the
               trouble
               of
               stakes
               and
               binding
               ,
               which
               is
               very
               inconvenient
               .
               Thus
               likewise
               may
               you
               form
               them
               into
               Hedges
               and
               Topiary
               works
               ,
               or
               by
               sowing
               the
               Seeds
               in
               a
               shallow
               furrow
               ,
               and
               plucking
               up
               the
               Supernumeraries
               where
               they
               come
               too
               close
               and
               thick
               :
               For
               in
               this
               work
               it
               shall
               suffice
               to
               leave
               them
               within
               a
               foot
               of
               each
               other
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               are
               risen
               about
               a
               yard
               in
               height
               (
               which
               may
               be
               to
               the
               half
               of
               your
               Palisado
               )
               cut
               off
               their
               tops
               ,
               as
               you
               are
               taught
               ,
               and
               keep
               the
               sides
               clipp●d
               ,
               that
               they
               ascend
               but
               by
               degrees
               ,
               and
               thicken
               at
               the
               bottom
               as
               they
               climbe
               .
               Thus
               ,
               they
               will
               present
               you
               in
               half
               a
               dozen
               or
               eight
               years
               ,
               with
               incomparable
               hedges
               ,
               preferable
               to
               all
               others
               whatsoever
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               perpetually
               green
               and
               able
               to
               resist
               the
               Winds
               better
               then
               any
               which
               I
               know
               ,
               the
               Holly
               only
               excepted
               ,
               which
               indeed
               has
               no
               peer
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               When
               I
               say
               Winds
               ,
               I
               mean
               their
               fiercest
               gusts
               ,
               not
               their
               cold
               :
               For
               though
               it
               be
               said
               ,
               
                 Brumáque
                 illaesa
                 Cupressus
              
               ,
               and
               that
               indeed
               no
               frost
               impeaches
               them
               (
               for
               they
               grow
               even
               on
               the
               snowy
               tops
               of
               Ida
               ,
               )
               yet
               our
               cruel
               Eastern
               winds
               do
               sometimes
               mortally
               invade
               them
               which
               have
               been
               late
               clipp'd
               ,
               seldom
               the
               untouch'd
               ,
               or
               that
               were
               dressed
               in
               the
               Spring
               only
               :
               The
               effects
               of
               the
               late
               March
               and
               April
               Winds
               (
               in
               the
               years
               1663.
               and
               1665.
               )
               accompanied
               with
               cruel
               Frosts
               and
               cold
               blasts
               ,
               for
               the
               space
               of
               more
               then
               two
               months
               night
               and
               day
               ,
               did
               not
               amongst
               neer
               a
               thousand
               Cypresses
               (
               growing
               in
               my
               Garden
               )
               kill
               above
               three
               or
               four
               ,
               which
               for
               being
               very
               late
               cut
               to
               the
               quick
               (
               that
               is
               ,
               the
               latter
               end
               of
               October
               )
               were
               raw
               of
               their
               wounds
               ,
               took
               cold
               ,
               and
               gangreen'd
               ;
               some
               few
               others
               which
               were
               a
               little
               smitten
               towards
               the
               tops
               ,
               might
               have
               escaped
               all
               their
               blemishes
               ,
               had
               my
               Gard'ner
               capp'd
               them
               but
               with
               a
               wisp
               of
               hay
               or
               straw
               ,
               as
               in
               my
               absence
               ,
               I
               commanded
               .
               As
               for
               the
               frost
               of
               those
               Winters
               (
               then
               which
               I
               believe
               there
               was
               never
               known
               a
               more
               cruel
               and
               deadly
               piercing
               since
               England
               had
               a
               name
               )
               it
               did
               not
               touch
               a
               Cypress
               of
               mine
               till
               it
               joyn'd
               forces
               with
               that
               destructive
               Wind
               :
               Therefore
               for
               caution
               ,
               clip
               not
               your
               Cypresses
               late
               in
               Autumn
               ,
               and
               cloath
               them
               (
               if
               young
               )
               against
               these
               winds
               ;
               for
               the
               frosts
               they
               only
               discolour
               them
               ,
               but
               seldom
               ,
               or
               never
               hurt
               them
               ,
               as
               by
               long
               experience
               I
               have
               found
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               If
               you
               affect
               to
               see
               your
               Cypress
               in
               Standard
               ,
               and
               grow
               wild
               
               (
               which
               may
               in
               time
               come
               to
               be
               of
               a
               large
               substance
               ,
               fit
               for
               the
               most
               immortal
               of
               Timber
               )
               plant
               of
               the
               reputed
               Male
               sort
               ;
               it
               is
               a
               Tree
               which
               will
               prosper
               wonderfully
               ;
               and
               where
               the
               ground
               is
               hot
               ,
               and
               gravelly
               ,
               though
               (
               as
               we
               say'd
               )
               he
               be
               nothing
               so
               beautiful
               ;
               and
               it
               is
               of
               this
               ,
               that
               the
               Venetians
               make
               their
               greatest
               profit
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               There
               is
               likewise
               the
               
                 Tarentine
                 Cypress
              
               ,
               so
               much
               celebrated
               by
               Cato
               ;
               I
               do
               not
               mean
               our
               Savine
               ,
               (
               which
               some
               erroneously
               take
               for
               it
               ,
               though
               there
               be
               a
               
                 Berry-bearing
                 Savine
              
               ,
               much
               resembling
               the
               Cypress
               ,
               which
               comes
               to
               prove
               a
               gallant
               ,
               upright
               Tree
               ,
               fit
               for
               the
               Standard
               .
               )
               Both
               that
               ,
               and
               the
               Milesian
               ,
               are
               worthy
               our
               culture
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               I
               have
               already
               shew'd
               how
               this
               Tree
               is
               to
               be
               rais'd
               from
               the
               seed
               ;
               but
               there
               was
               another
               Method
               amongst
               the
               Ancients
               ,
               who
               (
               as
               I
               told
               you
               )
               were
               wont
               to
               make
               great
               Plantations
               of
               them
               for
               their
               Timber
               :
               I
               have
               practis'd
               it
               my self
               ,
               and
               therefore
               describe
               it
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               If
               you
               receive
               your
               seed
               in
               the
               Nuts
               which
               uses
               to
               be
               gather'd
               thrise
               a
               year
               ,
               (
               but
               seldom
               ripening
               with
               us
               )
               expose
               them
               to
               the
               Sun
               till
               they
               gape
               ,
               or
               neer
               a
               gentle
               fire
               ,
               or
               put
               them
               in
               
                 warme
                 water
              
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               the
               seeds
               will
               be
               easily
               shaken
               out
               ;
               for
               if
               you
               have
               them
               open
               before
               ,
               they
               do
               not
               yield
               you
               half
               their
               crop
               .
               About
               the
               beginning
               of
               April
               (
               or
               before
               ,
               if
               the
               weather
               be
               showery
               )
               prepare
               an
               even
               Bed
               ,
               which
               being
               made
               of
               fine
               earth
               ,
               clap
               down
               with
               your
               Spade
               ,
               as
               Gard'ners
               do
               for
               Purselain-seed
               :
               of
               old
               they
               roll'd
               it
               with
               some
               Stone
               or
               Cylinder
               )
               Upon
               this
               strew
               your
               seeds
               pretty
               thick
               ;
               then
               sieft
               over
               them
               some
               more
               mould
               somewhat
               better
               than
               half
               an
               inch
               in
               height
               :
               keep
               them
               duly
               watered
               after
               Sun-set
               ,
               unless
               the
               season
               do
               it
               for
               you
               ;
               and
               after
               one
               years
               growth
               (
               for
               they
               will
               be
               an
               inch
               high
               in
               little
               more
               than
               a
               Moneth
               )
               you
               may
               transplant
               them
               where
               you
               please
               .
               In
               watering
               them
               ,
               I
               give
               you
               this
               caution
               (
               which
               may
               also
               serve
               you
               for
               most
               tender
               and
               delicate
               seeds
               )
               that
               you
               deaw
               them
               rather
               with
               a
               broom
               or
               spergatory
               ,
               then
               hazard
               the
               beating
               them
               out
               with
               the
               common
               watering-pot
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               are
               well
               come
               up
               ,
               be
               but
               sparing
               of
               water
               :
               Be
               sure
               likewise
               that
               you
               clense
               them
               when
               the
               weeds
               are
               very
               young
               and
               tender
               ,
               least
               in
               stead
               of
               purging
               ,
               you
               quite
               erradicate
               your
               Cypress
               :
               We
               have
               spoken
               of
               Watering
               ,
               and
               indeed
               whilst
               young
               ,
               if
               well
               follow'd
               ,
               they
               will
               make
               a
               prodigious
               advance
               :
               when
               that
               long
               ,
               and
               incomparable
               walke
               of
               Cypress
               at
               Frascati
               neer
               Rome
               was
               first
               planted
               ,
               they
               drew
               a
               small
               stream
               (
               and
               indeed
               Irrigare
               is
               properly
               thus
               ,
               
                 aquam
                 inducere
                 riguis
                 (
                 i.e.
              
               )
               in
               small
               gutters
               and
               rills
               )
               by
               the
               foot
               of
               it
               ,
               (
               as
               the
               Water
               there
               is
               in
               abundance
               tractable
               )
               and
               made
               it
               arrive
               to
               seven
               or
               eight
               foot
               height
               in
               one
               year
               ;
               but
               with
               us
               ,
               we
               may
               not
               be
               too
               prodigal
               ;
               since
               ,
               being
               once
               well
               taken
               ,
               they
               thrive
               best
               in
               our
               sandy
               ,
               light
               ,
               and
               warmest
               grounds
               ,
               whence
               Cardan
               says
               ,
               
                 juxta
                 aquas
                 arescit
              
               ,
               meaning
               in
               low
               and
               moorish
               places
               ,
               stiff
               and
               cold
               earth
               ,
               &c.
               where
               they
               never
               thrive
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               What
               the
               Vses
               of
               this
               Timber
               are
               ,
               for
               Chests
               and
               other
               
                 Vtensils
                 ,
                 Harps
              
               ,
               and
               divers
               other
               
                 Musical
                 Instruments
              
               (
               it
               being
               a
               very
               
               sonorous
               wood
               ,
               and
               therefore
               employ'd
               for
               Organ-pipes
               ,
               as
               heretofore
               for
               supporters
               of
               
                 Vines
                 ,
                 Poles
                 ,
                 Rails
              
               ,
               and
               Planks
               ,
               (
               resisting
               the
               
                 Worm
                 ,
                 Moth
              
               ,
               and
               all
               putrefaction
               to
               eternity
               )
               the
               Venetians
               sufficiently
               understand
               ;
               who
               did
               every
               twenty
               year
               ,
               and
               oftner
               (
               the
               Romans
               every
               thirteen
               )
               make
               a
               considerable
               Revenue
               of
               it
               out
               of
               Candy
               :
               And
               certainly
               a
               very
               gainful
               commodity
               it
               was
               ,
               when
               the
               Fell
               of
               a
               Cupressetum
               was
               heretofore
               reputed
               a
               good
               Daughters
               Portion
               ,
               and
               the
               Plantation
               it self
               call'd
               
                 Dotem
                 filiae
              
               .
               But
               there
               was
               in
               Candy
               a
               vast
               Wood
               of
               these
               Trees
               belonging
               to
               the
               Republique
               ,
               by
               malice
               or
               accident
               set
               on
               Fire
               ,
               which
               Anno
               1400.
               burnt
               for
               seven
               years
               continually
               ,
               before
               it
               could
               be
               quite
               extinguish'd
               ;
               fed
               so
               long
               a
               space
               by
               the
               unctuous
               nature
               of
               the
               Timber
               ,
               of
               which
               there
               were
               to
               be
               seen
               at
               Venice
               planks
               of
               above
               foure
               foot
               in
               bredth
               ;
               and
               formerly
               the
               Valves
               of
               
                 Saint
                 Peters
                 Church
              
               at
               Rome
               were
               framed
               of
               this
               Material
               ,
               which
               lasted
               from
               the
               great
               Constantine
               to
               
                 Pope
                 Eugenius
              
               the
               Fourths
               time
               ,
               almost
               six
               hundred
               years
               ;
               and
               then
               were
               found
               as
               fresh
               and
               intire
               as
               if
               they
               had
               been
               new
               :
               But
               this
               Pope
               would
               needs
               change
               them
               for
               Gates
               of
               Brasse
               ,
               which
               were
               cast
               by
               the
               famous
               
                 Antonio
                 Philarete
              
               ;
               not
               in
               my
               opinion
               so
               venerable
               as
               those
               other
               of
               Cypresse
               .
               It
               was
               in
               Coffins
               of
               this
               material
               ,
               that
               Thycidides
               tells
               us
               ,
               the
               Athenians
               us'd
               to
               bury
               their
               Heros
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               The
               Timber
               of
               this
               wood
               was
               of
               infinite
               esteem
               with
               the
               Antients
               :
               That
               lasting
               Bridge
               built
               over
               the
               Euphrates
               by
               Semiramis
               was
               made
               of
               this
               wood
               ;
               and
               it
               is
               reported
               ,
               Plato
               chose
               it
               to
               Write
               his
               Laws
               in
               before
               Brasse
               it self
               ,
               for
               the
               diuturnity
               of
               the
               matter
               :
               It
               is
               certain
               ,
               that
               it
               never
               rifts
               or
               cleaves
               ,
               but
               with
               great
               violence
               ;
               and
               the
               bitternesse
               of
               its
               juice
               preserves
               it
               from
               all
               Worms
               ,
               and
               putrifaction
               .
               To
               this
               day
               those
               of
               Creet
               ,
               and
               Malta
               make
               use
               of
               it
               for
               their
               Buildings
               ;
               because
               they
               have
               it
               in
               plenty
               ,
               and
               there
               is
               nothing
               out-lasts
               it
               ,
               or
               can
               be
               more
               beautifull
               ,
               especially
               than
               the
               Root
               of
               the
               wilder
               sort
               ,
               incomparable
               for
               its
               
                 crisped
                 undulations
              
               .
               Divers
               
                 Learned
                 Persons
              
               have
               conceiv'd
               the
               Gopher
               mention'd
               in
               holy
               
                 Writ
                 ,
                 Gen.
              
               6.14
               .
               and
               of
               which
               the
               Ark
               was
               built
               ,
               to
               have
               been
               no
               other
               than
               this
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               Cupar
               or
               Cuper
               ,
               by
               the
               easie
               mutation
               of
               Letters
               ;
               and
               beside
               ,
               't
               is
               known
               that
               in
               Creet
               they
               employ'd
               it
               for
               the
               same
               use
               in
               the
               largest
               contignations
               ,
               and
               did
               formerly
               build
               Ships
               of
               it
               :
               And
               
                 Epiphanius
                 Haeres
                 .
                 l.
              
               1.
               tells
               us
               ,
               some
               Reliques
               of
               that
               Ark
               lasted
               even
               to
               his
               dayes
               ,
               and
               was
               judged
               to
               have
               been
               of
               Cypresse
               .
               Some
               indeed
               suppose
               that
               Copher
               was
               the
               Name
               of
               a
               Place
               a
               Cupressis
               ,
               as
               Elon
               a
               Quercubus
               ;
               and
               might
               possibly
               be
               that
               which
               Strabo
               calls
               Cupressetum
               neer
               Adiabens
               in
               Assyria
               :
               But
               for
               the
               reason
               of
               its
               long
               lasting
               ,
               Coffins
               ,
               as
               noted
               ,
               for
               the
               dead
               were
               made
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               thence
               it
               first
               became
               to
               be
               
                 Diti
                 Sacra
              
               ;
               and
               the
               Valves
               or
               Doors
               of
               the
               Ephesine
               Temple
               were
               likewise
               of
               it
               ,
               as
               we
               observ'd
               but
               now
               were
               those
               of
               St.
               Peters
               at
               Rome
               :
               Works
               of
               
                 Cypresse
                 wood
                 ,
                 permanent
                 ad
                 diuturnitatem
                 ,
              
               sayes
               
                 Vitruvius
                 l.
              
               2.
               and
               the
               Poet
               
                 
                   —
                   perpetuâ
                   nunquam
                   moritura
                   Cupresso
                   .
                
                 
                   Mart.
                   E.
                   6.6
                   .
                
              
            
             
             
               But
               to
               resume
               the
               disquisition
               ,
               whether
               it
               be
               truly
               so
               proper
               for
               Shipping
               is
               controverted
               ,
               though
               we
               also
               find
               in
               
                 Cassiodorus
                 Vor.
                 l.
              
               5.
               
               Ep.
               16.
               that
               Theodoric
               caused
               store
               of
               it
               to
               be
               provided
               for
               that
               purpose
               ;
               and
               Plato
               (
               who
               we
               told
               you
               made
               Laws
               and
               Titles
               to
               be
               Engraven
               in
               it
               )
               nominates
               it
               
                 inter
                 Arbores
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               
                 utilis
                 .
                 l.
              
               4.
               leg
               .
               and
               so
               does
               
                 Diodorus
                 l.
              
               19.
               
               And
               as
               Travellers
               observe
               ,
               there
               is
               no
               other
               sort
               of
               Timber
               fit
               for
               Shipping
               ,
               so
               frequent
               as
               this
               Tree
               about
               those
               parts
               of
               Assyria
               ,
               where
               the
               Ark
               is
               conjectur'd
               to
               have
               been
               built
               ;
               so
               as
               those
               vast
               Armadas
               that
               Alexander
               the
               Great
               caus'd
               to
               be
               Equipp'd
               and
               set
               out
               from
               Babylon
               ,
               consisted
               onely
               of
               Cypresse
               ,
               as
               we
               learn
               out
               of
               Arrian
               in
               
                 Alex.
                 l.
              
               7.
               and
               
                 Strabo
                 l.
              
               16.
               
               
                 Paulus
                 Colamenus
              
               in
               his
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               
                 literaria
                 cap.
              
               24.
               perstringes
               the
               most
               Learned
               
                 Is
                 .
                 Vossius
              
               ,
               that
               in
               his
               
                 Vindiciae
                 pro
              
               LXX
               .
               Interp.
               he
               affirms
               Cypresse
               not
               fit
               for
               Ships
               :
               But
               besides
               what
               we
               have
               produc'd
               ,
               
                 Fuller
                 ,
                 Bochartus
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               
                 Lilius
                 Gyraldus
                 (
                 lib.
                 de
                 Navig
                 .
                 c.
              
               4.
               )
               and
               divers
               others
               ,
               sufficiently
               evince
               it
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Vessel
               built
               by
               Trajan
               was
               of
               that
               material
               ;
               lasting
               uncorrupt
               near
               1400
               years
               ,
               when
               it
               was
               afterwards
               found
               in
               a
               certain
               Lake
               ;
               if
               it
               were
               not
               rather
               (
               as
               I
               suspect
               )
               that
               which
               
                 Aeneas
                 Silvius
              
               reports
               to
               have
               been
               discovered
               in
               his
               time
               ,
               lying
               under
               Water
               in
               the
               
                 Numician
                 Lake
              
               ,
               crusted
               over
               with
               a
               certain
               feruginous
               mixture
               of
               Earth
               and
               Scales
               ,
               as
               if
               it
               had
               been
               of
               Iron
               ;
               but
               it
               was
               pronounc'd
               to
               be
               Larix
               ,
               and
               not
               Cypress
               ,
               employ'd
               by
               Tiberius
               .
               Finally
               (
               not
               to
               forget
               even
               the
               very
               chips
               of
               this
               precious
               wood
               ,
               which
               gives
               that
               flavour
               to
               Muscadines
               and
               other
               rich
               Wines
               )
               I
               commend
               it
               for
               the
               improvement
               of
               the
               Air
               ,
               and
               a
               specific
               for
               the
               Lungs
               ,
               as
               sending
               forth
               most
               sweet
               ,
               and
               aromatick
               emissions
               ,
               when
               ever
               it
               is
               either
               clipp'd
               ,
               or
               handled
               ,
               and
               the
               chips
               ,
               or
               cones
               being
               burnt
               ,
               extinguishes
               Moths
               ,
               and
               expells
               the
               Gnats
               and
               
                 Flies
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               not
               omitting
               the
               Gum
               which
               it
               yields
               ,
               not
               much
               inferiour
               to
               the
               Terbintine
               or
               Lentisc
               .
               But
               ,
               
                 Quid
                 tibi
                 odorato
                 referam
                 sudantia
                 ligno
                 ,
              
               if
               I
               forget
            
             
               14.
               
               The
               Cedar
               ?
               which
               grows
               in
               all
               extreams
               :
               In
               the
               moist
               Barbados
               ,
               the
               hot
               Bermudas
               ,
               the
               cold
               New-England
               ;
               even
               where
               the
               Snow
               lyes
               as
               (
               I
               am
               assur'd
               )
               almost
               half
               the
               year
               :
               Why
               then
               it
               should
               not
               thrive
               in
               
                 Old
                 England
              
               ,
               I
               conceive
               is
               from
               our
               want
               of
               industry
               :
               It
               grows
               in
               the
               Bogs
               of
               America
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Mountains
               of
               Asia
               ;
               it
               seems
               there
               is
               no
               place
               affrights
               it
               ;
               I
               have
               frequently
               rais'd
               it
               of
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               which
               I
               set
               like
               the
               Bay-berries
               ;
               and
               we
               might
               have
               of
               the
               very
               best
               kind
               in
               the
               World
               from
               the
               
                 Summer
                 Islands
              
               ,
               though
               now
               almost
               utterly
               exhausted
               there
               also
               ,
               and
               so
               the
               most
               incomparable
               of
               that
               
                 sacred
                 wood
              
               like
               to
               be
               quite
               destroy'd
               by
               our
               negligence
               ,
               which
               is
               by
               nature
               almost
               eternal
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               Thus
               I
               read
               that
               in
               the
               Temple
               of
               Apollo
               at
               Vtica
               ,
               there
               was
               found
               Timber
               of
               near
               
                 two
                 thousand
              
               years
               old
               ;
               and
               in
               Sagunti
               of
               Spain
               a
               Beam
               in
               a
               certain
               Oratory
               consecrated
               to
               Diana
               ,
               which
               had
               been
               brought
               from
               Zant
               two
               hundred
               years
               before
               the
               Destruction
               of
               Troy.
               
            
             
               16.
               
               And
               here
               I
               cannot
               omit
               my
               Wishes
               ,
               that
               since
               this
               precious
               
               material
               may
               be
               had
               at
               such
               tollerable
               rates
               ,
               as
               certainly
               it
               might
               from
               
                 Cape
                 Florida
              
               ,
               the
               Bermudas
               ,
               and
               other
               parts
               of
               the
               
                 West
                 Indias
              
               :
               I
               say
               ,
               I
               cannot
               but
               suggest
               ,
               that
               our
               more
               Wealthy
               Citizens
               of
               London
               ,
               now
               Building
               ,
               might
               be
               encourag'd
               to
               use
               of
               it
               in
               their
               Shops
               ;
               at
               least
               for
               
                 Shelves
                 ,
                 Comptoires
                 ,
                 Chests
                 ,
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Wainscot
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               It
               might
               be
               done
               with
               moderate
               Expense
               ,
               especially
               ,
               in
               some
               small
               proportions
               ,
               and
               in
               Faneering
               ,
               as
               they
               term
               it
               ,
               and
               mouldings
               ,
               since
               beside
               the
               everlastingnesse
               of
               the
               wood
               not
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               Worms
               ,
               and
               which
               would
               also
               be
               a
               means
               to
               preserve
               cloth
               ,
               and
               other
               Ware
               from
               Moths
               and
               corruption
               ;
               it
               would
               likewise
               be
               a
               Cure
               to
               reform
               the
               Malignity
               and
               corrosivenesse
               of
               the
               Air
               ,
               and
               even
               preserve
               the
               whole
               City
               as
               if
               it
               stood
               amongst
               the
               Spices
               of
               the
               happy
               Arabia
               ,
               or
               the
               prospects
               of
               
                 Mount
                 Libanus
                 .
                 Note
              
               ,
               that
               the
               Cedar
               is
               of
               so
               dry
               a
               nature
               ,
               that
               it
               will
               not
               well
               endure
               to
               be
               fastned
               with
               Nails
               ,
               from
               which
               it
               usually
               shrinks
               ,
               and
               therefore
               pinns
               of
               the
               same
               wood
               ,
               are
               better
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               The
               Sittim
               mention'd
               in
               holy
               Writ
               ,
               is
               believ'd
               to
               have
               been
               a
               kind
               of
               Cedar
               ,
               of
               which
               the
               most
               precious
               Vtensils
               were
               formed
               ;
               so
               that
               when
               they
               said
               a
               thing
               was
               
                 cedro
                 digna
              
               ,
               the
               meaning
               was
               ,
               
                 worthy
                 of
                 eternity
              
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXV
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
              
               Cork
               ,
               Ilex
               ,
               Alaternus
               ,
               Phyllyrea
               ,
               Granad
               ,
               Lentisc
               ,
               Myrtle
               ,
               Jasmine
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               
               1.
               
               THe
               
                 Cork
                 [
                 Suber
              
               ]
               of
               which
               there
               are
               two
               sorts
               (
               and
               divers
               more
               in
               the
               Indias
               )
               one
               of
               a
               narrower
               lesse
               jagged
               leaf
               and
               perenneal
               ;
               the
               other
               of
               a
               broader
               ,
               falling
               in
               Winter
               ;
               grows
               in
               the
               coldest
               parts
               of
               Biscany
               ,
               in
               the
               North
               of
               New-England
               ,
               in
               the
               South-West
               of
               France
               ,
               especially
               the
               second
               Species
               ,
               fittest
               for
               our
               Climate
               ;
               and
               in
               all
               sorts
               of
               ground
               ,
               dry
               
                 Heaths
                 ,
                 Stony
              
               ,
               and
               Rockie-Mountains
               ,
               so
               as
               the
               Roots
               will
               run
               even
               above
               the
               Earth
               where
               they
               have
               little
               to
               cover
               them
               ;
               all
               which
               considered
               ,
               methinks
               we
               should
               not
               despair
               :
               We
               have
               said
               where
               they
               grow
               plentifully
               in
               France
               ;
               but
               by
               
                 Pliny
                 ,
                 Nat.
                 Hist
                 .
                 l.
              
               16.
               c.
               8.
               it
               should
               seem
               they
               were
               since
               transplanted
               thither
               ;
               for
               he
               affirms
               there
               were
               none
               either
               there
               or
               in
               Italy
               ,
               in
               his
               time
               :
               But
               I
               exceedingly
               wonder
               that
               
                 Carolus
                 Stephanus
              
               ,
               and
               Crusius
               should
               write
               so
               peremptorily
               ,
               that
               there
               were
               none
               in
               Italy
               ,
               where
               I
               my self
               have
               travell'd
               through
               vast
               Woods
               of
               them
               about
               
                 Pisa
                 ,
                 Aquin
              
               ,
               and
               in
               divers
               tracts
               between
               Rome
               and
               the
               Kingdom
               of
               Naples
               .
               The
               
                 Spanish
                 Cork
              
               is
               a
               species
               of
               the
               Enzina
               ,
               differing
               chiefly
               in
               the
               
               Leaf
               ,
               which
               is
               not
               so
               prickly
               ;
               and
               in
               the
               bark
               ,
               which
               is
               frequently
               ,
               four
               or
               five
               inches
               thick
               :
               The
               manner
               of
               decortication
               whereof
               is
               once
               in
               two
               ,
               or
               three
               years
               to
               strip
               it
               in
               a
               dry
               season
               ;
               otherwise
               ,
               the
               intercutaneous
               moisture
               indangers
               the
               Tree
               ;
               when
               the
               bark
               is
               off
               ,
               they
               unwarp
               it
               before
               the
               fire
               ,
               and
               presse
               it
               even
               ,
               and
               that
               with
               weights
               upon
               the
               convex
               part
               ,
               and
               so
               it
               continues
               being
               cold
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               The
               uses
               of
               Cork
               is
               well
               known
               amongst
               us
               both
               at
               Sea
               and
               Land
               for
               its
               resisting
               both
               Water
               and
               Air
               :
               The
               Fisher-men
               who
               deal
               in
               Nets
               ,
               and
               all
               who
               deal
               with
               Liquors
               cannot
               be
               without
               it
               :
               Antient
               Persons
               prefer
               it
               before
               Leather
               for
               the
               soles
               of
               their
               Shooes
               ,
               being
               light
               ,
               dry
               ,
               and
               resisting
               moisture
               ,
               whence
               the
               Germans
               name
               it
               Pantoffel-holts
               (
               Slipper-wood
               )
               perhaps
               from
               the
               Greek
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               &
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               for
               I
               find
               it
               first
               applied
               to
               that
               purpose
               by
               the
               Grecian
               Ladies
               ,
               whence
               they
               were
               call'd
               light-footed
               ;
               I
               know
               not
               whether
               the
               Epithite
               do
               still
               belong
               to
               that
               Sex
               ;
               but
               from
               them
               its
               likely
               the
               Venetian
               Dames
               took
               it
               up
               for
               their
               monstrous
               Choppines
               ;
               affecting
               ,
               or
               usurping
               an
               artificial
               eminency
               above
               Men
               ,
               which
               Nature
               has
               denied
               them
               .
               Of
               one
               of
               the
               sorts
               of
               Cork
               are
               made
               pretty
               Cups
               ,
               and
               other
               Vessels
               ,
               esteem'd
               good
               to
               drink
               out
               of
               for
               Hectical
               persons
               :
               The
               Aegyptians
               made
               their
               Coffins
               of
               it
               ,
               which
               being
               lin'd
               with
               a
               r●sinous
               composition
               ,
               preserv'd
               their
               Dead
               incorrupt
               :
               The
               poor
               People
               in
               Spain
               lay
               broad
               Planks
               of
               it
               by
               their
               Beds-side
               ,
               to
               tread
               on
               (
               as
               great
               Persons
               use
               Turkie
               and
               Persian
               Carpets
               )
               to
               defend
               them
               from
               the
               floor
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               they
               line
               ,
               or
               Wainscot
               the
               Walls
               ,
               and
               inside
               of
               their
               Houses
               built
               of
               Stone
               ,
               with
               this
               Bark
               ,
               which
               renders
               them
               very
               warm
               ,
               and
               corrects
               the
               moisture
               of
               the
               Air
               :
               Also
               they
               employ
               it
               for
               Bee-Hives
               ,
               and
               to
               double
               the
               insides
               of
               their
               Contemplores
               ,
               and
               leather
               Cases
               wherein
               they
               put
               Flasquera's
               with
               Snow
               to
               refrigerate
               their
               Wine
               .
               This
               Tree
               has
               beneath
               the
               Cortex
               or
               Cork
               ,
               two
               other
               Coats
               ,
               or
               Libri
               ,
               of
               which
               one
               is
               reddish
               ,
               which
               they
               strip
               from
               the
               bole
               when
               't
               is
               fell'd
               onely
               ;
               and
               this
               bears
               good
               price
               with
               the
               Tanner
               :
               The
               rest
               of
               the
               wood
               is
               very
               good
               firing
               ,
               and
               applicable
               to
               many
               other
               uses
               of
               
                 Building
                 ;
                 Palisade
              
               work
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               
               3.
               
               
                 Ilex
                 major
                 glandifera
              
               or
               great
               
                 Scarlet
                 Oak
              
               ,
               thrives
               manifestly
               with
               us
               ;
               witnesse
               His
               Majesties
               
                 Privy
                 Garden
              
               at
               White-Hall
               ,
               where
               once
               flourish'd
               a
               goodly
               Tree
               of
               more
               than
               fourscore
               years
               growth
               ,
               though
               there
               be
               now
               but
               a
               sickly
               Impe
               of
               it
               remaining
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               By
               what
               I
               have
               touch'd
               in
               the
               Chapter
               of
               the
               Elms
               ,
               concerning
               the
               peregrination
               of
               that
               Tree
               into
               Spain
               (
               where
               even
               in
               Plinie's
               time
               there
               were
               none
               ,
               and
               where
               now
               they
               are
               in
               great
               abundance
               )
               why
               should
               we
               not
               more
               generally
               endeavour
               to
               propagate
               the
               Ilex
               amongst
               us
               ;
               I
               mean
               ,
               that
               Baccifera
               ,
               which
               the
               Spaniards
               call
               the
               Enzina
               ,
               and
               of
               which
               they
               have
               such
               Woods
               ,
               and
               profitable
               Plantations
               ?
               They
               are
               an
               hardy
               sort
               of
               Tree
               ,
               and
               familiarly
               rais'd
               from
               the
               Acorn
               ,
               if
               we
               could
               have
               them
               sound
               and
               well
               put
               up
               in
               Earth
               or
               Sand
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               found
               by
               experience
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               The
               wood
               of
               these
               Ilex's
               is
               serviceable
               for
               many
               uses
               ,
               as
               stocks
               
               of
               
                 Tools
                 ,
                 Mallet-heads
                 ,
                 Mall-balls
                 ,
                 Chairs
                 ,
                 Axeltrees
                 ,
                 Wedges
                 Beetles
                 ,
                 Pins
                 ,
              
               and
               above
               all
               for
               Palisadoes
               us'd
               in
               Fortifications
               .
               Besides
               ,
               it
               affords
               so
               good
               fuel
               ,
               that
               it
               supplies
               all
               Spain
               almost
               with
               the
               best
               and
               most
               lasting
               of
               Charcoales
               ,
               in
               vast
               abundance
               .
               Of
               the
               first
               kind
               is
               made
               the
               Paynten
               Lac
               extracted
               from
               the
               berries
               ;
               to
               speak
               nothing
               of
               that
               noble
               Confection
               Alkermes
               :
               The
               Acorns
               of
               the
               first
               yield
               excellent
               nourishment
               for
               Rustics
               ,
               sweet
               ,
               and
               little
               ,
               if
               at
               all
               ,
               inferiour
               to
               the
               Chesse-nut
               ;
               and
               this
               ,
               and
               not
               the
               Fagus
               ,
               was
               doubtlesse
               the
               true
               Esculas
               of
               the
               Antients
               ,
               the
               Food
               of
               the
               
                 Golden
                 Age.
              
               The
               wood
               of
               the
               Enzina
               when
               old
               ,
               is
               curiously
               chambletted
               ,
               and
               embroidered
               with
               Natural
               vermiculations
               as
               if
               it
               were
               painted
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               Alaternus
               ,
               
               which
               we
               have
               lately
               receiv'd
               from
               the
               hottest
               parts
               of
               Languedoc
               (
               and
               that
               is
               equal
               with
               the
               heat
               of
               almost
               any
               Countrey
               in
               Europe
               )
               thrives
               with
               us
               in
               England
               ,
               as
               if
               it
               were
               an
               Indigene
               and
               Natural
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               I
               have
               had
               the
               honour
               to
               be
               the
               first
               who
               brought
               it
               into
               Vse
               and
               reputation
               in
               this
               Kingdom
               for
               the
               most
               beautiful
               ,
               and
               useful
               of
               Hedges
               ,
               and
               Verdure
               in
               the
               vvorld
               (
               the
               swiftnesse
               of
               the
               growth
               consider'd
               )
               and
               propagated
               it
               from
               Cornwall
               even
               to
               Cumberland
               :
               The
               seed
               grovvs
               ripe
               vvith
               us
               in
               August
               ;
               and
               the
               hony-breathing
               blossomes
               ,
               afford
               an
               early
               ,
               and
               mervellous
               relief
               to
               the
               Bees
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               All
               the
               Phillyrea's
               are
               yet
               more
               hardy
               ;
               
               vvhich
               makes
               me
               vvonder
               to
               find
               the
               Angustifolia
               planted
               in
               Cases
               ,
               and
               so
               char●ly
               set
               into
               the
               Stoves
               ,
               amongst
               the
               Oranges
               and
               Lemmons
               ;
               vvhen
               by
               long
               experience
               ,
               I
               have
               found
               it
               equal
               our
               Holly
               in
               suffering
               the
               extreamest
               rigours
               of
               our
               cruellest
               Frosts
               ,
               and
               Winds
               ,
               vvhich
               is
               doubtlesse
               (
               of
               all
               our
               English
               Trees
               )
               the
               most
               insensible
               and
               stout
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               They
               are
               (
               both
               Alaternus
               and
               this
               )
               raised
               of
               the
               Seeds
               (
               though
               those
               of
               the
               Phillyrea
               vvill
               be
               long
               under
               ground
               )
               and
               being
               transplanted
               for
               Espalier
               hedges
               ,
               or
               Standards
               ,
               are
               to
               be
               govern'd
               by
               the
               Shears
               ,
               as
               oft
               as
               there
               is
               occasion
               :
               The
               Alaternus
               vvill
               be
               up
               in
               one
               Month
               after
               it
               is
               sovvn
               :
               Plant
               it
               out
               at
               tvvo
               years
               grovvth
               ,
               and
               clip
               it
               after
               rain
               in
               the
               Spring
               ,
               before
               it
               grovvs
               sticky
               ,
               and
               vvhiles
               the
               shoots
               are
               tender
               ;
               thus
               vvill
               it
               form
               an
               hedge
               (
               though
               planted
               but
               in
               single
               rows
               ,
               and
               at
               two
               foot
               distance
               )
               of
               a
               yard
               in
               thicknesse
               ,
               twenty
               foot
               high
               (
               if
               you
               desire
               it
               )
               and
               furnish'd
               to
               the
               bottom
               :
               But
               for
               an
               hedge
               of
               this
               altitude
               ,
               it
               would
               require
               the
               friendship
               of
               some
               Wall
               ,
               or
               a
               Frame
               of
               lusty
               Poles
               ,
               to
               secure
               against
               the
               Winds
               one
               of
               the
               most
               delicious
               objects
               in
               nature
               :
               But
               if
               we
               could
               have
               store
               of
               the
               
                 Phillyrea
                 folio
                 leviter
                 serrato
              
               (
               of
               which
               I
               have
               rais'd
               some
               very
               fine
               Plants
               from
               the
               Seeds
               )
               we
               might
               fear
               no
               weather
               ,
               and
               the
               verdure
               is
               incomparable
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               
               The
               Culture
               of
               the
               Granade
               (
               of
               which
               are
               three
               sorts
               )
               does
               little
               differ
               from
               that
               of
               the
               Alaternus
               ,
               of
               which
               we
               might
               raise
               considerable
               Hedges
               on
               all
               our
               Southern
               Aspects
               :
               They
               have
               supported
               that
               most
               unmerciful
               Winter
               in
               
                 sixty
                 three
              
               ,
               without
               any
               
               artifice
               ;
               and
               if
               they
               yield
               us
               their
               flowers
               for
               our
               pains
               of
               well
               pruning
               and
               Recision
               (
               for
               they
               must
               diligently
               be
               purged
               of
               their
               wood
               )
               it
               is
               a
               glorious
               recompence
               :
               I
               plant
               them
               in
               my
               Hedge-rows
               even
               amongst
               the
               Quick
               ;
               but
               to
               have
               them
               thrive
               ,
               you
               must
               loosen
               the
               Earth
               at
               Roots
               ,
               and
               inrich
               it
               both
               Spring
               and
               Autumn
               ,
               leaving
               but
               a
               few
               woody
               branches
               :
               There
               is
               no
               Tree
               so
               Adulterous
               as
               this
               Shrub
               ,
               and
               best
               by
               
                 Layers
                 Approach
              
               and
               Inarching
               ,
               as
               they
               call
               it
               ;
               and
               thence
               't
               is
               said
               to
               marry
               with
               
                 Lawrells
                 ,
                 Damson
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Almond
                 ,
                 Mulberry
                 ,
                 Citron
                 ,
              
               &c.
               too
               many
               (
               I
               fear
               )
               to
               hold
               :
               If
               you
               will
               plant
               them
               in
               Gardens
               to
               best
               advantage
               ,
               keep
               them
               to
               one
               Stem
               ,
               and
               inrich
               the
               mould
               with
               
                 Hogs
                 dung
              
               well
               consum'd
               ,
               which
               they
               greatly
               delight
               in
               .
            
             
               
               11.
               
               The
               vulgar
               Italian
               wild
               Myrtil
               (
               though
               not
               indeed
               the
               most
               fragrant
               )
               grows
               high
               ,
               and
               supports
               all
               weathers
               .
               I
               know
               of
               one
               near
               fifty
               years
               old
               ,
               which
               has
               been
               continually
               expos'd
               ;
               unlesse
               it
               be
               ,
               that
               in
               some
               exceeding
               sharp
               Seasons
               ,
               a
               little
               dry
               straw
               has
               been
               thrown
               upon
               it
               ;
               and
               where
               they
               are
               smitten
               ,
               being
               cut
               down
               near
               the
               ground
               ,
               they
               put
               forth
               and
               recover
               again
               ;
               which
               many
               times
               they
               do
               not
               in
               Pots
               ,
               and
               Cases
               ,
               where
               the
               Roots
               are
               very
               obnoxious
               to
               perish
               with
               mouldiness
               .
               The
               shelter
               of
               a
               few
               Mats
               ,
               and
               Straw
               ,
               secur'd
               very
               great
               Trees
               (
               both
               leaf
               and
               colour
               in
               perfection
               )
               this
               last
               Winter
               also
               ,
               which
               were
               planted
               abroad
               ;
               whiles
               those
               that
               were
               carried
               into
               the
               Conserve
               ,
               were
               most
               of
               them
               lost
               .
               Myrtils
               may
               be
               rais'd
               of
               Seeds
               ,
               but
               with
               great
               caution
               ;
               and
               they
               seldom
               prove
               hardy
               ,
               nor
               is
               it
               worth
               the
               time
               ,
               being
               so
               abundantly
               encreased
               of
               Layers
               .
            
             
               
               12.
               
               Lentiscus
               ,
               the
               Lentisc
               ,
               a
               very
               beautiful
               ever-green
               ,
               will
               thrive
               abroad
               with
               us
               ,
               with
               a
               little
               care
               and
               shelter
               ,
               amongst
               other
               expos'd
               Shrubs
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               propagated
               of
               Suckers
               and
               Layers
               ;
               and
               the
               like
               may
               be
               done
               by
               the
               Olive
               ,
               though
               it
               bear
               no
               other
               Fruit
               than
               the
               perennial
               verdure
               of
               the
               leaves
               :
               Of
               the
               Lentisc
               are
               made
               the
               best
               Tooth-pickers
               in
               the
               world
               ,
               and
               the
               Mastic
               ,
               or
               Gum
               is
               of
               excellent
               use
               ,
               especially
               for
               the
               Teeth
               and
               Gums
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               I
               might
               to
               these
               add
               
                 Lignum
                 vitae
              
               ,
               the
               
                 Aethiopic
                 Seseli
                 ,
                 Halimus
                 Latifolius
                 ,
                 Laurus
                 Tinus
                 ,
                 Celast●us
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               fittest
               for
               the
               Shrubby
               part
               and
               under-furniture
               of
               our
               ever
               green
               Groves
               ,
               and
               near
               our
               Gardens
               of
               Pleasure
               .
               But
            
             
               14.
               
               I
               produce
               not
               these
               particulars
               ,
               and
               other
               
                 amoena
                 vireta
              
               already
               mention'd
               ,
               as
               signifying
               any
               thing
               to
               Timber
               ,
               the
               main
               design
               of
               this
               Treatise
               (
               though
               I
               read
               of
               some
               Myrtils
               so
               tall
               ,
               as
               to
               make
               
                 Spear
                 shafts
              
               )
               but
               to
               exemplifie
               in
               what
               may
               be
               farther
               added
               to
               Ornament
               and
               Pleasure
               ,
               by
               a
               cheap
               ,
               and
               most
               agreeable
               industry
               .
               The
               Berries
               of
               Myrtil
               were
               us'd
               of
               old
               in
               stead
               of
               Peper
               .
            
             
               
               15.
               
               The
               common
               white
               and
               
                 yellow
                 Jasmine
              
               would
               flower
               plentifully
               in
               our
               Woods
               ,
               and
               as
               hardy
               as
               any
               of
               the
               Periclimena
               :
               How
               it
               is
               propagated
               by
               submersion
               ,
               or
               layers
               ,
               every
               Gard'ner
               skills
               ;
               and
               if
               it
               were
               as
               much
               imploy'd
               for
               
                 Nose
                 gays
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               with
               us
               ,
               as
               it
               is
               in
               France
               and
               Italy
               ,
               they
               might
               make
               money
               enough
               of
               the
               Flowers
               :
               One
               sorry
               Tree
               in
               Paris
               ,
               where
               they
               abound
               ,
               has
               been
               worth
               to
               a
               poor
               Woman
               near
               twenty
               shillings
               in
               a
               year
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XXVI
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
              
               Acacia
               ,
               Arbutus
               ,
               Bays
               ,
               Box
               ,
               Yew
               ,
               Holly
               ,
               Juniper
               ,
               and
               Laurel-trees
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               THe
               French
               have
               lately
               brought
               in
               the
               
                 Virginian
                 Acacia
              
               ,
               
               which
               exceedingly
               adorns
               their
               Walks
               :
               The
               Tree
               is
               hardy
               against
               all
               the
               invasions
               of
               our
               sharpest
               seasons
               ,
               but
               our
               high
               Winds
               ;
               which
               by
               reason
               of
               its
               brittle
               nature
               it
               does
               not
               so
               well
               resist
               ;
               and
               the
               Roots
               (
               which
               insinuate
               and
               run
               like
               liquorize
               under
               ground
               )
               are
               apt
               to
               emaciate
               the
               Soil
               ,
               and
               therefore
               haply
               not
               so
               commendable
               in
               our
               Gardens
               ,
               as
               they
               would
               be
               agreeable
               for
               variety
               of
               Walks
               and
               shade
               :
               They
               thrive
               well
               in
               his
               Majesties
               new
               Plantation
               in
               St.
               
               James's
               Park
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               But
               why
               do
               we
               thus
               neglect
               the
               Arbutus
               ,
               
               and
               make
               that
               such
               a
               rarity
               ,
               which
               grows
               so
               common
               ,
               and
               so
               naturally
               in
               Ireland
               ?
               It
               is
               indeed
               with
               some
               difficulty
               rais'd
               from
               the
               Seeds
               ;
               but
               it
               may
               be
               propagated
               from
               the
               Layers
               ,
               grows
               to
               a
               goodly
               Tree
               ;
               is
               patient
               of
               our
               severest
               Weather
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               contriv'd
               into
               most
               beautiful
               
                 Hedges
                 :
                 Virgil
              
               reports
               it
               will
               inoculate
               with
               the
               Nut
               ;
               and
               I
               find
               Bauhinus
               commends
               the
               Coals
               for
               Gold-smiths
               works
               ,
               and
               the
               Poet
               
                 
                   Arbutean
                   Harrows
                   and
                   the
                   mystic
                   Van.
                
                 
                   
                     Arbuteae
                     crates
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     mystica
                     Vannus
                     Jacchi
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   1.
                   
                
              
            
             
               3.
               
               Bays
               are
               encreas'd
               both
               of
               their
               Suckers
               ,
               and
               Seeds
               ,
               
               which
               should
               be
               dropping-ripe
               ere
               gather'd
               :
               Pliny
               has
               a
               particular
               process
               for
               the
               ordering
               of
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               not
               to
               be
               rejected
               :
               Which
               is
               ,
               the
               gathering
               the
               Berries
               ,
               in
               January
               ,
               and
               spreading
               them
               till
               their
               sweat
               be
               over
               ;
               then
               he
               puts
               them
               in
               dung
               and
               sows
               them
               :
               As
               for
               the
               steeping
               in
               
                 Wine
                 ,
                 Water
              
               does
               altogether
               as
               well
               ;
               others
               wash
               the
               seeds
               ,
               from
               their
               mucilage
               ,
               by
               breaking
               and
               bruising
               the
               glutinous
               berries
               ;
               then
               sow
               them
               in
               March
               by
               scores
               in
               a
               heap
               ;
               and
               indeed
               so
               they
               will
               come
               up
               in
               clusters
               ,
               but
               nothing
               so
               well
               ,
               nor
               fit
               for
               transplantation
               ,
               as
               where
               they
               are
               interr'd
               with
               a
               competent
               scattering
               ,
               so
               as
               you
               would
               furrow
               Pease
               :
               Both
               this
               way
               ,
               and
               by
               setting
               them
               apart
               (
               which
               I
               most
               commend
               )
               I
               have
               rais'd
               multitudes
               ,
               and
               that
               in
               the
               Berries
               without
               any
               farther
               preparation
               ;
               onely
               for
               the
               first
               two
               years
               they
               would
               be
               defended
               from
               the
               piercing
               winds
               which
               frequently
               destroy
               them
               ;
               and
               yet
               the
               scorching
               of
               their
               tender
               leaves
               ought
               not
               make
               you
               despair
               ,
               for
               many
               of
               them
               will
               recover
               beyond
               expectation
               .
            
             
             
               4.
               
               This
               aromatic
               Tree
               greatly
               loves
               the
               Shade
               ,
               yet
               thrives
               best
               in
               our
               hottest
               gravel
               ,
               having
               once
               pass'd
               those
               first
               difficulties
               :
               Age
               and
               Culture
               about
               the
               Roots
               wonderfully
               augment
               its
               growth
               ;
               so
               as
               I
               have
               seen
               Trees
               near
               thirty
               foot
               high
               of
               them
               ;
               and
               almost
               two
               foot
               diameter
               .
               They
               are
               fit
               also
               both
               for
               Arbour
               and
               Palisade-work
               ,
               so
               the
               Gard'ner
               understand
               when
               to
               prune
               ,
               and
               keep
               it
               from
               growing
               two
               woody
               .
            
             
               
               5.
               
               The
               Box
               which
               we
               begin
               to
               proscribe
               our
               Gardens
               (
               and
               indeed
               Bees
               are
               no
               friend
               to
               it
               )
               should
               not
               yet
               be
               banish'd
               from
               our
               care
               ;
               because
               the
               excellency
               of
               the
               wood
               does
               commute
               for
               the
               unagreeablenesse
               of
               its
               smell
               :
               therefore
               let
               us
               furnish
               our
               cold
               ,
               and
               barren
               Hills
               ,
               and
               declivities
               with
               this
               useful
               Shrub
               ,
               I
               mean
               the
               taller
               sort
               ,
               for
               I
               meddle
               not
               here
               with
               the
               dwarf
               and
               more
               tonsile
               ;
               It
               will
               increase
               abundantly
               of
               slips
               set
               in
               March.
               
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               
                 Turner
                 ,
                 Ingraver
                 ,
                 Carver
                 ,
                 Mathematical-Instrument
                 ,
                 Comb
              
               and
               
                 Pipe-makers
                 (
                 Si
                 buxos
                 inflare
                 juvat
              
               —
               Virg.
               )
               give
               great
               prizes
               for
               it
               by
               weight
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               measure
               ;
               and
               by
               the
               seasoning
               ,
               and
               divers
               manner
               of
               cutting
               ,
               vigorous
               
                 insolations
                 ,
                 politure
              
               and
               grinding
               ,
               the
               Roots
               of
               this
               Tree
               (
               as
               of
               even
               our
               common
               and
               neglected
               Thorne
               )
               do
               furnish
               the
               Inlayer
               and
               Cabinet-makers
               with
               pieces
               rarely
               undulated
               ,
               and
               full
               of
               variety
               .
               Also
               of
               Box
               are
               made
               Wheels
               or
               Shivers
               (
               as
               our
               Ship-Carpenters
               call
               them
               )
               and
               Pinns
               for
               Blocks
               and
               
                 Pullies
                 ;
                 Pegs
              
               for
               
                 Musical
                 Instruments
                 ,
                 Nut-crackers
                 ,
                 VVeavers
                 Shuttles
                 ,
                 Hollar-sticks
                 ,
                 Bump-sticks
                 ,
              
               and
               Dressers
               for
               the
               
                 Shooe-maker
                 ,
                 Rulers
                 ,
                 Rolling-pins
                 ,
                 Pestles
                 ,
                 Mall-balls
                 ,
                 Beetles
                 ,
                 Topps
                 ,
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Chess-men
                 ,
                 Skrews
              
               male
               and
               female
               ,
               Bobins
               for
               
                 Bone-lace
                 ,
                 Spoons
              
               ,
               nay
               the
               stoutest
               Axle-trees
               ;
               but
               above
               all
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   Box-Combs
                   bear
                   no
                   small
                   part
                
                 
                   In
                   the
                   Militia
                   of
                   the
                   
                     Female
                     Art
                  
                   ;
                
                 
                   They
                   tye
                   the
                   Links
                   which
                   hold
                   our
                   Gallants
                   fast
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   spread
                   the
                   Nets
                   to
                   which
                   fond
                   Lovers
                   hast
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Non
                     ultima
                     belli
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Arma
                     Puellaris
                     ;
                     Laqu●os
                     haec
                     nectit
                     Amantûm
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     venatricis
                     disponit
                     retia
                     Formae
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Couleii
                   
                     Pl.
                     l.
                  
                   6
                   
                
              
            
             
               7.
               
               The
               Chymical
               oyl
               of
               this
               wood
               has
               done
               the
               feats
               of
               the
               best
               Guajacum
               (
               though
               in
               greater
               quantity
               )
               for
               the
               Cure
               of
               Venereal
               Diseases
               ,
               as
               one
               of
               the
               most
               expert
               Physicians
               in
               Europe
               has
               confess'd
               .
            
             
               
               8.
               
               Since
               the
               use
               of
               Bows
               is
               laid
               aside
               amongst
               us
               ,
               the
               propagation
               of
               the
               Eugh-tree
               (
               of
               which
               we
               have
               two
               sorts
               ,
               and
               other
               places
               reckon
               more
               ,
               as
               the
               Arcadian
               black
               ,
               and
               red
               ;
               the
               yellow
               of
               Ida
               ,
               infinitely
               esteem'd
               of
               old
               )
               is
               likewise
               quite
               forborn
               ;
               but
               the
               neglect
               of
               it
               is
               to
               be
               deplor'd
               ;
               seeing
               that
               (
               besides
               the
               rarity
               of
               it
               in
               Italy
               ,
               and
               France
               ,
               where
               but
               little
               of
               it
               grows
               )
               the
               barrenest
               grounds
               ,
               and
               coldest
               of
               our
               Mountains
               (
               for
            
             
               
                 —
                 Aquilonem
                 &
                 frigora
                 taxi
              
               )
               might
               be
               profitably
               replenish'd
               with
               them
               :
               I
               say
               ,
               profitably
               ,
               for
               ,
               besides
               the
               use
               of
               the
               wood
               for
               Bows
            
             
               
                 —
                 Ityraeos
                 taxi
                 torquentur
                 in
                 arcus
                 .
              
               (
               for
               which
               the
               close
               ,
               and
               more
               deeply
               dy'd
               is
               best
               .
               )
               The
               foremention'd
               Artists
               
               in
               Box
               most
               gladly
               imploy
               it
               :
               And
               for
               the
               Cogs
               of
               
                 Mills
                 ,
                 Posts
              
               to
               be
               set
               in
               moist
               grounds
               ,
               and
               everlasting
               Axle-trees
               ,
               there
               is
               none
               to
               be
               compar'd
               with
               it
               ;
               likewise
               for
               the
               bodies
               of
               
                 Lutes
                 ,
                 Theorbas
                 ,
                 Bowles
                 ,
                 VVheels
                 ,
              
               and
               Pinns
               for
               Pullys
               ;
               yea
               ,
               and
               for
               Tankards
               to
               drink
               out
               of
               ;
               whatever
               Pliny
               report
               concerning
               its
               Shade
               ,
               and
               the
               stories
               of
               the
               Air
               about
               Thasus
               ,
               the
               Fate
               of
               Cativulcus
               mention'd
               by
               Caesar
               ,
               and
               the
               ill
               report
               which
               the
               Fruit
               has
               vulgarly
               obtain'd
               in
               
                 France
                 ,
                 Spain
              
               ,
               and
               Arcadia
               ;
               But
               ,
               
                 
                   How
                   are
                   poor
                   Trees
                   abus'd
                   !
                
                 
                   
                     Quàm
                     multa
                     Arborihus
                     tribuuntur
                     crimina
                     falsa
                     !
                  
                
              
            
             
               9.
               
               The
               Toxic
               quality
               was
               certainly
               in
               the
               Liquor
               which
               those
               good
               Fellows
               tippl'd
               out
               of
               those
               Bottles
               ,
               not
               in
               the
               nature
               of
               the
               wood
               ;
               which
               yet
               he
               affirms
               is
               cur'd
               of
               that
               Venenous
               quality
               ,
               by
               driving
               a
               brazen-wedge
               into
               the
               Body
               of
               it
               :
               This
               I
               have
               never
               tri'd
               ,
               but
               that
               of
               the
               Shade
               and
               Fruit
               I
               have
               frequently
               ,
               without
               any
               deadly
               ,
               or
               noxious
               effects
               :
               so
               that
               I
               am
               of
               opinion
               that
               Tree
               which
               Sestius
               calls
               Smilax
               ,
               and
               our
               Historian
               thinks
               to
               be
               our
               Eugh
               ,
               was
               some
               other
               wood
               ;
               and
               yet
               I
               acknowledge
               that
               it
               is
               esteem'd
               noxious
               to
               Cattel
               ,
               when
               't
               is
               in
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               or
               newly
               sprouting
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               This
               Tree
               is
               easily
               produc'd
               of
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               wash'd
               and
               cleans'd
               from
               their
               mucilage
               ;
               and
               buried
               in
               the
               ground
               like
               Haws
               ;
               It
               will
               commonly
               be
               the
               second
               VVinter
               ere
               they
               peep
               ,
               and
               then
               they
               rise
               with
               their
               caps
               on
               their
               heads
               :
               Being
               three
               years
               old
               you
               may
               transplant
               them
               ,
               and
               form
               them
               into
               
                 Standards
                 ,
                 Knobs
                 ,
                 VValks
                 ,
                 Hedges
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               in
               all
               which
               works
               they
               succeed
               marvellous
               well
               ,
               and
               are
               worth
               our
               patience
               for
               their
               
                 perennial
                 verdure
              
               ,
               and
               durablenesse
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               He
               that
               in
               winter
               should
               behold
               some
               of
               our
               highest
               Hills
               in
               Surrey
               clad
               with
               whole
               Woods
               of
               these
               two
               last
               sort
               of
               Trees
               ,
               for
               divers
               Miles
               in
               circuit
               (
               as
               in
               those
               delicious
               Groves
               of
               them
               ,
               belonging
               to
               the
               Honourable
               ,
               my
               noble
               Friend
               Sir
               
                 Adam
                 Brown
              
               of
               Bech-worth-Castle
               ,
               from
               Box-hill
               ,
               and
               neer
               our
               famous
               Mole
               or
               Swallow
               )
               might
               without
               the
               least
               violence
               to
               his
               Imagination
               ,
               easily
               phansie
               himself
               transported
               into
               some
               new
               or
               enchanted
               Country
               ;
               for
               ,
               if
               any
               spot
               of
               England
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   'T
                   is
                   here
                
                 
                   Eternall
                   Spring
                   ,
                   and
                   Summer
                   all
                   the
                   year
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Hîc
                     ver
                     perpetuum
                     ,
                     atque
                     alienis
                     mensibus
                     aestas
                     .
                  
                
              
            
             
               12.
               
               But
               ,
               
               above
               all
               the
               natural
               Greens
               which
               inrich
               our
               home-born
               store
               ,
               there
               is
               none
               certainly
               to
               be
               compar'd
               to
               the
               Agrifolium
               ,
               or
               Acuifolium
               rather
               ,
               our
               Holly
               ,
               insomuch
               as
               I
               have
               often
               wonder'd
               at
               our
               curiosity
               after
               forreign
               Plants
               ,
               and
               expensive
               difficulties
               ,
               to
               the
               neglect
               of
               the
               culture
               of
               this
               vulgar
               ,
               but
               incomparable
               tree
               ;
               whether
               we
               will
               propagate
               it
               for
               Vse
               ,
               and
               Defence
               ,
               or
               for
               sight
               and
               Ornament
               .
            
             
               
                 A
                 Hedge
                 of
                 Holly
                 ,
                 Thieves
                 that
                 would
                 invade
                 ,
              
               
                 Repulses
                 like
                 a
                 growing
                 Palizade
                 ;
              
               
                 Whose
                 numerous
                 leaves
                 such
                 
                   Orient
                   Greens
                
                 invest
              
               
                 As
                 in
                 deep
                 Winter
                 do
                 the
                 Spring
                 a
                 rest
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   —
                   Mala
                   furta
                   hominum
                   densis
                   mucronibus
                   axcens
                
              
               
                 
                   Securum
                   defendit
                   in
                   expugnabilis
                   Hortûm
                   ▪
                
              
               
                 
                   Exornátque
                   simul
                   ,
                   toto
                   spectabilis
                   anno
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Et
                   numero
                
                 &
                 
                   viridifoliorum
                   luce
                   nitentum
                
                 .
              
               
                 Couleii
                 Pl.
                 l.
                 6.
                 
              
            
             
             
               13.
               
               Is
               there
               under
               Heaven
               a
               more
               glorious
               and
               refreshing
               object
               of
               the
               kind
               ,
               than
               an
               impregnable
               Hedge
               of
               
                 one
                 hundred
              
               and
               
                 sixty
                 foot
              
               in
               
                 length
                 ,
                 seven
              
               foot
               high
               ,
               and
               five
               in
               diameter
               ,
               which
               I
               can
               shew
               in
               my
               poor
               Gardens
               at
               any
               time
               of
               the
               year
               ,
               glitt'ring
               with
               its
               arm'd
               and
               vernish'd
               leaves
               ?
               the
               taller
               Standards
               at
               orderly
               distances
               blushing
               with
               their
               natural
               Coral
               :
               It
               mocks
               at
               the
               rudest
               assaults
               of
               the
               
                 Weather
                 ,
                 Beasts
              
               ,
               or
               Hedge-breakers
               ,
               
                 
                   Et
                   illum
                   nemo
                   impunè
                   lacessit
                
                 .
              
               It
               is
               with
               us
               of
               two
               eminent
               kinds
               ,
               the
               prickly
               ,
               and
               
                 smoother
                 leav'd
              
               ,
               or
               as
               some
               term
               it
               ,
               the
               Free-holly
               ,
               not
               unwelcome
               when
               tender
               ,
               to
               Sheep
               ,
               and
               other
               Cattel
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               I
               have
               already
               shew'd
               how
               it
               is
               to
               be
               rais'd
               of
               the
               Berries
               (
               of
               which
               there
               is
               a
               sort
               bears
               them
               yellow
               )
               when
               they
               are
               ready
               to
               drop
               ,
               this
               onely
               omitted
               ,
               that
               they
               would
               first
               be
               freed
               from
               their
               tenacious
               and
               glutinous
               Mucilage
               by
               being
               wash'd
               ,
               and
               a
               little
               bruised
               ,
               then
               dry'd
               with
               a
               Cloth
               ;
               or
               else
               bury
               them
               as
               you
               do
               Hipps
               ;
               and
               let
               our
               Forester
               receive
               this
               for
               no
               common
               secret
               ,
               and
               take
               notice
               of
               the
               effect
               :
               Remove
               them
               also
               after
               three
               or
               four
               years
               ;
               but
               if
               you
               plant
               the
               Sets
               (
               which
               is
               likewise
               a
               commendable
               way
               ,
               and
               the
               Woods
               will
               furnish
               enough
               )
               place
               'em
               Northwards
               ,
               as
               they
               do
               Quick.
               Of
               this
               might
               there
               living
               Pales
               and
               Enclosures
               be
               made
               (
               such
               as
               the
               Right
               Honourable
               my
               Lord
               Dacres
               ,
               somewhere
               in
               Sussex
               ,
               has
               a
               Park
               almost
               environ'd
               with
               ,
               able
               to
               keep
               in
               any
               Game
               ,
               as
               I
               am
               credibly
               inform'd
               )
               and
               cut
               into
               
                 square
                 Hedges
              
               ,
               it
               becomes
               impenetrable
               ,
               and
               will
               thrive
               in
               hottest
               as
               well
               as
               the
               coldest
               places
               .
               I
               take
               thousands
               of
               them
               four
               inches
               long
               out
               of
               the
               Woods
               (
               amongst
               the
               fall'n
               leaves
               whereof
               ,
               they
               sow
               themselves
               )
               and
               so
               Plant
               them
               ;
               but
               this
               should
               be
               before
               the
               Cattel
               begin
               to
               crop
               them
               ,
               especially
               Sheep
               ,
               who
               are
               greedy
               of
               them
               when
               tender
               :
               Stick
               them
               into
               the
               ground
               in
               a
               moist
               season
               ,
               Spring
               ,
               or
               Autumn
               ;
               especially
               the
               Spring
               ,
               shaded
               (
               if
               it
               prove
               too
               hot
               and
               scorching
               )
               till
               they
               begin
               to
               shoot
               of
               themselves
               ,
               and
               in
               very
               sharp
               Weather
               ,
               and
               during
               our
               
                 Eastern
                 Etesians
              
               ,
               cover'd
               with
               
                 dry
                 straw
              
               or
               Haume
               ;
               and
               if
               any
               of
               them
               seem
               to
               perish
               ,
               cut
               it
               close
               ,
               and
               you
               shall
               soon
               see
               it
               revive
               .
               The
               lustyer
               and
               bigger
               the
               Sets
               are
               ,
               the
               better
               ,
               and
               if
               you
               can
               procure
               such
               as
               are
               a
               Thumbs-breadth
               thick
               ,
               they
               will
               soon
               furnish
               into
               an
               Hedge
               .
               At
               Denge-nesse
               in
               Kent
               they
               grow
               naturally
               amongst
               the
               very
               beach
               and
               pibbles
               :
               And
               this
               rare
               Hedge
               ,
               the
               boast
               of
               my
               Villa
               ,
               was
               planted
               upon
               a
               burning
               Gravel
               ,
               expos'd
               to
               the
               meridian
               Sun.
               
            
             
               15.
               
               True
               it
               is
               ,
               that
               time
               must
               bring
               this
               Tree
               to
               perfection
               ;
               it
               does
               so
               to
               all
               things
               else
               ,
               
                 &
                 posteritati
                 pangimus
              
               .
               But
               what
               if
               a
               little
               culture
               about
               the
               Roots
               (
               not
               dunging
               ,
               which
               it
               abhors
               )
               and
               frequent
               stirring
               of
               the
               mould
               doubles
               its
               growth
               ?
               We
               stay
               
                 seven
                 years
              
               for
               a
               tolerable
               Quick
               ,
               it
               is
               worth
               staying
               it
               thrice
               for
               this
               ,
               which
               has
               no
               Competitor
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               And
               yet
               there
               is
               an
               expedient
               to
               effect
               it
               more
               insensibly
               ,
               by
               
               planting
               it
               with
               the
               Quick
               :
               Let
               every
               fift
               or
               sixt
               be
               an
               Holly-set
               ,
               they
               will
               grow
               up
               infallibly
               with
               your
               Quick
               ,
               and
               as
               they
               begin
               to
               spread
               ,
               make
               way
               for
               them
               ,
               by
               extirpating
               the
               White-thorn
               ,
               till
               they
               quite
               domineer
               :
               Thus
               was
               my
               Hedge
               first
               Planted
               ,
               without
               the
               least
               interruption
               to
               the
               Fence
               ,
               by
               a
               most
               pleasant
               Metamorphosis
               .
               But
               there
               is
               also
               another
               ,
               not
               lesse
               applauded
               ,
               by
               laying
               along
               of
               well
               rooted
               Sets
               (
               a
               yard
               or
               more
               in
               length
               )
               and
               stripping
               off
               the
               leaves
               and
               branches
               :
               these
               cover'd
               with
               a
               competent
               depth
               of
               earth
               ,
               will
               send
               forth
               innumerable
               Suckers
               ,
               which
               will
               suddenly
               advance
               into
               an
               Hedge
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               The
               Timber
               of
               the
               Holly
               (
               besides
               that
               it
               is
               the
               Whitest
               of
               all
               hard
               woods
               ,
               and
               therefore
               us'd
               by
               the
               In-layer
               ,
               especially
               ,
               under
               thin
               plates
               of
               Ivory
               to
               render
               it
               more
               conspicuous
               )
               is
               for
               all
               sturdy
               uses
               ;
               the
               
                 Mill-Wright
                 ,
                 Turner
              
               and
               Engraver
               prefer
               it
               to
               any
               other
               :
               It
               makes
               the
               best
               handles
               ,
               and
               stocks
               for
               
                 Tools
                 ,
                 Flayles
                 ,
                 Riding-rods
              
               the
               best
               ,
               and
               
                 Carters
                 whips
                 ;
                 Bowles
                 ,
                 Shivers
                 ,
              
               and
               pins
               for
               Blocks
               ;
               Also
               it
               excels
               for
               Dore-bars
               and
               bolts
               ;
               and
               as
               of
               the
               Elme
               ,
               so
               of
               this
               especially
               ,
               they
               made
               even
               hinges
               and
               hooks
               to
               serve
               instead
               of
               Iron
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               Bark
               is
               compos'd
               our
               Bird-lime
               .
            
             
               18.
               
               Pill
               a
               good
               quantity
               of
               the
               Bark
               about
               Midsommer
               ,
               fill
               a
               Vessel
               with
               it
               ,
               and
               put
               to
               it
               Spring-water
               ;
               then
               boyle
               it
               ,
               'till
               the
               grey
               and
               
                 white
                 bark
              
               rise
               from
               the
               green
               ,
               which
               will
               require
               neer
               12
               hours
               boyling
               ;
               then
               taking
               it
               off
               the
               fire
               ,
               separate
               the
               barks
               ,
               the
               water
               first
               well
               drained
               from
               it
               :
               Then
               lay
               the
               
                 green
                 bark
              
               on
               the
               Earth
               in
               some
               coole
               Vault
               or
               Cellar
               ,
               covering
               it
               with
               any
               sort
               of
               green
               and
               rank
               weeds
               ,
               such
               as
               
                 Dock
                 ,
                 Thistles
                 ,
                 Hemlock
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               to
               a
               good
               thickness
               :
               Thus
               let
               it
               continue
               neer
               a
               fort-night
               ,
               by
               which
               time
               't
               will
               become
               a
               perfect
               mucilage
               :
               then
               pound
               it
               all
               exceedingly
               in
               a
               stone
               mortar
               'till
               it
               be
               a
               tough
               past
               ,
               and
               so
               very
               fine
               ,
               as
               no
               part
               of
               the
               bark
               be
               discernable
               :
               This
               done
               ,
               wash
               it
               accurately
               well
               in
               some
               running
               stream
               of
               Water
               ,
               as
               long
               as
               you
               perceive
               the
               least
               ordure
               or
               motes
               in
               it
               ,
               and
               so
               reserve
               it
               in
               some
               earthen
               pot
               to
               purge
               and
               ferment
               ,
               scuming
               it
               as
               often
               as
               any
               thing
               arises
               for
               four
               or
               five
               days
               ,
               and
               when
               no
               more
               filth
               comes
               ,
               change
               it
               into
               a
               fresh
               Vessel
               of
               earth
               ,
               and
               reserve
               it
               for
               use
               ,
               Thus
               :
               Take
               what
               quantity
               you
               please
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               in
               an
               earthen
               pipkin
               add
               a
               third
               part
               of
               Capons
               or
               Goose-grease
               to
               it
               ,
               well
               clarified
               ;
               or
               Oyle
               of
               Walnuts
               which
               is
               better
               :
               Incorporate
               these
               on
               a
               gentle
               fire
               ,
               continually
               stirring
               it
               'till
               it
               be
               cold
               ,
               and
               thus
               your
               Composition
               is
               finish'd
               .
               But
               to
               prevent
               Frosts
               (
               which
               in
               severe
               weather
               will
               sometimes
               invade
               it
               on
               the
               Rods
               )
               take
               a
               quarter
               of
               as
               much
               Oyle
               of
               Petrolium
               as
               you
               do
               of
               Grease
               ,
               and
               no
               cold
               whatever
               will
               congeale
               it
               .
               The
               Italians
               make
               their
               Vischio
               of
               the
               Berries
               of
               the
               Misselto
               of
               Trees
               ,
               treated
               much
               after
               the
               same
               manner
               ,
               but
               then
               they
               mix
               it
               with
               Nut-Oyle
               an
               ounce
               to
               a
               pound
               of
               Lime
               ,
               and
               taking
               it
               from
               the
               fire
               ,
               add
               half
               an
               ounce
               of
               Terpentine
               which
               qualifies
               it
               also
               for
               the
               Water
               .
               Great
               quantities
               of
               Bird-lime
               is
               brought
               to
               us
               out
               of
               Turky
               ,
               and
               from
               Damascus
               ,
               which
               some
               conceive
               to
               be
               made
               of
               Sebestens
               ,
               finding
               sometimes
               the
               kernels
               :
               This
               lime
               is
               of
               a
               greener
               colour
               ,
               subject
               to
               Frosts
               ,
               and
               impatient
               of
               Wet
               ,
               nor
               
               will
               last
               above
               a
               year
               or
               two
               good
               :
               Another
               sort
               comes
               also
               out
               of
               Syria
               of
               a
               yellow
               hue
               ;
               Likewise
               from
               Spain
               ,
               whiter
               than
               the
               rest
               ,
               will
               resist
               the
               water
               ,
               but
               is
               of
               an
               ill
               sent
               .
               I
               have
               been
               told
               that
               the
               Cortex
               of
               our
               Lantona
               or
               Wayfaring
               shrub
               ,
               will
               make
               as
               good
               Bird-lime
               as
               the
               best
               .
               But
               ,
               let
               these
               suffice
               ,
               being
               more
               than
               as
               yet
               ,
               any
               one
               has
               publish'd
               .
               The
               superiour
               Leaves
               of
               
                 Holly
                 Trees
              
               dry'd
               to
               a
               fine
               powder
               ,
               and
               drunk
               in
               White-wine
               is
               prevalent
               against
               the
               Stone
               ,
               and
               cures
               Fluxes
               ;
               and
               a
               dozen
               of
               the
               mature
               Berries
               being
               swallow'd
               ,
               purge
               Phlegme
               without
               danger
               .
            
             
               
               19.
               
               Of
               Juniper
               we
               have
               
                 three
                 sorts
              
               ,
               (
               Male
               ,
               Female
               ,
               Dwarf
               )
               whereof
               one
               is
               much
               taller
               ,
               and
               more
               fit
               for
               Improvement
               :
               The
               wood
               is
               yellow
               ,
               and
               sweet
               as
               Cedar
               ,
               whereof
               it
               is
               accounted
               a
               spurious
               kind
               .
            
             
               20.
               
               I
               have
               rais'd
               them
               abundantly
               of
               their
               seeds
               (
               neither
               watring
               nor
               dunging
               the
               soile
               )
               which
               in
               two
               moneths
               will
               peep
               ,
               and
               being
               govern'd
               like
               the
               Cypress
               ,
               apt
               for
               all
               the
               employments
               of
               that
               beautiful
               Tree
               :
               To
               make
               it
               grow
               
                 tall
                 ,
                 prune
              
               and
               clense
               it
               to
               the
               very
               stem
               ,
               the
               male
               best
               .
               The
               discreet
               loosening
               of
               the
               Earth
               about
               the
               Roots
               also
               makes
               it
               strangely
               to
               prevent
               your
               expectations
               by
               suddenly
               spreading
               into
               a
               bush
               fit
               for
               a
               thousand
               pretty
               Employments
               ;
               for
               coming
               to
               be
               much
               unlike
               that
               which
               grows
               wild
               ,
               and
               is
               subject
               to
               the
               treading
               and
               cropping
               of
               
                 Cattle
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               it
               may
               be
               form'd
               into
               most
               beautiful
               and
               useful
               Hedges
               :
               My
               Brother
               having
               cut
               out
               of
               one
               onely
               Tree
               an
               Arbour
               capable
               for
               three
               to
               sit
               in
               :
               It
               was
               at
               my
               last
               measuring
               seven
               foot
               square
               ,
               and
               eleven
               in
               height
               ;
               and
               would
               certainly
               have
               been
               of
               a
               much
               greater
               altitude
               and
               farther
               spreading
               ,
               were
               it
               not
               continually
               kept
               shorn
               :
               But
               what
               is
               most
               considerable
               is
               the
               little
               time
               since
               it
               was
               planted
               ,
               being
               yet
               hardly
               
                 ten
                 years
              
               ,
               and
               then
               it
               was
               brought
               out
               of
               the
               Common
               a
               slender
               Bush
               of
               about
               
                 two
                 foot
              
               high
               :
               But
               I
               have
               experimented
               a
               proportionable
               improvement
               in
               my
               own
               Garden
               ,
               where
               I
               do
               mingle
               them
               with
               Cypresse
               ,
               and
               they
               perfectly
               become
               their
               stations
               .
               I
               wonder
               Virgil
               should
               condemn
               its
               shadow
               ,
               I
               suspect
               him
               mis-reported
               :
               For
               ,
            
             
               21.
               
               The
               Berries
               afford
               (
               besides
               a
               tolerable
               Pepper
               )
               one
               of
               the
               most
               universal
               Remedies
               in
               the
               world
               to
               our
               crazy
               Forrester
               ;
               The
               Berry
               swallow'd
               onely
               ,
               instantly
               appeaseth
               the
               Wind-Collique
               ,
               and
               in
               decoction
               most
               soveraign
               against
               an
               inveterate
               Cough
               :
               They
               are
               of
               rare
               effect
               being
               steeped
               in
               Beer
               .
               The
               Water
               is
               a
               most
               singular
               specifique
               against
               the
               Gravel
               in
               the
               Reins
               ;
               But
               all
               is
               comprehended
               in
               the
               virtue
               of
               the
               Theriacle
               or
               Electuary
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               often
               made
               for
               my
               poor
               Neighbours
               ,
               and
               may
               well
               be
               term'd
               the
               
                 Forresters
                 Panaäea
              
               against
               the
               
                 Stone
                 ,
                 Rheume
                 ,
                 Ptisic
                 ,
                 Dropsie
                 ,
                 Jaundies
                 ,
              
               inward
               Impostumes
               ,
               nay
               ,
               
                 Palsie
                 ,
                 Goute
              
               and
               Plague
               it self
               taken
               like
               Venice-Treacle
               .
               Of
               the
               extracted
               Oyle
               (
               with
               that
               of
               Nuts
               )
               is
               made
               an
               excellent
               good
               Vernish
               for
               Pictures
               ,
               for
               Wood-work
               and
               to
               preserve
               
                 polish'd
                 Iron
              
               from
               the
               rust
               .
               The
               Gum
               is
               good
               to
               rub
               on
               parchment
               to
               make
               it
               bear
               Ink
               ,
               and
               the
               Coals
               ,
               which
               are
               made
               of
               the
               Wood
               ,
               endure
               the
               longest
               of
               any
               .
               See
               Saint
               
                 Hierom.
                 ad
                 Fabiolam
              
               upon
               that
               expression
               Psal
               .
               120.
               v.
               4.
               
               If
               it
               arrive
               to
               full
               
               growth
               it
               is
               Timber
               for
               many
               curious
               works
               ;
               for
               
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Chests
              
               ,
               small
               Carvings
               and
               
                 Images
                 ,
                 spoons
              
               ,
               wholesome
               to
               the
               
                 mouth
                 ;
                 spits
              
               to
               rost
               meat
               on
               ,
               to
               which
               it
               gives
               a
               rare
               taste
               ,
               but
               it
               should
               be
               old
               and
               dry
               wood
               ;
               nay
               ,
               I
               read
               of
               some
               large
               enough
               for
               beams
               and
               rafters
               .
               The
               very
               Chips
               render
               a
               wholesom
               perfume
               within
               doors
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               dusty
               blossoms
               in
               Spring
               without
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               And
               since
               we
               now
               mention'd
               Pepper
               ,
               it
               is
               by
               the
               most
               prudent
               ,
               and
               princely
               care
               of
               his
               Majesty
               that
               I
               am
               assur'd
               of
               a
               late
               solemn
               Act
               of
               Councel
               ,
               enjoyning
               the
               preserving
               of
               that
               incomparable
               Spice
               which
               comes
               to
               us
               from
               Jamaica
               under
               that
               denomination
               ;
               though
               in
               truth
               it
               be
               a
               mixture
               of
               so
               many
               Aromatics
               in
               one
               ,
               that
               it
               might
               as
               well
               have
               been
               call'd
               
                 Cinnamon
                 ,
                 Nutmeg
              
               or
               Mace
               ,
               to
               every
               of
               which
               it
               seems
               something
               alied
               :
               And
               that
               there
               is
               not
               onely
               prohibited
               the
               destruction
               of
               these
               Trees
               (
               for
               it
               seems
               some
               Prodigals
               us'd
               to
               cut
               them
               down
               for
               the
               more
               easie
               gathering
               )
               but
               order
               taken
               likewise
               for
               their
               propagation
               ,
               and
               that
               Assays
               and
               Samples
               be
               from
               time
               to
               time
               sent
               over
               ,
               what
               other
               
                 Fruits
                 ,
                 Trees
                 ,
                 Gums
              
               and
               Vegetables
               may
               there
               be
               found
               ,
               and
               which
               I
               prognostick
               will
               at
               last
               also
               incite
               his
               Majesty
               ,
               and
               the
               Planters
               there
               to
               think
               of
               procuring
               
                 Cinnamon
                 ,
                 Cloves
              
               and
               Nutmeg-trees
               indeed
               from
               the
               East-Indias
               ,
               and
               what
               other
               useful
               Curiosities
               will
               not
               approach
               our
               
                 Northern
                 Beare
              
               (
               and
               that
               are
               incicurabiles
               amongst
               us
               )
               and
               to
               plant
               them
               in
               Jamaica
               ,
               and
               other
               of
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Western
                 Islands
              
               ,
               a
               more
               safe
               and
               frugal
               expedient
               to
               humble
               our
               emulous
               Neighbours
               ;
               since
               there
               is
               nothing
               in
               their
               Situation
               ,
               or
               defect
               of
               Natures
               benignity
               ,
               which
               ought
               in
               the
               least
               to
               discourage
               us
               :
               And
               what
               if
               some
               of
               the
               Trees
               of
               those
               Countrys
               (
               especially
               such
               as
               aspire
               to
               be
               Timber
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               of
               improvement
               amongst
               us
               )
               were
               more
               frequently
               brought
               to
               us
               likewise
               here
               in
               England
               ;
               since
               we
               daily
               find
               how
               many
               rare
               Exotics
               and
               strangers
               with
               little
               care
               ,
               become
               endenizon'd
               ,
               and
               so
               contented
               to
               live
               amongst
               us
               ,
               as
               may
               be
               seen
               in
               the
               
                 Platanus
                 ,
                 Constantinople-Chess-nut
              
               ,
               the
               greater
               
                 Glandiferos
                 Ilex
                 ,
                 Cork
                 ,
                 Nux
                 Vesicaria
              
               (
               which
               is
               an
               hard
               Wood
               fit
               for
               the
               Turner
               ,
               &c.
               )
               the
               
                 Styrax
                 ,
                 Bead
                 tree
              
               ,
               the
               famous
               
                 Lotus
                 ,
                 Virginian
                 Acatia
                 ,
                 Guaicum
                 Patavinum
                 ,
                 Paliurus
                 ,
                 Cypress
                 ,
                 Pines
                 ,
                 Fir
                 ,
              
               and
               sundry
               others
               ,
               which
               grow
               already
               in
               our
               Gardens
               expos'd
               to
               the
               Weather
               ;
               and
               so
               doubtless
               would
               many
               more
               :
               So
               judiciously
               observ'd
               is
               that
               of
               the
               learned
               Author
               of
               the
               History
               of
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
                 ,
                 Part.
              
               3.
               
               Sect.
               28.
               
               
                 That
                 whatever
                 attempts
                 of
                 this
                 nature
                 have
                 succeeded
                 ,
                 they
                 have
                 redounded
                 to
                 the
                 great
                 advantage
                 of
                 the
                 Vndertakers
                 .
                 The
                 Orange
                 of
                 China
                 being
                 of
                 late
                 brought
                 into
                 Portugal
                 ,
                 has
                 drawn
                 a
                 great
                 Revenew
                 every
                 year
                 from
                 London
                 alone
                 .
                 The
                 Vine
                 of
                 the
                 Rhene
                 taking
                 root
                 in
                 the
                 Canaries
                 ,
                 has
                 produc'd
                 a
                 far
                 more
                 delicious
                 juyce
                 ,
                 and
                 has
                 made
                 the
                 Rocks
                 and
                 Sun-burnt
                 Ashes
                 of
                 those
                 Islands
                 ,
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 richest
                 spots
                 of
                 Ground
                 in
                 the
                 World.
                 And
                 I
                 will
                 also
                 instance
                 in
                 that
                 which
                 is
                 now
                 in
                 a
                 good
                 forwardnesse
                 :
                 Virginia
                 has
                 already
                 given
                 Silk
                 for
                 the
                 cloathing
                 of
                 our
                 King
                 ;
                 and
                 it
                 may
                 happen
                 hereafter
                 to
                 give
                 Cloathes
                 to
                 a
                 great
                 part
                 of
                 Europe
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 vast
                 Treasure
                 to
                 our
                 
                 Kings
                 :
                 If
                 the
                 Silk-worms
                 shall
                 thrive
                 there
                 (
                 of
                 which
                 there
                 seems
                 to
                 be
                 no
                 doubt
                 )
                 the
                 profit
                 will
                 be
                 inexpressible
                 .
                 We
                 may
                 guess
                 at
                 it
                 ,
                 by
                 considering
                 what
                 numbers
                 of
                 Caravans
                 ,
                 and
                 how
                 many
                 great
                 Cities
                 in
                 Persia
                 are
                 maintain'd
                 by
                 that
                 Manufacture
                 alone
                 ,
                 and
                 what
                 mighty
                 Customs
                 it
                 yearly
                 brings
                 unto
                 the
                 Sophi's
                 Revenew
                 .
              
               Thus
               He
               ;
               And
               to
               return
               to
               that
               of
               Trees
               and
               Plants
               ,
               the
               Industry
               we
               have
               recommended
               ,
               would
               questionless
               in
               lesse
               than
               halfe
               an
               Age
               produce
               us
               wonders
               ,
               by
               introduction
               ,
               if
               not
               of
               quite
               different
               ;
               yet
               of
               
                 better
                 kinds
              
               ,
               and
               such
               variety
               for
               pulchritude
               and
               sweetnesse
               ;
               that
               when
               by
               some
               Princely
               Example
               ,
               our
               late
               
                 Pride
                 ,
                 Effeminacy
              
               and
               Luxurie
               (
               which
               has
               to
               our
               vast
               charges
               excluded
               all
               the
               Ornaments
               of
               
                 Timber
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               to
               give
               place
               to
               
                 Hangings
                 ,
                 Embroderies
              
               and
               forrain
               Leather
               )
               shall
               be
               put
               out
               of
               Countenance
               ,
               we
               may
               hope
               to
               see
               a
               
                 new
                 face
              
               of
               things
               for
               the
               encouragement
               of
               Planters
               ,
               the
               more
               immediate
               Work
               of
               Gods
               hands
               ;
               and
               the
               natural
               ,
               wholesome
               ,
               and
               ancient
               use
               of
               Timber
               ,
               for
               the
               more
               
                 lasting
                 occasions
              
               and
               furniture
               of
               our
               Dwellings
               :
               And
               though
               I
               do
               not
               speak
               all
               this
               for
               the
               sake
               of
               
                 Joyne-stools
                 ,
                 Benches
                 ,
                 Cup-boards
                 ,
                 Massy
                 Tables
              
               and
               Gygantic
               Bed-steds
               ,
               the
               hospitable
               Vtensils
               of
               our
               fore
               -
               Fathers
               ;
               Yet
               I
               would
               be
               glad
               to
               encourage
               the
               Carpenter
               and
               the
               Joyner
               ,
               and
               rejoyce
               to
               see
               ,
               that
               their
               Work
               and
               Skil
               do
               dayly
               improve
               ;
               and
               that
               by
               the
               Example
               and
               application
               of
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Vniversities
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               the
               Restauration
               and
               Improvement
               of
               
                 Shiping
                 ,
                 Mathematical
              
               and
               Mechanical
               Arts
               ,
               the
               use
               of
               Timber
               grows
               dayly
               in
               more
               reputation
               :
               And
               it
               were
               well
               if
               
                 Great
                 Persons
              
               might
               only
               be
               indulg'd
               to
               inrich
               and
               adorn
               their
               Palaces
               with
               
                 Tapistry
                 ,
                 Damasc
                 ,
                 Velvet
              
               ,
               and
               Persian
               furniture
               ,
               whilst
               by
               some
               wholesom
               Sumptuary
               Laws
               ,
               the
               universal
               excess
               of
               those
               Costly
               and
               
                 Luxurious
                 Moveables
              
               were
               prohibited
               meaner
               Men
               ,
               for
               divers
               politic
               Considerations
               and
               Reasons
               which
               it
               were
               easie
               to
               produce
               ;
               but
               by
               a
               lesse
               influence
               than
               
                 severer
                 Laws
              
               ,
               it
               will
               be
               very
               difficult
               ,
               if
               not
               altogether
               impossible
               ,
               to
               recover
               our selves
               from
               a
               softnesse
               and
               vanity
               which
               will
               in
               time
               not
               onely
               effeminate
               ,
               but
               undo
               the
               Nation
               .
            
             
               23.
               
               
               But
               to
               Crown
               all
               ,
               I
               will
               conclude
               with
               the
               Laurel
               ,
               which
               by
               the
               Vse
               we
               commonly
               put
               it
               to
               ,
               seems
               as
               if
               it
               had
               been
               only
               destin'd
               for
               Hedges
               ,
               and
               to
               cover
               bare
               Walls
               ;
               whereas
               ,
               being
               planted
               upright
               ,
               and
               kept
               to
               the
               Standard
               ,
               by
               cutting
               away
               the
               collateral
               Branches
               ,
               and
               maintaining
               one
               stem
               ,
               it
               will
               rise
               to
               a
               very
               considerable
               Tree
               ;
               and
               (
               for
               the
               first
               twenty
               years
               )
               resembling
               the
               most
               beautiful
               headed
               Orange
               in
               shape
               and
               verdure
               ,
               arrive
               in
               time
               to
               emulate
               even
               some
               of
               our
               lusty
               Timber-trees
               ;
               so
               as
               I
               dare
               pronounce
               the
               Laurel
               to
               be
               one
               of
               the
               most
               proper
               ,
               and
               ornamental
               Trees
               for
               Walks
               and
               Avenues
               of
               any
               growing
               .
            
             
               24.
               
               Pity
               it
               is
               they
               are
               so
               abus'd
               in
               the
               Hedges
               ,
               where
               the
               lower
               Branches
               growing
               stickie
               and
               dry
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               their
               frequent
               and
               unseasonable
               cutting
               (
               with
               the
               genius
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               which
               is
               to
               spend
               much
               in
               wood
               )
               they
               never
               succeed
               after
               the
               first
               six
               or
               seven
               years
               ;
               but
               are
               to
               be
               new
               planted
               again
               ,
               or
               abated
               to
               the
               very
               Roots
               for
               a
               fresh
               shote
               .
            
             
             
               25.
               
               But
               would
               you
               yet
               improve
               the
               Standard
               which
               I
               celebrate
               ,
               to
               greater
               and
               more
               speedy
               exaltation
               ?
               bud
               your
               Laurel
               on
               the
               
                 Black-Cherry
                 stock
              
               to
               what
               height
               you
               please
               ;
               if
               at
               least
               the
               report
               be
               true
               ,
               which
               I
               had
               from
               an
               ocular
               testimony
               ,
               and
               am
               now
               making
               an
               essay
               of
               ,
               because
               I
               am
               more
               then
               somewhat
               doubtful
               of
               such
               Allyances
               ,
               though
               something
               like
               it
               in
               Palladius
               speaks
               it
               not
               so
               impossible
               ;
               
                 
                   A
                   Cherry
                   Grast
                   on
                   
                   Laurel-stock
                   does
                   stain
                
                 
                   The
                   Virgin
                   Fruit
                   in
                   a
                   deep
                   double
                   grain
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Inseritur
                     lauro
                     Cerasus
                     ,
                     partúque
                     coacto
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Tingit
                     adoptivus
                     virginis
                     ora
                     pudor
                  
                
              
            
             
               26.
               
               They
               are
               rais'd
               of
               the
               Seeds
               or
               Berries
               with
               extraordinary
               facility
               ,
               or
               propagated
               by
               
                 Layers
                 Taleae
              
               ,
               and
               cuttings
               where-ever
               there
               is
               shade
               and
               moisture
               .
               I
               find
               little
               concerning
               the
               
                 Mechanical
                 uses
              
               of
               the
               Laurel
               ;
               but
               than
               its
               Attributes
               of
               old
               there
               was
               nothing
               more
               glorious
               and
               magnificent
               ;
               For
               ,
               
                 
                   From
                   Laurel
                   chew'd
                   the
                   
                     Pythian
                     Priestess
                  
                   rose
                   ,
                
                 
                   Events
                   of
                   future
                   Actions
                   to
                   disclose
                   .
                
                 
                   Laurel
                   Triumphant
                   Generals
                   did
                   wear
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   Laurel
                   Heralds
                   in
                   their
                   hands
                   did
                   bear
                   :
                
                 
                   Poets
                   ambitious
                   of
                   unfading
                   praise
                   ,
                
                 
                   Phoebus
                   ,
                   the
                   Muses
                   all
                   are
                   crown'd
                   with
                   Bays
                   .
                
                 
                   And
                   Vertue
                   to
                   her
                   sons
                   the
                   Prize
                   does
                   name
                   Symbol
                   of
                   Glory
                   ,
                   and
                   immortal
                   Fame
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Tu
                     sacros
                     Phoebi
                     tripodas
                     ,
                     ta
                     Sidera
                     sentis
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     casus
                     aperis
                     rerum
                     praesaga
                     futuros
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Te
                     ju●at
                     armorum
                     strepitus
                     ,
                     clangorque
                     Tubarum
                     :
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Perque
                     acies
                     medias
                     ,
                     saevique
                     periculà
                     belli
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Accendis
                     bellantum
                     animos
                     ;
                     te
                     Cynthius
                     ipse
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Te
                     Musae
                     ,
                     Vatesque
                     sacri
                     optav●re
                     Coronam
                     :
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Ipsa
                     suis
                     Virtus
                     te
                     spem
                     proponit
                     alumnis
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Tantùm
                     servatus
                     valuit
                     pudor
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     bona
                     famu
                     ▪
                  
                
                 
                   Rapinus
                   .
                
              
            
             
               I
               have
               now
               finish'd
               my
               Planting
               :
               A
               word
               or
               two
               concerning
               their
               Preservation
               ,
               and
               the
               Cure
               of
               their
               Infirmities
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXVII
               .
               Of
               the
               Infirmities
               of
               Trees
               .
            
             
               THe
               Diseases
               of
               Trees
               are
               various
               ,
               
               according
               to
               the
               Rustick
               Rhyme
               ,
               
                 
                   The
                   Calf
                   ,
                   the
                   Wind-shoc
                   
                     and
                     the
                  
                   Knot
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   Canker
                   ,
                   Scab
                   ,
                   Scurf
                   ,
                   Sap
                   and
                   Rot.
                   
                
              
               Affecting
               the
               several
               parts
               :
               These
               invade
               the
               Roots
               ;
               
                 Weeds
                 ,
                 Suckers
                 ,
                 Fern
                 ,
                 Wet
                 ,
                 Mice
                 ,
                 Moles
                 ,
                 Winds
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               to
               these
               may
               be
               added
               Siderations
               and
               even
               
                 Plagues
                 ,
                 Tumors
                 ,
                 Distortions
                 ,
                 Lacrimations
                 ,
                 Tophi
                 ,
                 Goutes
                 ,
                 Carbuncles
                 ,
                 Vlcers
                 ,
                 Crudities
                 ,
                 Fungosities
                 ,
                 Gangreens
                 ,
              
               and
               an
               Army
               more
               ,
               whereof
               some
               are
               hardly
               discernable
               ;
               yet
               Enemies
               ,
               which
               not
               foreseen
               ,
               makes
               many
               a
               bargain
               of
               standing-wood
               (
               though
               seemingly
               fair
               )
               very
               costly
               ware
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               Weeds
               are
               to
               be
               diligently
               pull'd
               up
               by
               hand
               after
               Rain
               ,
               whiles
               your
               Seedlings
               are
               very
               young
               ,
               and
               till
               they
               come
               to
               be
               able
               to
               kill
               them
               with
               shade
               and
               over-dripping
               :
               And
               then
               are
               you
               for
               the
               obstinate
               to
               use
               the
               
                 Haw
                 ,
                 Fork
              
               ,
               and
               Spade
               ,
               to
               extirpate
               
                 Dog-grass
                 ,
                 Bear-bind
              
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               2.
               
               Suckers
               shall
               be
               duly
               eradicated
               ,
               and
               with
               a
               sharp
               spade
               
               dexterously
               separated
               from
               the
               Mother-roots
               ,
               and
               Transplanted
               in
               convenient
               places
               for
               propagation
               ,
               as
               the
               Season
               requires
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               Fern
               is
               best
               destroy'd
               by
               striking
               off
               the
               Tops
               ,
               as
               Tarquin
               did
               the
               heads
               of
               the
               Poppies
               :
               This
               done
               with
               a
               good
               wand
               or
               cudgel
               ,
               at
               the
               decrease
               in
               the
               Spring
               ,
               and
               now
               and
               then
               in
               Summer
               ,
               kills
               it
               in
               a
               year
               or
               two
               beyond
               the
               vulgar
               way
               of
               Mowing
               ,
               or
               burning
               ,
               which
               rather
               encreases
               than
               diminishes
               it
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Over-much
               Wet
               is
               to
               be
               drain'd
               by
               Trenches
               ,
               where
               it
               infests
               the
               Roots
               of
               such
               kinds
               as
               require
               drier
               ground
               :
               But
               if
               a
               drip
               do
               fret
               into
               the
               body
               of
               a
               Tree
               by
               the
               head
               (
               which
               will
               certainly
               decay
               it
               )
               cutting
               first
               the
               place
               smooth
               ,
               stop
               and
               cover
               it
               with
               loam
               and
               hay
               till
               a
               new
               bark
               succeed
               .
               These
               infest
               the
               Bark
               ;
               
                 Bark-bound
                 ,
                 Teredo
              
               ,
               or
               Worm
               ,
               
                 Conys
                 ,
                 Moss
                 ,
                 Ivy
              
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               5.
               
               The
               Bark-bound
               are
               to
               be
               released
               by
               drawing
               your
               knife
               rind-deep
               from
               the
               Root
               ,
               as
               far
               as
               you
               can
               conveniently
               ;
               and
               if
               the
               gaping
               be
               much
               ,
               filling
               the
               rift
               with
               a
               little
               Cow-dung
               ;
               do
               this
               on
               each
               side
               ,
               and
               at
               
                 Spring
                 ,
                 February
              
               or
               March
               ;
               also
               cutting
               off
               some
               branches
               is
               profitable
               ;
               especially
               such
               as
               are
               blasted
               or
               
               lightning-struck
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               
                 Teredo
                 ,
                 Cossi
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Worms
               ,
               lying
               between
               the
               Body
               and
               the
               Bark
               ,
               poyson
               that
               passage
               to
               the
               great
               prejudice
               of
               some
               Trees
               ;
               but
               the
               holes
               being
               once
               found
               ,
               they
               are
               to
               be
               taken
               out
               with
               a
               light
               Incision
               ;
               and
               the
               Wood-pecker
               ,
               and
               other
               Birds
               often
               pitching
               upon
               the
               stem
               ,
               as
               you
               may
               observe
               them
               ,
               and
               knocking
               with
               their
               bils
               ,
               is
               a
               mark
               that
               the
               Tree
               is
               infected
               ,
               at
               least
               ,
               between
               the
               Bark
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               Conies
               and
               Hares
               by
               barking
               the
               Trees
               in
               hard
               Winters
               ,
               spoil
               very
               many
               tender
               Plantations
               :
               Next
               to
               the
               utter
               destroying
               them
               ,
               there
               is
               nothing
               better
               then
               to
               anoint
               that
               part
               which
               is
               within
               their
               reach
               ,
               with
               
                 stercus
                 humanum
              
               ,
               tempered
               with
               a
               little
               Water
               or
               Vrine
               ,
               and
               lightly
               brushed
               on
               ;
               this
               renewed
               after
               every
               great
               Rain
               :
               But
               a
               cleanlier
               than
               this
               ,
               and
               yet
               which
               Conies
               ,
               and
               even
               Cattel
               most
               abhor
               ,
               is
               to
               water
               ,
               or
               sprinkle
               them
               with
               
                 Tanners
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 viz.
              
               That
               ,
               which
               they
               use
               for
               dressing
               their
               hides
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               Moss
               is
               to
               be
               rubb'd
               and
               scrap'd
               off
               with
               some
               fit
               instrument
               of
               Wood
               ,
               which
               may
               not
               excorticate
               the
               Tree
               ,
               or
               with
               a
               piece
               of
               Hair-cloth
               after
               a
               sobbing
               Rain
               :
               But
               the
               most
               infallible
               Art
               of
               Emuscation
               is
               taking
               away
               the
               cause
               ,
               which
               is
               superfluous
               moisture
               in
               clayie
               and
               spewing
               grounds
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               Ivy
               is
               destroy'd
               by
               diging
               up
               the
               Roots
               ,
               and
               loosning
               its
               hold
               :
               And
               yet
               even
               Ivy
               it self
               ,
               the
               destruction
               of
               many
               fair
               Trees
               ,
               if
               very
               old
               ,
               and
               where
               it
               has
               long
               invested
               its
               support
               ,
               if
               taken
               off
               ,
               does
               frequently
               kill
               the
               Tree
               ,
               by
               a
               too
               suddain
               exposure
               to
               the
               un-accustom'd
               cold
               :
               Of
               the
               Roots
               of
               Ivy
               (
               which
               with
               small
               Industry
               ,
               may
               be
               made
               a
               beautiful
               Standard
               )
               are
               made
               curiously
               polish'd
               and
               fleck'd
               cups
               and
               boxes
               ,
               and
               even
               Tables
               of
               great
               value
               .
               Missleto
               and
               other
               Excrescences
               to
               be
               cut
               and
               broken
               off
               .
               But
               the
               Fungi
               (
               which
               prognosticate
               a
               fault
               in
               the
               Liver
               and
               Entrails
               of
               Trees
               as
               we
               may
               call
               it
               )
               is
               remedied
               by
               
                 Abrasion
                 ,
                 Friction
                 ,
                 Interlucation
              
               and
               exposure
               to
               the
               Sun.
               
            
             
             
               10.
               
               The
               Bodies
               of
               Trees
               are
               visited
               with
               
                 Canker
                 ,
                 Hollowness
                 ,
                 Hornets
                 ,
                 Earwigs
                 ,
                 Snails
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
            
             
               11.
               
               The
               Wind-shock
               is
               a
               bruise
               and
               shiver
               throughout
               the
               Tree
               ,
               though
               not
               constantly
               visible
               ,
               yet
               leading
               the
               Warp
               from
               smooth
               renting
               ;
               caused
               by
               over-powerful
               Winds
               ,
               when
               young
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               ,
               by
               subtil
               Lightnings
               :
               The
               best
               prevention
               is
               shelter
               ,
               choyce
               of
               place
               for
               the
               Plantation
               ,
               frequent
               shreading
               whilst
               they
               are
               yet
               in
               their
               youth
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               Cankers
               (
               caused
               by
               some
               stroak
               or
               galling
               )
               are
               to
               be
               cut
               out
               to
               the
               quick
               ,
               the
               scars
               emplaistred
               with
               Tar
               mingled
               with
               Oil
               ,
               and
               over
               that
               a
               thin
               spreading
               of
               loam
               ;
               or
               else
               with
               clay
               and
               Horse-dung
               ;
               but
               best
               with
               hogs-dung
               alone
               ,
               bound
               to
               it
               in
               a
               rag
               :
               or
               by
               laying
               
                 Wood-ashes
                 ,
                 Nettles
              
               ,
               or
               Fern
               to
               the
               roots
               ,
               &c.
               
               But
               if
               the
               Gangreen
               be
               within
               ,
               it
               must
               be
               cured
               by
               
                 nitrous
                 ,
                 sulphureous
              
               and
               drying
               applications
               ,
               and
               by
               no
               means
               ,
               by
               any
               thing
               of
               an
               unctious
               nature
               ,
               which
               is
               exitial
               to
               
                 Trees
                 .
                 Tar
              
               as
               was
               said
               ,
               onely
               excepted
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               experimentally
               known
               to
               preserve
               Trees
               from
               the
               envenom'd
               teeth
               of
               Goats
               ,
               and
               other
               injuries
               ;
               the
               intire
               stem
               smar'd
               over
               ,
               without
               the
               least
               prejudice
               to
               my
               no
               small
               admiration
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               Hollowness
               is
               contracted
               ,
               when
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               ignorant
               or
               careless
               lopping
               of
               a
               Tree
               the
               wet
               is
               suffer'd
               to
               fall
               perpendicularly
               upon
               a
               part
               ,
               especially
               the
               Head
               :
               In
               this
               case
               if
               there
               be
               sufficient
               sound
               wood
               ,
               cut
               it
               to
               the
               quick
               and
               close
               to
               the
               body
               ,
               and
               cap
               the
               hollow
               part
               with
               a
               Tarpaulin
               ,
               or
               fill
               it
               with
               good
               stiff
               loam
               ,
               and
               fine
               hay
               mingled
               .
               This
               is
               one
               of
               the
               worst
               of
               Evils
               ,
               and
               to
               which
               the
               Elm
               is
               most
               obnoxious
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               Hornets
               and
               
                 Wasps
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               by
               breeding
               in
               the
               hollowness
               of
               Trees
               infect
               them
               ,
               and
               are
               therefore
               to
               be
               destroy'd
               by
               stopping
               up
               their
               entrances
               with
               Tar
               and
               Goos-dung
               ,
               or
               by
               conveying
               the
               fumes
               of
               brimstone
               into
               their
               Cells
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               Earwigs
               and
               Snails
               do
               seldom
               infest
               Forest-trees
               ,
               but
               those
               which
               are
               Fruit-bearers
               ,
               and
               are
               destroy'd
               by
               enticing
               them
               into
               sweet
               waters
               ,
               and
               by
               picking
               the
               Snails
               off
               betimes
               in
               the
               Morning
               ,
               and
               rainy
               Evenings
               :
               I
               advise
               you
               to
               visite
               your
               Cypresse-Trees
               on
               the
               first
               Rains
               in
               April
               ;
               you
               shall
               sometimes
               find
               them
               cover'd
               with
               young
               snailes
               no
               bigger
               than
               small
               pease
               :
               Lastly
               ,
               
                 Branches
                 ,
                 Buds
              
               ,
               and
               Leaves
               extreamly
               suffer
               from
               the
               
                 Blasts
                 ,
                 Jaundies
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Caterpillars
                 ,
                 Rooks
              
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               16.
               
               The
               blasted
               parts
               of
               Trees
               are
               to
               be
               cut
               away
               to
               the
               quick
               ;
               and
               to
               prevent
               it
               ,
               smoak
               them
               in
               suspicious
               weather
               ,
               by
               burning
               
                 moist
                 straw
              
               with
               the
               wind
               ,
               or
               rather
               the
               dry
               and
               superfluous
               cuttings
               of
               Aromatic
               plants
               ,
               such
               as
               
                 Rosemary
                 ,
                 Lavender
                 ,
                 Juniper
                 ,
                 Bays
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               I
               use
               to
               whip
               ,
               and
               chastise
               my
               Cypresses
               with
               a
               wand
               ,
               after
               their
               Winter-burnings
               ,
               'till
               all
               the
               mortified
               and
               scorch'd
               parts
               flie
               off
               in
               dust
               ,
               as
               long
               almost
               as
               any
               will
               fall
               ,
               and
               observe
               that
               they
               recover
               and
               spring
               the
               better
               .
               
                 Mice
                 ,
                 Moles
              
               ,
               and
               Pismires
               cause
               the
               Jaundies
               in
               Trees
               ,
               known
               by
               the
               discolour
               of
               the
               Leaves
               and
               Buds
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               The
               Moles
               may
               be
               taken
               in
               Traps
               ,
               and
               kill'd
               ,
               as
               every
               Wood-man
               
               knows
               :
               It
               is
               certain
               that
               they
               are
               driven
               from
               their
               haunts
               by
               Garlick
               for
               a
               time
               ,
               and
               other
               heady
               smels
               buried
               in
               their
               passages
               .
            
             
               18.
               
               Mice
               with
               Traps
               ,
               or
               by
               sinking
               some
               Vessel
               almost
               level
               with
               the
               surface
               of
               the
               ground
               ,
               the
               Vessel
               half
               full
               of
               Water
               ,
               upon
               which
               ,
               let
               there
               be
               strew'd
               some
               hulls
               or
               chaff
               of
               Oates
               ;
               also
               with
               Bane
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               Destroy
               Pismires
               with
               scalding
               water
               ,
               and
               disturbing
               their
               hills
               ,
               or
               rubbing
               the
               stem
               with
               Cow-dung
               ,
               or
               a
               decoction
               of
               Tithy-male
               ,
               washing
               the
               infested
               parts
               ;
               and
               this
               will
               insinuate
               ,
               and
               chase
               them
               quite
               out
               of
               the
               chinks
               and
               crevices
               ,
               without
               prejudice
               to
               the
               Tree
               ,
               and
               is
               a
               good
               prevention
               of
               other
               Infirmities
               .
            
             
               20.
               
               Caterpillars
               ,
               by
               cutting
               off
               their
               webs
               from
               the
               twigs
               before
               the
               end
               of
               February
               ,
               and
               burning
               them
               ;
               the
               sooner
               the
               better
               :
               If
               they
               be
               already
               hatched
               wash
               them
               off
               with
               Water
               ,
               in
               which
               some
               of
               the
               Caterpillars
               themselves
               ,
               and
               Garlick
               have
               been
               bruised
               ,
               or
               the
               juyce
               of
               Rue
               ,
               or
               choak
               and
               dry
               them
               with
               smoak
               of
               
                 Galbanum
                 ,
                 Shooe-soles
                 ,
                 Hair
              
               ,
               and
               some
               affirm
               that
               planting
               the
               Pionie
               neer
               them
               is
               a
               certain
               remedy
               ;
               but
               there
               is
               no
               remedy
               so
               facile
               as
               the
               burning
               them
               oft
               with
               small
               wisps
               of
               dry
               straw
               ,
               which
               in
               a
               moment
               rids
               you
               .
            
             
               21.
               
               Rooks
               do
               in
               time
               ,
               by
               pinching
               off
               the
               buds
               and
               tops
               of
               Trees
               for
               their
               Nests
               ,
               cause
               many
               Trees
               and
               Groves
               to
               decay
               :
               But
               if
               Cattel
               break
               in
               before
               the
               time
               ,
               
                 conclamatum
                 est
              
               ,
               especially
               Goats
               ,
               whose
               mouths
               and
               breath
               is
               poyson
               to
               Trees
               ;
               they
               never
               thrive
               well
               after
               ,
               and
               Varro
               affirms
               ,
               if
               they
               but
               lick
               the
               Olive
               tree
               ,
               they
               become
               immediately
               barren
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               Another
               touch
               at
               the
               Winds
               ;
               For
               though
               they
               cannot
               properly
               be
               said
               to
               be
               Infirmities
               of
               Trees
               ;
               yet
               they
               are
               amongst
               the
               principal
               causes
               that
               render
               Trees
               infirme
               .
               I
               know
               no
               surer
               protection
               against
               them
               ,
               than
               (
               as
               we
               said
               )
               to
               shelter
               and
               stake
               them
               whilst
               they
               are
               young
               ,
               'till
               they
               have
               well
               establish'd
               Roots
               ;
               And
               with
               this
               caution
               ,
               that
               in
               case
               any
               goodly
               Trees
               (
               which
               you
               would
               desire
               especially
               to
               preserve
               and
               redress
               )
               chance
               to
               be
               prostrated
               by
               some
               impetuous
               and
               extraordinary
               storme
               ;
               you
               be
               not
               over
               hasty
               to
               carry
               him
               away
               ,
               or
               despair
               of
               him
               ;
               but
               first
               let
               me
               perswade
               you
               to
               poll
               him
               close
               ,
               and
               so
               let
               him
               lye
               some
               time
               ;
               for
               by
               this
               means
               many
               vast
               Trees
               have
               
               rais'd
               themselves
               by
               the
               vigour
               onely
               of
               the
               remaining
               Roots
               ,
               without
               any
               other
               assistance
               ;
               so
               as
               people
               have
               pronounc'd
               it
               Miraculous
               ,
               as
               I
               could
               tell
               you
               by
               several
               Instances
               ;
               besides
               what
               Theophrastus
               relates
               c.
               19.
               of
               that
               huge
               Platanus
               ,
               which
               rise
               in
               one
               Night
               in
               his
               observation
               ;
               and
               the
               like
               I
               find
               hapn'd
               in
               more
               than
               one
               Tree
               neer
               Bononia
               in
               
                 Italy
                 ,
                 An.
              
               1657.
               when
               of
               late
               a
               turbulent
               Gust
               had
               almost
               quite
               irradicated
               a
               very
               large
               Tract
               of
               huge
               Poplars
               ,
               belonging
               to
               the
               
                 Marchioness
                 Elephantucca
                 Spada
              
               ,
               that
               universally
               erected
               themselves
               again
               after
               they
               were
               beheaded
               as
               they
               lay
               even
               prostrate
               :
               What
               says
               the
               Naturalist
               ?
               
                 Prostratas
                 restitui
                 plerunque
                 ,
                 &
                 quadam
                 terrae
                 cicatrice
                 reviviscere
                 vulgare
                 est
              
               :
               'T
               is
               familiar
               (
               says
               Plinie
               )
               in
               the
               Platanus
               ,
               
               which
               are
               very
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               Winds
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               thicknesse
               of
               their
               branches
               ,
               which
               being
               cut
               off
               ,
               and
               discharged
               ,
               restore
               themselves
               .
               This
               also
               frequently
               happens
               in
               
                 Wall-nuts
                 ,
                 Olive-trees
              
               ,
               and
               several
               others
               ,
               as
               he
               affirms
               ;
               l.
               16.
               c.
               31.
               
               These
               (
               amongst
               many
               others
               )
               are
               the
               Infirmities
               to
               which
               Forest-Trees
               are
               subject
               whilst
               they
               are
               standing
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               are
               fell'd
               ,
               to
               the
               Worm
               ;
               especially
               if
               cut
               before
               the
               Sap
               be
               perfectly
               at
               rest
               :
               But
               to
               prevent
               or
               cure
               it
               in
               the
               Timber
               ,
               I
               recommend
               this
               Secret
               as
               the
               most
               approv'd
               .
            
             
               23.
               
               Let
               common
               yellow
               Sulphur
               be
               put
               into
               a
               cucurbit-glasse
               ,
               upon
               which
               pour
               so
               much
               of
               the
               strongest
               
                 Aqua
                 fortis
              
               as
               may
               cover
               it
               three
               fingers
               deep
               :
               Distil
               this
               to
               dryness
               ,
               which
               is
               done
               by
               two
               or
               three
               Rectifications
               :
               Let
               the
               Sulphur
               remaining
               in
               the
               bottom
               (
               being
               of
               a
               blackish
               or
               sad
               red
               colour
               )
               be
               laid
               on
               a
               Marble
               ,
               or
               put
               into
               a
               Glass
               ,
               where
               it
               will
               easily
               dissolve
               into
               Oil
               :
               With
               this
               anoint
               what
               is
               either
               infected
               or
               to
               be
               preserved
               of
               Timber
               .
               It
               is
               a
               great
               and
               excellent
               Arcanum
               for
               tinging
               the
               Wood
               with
               no
               unpleasant
               colour
               ,
               by
               no
               Art
               to
               be
               washed
               out
               ;
               and
               such
               a
               preservative
               of
               all
               manner
               of
               Woods
               ,
               nay
               ,
               of
               many
               other
               things
               ;
               as
               
                 Ropes
                 ,
                 Cables
                 ,
                 Fishing-Nets
                 ,
                 Masts
                 of
                 Ships
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               that
               it
               defends
               them
               from
               putrefaction
               ,
               ether
               in
               Waters
               ,
               under
               ,
               or
               above
               the
               earth
               ,
               in
               the
               
                 Snow
                 ,
                 Ice
                 ,
                 Air
                 ,
                 Winter
              
               or
               Summer
               ,
               &c.
               
               It
               were
               superfluous
               to
               describe
               the
               process
               of
               the
               Aqua-fortis
               ;
               It
               shall
               be
               sufficient
               to
               let
               you
               know
               ,
               That
               our
               common
               Coperas
               makes
               this
               Aqua-fortis
               well
               enough
               for
               our
               purpose
               ,
               being
               drawn
               over
               by
               a
               Retort
               :
               And
               for
               Sulphur
               the
               Island
               of
               Saint
               Christophers
               yields
               enough
               ,
               (
               which
               hardly
               needs
               any
               Refining
               )
               to
               furnish
               the
               whole
               world
               .
               This
               Secret
               (
               for
               the
               Curious
               )
               I
               thought
               fit
               not
               to
               omit
               ;
               though
               a
               more
               compendious
               ,
               three
               or
               four
               anointings
               with
               
                 Linseed
                 Oil
              
               ,
               has
               prov'd
               very
               effectual
               :
               It
               was
               experimented
               in
               a
               
                 Wall-nut
                 Table
              
               ,
               where
               it
               destroy'd
               millions
               of
               Worms
               immediately
               ,
               and
               is
               to
               be
               practis'd
               for
               
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Tubes
                 ,
                 Mathematical
                 Instruments
                 ,
                 Boxes
                 ,
                 Bed-steads
                 ,
                 Chairs
                 ,
                 Rarities
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               Oyl
               of
               Wall-nuts
               will
               doubtless
               do
               the
               same
               ,
               is
               sweeter
               ,
               and
               a
               better
               Vernish
               ;
               but
               above
               all
               is
               commended
               Oyl
               of
               Cedar
               ,
               or
               that
               of
               Juniper
               .
            
             
               24.
               
               Hitherto
               I
               have
               spoken
               of
               Trees
               ,
               their
               kinds
               ,
               and
               propagation
               in
               particular
               :
               Now
               a
               word
               or
               two
               concerning
               their
               ordering
               in
               general
               ,
               as
               it
               relates
               to
               
                 Copses
                 ,
                 Lopping
                 ,
                 Felling
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               Then
               I
               shall
               add
               something
               more
               concerning
               their
               Vses
               ,
               as
               to
               Fewel
               ,
               &c.
               and
               cast
               such
               accidental
               Lessons
               into
               a
               few
               Aphorisms
               ,
               as
               could
               not
               well
               be
               more
               regularly
               inserted
               .
            
             
               Lastly
               ,
               I
               shall
               conclude
               with
               some
               more
               serious
               Observations
               in
               reference
               to
               the
               main
               Design
               and
               project
               of
               this
               Discourse
               ,
               as
               it
               concerns
               the
               Improvement
               of
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Forests
              
               ,
               for
               the
               honour
               and
               security
               of
               the
               whole
               Kingdom
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XXVIII
               .
               Of
               Copses
               .
            
             
               
               1.
               
               
                 SYlva
                 Caedua
              
               is
               (
               as
               Varro
               defines
               it
               )
               as
               well
               Copse
               to
               cut
               for
               fuel
               as
               for
               use
               of
               Timber
               ;
               and
               we
               have
               already
               shew'd
               how
               it
               is
               to
               be
               rais'd
               ,
               both
               by
               Sowing
               and
               Planting
               .
               I
               shall
               onely
               here
               add
               ,
               that
               if
               in
               their
               first
               Designation
               ,
               they
               be
               so
               laid
               out
               ,
               as
               to
               grow
               for
               several
               Falls
               ;
               they
               will
               both
               prove
               more
               profitable
               ,
               and
               most
               delightful
               :
               Most
               profitable
               ,
               because
               of
               their
               annual
               Succession
               ;
               and
               most
               pleasant
               ,
               because
               there
               will
               alwayes
               remain
               some
               of
               them
               standing
               ;
               and
               if
               they
               be
               so
               cast
               out
               ,
               as
               that
               you
               leave
               strait
               ,
               and
               even
               Intervals
               of
               eighteen
               ,
               or
               twenty
               foot
               for
               grasse
               ,
               between
               Spring-wood
               and
               Spring-wood
               ,
               securely
               Fenc'd
               ,
               and
               preserv'd
               ;
               the
               Pastures
               will
               lye
               both
               warm
               ,
               and
               prove
               of
               exceeding
               delight
               to
               the
               Owner
               .
               These
               Spaces
               likewise
               useful
               and
               necessary
               for
               Cart-way
               ,
               to
               fetch
               out
               the
               wood
               at
               every
               Fall.
               There
               is
               not
               a
               more
               noble
               ,
               and
               worthy
               Husbandry
               ,
               than
               is
               this
               ,
               which
               rejects
               no
               sort
               of
               Ground
               ,
               as
               we
               have
               abundantly
               shew'd
               ;
               since
               even
               the
               most
               boggy
               places
               ,
               may
               so
               be
               drein'd
               and
               cast
               ,
               as
               to
               yield
               its
               increase
               ,
               by
               Planting
               the
               dryer
               sorts
               upon
               the
               Ridges
               and
               banks
               which
               you
               cast
               up
               ,
               where
               they
               will
               thrive
               exceedingly
               :
               And
               then
               
                 Willow
                 ,
                 Sallow
                 ,
                 Alder
                 ,
                 Poplar
                 ,
                 Sycomor
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               will
               shoot
               tollerably
               well
               on
               the
               lower
               and
               more
               Vliginous
               ;
               with
               this
               caution
               ,
               that
               for
               the
               
                 first
                 two
                 years
              
               ,
               they
               be
               kept
               diligently
               weeded
               and
               clensed
               ,
               which
               is
               as
               necessary
               as
               fencing
               and
               guarding
               from
               Cattel
               .
               Our
               ordinary
               Copses
               are
               chiefly
               upon
               Hasel
               ,
               or
               the
               Birch
               ;
               but
               if
               amongst
               the
               other
               kinds
               store
               of
               
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Chessnut
              
               ,
               and
               Sallow
               (
               at
               least
               one
               in
               four
               )
               were
               sprinkled
               in
               the
               Planting
               ,
               the
               profit
               would
               soon
               discover
               a
               difference
               ,
               and
               well
               recompence
               the
               industry
               .
               Others
               advise
               us
               to
               Plant
               shoots
               of
               
                 Sallow
                 ,
                 Willow
                 ,
                 Alder
              
               ,
               and
               of
               all
               the
               swift
               growing
               Trees
               ,
               being
               of
               seven
               years
               growth
               ,
               sloping
               off
               both
               the
               ends
               towards
               the
               ground
               ,
               to
               the
               length
               of
               a
               Billet
               ,
               and
               burying
               them
               a
               reasonable
               depth
               in
               the
               earth
               .
               This
               will
               cause
               them
               to
               put
               forth
               seven
               or
               eight
               branches
               ,
               each
               of
               which
               will
               become
               a
               Tree
               in
               a
               short
               time
               ,
               especially
               ,
               if
               the
               soil
               be
               moist
               .
               The
               neerest
               distance
               for
               these
               Plantations
               ought
               never
               to
               be
               lesse
               than
               five
               foot
               at
               first
               ,
               since
               every
               felling
               renders
               them
               wider
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               the
               Timber
               ,
               even
               to
               thirty
               and
               fourty
               foot
               in
               five
               or
               six
               fellings
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Though
               it
               be
               almost
               impossible
               for
               us
               to
               prescribe
               at
               what
               Age
               it
               were
               best
               Husbandry
               to
               fell
               Coppses
               (
               as
               we
               at
               least
               call
               best
               Husbandry
               )
               that
               is
               ,
               for
               most
               ,
               and
               greatest
               gain
               ;
               since
               the
               Mercats
               ,
               
               and
               the
               kinds
               of
               Wood
               ,
               and
               emergent
               uses
               do
               so
               much
               govern
               ;
               yet
               Copses
               are
               sometimes
               of
               a
               competent
               stature
               after
               eight
               or
               nine
               years
               from
               the
               Acorn
               ,
               and
               so
               every
               eight
               or
               ten
               years
               successively
               ,
               will
               rise
               better
               and
               better
               :
               But
               this
               had
               need
               be
               in
               extraordinary
               ground
               ,
               otherwise
               you
               may
               do
               well
               to
               allow
               them
               twelve
               or
               fifteen
               to
               fit
               them
               for
               the
               Ax
               ;
               but
               those
               of
               twenty
               years
               standing
               are
               better
               ,
               and
               far
               advance
               the
               price
               ;
               especially
               if
               Oke
               ,
               and
               Ash
               ,
               and
               Chessnut
               be
               the
               chief
               furniture
               .
               Some
               of
               our
               old
               Clergy
               spring-Woods
               heretofore
               have
               been
               let
               rest
               till
               twenty
               five
               or
               thirty
               years
               ,
               and
               have
               prov'd
               highly
               worth
               the
               attendance
               ;
               for
               by
               that
               time
               even
               a
               Seminary
               of
               Acorns
               will
               render
               a
               consideble
               advance
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               already
               exemplified
               in
               the
               Northamptonshire
               Lady
               .
               And
               if
               Copses
               were
               so
               divided
               as
               that
               every
               year
               there
               might
               be
               some
               fell'd
               ,
               it
               were
               a
               continual
               ,
               and
               a
               present
               Profit
               :
               Seventeen
               years
               growth
               affords
               a
               tolerable
               Fell
               ;
               supposing
               the
               Copse
               of
               seventeen
               Acres
               ,
               one
               Acre
               might
               be
               yearly
               fell●d
               for
               ever
               ;
               and
               so
               more
               ,
               according
               to
               proportion
               ;
               but
               the
               seldom
               Fall
               ,
               yields
               the
               more
               Timber
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               As
               to
               what
               Numbers
               and
               Scantlings
               you
               are
               to
               leave
               on
               every
               Acre
               ,
               the
               Statutes
               are
               our
               general
               guides
               ,
               at
               least
               the
               legal
               .
               It
               is
               a
               very
               ordinary
               Copse
               which
               will
               not
               afford
               three
               or
               four
               Firsts
               ,
               that
               is
               ,
               Bests
               ;
               fourteen
               Seconds
               ,
               twelve
               Thirds
               ,
               eight
               
                 Wavers
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               according
               to
               which
               proportions
               the
               sizes
               of
               young
               Trees
               in
               Copsing
               are
               to
               succeed
               one
               another
               .
               By
               the
               Statute
               of
               35
               Hen.
               8.
               in
               Copses
               or
               Vnder-woods
               fell'd
               at
               twenty
               four
               years
               growth
               ,
               there
               were
               to
               be
               left
               twelve
               Standils
               ,
               or
               stores
               of
               Oak
               ,
               upon
               each
               Acre
               ;
               in
               defect
               of
               so
               many
               Oaks
               ,
               the
               same
               number
               of
               
                 Elms
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Asp
              
               ,
               or
               Beech
               ;
               and
               they
               to
               be
               such
               as
               are
               of
               likely
               Trees
               for
               Timber
               ,
               and
               of
               such
               as
               have
               been
               spar'd
               at
               some
               former
               Felling
               ,
               unlesse
               there
               were
               none
               ,
               in
               which
               case
               they
               are
               to
               be
               then
               left
               ,
               and
               so
               to
               continue
               without
               Felling
               till
               they
               are
               
                 ten
                 inch
                 square
              
               within
               a
               yard
               of
               ground
               .
               Copses
               above
               this
               growth
               fell'd
               ,
               to
               leave
               twelve
               great
               Oaks
               ;
               or
               in
               defect
               of
               them
               other
               Timber-trees
               (
               as
               above
               )
               and
               so
               to
               be
               left
               for
               twenty
               years
               longer
               ,
               and
               to
               be
               enclosed
               seven
               years
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               In
               summe
               ,
               you
               are
               to
               spare
               as
               many
               likely
               Trees
               for
               Timber
               as
               with
               discretion
               you
               can
               .
               And
               as
               to
               the
               felling
               (
               beginning
               at
               one
               side
               ,
               that
               the
               Carts
               may
               enter
               without
               detriment
               to
               what
               you
               leave
               standing
               )
               the
               Vnder-wood
               may
               be
               cut
               from
               January
               at
               the
               latest
               ,
               till
               mid
               -
               March
               ,
               or
               April
               ;
               or
               from
               mid
               -
               September
               ,
               till
               neer
               the
               end
               of
               November
               ;
               so
               as
               all
               be
               avoided
               by
               Midsummer
               at
               the
               latest
               ,
               and
               then
               fenced
               (
               where
               the
               Rows
               and
               brush
               lye
               longer
               unbound
               or
               made
               up
               ,
               you
               endanger
               the
               losse
               of
               a
               
                 second
                 Spring
              
               )
               and
               not
               to
               stay
               so
               long
               as
               usually
               they
               are
               a
               clearing
               ,
               that
               the
               young
               ,
               and
               the
               Seedlings
               may
               suffer
               the
               least
               interruption
               :
               And
               if
               the
               Winter
               previous
               to
               your
               felling
               Copses
               ,
               you
               preserve
               them
               well
               from
               Cattel
               ,
               it
               will
               recompense
               your
               care
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               It
               is
               advis'd
               not
               to
               cut
               off
               the
               browse-wood
               of
               Oaks
               in
               Copses
               ,
               but
               to
               suffer
               it
               to
               fall
               off
               ,
               as
               where
               Trees
               stand
               very
               close
               it
               usually
               does
               :
               I
               do
               not
               well
               comprehend
               why
               yet
               it
               should
               be
               spar'd
               so
               long
               .
            
             
             
               6.
               
               When
               you
               espy
               a
               cluster
               of
               Plants
               growing
               as
               it
               were
               all
               in
               a
               bunch
               ,
               it
               shall
               suffice
               that
               you
               preserve
               the
               fairest
               Sapling
               ,
               cutting
               all
               the
               rest
               away
               .
               And
               if
               it
               chance
               to
               be
               a
               
                 Ches-nut
                 ,
                 Service
              
               ,
               or
               like
               profitable
               Tree
               ,
               clear
               it
               from
               the
               droppings
               and
               incumbrances
               of
               other
               Trees
               ,
               that
               it
               may
               thrive
               the
               better
               :
               Then
               as
               you
               passe
               along
               ,
               prune
               ,
               and
               trim
               up
               all
               the
               young
               Wavers
               ,
               covering
               such
               Roots
               as
               lye
               bare
               and
               expos'd
               ,
               with
               fresh
               mould
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               Cut
               not
               above
               half
               a
               foot
               from
               the
               Ground
               ,
               and
               that
               to
               the
               South
               slopewise
               ;
               stripping
               up
               such
               as
               you
               spare
               from
               their
               extravagant
               
                 branches
                 ,
                 water-boughs
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               that
               hinder
               the
               growth
               of
               others
               :
               Alwayes
               remembring
               (
               before
               you
               so
               much
               as
               enter
               upon
               this
               work
               )
               to
               preserve
               sufficient
               Plash-pole
               about
               the
               verge
               and
               bounds
               of
               the
               Copse
               for
               fence
               ,
               and
               security
               of
               what
               you
               leave
               ;
               and
               for
               this
               something
               lesse
               than
               a
               Rod
               may
               suffice
               :
               Then
               raking
               your
               Wood
               clear
               of
               
                 Spray
                 ,
                 Chips
              
               ,
               and
               all
               incumbrances
               ,
               shut
               it
               up
               from
               the
               Cattel
               ;
               the
               longer
               the
               better
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               By
               the
               Statute
               Men
               were
               bound
               to
               enclose
               Copses
               after
               Felling
               ,
               of
               or
               under
               fourteen
               years
               growth
               for
               four
               years
               :
               Those
               above
               fourteen
               years
               growth
               to
               be
               sixteen
               years
               Enclos'd
               ;
               And
               for
               Woods
               in
               common
               ,
               a
               fourth
               part
               to
               be
               shut
               up
               ;
               and
               at
               Felling
               the
               like
               proportion
               of
               great
               Trees
               to
               be
               left
               ,
               and
               seven
               years
               Enclos'd
               :
               This
               was
               enlarg'd
               by
               13
               Eliz.
               Your
               elder
               Vnder-woods
               may
               be
               graz'd
               about
               July
               :
               But
               for
               a
               general
               Rule
               ,
               newly-weaned
               Calves
               are
               the
               least
               noxious
               to
               newly-cut
               Spring-woods
               ,
               where
               there
               is
               abundance
               of
               Grasse
               ;
               and
               some
               say
               ,
               Colts
               of
               a
               year
               old
               ;
               but
               then
               the
               Calves
               must
               be
               driven
               out
               at
               May
               at
               farthest
               ,
               though
               the
               Colts
               be
               permitted
               to
               stay
               a
               while
               longer
               :
               But
               of
               this
               every
               mans
               experience
               will
               direct
               him
               ;
               and
               surely
               the
               later
               you
               admit
               Beasts
               to
               graze
               ,
               the
               better
               .
               For
               the
               Measure
               of
               Fuel
               these
               proportions
               were
               to
               be
               observ'd
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               Statutable
               Billet
               should
               hold
               
                 three
                 foot
              
               in
               length
               ,
               and
               seven
               inch
               and
               half
               
                 compasse
                 ;
                 ten
              
               ;
               or
               fourteen
               as
               they
               are
               counted
               for
               
                 one
                 ,
                 two
              
               ,
               or
               three
               ,
               &c.
               
               A
               Stack
               of
               Wood
               (
               which
               is
               the
               boughs
               and
               offal
               of
               the
               Trees
               to
               be
               converted
               to
               Char-coal
               )
               is
               four
               yards
               long
               ,
               
                 three
                 foot
                 and
                 half
              
               high
               (
               in
               some
               places
               but
               a
               yard
               )
               and
               as
               much
               over
               :
               In
               other
               places
               the
               
                 Cord
                 is
                 four
                 foot
              
               in
               height
               ,
               and
               
                 four
                 foot
                 over
              
               ;
               or
               (
               to
               speak
               more
               Geometrically
               )
               a
               Solid
               made
               up
               of
               three
               dimensions
               ,
               four
               foot
               high
               ,
               four
               foot
               broad
               ,
               and
               eight
               foot
               long
               ;
               the
               content
               128
               cubique
               feet
               .
               Fagots
               ought
               to
               be
               a
               full
               yard
               in
               length
               ,
               and
               two
               foot
               in
               circumference
               ,
               made
               round
               ,
               and
               not
               flat
               ;
               for
               so
               they
               contain
               lesse
               Fuel
               ,
               though
               equal
               in
               the
               bulk
               appearing
               .
               But
               of
               these
               particulars
               when
               we
               come
               to
               speak
               expresly
               of
               Fuel
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               In
               the
               mean
               time
               it
               were
               to
               be
               wish'd
               ,
               that
               some
               approv'd
               Experiments
               were
               sedulously
               try'd
               (
               with
               the
               advice
               of
               skillful
               and
               ingenious
               Physicians
               )
               for
               the
               making
               of
               Beer
               without
               Hopps
               ;
               as
               possibly
               with
               the
               white
               Marrubium
               (
               a
               Plant
               of
               singular
               virtue
               )
               or
               with
               dry'd
               Heath-tops
               (
               viz.
               that
               sort
               which
               bears
               no
               berries
               )
               or
               the
               like
               far
               more
               wholesom
               ,
               and
               lesse
               bitter
               than
               either
               ,
               
                 Tamarisk
                 ,
                 Carduus
              
               ,
               or
               Broom
               ,
               which
               divers
               have
               essay'd
               ;
               it
               might
               prove
               a
               
               means
               to
               save
               a
               world
               of
               Fuel
               ,
               and
               in
               divers
               places
               young
               Timber
               and
               Copse-wood
               ,
               which
               is
               yearly
               spent
               for
               Poles
               ;
               especially
               in
               Countries
               where
               Wood
               is
               very
               precious
               .
            
             
               Note
               ,
               that
               the
               
               Wood-land-measure
               by
               Statute
               ,
               is
               computed
               after
               
                 eighteen
                 foot
              
               the
               Perch
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXIX
               .
               Of
               Pruning
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               PRuning
               I
               call
               all
               purgation
               of
               Trees
               from
               what
               is
               superfluous
               .
               
               The
               Ancients
               found
               such
               benefit
               in
               Pruning
               ,
               that
               they
               feigned
               a
               Goddesse
               praesided
               over
               it
               ,
               as
               Arnobius
               tells
               us
               :
               And
               in
               truth
               ,
               it
               is
               in
               the
               discreet
               performance
               of
               this
               work
               ,
               that
               the
               improvement
               of
               our
               Timber
               and
               Woods
               does
               as
               much
               consist
               as
               in
               any
               thing
               whatsoever
               .
               A
               skillful
               Planter
               should
               therefore
               be
               early
               at
               this
               Work
               :
               Shall
               old
               Gratius
               give
               you
               Reason
               and
               Direction
               ?
            
             
               And
               his
               incomparable
               Interpreter
               thus
               in
               English
               .
            
             
               
                 Twigs
                 of
                 themselves
                 never
                 rise
                 strait
                 and
                 high
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 Under-woods
                 are
                 bow'd
                 as
                 first
                 they
                 shoot
                 .
              
               
                 Then
                 prune
                 the
                 Boughs
                 ;
                 and
                 Suckers
                 from
                 the
                 root
              
               
                 Discharge
                 .
                 
                   The
                   leavy
                   wood
                   fond
                   pity
                   tires
                   ,
                
              
               
                 After
                 ,
                 when
                 with
                 tall
                 rods
                 the
                 Tree
                 aspires
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 the
                 round
                 staves
                 to
                 Heaven
                 advance
                 their
                 twigs
                 ,
              
               
                 Pluck
                 all
                 the
                 buds
                 ,
                 and
                 strip
                 off
                 all
                 the
                 sprigs
                 ;
              
               
                 These
                 issues
                 vent
                 what
                 moisture
                 still
                 abound
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 the
                 veins
                 unimploy'd
                 grow
                 hard
                 and
                 sound
                 .
              
               
                 Wase
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Nunquam
                   sponte
                   sua
                   procerus
                   ad
                   aera
                   termes
                
              
               
                 
                   Exiit
                   ,
                   inque
                   ipsa
                   curvantur
                   stirpe
                   genistae
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Ergo
                   ●ge
                   luxuriam
                   primo
                   foetusque
                   uocenteis
                
              
               
                 
                   Detrahe
                   :
                   frondosas
                   graevat
                   indulgentia
                   silva●
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Post
                   ubi
                   proceris
                   generosa
                   stirpibus
                   arbor
                
              
               
                 
                   Se
                   dederit
                   ,
                   teretésque
                   ferent
                   ad
                   sidera
                   virgae
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Stringe
                   notas
                   circum
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   gemmanteis
                   exige
                   versus
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   His
                   ,
                   si
                   quis
                   vitium
                   nociturus
                   sufficit
                   humor
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Visceribus
                   fluit
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   venas
                   durabit
                   i●ertes
                
                 .
              
               
                 Gra.
                 fal
                 .
                 Cynaeget
                 .
              
            
             
               2.
               
               For
               't
               is
               a
               misery
               to
               see
               how
               our
               fairest
               Trees
               are
               defac'd
               ,
               and
               mangl'd
               by
               unskilful
               Wood-men
               ,
               and
               mischievous
               Bordurers
               ,
               who
               go
               alwayes
               arm'd
               with
               short
               Hand-bills
               ,
               hacking
               and
               chopping
               off
               all
               that
               comes
               in
               their
               way
               ;
               by
               which
               our
               Trees
               are
               made
               full
               of
               
                 knots
                 ,
                 boils
                 ,
                 cankers
              
               ,
               and
               deform'd
               bunches
               ,
               to
               their
               utter
               destruction
               :
               
                 Good
                 Husbands
              
               should
               be
               asham'd
               of
               it
               ;
               though
               I
               would
               have
               no
               VVood-man
               pretend
               to
               be
               without
               all
               his
               necessary
               Furniture
               ,
               when
               he
               goes
               about
               this
               work
               ;
               which
               I
               (
               once
               for
               all
               )
               reckon
               to
               be
               the
               
                 Hand
                 bill
                 ,
                 Hatchet
                 ,
                 Hook
                 ,
                 Hand
                 saw
                 ,
              
               an
               excellent
               Pruning
               -
               Knife
               ,
               broad
               Chizel
               and
               Mallet
               ,
               all
               made
               of
               the
               best
               steel
               and
               kept
               sharp
               ;
               And
               thus
               he
               is
               provided
               for
               greater
               ,
               or
               more
               gentle
               
                 Executions
                 ,
                 Purgations
                 ,
                 Recisions
              
               ,
               and
               Coersions
               ;
               and
               it
               is
               of
               main
               concern
               ,
               that
               the
               proper
               and
               effectual
               Tool
               be
               app●ied
               to
               every
               work
               ;
               since
               heavy
               and
               rude
               Instruments
               do
               but
               mangle
               and
               bruise
               tender
               Plants
               ;
               and
               if
               they
               be
               too
               small
               ,
               they
               cannot
               make
               cleer
               and
               
                 even
                 work
              
               upon
               great
               arms
               and
               branches
               :
               The
               Knife
               is
               for
               
               Twigs
               and
               Spray
               ;
               The
               Chizel
               for
               larger
               Armes
               ,
               and
               such
               Amputations
               as
               the
               Ax
               ,
               and
               Bill
               cannot
               well
               operate
               upon
               .
               As
               much
               to
               be
               reprehended
               are
               those
               who
               either
               begin
               this
               work
               at
               unseasonable
               times
               ,
               or
               so
               maim
               the
               poor
               branches
               ,
               that
               either
               out
               of
               lazinesse
               ,
               or
               want
               of
               skill
               ,
               they
               leave
               most
               of
               them
               stubs
               ,
               and
               instead
               of
               cutting
               the
               Arms
               and
               Branches
               close
               to
               the
               boal
               ,
               hack
               them
               off
               a
               foot
               or
               two
               from
               the
               body
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               they
               become
               hollow
               and
               rotten
               ,
               and
               are
               as
               so
               many
               Conduits
               to
               receive
               the
               Rain
               and
               the
               Weather
               ,
               which
               perishes
               them
               to
               the
               very
               Matrix
               and
               Heart
               ,
               deforming
               the
               whole
               Tree
               with
               many
               ugly
               botches
               ,
               which
               shorten
               its
               life
               ,
               and
               utterly
               marre
               the
               Timber
               :
               I
               know
               Sir
               
                 H.
                 Platt
              
               tells
               us
               ,
               the
               Elm
               should
               be
               so
               lopp'd
               ,
               but
               he
               says
               it
               not
               of
               his
               own
               Experience
               as
               I
               do
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               By
               this
               Animadversion
               alone
               it
               were
               easie
               for
               an
               ingenious
               man
               to
               understand
               how
               Trees
               are
               to
               be
               govern'd
               ;
               which
               is
               in
               a
               word
               ,
               by
               cutting
               
                 clean
                 ,
                 smooth
              
               ,
               and
               close
               ,
               making
               the
               stroke
               upward
               ,
               and
               with
               a
               sharp
               Bill
               ,
               so
               as
               the
               weight
               of
               an
               untractable
               bough
               do
               not
               splice
               ,
               and
               carry
               the
               bark
               with
               it
               ,
               which
               is
               both
               dangerous
               and
               unsightly
               .
               The
               Oak
               will
               suffer
               it self
               to
               be
               made
               a
               Pollard
               ,
               that
               is
               ,
               to
               have
               its
               Head
               quite
               
                 cut
                 off
              
               ;
               but
               the
               Elm
               so
               treated
               ,
               will
               perish
               to
               the
               foot
               ,
               and
               certainly
               become
               hollow
               at
               last
               ,
               if
               it
               scape
               with
               life
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               The
               proper
               Season
               for
               this
               work
               is
               for
               old
               Trees
               earlier
               ,
               for
               young
               later
               ,
               as
               a
               little
               after
               the
               change
               in
               January
               or
               February
               ,
               some
               say
               in
               December
               :
               
                 
                   Then
                   shave
                   their
                   locks
                   ,
                   and
                   cut
                   their
                   branchy
                   tresse
                
                 
                   Severely
                   now
                   ,
                   luxuriant
                   boughs
                   represse
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Tunc
                     stringe
                     comas
                     ,
                     tunc
                     brachia
                     tonde
                     :
                  
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     Tunc
                     de●ique
                     dura
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Exerce
                     Imperia
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     ramos
                     compesce
                     fluenteis
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   2.
                   
                
              
            
             
               But
               this
               ought
               not
               to
               be
               too
               much
               in
               young
               Fruit-tres
               ,
               after
               they
               once
               come
               to
               form
               a
               handsom
               head
               ;
               in
               which
               period
               you
               should
               but
               onely
               pare
               them
               over
               about
               March
               ,
               to
               cover
               the
               stock
               the
               sooner
               ,
               if
               the
               Tree
               be
               very
               choice
               :
               To
               the
               aged
               ,
               this
               is
               plainly
               a
               renewing
               of
               their
               Youth
               ,
               and
               an
               extraordinary
               refreshment
               ,
               if
               taken
               in
               time
               ,
               and
               that
               their
               Armes
               be
               not
               suffer'd
               to
               grow
               too
               great
               and
               large
               :
               Besides
               ,
               for
               Interlucation
               ,
               exuberant
               
                 branches
                 ,
                 &
                 spissae
                 nemorum
                 comae
                 ,
              
               where
               the
               boughs
               grow
               too
               thick
               and
               are
               cumbersome
               ,
               to
               let
               in
               the
               Sun
               and
               Air
               ,
               this
               is
               of
               great
               importance
               ;
               and
               so
               is
               the
               sedulous
               taking
               away
               of
               
                 Suckers
                 ,
                 Water-boughs
                 ,
                 Fretters
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               And
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               tall
               Timber
               ,
               the
               due
               
                 stripping
                 up
              
               the
               branches
               ,
               and
               rubbing
               of
               the
               buds
               to
               the
               heights
               you
               require
               :
               Yet
               some
               do
               totally
               forbear
               the
               Oak
               ,
               especially
               if
               aged
               ,
               observing
               that
               they
               much
               exceed
               in
               growth
               such
               as
               are
               prun'd
               ;
               and
               in
               truth
               such
               Trees
               as
               we
               would
               leave
               for
               shade
               ,
               and
               ornament
               ,
               should
               be
               seldom
               cut
               ;
               but
               the
               browse-wood
               cherish'd
               ,
               and
               preserv'd
               as
               low
               towards
               the
               Ground
               as
               may
               be
               ,
               for
               a
               more
               venerable
               and
               solemn
               shade
               :
               and
               therefore
               I
               did
               much
               prefer
               the
               walk
               of
               Elms
               at
               S.
               
                 James's
                 Park
              
               ,
               as
               it
               lately
               grew
               branchy
               ,
               intermingling
               their
               reverend
               tresses
               ,
               before
               the
               present
               trimming
               them
               up
               so
               high
               ;
               especially
               ,
               since
               I
               fear
               ,
               the
               remedy
               comes
               
               too
               late
               to
               save
               their
               decay
               ,
               if
               the
               amputations
               of
               such
               over-grown
               parts
               as
               have
               been
               cut
               off
               ,
               should
               not
               rather
               accelerate
               it
               ,
               by
               exposing
               their
               large
               and
               many
               wounds
               to
               the
               injuries
               of
               the
               weather
               ,
               which
               will
               indanger
               the
               rotting
               of
               them
               ,
               beyond
               all
               that
               can
               be
               apply'd
               by
               Tar
               ,
               or
               otherwise
               to
               protect
               them
               :
               I
               do
               rather
               conceive
               their
               Infirmities
               to
               proceed
               from
               what
               has
               not
               long
               since
               been
               abated
               of
               their
               large
               spreading
               Branches
               ,
               to
               accommodate
               with
               the
               Mall
               ;
               as
               any
               one
               may
               conjecture
               by
               the
               great
               impression
               which
               the
               wet
               has
               already
               made
               in
               those
               incurable
               scarrs
               ,
               that
               being
               now
               multiplied
               ,
               must
               needs
               the
               sooner
               impair
               them
               :
               The
               roots
               having
               likewise
               infinitely
               suffer'd
               ,
               by
               many
               disturbances
               about
               them
               .
               In
               all
               events
               this
               VValk
               might
               have
               enjoy'd
               its
               goodly
               Canopy
               with
               all
               their
               branchy
               furniture
               for
               some
               Ages
               to
               come
               ;
               since
               't
               is
               hardly
               one
               ,
               that
               first
               they
               were
               planted
               :
               But
               his
               Majestie
               will
               have
               providently
               ,
               and
               nobly
               supplied
               this
               defect
               ,
               by
               their
               successors
               of
               Lime-trees
               ,
               which
               will
               sooner
               accomplish
               their
               perfection
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Divers
               other
               precepts
               of
               this
               nature
               I
               could
               here
               enumerate
               ,
               had
               not
               the
               great
               experience
               ,
               faithful
               ,
               and
               accurate
               description
               how
               this
               necessary
               work
               is
               to
               be
               perform'd
               ,
               set
               down
               by
               our
               Country-man
               honest
               Lawson
               (
               
                 Orchard
                 ,
                 cap.
              
               11.
               )
               prevented
               all
               that
               the
               most
               Inquisitive
               can
               suggest
               :
               The
               particulars
               are
               so
               ingenious
               ,
               and
               highly
               material
               ,
               that
               you
               will
               not
               be
               displeas'd
               to
               read
               them
               in
               his
               own
               style
               .
            
             
               
                 All
                 ages
              
               (
               saith
               he
               )
               by
               Rules
               and
               experience
               
                 do
                 consent
                 to
                 a
              
               pruning
               ,
               and
               lopping
               of
               Trees
               :
               
                 Yet
                 have
                 not
                 any
                 that
                 I
                 know
                 described
                 unto
                 us
                 (
                 except
                 in
                 dark
                 ,
                 and
                 general
                 words
                 )
                 what
                 ,
                 or
                 which
                 are
                 those
                 superfluous
              
               boughs
               ,
               
                 which
                 we
                 must
                 take
                 away
                 ;
                 and
              
               that
               
                 is
                 the
                 most
                 chief
                 ,
                 and
                 most
                 needful
                 point
                 to
                 be
                 known
                 in
              
               lopping
               .
               
                 And
                 we
                 may
                 well
                 assure
                 our selves
              
               (
               
                 as
                 in
                 all
                 other
              
               Arts
               ,
               
                 so
                 in
                 this
              
               )
               
                 there
                 is
                 a
                 vantage
                 and
                 dexterity
                 by
              
               skill
               ;
               
                 an
                 habit
                 by
                 practice
                 out
                 of
              
               experience
               ,
               
                 in
                 the
                 performance
                 hereof
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 profit
                 of
                 mankind
                 :
                 Yet
                 do
                 I
                 not
                 know
              
               (
               
                 let
                 me
                 speak
                 it
                 with
                 patience
                 of
                 our
                 cunning
              
               Arborists
               )
               
                 any
                 thing
                 within
                 the
                 compasse
                 of
                 humane
                 affairs
                 so
                 necessary
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 little
                 regarded
                 ;
                 not
                 onely
                 in
              
               Orchards
               ,
               
                 but
                 also
                 in
                 all
                 other
              
               Timber-trees
               ,
               
                 where
                 ,
                 or
                 whatsoever
              
               .
            
             
               Now
               to
               our
               purpose
               :
            
             
               
                 How
                 many
              
               Forests
               ,
               and
               Woods
               ,
               
                 wherein
                 you
                 shall
                 have
                 for
                 one
                 lively
                 thriving
              
               Tree
               ,
               
                 four
                 (
                 nay
                 sometimes
                 twenty
                 four
                 )
                 evil
                 thriving
                 ,
                 rotten
                 and
                 dying
                 Trees
                 ,
                 even
                 whiles
                 they
                 live
                 ;
                 and
                 instead
                 of
                 Trees
                 ,
                 thousands
                 of
              
               bushes
               and
               shrubs
               ?
               
                 what
                 rottennesse
                 ?
                 what
                 hollownesse
                 ?
                 what
                 dead
                 arms
                 ?
                 wither'd
                 tops
                 ?
                 curtail'd
                 trunks
                 ?
                 what
                 loads
                 of
              
               Mosse
               ?
               
                 drouping
                 boughs
                 :
                 and
                 dying
                 branches
                 shall
                 you
                 see
                 every
                 where
                 ?
                 and
                 those
                 that
                 in
                 this
                 sort
                 are
                 in
                 a
                 manner
                 all
                 unprofitable
                 boughs
                 ,
              
               canker'd
               
                 armes
                 ,
                 crooked
                 ,
                 little
                 and
                 short
                 boals
                 .
                 What
                 an
                 infinite
                 number
                 of
                 Bushes
                 ,
                 Shrubs
                 ,
                 and
                 Skrags
                 of
              
               Hasels
               ,
               Thornes
               ,
               
                 and
                 other
                 unprofitable
                 wood
                 ,
                 which
                 might
                 be
                 brought
                 by
                 dressing
                 to
                 become
                 
                 great
                 ,
                 and
                 goodly
                 Trees
                 ?
                 Consider
                 now
                 the
              
               Cause
               .
            
             
               
                 The
                 lesser
              
               Wood
               
                 hath
                 been
                 spoil'd
                 with
                 careless
                 ,
                 unskilfull
                 ,
                 and
                 untimely
                 slowing
                 ;
                 and
                 much
                 also
                 of
                 the
                 great
              
               Wood.
               
                 The
                 greater
                 Trees
                 at
                 the
                 first
                 rising
                 have
                 fill'd
                 and
                 overladen
                 themselves
                 with
                 a
                 number
                 of
                 wasteful
              
               boughs
               and
               suckers
               ,
               
                 which
                 have
                 not
                 onely
                 drawn
                 the
              
               sap
               
                 from
                 the
              
               boal
               ,
               
                 but
                 also
                 have
                 made
                 it
                 knotty
                 ,
                 and
                 themselves
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 boal
              
               mossie
               ,
               
                 for
                 want
                 of
                 dressing
                 ;
                 whereas
                 ,
              
               if
               in
               the
               prime
               of
               growth
               ,
               
                 they
                 had
                 been
                 taken
                 away
                 close
                 ,
                 all
                 but
                 one
              
               top
               ,
               
                 and
                 clean
                 by
                 the
                 bulk
                 ,
                 the
                 strength
                 of
                 all
                 the
              
               sap
               
                 should
                 have
                 gone
                 to
                 the
                 bulk
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 he
                 would
                 have
                 recovered
                 ,
                 and
                 cover'd
                 his
                 knots
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 put
                 forth
                 a
                 fair
                 ,
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 streight
              
               body
               ,
               for
               Timber
               
                 profitable
                 ,
                 huge
                 great
                 of
                 bulk
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 infinite
                 last
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 If
                 all
              
               Timber-trees
               
                 were
                 such
                 (
                 will
                 some
                 say
                 )
                 how
                 should
                 we
                 have
              
               crooked
               
                 wood
                 for
              
               Wheels
               ,
               Coorbs
               ,
               &
               c
               ?
            
             
               Answ
               .
               
                 Dresse
                 all
                 you
                 can
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 will
                 be
                 enough
              
               crooked
               
                 for
                 those
                 uses
              
               .
            
             
               
                 More
                 than
                 this
                 ;
                 in
                 most
                 places
                 they
                 grow
                 so
              
               thick
               ,
               
                 that
                 neither
                 themselves
                 ,
                 nor
                 earth
                 ,
                 nor
                 any
                 thing
                 under
                 or
                 neer
                 them
                 can
                 thrive
                 ;
                 nor
              
               Sun
               ,
               nor
               Rain
               ,
               nor
               Air
               
                 can
                 do
                 them
                 ,
                 nor
                 any
                 thing
                 neer
                 ,
                 or
                 under
                 them
                 ,
                 any
                 profit
                 or
                 comfort
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 I
                 see
                 a
                 number
                 of
              
               Hags
               ,
               
                 where
                 out
                 of
                 one
                 root
                 you
                 shall
                 see
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 (
                 nay
                 more
                 ,
                 such
                 is
                 mens
                 unskillful
                 greedinesse
                 ,
                 who
                 desiring
                 many
                 ,
                 have
                 none
                 good
                 )
                 pretty
              
               Oaks
               ,
               or
               Ashes
               
                 streight
                 and
                 tall
                 ;
                 because
                 the
                 root
                 at
                 the
                 first
                 shoot
                 gives
                 sap
                 amain
                 :
                 But
                 if
              
               one
               
                 onely
                 of
                 them
                 might
                 be
                 suffer'd
                 to
                 grow
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 well
                 ,
                 and
                 cleanly
                 prun'd
                 ,
                 all
                 to
                 his
                 very
              
               top
               ,
               
                 what
                 a
              
               Tree
               
                 should
                 we
                 have
                 in
                 time
                 ?
                 And
                 we
                 see
                 by
                 those
                 roots
                 continually
                 ,
                 and
                 plentifully
                 springing
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 so
                 deadly
                 wounded
                 ,
                 what
                 a
                 Commodity
                 should
                 arise
                 to
                 the
              
               Owner
               ,
               
                 and
                 the
              
               Commonwealth
               
                 if
                 wood
                 were
                 cherished
                 ,
                 and
                 orderly
                 dress'd
                 .
                 The
                 waste
              
               boughs
               
                 closely
                 ,
                 and
                 skillfully
                 taken
                 away
                 ,
                 would
                 give
                 us
                 store
                 of
              
               Fences
               and
               Fuel
               ;
               
                 and
                 the
                 bulk
                 of
                 the
              
               Tree
               
                 in
                 time
                 would
                 grow
                 of
                 huge
                 length
                 and
                 bignesse
                 :
                 But
                 here
                 (
                 methinks
                 )
                 I
                 hear
                 an
                 unskilful
              
               Arborist
               
                 say
                 ,
                 that
              
               Trees
               
                 have
                 their
                 several
              
               forms
               ,
               
                 even
                 by
              
               Nature
               ;
               the
               Pear
               ,
               the
               Holly
               ,
               the
               Aspe
               ,
               
                 &c.
                 grow
                 long
                 in
                 bulk
                 ,
                 with
                 few
                 and
                 little
                 Arms.
                 The
              
               Oak
               
                 by
                 nature
                 broad
                 ,
                 and
                 such
                 like
                 .
                 All
                 this
                 I
                 grant
                 :
                 But
                 grant
                 me
                 also
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 is
                 a
                 profitable
                 end
                 and
                 use
                 of
                 every
              
               Tree
               ,
               
                 from
                 which
                 if
                 it
                 decline
                 (
                 though
                 by
                 nature
                 )
                 yet
              
               Man
               by
               Art
               
                 may
                 (
                 nay
                 must
                 )
                 correct
                 it
                 .
                 Now
                 other
                 end
                 of
              
               Trees
               
                 I
                 never
                 could
                 learn
                 ,
                 than
                 good
              
               Timber
               ,
               Fruit
               
                 much
                 and
                 good
                 ,
                 and
              
               pleasure
               :
               Vses
               Physical
               
                 hinder
                 nothing
                 a
                 good
                 form
              
               .
            
             
               
                 Neither
                 let
                 any
              
               Man
               
                 ever
                 so
                 much
                 as
                 think
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 unprofitable
                 ,
                 much
                 lesse
                 unpossible
                 ,
                 to
                 reform
                 any
              
               Tree
               
                 of
                 what
                 kind
                 soever
                 :
                 For
                 (
                 believe
                 me
                 )
                 I
                 have
                 tried
                 it
                 :
                 I
                 can
                 bring
                 any
              
               Tree
               
                 (
                 beginning
                 betime
                 )
                 to
                 any
                 form
                 .
                 The
              
               Pear
               ,
               and
               Holly
               
                 may
                 be
                 made
              
               spread
               ,
               
                 and
                 the
              
               Oak
               to
               close
               .
            
             
             
               Thus
               far
               the
               good
               Man
               out
               of
               his
               eight
               and
               forty
               years
               experience
               concerning
               Timber-trees
               :
               He
               descends
               then
               to
               the
               Orchards
               ;
               which
               because
               it
               may
               likewise
               be
               acceptable
               to
               our
               industrious
               Planter
               ,
               I
               thus
               contract
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               Such
               as
               stand
               for
               Fruits
               should
               be
               parted
               from
               within
               two
               foot
               (
               or
               thereabouts
               )
               of
               the
               earth
               ;
               so
               high
               ,
               as
               to
               give
               liberty
               to
               dress
               the
               Root
               ,
               and
               no
               higher
               ;
               because
               of
               exhausting
               the
               sap
               that
               should
               feed
               his
               Fruit
               :
               For
               the
               boal
               will
               be
               first
               ,
               and
               best
               served
               and
               fed
               ,
               being
               next
               to
               the
               root
               ,
               and
               of
               greatest
               substance
               .
               These
               should
               be
               parted
               into
               two
               ,
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               Arms
               ,
               as
               your
               graffs
               yield
               twigs
               ;
               and
               every
               Arm
               into
               two
               ,
               or
               more
               Branches
               ,
               every
               Branch
               into
               his
               several
               Cyons
               :
               still
               spreading
               by
               equal
               degrees
               ;
               so
               as
               his
               lowest
               spray
               be
               hardly
               without
               the
               reach
               of
               a
               mans
               hand
               ,
               and
               his
               highest
               not
               past
               two
               yards
               higher
               :
               That
               no
               twig
               (
               especially
               in
               the
               middest
               )
               touch
               his
               fellow
               ;
               let
               him
               spread
               as
               far
               as
               his
               list
               without
               any
               master-bough
               ,
               or
               top
               ,
               equally
               ;
               and
               when
               any
               fall
               lower
               then
               his
               fellows
               (
               as
               they
               will
               with
               weight
               of
               Fruit
               )
               ease
               him
               the
               next
               spring
               of
               his
               superfluous
               twigs
               ,
               and
               he
               will
               rise
               :
               When
               any
               mount
               above
               the
               rest
               ,
               top
               him
               with
               a
               nip
               between
               your
               fingers
               ,
               or
               with
               a
               knife
               :
               Thus
               reform
               any
               Cyon
               ;
               and
               ,
               as
               your
               Tree
               grows
               in
               stature
               ,
               and
               strength
               ,
               so
               let
               him
               rise
               with
               his
               tops
               ,
               but
               slowly
               ,
               and
               easily
               ;
               especially
               in
               the
               middest
               ,
               and
               equally
               in
               breadth
               also
               ;
               following
               him
               upward
               ,
               with
               lopping
               his
               under-growth
               ,
               and
               water-boughs
               ,
               keeping
               the
               same
               distance
               of
               
                 two
                 yards
              
               ,
               not
               above
               three
               ,
               in
               any
               wise
               ,
               betwixt
               the
               lowest
               and
               highest
               twigs
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               Thus
               shall
               you
               have
               handsome
               ,
               clear
               ,
               healthful
               ,
               great
               and
               lasting
               Trees
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Thus
               will
               they
               grow
               safe
               from
               Winds
               ,
               yet
               the
               top
               spreading
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               Thus
               shall
               they
               bear
               much
               Fruit
               ;
               I
               dare
               say
               ,
               one
               as
               much
               as
               five
               of
               your
               common
               Trees
               ,
               all
               his
               branches
               loaden
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Thus
               shall
               your
               Boal
               being
               low
               ,
               defraud
               the
               branches
               but
               little
               of
               their
               sap
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Thus
               shall
               your
               Trees
               be
               easie
               to
               dresse
               ,
               and
               as
               easie
               to
               gather
               the
               Fruit
               from
               ,
               without
               bruising
               the
               
                 Cyons
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
            
             
               6.
               
               The
               fittest
               time
               of
               the
               Moon
               for
               the
               Pruning
               is
               (
               as
               of
               Graffing
               )
               when
               the
               sap
               is
               ready
               to
               stir
               (
               not
               proudly
               stirring
               )
               and
               so
               to
               cover
               the
               wound
               ;
               and
               here
               ,
               for
               the
               time
               of
               day
               ,
               we
               may
               take
               
                 Columella
                 ,
                 Frondem
                 medio
                 die
                 arborator
                 ne
                 caedito
                 .
                 l.
              
               11.
               
               Old
               Trees
               would
               be
               prun'd
               before
               young
               Plants
               :
               And
               note
               ,
               that
               wheresoever
               you
               take
               any
               thing
               away
               ,
               the
               sap
               the
               next
               Summer
               will
               be
               putting
               ;
               be
               sure
               therefore
               when
               he
               puts
               to
               bud
               in
               any
               unfit
               place
               ,
               you
               rub
               it
               off
               with
               your
               finger
               :
               Thus
               begin
               timely
               with
               your
               Trees
               ,
               and
               you
               may
               bring
               them
               to
               what
               form
               you
               please
               .
               If
               you
               desire
               any
               Tree
               should
               be
               taller
               ,
               let
               him
               break
               ,
               or
               divide
               higher
               :
               This
               for
               young
               Trees
               :
               The
               old
               are
               reformed
               by
               curing
               of
               their
               diseases
               ,
               of
               which
               we
               have
               already
               discours'd
               .
               There
               is
               this
               only
               to
               be
               consider'd
               ,
               in
               reference
               to
               Foresters
               ,
               out
               of
               what
               he
               has
               spoken
               concerning
               Fruit-trees
               ;
               (
               that
               as
               has
               been
               touch'd
               )
               where
               Trees
               are
               planted
               for
               shadow
               ,
               
               and
               meer
               ornament
               ,
               as
               in
               Walks
               ,
               and
               Avenues
               ,
               the
               Browse-wood
               (
               as
               they
               call
               it
               )
               should
               most
               of
               it
               be
               cherished
               ;
               whereas
               in
               Fruit
               ,
               and
               Timber-trees
               (
               Oak
               excepted
               )
               it
               is
               best
               to
               free
               them
               of
               it
               :
               As
               for
               Pollards
               (
               to
               which
               I
               am
               no
               great
               friend
               ,
               because
               it
               makes
               so
               many
               scrags
               and
               dwarfes
               of
               many
               Trees
               which
               would
               else
               be
               good
               Timber
               ,
               endangering
               them
               with
               drips
               and
               the
               like
               injuries
               )
               they
               should
               not
               be
               headed
               above
               once
               in
               ten
               or
               twelve
               years
               ,
               at
               the
               beginning
               of
               the
               Spring
               ;
               or
               end
               of
               the
               Fall.
               And
               note
               ,
               that
               all
               Copsing
               ,
               and
               cutting
               close
               ,
               invigorates
               the
               Roots
               ,
               and
               the
               stem
               of
               whatsoever
               grows
               weak
               and
               unkindly
               ;
               but
               you
               must
               then
               take
               care
               it
               be
               not
               overgrown
               with
               Weeds
               or
               Grasse
               :
               Nothing
               (
               says
               my
               Lord
               
                 Bacon
                 Exp.
              
               586.
               and
               truly
               )
               causes
               Trees
               to
               last
               so
               long
               ,
               as
               the
               frequent
               Cutting
               ;
               every
               such
               diminution
               being
               a
               re●invigoration
               of
               the
               Plants
               juyce
               ,
               that
               it
               neither
               goes
               too
               far
               ,
               nor
               rises
               too
               faintly
               ,
               as
               when
               't
               is
               not
               timely
               refresh'd
               with
               this
               Remedy
               ;
               and
               therefore
               we
               see
               ,
               that
               the
               most
               ancient
               Trees
               in
               Church-Yards
               ,
               and
               about
               
                 Old
                 Buildings
              
               ,
               are
               either
               Pollards
               or
               Dottards
               ,
               seldom
               arising
               to
               their
               full
               altitude
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               For
               the
               improvement
               of
               the
               speedy
               growth
               of
               Trees
               ,
               there
               is
               not
               a
               more
               excellent
               thing
               then
               the
               frequent
               rubbing
               of
               the
               Boal
               or
               Stem
               ,
               with
               some
               piece
               of
               hair-cloth
               ,
               or
               ruder
               stuff
               ,
               at
               the
               beginning
               of
               Spring
               :
               some
               I
               have
               known
               done
               with
               Seals-skin
               ;
               the
               more
               rugged
               bark
               with
               a
               piece
               of
               Coat
               of
               Maile
               ,
               which
               is
               made
               of
               small
               wyres
               ;
               this
               done
               ,
               when
               the
               body
               of
               the
               Trees
               are
               wet
               ,
               as
               after
               a
               soaking
               Rain
               ;
               yet
               so
               ,
               as
               not
               to
               excorticate
               ,
               or
               gall
               the
               Tree
               ,
               has
               exceedingly
               accelerated
               its
               growth
               ,
               (
               I
               am
               assured
               ,
               to
               a
               wonderful
               and
               incredible
               improvement
               )
               by
               opening
               the
               pores
               ,
               freeing
               them
               of
               moss
               ,
               and
               killing
               the
               worm
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               Lastly
               ,
               Frondation
               or
               the
               taking
               off
               some
               of
               the
               luxuriant
               branches
               ,
               and
               sprays
               ,
               of
               such
               Trees
               ,
               especially
               whose
               leaves
               are
               profitable
               for
               Cattel
               (
               whereof
               already
               )
               is
               a
               kind
               of
               pruning
               :
               and
               so
               is
               the
               scarifying
               ,
               and
               cross
               hatching
               of
               some
               Fruit-bearers
               ,
               and
               others
               ,
               to
               abate
               that
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               which
               spends
               all
               the
               juyce
               in
               the
               leaves
               ,
               to
               the
               prejudice
               of
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               parts
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               This
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               ,
               belonging
               to
               the
               care
               of
               the
               Wood-ward
               ,
               will
               mind
               him
               of
               his
               continual
               duty
               ;
               which
               is
               to
               walk
               about
               ,
               and
               survey
               his
               young
               Plantations
               dayly
               ;
               and
               to
               see
               that
               all
               Gaps
               be
               immediately
               stopp'd
               ;
               trespassing
               Cattle
               impounded
               ;
               and
               (
               where
               they
               are
               infested
               )
               the
               Deer
               chased
               out
               ,
               &c.
               
               It
               is
               most
               certain
               ,
               that
               Trees
               preserv'd
               ,
               and
               govern'd
               by
               this
               discipline
               ,
               and
               according
               to
               the
               Rules
               mention'd
               ,
               would
               increase
               the
               beauty
               of
               Forests
               ,
               and
               value
               of
               Timber
               ,
               more
               in
               ten
               ,
               or
               twelve
               years
               ,
               than
               all
               other
               imaginable
               Plantations
               (
               accompanied
               with
               our
               usual
               neglect
               )
               can
               do
               in
               forty
               or
               fifty
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               To
               conclude
               ,
               in
               the
               time
               of
               this
               Work
               would
               our
               ingenious
               Arborator
               frequently
               incorporate
               ,
               mingle
               ,
               and
               unite
               the
               Arms
               and
               Branches
               of
               some
               young
               ,
               and
               flexible
               Trees
               which
               grow
               in
               consort
               ,
               and
               neer
               to
               one
               another
               ;
               by
               entring
               them
               into
               their
               mutual
               barks
               with
               a
               convenient
               insition
               :
               This
               ,
               especially
               ,
               about
               Fields
               ,
               
               and
               Hedge-rows
               for
               Fence
               and
               Ornament
               ;
               also
               by
               bowing
               ,
               and
               bending
               of
               others
               ,
               especially
               Oak
               and
               Ash
               ,
               into
               various
               
                 flexures
                 ,
                 curbs
              
               and
               postures
               ,
               oblig'd
               to
               ply
               themselves
               into
               different
               Modes
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               done
               by
               humbling
               and
               binding
               them
               down
               with
               tough
               bands
               and
               wit
               hs
               ,
               or
               hooks
               rather
               ,
               cut
               Skrew-wise
               ,
               or
               slightly
               hagled
               and
               indented
               with
               a
               knife
               ,
               and
               so
               skrewed
               into
               the
               ground
               ,
               till
               the
               tenor
               of
               the
               sap
               ,
               and
               custom
               of
               being
               so
               constrain'd
               ,
               did
               render
               them
               apt
               to
               grow
               so
               of
               themselves
               ,
               without
               power
               of
               redressing
               ;
               This
               course
               would
               wonderfully
               accommodate
               Materials
               for
               Knee-timber
               and
               Shipping
               ,
               the
               Wheel-wright
               and
               other
               uses
               ;
               conform
               it
               to
               their
               Moulds
               ,
               and
               save
               infinite
               labour
               ,
               and
               abbreviate
               the
               work
               of
               hewing
               and
               waste
               ,
               
                 —
                 
                   adeo
                   in
                   teneris
                   consuescere
                   multum
                   est
                   .
                
              
               the
               Poet
               ,
               it
               seems
               ,
               knew
               it
               well
               ,
               and
               for
               what
               purposes
               ,
               
                 
                   When
                   in
                   the
                   woods
                   with
                   mighty
                   force
                   they
                   bow
                
                 
                   The
                   Elme
                   ,
                   and
                   shape
                   it
                   to
                   a
                   crooked
                   plow.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Continuò
                     in
                     Sylvis
                     magna
                     vi
                     flexa
                     domatur
                  
                
                 
                   
                     In
                     burim
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     curvi
                     formam
                     accipit
                     Vlmus
                     aratri
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   Geo.
                   1.
                   
                
              
               so
               as
               it
               even
               half
               made
               it
               to
               their
               hands
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXX
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
              
               Age
               ,
               Stature
               ,
               and
               Felling
               of
               Trees
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               IT
               is
               not
               till
               a
               Tree
               is
               arriv'd
               to
               his
               perfect
               Age
               ,
               and
               full
               vigor
               ,
               
               that
               the
               Lord
               of
               the
               Forest
               should
               consult
               ,
               or
               determine
               concerning
               a
               Felling
               .
               For
               there
               is
               certainly
               in
               Trees
               (
               as
               in
               all
               things
               else
               )
               a
               time
               of
               Increment
               ,
               or
               growth
               ;
               a
               Status
               or
               season
               when
               they
               are
               at
               best
               (
               which
               is
               also
               that
               of
               Felling
               )
               and
               a
               decrement
               or
               period
               when
               they
               decay
               .
               To
               the
               first
               of
               these
               they
               proceed
               with
               more
               ,
               or
               less
               velocity
               ,
               as
               they
               consist
               of
               more
               strict
               and
               compacted
               particles
               ,
               or
               are
               of
               a
               slighter
               ,
               and
               more
               laxed
               contexture
               ;
               by
               which
               they
               receive
               a
               speedier
               ,
               or
               slower
               defluction
               of
               Aliment
               :
               This
               is
               apparent
               in
               Box
               ,
               and
               Willow
               ;
               the
               one
               of
               a
               harder
               ,
               the
               other
               of
               a
               more
               tender
               substance
               :
               But
               as
               they
               proceed
               ,
               so
               they
               likewise
               continue
               .
               By
               the
               state
               of
               Trees
               I
               would
               signifie
               their
               utmost
               effort
               ,
               growth
               ,
               and
               maturity
               ,
               which
               are
               all
               of
               them
               different
               as
               to
               time
               ,
               and
               kind
               ;
               yet
               do
               not
               I
               intend
               by
               this
               any
               period
               or
               instant
               in
               which
               they
               do
               not
               continually
               either
               Improve
               or
               Decay
               (
               the
               end
               of
               one
               being
               still
               the
               beginning
               of
               the
               other
               )
               but
               farther
               than
               which
               ,
               their
               Natures
               do
               not
               extend
               ;
               but
               immediately
               (
               though
               to
               our
               senses
               imperceptibly
               )
               through
               some
               infirmity
               (
               to
               which
               all
               things
               sublunary
               be
               obnoxious
               )
               dwindle
               and
               impair
               ,
               either
               through
               Age
               ,
               defect
               of
               Nourishment
               ,
               by
               sicknesse
               ,
               and
               decay
               of
               principal
               parts
               ;
               
               but
               especially
               ,
               and
               more
               inevitably
               ,
               when
               violently
               invaded
               by
               mortal
               and
               incurable
               Infirmities
               ,
               or
               by
               what
               other
               extinction
               of
               their
               native
               
                 heat
                 ,
                 substraction
              
               ,
               or
               obstruction
               of
               Air
               and
               Moisture
               ,
               which
               making
               all
               motions
               whatsoever
               to
               cease
               and
               determine
               ,
               is
               the
               cause
               of
               their
               final
               destruction
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Our
               honest
               
               Countrey-man
               ,
               to
               whose
               Experience
               we
               have
               been
               obliged
               for
               something
               I
               have
               lately
               Animadverted
               concerning
               the
               Pruning
               of
               Trees
               ,
               does
               in
               another
               Chapter
               of
               the
               same
               Treatise
               ,
               speak
               of
               the
               Age
               of
               Trees
               .
               The
               Discourse
               is
               both
               learned
               ,
               rational
               ,
               and
               full
               of
               encouragement
               :
               For
               he
               does
               not
               scruple
               to
               affirm
               ,
               That
               even
               some
               Fruit-Trees
               may
               possibly
               arrive
               to
               a
               thousand
               years
               of
               Age
               ;
               and
               if
               so
               Fruit-Trees
               ,
               whose
               continual
               bearing
               does
               so
               much
               impair
               and
               shorten
               their
               lives
               ,
               as
               we
               see
               it
               does
               their
               form
               and
               beauty
               ;
               How
               much
               longer
               might
               we
               reasonably
               imagine
               some
               hardy
               and
               slow-growing
               Forest-trees
               may
               probably
               last
               ;
               I
               remember
               Pliny
               tells
               us
               of
               some
               Oaks
               growing
               in
               his
               time
               in
               the
               Hercynian
               Forest
               ,
               which
               were
               thought
               co●evous
               with
               the
               World
               it self
               ;
               their
               roots
               had
               even
               raised
               Mountains
               ,
               and
               where
               they
               encounter'd
               ,
               swell'd
               into
               goodly
               Arches
               like
               the
               Gates
               of
               a
               City
               :
               But
               our
               more
               modern
               Author's
               calculation
               for
               Fruit-trees
               (
               I
               suppose
               he
               means
               
                 Pears
                 ,
                 Apples
              
               .
               &c.
               his
               allowance
               is
               
                 three
                 hundred
              
               years
               for
               growth
               ,
               as
               much
               for
               their
               stand
               (
               as
               he
               terms
               it
               ,
               )
               and
               
                 three
                 hundred
              
               for
               their
               Decay
               ,
               which
               does
               in
               the
               total
               amount
               to
               no
               lesse
               than
               
                 nine
                 hundred
              
               years
               .
               This
               conjecture
               is
               deduc'd
               from
               Apple-Trees
               growing
               in
               his
               Orchard
               ,
               which
               having
               known
               for
               fourty
               years
               ,
               and
               upon
               diligent
               enquiry
               of
               sundry
               aged
               Persons
               of
               eighty
               years
               and
               more
               ,
               who
               remembred
               them
               Trees
               all
               their
               time
               ,
               he
               finds
               by
               comparing
               their
               growth
               with
               others
               of
               that
               kind
               ,
               to
               be
               far
               short
               in
               bigness
               and
               perfection
               ,
               (
               viz.
               by
               more
               then
               two
               parts
               of
               three
               )
               yea
               albeit
               those
               other
               Trees
               have
               been
               much
               hindered
               in
               their
               stature
               ,
               through
               ill
               government
               and
               mis-ordering
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               To
               establish
               this
               ,
               he
               assembles
               many
               Arguments
               from
               the
               age
               of
               Animals
               ,
               whose
               state
               and
               decay
               double
               the
               time
               of
               their
               increase
               by
               the
               same
               proportion
               :
               
                 If
                 then
              
               (
               saith
               he
               )
               
                 those
                 fraile
              
               Creatures
               ,
               
                 whose
                 bodies
                 are
                 nothing
                 (
                 in
                 a
                 manner
                 )
                 but
                 a
                 tender
                 rottennesse
                 ,
                 may
                 live
                 to
                 that
              
               age
               ;
               
                 I
                 see
                 not
                 but
                 a
              
               Tree
               
                 of
                 a
                 solid
                 substance
                 ,
                 not
                 damnified
                 by
              
               heat
               or
               cold
               ,
               capable
               of
               ,
               
                 and
                 subject
              
               to
               
                 any
                 kind
                 of
                 ordering
                 or
                 dressing
                 ,
                 feeding
                 naturally
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 the
                 beginning
                 disburthen'd
                 of
                 all
                 superfluities
                 ,
                 eased
                 of
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 accord
                 avoiding
                 the
                 causes
                 that
                 may
                 annoy
                 him
                 ,
                 should
                 double
                 the
              
               life
               
                 of
                 other
              
               Creatures
               
                 by
                 very
                 many
                 years
              
               .
               He
               proceeds
               ,
               
                 What
                 else
                 are
              
               Trees
               
                 in
                 comparison
                 with
                 the
              
               Earth
               ,
               
                 but
                 as
              
               hairs
               
                 to
                 the
                 body
                 of
              
               Man
               ?
               
                 And
                 it
                 is
                 certain
                 ,
                 that
                 (
                 without
                 some
                 distemper
                 ,
                 or
                 forcible
                 cause
                 )
                 the
              
               hairs
               
                 dure
                 with
                 the
              
               body
               ,
               
                 and
                 are
                 esteem'd
              
               excrements
               
                 but
                 from
                 their
                 superfluous
                 growth
              
               :
               So
               as
               he
               resolves
               upon
               good
               Reason
               ,
               that
               Fruit-trees
               well
               ordered
               ,
               may
               live
               a
               
                 thousand
                 years
              
               ,
               and
               bear
               Fruit
               ;
               and
               the
               longer
               the
               more
               ,
               the
               greater
               ,
               and
               the
               better
               (
               for
               which
               an
               Instance
               also
               in
               Dr.
               
               Beale's
               Herefordshire
               Orchards
               ,
               pag.
               21
               ,
               22.
               )
               because
               his
               vigour
               is
               proud
               and
               stronger
               ,
               when
               his
               years
               are
               many
               .
               Thus
               shall
               you
               see
               
                 old
                 Trees
              
               put
               forth
               
               their
               Buds
               and
               Blossoms
               both
               sooner
               ,
               and
               more
               plentifully
               than
               
                 young
                 Trees
              
               by
               much
               ;
               
                 And
                 I
                 sensibly
                 perceive
              
               (
               saith
               he
               )
               
                 my
                 young
              
               Trees
               
                 to
                 enlarge
                 their
                 Fruit
                 as
                 they
                 grow
                 greater
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               And
               if
               Fruit-Trees
               continue
               to
               this
               Age
               ,
               how
               many
               Ages
               is
               it
               to
               be
               supposed
               strong
               and
               huge
               Timber-Trees
               will
               last
               ?
               whose
               massie
               bodies
               require
               the
               years
               of
               divers
               Methusela's
               before
               they
               determine
               their
               days
               ;
               whos
               's
               Sap
               is
               strong
               and
               bitter
               ;
               whose
               Bark
               is
               hard
               and
               thick
               ,
               and
               their
               substance
               solid
               and
               stiff
               ;
               all
               which
               are
               defences
               of
               health
               and
               long
               life
               .
               Their
               strength
               withstands
               all
               forceable
               Winds
               ;
               their
               Sap
               of
               that
               quality
               is
               not
               subject
               to
               Worms
               and
               tainting
               ;
               their
               Bark
               receives
               seldom
               or
               never
               by
               casualty
               any
               wound
               ;
               and
               not
               only
               so
               ,
               but
               he
               is
               free
               from
               Removals
               ,
               which
               are
               the
               death
               of
               millions
               of
               Trees
               ;
               whereas
               the
               Fruit-tree
               (
               in
               comparison
               )
               is
               little
               ,
               and
               frequently
               blown
               down
               ;
               his
               Sap
               sweet
               ,
               easily
               and
               soon
               tainted
               ;
               his
               Bark
               tender
               ,
               and
               soon
               wounded
               ;
               and
               himself
               used
               by
               Man
               ,
               as
               Man
               uses
               himself
               ;
               that
               is
               ,
               either
               unskilfully
               ,
               or
               carelesly
               .
               Thus
               he
               .
               But
               
                 Vossius
                 de
                 Theolog.
                 Gent.
                 l.
              
               5.
               c.
               5.
               gives
               too
               little
               age
               to
               Ashes
               ,
               when
               he
               speaks
               but
               of
               one
               hundred
               years
               ;
               and
               to
               the
               
                 Medica
                 ,
                 Pyrus
                 ,
                 Prunus
                 ,
                 Cornus
              
               but
               sixty
               :
               he
               had
               as
               good
               have
               held
               his
               peace
               :
               Even
               Rosemary
               has
               lasted
               amongst
               us
               a
               hundred
               years
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               I
               might
               to
               this
               add
               much
               more
               ,
               and
               truly
               with
               sufficient
               probability
               ,
               that
               the
               Age
               of
               Timber-trees
               ,
               especially
               of
               such
               as
               be
               of
               a
               compact
               ,
               resinous
               ,
               or
               balsamical
               nature
               (
               for
               of
               this
               kind
               are
               the
               
                 Eugh
                 ,
                 Box
                 ,
                 Horn-beam
                 ,
                 White-thorn
                 ,
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Walnut
                 ,
                 Cedar
                 ,
                 Juniper
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               )
               are
               capable
               of
               very
               long
               duration
               and
               continuance
               :
               Those
               of
               largest
               Roots
               (
               a
               sign
               of
               Age
               )
               longer
               liv'd
               than
               the
               shorter
               ;
               the
               dry
               than
               the
               wet
               ;
               and
               the
               gummy
               ,
               than
               the
               
                 watery
                 ,
                 sterile
              
               ,
               than
               the
               fruitful
               :
               For
               not
               to
               conclude
               from
               
               Pliny's
               Hercynian
               Oaks
               ,
               or
               the
               Terpentine
               Tree
               of
               Idumaea
               ,
               (
               which
               Josephus
               ranks
               also
               with
               the
               Creation
               :
               )
               I
               mention'd
               a
               Cypress
               yet
               remaining
               somewhere
               in
               Persia
               neer
               an
               old
               Sepulchre
               ,
               whose
               stem
               is
               as
               large
               as
               five
               men
               can
               encompass
               ,
               the
               boughs
               extending
               fifteen
               paces
               every
               way
               ;
               this
               must
               needs
               be
               a
               very
               old
               Tree
               ,
               believ'd
               by
               my
               Author
               little
               lesse
               then
               2500.
               years
               of
               age
               :
               The
               particulars
               were
               too
               long
               to
               recount
               .
               The
               old
               Platanus
               set
               by
               Agamemnon
               ,
               mention'd
               by
               Theophrastus
               ,
               and
               the
               Herculean
               Oaks
               ;
               the
               Laurel
               neer
               Hippocren
               ,
               the
               
                 Vatican
                 Ilex
              
               ,
               the
               Vine
               which
               was
               grown
               to
               that
               bulk
               
                 and
                 Woodinesse
              
               ,
               as
               to
               make
               Columns
               in
               
               Juno's
               Temple
               :
               Pliny
               mentions
               one
               of
               six
               hundred
               years
               old
               in
               his
               time
               ;
               and
               at
               Eguan
               the
               late
               Duke
               of
               Montmoramys
               house
               ,
               is
               a
               Table
               of
               a
               very
               large
               dimention
               made
               of
               the
               same
               plant
               .
               And
               the
               old
               Lotus
               Trees
               ,
               recorded
               by
               
                 Valerius
                 Maximus
              
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Quercus
                 Mariana
              
               celebrated
               by
               that
               Prince
               of
               
                 Orators
                 :
                 Plinies
              
               huge
               Larix
               ,
               and
               what
               grew
               in
               the
               
                 Fortunate
                 Islands
              
               ,
               with
               that
               enormous
               
                 Tree
                 Scaliger
              
               reports
               was
               growing
               in
               the
               
                 Troglodyfic
                 India
              
               ,
               &c.
               were
               famous
               for
               their
               age
               :
               Saint
               Hierome
               affirms
               he
               saw
               the
               Sycomor
               that
               Zaccheus
               climb'd
               up
               ,
               to
               behold
               our
               LORD
               ride
               in
               Triumph
               to
               Jerusalem
               :
               And
               now
               in
               the
               Aventine
               Mount
               they
               shew
               us
               the
               
                 Malus
                 ,
                 Medica
              
               ,
               planted
               by
               the
               hand
               of
               Saint
               Dominic
               :
               In
               Congo
               they
               speak
               of
               Trees
               capable
               to
               be
               excavated
               in
               Vessels
               that
               
               would
               contain
               two
               hundred
               men
               a
               piece
               .
               To
               which
               add
               those
               superannuated
               Tilia's
               now
               at
               Basil
               ,
               and
               that
               of
               Auspurg
               ,
               under
               whose
               prodigious
               shade
               they
               so
               often
               feast
               ,
               and
               celebrate
               their
               Weddings
               ;
               because
               they
               are
               all
               of
               them
               noted
               for
               their
               reverend
               Antiquity
               ;
               for
               to
               such
               Trees
               it
               seems
               they
               paid
               Divine
               honours
               ,
               as
               the
               nearest
               Emblems
               of
               Eternity
               ,
               
                 &
                 tanquam
                 sacros
                 ex
                 vetustate
              
               ,
               as
               Quintilian
               speaks
               :
               And
               like
               to
               these
               might
               that
               Cypresse
               be
               ,
               which
               is
               celebrated
               by
               Virgil
               ,
               neer
               to
               another
               Monument
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               But
               we
               will
               spare
               our
               Reader
               ,
               and
               refer
               him
               that
               has
               a
               desire
               to
               multiply
               examples
               of
               this
               kind
               ,
               to
               those
               undoubted
               Records
               our
               Naturalist
               mentions
               in
               his
               44.
               
               
                 Chap.
                 Lib.
              
               16.
               where
               he
               shall
               read
               of
               Scipio
               Africanus's
               Olive-Trees
               ;
               
                 Dianus
                 Lotus
              
               ,
               the
               Ruminal
               Fig-tree
               lasting
               (
               as
               Tacitus
               calculated
               840
               years
               :
               The
               Ilix
               of
               prodigious
               antiquity
               ,
               as
               the
               Hetruscian
               Inscription
               remaining
               on
               it
               imported
               ;
               But
               Pausanias
               in
               his
               Arcadics
               ,
               thinks
               the
               
                 Samian
                 Vitex
              
               (
               of
               which
               already
               )
               to
               be
               one
               of
               the
               oldest
               Trees
               growing
               ,
               and
               the
               Platan
               set
               by
               Menelaus
               ;
               to
               these
               he
               adds
               the
               
                 Delian
                 Palme
              
               ,
               co●evous
               with
               Apollo
               himself
               ;
               and
               the
               Olive
               planted
               by
               Minerva
               according
               to
               their
               tradition
               ;
               the
               over-grown
               Myrtil
               ;
               the
               Vatican
               Holm
               ,
               those
               of
               Tyburtine
               ,
               and
               especially
               ,
               that
               neer
               to
               Tusculum
               ,
               whose
               body
               was
               thirty
               five
               foot
               about
               ;
               besides
               divers
               others
               which
               he
               there
               enumerates
               in
               a
               large
               Chapter
               :
               And
               what
               shall
               we
               conjecture
               of
               the
               age
               of
               
               Xerxes's
               huge
               Platanus
               ,
               in
               admiration
               whereof
               he
               staid
               the
               march
               of
               so
               many
               hundred
               thousand
               men
               for
               so
               many
               days
               ;
               by
               which
               the
               wise
               Socrates
               was
               us'd
               to
               swear
               ?
               And
               certainly
               a
               goodly
               Tree
               was
               a
               powerful
               attractive
               ,
               when
               that
               prudent
               
                 Consul
                 ,
                 Passienus
                 Crispus
              
               fell
               in
               love
               with
               a
               prodigious
               Beech
               of
               a
               wonderful
               age
               and
               stature
               ,
               and
               that
               wise
               Prince
               Francis
               the
               First
               ,
               with
               an
               huge
               Oak
               ,
               which
               he
               caus'd
               to
               be
               so
               curiously
               immur'd
               at
               Bituriges
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               We
               have
               already
               made
               mention
               of
               
               Tiberius's
               Larch
               ,
               employ'd
               about
               the
               Naumachiaria
               ,
               which
               being
               of
               one
               hundred
               and
               twenty
               foot
               in
               length
               ,
               bare
               two
               foot
               diameter
               all
               that
               space
               ,
               not
               counting
               the
               top
               :
               To
               this
               might
               be
               added
               the
               Mast
               of
               
               Demetrius's
               Galeasse
               ,
               which
               consisted
               of
               one
               Cedar
               .
               And
               that
               of
               the
               Float
               which
               wasted
               
                 Caligulas
                 Obelisks
              
               out
               of
               Aegypt
               ,
               four
               fathoms
               in
               circumference
               :
               We
               read
               also
               of
               a
               Cedar
               growing
               in
               the
               Island
               of
               Cyprus
               ,
               which
               was
               130
               foot
               long
               ,
               and
               18
               in
               diameter
               ;
               of
               the
               Plane
               in
               Athens
               ,
               whose
               roots
               extended
               36
               Cubits
               farther
               then
               the
               boughs
               ,
               which
               were
               yet
               exceedingly
               large
               ;
               and
               such
               another
               was
               that
               most
               famous
               Tree
               at
               Veliternus
               ,
               whose
               arms
               stretch'd
               out
               80
               foot
               from
               the
               stem
               :
               But
               these
               were
               solid
               :
               Now
               if
               we
               will
               calculate
               from
               the
               hollow
               besides
               those
               mention'd
               by
               Pliny
               ,
               in
               the
               Hercynian
               Forest
               ;
               the
               Germans
               (
               as
               now
               the
               Indians
               )
               had
               of
               old
               some
               Punti
               or
               Canoes
               of
               excavated
               Oak
               ,
               which
               would
               well
               contain
               thirty
               ,
               some
               fourty
               persons
               :
               And
               the
               
                 Lician
                 Platanus
              
               recorded
               by
               the
               Naturalist
               ,
               and
               remaining
               long
               after
               his
               days
               ,
               had
               a
               room
               in
               it
               of
               eighty
               one
               feet
               in
               compass
               ,
               adorn'd
               with
               Fountains
               ,
               stately
               Seats
               and
               Tables
               of
               stone
               ;
               for
               it
               seems
               it
               was
               so
               glorious
               a
               Tree
               both
               in
               body
               ,
               and
               head
               ,
               that
               
                 Licinius
                 Mutianus
              
               (
               three
               times
               Consul
               ,
               and
               Governour
               of
               that
               Province
               )
               
               us'd
               to
               feast
               his
               whole
               Retinue
               in
               it
               ,
               chusing
               rather
               to
               lodge
               in
               it
               ,
               then
               in
               his
               golden-roofed
               Palace
               ;
               And
               of
               later
               date
               ,
               that
               vast
               Cerrus
               in
               which
               an
               Eremite
               built
               his
               Cell
               and
               Chappel
               ,
               so
               celebrated
               by
               the
               noble
               Fracastorius
               in
               his
               Poem
               
                 Malteide
                 .
                 Cant.
              
               8.
               
               Stro.
               30.
               
            
             
               7.
               
               Compare
               me
               then
               with
               these
               ,
               that
               nine-fathom'd-deep
               Tree
               spoken
               of
               by
               
                 Josephus
                 à
                 Costa
              
               ;
               the
               Mastick-tree
               seen
               ,
               and
               measur'd
               by
               Sir
               
                 Francis
                 Drake
              
               ,
               which
               was
               four
               and
               thirty
               yards
               in
               circuit
               ;
               Those
               of
               Nicaragua
               and
               Gambra
               ,
               which
               17
               persons
               could
               hardly
               embrace
               .
               In
               India
               ,
               (
               says
               Pliny
               )
               
                 Arbores
                 tantae
                 proceritatis
                 traduntur
                 ,
                 ut
                 sagittis
                 superari
                 nequeant
              
               (
               and
               adds
               ,
               which
               I
               think
               material
               ,
               and
               therefore
               add
               also
               )
               
                 Haec
                 facit
                 ubertas
                 soli
                 ,
                 temperies
                 caeli
                 ,
                 &
                 Aquarum
                 abundantia
                 .
              
               Such
               were
               those
               Trees
               in
               Corsica
               ,
               and
               neer
               
                 Memphis
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               recorded
               by
               
                 Theophrastus
                 ,
                 &c
              
               ,
               and
               for
               prodigious
               height
               ,
               the
               two
               and
               
                 three
                 hundred
                 foot
              
               unparallel'd
               Palms-royal
               describ'd
               by
               Captain
               Ligon
               ,
               growing
               in
               our
               Plantations
               of
               the
               Barbados
               ;
               or
               those
               goodly
               Masts
               of
               Fir
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               seen
               ,
               and
               measur'd
               ,
               brought
               from
               New-England
               :
               and
               what
               Bembus
               relates
               of
               those
               
               twenty-fathom'd
               
               Antartic-Trees
               ;
               or
               those
               of
               which
               Cardan
               writes
               ,
               call'd
               Ciba
               ,
               which
               rising
               in
               their
               several
               Stems
               each
               of
               twenty
               foot
               ,
               in
               compass
               ,
               and
               as
               far
               distant
               each
               from
               other
               ,
               unite
               in
               the
               bole
               at
               fifteen
               foot
               height
               from
               the
               ground
               ,
               composing
               three
               stately
               Arches
               ,
               and
               thence
               ascending
               in
               a
               shaft
               of
               prodigious
               bulk
               and
               altitude
               ;
               Such
               Trees
               of
               37
               foot
               diameter
               (
               an
               incredible
               thing
               )
               Scaliger
               (
               his
               Antagonist
               )
               speaks
               of
               
                 ad
                 Gambrae
                 fluvium
                 .
                 Mathiolus
              
               speaks
               of
               a
               Tree
               growing
               in
               the
               Island
               of
               Cyprus
               ,
               which
               contain'd
               130
               foot
               high
               sound
               Timber
               :
               And
               upon
               
                 Mount
                 Aetna
              
               in
               Sicily
               is
               a
               place
               call'd
               by
               them
               ,
               the
               
                 Ire
                 Castayne
              
               from
               three
               Chesnut-Trees
               there
               standing
               ,
               where
               in
               the
               cavity
               of
               one
               yet
               remaining
               ,
               a
               considerable
               Flock
               of
               Sheep
               is
               commonly
               folded
               :
               Kerchers
               words
               are
               these
               ,
               as
               seen
               by
               himself
               ,
               
                 Et
                 quod
                 forsan
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               
                 videri
                 possit
                 ,
                 ostendit
                 mihi
                 viae
                 dux
                 ,
                 unius
                 Castaneae
                 Corticem
                 tantae
                 amplitudinis
                 ,
                 ut
                 inta
                 eam
                 integer
                 pecorum
                 grex
                 à
                 pastoribus
                 ,
                 tanquam
                 in
                 Caula
                 ,
                 commodissima
                 noctu
                 includeretur
                 .
                 China
                 Illust
                 .
                 p.
              
               185.
               
               And
               what
               may
               we
               conceive
               of
               those
               Trees
               in
               the
               Indias
               ,
               one
               of
               whose
               Nuts
               hardly
               one
               man
               is
               able
               to
               carry
               ;
               and
               which
               are
               so
               vast
               ,
               as
               they
               depend
               not
               like
               other
               Fruit
               ,
               by
               a
               Stalke
               from
               the
               boughs
               ,
               but
               are
               produc'd
               out
               of
               the
               very
               body
               and
               stem
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               and
               are
               sufficient
               to
               feed
               twenty
               persons
               at
               a
               meale
               .
            
             
               We
               read
               of
               a
               certain
               Fig
               in
               the
               
                 Caribby
                 Islands
              
               ,
               which
               emits
               such
               large
               buttresses
               ,
               that
               great
               Planks
               for
               Tables
               and
               Flooring
               are
               cleft
               out
               of
               them
               ,
               without
               the
               least
               prejudice
               to
               the
               Tree
               ;
               and
               that
               one
               of
               these
               do
               easily
               shelter
               200
               men
               under
               them
               :
               Strabo
               ,
               I
               remember
               ,
               
                 Geog.
                 l.
              
               15.
               talkes
               of
               fifty
               Horsmen
               under
               a
               Tree
               in
               India
               ;
               his
               words
               are
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               and
               of
               another
               that
               shaded
               five
               stadia
               at
               once
               ;
               and
               in
               another
               place
               of
               a
               Pine
               about
               Ida
               ,
               which
               held
               24
               foot
               diameter
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               monstrous
               height
               :
               But
               this
               ,
               and
               all
               we
               have
               hitherto
               produc'd
               ,
               is
               nothing
               to
               what
               I
               find
               mention'd
               in
               the
               late
               
                 Chineze
                 History
              
               (
               as
               't
               is
               set
               forth
               upon
               occasion
               of
               the
               
                 Dutch
                 Embassy
              
               )
               where
               they
               tell
               us
               of
               
               a
               certain
               Tree
               call'd
               Ciennich
               (
               or
               the
               Tree
               of
               a
               thousand
               years
               )
               in
               the
               Province
               of
               Suchu
               neer
               the
               City
               Kien
               ,
               which
               is
               so
               prodigiously
               large
               ,
               as
               to
               shrow'd
               200
               Sheep
               under
               one
               onely
               branch
               of
               it
               ,
               without
               being
               so
               much
               as
               perceiv'd
               by
               those
               who
               approch
               it
               .
               And
               to
               conclude
               with
               yet
               a
               greater
               wonder
               ,
               of
               another
               in
               the
               Province
               of
               Chekiang
               ,
               whose
               amplitude
               is
               so
               stupendiously
               vast
               ,
               as
               fourescore
               persons
               can
               hardly
               embrace
               :
               not
               to
               omit
               the
               strange
               ,
               and
               incredible
               bulk
               of
               some
               Oaks
               standing
               lately
               in
               Westphalia
               ,
               whereof
               one
               serv'd
               both
               for
               a
               Castle
               and
               Fort
               ,
               and
               another
               there
               which
               contain'd
               in
               height
               130
               foot
               ,
               and
               (
               as
               some
               report
               )
               30
               foot
               diameter
               :
               I
               have
               read
               of
               a
               Table
               of
               Walnut-tree
               to
               be
               seen
               at
               Saint
               
               Nicholas's
               in
               Lorraine
               ,
               which
               held
               25
               foot
               broad
               ,
               all
               of
               a
               piece
               ,
               and
               of
               competent
               length
               and
               thicknesse
               ,
               rarely
               flek'd
               and
               
                 watered
                 ;
                 Scamozzi
              
               the
               Architect
               reports
               he
               saw
               it
               :
               Such
               a
               monster
               ,
               that
               might
               be
               ,
               under
               which
               the
               
                 Emperor
                 Fred.
              
               the
               third
               held
               his
               magnificent
               Feast
               1472.
               
               For
               in
               this
               resention
               we
               will
               endeavour
               to
               give
               a
               taste
               of
               more
               fresh
               observations
               ,
               and
               to
               compare
               our
               modern
               Timber
               with
               the
               Ancient
               ,
               and
               that
               ,
               not
               only
               abroad
               ,
               but
               without
               travelling
               into
               forreign
               Countries
               for
               these
               wonders
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               What
               goodly
               Trees
               were
               of
               old
               ador'd
               ,
               and
               consecrated
               by
               the
               Dryads
               I
               leave
               to
               conjecture
               from
               the
               stories
               of
               our
               ancient
               Britains
               ,
               who
               had
               they
               left
               Records
               of
               their
               prodigies
               in
               this
               kind
               ,
               would
               doubtlesse
               have
               furnish'd
               us
               with
               examples
               as
               remarkable
               for
               the
               growth
               and
               stature
               of
               Trees
               ,
               as
               any
               which
               we
               have
               deduc'd
               from
               the
               Writers
               of
               forreign
               places
               ,
               since
               the
               remains
               of
               what
               are
               yet
               in
               being
               (
               notwithstanding
               the
               havock
               which
               has
               universally
               been
               made
               ,
               and
               the
               little
               care
               to
               improve
               our
               woods
               )
               may
               stand
               in
               fair
               competition
               with
               any
               thing
               that
               Antiquity
               can
               produce
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               There
               is
               somewhere
               in
               Wales
               an
               Inscription
               extant
               ,
               cut
               into
               the
               wood
               of
               an
               old
               Beam
               ,
               thus
               ,
               
                 SEXAGINTA
                 PEDES
                 FVERANT
                 IN
                 STIPITE
                 NOSTRO
                 ,
                 EXCEPTA
                 COMA
                 QVAE
                 SPECIOSA
                 FVIT
                 .
              
               This
               must
               needs
               have
               been
               a
               noble
               Tree
               ,
               but
               not
               without
               later
               parallels
               ;
               for
               to
               instance
               in
               the
               several
               species
               ,
               and
               speak
               first
               of
               the
               bulks
               of
               some
               immense
               Trees
               ;
               there
               was
               standing
               an
               old
               and
               decay'd
               Chessnut
               at
               Fraiting
               in
               Essex
               ,
               whose
               very
               stump
               did
               yield
               thirty
               sizable
               load
               of
               Logs
               ;
               I
               could
               produce
               you
               another
               of
               the
               same
               kind
               in
               Glocestershire
               which
               contains
               within
               the
               bowels
               of
               it
               a
               pretty
               wain-scotted
               Room
               inlighten'd
               with
               windows
               ,
               and
               furnish'd
               with
               seats
               ,
               &c.
               to
               answer
               the
               
                 Lician
                 Platanus
              
               lately
               mention'd
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               But
               whilest
               I
               am
               on
               this
               period
               ;
               see
               what
               a
               Tilia
               that
               most
               learn'd
               ,
               and
               obliging
               person
               ,
               D.
               Brown
               of
               Norwich
               ,
               describes
               to
               me
               in
               a
               Letter
               just
               now
               receiv'd
               .
            
             
               
                 An
                 extraordinary
                 large
                 ,
                 and
                 stately
              
               Tilia
               ,
               Linden
               or
               Lime-tree
               ,
               
                 there
                 groweth
                 at
              
               Depeham
               in
               Norfolk
               ,
               
                 ten
                 miles
                 from
              
               Norwich
               ,
               
                 whose
                 measure
                 is
                 this
                 .
                 The
                 compass
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 part
                 of
                 the
              
               Trunk
               
                 or
                 body
                 
                 about
                 two
                 yards
                 from
                 the
                 ground
                 is
                 at
                 least
              
               eight
               yards
               and
               half
               :
               
                 about
                 the
                 root
                 nigh
                 the
                 earth
                 ,
              
               sixteen
               yards
               ,
               
                 about
                 half
                 a
                 yard
                 above
              
               that
               ,
               
                 neer
                 twelve
              
               yards
               
                 in
                 circuit
                 :
                 The
              
               height
               
                 to
                 the
                 uppermost
                 boughs
                 about
              
               thirty
               yards
               ,
               
                 which
                 surmounts
                 the
                 famous
              
               Tilia
               of
               Zurich
               in
               Switzerland
               ;
               
                 and
                 uncertain
                 it
                 is
                 whether
                 in
                 any
              
               Tilicetum
               ,
               or
               Lime-walk
               
                 abroad
                 it
                 be
                 considerably
                 exceeded
                 :
                 Yet
                 was
                 the
                 first
                 motive
                 I
                 had
                 to
                 view
                 it
                 not
                 so
                 much
                 the
                 largenesse
                 of
                 the
              
               Tree
               ,
               
                 as
                 the
                 general
                 opinion
                 that
                 no
                 man
                 could
                 ever
                 name
                 it
                 ;
                 but
                 I
                 found
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 a
              
               Tilia
               faemina
               ;
               and
               (
               
                 if
                 the
                 distinction
                 of
              
               Bauhinus
               
                 be
                 admitted
                 from
                 the
                 greater
                 ,
                 and
                 lesser
              
               leaf
               )
               a
               Tilia
               Platyphyllos
               or
               Latifolia
               ;
               
                 some
                 leaves
                 being
              
               three
               inches
               
                 broad
                 ;
                 but
                 to
                 distinguish
                 it
                 from
                 others
                 in
                 the
              
               Country
               ,
               
                 I
                 call'd
                 it
              
               Tilia
               Colossaea
               Depehamensis
               .
               Thus
               the
               Doctor
               .
            
             
               A
               Poplar-tree
               not
               much
               inferior
               to
               this
               he
               informs
               me
               grew
               lately
               at
               
                 Harlingly
                 Thetford
              
               ,
               at
               Sir
               
                 William
                 Gawdies
              
               gate
               ,
               blown
               down
               by
               that
               terrible
               Hurrocan
               about
               four
               years
               since
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               I
               am
               told
               of
               a
               very
               Withy-tree
               to
               be
               seen
               somewhere
               in
               Barkshire
               ,
               which
               is
               increased
               to
               a
               most
               stupendious
               bulk
               :
               But
               these
               for
               arriving
               hastily
               to
               their
               Acme
               ,
               and
               period
               ,
               and
               generally
               not
               so
               considerable
               for
               their
               use
               ;
               I
               pass
               to
               the
               
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Elm
                 ,
                 Oak
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
             
               There
               were
               of
               the
               first
               of
               these
               divers
               which
               measur'd
               in
               length
               
                 one
                 hundred
                 and
                 thirty
                 two
                 foot
                 ,
              
               sold
               lately
               in
               Essex
               :
               and
               in
               the
               Manor
               of
               Horton
               (
               to
               go
               no
               farther
               than
               the
               Parish
               of
               Ebsham
               in
               Surrey
               ,
               belonging
               to
               my
               Brother
               
                 Richard
                 Evelyn
              
               
                 Esq
              
               )
               there
               are
               Elms
               now
               standing
               in
               good
               numbers
               ,
               which
               will
               bear
               almost
               three
               foot
               square
               for
               more
               then
               forty
               foot
               in
               height
               ,
               which
               is
               (
               in
               my
               judgement
               )
               a
               very
               extraordinary
               matter
               .
               They
               grow
               in
               a
               moist
               Gravel
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Hedge-rows
               .
            
             
               Not
               to
               insist
               upon
               Beech
               ,
               which
               are
               frequently
               very
               large
               ;
               there
               are
               Oaks
               of
               forty
               foot
               high
               ;
               and
               five
               foot
               diameter
               yet
               flourishing
               in
               divers
               old
               Parks
               of
               our
               Nobility
               and
               Gentry
               .
            
             
               A
               large
               and
               goodly
               Oak
               there
               is
               at
               Reedham
               in
               Sir
               
                 Richard
                 Berneys
              
               Park
               of
               Norfolk
               ,
               which
               I
               am
               inform'd
               was
               valu'd
               at
               forty
               pounds
               the
               Timber
               ,
               and
               twelve
               pounds
               the
               lopping
               wood
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               Nor
               are
               we
               to
               over-pass
               those
               memorable
               Trees
               which
               so
               lately
               flourished
               in
               
                 Dennington
                 Park
              
               neer
               Newberry
               ;
               amongst
               which
               ,
               three
               were
               most
               remarkable
               from
               the
               ingenious
               Planter
               ,
               and
               dedication
               (
               if
               Tradition
               hold
               )
               of
               the
               famous
               English
               
                 Bard
                 ,
                 Jeofry
                 Chaucer
              
               ;
               of
               which
               one
               was
               call'd
               the
               Kings
               ,
               another
               the
               Queens
               ,
               and
               a
               third
               
                 Chaucers
                 Oak
              
               .
               The
               first
               of
               these
               was
               fifty
               foot
               in
               height
               before
               any
               bough
               or
               knot
               appear'd
               ,
               and
               cut
               five
               foot
               square
               at
               the
               butt-end
               ,
               all
               clear
               Timber
               .
               The
               Queens
               was
               fell'd
               since
               the
               Wars
               ,
               and
               held
               forty
               foot
               excellent
               Timber
               ,
               straight
               as
               an
               arrow
               in
               growth
               and
               grain
               ,
               and
               cutting
               four
               foot
               at
               the
               stub
               ,
               and
               neer
               a
               yard
               at
               the
               top
               ;
               besides
               a
               fork
               of
               almost
               ten
               foot
               clear
               timber
               above
               the
               shaft
               ,
               which
               was
               crown'd
               with
               a
               shady
               tuft
               of
               boughs
               ,
               amongst
               which
               ,
               some
               were
               on
               each
               side
               curved
               like
               Rams-horns
               ,
               as
               if
               they
               had
               been
               so
               industriously
               bent
               by
               hand
               .
               This
               Oak
               was
               of
               a
               kind
               so
               excellent
               ,
               cutting
               a
               grain
               clear
               as
               any
               Clap-board
               (
               as
               appear'd
               in
               the
               Wainscot
               which
               was
               made
               thereof
               )
               that
               a
               thousand
               pities
               it
               is
               some
               seminary
               
               of
               the
               Acorns
               had
               not
               been
               propagated
               ,
               to
               preserve
               the
               species
               .
               
                 Chaucers
                 Oak
              
               ,
               though
               it
               were
               not
               of
               these
               dimensions
               ,
               yet
               was
               it
               a
               very
               goodly
               Tree
               :
               And
               this
               account
               I
               receiv'd
               from
               my
               most
               honour'd
               friend
               
                 Phil.
                 Packer
              
               
                 Esq
              
               whose
               Father
               (
               as
               now
               the
               Gentleman
               his
               Brother
               )
               was
               proprietor
               of
               this
               Park
               :
               But
               that
               which
               I
               would
               farther
               remark
               ,
               upon
               this
               occasion
               is
               ,
               the
               bulk
               ,
               and
               stature
               to
               which
               an
               Oak
               may
               possibly
               arrive
               within
               lesse
               then
               three
               hundred
               years
               ;
               since
               it
               is
               not
               so
               long
               that
               our
               Poet
               flourish'd
               (
               being
               in
               the
               Reign
               of
               King
               Edward
               the
               fourth
               )
               if
               at
               least
               he
               were
               indeed
               the
               Planter
               of
               those
               Trees
               ,
               as
               't
               is
               confidently
               affirm'd
               .
               I
               will
               not
               labour
               much
               in
               this
               enquiry
               ;
               because
               an
               implicit
               faith
               is
               here
               of
               great
               encouragement
               ;
               and
               it
               is
               not
               to
               be
               conceiv'd
               what
               Trees
               of
               a
               good
               kind
               ,
               and
               in
               apt
               soil
               ,
               will
               perform
               in
               a
               few
               years
               ;
               and
               this
               (
               I
               am
               inform'd
               )
               is
               a
               sort
               of
               
                 gravelly
                 clay
              
               ,
               moistn'd
               with
               small
               and
               frequent
               springs
               .
               In
               the
               mean
               while
               ,
               I
               have
               often
               wish'd
               ,
               that
               Gentlemen
               were
               more
               curious
               of
               transmitting
               to
               Posterity
               ,
               such
               Records
               ,
               by
               noting
               the
               years
               when
               they
               begin
               any
               considerable
               Plantation
               ;
               that
               the
               Ages
               to
               come
               ,
               may
               have
               both
               the
               satisfaction
               ,
               and
               encouragement
               by
               more
               accurate
               and
               certain
               Calculations
               .
               I
               find
               a
               Jewish
               tradition
               ,
               cited
               by
               the
               learned
               Bochart
               ,
               That
               Noah
               planted
               the
               Trees
               (
               he
               supposes
               Cedars
               )
               of
               which
               he
               afterwards
               built
               the
               Ark
               that
               preserv'd
               him
               .
               But
               to
               proceed
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               There
               was
               in
               Cuns-burrow
               (
               sometimes
               belonging
               to
               my
               Lord
               of
               Dover
               )
               several
               Trees
               bought
               by
               a
               Couper
               ,
               of
               which
               he
               made
               
                 ten
                 pound
                 per
                 yard
              
               for
               three
               or
               four
               yards
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               been
               credibly
               assur'd
               :
               But
               where
               shall
               we
               parallel
               that
               mighty
               Tree
               which
               furnish'd
               the
               Main-mast
               to
               the
               Sovereign
               of
               our
               Seas
               ,
               which
               being
               one
               
                 hundred
                 foot
                 long
              
               save
               one
               ,
               bare
               
                 thirty
                 five
              
               inches
               diameter
               .
               Yet
               was
               this
               exceeded
               in
               proportion
               ,
               and
               use
               ,
               by
               that
               Oak
               which
               afforded
               those
               prodigious
               beams
               that
               lye
               thwart
               her
               .
               The
               diameter
               of
               this
               Tree
               was
               four
               foot
               nine
               inches
               ,
               which
               yielded
               four-square
               beams
               of
               
                 four
                 and
                 forty
              
               foot
               long
               each
               of
               them
               .
               The
               Oak
               grew
               about
               Framingam
               in
               Suffolk
               ;
               and
               indeed
               it
               would
               be
               thought
               fabulous
               ,
               but
               to
               recount
               only
               the
               extraordinary
               dimensions
               of
               some
               Timber-trees
               growing
               in
               that
               County
               ;
               and
               of
               the
               excessive
               sizes
               of
               these
               materials
               ,
               had
               not
               mine
               own
               hands
               measur'd
               a
               Table
               (
               more
               then
               once
               )
               of
               above
               five
               foot
               in
               breadth
               ,
               nine
               and
               an
               half
               in
               length
               ,
               and
               six
               inches
               thick
               ,
               all
               intire
               and
               clear
               :
               This
               plank
               cut
               out
               of
               a
               Tree
               fell'd
               down
               by
               my
               Fathers
               order
               ,
               was
               made
               a
               
                 Pastry
                 board
              
               ,
               and
               lyes
               now
               on
               a
               frame
               of
               solid
               
                 Brick
                 work
              
               at
               Wotton
               in
               Surrey
               ,
               where
               it
               was
               so
               placed
               before
               the
               room
               was
               finish'd
               about
               it
               ,
               or
               wall
               built
               ,
               and
               yet
               abated
               by
               
                 one
                 foot
              
               shorter
               ,
               to
               confine
               it
               to
               the
               intended
               dimensions
               of
               the
               place
               ;
               for
               at
               first
               ,
               it
               held
               this
               breadth
               ,
               full
               
                 ten
                 foot
              
               and
               an
               half
               in
               length
               .
               Mersennus
               tells
               us
               that
               the
               
                 Great
                 Ship
              
               call'd
               the
               Crown
               ,
               which
               the
               late
               
                 French
                 King
              
               caus'd
               to
               be
               built
               ,
               has
               its
               keel-timber
               120
               foot
               long
               ;
               and
               the
               Main-mast
               12
               foot
               diameter
               at
               the
               bottom
               ,
               and
               85
               in
               height
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               To
               these
               I
               might
               add
               that
               superannuated
               
                 Eugh
                 tree
              
               growing
               now
               in
               
                 Braburne
                 Church-yard
              
               ,
               not
               far
               from
               
                 Scots
                 hall
              
               in
               Kent
               ,
               vvhich
               
               being
               58
               foot
               11
               inches
               in
               the
               circumference
               ,
               will
               bear
               neer
               twenty
               foot
               diameter
               ,
               as
               it
               was
               measur'd
               first
               by
               my self
               imperfectly
               ,
               and
               then
               more
               exactly
               for
               me
               ,
               by
               order
               of
               the
               Right
               Honourable
               Sir
               
                 George
                 Carteret
                 ,
                 Vice-Chamberlain
              
               to
               his
               Majesty
               ,
               and
               late
               Treasurer
               of
               the
               Navy
               :
               not
               to
               mention
               the
               goodly
               planks
               ,
               and
               other
               considerable
               pieces
               of
               squar'd
               ,
               and
               clear
               Timber
               ,
               which
               I
               observ'd
               to
               lye
               about
               it
               ,
               that
               had
               been
               hew'd
               ,
               and
               sawn
               out
               of
               some
               of
               the
               Arms
               only
               ,
               torn
               from
               it
               by
               impetuous
               winds
               .
               Such
               another
               Monster
               I
               am
               inform'd
               is
               also
               to
               be
               seen
               in
               
                 Sutton
                 Church
                 yard
              
               ,
               neer
               Winchester
               :
               But
               these
               (
               with
               infinite
               others
               ,
               which
               I
               am
               ready
               to
               produce
               )
               might
               fairly
               suffice
               to
               vindicate
               ,
               and
               assert
               our
               Proposition
               ,
               as
               it
               relates
               to
               
                 modern
                 examples
              
               ,
               and
               sizes
               of
               Timber-trees
               ,
               comparable
               to
               any
               of
               the
               Ancients
               ,
               remaining
               upon
               laudable
               and
               unsuspected
               Record
               ;
               were
               it
               not
               great
               ingratitude
               to
               conceal
               a
               most
               industrious
               ,
               and
               no
               less
               accurate
               Accompt
               ,
               which
               comes
               just
               now
               to
               my
               hands
               from
               Mr.
               Halton
               ,
               Auditor
               to
               the
               Right
               Honourable
               ,
               the
               most
               Illustrious
               ,
               and
               Noble
               ,
               
                 Henry
                 Lord
                 Howard
              
               of
               Norfolk
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       In
                       Sheffield
                       Lordship
                       .
                    
                     
                       15.
                       
                       In
                       the
                       
                         Hall
                         Park
                      
                       ,
                       neer
                       unto
                       Rivelin
                       ,
                       
                       stood
                       an
                       Oak
                       which
                       had
                       eighteen
                       yards
                       without
                       bough
                       ,
                       or
                       knot
                       ;
                       and
                       carryed
                       a
                       yard
                       and
                       
                         six
                         inches
                      
                       square
                       at
                       the
                       said
                       height
                       ,
                       or
                       length
                       ,
                       and
                       not
                       much
                       bigger
                       neer
                       the
                       root
                       :
                       Sold
                       twelve
                       years
                       ago
                       for
                       11
                       
                         li.
                         Consider
                         the
                      
                       distance
                       
                         of
                         the
                      
                       place
                       ,
                       and
                       Country
                       ,
                       
                         and
                         what
                         so
                         prodigious
                         a
                      
                       Tree
                       
                         would
                         have
                         been
                      
                       worth
                       neer
                       London
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       
                       Firth's
                       Farme
                       within
                       
                         Sheffield
                         Lordship
                      
                       ,
                       about
                       twenty
                       years
                       since
                       ,
                       a
                       Tree
                       blown
                       down
                       by
                       the
                       wind
                       ,
                       made
                       ,
                       or
                       would
                       have
                       made
                       two
                       Forge-hammer-beams
                       ,
                       and
                       in
                       those
                       ,
                       and
                       the
                       other
                       wood
                       of
                       that
                       Tree
                       ,
                       there
                       was
                       of
                       worth
                       ,
                       or
                       made
                       50
                       li.
                       and
                       
                         Godfrey
                         Frogat
                      
                       (
                       who
                       is
                       now
                       living
                       )
                       did
                       oft
                       say
                       ,
                       he
                       lost
                       30
                       li.
                       by
                       the
                       not
                       buying
                       of
                       it
                       .
                       
                    
                     
                       A
                       Hammer-beam
                       is
                       not
                       less
                       then
                       7½
                       yards
                       long
                       ,
                       and
                       4
                       foot
                       square
                       at
                       the
                       barrel
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       
                         Sheffield
                         Park
                      
                       ,
                       below
                       the
                       Manor
                       ,
                       a
                       Tree
                       was
                       standing
                       which
                       was
                       sold
                       by
                       one
                       Giffard
                       (
                       servant
                       to
                       the
                       then
                       Countess
                       of
                       Kent
                       )
                       for
                       2
                       li.
                       10
                       s.
                       to
                       one
                       
                         Nich.
                         Hicks
                      
                       ;
                       which
                       yielded
                       of
                       sawn
                       Wair
                       fourteen
                       hundred
                       ,
                       and
                       by
                       estimation
                       ,
                       twenty
                       Chords
                       of
                       wood
                       .
                    
                     
                       A
                       Wair
                       is
                       two
                       yards
                       long
                       ,
                       and
                       one
                       foot
                       broad
                       ,
                       
                       sixscore
                       to
                       the
                       hundred
                       :
                       so
                       that
                       ,
                       in
                       the
                       said
                       Tree
                       was
                       10080
                       foot
                       of
                       Boards
                       ;
                       which
                       ,
                       if
                       any
                       of
                       the
                       said
                       Boards
                       were
                       more
                       then
                       half-inch
                       thick
                       ,
                       renders
                       the
                       thing
                       yet
                       more
                       admirable
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       the
                       upper
                       end
                       of
                       Rivelin
                       stood
                       a
                       Tree
                       ,
                       call'd
                       the
                       Lords-Oak
                       ,
                       of
                       twelve
                       yards
                       about
                       ,
                       and
                       the
                       top
                       yielded
                       twenty
                       one
                       Chord
                       ,
                       cut
                       down
                       about
                       thirteen
                       years
                       since
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       
                         Sheffield
                         Park
                         ,
                         An.
                      
                       1646.
                       stood
                       above
                       100
                       Trees
                       worth
                       1000
                       li.
                       and
                       there
                       are
                       yet
                       two
                       worth
                       above
                       20
                       
                         l.
                         still
                         note
                         the
                         place
                         ,
                         and
                         market
                         .
                      
                    
                     
                       In
                       the
                       same
                       Park
                       ,
                       about
                       eight
                       years
                       ago
                       ,
                       
                         Ralph
                         Archdall
                      
                       cut
                       a
                       
                       Tree
                       that
                       was
                       thirteen
                       foot
                       diameter
                       at
                       the
                       Kerf
                       ,
                       or
                       cutting
                       place
                       neer
                       the
                       Root
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       the
                       same
                       Park
                       two
                       years
                       since
                       ,
                       Mr.
                       Sittwell
                       ,
                       with
                       
                         Jo.
                         Magson
                      
                       did
                       chuse
                       a
                       Tree
                       ,
                       which
                       after
                       it
                       was
                       cut
                       ,
                       and
                       said
                       aside
                       flat
                       upon
                       a
                       level
                       ground
                       ,
                       
                         Sam.
                         Staniforth
                      
                       a
                       Keeper
                       ,
                       and
                       
                         Ed.
                         Morphy
                      
                       ,
                       both
                       on
                       horse-back
                       ,
                       could
                       not
                       see
                       over
                       the
                       Tree
                       one
                       anothers
                       Hat-crowns
                       .
                       This
                       Tree
                       was
                       afterwards
                       sold
                       for
                       20
                       li.
                       
                    
                     
                       In
                       the
                       same
                       Park
                       ,
                       neer
                       the
                       old
                       foord
                       ,
                       is
                       an
                       Oak-tree
                       yet
                       standing
                       ,
                       of
                       ten
                       yards
                       circumference
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                       In
                       the
                       same
                       Park
                       ,
                       below
                       the
                       Conduit
                       Plain
                       ,
                       is
                       an
                       Oak-tree
                       which
                       bears
                       a
                       top
                       ,
                       whose
                       boughs
                       shoot
                       from
                       the
                       boal
                       some
                       fifteen
                       ,
                       and
                       some
                       sixteen
                       yards
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Then
                         admitting
                         15½
                         yards
                         for
                         the
                         common
                         ,
                         or
                         mean
                         extent
                         of
                         the
                         boughs
                         from
                         the
                         boal
                         ,
                         which
                         being
                         doubled
                         is
                         31
                         yards
                         ;
                         and
                         if
                         it
                         be
                         imagin'd
                         for
                         a
                         diameter
                         ,
                         because
                         the
                         Ratio
                         of
                         the
                         diameter
                         to
                         the
                         circumference
                         is
                         113
                         /
                         355
                         it
                         follows
                         113.355
                         .
                         ∷
                         31.97
                         44
                         /
                         113
                         yards
                         which
                         is
                         the
                         circumference
                         belonging
                         to
                         this
                         diameter
                         .
                      
                       
                         Then
                         farther
                         it
                         is
                         demonstrable
                         in
                         Geometry
                         ,
                         that
                         half
                         the
                         diameter
                         multiplied
                         into
                         half
                         the
                         circumference
                         produces
                         the
                         Area
                         or
                         quantity
                         of
                         the
                         Circle
                         ,
                         and
                         that
                         will
                         be
                         found
                         to
                         be
                         754347
                         /
                         452
                         which
                         is
                         755
                         square
                         yards
                         ferè
                         .
                      
                       
                         Then
                         lastly
                         ,
                         if
                         a
                         Horse
                         can
                         be
                         limited
                         to
                         three
                         square
                         yards
                         of
                         ground
                         to
                         stand
                         on
                         (
                         which
                         may
                         seem
                         a
                         competent
                         proportion
                         of
                         three
                         yards
                         long
                         ,
                         and
                         one
                         yard
                         broad
                         )
                         then
                         may
                         251
                         Horse
                         be
                         well
                         said
                         to
                         stand
                         under
                         the
                         shade
                         of
                         this
                         Tree
                         .
                         But
                         of
                         the
                         more
                         
                           Northern
                           Cattle
                        
                         certainly
                         ,
                         above
                         twice
                         that
                         number
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       Worksopp-Park
                       .
                    
                     
                       16.
                       
                       In
                       this
                       Park
                       ,
                       at
                       the
                       corner
                       of
                       the
                       
                       Bradshaw-rail
                       ,
                       lyeth
                       the
                       boal
                       of
                       an
                       Oak-tree
                       which
                       is
                       twenty
                       nine
                       foot
                       about
                       ,
                       and
                       would
                       be
                       found
                       thirty
                       ,
                       if
                       it
                       could
                       be
                       justly
                       measur'd
                       ;
                       because
                       it
                       lyeth
                       upon
                       the
                       ground
                       ;
                       
                       and
                       the
                       length
                       of
                       this
                       boal
                       is
                       ten
                       foot
                       ,
                       and
                       no
                       arm
                       ,
                       nor
                       branch
                       upon
                       it
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       the
                       same
                       Park
                       ,
                       at
                       the
                       white
                       gate
                       ,
                       a
                       Tree
                       did
                       stand
                       that
                       was
                       from
                       bough
                       end
                       to
                       bough
                       end
                       (
                       that
                       is
                       ,
                       
                       from
                       the
                       extream
                       ends
                       of
                       two
                       opposite
                       boughs
                       )
                       180
                       foot
                       ;
                       which
                       is
                       witness'd
                       by
                       
                         Jo.
                         Magson
                      
                       and
                       
                         Geo.
                         Hall
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       measur'd
                       by
                       them
                       both
                       .
                    
                     
                       Then
                       because
                       180
                       foot
                       ,
                       or
                       60
                       yards
                       is
                       the
                       diameter
                       ;
                       30
                       yards
                       will
                       be
                       the
                       semidiameter
                       :
                       And
                       by
                       the
                       former
                       Analogies
                       113.355
                       ∷
                       60
                       .
                       188½
                       and
                       1.30
                       ∷
                       94¼
                       .
                       2827½
                    
                     
                       That
                       is
                       ,
                       the
                       Content
                       of
                       ground
                       upon
                       which
                       this
                       Tree
                       perpendicularly
                       drops
                       ,
                       is
                       above
                       2827
                       square
                       yards
                       ,
                       which
                       is
                       above
                       half
                       an
                       Acre
                       of
                       ground
                       :
                       And
                       the
                       assigning
                       
                       three
                       square
                       yards
                       (
                       as
                       above
                       )
                       for
                       an
                       Horse
                       ,
                       there
                       may
                       942
                       be
                       well
                       said
                       to
                       stand
                       in
                       this
                       compass
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       the
                       same
                       Park
                       (
                       after
                       many
                       hundreds
                       sold
                       ,
                       and
                       carryed
                       away
                       )
                       there
                       is
                       a
                       Tree
                       which
                       did
                       yield
                       
                         quarter-cliff
                         bottoms
                      
                       that
                       were
                       a
                       yard
                       square
                       :
                       and
                       there
                       is
                       of
                       them
                       to
                       be
                       seen
                       in
                       Worksopp
                       at
                       this
                       day
                       ,
                       
                       and
                       some
                       Tables
                       made
                       of
                       the
                       said
                       quarter-cliff
                       likewise
                       .
                    
                     
                       In
                       the
                       same
                       Park
                       ,
                       in
                       the
                       place
                       there
                       call'd
                       the
                       Hawks-nest
                       ,
                       are
                       Trees
                       forty
                       foot
                       long
                       of
                       Timber
                       ,
                       which
                       will
                       bear
                       two
                       foot
                       square
                       at
                       the
                       top-end
                       or
                       height
                       of
                       forty
                       foot
                       .
                    
                     
                       If
                       then
                       a
                       square
                       whose
                       side
                       is
                       two
                       foot
                       ,
                       be
                       inscribed
                       in
                       a
                       Circle
                       ,
                       the
                       proportions
                       at
                       that
                       Circle
                       are
                    
                     
                       
                         
                           feet
                        
                         
                           Diameter
                           2
                           :
                           8284
                        
                         
                           Circumference
                           8
                           :
                           8858
                        
                         
                           Area
                           6
                           :
                           2831
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       And
                       because
                       a
                       Tun
                       of
                       Timber
                       is
                       said
                       to
                       contain
                       forty
                       solid
                       feet
                       :
                       one
                       of
                       these
                       Columns
                       of
                       Oak
                       will
                       contain
                       above
                       six
                       Tun
                       of
                       Timber
                       and
                       a
                       quarter
                       :
                       in
                       this
                       computation
                       taking
                       them
                       to
                       be
                       Cylinders
                       ,
                       and
                       not
                       tapering
                       like
                       the
                       segment
                       of
                       a
                       Cone
                       .
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       Welbeek-Lane
                       .
                    
                     
                       17.
                       
                       The
                       Oak
                       which
                       stands
                       in
                       this
                       Lane
                       call'd
                       
                         Grindal
                         Oak
                      
                       ,
                       hath
                       at
                       these
                       several
                       distances
                       from
                       the
                       ground
                       these
                       Circumferences
                       ,
                    
                     
                       
                         
                           
                              
                          
                           
                             foot
                          
                           
                             foot
                          
                           
                              
                          
                           
                             inch
                          
                        
                         
                           
                             at
                          
                           
                             1
                          
                           
                             33
                          
                           
                             :
                          
                           
                             01
                          
                        
                         
                           
                             at
                          
                           
                             2
                          
                           
                             28
                          
                           
                             :
                          
                           
                             05
                          
                        
                         
                           
                             at
                          
                           
                             6
                          
                           
                             25
                          
                           
                             :
                          
                           
                             07
                          
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       The
                       breadth
                       is
                       from
                       bough-end
                       to
                       bough-end
                       
                         (
                         i.
                         )
                         diametrically
                      
                       88
                       foot
                       ;
                       the
                       height
                       from
                       the
                       ground
                       to
                       the
                       top-most
                       bough
                       81
                       foot
                       [
                       this
                       dimension
                       taken
                       from
                       the
                       proportion
                       that
                       a
                       Gnomon
                       bears
                       to
                       the
                       shadow
                       ]
                       there
                       are
                       three
                       Arms
                       broken
                       off
                       and
                       〈◊〉
                       and
                       eight
                       very
                       large
                       ones
                       yet
                       remaining
                       ,
                       which
                       are
                       very
                       〈◊〉
                       good
                       Timber
                       .
                    
                     
                       88
                       foot
                       is
                       29⅓
                       yards
                       ,
                       which
                       being
                       in
                       this
                       case
                       admitted
                       for
                       the
                       diameter
                       of
                       a
                       circle
                       ,
                       the
                       
                         square
                         yards
                      
                       in
                       that
                       circumference
                       will
                       be
                       676
                       ferè
                       ;
                       and
                       then
                       allowing
                       three
                       yards
                       (
                       as
                       before
                       )
                       for
                       a
                       beast
                       ,
                       leaves
                       225
                       beasts
                       ,
                       which
                       may
                       possibly
                       stand
                       under
                       this
                       Tree
                       .
                    
                     
                       But
                       the
                       Lords-Oak
                       ,
                       that
                       stood
                       in
                       Rivelin
                       ,
                       was
                       in
                       diameter
                       three
                       yards
                       ,
                       and
                       twenty
                       eight
                       inches
                       ;
                       and
                       exceeded
                       this
                       in
                       circumference
                       three
                       feet
                       ,
                       at
                       one
                       foot
                       from
                       the
                       ground
                       .
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       Shire-Oak
                       .
                    
                     
                       Shire-Oak
                       is
                       a
                       Tree
                       standing
                       in
                       the
                       ground
                       late
                       Sir
                       
                         Tho.
                         Hewets
                      
                       ,
                       
                       about
                       a
                       mile
                       from
                       Worksopp-Park
                       ,
                       which
                       drops
                       into
                       three
                       Shires
                       ,
                       viz.
                       
                         York
                         ,
                         Nottingham
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       Derby
                       ,
                       and
                       the
                       distance
                       from
                       bough-end
                       
                       to
                       bough-end
                       ,
                       is
                       ninety
                       foot
                       ,
                       or
                       thirty
                       yards
                       .
                    
                     
                       This
                       circumference
                       will
                       contain
                       neer
                       707
                       square
                       yards
                       ,
                       sufficient
                       to
                       shade
                       235
                       horse
                       .
                    
                     
                       Thus
                       far
                       the
                       accurate
                       Mr.
                       Halton
                       .
                    
                  
                
              
            
             
               18.
               
               Being
               inform'd
               by
               a
               person
               of
               credit
               ,
               that
               an
               Oak
               in
               Sheffield-Park
               ,
               call'd
               the
               Ladies-Oak
               ,
               fell'd
               ,
               contain'd
               forty
               two
               Tun
               of
               Timber
               ,
               which
               had
               Arms
               that
               held
               at
               least
               four
               foot
               square
               for
               ten
               yards
               in
               length
               ;
               the
               Body
               six
               foot
               of
               clear
               Timber
               :
               That
               in
               the
               same
               Park
               one
               might
               have
               chosen
               above
               1000
               Trees
               worth
               above
               6000
               li.
               another
               1000
               worth
               4000
               
                 li.
                 &
                 sic
                 de
                 caeteris
              
               :
               To
               this
               M.
               Halton
               replies
               ,
               That
               it
               might
               possibly
               be
               meant
               of
               the
               Lords-Oak
               already
               mention'd
               to
               have
               grown
               in
               Rivelin
               :
               For
               now
               Rivelin
               it self
               is
               totally
               destitute
               of
               that
               issue
               she
               once
               might
               have
               gloried
               in
               of
               Oaks
               ;
               there
               being
               only
               the
               Hall-Park
               adjoyning
               ,
               which
               keeps
               up
               with
               its
               number
               of
               Oaks
               .
               And
               as
               to
               the
               computation
               of
               1000
               Trees
               formerly
               in
               Sheffield-Park
               worth
               6000
               li.
               it
               is
               believ'd
               there
               were
               a
               thousand
               much
               above
               that
               value
               ;
               since
               in
               what
               is
               now
               inclos'd
               ,
               it
               is
               evident
               touching
               100
               worth
               a
               
                 thousand
                 pounds
              
               .
               I
               am
               inform'd
               that
               an
               Oak
               (
               I
               think
               in
               Shropshire
               )
               growing
               lately
               in
               a
               Coppse
               of
               my
               Lord
               Cravens
               ,
               yielded
               19
               Tun
               and
               half
               of
               Timber
               ,
               2●
               Cord
               of
               Fire-wood
               ,
               2
               load
               of
               Brush
               ,
               and
               2
               load
               of
               Bark
               .
               And
               my
               worthy
               friend
               
                 Leonard
                 Pinckney
              
               
                 Esq
              
               late
               first
               Clerk
               of
               his
               Majesties
               Kitchin
               (
               from
               whom
               I
               receiv'd
               the
               first
               hints
               of
               many
               of
               these
               particulars
               )
               did
               assure
               me
               ,
               that
               one
               
                 John
                 Garland
              
               built
               a
               very
               handsome
               Barne
               ,
               containing
               five
               Baies
               ,
               with
               
                 Pan
                 ,
                 Posts
                 ,
                 Beams
                 ,
                 Spars
                 ,
              
               &c.
               of
               one
               sole
               Tree
               ,
               growing
               in
               Worksopp-Park
               .
               I
               will
               close
               This
               with
               an
               Instance
               which
               I
               greatly
               value
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               transmitted
               to
               me
               from
               that
               honourable
               and
               noble
               Person
               Sir
               
                 Ed.
                 Harley
                 :
                 I
                 am
              
               (
               says
               he
               )
               
                 assur'd
                 by
                 an
              
               Inquisition
               
                 taken
                 about
              
               300
               years
               
                 since
                 ,
                 that
                 a
              
               Park
               
                 of
                 mine
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 adjacent
              
               Woods
               ,
               
                 had
                 not
                 then
                 a
              
               Tree
               
                 capable
                 to
                 bear
              
               Acorns
               ;
               
                 Yet
                 ,
                 that
                 very
              
               Park
               
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 full
                 of
                 great
              
               Oaks
               ,
               
                 and
                 most
                 of
                 them
                 in
                 the
                 extreamest
              
               Wane
               of
               decay
               .
               The
               Trunk
               
                 of
                 one
                 of
                 these
              
               Oaks
               
                 afforded
                 so
                 much
              
               Timber
               ,
               
                 as
                 upon
                 the
              
               place
               
                 would
                 have
                 yielded
              
               15
               
                 li.
                 and
                 did
                 compleatly
              
               seat
               with
               Waine-scot
               Pues
               
                 a
                 whole
              
               Church
               :
               
                 You
                 may
                 please
              
               (
               says
               he
               ,
               writing
               to
               
                 Sir
                 Rob.
                 Morray
              
               )
               
                 to
                 remember
                 when
                 you
                 were
              
               here
               ,
               
                 you
                 took
                 notice
                 of
                 a
                 large
              
               Tree
               ,
               newly
               fallen
               ;
               
                 When
                 it
                 was
                 wrought
                 up
                 ,
                 it
                 proved
                 very
                 hollow
                 and
                 unsound
                 :
                 One
                 of
                 its
              
               cavities
               contayn'd
               two
               Hogs-heads
               of
               Water
               ,
               
                 Another
                 was
                 filled
                 with
                 better
                 stuff
                 ,
              
               Wax
               and
               Hony
               ;
               
                 Notwithstanding
                 all
                 defects
                 ,
                 it
                 yielded
                 ,
                 besides
              
               three
               Tun
               of
               Timber
               ,
               23
               Cords
               of
               Wood
               :
               
                 But
                 my
                 own
              
               Trees
               
                 are
                 but
              
               Chips
               
                 in
                 comparison
                 of
                 a
              
               Tree
               
                 in
                 the
              
               Neighbourhood
               ,
               
                 in
                 which
                 every
              
               foot
               
                 forward
                 one
                 with
                 another
                 ,
                 was
              
               half
               a
               Tun
               of
               Timber
               ,
               
                 It
                 bore
              
               5
               foot
               square
               ,
               40
               foot
               
                 long
                 ;
                 It
                 contein'd
              
               20
               Tun
               of
               Timber
               ,
               
                 most
                 of
                 it
                 sold
                 for
              
               20
               s.
               per
               Tun
               ;
               
                 besides
                 that
                 the
              
               Boughs
               afforded
               25
               Cords
               of
               Fuel-wood
               ;
               
                 This
                 was
                 call'd
                 the
              
               Lady-Oak
               :
               
                 Is
                 't
                 not
                 pitty
                 such
                 goodly
                 creatures
                 should
                 be
                 devoted
                 to
              
               Vulcane
               ?
               &c.
               So
               far
               this
               noble
               Gent.
               to
               which
               I
               would
               add
               Dirae
               ,
               a
               deep
               Execration
               of
               Iron-Mills
               ,
               and
               I
               had
               almost
               sayd
               Iron-Masters
               too
               
                 
                 Quos
                 ego
                 ;
                 sed
                 motos
                 praestat
                 componere
                 —
              
               for
               I
               should
               never
               finish
               to
               pursue
               these
               Instances
               through
               our
               once
               goodly
               Magazines
               of
               Timber
               for
               all
               uses
               ,
               growing
               in
               this
               our
               native
               Country
               ,
               comparable
               (
               as
               I
               said
               )
               to
               any
               we
               can
               produce
               of
               
                 elder
                 times
              
               ;
               and
               that
               not
               only
               (
               though
               chiefly
               )
               for
               the
               encouragement
               of
               Planters
               ,
               and
               Preservers
               of
               one
               of
               the
               most
               excellent
               ,
               and
               necessary
               Materials
               in
               the
               World
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               Man
               ;
               but
               to
               evince
               the
               continu'd
               vigor
               of
               Nature
               ,
               and
               to
               reproach
               the
               want
               of
               Industry
               in
               this
               Age
               of
               ours
               ;
               and
               (
               that
               we
               may
               return
               to
               the
               Argument
               of
               this
               large
               Chapter
               )
               to
               assert
               the
               procerity
               ,
               and
               stature
               of
               Trees
               from
               their
               very
               great
               Antiquity
               :
               For
               certainly
               ,
               if
               that
               be
               true
               ,
               which
               is
               by
               divers
               affirmed
               concerning
               the
               Quercetum
               of
               Mambre
               (
               where
               the
               Patriarch
               entertain'd
               his
               Angelical
               Guests
               )
               recorded
               by
               Eusebius
               to
               have
               continued
               till
               the
               time
               of
               Constantine
               the
               Great
               ,
               we
               are
               not
               too
               prejudicately
               ,
               to
               censure
               what
               has
               been
               produc'd
               for
               the
               proofs
               of
               their
               Antiquity
               ;
               nor
               for
               my
               part
               ,
               do
               I
               much
               question
               the
               Authorities
               :
               But
               let
               this
               suffice
               ;
               what
               has
               been
               produc'd
               being
               only
               an
               historical
               speculation
               ,
               of
               more
               encouragement
               haply
               then
               other
               use
               ,
               but
               such
               as
               was
               pertinent
               to
               the
               subject
               under
               consideration
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               what
               I
               am
               about
               to
               add
               concerning
               the
               Texture
               ,
               and
               similar
               parts
               of
               the
               body
               of
               Trees
               ,
               which
               may
               also
               hold
               in
               shrubs
               ,
               and
               other
               lignous
               plants
               ;
               because
               it
               is
               both
               a
               curious
               ,
               and
               Rational
               account
               of
               their
               Anatomization
               ,
               and
               worthy
               of
               the
               sagacious
               Inquiry
               of
               that
               incomparably
               learned
               Person
               ,
               Dr.
               Goddard
               ,
               as
               I
               find
               it
               entered
               amongst
               other
               of
               those
               precious
               Collections
               of
               this
               
                 Illustrious
                 Society
              
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               The
               Trunk
               or
               bough
               of
               a
               Tree
               being
               cut
               transversely
               plain
               and
               smooth
               sheweth
               several
               Circles
               or
               Rings
               more
               or
               less
               Orbicular
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               external
               figure
               ,
               in
               some
               parallel
               proportion
               ,
               one
               without
               the
               other
               ,
               from
               the
               centre
               of
               the
               Wood
               to
               the
               inside
               of
               the
               Bark
               ,
               dividing
               the
               whole
               into
               so
               many
               circular
               spaces
               .
               These
               Rings
               are
               more
               large
               ,
               gross
               ,
               and
               distinct
               in
               colour
               and
               substance
               in
               some
               kind
               of
               Trees
               ,
               generally
               in
               such
               as
               grow
               to
               a
               great
               bulk
               in
               a
               short
               time
               ,
               as
               
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Ash
              
               ,
               &c
               ,
               smaller
               or
               less
               distinct
               in
               those
               that
               either
               not
               all
               ,
               or
               in
               a
               longer
               time
               grow
               great
               ;
               as
               
                 Quince
                 ,
                 Holly
                 ,
                 Box
                 ,
                 Lignum-vitae
                 ,
                 Ebony
                 ,
              
               and
               the
               like
               sad
               colour'd
               and
               hard
               woods
               ;
               so
               that
               by
               the
               largeness
               ,
               or
               smallnesse
               of
               the
               Rings
               ,
               the
               quickness
               ,
               or
               slowness
               of
               the
               growth
               of
               any
               Tree
               may
               perhaps
               at
               certainty
               be
               estimated
               .
            
             
               These
               spaces
               are
               manifestly
               broader
               on
               the
               one
               side
               ,
               then
               on
               the
               other
               ,
               especially
               the
               more
               outer
               ,
               to
               a
               double
               proportion
               ,
               or
               more
               ;
               the
               inner
               being
               neer
               an
               equality
               .
            
             
               It
               is
               asserted
               ,
               that
               the
               larger
               parts
               of
               these
               Rings
               are
               on
               the
               South
               and
               sunny
               side
               of
               the
               Tree
               (
               which
               is
               very
               rational
               and
               probable
               )
               insomuch
               ,
               that
               by
               cutting
               a
               Tree
               transverse
               ,
               and
               drawing
               a
               diametre
               through
               the
               broadest
               and
               narrowest
               parts
               of
               the
               Rings
               ,
               a
               Meridian
               line
               may
               be
               described
               .
            
             
             
               The
               outer
               spaces
               are
               generally
               narrower
               then
               the
               inner
               ,
               not
               onely
               in
               their
               narrower
               sides
               ,
               but
               also
               on
               their
               broader
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               same
               sides
               of
               the
               inner
               :
               Notwithstanding
               which
               ,
               they
               are
               for
               the
               most
               part
               ,
               if
               not
               altogether
               ,
               bigger
               upon
               the
               whole
               account
               .
            
             
               Of
               these
               spaces
               ,
               the
               outer
               extremities
               in
               Fir
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               woods
               ,
               that
               have
               them
               larger
               and
               grosser
               ,
               are
               more
               dense
               ,
               hard
               ,
               and
               compact
               ;
               the
               inner
               more
               soft
               and
               spungy
               ;
               by
               which
               difference
               of
               substance
               it
               is
               ,
               that
               the
               Rings
               themselves
               come
               to
               be
               distinguished
               .
            
             
               According
               as
               the
               bodies
               and
               boughs
               of
               trees
               ,
               or
               several
               parts
               of
               the
               same
               ,
               are
               bigger
               ,
               or
               lesser
               ,
               so
               is
               the
               number
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               breadth
               of
               the
               circular
               spaces
               greater
               or
               lesse
               ;
               and
               the
               like
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               age
               ,
               especially
               the
               number
               .
            
             
               It
               is
               commonly
               ,
               and
               very
               probably
               asserted
               ,
               that
               a
               Tree
               gains
               a
               new
               one
               every
               year
               .
               In
               the
               body
               of
               a
               great
               Oak
               in
               the
               New-Forest
               ,
               cut
               
                 transversly
                 even
              
               (
               where
               many
               of
               the
               Trees
               are
               accounted
               to
               be
               some
               hundreds
               of
               years
               old
               )
               three
               ,
               and
               four
               hundred
               have
               been
               distinguish'd
               .
               In
               a
               Fir-tree
               ,
               which
               is
               said
               to
               have
               just
               so
               many
               rows
               of
               boughs
               about
               it
               ,
               as
               it
               is
               of
               years
               growth
               ,
               there
               has
               been
               observed
               just
               one
               lesse
               ,
               immediately
               above
               one
               row
               ,
               then
               immediately
               below
               :
               Hence
               some
               probable
               account
               may
               be
               given
               of
               the
               difference
               between
               the
               outer
               ,
               and
               the
               inner
               parts
               of
               the
               Rings
               ,
               that
               the
               outermost
               being
               newly
               produced
               in
               the
               Summer
               ,
               the
               exterior
               superficies
               is
               condens'd
               in
               the
               VVinter
               .
            
             
               20.
               
               In
               the
               young
               branches
               and
               twigs
               of
               Trees
               there
               is
               a
               pith
               in
               the
               middle
               ,
               which
               in
               some
               ,
               as
               Ash
               ,
               and
               especially
               Elder
               ,
               equals
               ,
               or
               exceeds
               in
               dimensions
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               substance
               ,
               but
               waxes
               lesse
               as
               they
               grow
               bigger
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               great
               boughs
               and
               trunk
               scarce
               is
               to
               be
               found
               :
               This
               gives
               way
               for
               the
               growth
               of
               the
               inward
               Rings
               ,
               which
               at
               first
               were
               lesse
               than
               the
               outer
               (
               as
               may
               be
               seen
               in
               any
               shoot
               of
               the
               first
               year
               )
               and
               after
               grow
               thicker
               ,
               being
               it self
               absum'd
               ,
               or
               perhaps
               converted
               into
               VVood
               ;
               as
               it
               is
               certain
               Cartilages
               or
               Gristles
               are
               into
               bones
               (
               in
               the
               bodies
               of
               Animals
               )
               from
               which
               to
               sense
               they
               differ
               even
               as
               much
               as
               pith
               from
               VVood.
               
            
             
               These
               Rings
               or
               spaces
               appearing
               upon
               transverse
               Section
               (
               as
               they
               appear
               eliptical
               upon
               oblique
               ,
               and
               strait
               lines
               upon
               direct
               Section
               )
               are
               no
               other
               than
               the
               extremities
               of
               so
               many
               Integuments
               ,
               investing
               the
               whole
               Tree
               ,
               and
               (
               perhaps
               )
               all
               the
               boughs
               that
               are
               of
               the
               same
               age
               with
               any
               of
               them
               ,
               or
               older
               .
            
             
               The
               growth
               of
               
                 Trees
                 Augmentation
              
               in
               all
               dimensions
               is
               acquired
               ,
               not
               onely
               by
               accession
               of
               a
               new
               Integument
               yearly
               ,
               but
               also
               by
               the
               Reception
               of
               nourishment
               into
               the
               Pores
               ,
               and
               substance
               of
               the
               rest
               ,
               upon
               which
               they
               also
               become
               thicker
               ;
               not
               only
               those
               towards
               the
               middle
               ,
               but
               also
               the
               rest
               ,
               in
               a
               thriving
               Tree
               :
               Yet
               the
               principal
               growth
               is
               between
               the
               bark
               and
               body
               ,
               by
               accession
               of
               a
               new
               Integument
               yearly
               ,
               as
               hath
               been
               mentioned
               :
               Whence
               the
               cutting
               of
               the
               bark
               of
               any
               tree
               or
               bough
               round
               about
               ,
               will
               certainly
               kill
               it
               .
            
             
               The
               bark
               of
               a
               Tree
               is
               distinguished
               into
               Rings
               ,
               or
               Integuments
               no
               lesse
               than
               the
               Wood
               ,
               though
               much
               smaller
               or
               thinner
               ,
               and
               therefore
               
               not
               distinguishable
               ,
               except
               in
               the
               thick
               barks
               of
               great
               old
               Trees
               ,
               and
               toward
               the
               inside
               next
               the
               wood
               ;
               the
               outer
               parts
               drying
               and
               breaking
               with
               innumerable
               fissures
               ,
               growing
               wider
               and
               deeper
               ,
               as
               the
               body
               of
               the
               Tree
               grows
               bigger
               ,
               and
               mouldering
               away
               on
               the
               out
               side
               .
            
             
               Though
               it
               cannot
               appear
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               continual
               decay
               of
               it
               upon
               the
               account
               aforesaid
               ;
               yet
               it
               is
               probable
               ,
               the
               bark
               of
               a
               Tree
               hath
               had
               successively
               as
               many
               Integuments
               as
               the
               wood
               ;
               and
               that
               it
               doth
               grow
               by
               acquisition
               of
               a
               
                 new
                 one
              
               yearly
               on
               the
               inside
               ,
               as
               the
               wood
               doth
               on
               the
               out-side
               ;
               so
               that
               the
               chief
               way
               ,
               and
               conveyance
               of
               nourishment
               to
               both
               the
               wood
               and
               the
               bark
               ,
               is
               between
               them
               both
               .
            
             
               The
               least
               bud
               appearing
               on
               the
               body
               of
               a
               Tree
               ,
               doth
               as
               it
               were
               make
               perforation
               through
               the
               several
               Integuments
               to
               the
               middle
               ,
               or
               very
               neer
               ;
               which
               part
               is
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               a
               Root
               of
               the
               bough
               into
               the
               body
               of
               the
               Tree
               ;
               and
               after
               becomes
               a
               knot
               ,
               more
               hard
               then
               the
               other
               wood
               :
               And
               when
               it
               is
               larger
               ,
               manifestly
               shewing
               it self
               also
               to
               consist
               of
               several
               Integuments
               ,
               by
               the
               circles
               appearing
               in
               it
               ,
               as
               in
               the
               body
               :
               more
               hard
               ,
               probably
               ;
               because
               streightned
               in
               room
               for
               growth
               ;
               as
               appears
               by
               its
               distending
               ,
               buckling
               ,
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               the
               Integuments
               of
               the
               wood
               about
               it
               ;
               so
               implicating
               them
               the
               more
               ;
               whence
               a
               knotty
               piece
               of
               wood
               is
               so
               much
               harder
               to
               cleave
               .
            
             
               It
               is
               probable
               ,
               that
               a
               Cience
               or
               Bud
               upon
               Graffing
               ,
               or
               Inoculating
               ,
               doth
               ,
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               Root
               it self
               into
               the
               stock
               in
               the
               same
               manner
               as
               the
               branches
               ,
               by
               producing
               a
               kind
               of
               knot
               .
               Thus
               far
               the
               accurate
               Doctor
               .
            
             
               21.
               
               To
               which
               permit
               me
               to
               add
               onely
               (
               in
               reference
               to
               the
               Circles
               we
               have
               been
               speaking
               of
               )
               what
               another
               curious
               Inquirer
               suggests
               to
               us
               ;
               namely
               ,
               That
               they
               are
               caus'd
               by
               the
               Pores
               of
               the
               wood
               ,
               through
               which
               the
               Sap
               ascends
               in
               the
               same
               manner
               as
               betwen
               the
               Wood
               and
               the
               Bark
               ;
               and
               that
               in
               some
               Trees
               ,
               the
               bark
               adheres
               to
               the
               wood
               ,
               as
               the
               Integuments
               of
               Wood
               cleave
               to
               one
               another
               ,
               and
               may
               be
               separated
               from
               each
               other
               as
               the
               bark
               from
               the
               outward-most
               ;
               and
               being
               thus
               parted
               ,
               will
               be
               found
               on
               their
               out-sides
               to
               represent
               the
               Colour
               of
               the
               outer-most
               ,
               contiguous
               to
               the
               bark
               ;
               and
               on
               the
               inner
               sides
               ,
               to
               hold
               the
               Colour
               of
               the
               inner
               side
               of
               the
               bark
               ,
               and
               all
               to
               have
               a
               deeper
               ,
               or
               lighter
               hue
               on
               their
               inner-side
               ,
               as
               the
               Bark
               is
               on
               that
               part
               more
               or
               less
               tinged
               ;
               which
               tincture
               is
               suppos'd
               to
               proceed
               from
               the
               
                 ascendent
                 Sap.
              
               Moreover
               ,
               by
               cutting
               the
               branch
               ,
               the
               ascending
               Sap
               may
               be
               examin'd
               as
               well
               as
               the
               Circles
               :
               It
               is
               probable
               ,
               the
               more
               frequent
               the
               Circles
               ,
               the
               larger
               ,
               and
               more
               copiously
               the
               liquor
               will
               ascend
               into
               it
               ;
               the
               fewer
               ,
               the
               sooner
               descend
               from
               it
               .
               That
               a
               Branch
               of
               three
               Circles
               cut
               off
               at
               Spring
               ,
               the
               Sap
               ascending
               will
               be
               found
               at
               Michaelmasse
               ensuing
               ;
               cut
               again
               in
               the
               same
               branch
               ,
               or
               another
               of
               equal
               bignesse
               ,
               to
               have
               one
               more
               than
               it
               had
               at
               Spring
               ;
               and
               either
               at
               Spring
               or
               Fall
               to
               carry
               a
               Circle
               of
               Pricks
               next
               the
               bark
               ,
               at
               other
               seasons
               a
               circle
               of
               wood
               onely
               next
               it
               .
               But
               here
               the
               Comparison
               must
               be
               made
               with
               distinction
               ;
               for
               some
               Trees
               do
               probably
               shoot
               new
               tops
               yearly
               till
               a
               certain
               period
               ,
               and
               not
               after
               ;
               and
               some
               have
               perhaps
               their
               Circles
               
               in
               their
               branches
               decreased
               from
               their
               Bodies
               to
               the
               extreamity
               of
               the
               branch
               ,
               in
               such
               Oeconomy
               and
               Order
               ;
               that
               (
               for
               instance
               )
               an
               
                 Apple-tree
                 shoot
              
               of
               this
               year
               has
               one
               Circle
               of
               Pricks
               or
               wood
               less
               ,
               than
               the
               Graft
               of
               two
               years
               growth
               ;
               and
               that
               of
               two
               years
               growth
               ,
               may
               the
               next
               year
               have
               one
               Circle
               more
               than
               it
               had
               the
               last
               year
               ;
               but
               this
               onely
               till
               that
               Branch
               shoot
               no
               more
               Grafts
               ,
               and
               then
               't
               is
               doubtful
               whether
               the
               outmost
               twig
               obtain
               any
               more
               Circles
               ,
               or
               remain
               at
               a
               stay
               ,
               onely
               nourished
               ,
               not
               augmented
               in
               the
               Circles
               .
               It
               would
               also
               be
               inquir'd
               ,
               whether
               the
               Circles
               of
               Pricks
               increase
               not
               till
               Midsummer
               and
               after
               ,
               and
               the
               Circles
               of
               Wood
               from
               thence
               ,
               to
               the
               following
               Spring
               ?
               But
               this
               may
               suffice
               ,
               unlesse
               I
               should
               subjoyn
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               The
               vegetative
               motion
               of
               Plants
               ,
               with
               the
               diagrams
               of
               the
               
                 Jesuite
                 Kercher
              
               ,
               where
               he
               discourses
               of
               their
               stupendious
               
                 Magnetisms
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               could
               there
               any
               thing
               material
               be
               added
               to
               what
               has
               already
               been
               so
               ingeniously
               inquir'd
               into
               :
               therefore
               let
               us
               proceed
               to
               their
               Felling
               .
            
             
               
               23.
               
               It
               should
               be
               in
               this
               status
               ,
               vigour
               and
               perfection
               of
               Trees
               ,
               that
               a
               Felling
               should
               be
               celebrated
               ;
               since
               whiles
               our
               Woods
               are
               growing
               it
               is
               pity
               ,
               and
               indeed
               too
               soon
               ;
               and
               when
               they
               are
               decaying
               ,
               too
               late
               :
               I
               do
               not
               pretend
               that
               a
               man
               (
               who
               has
               occasion
               for
               Timber
               )
               is
               obliged
               to
               attend
               so
               many
               ages
               ere
               he
               fell
               his
               Trees
               ;
               but
               I
               do
               by
               this
               infer
               ,
               how
               highly
               necessary
               it
               were
               ,
               that
               men
               should
               perpetually
               be
               Planting
               ;
               that
               so
               posterity
               might
               have
               Trees
               fit
               for
               their
               service
               of
               competent
               ,
               that
               is
               ,
               of
               a
               middle
               growth
               and
               age
               ,
               which
               it
               is
               impossible
               they
               should
               have
               ,
               if
               we
               thus
               continue
               to
               destroy
               our
               Woods
               ,
               without
               this
               providential
               Planting
               in
               their
               stead
               ,
               and
               felling
               what
               we
               do
               cut
               down
               ,
               with
               great
               discretion
               ,
               and
               regard
               of
               the
               future
               .
            
             
               24.
               
               Such
               therefore
               as
               we
               shall
               perceive
               to
               decay
               are
               first
               to
               be
               pick'd
               out
               for
               the
               Ax
               ;
               and
               then
               those
               which
               are
               in
               their
               state
               ,
               or
               approaching
               to
               it
               ;
               but
               the
               very
               thriving
               ,
               and
               manifestly
               improving
               ,
               indulg'd
               as
               much
               as
               possible
               .
               But
               to
               explore
               the
               goodness
               and
               sincerity
               of
               a
               standing-Tree
               ,
               is
               not
               the
               easiest
               thing
               in
               the
               world
               ;
               we
               shall
               anon
               have
               occasion
               to
               mention
               my
               L.
               Bacon's
               Experiment
               to
               detect
               the
               hollownesse
               of
               Timber
               :
               But
               there
               is
               doubtlesse
               none
               more
               infallible
               ,
               than
               the
               boring
               it
               with
               a
               middling
               Piercer
               made
               Auger
               fashion
               ,
               and
               by
               frequent
               pulling
               out
               ,
               and
               examining
               what
               substance
               comes
               along
               with
               it
               ,
               as
               those
               who
               bore
               the
               Earth
               to
               explore
               what
               Minerals
               the
               place
               is
               impregn'd
               with
               ,
               and
               as
               sound
               Cheeses
               are
               tasted
               :
               Some
               again
               there
               are
               who
               by
               digging
               a
               little
               about
               the
               Roots
               will
               pronounce
               shrewdly
               concerning
               the
               state
               of
               a
               Tree
               ;
               and
               if
               they
               find
               him
               perish'd
               at
               the
               top
               (
               for
               
                 Trees
                 dye
              
               upward
               as
               Men
               do
               from
               the
               feet
               )
               be
               sure
               the
               cause
               lies
               deep
               ,
               for
               't
               is
               ever
               a
               mark
               of
               great
               decay
               in
               the
               Roots
               .
               There
               is
               also
               a
               swelling
               Vein
               which
               discovers
               it self
               eminently
               above
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               stem
               ,
               though
               like
               the
               rest
               ,
               invested
               with
               barks
               ,
               and
               which
               frequently
               circles
               about
               and
               embraces
               the
               tree
               ,
               like
               a
               branch
               of
               Ivy
               ,
               which
               is
               an
               infallible
               indication
               of
               Hollownesse
               and
               hypocrisie
               within
               .
            
             
             
               25.
               
               The
               time
               of
               the
               year
               for
               this
               destructive
               work
               is
               not
               usually
               till
               about
               the
               end
               of
               April
               (
               at
               which
               season
               the
               bark
               does
               commonly
               rise
               freely
               )
               though
               the
               opinions
               and
               practise
               of
               men
               have
               been
               very
               different
               :
               Vitruvius
               is
               for
               an
               
                 Autumnal
                 fall
              
               ;
               others
               advise
               December
               and
               
                 January
                 :
                 Cato
              
               was
               of
               opinion
               trees
               should
               have
               first
               born
               their
               fruit
               ,
               or
               ,
               at
               least
               ,
               not
               till
               full
               ripe
               ,
               which
               agrees
               with
               that
               of
               the
               Architect
               :
               And
               though
               Timber
               unbarked
               be
               indeed
               more
               obnoxious
               to
               the
               Worm
               ,
               and
               to
               contract
               somewhat
               a
               darker
               hue
               (
               which
               is
               the
               reason
               so
               many
               have
               commended
               the
               season
               when
               it
               will
               most
               freely
               strip
               )
               yet
               were
               this
               to
               be
               rather
               consider'd
               for
               such
               trees
               as
               one
               would
               leave
               round
               ,
               and
               unsquar'd
               ;
               since
               we
               find
               the
               wild
               Oak
               ,
               and
               many
               other
               sorts
               ,
               fell'd
               over
               late
               ,
               and
               when
               the
               sap
               begins
               to
               grow
               proud
               ,
               to
               be
               very
               subject
               to
               the
               worm
               ;
               whereas
               ,
               being
               cut
               about
               mid-Winter
               ,
               it
               neither
               
                 casts
                 ,
                 rifts
              
               ,
               nor
               twines
               ;
               because
               the
               cold
               of
               the
               Winter
               does
               both
               dry
               ,
               and
               consolidate
               ;
               whiles
               in
               spring
               ,
               and
               when
               pregnant
               ,
               so
               much
               of
               the
               virtue
               goes
               into
               the
               leaves
               and
               branches
               :
               Happy
               therefore
               were
               it
               for
               our
               Timber
               ,
               some
               real
               Invention
               of
               Tanning
               without
               so
               much
               Bark
               (
               as
               the
               Honourable
               Mr.
               
                 Charles
                 Howard
              
               has
               most
               ingeniously
               offer'd
               )
               were
               become
               universal
               ,
               that
               Trees
               being
               more
               early
               felled
               ,
               the
               Timber
               might
               be
               better
               season'd
               and
               condition'd
               for
               its
               various
               Vses
               .
               But
               as
               the
               custom
               is
               ,
               men
               have
               now
               time
               to
               fell
               their
               Woods
               ,
               even
               from
               Mid-winter
               to
               the
               spring
               ;
               but
               never
               any
               after
               the
               
                 Summer
                 Solstice
              
               .
            
             
               26.
               
               Then
               for
               the
               Age
               of
               the
               Moon
               ,
               it
               has
               religiously
               been
               observ'd
               ;
               and
               that
               Dianas
               presidency
               in
               Sylvis
               was
               not
               so
               much
               celebrated
               to
               credit
               the
               fictions
               of
               the
               Poets
               ,
               as
               for
               the
               Dominion
               of
               that
               moist
               Planet
               ,
               and
               her
               influence
               over
               Timber
               :
               For
               my
               part
               ,
               I
               am
               not
               so
               much
               inclin'd
               to
               these
               Criticisms
               ,
               that
               I
               should
               altogether
               govern
               a
               Felling
               at
               the
               pleasure
               of
               this
               mutable
               Lady
               ;
               however
               there
               is
               doubtlesse
               some
               regard
               to
               be
               had
               ,
               
                 
                   Nor
                   is
                   't
                   in
                   vain
                   Sigus
                   fall
                   and
                   rise
                   to
                   note
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Nec
                     frustra
                     fignorum
                     obitus
                     speculamur
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     ortus
                     ▪
                  
                
              
            
             
               The
               
                 Old
                 Rules
              
               are
               these
               :
            
             
               Fell
               in
               the
               decrease
               ,
               or
               four
               dayes
               after
               conjunction
               of
               the
               two
               great
               Luminaries
               ;
               some
               the
               last
               quarter
               of
               it
               ;
               or
               (
               as
               Pliny
               )
               in
               the
               very
               article
               of
               the
               change
               ,
               if
               possible
               ;
               which
               hapning
               (
               saith
               he
               )
               in
               the
               last
               day
               of
               the
               Winter
               Solstice
               ,
               that
               Timber
               will
               prove
               immortal
               :
               At
               least
               should
               it
               be
               from
               the
               twentieth
               to
               the
               thirtieth
               day
               ,
               according
               to
               
                 Columella
                 :
                 Cato
              
               four
               dayes
               after
               the
               Full
               ,
               as
               far
               better
               for
               the
               growth
               :
               But
               all
               viminious
               Trees
               
                 silente
                 Lunâ
              
               ;
               such
               as
               
                 Sallies
                 ,
                 Birch
                 ,
                 Poplar
              
               ,
               &c.
               
               Vegetius
               for
               
                 Ship
                 timber
              
               ,
               from
               the
               fifteenth
               to
               the
               twenty-fifth
               ,
               the
               Moon
               as
               before
               ;
               but
               never
               during
               the
               Increase
               ,
               Trees
               being
               then
               most
               abounding
               with
               moisture
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               onely
               source
               of
               putrefaction
               :
               And
               yet
               't
               is
               affirm'd
               upon
               unquestionable
               Experience
               ,
               that
               Timber
               cut
               at
               any
               season
               of
               the
               year
               ,
               in
               the
               
                 Old
                 Moon
              
               ,
               or
               last
               Quarter
               ,
               when
               the
               Wind
               blows
               Westerly
               ;
               proves
               as
               sound
               ,
               and
               good
               as
               at
               any
               other
               period
               whatsoever
               ;
               nay
               ,
               
               all
               the
               whole
               Summer
               long
               ,
               as
               in
               any
               Month
               of
               the
               Year
               ;
               which
               for
               that
               it
               may
               be
               of
               great
               use
               on
               some
               publike
               emergencies
               ,
               I
               thought
               fit
               to
               communicate
               .
            
             
               27.
               
               Then
               for
               the
               temper
               ,
               and
               time
               of
               day
               :
               The
               Wind
               low
               ,
               neither
               East
               nor
               West
               (
               but
               West
               of
               the
               two
               )
               the
               East
               being
               most
               pernicious
               ,
               and
               exposing
               it
               to
               the
               worms
               ;
               and
               for
               which
               the
               best
               cure
               is
               ,
               the
               plentiful
               sobbing
               it
               in
               water
               ;
               neither
               in
               
                 frosty
                 ,
                 wet
              
               ,
               or
               dewy
               weather
               ;
               and
               therefore
               never
               in
               a
               Fore-noon
               .
               Lastly
               ,
               touching
               the
               species
               ;
               Fell
               Fir
               when
               it
               begins
               to
               spring
               ;
               not
               only
               because
               it
               will
               then
               best
               quit
               its
               coat
               and
               strip
               ;
               but
               for
               that
               they
               hold
               it
               will
               never
               decay
               in
               water
               ;
               which
               howsoever
               Theophrastus
               deduce
               from
               the
               old
               Bridge
               made
               of
               this
               material
               over
               a
               certain
               River
               in
               Arcadia
               ,
               cut
               in
               this
               season
               ,
               is
               hardly
               sufficient
               to
               satisfie
               our
               inquiry
               .
            
             
               28.
               
               Previous
               to
               this
               work
               of
               Felling
               is
               the
               advice
               of
               our
               Countryman
               Markham
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               not
               to
               be
               rejected
               :
               Survey
               
                 (
                 saith
                 he
              
               )
               your
               Woods
               as
               they
               stand
               ,
               immediately
               after
               Christmas
               ,
               and
               then
               divide
               the
               species
               in
               your
               mind
               ;
               (
               I
               add
               rather
               in
               some
               Note-Book
               ,
               or
               Tablets
               )
               and
               consider
               for
               what
               purposes
               every
               several
               kind
               is
               most
               useful
               ,
               which
               you
               may
               find
               in
               the
               several
               Chapters
               of
               this
               Discourse
               under
               every
               Head.
               After
               this
               ,
               reckon
               the
               bad
               and
               good
               together
               ,
               so
               as
               one
               may
               put
               off
               the
               other
               ,
               without
               being
               forc'd
               to
               glean
               your
               Woods
               of
               all
               your
               best
               Timber
               .
               This
               done
               (
               or
               before
               )
               you
               shall
               acquaint
               your self
               with
               the
               
                 marketable
                 prices
              
               of
               the
               Countrey
               where
               your
               Fell
               is
               made
               ,
               and
               that
               of
               the
               several
               sorts
               ;
               as
               what
               so
               many
               inches
               or
               
                 foot
                 square
              
               and
               long
               is
               worth
               for
               the
               several
               imployments
               :
               What
               Planks
               ,
               what
               other
               scantlings
               ,
               for
               so
               many
               
                 Spoaks
                 ,
                 Naves
                 ,
                 Rings
                 ,
                 Pales
                 ,
                 Spars
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               as
               suppose
               it
               were
               Ash
               ,
               to
               set
               apart
               the
               largest
               for
               the
               Wheel-wright
               ,
               the
               smallest
               for
               the
               Cooper
               ,
               and
               that
               of
               ordinary
               scantling
               for
               the
               Ploughs
               ,
               and
               the
               brush
               to
               be
               kidded
               ,
               and
               sold
               by
               the
               hundred
               ,
               or
               thousand
               ,
               and
               so
               all
               other
               sorts
               of
               
                 Timber
                 ,
                 viz.
                 large
                 ,
                 middling
                 stuff
                 ,
              
               and
               Poles
               ,
               &c.
               allowing
               the
               waste
               for
               the
               charges
               of
               
                 Felling
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               all
               which
               you
               shall
               compute
               with
               greater
               certainty
               ,
               if
               you
               have
               leisure
               ,
               and
               will
               take
               the
               pains
               to
               examine
               some
               of
               the
               trees
               either
               by
               your
               own
               Fathom
               ;
               or
               (
               more
               accurately
               )
               by
               girting
               it
               about
               with
               a
               string
               ,
               and
               so
               reducing
               it
               to
               the
               
                 square
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               by
               which
               means
               you
               may
               give
               a
               neer
               guess
               :
               or
               ,
               you
               may
               mark
               such
               as
               you
               intend
               to
               Fell
               ;
               and
               then
               begin
               your
               sale
               about
               Candlemas
               till
               the
               Spring
               ;
               before
               which
               you
               must
               not
               (
               according
               as
               our
               Custom
               is
               )
               lay
               the
               Ax
               to
               the
               Root
               ;
               though
               some
               for
               particular
               imployments
               ,
               as
               for
               Timber
               to
               make
               
                 Plows
                 ,
                 Carts
                 ,
                 Axel-trees
                 ,
                 Naves
                 ,
                 Harrows
                 ,
              
               and
               the
               like
               Husbandry-tools
               ,
               do
               frequently
               cut
               in
               October
               .
            
             
               Being
               now
               entering
               with
               your
               Workmen
               ,
               one
               of
               the
               first
               ,
               and
               most
               principal
               things
               ,
               is
               ,
               the
               skilful
               disbranching
               of
               the
               Boal
               of
               all
               such
               Arms
               and
               Limbs
               as
               may
               endanger
               it
               in
               the
               Fall
               ,
               wherein
               much
               forecast
               and
               skill
               is
               requir'd
               of
               the
               Wood-man
               ;
               so
               many
               excellent
               trees
               being
               utterly
               spoiled
               for
               want
               of
               this
               onely
               consideration
               :
               And
               therefore
               in
               arms
               of
               Timber
               ,
               which
               are
               very
               great
               ,
               chop
               a
               nick
               under
               it
               close
               to
               the
               Boal
               ,
               so
               meeting
               it
               with
               the
               downright
               strokes
               ,
               it
               will
               be
               sever'd
               without
               splicing
               .
            
             
             
               29.
               
               Some
               there
               are
               who
               cut
               a
               kerf
               round
               the
               body
               ,
               almost
               to
               the
               very
               pitch
               ,
               or
               heart
               ,
               and
               so
               let
               it
               remain
               a
               while
               ;
               by
               this
               means
               to
               drain
               away
               the
               moisture
               ,
               which
               will
               distill
               out
               of
               the
               wounded
               Veins
               ,
               and
               is
               chiefly
               proper
               for
               the
               moister
               sort
               of
               Trees
               :
               And
               in
               this
               work
               the
               very
               Ax
               will
               well
               tell
               you
               the
               difference
               of
               the
               Sex
               ;
               the
               Male
               being
               so
               much
               harder
               ,
               and
               browner
               than
               the
               Female
               :
               But
               here
               (
               and
               wherever
               we
               speak
               thus
               of
               Plants
               )
               you
               are
               to
               understand
               the
               analogical
               ,
               not
               proper
               distinction
               .
            
             
               30.
               
               But
               that
               none
               may
               wonder
               why
               in
               many
               Authours
               of
               good
               note
               ,
               we
               find
               the
               Fruit-bearers
               of
               some
               Trees
               call'd
               Males
               ,
               and
               not
               rather
               Females
               ,
               as
               particularly
               the
               Cypresse
               ,
               &c.
               
               This
               prepostrous
               denomination
               had
               I
               read
               it
               sourse
               from
               very
               antient
               Custom
               ,
               and
               was
               first
               begun
               in
               Aegypt
               (
               Diodorus
               sayes
               in
               Greece
               )
               where
               we
               are
               told
               ,
               that
               the
               Father
               onely
               was
               esteem'd
               the
               sole
               Authour
               of
               Generation
               ;
               the
               Mother
               contributing
               only
               Receptacle
               and
               Nutrition
               to
               the
               Off-spring
               ,
               which
               legitimated
               their
               mixtures
               as
               well
               with
               their
               Slaves
               as
               Free-women
               :
               And
               upon
               this
               account
               it
               was
               ,
               that
               even
               Trees
               bearing
               Fruit
               ,
               were
               amongst
               them
               reputed
               Males
               ,
               and
               the
               sterile
               and
               barren
               ones
               ,
               for
               Females
               ;
               and
               we
               are
               not
               ignorant
               ,
               how
               learnedly
               this
               doctrine
               has
               been
               lately
               reviv'd
               by
               some
               of
               our
               most
               celebrated
               Physicians
               :
               But
               since
               the
               same
               Arguments
               do
               not
               altogether
               quadrate
               in
               Trees
               ,
               where
               the
               Coition
               is
               not
               so
               sensible
               (
               whatever
               they
               pretend
               of
               the
               
                 Palms
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               other
               amorous
               intertwining
               of
               Roots
               )
               in
               my
               opinion
               we
               might
               with
               more
               reason
               call
               that
               the
               Female
               which
               bears
               any
               eminent
               Fruit
               or
               Seed
               ,
               and
               them
               Males
               who
               produce
               none
               :
               But
               sometimes
               too
               the
               rudenesse
               ,
               or
               lesse
               asperity
               of
               the
               
                 leaves
                 ,
                 bark
              
               ,
               and
               grain
               ,
               nay
               their
               Medical
               operations
               ,
               may
               deserve
               the
               distinction
               ;
               to
               which
               Aristotle
               adds
               Branchinesse
               ,
               lesse
               moisture
               ,
               quick
               
                 maturity
                 ,
                 &c.
                 l.
              
               1.
               
                 de
                 Pl.
                 c.
              
               3.
               
               All
               which
               seems
               to
               be
               most
               conspicuous
               in
               
                 Plum-trees
                 ,
                 Hollys
                 ,
                 Ashes
                 ,
                 Quince
                 ,
                 Pears
                 ,
              
               and
               many
               other
               sorts
               ;
               not
               to
               insist
               on
               such
               as
               may
               be
               compell'd
               even
               to
               change
               ,
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               their
               Sex
               by
               Graffing
               and
               artificial
               Improvements
               :
               But
               I
               onely
               hint
               it
               ,
               and
               return
               to
            
             
               31.
               
               Felling
               ,
               which
               should
               be
               as
               close
               to
               the
               ground
               as
               possible
               may
               be
               ,
               if
               you
               design
               a
               renascency
               from
               the
               Roots
               ;
               unlesse
               you
               will
               grub
               for
               a
               total
               destruction
               ,
               or
               the
               use
               of
               that
               part
               we
               have
               already
               mention'd
               ,
               so
               far
               superiour
               in
               goodnesse
               to
               what
               is
               more
               remote
               from
               the
               Root
               ,
               and
               besides
               the
               longer
               you
               cut
               and
               convert
               the
               Timber
               ,
               the
               better
               for
               many
               uses
               .
               Some
               are
               of
               opinion
               ,
               that
               the
               
                 seedling
                 Oak
              
               should
               never
               be
               cut
               to
               improve
               his
               boal
               ;
               because
               ,
               say
               they
               ,
               it
               produces
               a
               reddish
               wood
               not
               so
               acceptable
               to
               the
               Workman
               ;
               and
               that
               the
               Tree
               which
               grows
               on
               the
               head
               of
               his
               Mother
               does
               seldom
               prove
               good
               Timber
               :
               It
               is
               observ'd
               ,
               indeed
               ,
               that
               one
               foot
               of
               Timber
               near
               the
               Root
               (
               though
               divers
               I
               know
               who
               otherwise
               opine
               )
               and
               (
               which
               is
               the
               proper
               kerfe
               ,
               or
               cutting
               place
               )
               is
               worth
               three
               farther
               off
               :
               And
               haply
               ,
               the
               successor
               is
               more
               apt
               to
               be
               tender
               ,
               then
               what
               was
               cut
               off
               to
               give
               it
               place
               ;
               but
               let
               this
               be
               enquir'd
               into
               at
               leisure
               .
            
             
               32.
               
               When
               your
               Tree
               is
               thus
               prostrate
               ,
               strip
               off
               the
               bark
               ;
               and
               
               set
               it
               so
               as
               it
               may
               best
               dry
               ;
               then
               cleanse
               the
               Boal
               of
               the
               branches
               which
               were
               left
               ,
               and
               saw
               it
               into
               lengths
               for
               the
               squaring
               ,
               to
               which
               belongs
               the
               Measure
               ,
               and
               Girth
               (
               as
               our
               Workmen
               call
               it
               )
               which
               I
               refer
               to
               the
               Buyer
               ,
               and
               to
               many
               subsidiary
               Books
               lately
               Printed
               ,
               wherein
               it
               is
               taught
               by
               a
               very
               familiar
               
                 Calcule
                 Mechanical
              
               and
               easie
               Method
               .
            
             
               33.
               
               But
               by
               none
               in
               my
               apprehension
               set
               forth
               ,
               in
               a
               more
               facile
               and
               accurate
               way
               than
               what
               that
               Industrious
               Mathematician
               Mr.
               Leybourn
               has
               Publish'd
               ,
               in
               his
               late
               
                 Line
                 of
                 Proportion
                 made
                 Easie
              
               ,
               and
               other
               his
               Labours
               ;
               where
               he
               treats
               as
               well
               of
               the
               Square
               as
               the
               Round
               ,
               as
               't
               is
               applicable
               to
               Boards
               and
               Superficials
               ,
               and
               to
               Timber
               which
               is
               hew'd
               or
               lesse
               rough
               ,
               in
               so
               Easie
               a
               Method
               ,
               as
               nothing
               can
               be
               more
               desired
               .
               I
               know
               our
               ordinary
               
                 Carpenters
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               have
               generally
               upon
               their
               Rulers
               a
               Line
               ,
               which
               they
               usually
               call
               Gunters-Line
               ;
               but
               they
               few
               of
               them
               ,
               understand
               how
               to
               Work
               from
               it
               :
               And
               divers
               
                 Countrey
                 Gentlemen
                 ,
                 Stewards
              
               ,
               and
               Wood-men
               ,
               when
               they
               are
               to
               Measure
               Rough
               Timber
               upon
               the
               Ground
               ,
               confide
               much
               to
               the
               Girt
               ,
               which
               they
               do
               with
               a
               string
               at
               about
               four
               ,
               or
               five
               foot
               distance
               from
               the
               Root
               or
               Great
               Extream
               :
               Of
               the
               Strings
               length
               ,
               they
               take
               a
               quarter
               for
               the
               true
               Square
               ,
               which
               is
               so
               manifestly
               erroneous
               ,
               that
               thereby
               they
               make
               every
               tree
               so
               measur'd
               ,
               more
               than
               a
               fift
               part
               lesse
               than
               really
               it
               is
               .
               This
               mistake
               would
               therefore
               be
               reformed
               ;
               and
               it
               were
               (
               I
               conceive
               )
               worth
               the
               Seller's
               while
               to
               inspect
               it
               accordingly
               :
               Their
               Argument
               is
               ,
               That
               when
               the
               Bark
               of
               a
               Tree
               is
               stripp'd
               ,
               and
               the
               Body
               hew'd
               to
               a
               Square
               ,
               it
               will
               then
               hold
               out
               no
               more
               measure
               ;
               that
               which
               is
               cut
               off
               being
               onely
               fit
               for
               Fuel
               ,
               and
               the
               Expense
               of
               Squaring
               costs
               more
               than
               the
               Chips
               are
               worth
               .
               But
               let
               us
               however
               Convince
               them
               of
               this
               Errour
               by
               confronting
               Mr.
               
                 Leybourns
                 Tables
              
               .
            
             
               
                 PROB.
                 I.
              
               
            
             
               A
               
                 Tree
                 being
              
               68
               
                 Inches
                 about
              
               ,
               to
               find
               how
               much
               thereof
               in
               Length
               will
               make
               one
               
                 foot
                 square
              
               .
            
             
               SOL.
               
            
             
               A
               fourth
               part
               of
               60
               Inches
               ,
               is
               15
               ,
               which
               they
               take
               for
               the
               due
               Square
               ;
               wherefore
               look
               for
               15
               Inches
               (
               viz.
               one
               foot
               three
               Inches
               )
               in
               the
               first
               Column
               of
               the
               first
               Table
               ,
               and
               opposite
               to
               it
               in
               the
               second
               Column
               ,
               you
               shall
               find
               7
               Inches
               ,
               6
               tenth
               parts
               of
               an
               Inch
               (
               which
               is
               somewhat
               above
               half
               an
               Inch
               )
               will
               make
               
                 one
                 foot
                 square
              
               .
               Again
               ,
            
             
               
                 PROB.
                 II.
              
               
            
             
               A
               Tree
               being
               136
               Inches
               about
               ,
               and
               9
               Foot
               in
               length
               ,
               to
               know
               how
               many
               
                 solid
                 Feet
              
               the
               Tree
               contains
               ?
            
             
             
               SOL.
               
            
             
               The
               fourth
               part
               of
               136
               is
               34
               inches
               in
               the
               first
               Column
               of
               the
               second
               Table
               ,
               and
               9
               foot
               in
               the
               head
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               opposite
               to
               the
               34
               inches
               ,
               and
               under
               9
               foot
               ,
               you
               shall
               find
               72.25
               .
               (
               viz.
               72
               foot
               ¼
               )
               and
               for
               so
               much
               you
               may
               sell
               it
               ,
               and
               no
               more
               ,
               which
               is
               yet
               less
               than
               the
               true
               content
               by
               above
               a
               fifth
               part
               .
            
             
               But
               supposing
               (
               as
               they
               ought
               to
               do
               )
               there
               were
               no
               such
               Waste
               as
               is
               pretended
               ;
               you
               will
               find
               by
               the
               third
               Table
               ,
               how
               much
               in
               length
               of
               any
               
                 Cylendrical
                 Timber
              
               ,
               whose
               Girt
               is
               known
               ,
               will
               make
               a
               
                 foot
                 solid
              
               ,
               and
               consequently
               ,
               detect
               the
               Error
               of
               the
               former
               customary
               practise
               .
            
             
               
                 PROB.
                 III.
              
               
            
             
               A
               Tree
               being
               60
               Inches
               circumference
               ,
               to
               know
               how
               much
               thereof
               will
               make
               a
               
                 cubical
                 foot
              
               .
            
             
               SOL.
               
            
             
               Find
               60
               inches
               in
               the
               first
               Column
               ;
               and
               opposite
               to
               it
               in
               the
               second
               Column
               ,
               you
               shall
               find
               0-6-0
               which
               is
               to
               say
               ,
               6
               inches
               onely
               :
               The
               Consectarie
               is
               ,
               that
               6
               inches
               in
               length
               of
               a
               Tree
               60
               inches
               circumference
               ,
               will
               make
               a
               foot
               solid
               :
               Whereas
               by
               the
               other
               usual
               procedure
               ,
               you
               found
               there
               must
               be
               7
               inches
               and
               above
               half
               an
               inch
               ,
               to
               make
               so
               much
               ;
               which
               is
               above
               an
               inch
               and
               half
               too
               much
               in
               every
               foot
               's
               length
               ,
               and
               what
               that
               amounts
               to
               in
               many
               feet
               't
               is
               easy
               to
               imagine
               .
            
             
               So
               suppose
               a
               Tree
               be
               but
               29
               inches
               in
               circumference
               ,
               the
               same
               Table
               will
               in
               like
               manner
               shew
               ,
               that
               it
               requires
               but
               1
               foot
               2
               inches
               and
               3
               tenth
               parts
               of
               an
               inch
               in
               length
               ,
               to
               make
               it
               a
               foot
               solid
               of
               Timber
               ;
               and
               thus
               of
               any
               number
               as
               far
               as
               you
               will
               inlarge
               your
               Table
               .
            
             
               But
               then
               imagine
               that
               the
               sides
               of
               the
               square
               at
               the
               extremities
               of
               squar'd
               Timber
               are
               unequal
               ,
               as
               frequently
               it
               happens
               ,
               by
               sometimes
               5
               ,
               6
               ,
               10
               ,
               or
               more
               inches
               difference
               :
               Some
               Artificers
               think
               they
               encounter
               this
               well
               enough
               by
               adding
               the
               
                 two
                 sides
              
               together
               ,
               and
               taking
               the
               moitie
               of
               the
               side
               for
               the
               true
               square
               :
               But
               this
               is
               as
               erroneous
               as
               the
               other
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               the
               sides
               differ
               considerably
               .
               
                 v.
                 g.
              
               Let
               one
               side
               be
               30
               inches
               ,
               and
               the
               other
               138
               ,
               these
               added
               ,
               make
               213
               ,
               the
               half
               whereof
               is
               106½
               ,
               which
               they
               estimate
               for
               the
               true
               square
               ;
               whereas
               in
               truth
               ,
               the
               right
               square
               is
               74
               inches
               ,
               and
               one
               tenth
               part
               ;
               which
               demonstrates
               the
               error
               to
               be
               32
               inches
               and
               4
               tenths
               .
            
             
               To
               reforme
               therefore
               this
               egregious
               mistake
               ,
               the
               fourth
               Table
               may
               be
               calculated
               to
               what
               number
               of
               inches
               you
               desire
               :
               Example
               ,
            
             
             
               
                 PROB.
                 IV.
              
               
            
             
               
                 One
                 side
              
               of
               a
               square
               of
               Timber
               containing
               16
               inches
               ,
               and
               the
               other
               25
               :
               to
               find
               the
               side
               of
               a
               square
               equal
               unto
               it
               .
            
             
               SOL.
               
            
             
               First
               ,
               find
               16
               inches
               in
               the
               fourth
               Table
               ,
               opposite
               to
               it
               you
               have
               this
               number
               120411.
               
               Then
               find
               out
               25
               inches
               ,
               and
               opposite
               to
               that
               occurs
               139794
               which
               added
               ,
               produces
               260205
               ,
               and
               the
               half
               of
               it
               130102½
               .
               Find
               in
               the
               Table
               this
               Number
               (
               or
               the
               neerest
               you
               can
               to
               it
               )
               and
               you
               will
               see
               it
               to
               stand
               against
               20
               inches
               ;
               which
               is
               the
               
                 true
                 square
              
               of
               such
               an
               
               unequal'd-sided
               piece
               of
               Timber
               .
            
             
               
                 16
                 —
                 120411
              
               
                 25
                 —
                 139794
              
               
                 sum
                 —
                 260205
              
               
                 20
                 —
                 130102½
              
            
             
               Note
               ,
               In
               these
               Instances
               't
               is
               suppos'd
               the
               
                 Tree
                 measur'd
              
               to
               carry
               the
               same
               Proportion
               of
               square
               throughout
               the
               Piece
               ,
               which
               in
               almost
               all
               Trees
               that
               are
               considerably
               long
               ,
               does
               not
               hold
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               its
               continual
               tapering
               ,
               which
               must
               needs
               cause
               a
               great
               difference
               in
               the
               squares
               at
               either
               extream
               .
               Our
               common
               Workemen
               do
               ,
               to
               adjust
               this
               ,
               for
               the
               most
               part
               ,
               choose
               the
               most
               likely
               place
               about
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               Tree
               ,
               and
               take
               its
               square
               there
               ;
               But
               this
               is
               also
               an
               Error
               :
               Therefore
               in
               such
               Trees
               ,
               measure
               the
               square
               at
               
                 both
                 ends
              
               ,
               and
               add
               the
               sides
               of
               the
               
                 two
                 squares
              
               together
               ,
               and
               half
               that
               length
               shall
               be
               the
               
                 true
                 square
              
               which
               the
               Tree
               does
               carry
               throughout
               .
               
                 E.
                 g.
              
               
            
             
               Suppose
               a
               Tree
               have
               that
               side
               of
               the
               square
               at
               the
               But-end
               32
               inches
               ,
               and
               at
               the
               smaller
               end
               22
               onely
               ;
               Those
               added
               ,
               will
               make
               55
               inches
               ,
               and
               the
               moitie
               of
               that
               27½
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               
                 true
                 side
              
               of
               the
               square
               ,
               with
               which
               ,
               and
               the
               length
               ,
               you
               may
               find
               by
               the
               second
               Table
               the
               just
               content
               .
            
             
               And
               ,
               in
               case
               your
               Tree
               be
               longer
               than
               the
               Table
               provides
               for
               (
               as
               for
               example
               in
               this
               second
               Table
               it
               proceeds
               but
               to
               10
               foot
               )
               take
               the
               half
               ,
               or
               so
               many
               times
               10
               foot
               ,
               as
               its
               length
               contains
               ,
               and
               the
               odd
               feet
               ,
               if
               they
               happen
               ,
               by
               themselves
               .
               
                 V.
                 g.
              
               
            
             
               Suppose
               a
               Tree
               being
               31
               inches
               square
               ,
               is
               47
               foot
               long
               ;
               have
               recourse
               to
               10
               foot
               in
               the
               second
               Table
               ,
               and
               opposite
               to
               31
               in
               the
               
                 inch
                 Column
              
               ,
               you
               'l
               find
               64
               foot
               ,
               60
               parts
               under
               the
               Column
               10
               :
               put
               
                 this
                 down
              
               as
               many
               times
               as
               any
               tens
               occur
               in
               your
               47
               foot
               (
               which
               was
               the
               length
               of
               that
               Tree
               ,
               and
               by
               the
               same
               Table
               the
               odd
               7
               will
               give
               you
               45
               feet
               22
               parts
               ,
               which
               sum'd
               together
               ,
               amount
               to
               303
               feet
               ,
               62
               parts
               ,
               viz.
               half
               a
               foot
               and
               half
               a
               quarter
               of
               a
               foot
               .
               By
               this
               Method
               proceed
               for
               any
               length
               whatsoever
               .
            
             
               There
               remains
               but
               
                 one
                 operation
              
               more
               ,
               which
               our
               
                 Timber
                 man
              
               can
               much
               stand
               in
               need
               of
               direction
               in
               ;
               and
               that
               is
               ,
               for
               the
               Measure
               of
               Planks
               ;
               because
               we
               have
               occasion
               sometimes
               to
               saw
               them
               in
               the
               Wood
               :
               We
               will
               therefore
               add
               one
               Table
               more
               of
               that
               ,
               and
               so
               dismiss
               him
               .
            
             
             
               
                 PROB.
                 V.
              
               
            
             
               A
               Plank
               or
               Board
               being
               9
               inches
               broad
               :
               to
               find
               how
               much
               in
               length
               will
               make
               one
               foot
               .
            
             
               SOL.
               
            
             
               First
               find
               out
               9
               inches
               in
               the
               first
               Column
               ;
               opposite
               to
               that
               ,
               in
               the
               second
               Column
               ,
               you
               shall
               meet
               1.4.0
               .
               which
               imports
               1
               foot
               ,
               4
               inches
               :
               so
               much
               then
               in
               length
               of
               a
               Plank
               or
               Board
               9
               inches
               broad
               ,
               must
               go
               to
               make
               a
               foot
               :
               So
               as
               every
               16
               inches
               in
               length
               ,
               is
               a
               foot
               of
               Plank
               ,
               and
               consequently
               ,
               every
               8
               inches
               ,
               half
               a
               foot
               ;
               every
               4
               inches
               a
               quarter
               ,
               &c.
               
               Thus
               again
               ,
               if
               a
               Board
               hold
               2
               foot
               and
               3
               inches
               in
               breadth
               ;
               5
               inches
               and
               3
               tenth
               parts
               of
               an
               inch
               in
               length
               will
               make
               a
               
                 square
                 superficial
                 foot
              
               of
               
                 Plank
                 ,
                 &
                 sic
                 de
                 caeteris
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   TABLE
                   I.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     The
                     Square
                     of
                     the
                     End
                     of
                     Timber
                     in
                     Feet
                     and
                     Inches
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     length
                     of
                     a
                     
                       Foot
                       solid
                    
                     in
                     
                       Feet
                       ,
                       Inches
                    
                     and
                     parts
                     of
                     Inches
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pts.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   
                     0.
                     
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     I.
                     
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     II.
                     
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     III.
                     
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
              
            
             
             
               
                 
                   TABLE
                   II.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Square
                     of
                     Timber
                     in
                     Inches
                     ,
                     and
                     half-Inches
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     length
                     of
                     the
                     Timber
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Inch.
                     
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                      
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pr.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pr.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pr.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pr.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pr.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     70
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     81
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     58
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     70
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     95
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     77
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     90
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     81
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     47
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     47
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     53
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     82
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     92
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     59
                  
                
                 
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     90
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                
                 
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     87
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     53
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     80
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                
                 
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     80
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     92
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     80
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                
                 
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     81
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                
                 
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                
                 
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                
                 
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                
              
            
             
             
               
                 
                   TABLE
                   III.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     The
                     Circumference
                     of
                     the
                     Tree
                     in
                     Inches
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Cir.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     41
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     47
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     48
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     53
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     54
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     57
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     58
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     59
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     60
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     61
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     62
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     65
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     70
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     71
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     73
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     74
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     77
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     79
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     80
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     81
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     82
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     83
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     85
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     86
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     87
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                
                 
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     90
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     91
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     92
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     93
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     94
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     95
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     96
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     97
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     98
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     100
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
              
            
             
             
               
                 
                   TABLE
                   IV.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                      
                  
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     000000
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     030103
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     047712
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     062206
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     069897
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     077815
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     084509
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     090308
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     095424
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     100000
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     104139
                  
                
                 
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     107918
                  
                
                 
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     111394
                  
                
                 
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     114612
                  
                
                 
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     117609
                  
                
                 
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     120411
                  
                
                 
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     123044
                  
                
                 
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     125527
                  
                
                 
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     127875
                  
                
                 
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     130102
                  
                
                 
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     132221
                  
                
                 
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     134242
                  
                
                 
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     136172
                  
                
                 
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     138021
                  
                
                 
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     139794
                  
                
                 
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     141497
                  
                
                 
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     143136
                  
                
                 
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     144715
                  
                
                 
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     146239
                  
                
                 
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     147712
                  
                
                 
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     149136
                  
                
                 
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     150525
                  
                
                 
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     151851
                  
                
                 
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     153147
                  
                
                 
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     154406
                  
                
                 
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     155630
                  
                
                 
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     156820
                  
                
                 
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     157978
                  
                
                 
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     159106
                  
                
                 
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     160205
                  
                
                 
                   
                     41
                  
                   
                     161278
                  
                
                 
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     162325
                  
                
                 
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     163346
                  
                
                 
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     164345
                  
                
                 
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     165321
                  
                
                 
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     166275
                  
                
                 
                   
                     47
                  
                   
                     167209
                  
                
                 
                   
                     48
                  
                   
                     168124
                  
                
                 
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     169019
                  
                
                 
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     169807
                  
                
                 
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     170757
                  
                
                 
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     171600
                  
                
                 
                   
                     53
                  
                   
                     172427
                  
                
                 
                   
                     54
                  
                   
                     173239
                  
                
                 
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     174036
                  
                
                 
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     174818
                  
                
                 
                   
                     57
                  
                   
                     175587
                  
                
                 
                   
                     58
                  
                   
                     176342
                  
                
                 
                   
                     59
                  
                   
                     177085
                  
                
                 
                   
                     60
                  
                   
                     177815
                  
                
                 
                   
                     61
                  
                   
                     178532
                  
                
                 
                   
                     62
                  
                   
                     179239
                  
                
                 
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     179934
                  
                
                 
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     180618
                  
                
                 
                   
                     65
                  
                   
                     181291
                  
                
                 
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     181954
                  
                
                 
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     182607
                  
                
                 
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     183250
                  
                
                 
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     183885
                  
                
                 
                   
                     70
                  
                   
                     184509
                  
                
                 
                   
                     71
                  
                   
                     185125
                  
                
                 
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     185735
                  
                
                 
                   
                     73
                  
                   
                     186832
                  
                
                 
                   
                     74
                  
                   
                     186923
                  
                
                 
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     187506
                  
                
                 
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     188081
                  
                
                 
                   
                     77
                  
                   
                     188649
                  
                
                 
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     189209
                  
                
                 
                   
                     79
                  
                   
                     189762
                  
                
                 
                   
                     80
                  
                   
                     190309
                  
                
                 
                   
                     81
                  
                   
                     190848
                  
                
                 
                   
                     82
                  
                   
                     191381
                  
                
                 
                   
                     83
                  
                   
                     191907
                  
                
                 
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     192428
                  
                
                 
                   
                     85
                  
                   
                     192941
                  
                
                 
                   
                     86
                  
                   
                     193449
                  
                
                 
                   
                     87
                  
                   
                     193952
                  
                
                 
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     194448
                  
                
                 
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     194939
                  
                
                 
                   
                     90
                  
                   
                     195624
                  
                
                 
                   
                     91
                  
                   
                     195904
                  
                
                 
                   
                     92
                  
                   
                     196378
                  
                
                 
                   
                     93
                  
                   
                     196848
                  
                
                 
                   
                     94
                  
                   
                     197312
                  
                
                 
                   
                     95
                  
                   
                     197772
                  
                
                 
                   
                     96
                  
                   
                     198217
                  
                
                 
                   
                     97
                  
                   
                     198677
                  
                
                 
                   
                     98
                  
                   
                     199122
                  
                
                 
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     129563
                  
                
                 
                   
                     100
                  
                   
                     200000
                  
                
              
            
             
             
               
                 
                   TABLE
                   II.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Square
                     of
                     the
                     Timber
                     in
                     Inches
                     and
                     half-Inches
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     length
                     of
                     the
                     Timber
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Inch.
                     
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                
                 
                   
                      
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                     *
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     07
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                     *
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     09
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     2●
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                     *
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     59
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     85
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     98
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     74
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     47
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     93
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     ●
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     73
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     90
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     93
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     86
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     94
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     59
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     65
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                
                 
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     85
                  
                
                 
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     74
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     59
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     86
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                
                 
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     53
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     61
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     60
                  
                
                 
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     93
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                
                 
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     91
                  
                
                 
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     07
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                
                 
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                
              
            
             
             
               
                 
                   TABLE
                   II.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Square
                     of
                     the
                     Timber
                     in
                     Inches
                     and
                     half-Inches
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     length
                     of
                     the
                     Timber
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                      
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     88
                  
                
                 
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     53
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     82
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                
                 
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     92
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     83
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     59
                  
                
                 
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                
                 
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     80
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     58
                  
                
                 
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                
                 
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     83
                  
                
                 
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     70
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     54
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                
                 
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     77
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     47
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                
                 
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     0●
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                
                 
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                
                 
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                
                 
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     92
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                
                 
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                
                 
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     ●2
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                
                 
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     81
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     90
                  
                
                 
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     0●
                  
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     79
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     41
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                
                 
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     54
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     53
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     70
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                
                 
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                
              
            
             
               
                 
                   
                     Square
                     of
                     the
                     Timber
                     in
                     Inches
                     and
                     half-Inches
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     length
                     of
                     the
                     Timber
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                
                 
                   
                      
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pt.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     77
                  
                
                 
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     07
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     15
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     77
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     41
                  
                
                 
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                
                 
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     18
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     47
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                
                 
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     20
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     53
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     61
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     21
                  
                   
                     09
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     61
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                
                 
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     71
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     73
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                
                 
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     41
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                
                 
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     7●
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     08
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     59
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     13
                  
                
                 
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     16
                  
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     86
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     94
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     48
                  
                   
                     77
                  
                
                 
                   
                     27
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     44
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     57
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     47
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                
                 
                   
                     28
                  
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     67
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     54
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     69
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     03
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     70
                  
                
                 
                   
                     29
                  
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     88
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     58
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     26
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     48
                  
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     54
                  
                   
                     39
                  
                   
                     60
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                
                 
                   
                     30
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     38
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     58
                  
                   
                     14
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     60
                  
                
                 
                   
                     31
                  
                   
                     40
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     71
                  
                   
                     53
                  
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     60
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                      
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     41
                  
                   
                     3●
                  
                   
                     48
                  
                   
                     23
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     1●
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                   
                     01
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                      
                  
                
                 
                   
                     32
                  
                   
                     42
                  
                   
                     6●
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     89
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     71
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     43
                  
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     58
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     65
                  
                   
                     99
                  
                   
                     73
                  
                   
                     33
                  
                
                 
                   
                     33
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     93
                  
                   
                     60
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     06
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     54
                  
                   
                     46
                  
                   
                     62
                  
                   
                     24
                  
                   
                     70
                  
                   
                     02
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     80
                  
                
                 
                   
                     34
                  
                   
                     48
                  
                   
                     17
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     19
                  
                   
                     64
                  
                   
                     22
                  
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     80
                  
                   
                     28
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     49
                  
                   
                     58
                  
                   
                     57
                  
                   
                     84
                  
                   
                     66
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     74
                  
                   
                     37
                  
                   
                     82
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                
                 
                   
                     35
                  
                   
                     51
                  
                   
                     04
                  
                   
                     59
                  
                   
                     55
                  
                   
                     68
                  
                   
                     05
                  
                   
                     76
                  
                   
                     56
                  
                   
                     85
                  
                   
                     07
                  
                
                 
                   
                     -
                  
                   
                     52
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                   
                     61
                  
                   
                     25
                  
                   
                     70
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     78
                  
                   
                     75
                  
                   
                     87
                  
                   
                     50
                  
                
                 
                   
                     36
                  
                   
                     45
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     63
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     72
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     S1
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                   
                     90
                  
                   
                     00
                  
                
              
            
             
               
                 
                   
                   TABLE
                   V.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     The
                     Breadth
                     of
                     Plank
                     in
                     Feet
                     and
                     Inches
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     length
                     of
                     a
                     
                       Foot
                       square
                    
                     ,
                     in
                     Feet
                     and
                     10th
                     .
                     part
                     of
                     Inches
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                     F.
                     
                  
                   
                     In.
                     
                  
                   
                     Pts.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     12
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     I
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     II
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     1
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     2
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     3
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     3
                  
                
                 
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
                 
                   
                     6
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     8
                  
                
                 
                   
                     7
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     7
                  
                
                 
                   
                     8
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     5
                  
                
                 
                   
                     9
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                
                 
                   
                     10
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     2
                  
                
                 
                   
                     11
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     1
                  
                
                 
                   
                     III
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                   
                     4
                  
                   
                     0
                  
                
              
            
             
             
               34.
               
               If
               you
               are
               to
               remove
               your
               Timber
               ,
               let
               the
               Dew
               be
               first
               off
               ,
               and
               the
               South-wind
               blow
               before
               you
               draw
               it
               :
               neither
               should
               you
               by
               any
               means
               put
               it
               to
               use
               for
               three
               ,
               or
               four
               months
               after
               ,
               unless
               great
               necessity
               urge
               you
               ,
               as
               it
               did
               Duilius
               ,
               who
               in
               the
               Punic
               War
               built
               his
               Fleet
               of
               Timber
               before
               it
               was
               season'd
               ,
               being
               not
               above
               two
               months
               from
               the
               very
               Felling
               to
               the
               Launching
               :
               and
               as
               were
               also
               those
               Navies
               of
               Hiero
               after
               forty
               days
               ;
               and
               that
               of
               Scipio
               ,
               in
               the
               third
               Carthaginean
               War
               ,
               from
               the
               very
               Forest
               to
               the
               
                 Sea.
                 July
              
               is
               a
               good
               time
               for
               bringing
               home
               your
               
                 fell'd
                 Timber
              
               :
               But
               concerning
               the
               Time
               and
               Season
               of
               Felling
               ,
               a
               just
               Treatise
               might
               be
               written
               :
               Let
               the
               Learned
               therefore
               consult
               Vitruvius
               particularly
               on
               this
               
                 subject
                 .
                 l.
              
               2.
               c.
               19.
               
               Also
               
                 M.
                 Cato
                 c.
              
               17.
               
               
                 Plin.
                 l.
              
               16.
               c.
               31.
               
               Constantinus
               and
               
                 Heron.
                 l.
              
               3.
               
                 de
                 RR.
                 Veget.
                 l.
              
               4.
               c.
               35.
               
               
                 Columella
                 l.
              
               3.
               c.
               2.
               but
               especially
               the
               most
               ample
               Theophrastus
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               .
               l.
               5.
               
               Note
               ,
               that
               a
               Tun
               of
               Timber
               is
               forty
               solid
               Feet
               ,
               a
               Load
               fifty
               .
            
             
               35.
               
               To
               make
               excellent
               Boards
               and
               Planks
               ,
               't
               is
               the
               advice
               of
               some
               ,
               you
               should
               Bark
               your
               Trees
               in
               a
               fit
               season
               ,
               and
               so
               let
               them
               stand
               naked
               a
               full
               year
               before
               the
               felling
               ;
               and
               in
               some
               cases
               ,
               and
               grounds
               ,
               it
               may
               be
               profitable
               :
               But
               let
               these
               ,
               with
               what
               has
               been
               already
               said
               in
               the
               foregoing
               Chapters
               of
               the
               several
               kinds
               ,
               suffice
               for
               this
               Article
               :
               I
               shall
               add
               one
               Advertisement
               of
               Caution
               to
               those
               
                 Noble
                 persons
              
               ,
               and
               others
               who
               have
               Groves
               and
               Trees
               of
               ornament
               neer
               their
               houses
               ,
               and
               in
               their
               Gardens
               in
               London
               ,
               and
               the
               Circle
               of
               it
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               they
               be
               of
               great
               stature
               ,
               and
               well
               grown
               ;
               such
               as
               are
               the
               Groves
               in
               the
               several
               Inns
               of
               Court
               ;
               nay
               ,
               even
               that
               (
               comparatively
               ,
               new
               Plantation
               )
               in
               my
               Lord
               of
               Bedfords
               Garden
               ,
               &c.
               and
               wherever
               they
               stand
               in
               the
               more
               interiour
               parts
               of
               the
               City
               ;
               that
               they
               be
               not
               over
               hasty
               ,
               or
               by
               any
               means
               perswaded
               to
               cut
               down
               any
               of
               their
               
                 old
                 Trees
              
               ,
               upon
               hope
               of
               new
               more
               flourishing
               Plantations
               ;
               thickning
               ,
               or
               repairing
               deformities
               ;
               because
               they
               grew
               so
               well
               when
               first
               they
               were
               set
               :
               It
               is
               to
               be
               consider'd
               how
               exceedingly
               that
               pernicious
               smoak
               of
               the
               Sea-coal
               is
               increas'd
               in
               ,
               and
               about
               London
               since
               they
               were
               first
               planted
               ,
               and
               the
               buildings
               environing
               them
               ,
               and
               inclosing
               it
               in
               amongst
               them
               ,
               which
               does
               so
               universally
               contaminate
               the
               Air
               ,
               that
               what
               Plantations
               of
               Trees
               shall
               be
               now
               begun
               in
               any
               of
               those
               places
               ,
               will
               have
               much
               ado
               ,
               great
               difficulty
               ,
               and
               require
               a
               long
               time
               ,
               to
               be
               brought
               to
               any
               tolerable
               perfection
               :
               Therefore
               let
               them
               make
               much
               of
               what
               they
               have
               ;
               and
               though
               I
               discourage
               none
               ,
               yet
               I
               can
               animate
               none
               to
               cut
               down
               the
               old
               .
            
             
               36.
               
               And
               here
               might
               now
               come
               in
               a
               pretty
               speculation
               ,
               what
               should
               be
               the
               Reason
               after
               generall
               Fellings
               and
               Extirpations
               of
               vast
               Woods
               of
               one
               species
               ,
               the
               next
               spontaneous
               succession
               should
               be
               of
               quite
               a
               different
               sort
               ?
               We
               see
               indeed
               something
               of
               this
               in
               our
               Gardens
               and
               
                 Corne
                 fields
              
               (
               as
               the
               best
               of
               Poets
               witnesses
               )
               but
               that
               may
               be
               much
               imputed
               to
               the
               alteration
               ,
               by
               improvement
               ,
               or
               detriment
               of
               the
               Soyle
               and
               other
               Accidents
               :
               whatever
               the
               Cause
               may
               be
               ,
               since
               it
               appears
               not
               in
               any
               universal
               decay
               of
               Nature
               (
               sufficiently
               exploded
               )
               I
               shall
               onely
               here
               produce
               matter
               of
               Fact
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               ordinarily
               
               happens
               .
               As
               in
               some
               goodly
               Woods
               formerly
               belonging
               to
               my
               Grandfather
               that
               were
               all
               of
               Oak
               ;
               after
               felling
               ,
               they
               universally
               sprung
               up
               Beech
               ;
               and
               't
               is
               affirm'd
               by
               general
               Experience
               ,
               that
               after
               
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Birch
              
               succeeds
               ;
               as
               in
               that
               famous
               Wood
               at
               Darnway
               on
               the
               
                 River
                 Tindarne
              
               in
               the
               Province
               of
               Moray
               in
               Scotland
               ,
               where
               nothing
               had
               grown
               but
               Oak
               in
               a
               Wood
               three
               miles
               in
               length
               ,
               and
               happily
               more
               Southerly
               ,
               it
               might
               have
               been
               Beech
               ,
               and
               not
               Birch
               'till
               the
               third
               
                 degradation
                 .
                 Birches
              
               familiarly
               grow
               out
               of
               old
               and
               decay'd
               Oaks
               ;
               but
               whence
               this
               Sympathy
               and
               affection
               should
               proceed
               ,
               is
               more
               difficult
               to
               resolve
               ,
               in
               as
               much
               as
               we
               do
               not
               detect
               any
               so
               prolifical
               ,
               and
               eminent
               Seed
               in
               that
               Tree
               .
               Some
               Accidents
               of
               this
               nature
               may
               be
               imputed
               to
               the
               Winds
               ,
               and
               the
               Birds
               who
               frequently
               have
               been
               known
               to
               waste
               and
               convey
               Seeds
               to
               places
               widely
               distant
               ,
               as
               we
               have
               touch'd
               in
               the
               Chapter
               of
               Firs
               ,
               &c.
               Sect.
               4.
               
               Holly
               has
               been
               seen
               to
               grow
               out
               of
               Ash
               ,
               as
               Ash
               out
               of
               severall
               Trees
               ,
               especially
               Hei-Thorn
               ;
               nay
               ,
               in
               an
               old
               rotten
               Ash-stump
               ,
               in
               a
               place
               where
               no
               Ashes
               at
               all
               grew
               by
               many
               miles
               in
               the
               whole
               County
               :
               And
               I
               have
               had
               it
               confidently
               asserted
               by
               Persons
               of
               undoubted
               truth
               ,
               that
               they
               have
               seen
               a
               Tree
               cut
               in
               the
               middle
               ,
               whose
               heart
               was
               Ash-wood
               ,
               and
               the
               exteriour
               part
               Oak
               ,
               and
               this
               in
               Northampton-shire
               :
               And
               why
               not
               as
               well
               (
               though
               with
               something
               more
               difficulty
               ?
               )
               as
               through
               a
               Willow
               ,
               whose
               Body
               it
               has
               been
               observed
               to
               penetrate
               even
               to
               the
               Earth
               ?
               obtruding
               the
               Willow
               quite
               out
               of
               its
               place
               ,
               of
               which
               a
               pretty
               Emblem
               might
               be
               conceiv'd
               :
               But
               I
               pursue
               these
               Instances
               no
               farther
               ,
               concluding
               this
               Chapter
               with
               the
               
                 Norway
                 Engine
              
               ,
               or
               Saw-Mill
               ,
               to
               be
               either
               moved
               with
               the
               force
               of
               Water
               ,
               or
               Wind
               ,
               &c.
               for
               the
               more
               expedite
               cuting
               and
               converting
               of
               Timber
               ,
               to
               which
               we
               will
               add
               another
               ,
               for
               the
               more
               facile
               perforation
               and
               boring
               of
               Elms
               ,
               or
               other
               Timber
               to
               make
               Pipes
               and
               Aquaeducts
               ,
               and
               the
               excavating
               of
               Columns
               to
               preserve
               their
               Shafts
               from
               splitting
               ,
               to
               which
               otherwise
               they
               are
               obnoxious
               .
            
             
               The
               Frames
               of
               both
               these
               Instruments
               discover
               themselves
               sufficiently
               to
               the
               eye
               ,
               and
               therefore
               will
               need
               the
               less
               description
               ;
               There
               is
               yet
               this
               reformation
               from
               those
               which
               they
               use
               both
               in
               Norway
               and
               Switzerland
               ;
               That
               whereas
               they
               make
               the
               Timber
               approach
               the
               Sawes
               ,
               by
               certain
               indented
               Wheels
               with
               a
               Rochet
               (
               which
               is
               frequently
               out
               of
               order
               )
               there
               is
               in
               the
               
                 first
                 Figure
              
               a
               substitution
               of
               two
               Counterpoises
               of
               about
               three
               hundred
               pound
               weight
               ,
               each
               ,
               as
               you
               may
               see
               at
               A.A.
               fastning
               the
               Cords
               to
               which
               they
               append
               ,
               at
               the
               extreams
               of
               two
               movable
               pieces
               of
               Timber
               ,
               which
               slide
               on
               two
               other
               pieces
               of
               fixed
               Wood
               ,
               by
               the
               ayd
               of
               certain
               small
               Pullys
               ,
               which
               you
               may
               imagine
               to
               be
               within
               an
               Hinge
               in
               the
               House
               or
               Mill
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               the
               Weights
               continually
               draw
               ,
               and
               advance
               the
               moving
               pieces
               of
               Wood
               ,
               and
               consequently
               the
               Timber
               to
               be
               slit
               ,
               fastned
               'twixt
               the
               said
               Pieces
               ,
               towards
               the
               Teeth
               of
               the
               Saws
               ,
               rising
               ,
               and
               falling
               as
               the
               motion
               of
               the
               Wheele
               directs
               ;
               And
               on
               this
               Frame
               you
               may
               put
               four
               or
               five
               Saws
               ,
               or
               more
               if
               you
               please
               ,
               and
               place
               them
               at
               what
               intervals
               you
               think
               fit
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               dimensions
               which
               you
               designe
               in
               cutting
               the
               Timber
               for
               your
               use
               ;
               and
               when
               the
               piece
               
               is
               sawn
               ,
               then
               one
               or
               two
               men
               with
               a
               Lever
               ,
               must
               turn
               a
               Roller
               ,
               to
               which
               there
               is
               annext
               a
               strong
               Cord
               ,
               which
               will
               draw
               back
               the
               Piece
               ,
               and
               lift
               up
               the
               Counter-poise
               ;
               and
               so
               the
               piece
               put
               a
               little
               towards
               one
               side
               ,
               direct
               the
               Saws
               against
               another
               .
            
             
               The
               
                 second
                 Figure
              
               for
               Boring
               ,
               consists
               of
               an
               Ax-tree
               ,
               to
               which
               is
               fastned
               a
               Wheel
               of
               six
               and
               
                 thirty
                 Teeth
              
               ,
               or
               more
               ,
               as
               the
               velocity
               of
               the
               Water-motion
               requires
               ;
               for
               if
               it
               be
               slow
               ,
               more
               Teeth
               are
               requisite
               ;
               There
               must
               also
               be
               a
               Pinion
               of
               six
               ,
               turn'd
               by
               the
               said
               indented
               Wheel
               :
               Then
               to
               the
               Ax-tree
               of
               the
               Pinion
               is
               to
               be
               fixt
               a
               long
               Auger
               ,
               as
               in
               letter
               A
               ,
               which
               must
               passe
               through
               the
               hole
               B
               ,
               to
               be
               opened
               and
               clos'd
               as
               occasion
               requires
               ,
               somewhat
               like
               a
               
                 Turners
                 Lathe
              
               :
               The
               Tree
               or
               piece
               of
               Timber
               to
               be
               Bored
               ,
               is
               to
               be
               plac'd
               on
               the
               Frame
               CD
               ,
               so
               as
               the
               Frame
               may
               easily
               slide
               by
               the
               help
               of
               certain
               small
               Wheels
               ,
               which
               are
               in
               the
               hollow
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               turn
               upon
               strong
               Pins
               ,
               so
               as
               the
               Work-man
               may
               shove
               forwards
               ,
               or
               draw
               the
               Tree
               back
               ,
               after
               't
               is
               fastned
               to
               the
               Frame
               ;
               that
               so
               the
               Auger
               turning
               ,
               the
               end
               of
               the
               Tree
               may
               be
               applied
               to
               it
               ;
               still
               remembring
               to
               draw
               it
               back
               at
               every
               progresse
               of
               three
               or
               four
               inches
               which
               the
               Auger
               makes
               for
               the
               clensing
               it
               from
               the
               Chips
               ,
               least
               the
               Auger
               break
               :
               Continue
               this
               work
               till
               the
               Tree
               ,
               or
               piece
               of
               Timber
               be
               bored
               as
               far
               as
               you
               think
               convenient
               ,
               and
               when
               you
               desire
               to
               inlarge
               the
               
                 hole
                 ,
                 change
                 your
                 Auger
                 Bits
              
               as
               the
               Figure
               represents
               them
               .
            
             
             
             
               To
               these
               we
               might
               add
               severall
               more
               ,
               as
               they
               are
               described
               by
               
                 Besson
                 ,
                 Ramelli
                 ,
                 Cause
              
               ,
               and
               others
               ;
               as
               likewise
               Cranes
               and
               Machines
               for
               the
               easier
               
                 Elevation
                 ,
                 Moving
              
               ,
               and
               Transporting
               of
               Timber
               ,
               but
               they
               are
               now
               become
               familiar
               ,
               and
               therefore
               I
               omit
               them
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXXI
               .
               Of
               Timber
               the
               Seasoning
               and
               Uses
               ,
               and
               of
               Fuel
               .
            
             
               
               SInce
               it
               is
               certain
               and
               Demonstrable
               that
               all
               Arts
               and
               Artisans
               whatsoever
               ,
               must
               faile
               and
               cease
               ,
               if
               there
               were
               no
               Timber
               and
               Wood
               in
               a
               Nation
               (
               for
               he
               that
               shall
               take
               his
               Pen
               ,
               and
               begin
               to
               set
               down
               what
               
                 Art
                 ,
                 Mysterie
              
               ,
               or
               Trade
               belonging
               any
               way
               to
               
                 human
                 life
              
               ,
               could
               be
               maintain'd
               and
               exercis'd
               without
               Wood
               ,
               will
               quickly
               find
               that
               I
               speak
               no
               Paradox
               )
               I
               say
               ,
               when
               this
               shall
               be
               well
               consider'd
               ,
               it
               will
               appear
               ,
               that
               we
               had
               better
               be
               without
               Gold
               ,
               than
               without
               Timber
               :
               This
               contemplation
               ,
               and
               the
               universal
               use
               of
               that
               precious
               Material
               (
               which
               yet
               is
               not
               of
               universal
               use
               'till
               it
               be
               duly
               prepar'd
               )
               has
               mov'd
               me
               to
               design
               a
               solemn
               Chapter
               for
               the
               seasoning
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               to
               mention
               some
               farther
               particular
               Applications
               of
               it
               .
               We
               have
               before
               spoken
               concerning
               some
               preparations
               of
               
                 standing
                 Trees
              
               design'd
               for
               Timber
               ,
               by
               a
               half-cutting
               ,
               disbarking
               ,
               and
               the
               seasons
               of
               drawing
               ,
               and
               using
               it
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Lay
               up
               your
               Timber
               very
               dry
               ,
               in
               an
               airy
               place
               (
               yet
               out
               of
               the
               Wind
               or
               Sun
               )
               and
               not
               standing
               upright
               ,
               but
               lying
               along
               one
               piece
               upon
               another
               ,
               interposing
               some
               short
               blocks
               between
               them
               ,
               to
               preserve
               them
               from
               a
               certain
               mouldinesse
               which
               they
               usually
               contract
               while
               they
               sweat
               ,
               and
               which
               frequently
               produces
               a
               kind
               of
               fungus
               ,
               especially
               if
               there
               be
               any
               sappy
               parts
               remaining
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               Some
               there
               are
               yet
               ,
               who
               keep
               their
               Timber
               as
               moist
               as
               they
               can
               ,
               by
               submerging
               it
               in
               Water
               ,
               where
               they
               let
               it
               imbibe
               to
               hinder
               the
               cleaving
               ;
               and
               this
               is
               good
               in
               Fir
               ,
               both
               for
               the
               better
               stripping
               and
               seasoning
               ;
               yea
               ,
               and
               not
               onely
               in
               Fir
               ,
               but
               other
               Timber
               :
               lay
               therefore
               your
               Boards
               a
               Fortnight
               in
               the
               Water
               ,
               and
               then
               setting
               them
               upright
               in
               the
               Sun
               and
               Wind
               ,
               so
               as
               it
               may
               freely
               passe
               through
               them
               ,
               (
               especially
               during
               the
               heats
               of
               Summer
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               time
               of
               finishing
               Buildings
               )
               turn
               them
               daily
               ;
               and
               thus
               treated
               ,
               even
               newly
               sawn
               Boards
               ,
               will
               Floor
               far
               better
               than
               a
               many
               years
               dry
               Seasoning
               ,
               as
               they
               call
               it
               .
               But
               to
               prevent
               all
               possible
               accidents
               ,
               when
               you
               lay
               your
               Floors
               ,
               let
               the
               joynts
               be
               shot
               ,
               fitted
               ,
               and
               tack'd
               down
               only
               for
               the
               
                 first
                 year
              
               ,
               nailing
               them
               for
               good
               and
               all
               the
               next
               ;
               and
               by
               this
               means
               they
               will
               lye
               Stanch
               ,
               close
               ,
               and
               without
               Shrinking
               in
               the
               least
               ,
               as
               if
               it
               were
               all
               of
               one
               piece
               .
               Amongst
               Wheele-Wrights
               
               the
               Water
               -
               seasoning
               is
               of
               especial
               regard
               ,
               and
               in
               such
               esteem
               amongst
               some
               ,
               that
               I
               am
               assur'd
               the
               Venetians
               for
               their
               Provision
               in
               the
               Arsenal
               ,
               lay
               their
               Oak
               some
               years
               in
               it
               ,
               before
               they
               employ
               it
               .
            
             
               Elm
               fell'd
               never
               so
               green
               for
               suddain
               use
               ,
               if
               plung'd
               four
               or
               five
               dayes
               in
               water
               (
               especially
               Salt
               ,
               which
               is
               best
               )
               obtains
               an
               admirable
               seasoning
               ,
               and
               may
               immediately
               be
               us'd
               .
               Some
               again
               commend
               buryings
               in
               the
               Earth
               ;
               others
               in
               wheat
               ;
               and
               there
               be
               seasonings
               of
               the
               fire
               ,
               as
               for
               the
               scorching
               and
               hardning
               of
               Piles
               which
               are
               to
               stand
               either
               in
               the
               water
               ,
               or
               the
               earth
               ;
               
                 
                   —
                   The
                   Oke
                
                 
                   Explore
                   ,
                   suspended
                   in
                   the
                   Chimney
                   smoke
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Et
                     suspensa
                     focis
                     exploret
                     robora
                     fumus
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   ●
                   .
                
              
               For
               that
               to
               most
               Timber
               it
               contributes
               much
               to
               its
               duration
               .
               Thus
               do
               all
               the
               Elements
               contribute
               to
               the
               Art
               of
               Seasoning
               .
               The
               Learned
               Interpreter
               of
               
                 Antonio
                 Neris
              
               Art
               of
               
                 Glasse
                 c.
              
               5.
               speaking
               of
               the
               Difference
               of
               Vegetables
               ,
               as
               they
               are
               made
               use
               of
               at
               various
               seasons
               ,
               observes
               from
               the
               Button-mould-makers
               in
               those
               woods
               they
               use
               ,
               that
               Pear-trees
               cut
               in
               Summer
               work
               toughest
               ,
               but
               Holly
               in
               the
               
                 VVinter
                 ,
                 Box
              
               hardest
               about
               Easter
               ,
               but
               mellow
               in
               
                 Summer
                 ,
                 Hawthorn
              
               kindly
               about
               October
               ,
               and
               
                 Service
                 tree
              
               in
               the
               Summer
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               And
               yet
               even
               the
               greenest
               Timber
               is
               sometimes
               desirable
               for
               such
               as
               Carve
               and
               Turn
               ;
               but
               it
               choaks
               the
               teeth
               of
               our
               Saws
               ;
               and
               for
               
                 Doors
                 ,
                 VVindows
                 ,
                 Floors
              
               ,
               and
               other
               close
               Works
               ,
               it
               is
               altogether
               to
               be
               rejected
               ;
               especially
               ,
               where
               VVallnut-tree
               is
               the
               material
               ,
               which
               will
               be
               sure
               to
               shrink
               :
               Therefore
               it
               is
               best
               to
               choose
               such
               as
               is
               of
               two
               ,
               or
               three
               years
               seasoning
               ,
               and
               that
               is
               neither
               moist
               nor
               over-dry
               ;
               the
               mean
               is
               best
               .
               Sir
               
                 Hugh
                 Plat
              
               informs
               us
               that
               the
               Venetians
               use
               to
               burn
               ,
               and
               scorch
               their
               timber
               in
               a
               flaming
               fire
               ,
               continually
               turning
               it
               round
               with
               an
               Engine
               ,
               till
               they
               have
               gotten
               upon
               it
               an
               hard
               ,
               black
               ,
               coaly
               crust
               ;
               and
               the
               Secret
               carries
               with
               it
               great
               probability
               ;
               for
               that
               the
               Wood
               is
               brought
               by
               it
               to
               such
               a
               hardnesse
               and
               drynesse
               ,
               
                 ut
                 cùm
                 omnis
                 putrifactio
                 incipiat
                 ab
                 humido
                 ,
              
               nor
               Earth
               ,
               nor
               VVater
               can
               penetrate
               it
               ;
               I
               my self
               remembring
               to
               have
               seen
               Charcoals
               dug
               out
               of
               the
               ground
               amongst
               the
               ruines
               of
               antient
               Buildings
               ,
               which
               have
               in
               all
               probability
               lain
               cover'd
               with
               earth
               above
               1500
               years
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Timber
               which
               is
               cleft
               ,
               is
               nothing
               so
               obnoxious
               to
               rift
               and
               cleave
               as
               what
               is
               hewen
               ;
               nor
               that
               which
               is
               squar'd
               ,
               as
               what
               is
               round
               ;
               and
               therefore
               where
               use
               is
               to
               be
               made
               of
               huge
               and
               massie
               Columns
               ,
               let
               them
               be
               boared
               through
               from
               end
               to
               end
               ;
               it
               is
               an
               excellent
               preservative
               from
               splitting
               ,
               and
               not
               un-philosophical
               ;
               though
               to
               cure
               this
               accident
               ,
               the
               rubbing
               them
               over
               with
               a
               wax-cloth
               is
               good
               ,
               Painters
               
                 Putty
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               or
               before
               it
               be
               converted
               ,
               the
               smearing
               the
               timber
               over
               with
               Cow-dung
               ,
               which
               prevents
               the
               effects
               both
               of
               Sun
               and
               Air
               upon
               it
               ;
               if
               of
               necessity
               it
               must
               lye
               expos'd
               :
               But
               besides
               the
               former
               remedies
               ,
               I
               find
               this
               ,
               for
               the
               closing
               of
               the
               chops
               and
               clefts
               of
               Green-timber
               ,
               to
               anoint
               and
               supple
               it
               with
               the
               fat
               of
               
                 powder'd
                 beef-broth
              
               ,
               with
               which
               it
               must
               be
               
               well
               soak'd
               ,
               the
               chasm's
               fill'd
               with
               spunges
               dipt
               into
               it
               ;
               this
               ,
               to
               be
               twice
               done
               over
               :
               Some
               Carpenters
               make
               use
               of
               grease
               and
               saw-dust
               mingled
               ;
               but
               the
               first
               is
               so
               good
               a
               way
               (
               sayes
               my
               Authour
               )
               that
               I
               have
               seen
               Wind-shock-timber
               so
               exquisitely
               closed
               ,
               as
               not
               to
               be
               discerned
               where
               the
               defects
               were
               :
               This
               must
               be
               us'd
               when
               the
               timber
               is
               green
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               We
               spake
               before
               of
               Squaring
               ,
               and
               I
               would
               now
               recommend
               the
               Quartering
               of
               such
               trees
               as
               will
               allow
               useful
               and
               competent
               Scantlings
               ,
               to
               be
               of
               much
               more
               durablenesse
               ,
               and
               effect
               for
               strength
               ,
               than
               where
               (
               as
               custome
               is
               ,
               and
               for
               want
               of
               observation
               )
               whole
               Beams
               and
               Timbers
               are
               apply'd
               in
               Ships
               or
               Houses
               ,
               with
               slab
               and
               all
               about
               them
               ,
               upon
               false
               suppositions
               of
               strength
               beyond
               these
               Quarters
               :
               For
               there
               is
               in
               all
               trees
               an
               evident
               Interstice
               or
               separation
               between
               the
               heart
               and
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               body
               ,
               which
               renders
               it
               much
               more
               obnoxious
               to
               decay
               and
               miscarry
               ,
               than
               when
               they
               are
               treated
               ,
               and
               converted
               as
               I
               have
               describ'd
               it
               ;
               and
               it
               would
               likewise
               save
               a
               world
               of
               Materials
               in
               the
               Building
               of
               great
               Ships
               ,
               where
               so
               much
               excellent
               timber
               is
               hew'd
               away
               to
               spoyl
               ,
               were
               it
               more
               in
               practise
               .
               Finally
               ,
            
             
               7.
               
               I
               must
               not
               omit
               to
               take
               notice
               of
               the
               coating
               of
               timber
               in
               Work
               ,
               us'd
               by
               the
               Hollanders
               for
               the
               preservation
               of
               their
               
                 Gates
                 ,
                 Port-cullis's
                 ,
                 Draw-bridges
                 ,
                 Sluces
                 ,
              
               and
               other
               huge
               beams
               and
               Contignations
               of
               timber
               expos'd
               to
               the
               Sun
               ,
               and
               perpetual
               injuries
               of
               the
               Weather
               ,
               by
               a
               certain
               mixture
               of
               Pitch
               and
               Tar
               ,
               upon
               which
               they
               strew
               small
               pieces
               of
               Cockle
               and
               other
               shells
               ,
               beaten
               almost
               to
               powder
               ,
               and
               mingled
               with
               Sea-sand
               ,
               or
               the
               Scales
               of
               Iron
               ,
               beaten
               small
               and
               siefted
               ,
               which
               incrusts
               ,
               and
               arms
               it
               after
               an
               incredible
               manner
               against
               all
               these
               assaults
               and
               foreign
               invaders
               :
               But
               if
               this
               should
               be
               deem'd
               more
               obnoxious
               to
               Fireing
               ,
               I
               have
               heard
               that
               a
               Wash
               made
               of
               Alume
               ,
               has
               wonderfully
               protected
               it
               against
               the
               assaults
               even
               of
               that
               devouring
               Element
               ,
               and
               that
               so
               a
               
                 wooden
                 Tower
              
               or
               Fort
               at
               the
               Piraeum
               an
               
                 Athenian
                 Port
              
               ,
               was
               defended
               by
               Archelaus
               a
               Commander
               of
               Mithridates
               ,
               from
               the
               great
               Sylla
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               Timbers
               that
               you
               have
               occasion
               to
               lay
               in
               Morter
               ,
               or
               which
               is
               in
               any
               part
               contiguous
               to
               Lime
               ,
               as
               
                 Doors
                 ,
                 Window-Cases
                 ,
                 Ground-sils
              
               ,
               and
               the
               extremities
               of
               
                 Beams
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               should
               be
               cap'd
               with
               molten
               Pitch
               ,
               which
               will
               be
               a
               marvellous
               preserver
               of
               it
               from
               the
               burning
               ,
               and
               destructive
               effects
               of
               the
               Lime
               ;
               and
               in
               defect
               of
               
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 Loam
              
               ,
               or
               Clay
               will
               prove
               a
               tollerable
               defence
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               For
               all
               uses
               ,
               that
               Timber
               is
               esteem'd
               the
               best
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               most
               pondrous
               ,
               and
               which
               lying
               long
               ,
               makes
               deepest
               impression
               in
               the
               Earth
               ,
               or
               in
               the
               Water
               being
               floated
               ;
               also
               what
               is
               without
               knots
               ,
               yet
               firm
               ,
               and
               free
               from
               sap
               ;
               which
               is
               that
               fatty
               ,
               whiter
               ,
               and
               softer
               part
               ,
               call'd
               by
               the
               Antients
               Alburnum
               ,
               which
               you
               are
               diligently
               to
               hew
               away
               ;
               here
               we
               have
               much
               adoe
               about
               the
               Porulus
               of
               the
               Fir
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               by
               both
               Vitruvius
               and
               Theophrastus
               ,
               which
               I
               passe
               over
               .
               You
               shall
               perceive
               some
               which
               has
               a
               spiral
               convolution
               of
               the
               veins
               ;
               but
               it
               is
               a
               vice
               proceeding
               from
               the
               severity
               of
               unseasonable
               Winters
               ,
               and
               defect
               of
               good
               nutriment
               .
            
             
             
               10.
               
               My
               Lord
               
                 Bacon
                 Exp.
              
               658.
               recommends
               for
               tryal
               of
               a
               sound
               or
               knotty
               piece
               of
               Timber
               ,
               to
               cause
               one
               to
               speak
               at
               one
               of
               the
               Extreams
               to
               his
               Companion
               listning
               at
               the
               other
               ;
               for
               if
               it
               be
               knotty
               ,
               the
               sound
               sayes
               he
               ,
               will
               come
               abrupt
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               Moreover
               ,
               it
               is
               expedient
               that
               you
               know
               which
               is
               the
               Grain
               ,
               and
               which
               are
               the
               Veins
               in
               Timber
               (
               whence
               the
               term
               
                 fluviari
                 arborem
              
               )
               because
               of
               the
               difficulty
               of
               working
               against
               it
               :
               Those
               therefore
               be
               the
               veins
               which
               grow
               largest
               ,
               and
               are
               softer
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               Cleaving
               ,
               and
               
                 Hewing
                 ;
                 that
              
               the
               Grain
               or
               Pectines
               which
               runs
               in
               waves
               ,
               and
               makes
               the
               divers
               and
               beautiful
               chamfers
               which
               some
               woods
               abound
               in
               to
               admiration
               .
               The
               Grain
               of
               Beech
               runs
               two
               contrary
               wayes
               ,
               and
               is
               therefore
               to
               be
               wrought
               accordingly
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               Here
               it
               may
               be
               fitly
               enquir'd
               ,
               whether
               of
               all
               the
               sorts
               we
               have
               enumerated
               ,
               the
               old
               ,
               or
               the
               younger
               Trees
               do
               yield
               the
               fairest
               Colour
               ,
               pleasant
               Grain
               and
               Glosse
               for
               
                 Wainscot
                 ,
                 Cabinets
                 ,
                 Boxes
                 ,
                 Gun-stocks
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               what
               kind
               of
               Pear
               and
               Plum-tree
               give
               the
               deepest
               Red
               ,
               and
               approaches
               nearest
               in
               beauty
               to
               Brasil
               :
               'T
               is
               affirm'd
               the
               
                 Old-Oake
                 ,
                 Old
                 Walnut
              
               ,
               and
               young-Ash
               ,
               are
               best
               for
               most
               
                 uses
                 ;
                 black
              
               ,
               and
               
                 thorny
                 Plum-tree
              
               is
               of
               the
               deepest
               ,
               Oriency
               ;
               but
               whether
               these
               belong
               to
               the
               Forest
               ,
               I
               am
               not
               yet
               satisfied
               ,
               and
               therefore
               have
               assigned
               them
               no
               Chapter
               apart
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               I
               would
               also
               add
               something
               concerning
               what
               VVoods
               are
               observed
               to
               be
               most
               sonorous
               for
               
                 Musical
                 Instruments
              
               :
               We
               as
               yet
               detect
               few
               but
               the
               
                 German
                 Fir
              
               ,
               which
               is
               a
               species
               of
               Maple
               ,
               for
               the
               Rimms
               of
               Viols
               ,
               and
               the
               choicest
               and
               finest
               grain'd
               Fir
               for
               the
               Bellyes
               :
               The
               
                 finger-boards
                 ,
                 Back
              
               ,
               and
               Ribbs
               ,
               I
               have
               seen
               of
               
                 Eugh
                 ,
                 Pear-tree
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
               But
               
                 Pipes
                 ,
                 Recorders
              
               ,
               and
               wind-Instruments
               ,
               are
               made
               both
               of
               hard
               ,
               and
               soft
               woods
               ;
               I
               had
               lately
               an
               Organ
               with
               a
               set
               of
               Oaken-pipes
               ,
               which
               were
               the
               most
               sweet
               and
               mellow
               that
               were
               ever
               heard
               ;
               It
               was
               a
               very
               old
               Instrument
               ,
               and
               formerly
               ,
               I
               think
               ,
               belonging
               to
               the
               Duke
               of
               Norfolk
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               For
               the
               place
               of
               growth
               ,
               that
               Timber
               is
               esteem'd
               best
               which
               grows
               most
               in
               the
               Sun
               ,
               and
               on
               a
               dry
               and
               hale
               ground
               ;
               for
               those
               trees
               which
               suck
               ,
               and
               drink
               little
               ,
               are
               most
               hard
               ,
               robust
               ,
               and
               longest
               liv'd
               ,
               instances
               of
               Sobriety
               ;
               The
               Climate
               contributes
               much
               to
               its
               quality
               ,
               and
               the
               Northern
               situation
               is
               preferred
               to
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               quarters
               ;
               so
               as
               that
               which
               grew
               in
               Tuscany
               was
               of
               old
               thought
               better
               than
               that
               of
               the
               Venetian
               side
               ;
               and
               trees
               of
               the
               
                 wilder
                 kind
              
               ,
               and
               barren
               ,
               than
               the
               over
               much
               cultivated
               ,
               and
               great
               bearers
               :
               but
               of
               this
               already
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               To
               omit
               nothing
               ,
               Authours
               have
               sum'd
               up
               the
               natures
               of
               timber
               ;
               as
               the
               hardest
               
                 Ebeny
                 ,
                 Box
                 ,
                 Larch
                 ,
                 Lotus
                 ,
                 Terebinth
                 ,
                 Cornus
                 ,
                 Eugh
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               which
               are
               best
               to
               receive
               politure
               ;
               and
               for
               this
               ,
               Lin-seed
               ,
               or
               the
               sweeter
               
                 Nut
                 oyl
              
               does
               the
               effect
               best
               :
               Pliny
               gives
               us
               the
               Receipt
               ,
               with
               a
               decoction
               of
               VValnut-shales
               ,
               and
               certain
               
                 wild
                 pears
              
               :
               Next
               to
               these
               ,
               Oak
               for
               Ships
               ,
               and
               Houses
               (
               or
               more
               minutely
               )
               the
               Oak
               for
               the
               Keel
               ,
               the
               Robur
               for
               the
               
                 Prow
                 ,
                 VValnut
              
               the
               
                 Stern
                 ,
                 Elm
              
               the
               
                 Pump
                 ;
                 Furnerus
                 l.
              
               1.
               c.
               22.
               conceives
               the
               Ark
               to
               have
               been
               built
               of
               several
               woods
               ;
               
                 Cornel
                 ,
                 Holly
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               
                 Pins
                 ,
                 Wedges
                 ,
                 &c.
                 Chessnut
                 ,
                 Horn-beam
                 
                 Poplar
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               Then
               for
               Bucklers
               ,
               and
               Targets
               ,
               were
               commended
               the
               more
               soft
               and
               moist
               ;
               because
               apt
               to
               close
               ,
               swell
               ,
               and
               make
               up
               their
               wounds
               again
               ;
               such
               as
               
                 Willow
                 ,
                 Lime
                 ,
                 Birch
                 ,
                 Alder
                 ,
                 Elder
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Poplar
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
             
               The
               Robur
               ,
               or
               Wild-Oak
               Timber
               ,
               best
               to
               stand
               in
               ground
               ;
               the
               Quercus
               without
               :
               The
               
                 Cypresse
                 ,
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Pines
                 ,
                 Cedar
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               Posts
               ,
               and
               Columns
               ,
               because
               of
               their
               erect
               growth
               ,
               natural
               and
               comely
               diminutions
               .
               Then
               again
               it
               is
               noted
               ,
               that
               
                 Oriental
                 Trees
              
               are
               hardest
               towards
               the
               Cortex
               or
               Bark
               ;
               our
               Western
               towards
               the
               middle
               ,
               which
               we
               call
               the
               Heart
               ;
               and
               that
               Trees
               which
               bear
               fruit
               ,
               or
               but
               little
               ,
               are
               more
               durable
               than
               the
               more
               pregnant
               .
               It
               is
               noted
               ,
               of
               Oak
               ,
               that
               the
               knots
               of
               an
               inveterate
               Tree
               ,
               just
               where
               a
               lusty
               arme
               joyns
               to
               the
               Stem
               ,
               is
               as
               curiously
               vein'd
               as
               the
               Wall-nut
               ,
               which
               omitted
               in
               the
               Chapter
               of
               the
               Oake
               ,
               I
               here
               observe
               .
            
             
               
                 Pines
                 ,
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 Alder
              
               ,
               and
               Elm
               ,
               are
               excellent
               to
               make
               Pumps
               and
               Conduit-pipes
               ,
               and
               for
               all
               Water-works
               ,
               &c.
               
               Fir
               for
               
                 Beams
                 ,
                 Bolts
                 ,
                 Bars
              
               ;
               being
               tough
               ,
               and
               not
               so
               apt
               to
               break
               as
               the
               hardest
               Oak
               :
               In
               sum
               ,
               the
               more
               odoriferous
               Trees
               are
               the
               more
               durable
               and
               lasting
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               Here
               farther
               for
               the
               uses
               of
               timber
               ,
               I
               will
               observe
               to
               our
               Reader
               some
               other
               Particulars
               for
               direction
               both
               of
               the
               Seller
               and
               Buyer
               ,
               applicable
               to
               the
               several
               Species
               :
               And
               first
               of
               the
               two
               sorts
               of
               Lathes
               allow'd
               by
               Statute
               ,
               one
               of
               five
               ,
               the
               other
               of
               
                 four
                 foot
              
               long
               ,
               because
               of
               the
               different
               Intervals
               of
               Rafters
               :
               That
               of
               five
               has
               100
               to
               the
               Bundle
               ,
               those
               of
               four
               120
               ;
               and
               to
               be
               in
               breadth
               1
               Inch
               and
               ½
               ,
               and
               half
               Inch
               thick
               ;
               of
               either
               of
               which
               sorts
               there
               are
               
                 three
                 ,
                 viz.
                 Heart-oak
                 ,
                 Sap-Lathes
                 ,
              
               and
               Deal-Lathes
               ,
               which
               also
               differ
               in
               Price
               :
               The
               Heart-oak
               are
               fittest
               to
               lye
               under
               tyling
               ,
               the
               second
               sort
               ,
               for
               plastring
               of
               side-walls
               ,
               and
               the
               third
               for
               Ceilings
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               streight
               and
               even
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               Here
               we
               will
               gratifie
               our
               curious
               Reader
               with
               as
               curious
               an
               Account
               of
               the
               Comparative
               strength
               and
               fortitude
               of
               the
               several
               usual
               sorts
               of
               timber
               ,
               as
               upon
               Suggestions
               previous
               to
               this
               Work
               ,
               it
               was
               several
               times
               Experimented
               by
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               ,
               though
               omitted
               in
               the
               first
               Impression
               ,
               because
               the
               tryals
               were
               not
               complete
               as
               they
               now
               thus
               stand
               in
               our
               Register
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   
                     
                       March
                       23.
                       1663.
                       
                    
                     
                       The
                       Experiment
                       of
                       breaking
                       several
                       sorts
                       of
                       Wood
                       was
                       begun
                       to
                       be
                       made
                       :
                       And
                       there
                       were
                       taken
                       three
                       pieces
                       of
                       several
                       kinds
                       ;
                       of
                       
                         Fir
                         ,
                         Oak
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       Ash
                       ,
                       each
                       an
                       Inch
                       thick
                       ,
                       and
                       two
                       foot
                       long
                       ,
                       the
                       Fir
                       weighed
                       81
                       /
                       16
                       Ounces
                       ,
                       and
                       was
                       broken
                       with
                       200
                       l.
                       weight
                       :
                       The
                       Oak
                       weigh'd
                       12¼
                       
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                      
                       ,
                       broken
                       with
                       250
                       weight
                       :
                       the
                       Ash
                       weigh'd
                       10¼
                       
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                      
                       ,
                       broken
                       with
                       325
                       weight
                       .
                    
                     
                       Besides
                       there
                       were
                       taken
                       3
                       pieces
                       of
                       the
                       same
                       sorts
                       of
                       wood
                       each
                       of
                       ½
                       inch
                       thick
                       ,
                       and
                       1
                       foot
                       long
                       :
                       the
                       Fir
                       weigh'd
                       j
                       
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       was
                       broken
                       with
                       ⅝
                       of
                       an
                       100
                       :
                       The
                       Oak
                       weigh'd
                       1⅝
                       
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                      
                       broken
                       with
                       ⅝
                       of
                       an
                       100
                       :
                       the
                       Ash
                       weigh'd
                       1⅜
                       
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                         〈◊〉
                      
                       broken
                       with
                       100
                       l.
                       
                    
                     
                     
                       Again
                       ,
                       there
                       was
                       a
                       piece
                       of
                       Fir
                       ½
                       Inch
                       square
                       ,
                       and
                       two
                       foot
                       long
                       ,
                       broken
                       with
                       33
                       l.
                       A
                       piece
                       of
                       ½
                       Inch
                       thick
                       1
                       Inch
                       broad
                       ,
                       and
                       7
                       foots
                       long
                       ,
                       broken
                       with
                       100
                       weight
                       edge-wise
                       ;
                       And
                       a
                       piece
                       of
                       ½
                       inch
                       thick
                       ,
                       1½
                       broad
                       ,
                       2
                       foot
                       long
                       ,
                       broken
                       with
                       125
                       weight
                       ,
                       also
                       edge-wise
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Experiment
                       was
                       order'd
                       to
                       be
                       repeated
                       by
                       the
                       President
                       ,
                       to
                       Sr.
                       
                         William
                         Petty
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       Mr.
                       Hook
                       ;
                       and
                       it
                       was
                       suggested
                       by
                       some
                       of
                       the
                       Company
                       ,
                       that
                       in
                       these
                       tryals
                       consideration
                       might
                       be
                       had
                       of
                       the
                       
                         age
                         ,
                         knottinesse
                         ,
                         solidity
                      
                       ,
                       several
                       Soyls
                       ,
                       and
                       parts
                       of
                       trees
                       ,
                       &c.
                       and
                       Sr.
                       
                         Robert
                         Morray
                      
                       did
                       particularly
                       add
                       ,
                       that
                       it
                       might
                       be
                       observ'd
                       how
                       far
                       any
                       kind
                       of
                       Wood
                       bends
                       before
                       it
                       breaks
                       .
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       March
                       —
                       64.
                       
                    
                     
                       The
                       Operator
                       gave
                       an
                       Accompt
                       of
                       more
                       pieces
                       of
                       wood
                       broken
                       by
                       
                         weight
                         ,
                         viz.
                      
                       a
                       piece
                       of
                       Fir
                       4
                       foot
                       long
                       2
                       Inches
                       ,
                       53
                       
                         Ounce
                         weight
                      
                       ,
                       broken
                       with
                       800
                       
                         l.
                         weight
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       very
                       little
                       bending
                       with
                       750
                       ;
                       by
                       which
                       the
                       Hypothesis
                       seems
                       to
                       be
                       confirm'd
                       ,
                       that
                       in
                       similar
                       pieces
                       ,
                       the
                       Proportion
                       of
                       the
                       breaking-weight
                       is
                       according
                       to
                       the
                       basis
                       of
                       the
                       wood-broken
                       :
                       Secondly
                       ,
                       of
                       a
                       piece
                       of
                       Fir
                       2
                       foot
                       long
                       ,
                       1
                       Inch
                       square
                       ,
                       cut
                       away
                       from
                       the
                       middle
                       both
                       wayes
                       to
                       half
                       an
                       Inch
                       ,
                       which
                       supported
                       250
                       
                         l.
                         weight
                      
                       before
                       it
                       broke
                       ,
                       which
                       is
                       more
                       by
                       50
                       l.
                       than
                       a
                       piece
                       of
                       the
                       same
                       thicknesse
                       every
                       way
                       was
                       formerly
                       broken
                       with
                       ;
                       the
                       difference
                       was
                       guessed
                       to
                       proceed
                       from
                       the
                       more
                       firmnesse
                       of
                       this
                       other
                       piece
                       .
                    
                     
                       His
                       Lordship
                       was
                       desired
                       to
                       contribute
                       to
                       the
                       Prosecution
                       of
                       this
                       Experiment
                       ,
                       and
                       particularly
                       ,
                       to
                       consider
                       what
                       line
                       a
                       Beam
                       must
                       be
                       cut
                       in
                       ,
                       and
                       how
                       thick
                       it
                       ought
                       to
                       be
                       at
                       the
                       Extream
                       ,
                       to
                       be
                       equally
                       strong
                       :
                       Which
                       was
                       brought
                       in
                       April
                       13
                       ,
                       but
                       I
                       find
                       it
                       not
                       enter'd
                       .
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       April
                       20.
                       1664.
                       
                    
                     
                       The
                       Experiment
                       of
                       breaking
                       VVood
                       was
                       prosecuted
                       ,
                       and
                       there
                       were
                       taken
                       two
                       pieces
                       of
                       Fir
                       ,
                       each
                       
                         two
                         foot
                      
                       long
                       ,
                       and
                       1
                       
                         Inch
                         square
                      
                       ,
                       which
                       were
                       broken
                       ,
                       the
                       one
                       long-wayes
                       with
                       300
                       
                         l.
                         weight
                      
                       ,
                       the
                       
                         other
                         transverse-wayes
                      
                       with
                       2½
                       hundred
                       :
                       Secondly
                       ,
                       two
                       pieces
                       of
                       the
                       same
                       wood
                       ,
                       each
                       of
                       ¾
                       of
                       an
                       
                         Inch
                         square
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       
                         two
                         foot
                      
                       long
                       ,
                       broken
                       ,
                       the
                       one
                       
                         long
                         wayes
                      
                       with
                       1¼
                       hundred
                       ;
                       the
                       other
                       transverse
                       with
                       100
                       
                         l.
                         weight
                      
                       :
                       Thirdly
                       ,
                       one
                       piece
                       of
                       2
                       foot
                       long
                       ½
                       Inch
                       square
                       ,
                       broken
                       longwayes
                       with
                       81
                       l.
                       Fourthly
                       ,
                       one
                       piece
                       cut
                       out
                       of
                       a
                       crooked
                       Oken-billet
                       ,
                       with
                       an
                       arching
                       Grain
                       ,
                       about
                       ¾
                       Inch
                       square
                       ,
                       
                         two
                         foot
                      
                       long
                       ,
                       broken
                       with
                       ¼
                       hundred
                       .
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       June
                       29.
                       1664.
                       
                    
                     
                       There
                       were
                       made
                       several
                       Experiments
                       more
                       of
                       breaking
                       wood
                       :
                       First
                       ,
                       a
                       piece
                       of
                       Fir
                       ½
                       
                         Inch
                         diameter
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       3
                       Inches
                       long
                       ,
                       at
                       which
                       distance
                       the
                       weight
                       hung
                       ,
                       broke
                       in
                       the
                       Plane
                       of
                       the
                       
                         Grain
                         horizontally
                      
                       ,
                       with
                       66¾
                       l.
                       whereof
                       15
                       
                         l.
                         Troy
                         ;
                         Vertically
                      
                       ,
                       with
                       2
                       l.
                       more
                       .
                       Also
                       Fir
                       of
                       a
                       ¼
                       
                         Inch
                         diameter
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       1½
                       Inch
                       long
                       ,
                       broke
                       vertically
                       with
                       20
                       l.
                       
                       and
                       horizontally
                       ,
                       with
                       19
                       
                         l.
                         Elm
                      
                       of
                       ½
                       
                         Inch
                         diameter
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       three
                       
                         inches
                         long
                      
                       ,
                       broke
                       horizontally
                       ,
                       with
                       47
                       
                         l.
                         Vertically
                      
                       with
                       23
                       
                         l.
                         Elm
                      
                       of
                       ¼
                       
                         inch
                         diameter
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       1½
                       
                         Inch
                         long
                      
                       ,
                       broke
                       horizontally
                       with
                       12
                       
                         l.
                         Vertically
                      
                       with
                       10
                       l.
                       which
                       is
                       Note-worthy
                       .
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       July
                       6.
                       1664.
                       
                    
                     
                       The
                       Experiment
                       of
                       breaking
                       Woods
                       prosecuted
                       :
                       A
                       piece
                       of
                       Oak
                       of
                       ½
                       
                         Inch
                         diameter
                      
                       and
                       three
                       
                         Inches
                         long
                      
                       ,
                       at
                       which
                       distance
                       the
                       weight
                       hung
                       ,
                       broke
                       horizontally
                       with
                       48
                       
                         l.
                         Vertically
                      
                       with
                       40
                       
                         l.
                         Ash
                      
                       of
                       ½
                       
                         Inch
                         diameter
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       3
                       
                         Inch
                         long
                         ,
                         horizontally
                      
                       with
                       77
                       
                         l.
                         Vertically
                      
                       ,
                       with
                       75
                       
                         l.
                         Ash
                      
                       of
                       ½
                       
                         Inch
                         diameter
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       1½
                       
                         Inch
                         long
                         ,
                         horizontally
                      
                       with
                       19
                       
                         l.
                         Vertically
                      
                       ,
                       with
                       12
                       
                         l.
                         &c.
                      
                       
                       Thus
                       far
                       the
                       Register
                       .
                    
                  
                
              
            
             
               18.
               
               Here
               might
               come
               in
               the
               Problemes
               of
               
                 Cardinal
                 Cusa
              
               in
               Lib.
               4.
               
               
                 Idiotae
                 dial
              
               .
               4
               to
               concerning
               the
               different
               velocity
               of
               the
               Ascent
               of
               great
               pieces
               of
               Timber
               ,
               before
               the
               smaller
               ,
               submerged
               in
               water
               ;
               as
               also
               of
               the
               weight
               ;
               as
               
                 v.
                 g.
              
               Why
               a
               piece
               of
               Wood
               100
               l.
               weight
               ,
               poising
               more
               in
               the
               Air
               than
               2
               l.
               of
               Lead
               ,
               the
               2
               l.
               of
               Lead
               should
               seem
               to
               weigh
               (
               he
               should
               say
               Sink
               )
               more
               in
               the
               Water
               ?
               Why
               Fruits
               being
               cut
               off
               from
               the
               Tree
               ,
               weigh
               heavier
               ,
               than
               when
               they
               were
               growing
               ?
               with
               several
               the
               like
               Paradoxes
               ,
               haply
               more
               curious
               than
               useful
               ,
               and
               therefore
               we
               purposely
               omit
               them
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               Concerning
               Squar'd
               ,
               and
               
                 Principal
                 Timber
              
               for
               any
               usual
               Building
               ,
               these
               are
               the
               legal
               Proportions
               ,
               and
               which
               Builders
               ought
               not
               to
               vary
               from
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   
                     Summers
                     or
                     Girders
                     from
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         F.
                         
                      
                       
                         14
                      
                       
                         18
                      
                       
                         20
                      
                       
                         23
                      
                       
                         26
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     to
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         F.
                         
                      
                       
                         16
                      
                       
                         20
                      
                       
                         23
                      
                       
                         26
                      
                       
                         28
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     In
                     length
                     ,
                     must
                     be
                     in
                     their
                     Square
                     .
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         In.
                         
                      
                       
                         11
                      
                       
                         13
                      
                       
                         14
                      
                       
                         16
                      
                       
                         17
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     &
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         In.
                         
                      
                       
                         8
                      
                       
                         9
                      
                       
                         10
                      
                       
                         12
                      
                       
                         14
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       Joysts
                       of
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         Feet
                      
                       
                         11½
                      
                       
                         10½
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     In
                     length
                     must
                     be
                     in
                     their
                     Square
                     .
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         Inch
                      
                       
                         8
                      
                       
                         7
                      
                       
                         6
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         Inch
                      
                       
                         3
                      
                       
                         3
                      
                       
                         3
                      
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Binding
                       Joysts
                    
                     &
                     Trimming
                     from
                  
                   
                     F.
                     7
                     to
                     F.
                     11½
                  
                   
                     In
                     length
                     must
                     be
                     in
                     their
                     Square
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         6
                      
                       
                         7
                      
                       
                         8
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     &
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         5
                      
                       
                         5
                      
                       
                         5
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     Wall-plates
                     and
                     Beams
                     of
                     any
                     length
                     ,
                     from
                     15
                     foot
                     ,
                     may
                     have
                     in
                     their
                     square
                     —
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         Inch
                      
                       
                         7
                      
                       
                         10
                      
                       
                         8
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     &
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         Inch
                      
                       
                         5
                      
                       
                         6
                      
                       
                         6
                      
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Purlynes
                     from
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         F.
                         
                      
                       
                         15
                      
                       
                         18½
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     to
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         F.
                         
                      
                       
                         18½
                      
                       
                         21½
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     In
                     length
                     ,
                     must
                     have
                     in
                     their
                     square
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         9
                      
                       
                         12
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     &
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         8
                      
                       
                         9
                      
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Principal
                       Rafters
                    
                     cut
                     Taper
                     from
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         F.
                         
                      
                       
                         12½
                      
                       
                         14½
                      
                       
                         18½
                      
                       
                         21½
                      
                       
                         24½
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     to
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         F.
                         
                      
                       
                         14½
                      
                       
                         18½
                      
                       
                         21½
                      
                       
                         24½
                      
                       
                         26½
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     In
                     length
                     must
                     have
                     in
                     their
                     square
                     on
                     
                       one
                       side
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         In.
                         
                      
                       
                         8
                      
                       
                         9
                      
                       
                         10
                      
                       
                         12
                      
                       
                         9
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     to
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         In.
                         
                      
                       
                         5
                      
                       
                         7
                      
                       
                         8
                      
                       
                         9
                      
                       
                         9
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     on
                     the
                     
                       other
                       side
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         6
                      
                       
                         7
                      
                       
                         8
                      
                       
                         9
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     single
                     Rafters
                     in
                     length
                     from
                     6½
                     to
                     9½
                     —
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         F.
                         
                      
                       
                         6½
                      
                       
                         0
                      
                       
                         9½
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     must
                     have
                     in
                     their
                     squ
                     .
                  
                   
                     5-3½
                     &
                     5
                     —
                     4
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     
                       Principal
                       Dischargers
                    
                     of
                     any
                     length
                     from
                  
                   
                     Foot
                     10
                     upward
                  
                   
                     must
                     have
                     in
                     their
                     square
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         Inch
                      
                       
                         13
                      
                       
                         16
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       
                         Inch
                      
                       
                         12
                      
                       
                         13
                      
                    
                  
                
              
            
             
               But
               Carpenters
               also
               work
               by
               Square
               ,
               which
               is
               10
               foot
               in
               Framing
               
               and
               Erecting
               the
               Carcase
               (
               as
               they
               call
               it
               )
               of
               any
               Timber
               Edifice
               ,
               which
               is
               valued
               according
               to
               the
               goodnesse
               and
               choyce
               of
               the
               Materials
               ,
               and
               curiosity
               in
               Framing
               ;
               especially
               Roofs
               and
               Stayre-cases
               ,
               which
               are
               of
               most
               charges
               .
               And
               here
               might
               also
               something
               be
               added
               concerning
               the
               manner
               of
               framing
               the
               Carcases
               of
               Buildings
               ,
               as
               of
               
                 Floors
                 ,
                 pitch
              
               of
               Roofs
               ,
               the
               length
               of
               Hips
               ,
               and
               Sleepers
               ,
               together
               with
               the
               names
               of
               all
               those
               several
               Timbers
               used
               in
               Fabrics
               totally
               consisting
               of
               Wood
               ;
               but
               I
               find
               it
               done
               to
               my
               hand
               ,
               and
               Publish'd
               some
               years
               since
               ,
               at
               the
               end
               of
               a
               late
               Translation
               of
               the
               
                 first
                 Book
              
               of
               Palladio
               ,
               to
               which
               I
               refer
               the
               Reader
               .
               And
               to
               accomplish
               our
               Artist
               in
               Timber
               ,
               with
               the
               utmost
               which
               that
               material
               is
               capable
               of
               ;
               to
               the
               Study
               and
               Contemplation
               of
               that
               stupendious
               Roof
               ,
               which
               now
               lies
               over
               the
               ever
               renowned
               
                 Sheldonean
                 Theater
              
               at
               the
               Vniversity
               of
               Oxford
               ;
               being
               the
               sole
               Work
               and
               Contrivement
               of
               that
               my
               most
               Honoured
               Friend
               Dr.
               
                 Chr.
                 Wren
              
               ,
               now
               worthily
               dignified
               with
               the
               Superintendency
               of
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Buildings
              
               .
            
             
               20.
               
               We
               did
               ,
               in
               Chap.
               21.
               mention
               certain
               
                 Subterranean
                 Trees
              
               ,
               which
               Mr.
               Cambden
               supposes
               grew
               altogether
               under
               the
               ground
               :
               And
               truly
               ,
               it
               did
               appear
               a
               very
               Paradox
               to
               me
               ,
               till
               I
               both
               saw
               ,
               and
               diligently
               examin'd
               that
               piece
               (
               
                 Plank
                 ,
                 Stone
              
               ,
               or
               both
               shall
               I
               name
               it
               )
               of
               
                 Lignum
                 fossile
              
               taken
               out
               of
               a
               certain
               Quarry
               thereof
               at
               
                 Aqua
                 Sparta
              
               not
               far
               from
               Rome
               ,
               and
               sent
               to
               the
               most
               incomparably
               learned
               Sir
               
                 George
                 Ent
              
               ,
               by
               that
               obliging
               
                 Virtuoso
                 Cavalier
                 dal
                 Pozzo
              
               .
               He
               that
               shall
               examine
               the
               hardnesse
               ,
               and
               feel
               the
               ponderousnesse
               of
               it
               ,
               sinking
               in
               
                 water
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               will
               easily
               take
               it
               for
               a
               stone
               ;
               but
               he
               that
               shall
               behold
               its
               grain
               ,
               so
               exquisitely
               undulated
               ,
               and
               varied
               together
               with
               its
               colour
               ,
               manner
               of
               
                 hewing
                 ,
                 chips
              
               ,
               and
               other
               most
               perfect
               resemblances
               ,
               will
               never
               scruple
               to
               pronounce
               it
               arrant
               wood
               .
            
             
               
                 Signor
                 Stelluti
              
               (
               an
               Italian
               )
               has
               publish'd
               a
               whole
               Treatise
               expresly
               to
               describe
               this
               great
               Curiosity
               :
               And
               there
               has
               been
               brought
               to
               our
               notice
               ,
               a
               certain
               relation
               of
               an
               Elm
               growing
               in
               Bark-shire
               neer
               Farringdon
               ,
               which
               being
               cut
               towards
               the
               Root
               ,
               was
               there
               plainly
               Petrified
               ;
               the
               like
               ,
               as
               I
               once
               my self
               remember
               to
               have
               seen
               in
               another
               Tree
               ,
               which
               grew
               quite
               through
               a
               Rock
               near
               the
               Sepulchre
               of
               Agrippina
               (
               the
               Mother
               of
               that
               Monster
               Nero
               )
               at
               the
               Baia
               by
               Naples
               ,
               which
               appear'd
               to
               be
               all
               Stone
               ,
               and
               trickling
               down
               in
               drops
               of
               Water
               ,
               if
               I
               forget
               not
               .
               But
               ,
               whiles
               others
               have
               Philosophiz'd
               according
               to
               their
               manner
               upon
               these
               extraordinary
               Concretions
               ;
               see
               what
               the
               most
               industrious
               ,
               and
               knowing
               Mr.
               
                 Hook
                 ,
                 Curator
              
               of
               this
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               ,
               has
               with
               no
               lesse
               Reason
               ,
               but
               more
               succinctnesse
               ,
               observ'd
               from
               a
               late
               Microscopical
               Examen
               of
               another
               piece
               of
               
                 petrifid
                 wood
              
               ;
               the
               Description
               ,
               and
               Ingenuity
               whereof
               cannot
               but
               gratifie
               the
               Curious
               ,
               who
               will
               by
               this
               Instance
               ,
               not
               onely
               be
               instructed
               how
               to
               make
               Inquiries
               upon
               the
               like
               occasions
               ;
               but
               see
               also
               with
               what
               accuratenesse
               the
               Society
               constantly
               proceeds
               in
               all
               their
               Indagations
               ,
               and
               Experiments
               ;
               and
               with
               what
               Candor
               they
               relate
               ,
               and
               communicate
               them
               .
            
             
               
                 21.
                 
                 It
                 resembl'd
                 wood
                 ,
                 in
                 that
              
               
               
                 First
                 ,
                 all
                 the
                 parts
                 of
                 the
                 petrifi'd
                 substance
                 seem'd
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 dislocated
                 ,
                 or
                 alter'd
                 from
                 their
                 natural
                 position
                 whiles
                 they
                 were
                 wood
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 whole
                 piece
                 retain'd
                 the
                 exact
                 shape
                 of
                 wood
                 ,
                 having
                 many
                 of
                 the
                 conspicuous
                 pores
                 of
                 wood
                 still
                 remaining
                 pores
                 ,
                 and
                 shewing
                 a
                 manifest
                 difference
                 visible
                 enough
                 between
                 the
                 grain
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 and
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 bark
                 ;
                 especially
                 ,
                 when
                 any
                 side
                 of
                 it
                 was
                 cut
                 smooth
                 and
                 polite
                 ;
                 for
                 then
                 it
                 appeared
                 to
                 have
                 a
                 very
                 lovely
                 grain
                 ,
                 like
                 that
                 of
                 some
                 curious
                 close
                 wood
                 .
              
               
                 Next
                 (
                 it
                 resembled
                 wood
                 )
                 in
                 that
                 all
                 the
                 smaller
                 and
                 (
                 if
                 so
                 I
                 may
                 call
                 those
                 which
                 are
                 onely
                 to
                 be
                 seen
                 by
                 a
                 good
                 glasse
                 )
                 microscopical
                 pores
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 appear
                 (
                 both
                 when
                 the
                 substance
                 is
                 cut
                 and
                 polish'd
                 transversly
                 ,
                 and
                 parallel
                 to
                 the
                 pores
                 )
                 perfectly
                 like
                 the
                 Microscopical
                 pores
                 of
                 several
                 kinds
                 of
                 wood
                 ,
                 retaining
                 both
                 the
                 shape
                 ,
                 and
                 position
                 of
                 such
                 pores
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 was
                 differing
                 from
                 wood
                 .
              
               
                 First
                 ,
                 in
                 weight
                 ,
                 being
                 to
                 common
                 water
                 ,
                 as
                 3¼
                 to
                 1.
                 whereas
                 there
                 are
                 few
                 of
                 our
                 English
                 woods
                 that
                 ,
                 when
                 dry
                 ,
                 are
                 found
                 to
                 be
                 full
                 as
                 heavy
                 as
                 water
                 .
              
               
                 Secondly
                 ,
                 in
                 hardnesse
                 ,
                 being
                 very
                 near
                 as
                 hard
                 as
                 a
                 flint
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 some
                 places
                 of
                 it
                 also
                 resembling
                 the
                 grain
                 of
                 a
                 flint
                 :
                 it
                 would
                 very
                 readily
                 cut
                 Glass
                 ,
                 and
                 would
                 not
                 without
                 difficulty
                 (
                 especially
                 in
                 some
                 parts
                 of
                 it
                 )
                 be
                 scratch'd
                 by
                 a
                 black
                 hard
                 flint
                 :
                 it
                 would
                 also
                 as
                 readily
                 strike
                 fire
                 against
                 a
                 Steel
                 ,
                 as
                 also
                 against
                 a
                 flint
                 .
              
               
                 Thirdly
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 closenesse
                 of
                 it
                 ;
                 for
                 ,
                 though
                 all
                 the
                 
                   microscopical
                   pores
                
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 were
                 very
                 conspicuous
                 in
                 one
                 position
                 ,
                 yet
                 by
                 altering
                 that
                 position
                 of
                 the
                 polish'd
                 surface
                 to
                 the
                 light
                 ,
                 it
                 also
                 was
                 manifest
                 that
                 those
                 pores
                 appear'd
                 darker
                 than
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 the
                 body
                 ,
                 onely
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 fill'd
                 up
                 with
                 a
                 more
                 dusky
                 substance
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 hollow
                 .
              
               
                 Fourthly
                 ,
                 in
                 that
                 it
                 would
                 not
                 burn
                 in
                 the
                 fire
                 ;
                 nay
                 ,
                 though
                 I
                 kept
                 it
                 a
                 good
                 while
                 red-hot
                 in
                 the
                 flame
                 of
                 a
                 Lamp
                 ,
                 very
                 intensly
                 cast
                 on
                 it
                 by
                 a
                 blast
                 through
                 a
                 small
                 pipe
                 ;
                 yet
                 it
                 seemed
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 to
                 have
                 diminish'd
                 its
                 extension
                 ;
                 but
                 onely
                 I
                 found
                 it
                 to
                 have
                 chang'd
                 its
                 colour
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 have
                 put
                 on
                 a
                 more
                 dark
                 ,
                 and
                 dusky
                 brown
                 hue
                 .
                 Nor
                 could
                 I
                 perceive
                 that
                 those
                 parts
                 which
                 seem'd
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 wood
                 at
                 first
                 ,
                 were
                 any
                 thing
                 wasted
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 parts
                 appear'd
                 as
                 solid
                 ,
                 and
                 close
                 as
                 before
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 farther
                 observable
                 also
                 ,
                 that
                 as
                 it
                 did
                 not
                 consume
                 like
                 wood
                 ;
                 so
                 neither
                 did
                 it
                 crack
                 and
                 fly
                 like
                 a
                 flint
                 ,
                 or
                 such
                 like
                 hard
                 stone
                 ;
                 nor
                 was
                 it
                 long
                 before
                 it
                 appeared
                 red-hot
                 .
              
               
                 Fiftly
                 ,
                 in
                 its
                 dissolublenesse
                 ;
                 for
                 putting
                 some
                 drops
                 of
                 
                   distilled
                   Vinegar
                
                 upon
                 the
                 stone
                 ,
                 I
                 found
                 it
                 presently
                 to
                 yield
                 very
                 many
                 bubbles
                 ,
                 just
                 like
                 those
                 which
                 may
                 be
                 observed
                 in
                 spirit
                 of
                 Vinegar
                 when
                 it
                 corrodes
                 Coral
                 ;
                 though
                 I
                 guess
                 many
                 of
                 those
                 bubbles
                 proceeded
                 from
                 the
                 small
                 parcels
                 of
                 Air
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 driven
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 pores
                 of
                 this
                 petrifi'd
                 substance
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 insmuating
                 liquid
                 menstruum
                 .
              
               
                 Sixtly
                 ,
                 in
                 its
                 Rigidnesse
                 ,
                 and
                 friability
                 ;
                 being
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 flexible
                 ,
                 
                 but
                 brittle
                 like
                 a
                 flint
                 ;
                 insomuch
                 that
                 with
                 one
                 knock
                 of
                 a
                 Hammer
                 I
                 broke
                 off
                 a
                 small
                 piece
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 Hammer
                 quickly
                 beat
                 it
                 to
                 pretty
                 fine
                 powder
                 upon
                 an
                 Anvil
                 .
              
               
                 Seventhly
                 ,
                 it
                 seem'd
                 also
                 very
                 differing
                 from
                 wood
                 to
                 the
                 touch
                 ,
                 feeling
                 more
                 cold
                 then
                 wood
                 usually
                 does
                 ,
                 and
                 much
                 like
                 other
                 close
                 Stones
                 and
                 Minerals
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Reasons
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 Phaenomena
                 seem
                 to
                 be
                 .
              
               
                 That
                 this
                 
                   petrifi'd
                   wood
                
                 having
                 lain
                 in
                 some
                 place
                 where
                 it
                 was
                 well
                 soaked
                 with
                 
                   petrifying
                   water
                
                 (
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 such
                 a
                 water
                 as
                 is
                 well
                 impregnated
                 with
                 stony
                 and
                 earthy
                 particles
                 )
                 did
                 by
                 degrees
                 separate
                 ,
                 by
                 straining
                 and
                 filtration
                 ,
                 or
                 perhaps
                 by
                 
                   praecipitation
                   ,
                   co-haesion
                
                 or
                 coagulation
                 ,
                 abundance
                 of
                 
                   stony
                   particles
                
                 from
                 that
                 permeating
                 water
                 ,
                 which
                 
                   stony
                   particles
                
                 having
                 ,
                 by
                 means
                 of
                 the
                 fluid
                 Vehicle
                 ,
                 convey'd
                 themselves
                 not
                 onely
                 into
                 the
                 
                   microscopical
                   pores
                
                 ,
                 and
                 perfectly
                 stop'd
                 up
                 them
                 ;
                 but
                 also
                 into
                 the
                 pores
                 ,
                 which
                 may
                 perhaps
                 be
                 even
                 in
                 that
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 which
                 through
                 the
                 microscope
                 appears
                 most
                 solid
                 ;
                 do
                 thereby
                 so
                 augment
                 the
                 weight
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 ,
                 as
                 to
                 make
                 it
                 above
                 three
                 times
                 heavier
                 than
                 water
                 ,
                 and
                 perhaps
                 six
                 times
                 as
                 heavy
                 as
                 it
                 was
                 when
                 wood
                 :
                 next
                 ,
                 they
                 hereby
                 so
                 lock
                 up
                 and
                 fetter
                 the
                 parts
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 fire
                 cannot
                 easily
                 make
                 them
                 fly
                 away
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 action
                 of
                 the
                 fire
                 upon
                 them
                 is
                 onely
                 able
                 to
                 char
                 those
                 parts
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 were
                 ,
                 like
                 as
                 a
                 piece
                 of
                 wood
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 closed
                 very
                 fast
                 up
                 in
                 Clay
                 ,
                 and
                 kept
                 a
                 good
                 while
                 
                   red
                   hot
                
                 in
                 the
                 fire
                 ,
                 will
                 by
                 the
                 heat
                 of
                 the
                 fire
                 be
                 char'd
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 consum'd
                 ;
                 which
                 may
                 perhaps
                 be
                 the
                 reason
                 why
                 the
                 
                   petrifi'd
                   substance
                
                 appear'd
                 of
                 a
                 blackish
                 brown
                 colour
                 after
                 it
                 had
                 been
                 burnt
                 .
                 By
                 this
                 intrusion
                 of
                 the
                 
                   petrifi●'d
                   particles
                
                 it
                 also
                 becomes
                 hard
                 ,
                 and
                 friable
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 smaller
                 pores
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 being
                 perfectly
                 stuffed
                 up
                 with
                 these
                 
                   stony
                   particles
                
                 ,
                 the
                 particles
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 have
                 few
                 ,
                 or
                 no
                 pores
                 in
                 which
                 they
                 can
                 reside
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 ,
                 no
                 flexion
                 or
                 yielding
                 can
                 be
                 caus'd
                 in
                 such
                 a
                 substance
                 .
                 The
                 remaining
                 particles
                 likewise
                 of
                 the
                 wood
                 among
                 the
                 
                   stony
                   particles
                
                 may
                 keep
                 them
                 from
                 cracking
                 and
                 flying
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 do
                 in
                 a
                 flint
                 .
              
            
             
               22.
               
               The
               casual
               finding
               of
               Subterraneous-Trees
               has
               been
               the
               occasion
               of
               this
               curious
               Digression
               :
               Now
               it
               were
               a
               strange
               Paradox
               to
               affirm
               ,
               that
               the
               
                 Timber
                 under
              
               the
               ground
               ,
               should
               to
               a
               great
               degree
               ,
               equal
               the
               value
               of
               that
               which
               grows
               above
               the
               Ground
               ;
               seeing
               though
               it
               be
               far
               lesse
               ,
               yet
               it
               is
               far
               Richer
               ;
               the
               Roots
               of
               the
               vilest
               Shrub
               ,
               being
               better
               for
               its
               toughnesse
               ,
               and
               for
               Ornaments
               ,
               and
               delicate
               uses
               much
               more
               preferrable
               than
               the
               Heart
               of
               the
               fairest
               and
               soundest
               Tree
               :
               And
               many
               Hills
               ,
               and
               other
               waste-places
               ,
               that
               have
               in
               late
               and
               former
               Ages
               been
               stately
               Groves
               and
               Woods
               ,
               have
               yet
               this
               Treasure
               remaining
               ,
               and
               perchance
               sound
               and
               unperish'd
               ,
               and
               commonly
               (
               as
               we
               observ'd
               )
               an
               hinderance
               to
               other
               
                 Plantations
                 ;
                 Engines
              
               therefore
               ,
               and
               Expedients
               for
               the
               more
               easily
               extracting
               these
               Cumbrances
               ,
               and
               making
               riddance
               upon
               such
               Occasions
               ,
               besides
               those
               we
               have
               produc'd
               ,
               would
               be
               excogitated
               ,
               and
               enquir'd
               after
               ,
               for
               the
               dispatch
               of
               this
               difficult
               Work.
               
            
             
             
               
               23.
               
               Finally
               ,
               for
               the
               use
               of
               our
               Chimneys
               ,
               and
               maintenance
               of
               fire
               ,
               the
               plenty
               of
               wood
               for
               fuel
               ,
               rather
               than
               the
               quality
               is
               to
               be
               looked
               after
               ;
               and
               yet
               there
               are
               some
               greatly
               to
               be
               preferr'd
               before
               others
               ,
               as
               
                 harder
                 ,
                 longer-lasting
              
               ,
               better
               heating
               ,
               and
               chearfully
               burning
               ;
               for
               which
               we
               have
               commended
               the
               
                 Ash
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               in
               the
               foregoing
               Paragraphs
               ,
               and
               to
               which
               I
               pretend
               not
               here
               to
               add
               much
               ,
               for
               the
               avoiding
               repetitions
               ;
               though
               even
               an
               History
               of
               the
               best
               way
               of
               Charing
               would
               not
               mis-become
               this
               Discourse
               .
            
             
               But
               something
               more
               is
               to
               be
               said
               sure
               ,
               concerning
               the
               felling
               of
               
                 Fuel-wood
                 :
                 Note
              
               therefore
               ,
               that
               you
               first
               begin
               with
               the
               under-wood
               :
               Some
               conceive
               between
               Martle-mas
               and
               Holy-Rood
               ;
               but
               ,
               generally
               with
               Oaks
               as
               soon
               as
               't
               will
               strip
               ,
               but
               not
               after
               May
               ;
               and
               for
               Ashes
               ,
               'twixt
               Michael-mas
               and
               Candle-mas
               ;
               and
               so
               fell'd
               ,
               as
               that
               the
               Cattel
               may
               have
               the
               browsing
               of
               it
               ,
               for
               in
               Winter
               they
               will
               not
               onely
               eat
               the
               tender
               twiggs
               ,
               but
               even
               the
               very
               Mosse
               ;
               but
               fell
               no
               more
               in
               a
               day
               than
               they
               can
               Eat
               for
               this
               purpose
               :
               This
               done
               ,
               kid
               or
               bavin
               them
               ,
               and
               pitch
               them
               upon
               their
               ends
               to
               preserve
               them
               from
               rotting
               :
               Thus
               the
               Vnder-wood
               being
               dispos'd
               of
               ,
               the
               rest
               will
               prosper
               the
               better
               ,
               and
               besides
               it
               otherwise
               does
               but
               rot
               upon
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               destroy
               that
               which
               would
               spring
               .
               If
               you
               head
               or
               top
               for
               the
               fire
               ,
               't
               is
               not
               amiss
               to
               begin
               three
               or
               four
               foot
               above
               the
               Timber
               ,
               if
               it
               be
               considerable
               ;
               but
               in
               case
               they
               are
               onely
               shaken-Trees
               and
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               strip
               them
               even
               to
               thirty
               foot
               high
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               usually
               full
               of
               boughs
               ;
               and
               't
               were
               good
               to
               top
               such
               as
               you
               perceive
               to
               wither
               at
               the
               tops
               a
               competent
               way
               beneath
               ,
               to
               prevent
               their
               sicknesse
               downwards
               ,
               which
               will
               else
               certainly
               ensue
               ;
               whereas
               by
               this
               means
               even
               
                 dying
                 Trees
              
               may
               be
               preserved
               many
               years
               to
               good
               emolument
               ,
               though
               they
               never
               advance
               taller
               ;
               and
               being
               thus
               frequently
               shred
               ,
               they
               will
               produce
               more
               ,
               than
               if
               suffered
               to
               stand
               and
               decay
               :
               This
               is
               a
               profitable
               note
               for
               such
               as
               have
               old
               ,
               doating
               ,
               or
               any
               wayes
               infirm
               Woods
               :
               In
               other
               Fellings
               ,
               some
               advise
               never
               to
               commence
               the
               disbranching
               from
               the
               top
               ,
               for
               though
               the
               incumbency
               of
               the
               very
               boughs
               upon
               the
               next
               ,
               cause
               them
               to
               fall
               off
               the
               easier
               ,
               yet
               it
               endangers
               the
               splicing
               of
               the
               next
               ,
               which
               is
               very
               prejudicial
               ,
               and
               therefore
               advise
               the
               beginng
               at
               the
               nearest
               .
               And
               in
               Cutting
               for
               fuel
               you
               may
               as
               at
               the
               top
               ,
               so
               at
               the
               sides
               ,
               cut
               a
               foot
               ,
               or
               more
               from
               the
               Body
               ;
               but
               never
               when
               you
               shred
               Timber-Trees
               :
               We
               have
               said
               how
               dangerous
               it
               is
               ,
               to
               cut
               for
               wood
               when
               the
               Sap
               is
               up
               ,
               it
               is
               a
               mark
               of
               improvident
               Husbands
               ;
               besides
               it
               will
               never
               burn
               well
               ,
               though
               abundance
               be
               congested
               :
               Lastly
               ,
               remember
               that
               East
               and
               North-winds
               are
               unkind
               to
               the
               succeeding
               Shoots
               .
               Now
               for
               directions
               in
               Stacking
               (
               of
               which
               we
               have
               said
               something
               in
               Chap.
               of
               Copses
               )
               ever
               set
               the
               lowest
               course
               an
               end
               ,
               the
               second
               that
               on
               the
               sides
               and
               ends
               ,
               viz.
               sides
               and
               ends
               outward
               ;
               the
               third
               thwart
               the
               other
               on
               the
               side
               ,
               and
               so
               the
               rest
               ,
               till
               all
               are
               placd
               ,
               spending
               the
               up-most
               first
               .
            
             
               Thus
               we
               have
               endeavoured
               to
               prescribe
               the
               best
               directions
               we
               could
               learn
               concerning
               this
               necessary
               Subject
               .
               And
               in
               this
               penury
               of
               that
               dear
               Commodity
               ,
               and
               to
               incite
               all
               ingenious
               persons
               ,
               
               studious
               of
               the
               benefit
               of
               their
               Countrey
               ,
               to
               think
               of
               wayes
               how
               our
               Woods
               may
               be
               preserved
               ,
               by
               all
               manner
               of
               Arts
               which
               may
               prolong
               the
               lasting
               of
               our
               fuel
               ,
               I
               would
               give
               the
               best
               encouragements
               .
               Those
               that
               shall
               seriously
               consider
               the
               intollerable
               misery
               of
               the
               poor
               Cauchi
               (
               the
               then
               Inhabitants
               of
               the
               
                 Low
                 Countries
              
               )
               describ'd
               by
               
                 Pliny
                 ,
                 lib
              
               16.
               cap.
               1.
               (
               how
               opulent
               soever
               their
               late
               Industry
               has
               render'd
               them
               )
               for
               want
               only
               of
               wood
               for
               fuel
               ,
               will
               have
               reason
               to
               deplore
               the
               excessive
               decay
               of
               our
               former
               store
               of
               that
               useful
               Commodity
               ;
               and
               by
               what
               shifts
               our
               Neighbours
               the
               Hollanders
               ,
               do
               yet
               repair
               that
               defect
               ,
               be
               invited
               to
               exercise
               their
               ingenuity
               :
               For
               besides
               the
               Dung
               of
               Beasts
               ,
               and
               the
               Peat
               and
               Turf
               for
               their
               
                 Chimneys
                 ,
                 Cow
                 sheardes
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               they
               make
               use
               of
               Stoves
               both
               portable
               and
               standing
               ;
               and
               truly
               the
               more
               frequent
               use
               of
               those
               Inventions
               in
               our
               great
               ,
               wasting
               Cities
               (
               as
               the
               Custom
               is
               through
               all
               Germany
               )
               as
               also
               of
               those
               new
               ,
               and
               excellent
               Ovens
               invented
               by
               Dr.
               Keffler
               ,
               for
               the
               incomparably
               baking
               of
               
                 Bread
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               would
               be
               an
               extraordinary
               expedient
               of
               husbanding
               our
               fuel
               ;
               as
               well
               as
               the
               right
               mingling
               ,
               and
               making
               up
               of
               Char-coal-dust
               ,
               and
               loam
               ,
               as
               't
               is
               hinted
               to
               us
               by
               Sir
               
                 Hugh
                 Plat●
              
               and
               is
               generally
               us'd
               in
               Mastricht
               ,
               and
               the
               Countrey
               about
               it
               ;
               than
               which
               there
               is
               not
               a
               more
               sweet
               ,
               lasting
               ,
               and
               beautiful
               fuel
               ;
               The
               manner
               of
               it
               is
               thus
               :
            
             
               24.
               
               Take
               about
               one
               
                 third
                 part
              
               of
               the
               smallest
               of
               any
               
                 Coal
                 ,
                 Pit
                 ,
                 Sea
              
               ,
               or
               
                 Char
                 coal
              
               ,
               and
               commix
               them
               very
               well
               with
               loam
               (
               whereof
               there
               is
               in
               some
               places
               to
               be
               found
               a
               sort
               somewhat
               more
               combustible
               )
               make
               these
               up
               into
               balls
               (
               moistned
               with
               a
               little
               Vrine
               of
               Man
               or
               Beast
               )
               as
               big
               as
               an
               ordinary
               Goose-egge
               ,
               or
               somewhat
               bigger
               ;
               or
               if
               you
               will
               in
               any
               other
               form
               ,
               like
               
                 brick-bats
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               expose
               these
               in
               the
               Air
               till
               they
               are
               throughly
               dry
               ;
               they
               will
               be
               built
               into
               the
               most
               orderly
               fires
               you
               can
               imagine
               ,
               burn
               very
               clear
               ,
               give
               a
               wonderfull
               heat
               ,
               and
               continue
               a
               very
               long
               time
               .
               But
               first
               you
               must
               make
               the
               fire
               of
               Char-coal
               ,
               or
               Small-coal
               ,
               covering
               them
               with
               your
               Eggs
               or
               Hovilles
               (
               as
               they
               are
               call'd
               )
               and
               building
               them
               up
               in
               Pyramis
               ,
               or
               what
               shape
               you
               please
               ;
               they
               will
               continue
               a
               glowing
               ,
               solemn
               and
               constant
               fire
               for
               seven
               or
               eight
               hours
               without
               being
               stirred
               ,
               and
               then
               they
               encourage
               and
               recruite
               the
               innermost
               vvith
               a
               fevv
               fresh
               Eggs
               ,
               and
               turn
               the
               rest
               ,
               vvhich
               are
               yet
               quite
               reduc'd
               to
               Cinders
               .
            
             
               Two
               or
               three
               short
               Billets
               cover'd
               with
               Char-coal
               last
               much
               longer
               ,
               and
               with
               more
               life
               ,
               than
               twice
               the
               quantity
               by
               it self
               ,
               whether
               Char-coal
               alone
               ,
               or
               Billet
               ;
               and
               the
               Billets
               under
               the
               Char-coal
               being
               undisturb'd
               ,
               will
               melt
               as
               it
               were
               into
               Char-coals
               of
               such
               a
               lasting
               size
               .
            
             
               If
               Small-coals
               be
               spread
               over
               the
               
                 Char
                 coal
              
               ,
               where
               you
               burn
               it
               alone
               ,
               't
               will
               bind
               it
               to
               longer
               continuance
               ;
               and
               yet
               more
               ,
               if
               the
               
                 Small
                 coal
              
               be
               made
               of
               the
               roots
               of
               
                 Thorns
                 ,
                 Briers
              
               ,
               and
               Brambles
               .
               Consult
               
                 L.
                 Bacon
                 ,
                 Exp.
              
               775.
               
            
             
               25.
               
               The
               
                 Quercus
                 Marina
                 ,
                 Wrack
              
               ,
               or
               Sea-weed
               which
               comes
               in
               our
               
                 Oyster
                 barrels
              
               ,
               laid
               under
               New-Castle-coal
               to
               kindle
               it
               (
               as
               the
               use
               is
               in
               some
               places
               )
               will
               (
               as
               I
               am
               inform'd
               )
               make
               it
               out-last
               
               two
               great
               fires
               of
               simple
               Coals
               ,
               and
               maintain
               a
               glowing
               luculent
               heat
               without
               wast
               :
               The
               manner
               of
               gathering
               it
               is
               to
               cut
               it
               in
               Summer
               time
               from
               the
               Rocks
               whereon
               it
               grows
               abundantly
               ,
               and
               bringing
               it
               in
               Boats
               or
               otherwise
               to
               Land
               ,
               spread
               and
               dry
               it
               in
               the
               Sun
               like
               hay
               ,
               turning
               and
               cocking
               it
               till
               it
               be
               fully
               cured
               :
               It
               makes
               an
               excellent
               
                 fire
                 alone
              
               ,
               and
               roasts
               to
               admiration
               ;
               and
               when
               all
               is
               burnt
               ,
               the
               Ashes
               are
               one
               of
               the
               best
               manures
               for
               Land
               in
               the
               world
               ,
               for
               the
               time
               it
               continues
               its
               vertue
               ,
               which
               should
               be
               frequently
               supplied
               with
               fresh
               ;
               and
               as
               to
               the
               Fire
               mingled
               with
               other
               Combustibles
               ,
               it
               is
               evident
               that
               it
               adds
               much
               life
               ,
               continuance
               and
               aid
               ,
               to
               our
               sullen
               Sea-coal
               Fuel
               ;
               and
               if
               the
               main
               Ocean
               should
               afford
               Fuel
               (
               as
               the
               Bernacles
               and
               Soland-Geese
               are
               said
               to
               do
               in
               some
               parts
               of
               Scotland
               with
               the
               very
               sticks
               of
               their
               Nests
               )
               we
               in
               these
               Isles
               may
               thank
               our selves
               if
               we
               be
               not
               warm
               :
               These
               few
               particulars
               I
               have
               but
               mention'd
               to
               animate
               Improvements
               ,
               and
               ingenious
               Attempts
               of
               detecting
               more
               cheap
               ,
               and
               useful
               processes
               ,
               for
               wayes
               of
               
                 Charing-Coals
                 ,
                 Peat
              
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               fuliginous
               materials
               ;
               as
               the
               accomplish'd
               Mr.
               Boyle
               has
               intimated
               to
               us
               in
               the
               Fift
               of
               those
               his
               precious
               Essays
               concerning
               the
               usefulnesse
               of
               
                 Natural
                 Philosophy
                 ,
                 Part
              
               2.
               cap.
               7.
               &c.
               to
               which
               I
               refer
               the
               Curious
               .
            
             
               26.
               
               By
               the
               Preamble
               of
               the
               Statute
               7
               Ed.
               6.
               one
               may
               perceive
               (
               the
               Measures
               compar'd
               )
               how
               plentiful
               fuel
               was
               in
               the
               time
               of
               Ed.
               the
               4
               th
               ,
               to
               what
               it
               was
               in
               the
               Reigns
               of
               his
               Successors
               :
               This
               suggested
               a
               review
               of
               Sizes
               ,
               and
               a
               reformation
               of
               Abuses
               ;
               in
               which
               it
               was
               Enacted
               ,
               that
               every
               Sack
               of
               Coals
               should
               contain
               
                 four
                 Bushels
              
               ;
               Every
               Taleshide
               to
               be
               four
               foot
               long
               ,
               besides
               the
               carf
               ;
               and
               if
               nam'd
               of
               
                 one
                 ,
                 marked
              
               one
               ,
               to
               contain
               16
               inches
               circumference
               ,
               within
               a
               foot
               of
               the
               middle
               ;
               If
               of
               two
               marks
               ,
               23
               inches
               ;
               of
               3.28
               .
               of
               4.35
               ;
               of
               5.38
               .
               inches
               about
               ,
               and
               so
               proportionably
               .
            
             
               27.
               
               Billets
               were
               to
               be
               of
               three
               foot
               ,
               and
               four
               inches
               in
               length
               :
               the
               single
               to
               be
               17
               inches
               and
               an
               half
               about
               ;
               and
               every
               Billet
               of
               one
               cast
               (
               as
               they
               term
               the
               mark
               )
               to
               be
               ten
               inches
               about
               :
               of
               two
               cast
               ,
               fourteen
               inches
               ,
               and
               to
               be
               marked
               (
               unlesse
               for
               the
               private
               use
               of
               the
               Owner
               )
               within
               six
               inches
               of
               the
               middle
               :
               of
               one
               cast
               within
               four
               inches
               of
               the
               end
               &c.
               
            
             
               Every
               bound
               Fagot
               should
               be
               three
               foot
               long
               ;
               the
               band
               twenty
               four
               inches
               circumference
               ,
               besides
               the
               knot
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               43.
               
               Eliz.
               the
               same
               Statute
               (
               which
               before
               only
               concern'd
               London
               and
               its
               Suburbs
               )
               was
               made
               more
               universal
               ;
               and
               that
               of
               Ed.
               6.
               explain'd
               with
               this
               addition
               :
               For
               such
               Taleshides
               as
               were
               of
               necessity
               to
               be
               made
               of
               cleft-wood
               ,
               if
               of
               one
               mark
               ,
               and
               half
               round
               ,
               to
               be
               19
               inches
               about
               ;
               if
               quarter-cleft
               18
               inches
               ½
               :
               Marked
               two
               ,
               being
               round
               it
               shall
               be
               23
               inches
               compass
               :
               half-round
               27
               :
               quarter-cleft
               26
               :
               marked
               three
               ,
               round
               28
               :
               half-round
               33
               :
               quarter-cleft
               32
               :
               marked
               four
               ,
               being
               round
               33
               inches
               about
               :
               half-round
               39
               :
               quarter-cleft
               38
               :
               marked
               five
               round
               ,
               38
               inches
               about
               :
               half-round
               44
               :
               quarter-cleft
               43
               :
               the
               measure
               to
               be
               taken
               within
               half
               a
               foot
               of
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               length
               mention'd
               in
               the
               former
               Statute
               .
            
             
             
               Then
               for
               the
               Billet
               ,
               every
               one
               nam'd
               a
               single
               ,
               being
               round
               ,
               to
               have
               7
               inches
               ½
               circumference
               ;
               but
               no
               single
               to
               be
               made
               of
               cleft
               wood
               :
               If
               marked
               one
               ,
               and
               round
               ,
               to
               contain
               11
               inches
               compasse
               :
               if
               half-round
               13
               :
               quarter-cleft
               12½
               .
            
             
               If
               marked
               two
               ,
               being
               round
               ,
               to
               contain
               16
               inches
               :
               half-round
               19
               :
               quarter-cleft
               18½
               :
               the
               length
               as
               in
               the
               Statute
               of
               King
               Edward
               6.
               
            
             
               28.
               
               Fagots
               to
               be
               every
               stick
               of
               
                 three
                 foot
              
               in
               length
               ,
               excepting
               onely
               one
               stick
               of
               one
               foot
               long
               ,
               to
               harden
               and
               wedge
               the
               binding
               of
               it
               :
               This
               ,
               to
               prevent
               the
               abuse
               (
               too
               much
               practis'd
               )
               of
               filling
               the
               middle
               part
               ,
               and
               ends
               with
               trash
               ,
               and
               short
               sticks
               ,
               which
               had
               been
               omitted
               in
               the
               former
               Statute
               :
               concerning
               this
               and
               of
               the
               dimensions
               of
               wood
               in
               the
               Stack
               ,
               see
               Chap.
               28.
               to
               direct
               the
               lesse
               instructed
               Purchaser
               :
               and
               I
               have
               been
               the
               more
               particular
               upon
               this
               occasion
               ;
               because
               ,
               than
               our
               Fuel
               bought
               in
               Billet
               by
               the
               Notch
               (
               as
               they
               call
               it
               in
               London
               )
               there
               is
               nothing
               more
               deceitful
               ;
               for
               by
               the
               vile
               iniquity
               of
               some
               Wretches
               ,
               marking
               the
               billets
               as
               they
               come
               to
               the
               Wharf
               ,
               Gentlemen
               are
               egregiously
               cheated
               .
               I
               could
               produce
               an
               instance
               of
               a
               Friend
               of
               mine
               (
               and
               a
               Member
               of
               this
               Society
               )
               for
               which
               the
               Wood-monger
               has
               little
               cause
               to
               brag
               ;
               since
               he
               never
               durst
               come
               at
               him
               ,
               or
               challenge
               his
               Money
               for
               the
               Commodity
               he
               bought
               ;
               because
               he
               durst
               not
               stand
               to
               the
               measure
               .
            
             
               At
               Hall
               near
               Foy
               ,
               there
               is
               a
               Fagot
               ,
               which
               consists
               but
               of
               one
               piece
               of
               Wood
               ,
               naturally
               grown
               in
               that
               form
               ,
               with
               a
               band
               wrapped
               about
               it
               ,
               and
               parted
               at
               the
               ends
               into
               
                 four
                 sticks
              
               ,
               one
               of
               which
               is
               subdivided
               into
               two
               others
               :
               It
               was
               carefully
               preserved
               many
               years
               by
               an
               Earl
               of
               Devonshire
               ,
               and
               looked
               on
               as
               portending
               the
               fate
               of
               his
               Posterity
               ,
               which
               is
               since
               indeed
               come
               into
               the
               hands
               of
               
                 four
                 Cornish
              
               Gentlemen
               ,
               one
               of
               whose
               Estates
               is
               likewise
               divided
               'twixt
               two
               Heirs
               .
               This
               we
               have
               out
               of
               Cambden
               ,
               and
               I
               here
               note
               ,
               for
               the
               Extravagancy
               of
               the
               thing
               ;
               though
               as
               to
               the
               verity
               of
               such
               Portents
               from
               
                 Trees
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
               I
               do
               not
               find
               (
               upon
               enquiry
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               diligently
               made
               of
               my
               Lord
               Brereton
               )
               that
               there
               is
               any
               certainty
               of
               the
               rising
               of
               those
               Logs
               in
               the
               Lake
               belonging
               to
               that
               Noble
               Person
               ,
               so
               as
               still
               to
               premonish
               the
               Death
               of
               the
               Heir
               of
               that
               Family
               ,
               how
               confidently
               soever
               reported
               .
               Sometimes
               it
               has
               happn'd
               ,
               but
               the
               Tradition
               is
               not
               constant
               :
               To
               this
               Classe
               may
               be
               referred
               what
               is
               affirmed
               concerning
               the
               fatal
               Prediction
               of
               Oakes
               bearing
               strange
               leaves
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               enquired
               of
               .
            
             
               29.
               
               But
               I
               will
               now
               describe
               to
               you
               the
               Mystery
               of
               Charing
               (
               whereof
               something
               was
               but
               touch'd
               in
               the
               Processe
               of
               extracting
               Tar
               out
               of
               the
               Pines
               )
               as
               I
               receiv'd
               it
               from
               a
               most
               industrious
               person
               ,
               and
               so
               conclude
               the
               Chapter
               .
            
             
               There
               is
               made
               of
               
                 Char
                 coal
              
               usually
               three
               sorts
               ,
               
                 viz.
                 one
              
               for
               the
               Iron-works
               ,
               a
               second
               for
               Gun-powder
               ,
               and
               a
               third
               for
               London
               and
               the
               Court
               ,
               besides
               Small-coals
               ,
               of
               which
               we
               shall
               also
               speak
               in
               its
               due
               place
               .
            
             
               We
               will
               begin
               with
               that
               sort
               which
               is
               us'd
               for
               the
               Iron-works
               ,
               because
               the
               rest
               are
               made
               much
               after
               the
               same
               manner
               ,
               and
               with
               very
               little
               difference
               .
            
             
             
               The
               best
               Wood
               for
               this
               is
               good
               Oak
               ,
               cut
               into
               lengths
               of
               three
               foot
               ,
               as
               they
               size
               it
               for
               the
               Stack
               :
               This
               is
               better
               than
               the
               Cord-wood
               ,
               though
               of
               a
               large
               measure
               ,
               and
               much
               us'd
               in
               Essex
               .
            
             
               The
               Wood
               cut
               ,
               and
               set
               in
               Stacks
               ready
               for
               the
               Coaling
               ,
               chuse
               out
               some
               level
               place
               in
               the
               Copse
               ,
               the
               most
               free
               from
               stubs
               ,
               &c.
               to
               make
               the
               Hearth
               on
               :
               In
               the
               midst
               of
               this
               area
               drive
               down
               a
               stake
               for
               your
               Centre
               ,
               and
               with
               a
               pole
               ,
               having
               a
               ring
               fasten'd
               to
               one
               of
               the
               extreams
               (
               or
               else
               with
               a
               Cord
               put
               over
               the
               Centre
               )
               describe
               a
               Circumference
               from
               twenty
               ,
               or
               more
               feet
               semidiameter
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               quantity
               of
               your
               Wood
               design'd
               for
               Coaling
               ,
               which
               being
               neer
               may
               conveniently
               be
               Chared
               in
               that
               Hearth
               ;
               and
               which
               at
               one
               time
               may
               be
               12
               ,
               16
               ,
               20
               ,
               24
               ,
               even
               to
               30
               stack
               :
               If
               12
               therefore
               be
               the
               quantity
               you
               will
               Coal
               ,
               a
               Circle
               whose
               diameter
               is
               24
               foot
               ,
               will
               suffice
               for
               the
               Hearth
               ;
               If
               20
               stack
               ,
               a
               diameter
               of
               32
               foot
               ;
               If
               30
               ,
               40
               foot
               ,
               and
               so
               proportionably
               .
            
             
               Having
               thus
               marked
               out
               the
               ground
               ,
               with
               
                 Mattocks
                 ,
                 Haws
              
               ,
               and
               fit
               Instruments
               ,
               bare
               it
               of
               the
               Turf
               ,
               and
               of
               all
               other
               combustible
               stuff
               whatsoever
               ,
               which
               you
               are
               to
               rake
               up
               towards
               the
               Peripherie
               ,
               or
               out-side
               of
               the
               Circumference
               ,
               for
               an
               use
               to
               be
               afterwards
               made
               of
               it
               ;
               plaining
               ,
               and
               levelling
               the
               ground
               within
               the
               Circle
               :
               This
               done
               ,
               the
               Wood
               is
               to
               be
               brought
               from
               the
               nearest
               parts
               where
               it
               is
               stack'd
               ,
               in
               Wheel-barrows
               ;
               and
               first
               the
               smallest
               of
               it
               plac'd
               at
               the
               utmost
               limit
               ,
               or
               very
               margin
               of
               the
               Hearth
               ,
               where
               it
               is
               to
               be
               set
               long-wayes
               ,
               as
               it
               lay
               in
               the
               stack
               ;
               the
               biggest
               of
               the
               Wood
               pitch
               ,
               or
               set
               up
               on
               end
               round
               about
               against
               the
               small-wood
               ,
               and
               all
               this
               within
               the
               circle
               ,
               till
               you
               come
               within
               five
               ,
               or
               six
               foot
               of
               the
               Centre
               ;
               at
               which
               distance
               you
               shall
               begin
               to
               set
               the
               Wood
               in
               a
               Triangular
               form
               (
               as
               in
               the
               following
               
                 Print
                 ,
                 a
              
               )
               till
               it
               come
               to
               be
               three
               foot
               high
               :
               Against
               this
               again
               ,
               place
               your
               greater
               Wood
               almost
               perpendicular
               ,
               reducing
               it
               from
               the
               triangular
               to
               a
               circular
               form
               ,
               till
               being
               come
               within
               a
               yard
               of
               the
               Centre
               ,
               you
               may
               Pile
               the
               Wood
               long-wayes
               ,
               as
               it
               lay
               in
               the
               Stack
               ,
               being
               careful
               that
               the
               ends
               of
               the
               Wood
               do
               not
               touch
               the
               Pole
               ,
               which
               must
               now
               be
               erected
               in
               the
               Centre
               ,
               nine
               foot
               in
               height
               ,
               that
               so
               there
               may
               remain
               a
               round
               hole
               ,
               which
               is
               to
               be
               form'd
               in
               working
               up
               the
               
                 Stack
                 wood
              
               ,
               for
               a
               Tunnel
               and
               the
               more
               commodious
               firing
               of
               the
               pit
               ,
               as
               they
               call
               it
               ,
               though
               not
               very
               properly
               .
               This
               provided
               for
               ,
               go
               on
               to
               Pile
               ,
               and
               set
               your
               Wood
               upright
               to
               the
               other
               ,
               as
               before
               ;
               till
               having
               gain'd
               a
               yard
               more
               ,
               you
               lay
               it
               long-wayes
               again
               ,
               as
               was
               shew'd
               :
               And
               thus
               continue
               the
               Work
               ,
               still
               enterchanging
               the
               position
               of
               the
               Wood
               ,
               till
               the
               whole
               Area
               of
               the
               Hearth
               and
               Circle
               be
               fill'd
               ,
               and
               pil'd
               up
               at
               the
               least
               eight
               foot
               high
               ,
               and
               so
               drawn
               in
               by
               degrees
               in
               Piling
               ,
               that
               it
               resemble
               the
               form
               of
               a
               copped
               brown
               Houshold-loaf
               ,
               filling
               all
               inequalities
               with
               the
               smaller
               Trunchions
               ,
               till
               it
               lye
               very
               close
               ,
               and
               be
               perfectly
               ,
               and
               evenly
               shaped
               .
               This
               done
               ,
               take
               
                 straw
                 ,
                 haume
              
               ,
               or
               ferne
               ,
               and
               lay
               it
               on
               the
               out-side
               of
               the
               bottome
               of
               the
               heap
               ,
               or
               wood
               ,
               to
               keep
               the
               next
               cover
               from
               falling
               amongst
               the
               sticks
               :
               Upon
               this
               ,
               put
               on
               the
               Turf
               ,
               and
               cast
               on
               the
               dust
               and
               Rubbish
               which
               was
               grubb'd
               ,
               and
               raked
               up
               at
               the
               making
               of
               the
               Hearth
               ,
               
               and
               reserved
               near
               the
               circle
               of
               it
               ;
               with
               this
               cover
               the
               whole
               heap
               of
               Wood
               to
               the
               very
               top
               of
               the
               Pit
               ,
               or
               Tunnel
               ,
               to
               a
               reasonable
               ,
               and
               competent
               thicknesse
               ,
               beaten
               close
               and
               even
               ,
               that
               so
               the
               fire
               may
               not
               vent
               but
               in
               the
               places
               where
               you
               intend
               it
               ;
               and
               if
               in
               preparing
               the
               Hearth
               ,
               at
               first
               ,
               there
               did
               not
               rise
               sufficient
               Turf
               and
               Rubbish
               for
               this
               Work
               ,
               supply
               it
               from
               some
               convenient
               place
               near
               to
               your
               heap
               :
               There
               be
               who
               cover
               this
               again
               with
               a
               sandy
               ,
               or
               finer
               mould
               ,
               which
               if
               it
               close
               well
               ,
               need
               not
               be
               above
               an
               inch
               or
               two
               thick
               :
               This
               done
               ,
               provide
               a
               Screene
               ;
               by
               making
               light
               hurdles
               with
               
                 slit
                 rods
              
               ,
               and
               straw
               of
               a
               compent
               thicknesse
               ,
               to
               keep
               off
               the
               Wind
               ,
               and
               broad
               ,
               and
               high
               enough
               to
               defend
               an
               opposite
               side
               to
               the
               very
               top
               of
               your
               Pit
               ,
               being
               eight
               or
               nine
               foot
               ;
               and
               so
               as
               to
               be
               easily
               remov'd
               as
               need
               shall
               require
               for
               the
               luing
               of
               your
               pit
               .
            
             
               When
               now
               all
               is
               in
               this
               posture
               ,
               and
               the
               Wood
               well
               rang'd
               ,
               and
               clos'd
               ,
               as
               has
               been
               directed
               ,
               set
               fire
               to
               your
               heap
               :
               But
               first
               you
               must
               provide
               you
               of
               a
               Ladder
               to
               ascend
               the
               top
               of
               your
               Pit
               :
               this
               they
               usually
               make
               of
               a
               curved
               Tiller
               fit
               to
               apply
               to
               the
               convex
               shape
               of
               the
               Heap
               ,
               and
               cut
               it
               full
               of
               notches
               for
               the
               more
               commodious
               setting
               their
               Feet
               ,
               whiles
               they
               govern
               the
               Fire
               above
               ;
               therefore
               now
               they
               pull
               up
               ,
               and
               take
               away
               the
               Stake
               which
               was
               erected
               at
               the
               centre
               to
               guid
               the
               building
               of
               the
               Pile
               ,
               and
               cavity
               of
               the
               Tunnel
               .
               This
               done
               ,
               put
               in
               a
               quantity
               of
               Char-coals
               (
               about
               a
               peck
               )
               and
               let
               them
               fall
               to
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               Hearth
               ;
               upon
               them
               cast
               in
               coals
               that
               are
               fully
               kindled
               ;
               and
               when
               those
               which
               were
               first
               put
               in
               are
               beginning
               to
               sink
               ,
               throw
               in
               more
               fuel
               ;
               and
               so
               ,
               from
               time
               to
               time
               ,
               till
               the
               Coals
               have
               universally
               taken
               
                 fire
                 up
              
               to
               the
               top
               :
               Then
               cut
               an
               ample
               and
               reasonable
               thick
               Turf
               ,
               and
               clap
               it
               over
               the
               hole
               ,
               or
               mouth
               of
               the
               Tunnel
               ,
               stopping
               it
               as
               close
               as
               may
               be
               with
               some
               of
               the
               former
               dust
               and
               rubbish
               :
               Lastly
               ,
               with
               the
               handles
               of
               your
               Rakers
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               ,
               you
               must
               make
               Vent-holes
               ,
               or
               Registers
               (
               as
               our
               Chymists
               would
               name
               them
               )
               through
               the
               stuff
               which
               covers
               your
               Heap
               to
               the
               very
               Wood
               ,
               these
               in
               ranges
               of
               two
               or
               three
               foot
               distance
               quite
               round
               within
               a
               foot
               (
               or
               thereabout
               )
               of
               the
               top
               ,
               though
               some
               begin
               them
               at
               the
               bottom
               :
               A
               day
               after
               ,
               begin
               another
               row
               of
               holes
               a
               foot
               and
               half
               beneath
               the
               former
               ;
               and
               so
               more
               ,
               till
               they
               arrive
               to
               the
               ground
               ,
               as
               occasion
               requires
               .
               Note
               ,
               that
               as
               the
               Pit
               does
               coal
               and
               sink
               towards
               the
               centre
               ,
               it
               is
               continually
               to
               be
               fed
               with
               short
               ,
               and
               fitting
               Wood
               ,
               that
               no
               part
               remain
               unfir'd
               ;
               and
               if
               it
               chars
               faster
               at
               one
               part
               than
               at
               another
               ,
               there
               close
               up
               the
               vent-holes
               ,
               and
               open
               them
               where
               need
               is
               :
               A
               Pit
               will
               in
               this
               manner
               be
               burning
               off
               ,
               and
               charing
               ,
               five
               ,
               or
               six
               dayes
               ,
               and
               as
               it
               coals
               ,
               the
               smoke
               from
               thick
               and
               gross
               clouds
               ,
               will
               grow
               more
               blew
               ,
               and
               livid
               ,
               and
               the
               whole
               mass
               sink
               accordingly
               ;
               so
               as
               by
               these
               indications
               you
               may
               the
               better
               know
               how
               to
               stop
               ,
               and
               govern
               your
               spiracles
               .
               Two
               or
               three
               dayes
               it
               will
               onely
               require
               for
               cooling
               ,
               which
               (
               the
               vents
               being
               stopp'd
               )
               they
               assist
               ,
               by
               taking
               now
               off
               the
               outward
               covering
               with
               a
               Rabil
               or
               Rubber
               ;
               but
               this
               ,
               not
               for
               above
               the
               space
               of
               one
               ya●d
               breadth
               at
               a
               time
               ;
               and
               first
               they
               remove
               
               the
               coursest
               ,
               and
               grossest
               of
               it
               ,
               throwing
               the
               finer
               over
               the
               heap
               again
               ,
               that
               so
               it
               may
               neither
               cool
               too
               hastily
               ,
               nor
               endanger
               the
               burning
               and
               reducing
               all
               to
               Ashes
               ,
               should
               the
               whole
               Pit
               be
               uncover'd
               and
               expos'd
               to
               the
               Air
               at
               once
               ;
               therefore
               they
               open
               it
               thus
               round
               by
               degrees
               .
            
             
               When
               now
               by
               all
               the
               former
               Symptoms
               you
               judge
               it
               fully
               chared
               ,
               you
               may
               begin
               to
               draw
               ;
               that
               is
               ,
               to
               take
               out
               the
               Coals
               ,
               first
               round
               the
               bottom
               ,
               by
               which
               means
               the
               
                 Coals
                 ,
                 Rubbish
              
               and
               Dust
               sinking
               and
               falling
               in
               together
               may
               choak
               ,
               and
               extinguish
               the
               fire
               .
            
             
               Your
               Coals
               sufficiently
               cool'd
               ,
               with
               a
               very
               long-tooth'd
               Rake
               ,
               and
               a
               Vann
               ,
               you
               may
               load
               them
               into
               the
               Coal-Wains
               ,
               which
               are
               made
               close
               with
               boards
               ,
               purposely
               to
               carry
               them
               to
               Market
               :
               Of
               these
               Coals
               the
               grosser
               sort
               are
               commonly
               reserv'd
               for
               the
               Forges
               ,
               and
               Iron-works
               ;
               the
               middling
               and
               smoother
               put
               up
               in
               Sacks
               ,
               and
               carried
               by
               the
               Colliers
               to
               London
               and
               the
               adjacent
               Towns
               ;
               those
               which
               are
               char'd
               of
               the
               Roots
               ,
               if
               pick'd
               out
               ,
               are
               accounted
               best
               for
               Chymical
               fires
               ,
               and
               where
               a
               lasting
               ,
               and
               extraordinary
               blast
               is
               requir'd
               .
            
             
               30.
               
               Coal
               for
               the
               
                 Powder
                 Mills
              
               is
               made
               of
               Alder-wood
               (
               but
               Lime-tree
               were
               much
               better
               had
               we
               it
               in
               that
               plenty
               as
               we
               easily
               might
               )
               
                 cut
                 stack'd
              
               ,
               and
               set
               on
               the
               Hearth
               like
               the
               former
               :
               But
               first
               ,
               ought
               the
               wood
               to
               be
               wholly
               disbark'd
               (
               which
               work
               is
               to
               be
               done
               about
               Mid-summer
               before
               )
               and
               being
               throughly
               dry
               ,
               it
               may
               be
               Coaled
               in
               the
               same
               method
               ,
               the
               Heap
               or
               Pits
               onely
               somewhat
               smaller
               ,
               by
               reason
               that
               they
               seldom
               coal
               above
               five
               ,
               or
               six
               stacks
               at
               a
               time
               ,
               laying
               it
               but
               
                 two
                 lengths
              
               of
               the
               wood
               one
               above
               the
               other
               ,
               in
               form
               somewhat
               flatter
               on
               the
               top
               than
               what
               we
               have
               described
               .
               Likewise
               do
               they
               fling
               all
               their
               Rubbish
               and
               Dust
               on
               the
               top
               ,
               and
               begin
               not
               to
               cover
               at
               the
               bottom
               ,
               as
               in
               the
               former
               example
               .
               In
               like
               sort
               ,
               when
               they
               have
               drawn
               up
               the
               fire
               in
               the
               Tunnel
               ,
               and
               stopp'd
               it
               ,
               they
               begin
               to
               draw
               down
               their
               dust
               by
               degrees
               round
               the
               heap
               ;
               and
               this
               proportionably
               as
               it
               fires
               ,
               till
               they
               come
               about
               to
               the
               bottom
               ;
               all
               which
               is
               dispatch'd
               in
               the
               space
               of
               two
               dayes
               .
               One
               of
               these
               Heaps
               will
               char
               threescore
               Sacks
               of
               Coal
               ,
               which
               may
               all
               be
               carried
               at
               one
               time
               in
               a
               Waggon
               ;
               and
               some
               make
               the
               Court-coals
               after
               the
               same
               manner
               .
               Lastly
               ,
            
             
               31.
               
               Small-coals
               are
               made
               of
               the
               Spray
               ,
               and
               Brush-wood
               which
               is
               shripped
               off
               from
               the
               branches
               of
               Copse-wood
               ,
               and
               which
               is
               sometimes
               bound
               up
               into
               Bavins
               for
               this
               use
               ;
               though
               also
               it
               be
               as
               frequently
               chared
               without
               binding
               ,
               and
               then
               they
               call
               it
               cooming
               it
               together
               :
               This
               ,
               they
               place
               in
               some
               near
               floor
               ,
               made
               level
               ,
               and
               freed
               of
               incumbrances
               ,
               where
               setting
               one
               of
               the
               Bavins
               or
               part
               of
               the
               spray
               on
               fire
               ,
               two
               men
               stand
               ready
               to
               throw
               on
               Bavin
               upon
               Bavin
               (
               as
               fast
               as
               they
               can
               take
               fire
               ,
               which
               makes
               a
               very
               great
               and
               sudden
               blaze
               )
               till
               they
               have
               burnt
               all
               that
               lyes
               near
               the
               place
               ,
               to
               the
               number
               (
               it
               may
               be
               )
               of
               five
               ,
               or
               six
               hundred
               Bavins
               :
               But
               ere
               they
               begin
               to
               set
               fire
               ,
               they
               fill
               great
               Tubs
               or
               Vessels
               with
               water
               ,
               which
               stand
               ready
               by
               them
               ,
               and
               this
               they
               dash
               on
               with
               a
               
               great
               dish
               or
               scoup
               ,
               so
               soon
               as
               ever
               they
               have
               thrown
               on
               all
               their
               Bavins
               ,
               continually
               plying
               the
               great
               heap
               of
               glowing
               Coals
               ,
               which
               gives
               a
               sudden
               stop
               to
               the
               fury
               of
               the
               Fire
               ,
               whiles
               with
               a
               great
               Rake
               they
               lay
               ,
               and
               spread
               it
               abroad
               ,
               and
               ply
               their
               casting
               of
               Water
               still
               on
               the
               Coals
               ,
               which
               are
               now
               perpetually
               turn'd
               by
               two
               men
               with
               great
               Shovels
               ,
               a
               third
               throwing
               on
               the
               water
               :
               This
               they
               continue
               till
               no
               more
               Fire
               appears
               ,
               though
               they
               cease
               not
               from
               being
               very
               hot
               :
               After
               this
               ,
               they
               shovel
               them
               up
               into
               great
               heaps
               ,
               and
               when
               they
               are
               throughly
               cold
               ,
               put
               them
               up
               in
               Sacks
               for
               London
               ,
               where
               they
               use
               them
               amongst
               divers
               Artificers
               ,
               both
               to
               kindle
               greater
               Fires
               ,
               and
               to
               temper
               ,
               and
               aneal
               their
               several
               Works
               .
            
             
               32.
               
               The
               best
               Season
               for
               the
               fetching
               home
               of
               other
               Fuel
               ,
               is
               from
               June
               ;
               the
               Ways
               being
               then
               most
               dry
               ,
               and
               passable
               ,
               yet
               I
               know
               some
               good
               Husbands
               will
               begin
               rather
               in
               May
               ;
               because
               Fallowing
               and
               stirring
               of
               Ground
               for
               Corn
               ,
               comes
               in
               the
               ensuing
               Monthes
               ,
               and
               the
               Dayes
               are
               long
               enough
               ,
               and
               Swaines
               have
               then
               least
               to
               do
               .
            
             
             
               
                 
                   b
                
                 The
                 Central
                 Pole
                 
                   or
                   place
                   of
                   the
                
                 Tunnel
                 
                   with
                   the
                
                 Area
                 
                   making
                   ready
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   a
                
                 The
                 Wood
                 
                   plac'd
                   about
                   it
                   in
                   Triangle
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   c
                
                 The
                 Coal
                 Wood
                 
                   pil'd
                   up
                   before
                   it
                   be
                   covered
                   with
                   Earth
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   d
                
                 The
                 Coal-pit
                 or
                 Pile
                 fir'd
                 .
              
            
             
             
               33.
               
               And
               thus
               we
               have
               seen
               how
               for
               House-boot
               ,
               and
               
                 Ship-boot
                 ,
                 Plow
                 boot
                 ,
                 Hey-boot
                 ,
              
               and
               Fire-boot
               ,
               the
               Planting
               ,
               and
               Propagation
               of
               Timber
               and
               
                 Forest
                 Trees
              
               is
               requisite
               ,
               so
               as
               it
               was
               not
               for
               nothing
               ,
               that
               the
               very
               Name
               (
               which
               the
               Greeks
               generally
               apply'd
               to
               Timber
               )
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               by
               Senechdoche
               ,
               was
               taken
               always
               
                 pro
                 Materia
              
               ;
               since
               we
               hardly
               find
               any
               thing
               in
               Nature
               more
               universally
               useful
               ;
               or
               ,
               in
               comparison
               with
               it
               ,
               deserving
               the
               name
               of
               Material
               .
            
             
               34.
               
               Lastly
               ,
               to
               complete
               this
               Chapter
               of
               the
               
                 universal
                 Vse
              
               of
               Trees
               ,
               and
               the
               Parts
               of
               them
               ,
               something
               I
               could
               be
               tempted
               to
               say
               concerning
               
                 Staves
                 ,
                 Wands
                 &c.
              
               
               Their
               
                 Antiquity
                 ,
                 Vse
                 ,
                 Divine
                 ,
                 Domestick
                 ,
                 Civil
                 ,
              
               and
               Political
               ;
               the
               time
               of
               Cutting
               ,
               manner
               of
               
                 Seasoning
                 ,
                 Forming
              
               ,
               and
               other
               curious
               particulars
               (
               how
               dry
               soever
               the
               Subject
               may
               appear
               )
               both
               of
               Delight
               and
               Profit
               :
               but
               we
               reserve
               it
               for
               some
               more
               fit
               opportunity
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               ,
               it
               may
               merit
               a
               peculiar
               Treatise
               ,
               as
               acceptable
               ,
               as
               it
               will
               prove
               divertisant
               .
               Instead
               of
               this
               ,
               we
               will
               therefore
               gratifie
               our
               Reader
               with
               some
               no
               inconsiderable
               Secrets
               :
               But
               first
               we
               will
               begin
               with
               a
               few
               plain
               Directions
               for
               such
               Persons
               and
               
                 Countrey
                 Gentlemen
              
               ,
               as
               being
               far
               distant
               from
               ,
               or
               unhandsomely
               impos'd
               upon
               by
               common
               Painters
               ,
               may
               be
               desirous
               to
               know
               how
               to
               
                 Stop
                 ,
                 Prime
              
               ,
               and
               Paint
               their
               Timber-work
               at
               home
               ,
               and
               save
               the
               Expense
               of
               Work
               by
               any
               of
               their
               Servants
               indu'd
               with
               an
               ordinary
               Capacity
               .
            
             
               Putty
               to
               stop
               the
               chaps
               and
               cracks
               of
               wrought
               Timber
               ,
               is
               made
               of
               White
               and
               Red-lead
               ,
               and
               some
               Spannish-white
               (
               not
               much
               )
               temper'd
               ,
               and
               bruised
               with
               so
               much
               
                 Lin-seed
                 Oyl
              
               as
               will
               bring
               it
               to
               the
               Consistence
               of
               a
               Past
               .
               Then
               ,
            
             
               Your
               first
               Priming
               shall
               be
               of
               Oaker
               and
               Spanish-white
               ,
               very
               thinly
               ground
               :
               The
               second
               with
               the
               same
               ,
               a
               little
               Whiter
               ;
               but
               it
               matters
               not
               much
               .
               The
               third
               and
               last
               ,
               with
               White-lead
               alone
               ;
               some
               mingle
               a
               little
               Spanish-white
               with
               it
               ,
               but
               it
               is
               better
               omitted
               .
               If
               you
               desire
               it
               exquisite
               ,
               instead
               of
               Lin-seed-Oyl
               ,
               use
               that
               of
               Wall-nuts
               :
               But
               the
               ordinary
               Stone-colour
               for
               grosse
               work
               ,
               expos'd
               to
               the
               Air
               ,
               may
               be
               of
               lesse
               Expense
               ,
               with
               the
               more
               ordinary
               Oyl
               ,
               to
               which
               you
               may
               add
               a
               little
               Char-coal
               in
               the
               Grinding
               .
            
             
               Blew
               ,
               is
               made
               of
               Indigo
               ,
               with
               a
               small
               addition
               of
               Red-lead
               ,
               or
               Verdigreese
               for
               a
               dryer
               ;
               unlesse
               you
               will
               use
               drying-Oyl
               ,
               which
               is
               much
               preferrable
               ,
               and
               is
               made
               of
               
                 Lin-seed
                 Oyl
              
               boyl'd
               with
               a
               little
               Vmber
               bruised
               small
               :
               I
               speak
               nothing
               here
               of
               Smalt
               and
               Byce
               ,
               which
               is
               onely
               done
               by
               Strewing
               .
            
             
               Green
               ,
               with
               Verdigreece
               ground
               with
               
                 Lin-seed
                 Oyl
              
               pretty
               thick
               ,
               and
               then
               temper'd
               with
               
                 Joyners
                 Vernish
              
               in
               a
               glaz'd
               Pot
               of
               Earth
               (
               the
               best
               to
               preserve
               your
               Colours
               in
               )
               till
               it
               run
               somewhat
               thin
               ;
               and
               just
               touch
               it
               with
               your
               Brush
               ,
               when
               you
               lay
               it
               on
               ,
               having
               Prim'd
               it
               the
               second
               time
               with
               White
               .
            
             
               Note
               ,
               that
               every
               Primer
               must
               be
               dry
               ,
               before
               you
               go
               it
               over
               again
               .
            
             
               If
               you
               will
               Re-vaile
               ,
               as
               they
               term
               it
               ,
               and
               shadow
               ,
               or
               Vein
               your
               Stone-colour
               ,
               there
               is
               a
               Colour
               call'd
               Shadowing-Black
               ;
               or
               you
               may
               now
               and
               then
               lightly
               touch
               it
               with
               a
               little
               Red-lead
               ;
               or
               work
               with
               Vmber
               .
            
             
             
               It
               will
               also
               behove
               you
               to
               have
               a
               good
               smooth
               Slat
               ,
               and
               a
               
                 Pibble
                 Muller
              
               well
               polish'd
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               bought
               at
               London
               ;
               as
               likewise
               a
               dozen
               of
               large
               ,
               and
               lesser
               Brushes
               ,
               and
               
                 Glaz'd
                 Pots
              
               ;
               and
               to
               grind
               the
               Colours
               perfectly
               well
               .
               The
               Spanish-white
               requires
               little
               labour
               ;
               the
               
                 Shadowing
                 Black
              
               ,
               none
               at
               all
               .
            
             
               When
               you
               have
               finish'd
               ,
               wash
               your
               Brushes
               with
               warm-Water
               and
               a
               little
               Sope
               :
               Preserve
               your
               Oyl
               in
               Bladders
               ;
               and
               what
               Colour
               you
               leave
               ,
               plunge
               the
               Pots
               into
               fair
               Water
               ,
               so
               as
               they
               may
               stand
               a
               little
               cover'd
               in
               it
               ,
               which
               will
               keep
               them
               from
               growing
               dry
               ,
               till
               you
               have
               occasion
               for
               them
               .
               That
               you
               may
               not
               be
               altogether
               ignorant
               of
               the
               charge
               ,
               and
               Price
               of
               the
               Ingredients
               ,
               which
               seldome
               varies
               :
               
                 
                   Cleer
                   ,
                   and
                   sweet
                   
                     Lin-seed
                     Oyl
                  
                   is
                   usually
                   had
                   for
                   4
                   
                     s.
                     per
                     Gallon
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Spruce-Oaker
                   ,
                   of
                   all
                   sorts
                   to
                   Prime
                   with
                   ,
                   3
                   
                     s.
                     per
                     Pound
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Spanish
                     white
                  
                   ,
                   for
                   half
                   a
                   
                     Penny
                     :
                     White-lead
                  
                   3
                   
                     d.
                     per
                     Pound
                  
                   .
                
              
            
             
               Vert-de-Greece
               ,
               clean
               and
               bright
               ,
               3
               
                 s.
                 per
                 Pound
                 .
                 Black
              
               to
               shadow
               with
               ,
               exceeding
               cheap
               .
               
                 Joyners
                 Vernish
              
               ,
               6
               
                 d.
                 per
                 Pound
              
               .
               So
               as
               for
               farther
               direction
               ;
               of
               White-lead
               six
               pound
               ,
               
                 Span.
                 white
              
               six
               pound
               ,
               Spruce-Oker
               three
               pounds
               ,
               Vert-de-Greece
               half
               a
               pound
               ,
               Vernish
               one
               pound
               ,
               Shadowing-black
               half
               a
               pound
               ,
               &c.
               will
               serve
               one
               for
               a
               pretty
               deal
               of
               Work
               ,
               and
               easily
               inform
               what
               quantities
               you
               should
               provide
               for
               a
               greater
               ,
               or
               lesser
               occasion
               .
            
             
               We
               will
               next
               impart
               a
               Receipt
               for
               a
               cheap
               Black-dye
               ,
               such
               yet
               as
               no
               Weather
               will
               fetch
               out
               ,
               and
               that
               may
               be
               of
               use
               both
               within
               and
               without
               doors
               ,
               upon
               Wainscot
               ,
               or
               any
               fine
               Timber
               ,
               as
               I
               once
               apply'd
               it
               to
               a
               Coach
               with
               perfect
               successe
               .
            
             
               Take
               of
               Galls
               ,
               grosly
               contus'd
               in
               a
               Stone
               Mortar
               one
               pound
               ,
               boyle
               them
               in
               
                 three
                 quarts
              
               of
               
                 White-wine
                 Vinegar
              
               to
               the
               diminution
               of
               one
               part
               ,
               two
               remaining
               :
               With
               this
               ,
               rub
               the
               Wood
               twise
               over
               ;
               Then
               ,
               take
               of
               the
               
                 Silk
                 Diers
                 black
              
               ,
               liquid
               (
               cheap
               ,
               and
               easie
               to
               be
               had
               )
               a
               convenient
               quantity
               ,
               mix
               it
               at
               discretion
               with
               Lamp-black
               and
               Aqua-vitae
               ,
               sufficient
               to
               make
               it
               thin
               enough
               to
               passe
               a
               Strainer
               :
               With
               this
               ,
               die
               over
               your
               Work
               again
               ;
               and
               if
               at
               any
               time
               it
               be
               stain'd
               or
               spotted
               with
               dirt
               ,
               &c.
               rubbing
               it
               only
               with
               a
               Wollen-cloth
               dip'd
               in
               Oyl
               ,
               it
               will
               not
               onely
               recover
               ,
               but
               present
               you
               with
               a
               very
               fair
               and
               noble
               polish
               .
               There
               is
               a
               Black
               which
               Joyners
               use
               to
               tinge
               their
               Pear-tree
               with
               ,
               and
               make
               it
               resemble
               Ebony
               ,
               and
               likewise
               Fir
               ,
               and
               other
               Woods
               for
               
                 Cabinets
                 ,
                 Picture-Frames
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               which
               is
               this
               .
            
             
               Take
               
                 Log-wood
                 q.
                 s.
              
               boyl
               it
               in
               ordinary
               Lye
               ,
               and
               with
               this
               paint
               them
               over
               :
               when
               't
               is
               dry
               ,
               work
               it
               over
               a
               second
               time
               with
               Lamp-black
               and
               strong
               Size
               :
               That
               also
               dry
               ,
               rub
               off
               the
               dusty
               Sootiness
               adhering
               to
               it
               ,
               with
               a
               soft
               Brush
               ,
               or
               Cloth
               ;
               then
               melt
               some
               Bees-wax
               ,
               mixing
               it
               with
               your
               Lamp-black
               and
               Size
               ,
               and
               when
               this
               is
               cold
               ,
               make
               it
               up
               into
               a
               Ball
               ,
               and
               rub
               over
               your
               former
               Black
               :
               Lastly
               ,
               with
               a
               
                 Polishing
                 brush
              
               (
               made
               of
               short
               stiff
               Boars
               Bristles
               ,
               and
               fastned
               with
               Wyre
               )
               labour
               it
               till
               the
               Lustre
               be
               to
               your
               liking
               .
               But
               ,
            
             
               The
               black
               Putty
               ,
               wherewith
               they
               stop
               ,
               and
               fill
               up
               cracks
               and
               
               fissures
               in
               Ebony
               ,
               and
               other
               fine
               wood
               ,
               is
               compos'd
               of
               a
               part
               of
               the
               purest
               
                 Rosin
                 ,
                 Bees-wax
              
               ,
               and
               Lamp-black
               :
               This
               they
               heat
               and
               drop
               into
               the
               Crannies
               ;
               then
               with
               an
               hot-Iron
               ,
               glaze
               it
               over
               ,
               and
               being
               cold
               ,
               scrape
               it
               even
               with
               a
               sharp
               Chisel
               ,
               and
               after
               all
               ,
               polish
               it
               with
               a
               Brush
               of
               bents
               ,
               a
               
                 wollen-cloth
                 ,
                 Felt
              
               ,
               and
               an
               Hogs-hair
               Rubber
               :
               Also
               Mastic
               alone
               ,
               mingled
               with
               a
               proper
               Colour
               is
               of
               no
               lesse
               effect
               .
            
             
               35.
               
               We
               conclude
               all
               ,
               with
               that
               incomparable
               Secret
               of
               the
               Japon
               or
               China-Vernishes
               ,
               which
               has
               hitherto
               been
               reserv'd
               so
               choicely
               among
               the
               Virtuosi
               ;
               with
               which
               I
               shall
               suppose
               to
               have
               abundantly
               gratified
               the
               most
               curious
               employers
               of
               the
               finer
               woods
               .
            
             
               Take
               a
               Pint
               of
               Spirit
               of
               Wine
               exquisitely
               dephlegm'd
               ,
               four
               Ounces
               of
               Gum-Lacq
               ,
               which
               thus
               clense
               :
               break
               it
               first
               from
               the
               sticks
               and
               rubbish
               ,
               and
               roughly
               contusing
               it
               in
               a
               Mortar
               ,
               put
               it
               to
               steep
               in
               Fountain
               water
               ,
               ti'd
               up
               in
               a
               bag
               of
               course
               Linnen
               ,
               together
               with
               a
               very
               small
               morsel
               of
               the
               best
               Castle-Sope
               ,
               for
               12
               hours
               ;
               then
               rub
               out
               all
               the
               tincture
               from
               it
               ,
               to
               which
               add
               a
               little
               Alum
               ,
               and
               reserve
               it
               apart
               :
               The
               Gum-lacq
               remaining
               in
               the
               bag
               ,
               with
               one
               Ounce
               of
               Sandrac
               (
               some
               add
               as
               much
               Mastic
               and
               White-Amber
               )
               dissolve
               in
               a
               large
               Matras
               (
               well
               stopp'd
               )
               with
               the
               spirit
               of
               Wine
               by
               a
               two
               dayes
               digestion
               ,
               frequently
               agitating
               it
               ,
               that
               it
               adhere
               not
               to
               the
               Glasse
               :
               Then
               strain
               ,
               and
               presse
               it
               forth
               into
               a
               lesser
               Vessel
               ;
               Some
               ,
               after
               the
               first
               Infusion
               upon
               the
               Ashes
               ,
               after
               twenty
               four
               hours
               ,
               augment
               the
               heat
               ,
               and
               transfer
               the
               Matras
               to
               the
               Sandbach
               ,
               till
               the
               Liquor
               begins
               to
               simper
               ;
               and
               when
               the
               upper
               part
               of
               the
               Matras
               grows
               a
               little
               hot
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Gum-lacq
               is
               melted
               ,
               which
               by
               that
               time
               (
               if
               the
               Operation
               be
               heeded
               )
               commonly
               it
               is
               ,
               strain
               it
               through
               a
               Linnen-cloth
               ,
               and
               presse
               it
               'twixt
               two
               sticks
               into
               the
               glass
               ,
               to
               be
               kept
               for
               use
               ,
               which
               it
               will
               eternally
               be
               ,
               if
               well
               stopp'd
               .
            
             
               The
               Application
               .
            
             
               The
               Wood
               which
               you
               would
               Vernish
               ,
               should
               be
               very
               clean
               ,
               smooth
               ,
               and
               without
               the
               least
               freckle
               or
               flaw
               ;
               and
               in
               case
               there
               be
               any
               ,
               stop
               them
               with
               a
               past
               made
               of
               
                 Gum
                 Tragacanth
              
               ,
               incorporated
               with
               what
               Colour
               you
               design
               :
               Then
               cover
               it
               with
               a
               layer
               of
               Vernish
               purely
               ,
               till
               it
               be
               sufficiently
               drench'd
               with
               it
               :
               Then
               take
               seven
               times
               the
               quantity
               of
               the
               Vernish
               ,
               as
               you
               do
               of
               Colour
               ,
               and
               bruise
               it
               in
               a
               small
               earthen
               dish
               glaz'd
               ,
               with
               a
               piece
               of
               some
               hard
               wood
               ,
               till
               they
               are
               well
               mingled
               :
               Apply
               this
               with
               a
               very
               fine
               and
               full
               Pencil
               ;
               a
               quarter
               of
               an
               hour
               after
               ,
               do
               it
               over
               again
               ,
               even
               to
               three
               times
               successively
               ;
               and
               if
               every
               time
               it
               be
               permitted
               to
               dry
               ,
               before
               you
               put
               on
               the
               next
               ,
               't
               will
               prove
               the
               better
               :
               Within
               two
               hours
               after
               these
               four
               layers
               (
               or
               sooner
               if
               you
               please
               )
               Polish
               it
               with
               Preslc
               (
               which
               our
               Cabinet-makers
               call
               as
               I
               think
               ,
               Dutch-Reeds
               )
               wet
               ,
               or
               dry
               ;
               nor
               much
               imports
               it
               ,
               though
               in
               doing
               this
               ,
               you
               should
               chance
               to
               discover
               any
               of
               the
               wood
               ;
               since
               you
               are
               to
               passe
               it
               over
               four
               or
               five
               times
               as
               above
               ;
               and
               if
               it
               be
               not
               yet
               smooth
               enough
               ,
               Preslc
               it
               again
               with
               the
               Reeds
               ;
               but
               now
               very
               tenderly
               :
               Then
               rub
               
               it
               sufficiently
               with
               Tripoly
               ,
               and
               a
               little
               Oyl-Olive
               ,
               or
               Water
               :
               Lastly
               ,
               cover
               it
               once
               or
               twice
               again
               with
               your
               Vernish
               ,
               and
               two
               days
               after
               ,
               polish
               it
               as
               before
               with
               Tripoly
               ,
               and
               a
               piece
               of
               
                 Hatters
                 Felt.
              
               
            
             
               The
               Colours
               .
            
             
               To
               make
               it
               of
               a
               fair
               Red
               ,
               Take
               
                 Spanish
                 Vermilion
              
               ,
               with
               a
               quarter
               part
               of
               Venice-Lacke
               .
            
             
               For
               
                 Black
                 ,
                 Ivory
              
               calcin'd
               (
               as
               Chymists
               speak
               )
               'twixt
               two
               well
               luted
               Crucibles
               ,
               which
               being
               grown'd
               in
               water
               ,
               with
               the
               best
               and
               greenest
               Coppros
               ,
               and
               so
               let
               dry
               ,
               reserve
               .
            
             
               For
               Blew
               ,
               take
               Vltra-Marin
               ,
               and
               onely
               twice
               as
               much
               Vernish
               ,
               as
               of
               Colour
               .
               The
               rest
               ,
               are
               to
               be
               appli'd
               like
               the
               Red
               ,
               except
               it
               be
               the
               Green
               ,
               which
               is
               hard
               to
               make
               fair
               and
               vivid
               ,
               and
               therefore
               seldome
               used
               .
            
             
               Note
               ,
               The
               right
               Japon
               ,
               is
               done
               with
               three
               or
               four
               Layers
               of
               Vernish
               with
               the
               Colours
               ;
               then
               two
               of
               pure
               
                 Vernish
                 un-colour'd
              
               (
               which
               is
               made
               by
               the
               former
               Processe
               ,
               without
               the
               Sandrac
               which
               is
               only
               mingled
               and
               used
               for
               Reds
               )
               which
               must
               be
               done
               with
               a
               svvift
               ,
               and
               even
               stroke
               ,
               that
               it
               may
               not
               dry
               before
               the
               Aventurin
               be
               seifted
               on
               it
               ;
               and
               then
               you
               are
               to
               cover
               it
               with
               so
               many
               Layers
               of
               pure
               Vernish
               ,
               as
               will
               render
               it
               like
               polish'd
               Glasse
               .
               Last
               of
               all
               fourbish
               it
               with
               
                 Tripoly
                 ,
                 Oyl
              
               ,
               and
               the
               Felt
               ,
               as
               before
               directed
               .
               Note
               ,
            
             
               By
               Venturine
               is
               meant
               the
               most
               delicate
               and
               slender
               Golden-wyre
               such
               as
               Embroiderers
               use
               ,
               reduc'd
               to
               a
               kind
               of
               powder
               ,
               as
               small
               as
               you
               can
               clipp
               it
               :
               this
               strew'd
               upon
               the
               first
               Layer
               of
               pure
               Vernish
               ,
               when
               dry
               ,
               superinduce
               what
               Colour
               you
               please
               ;
               and
               this
               is
               pretily
               imitated
               with
               several
               Talkes
               .
            
             
               This
               being
               the
               first
               time
               that
               so
               rare
               a
               Secret
               has
               been
               imparted
               ,
               the
               Reader
               will
               believe
               that
               I
               envy
               him
               nothing
               vvhich
               may
               be
               of
               use
               to
               the
               Publique
               :
               And
               though
               many
               years
               since
               vve
               vvere
               Master
               of
               this
               
                 Curiosity
                 ,
                 Athanasius
                 Kercher
              
               has
               set
               dovvn
               a
               Processe
               in
               his
               late
               
                 China
                 Illustrata
              
               pretty
               faithfully
               ;
               yet
               ,
               besides
               that
               it
               onely
               speaks
               Latine
               (
               such
               as
               't
               is
               )
               it
               is
               nothing
               so
               perfect
               as
               ours
               .
               Hovvbeit
               ,
               there
               vve
               learn
               ,
               that
               the
               most
               opulent
               Province
               of
               Chekiang
               is
               for
               nothing
               more
               celebrated
               ,
               than
               the
               excellent
               Paper
               vvhich
               it
               produces
               ,
               and
               the
               Gumme
               call'd
               Ciè
               (
               extilling
               from
               certain
               Trees
               )
               vvith
               vvhich
               they
               compose
               their
               famous
               Vernish
               ,
               so
               universally
               valu'd
               over
               the
               World
               ;
               because
               it
               is
               found
               above
               all
               other
               Inventions
               of
               that
               nature
               ,
               to
               preserve
               ,
               and
               beautifie
               wood
               ,
               above
               any
               thing
               vvhich
               has
               hitherto
               been
               detected
               :
               And
               it
               has
               accordingly
               so
               generally
               obtained
               vvith
               them
               ,
               that
               they
               have
               vvhole
               Rooms
               and
               ample
               Chambers
               ,
               Wainscotted
               therevvith
               ,
               and
               divers
               of
               their
               most
               precious
               Furniture
               ;
               as
               
                 Cabinets
                 ,
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Stools
                 ,
                 Beds
                 ,
                 Dishes
                 ,
                 Skreens
                 ,
                 Staves
                 ,
                 Frames
                 ,
                 Pots
                 ,
              
               and
               other
               Vtensils
               :
               But
               long
               it
               vvas
               ere
               vve
               could
               for
               all
               this
               ,
               approach
               it
               in
               Europe
               to
               any
               purpose
               ,
               till
               F.
               
                 Eustachius
                 Imart
              
               an
               Augustine-Monk
               ,
               obtain'd
               the
               Secret
               ,
               and
               oblig'd
               us
               vvith
               it
               .
            
             
             
               I
               know
               not
               whether
               it
               may
               be
               any
               Service
               to
               speak
               here
               of
               
                 Colour'd
                 Woods
              
               ,
               I
               mean
               such
               as
               are
               naturally
               so
               ,
               because
               besides
               the
               Berbery
               for
               Yellow
               ,
               and
               Holly
               for
               White
               ,
               we
               have
               very
               few
               :
               Our
               Inlayers
               use
               
                 Fustic
                 ,
                 Locust
              
               ,
               or
               
                 Acacia
                 ;
                 Brasile
                 ,
                 Prince
              
               and
               Rose-wood
               for
               Yellow
               and
               Reds
               ,
               with
               several
               others
               brought
               from
               both
               the
               Indies
               ;
               but
               when
               they
               would
               imitate
               the
               naturall
               turning
               of
               Leaves
               in
               their
               curious
               Compartiments
               and
               bordures
               of
               Flower-works
               ,
               they
               effect
               it
               by
               dipping
               the
               pieces
               (
               first
               cut
               into
               shape
               and
               ready
               to
               In-lay
               )
               so
               far
               into
               
                 hot
                 Sand
              
               ,
               as
               they
               would
               have
               the
               Shadow
               ,
               and
               the
               heat
               of
               the
               Sand
               darkens
               it
               so
               gradually
               ,
               without
               detriment
               or
               burning
               the
               thin
               Chip
               ,
               as
               one
               would
               conceive
               it
               to
               be
               natural
               :
               Note
               ,
               that
               the
               Sand
               is
               to
               be
               heated
               in
               some
               very
               thin
               Brasse-pan
               like
               to
               the
               bottom
               of
               a
               Scale
               or
               Ballance
               :
               This
               I
               mention
               because
               the
               burning
               with
               Irons
               ,
               or
               Aqua-fortis
               ,
               is
               not
               comparable
               to
               it
               .
            
             
               I
               learn
               also
               ,
               that
               
                 soft
                 Woods
              
               attain
               little
               politure
               without
               infinite
               labour
               ,
               and
               the
               expedient
               is
               ,
               to
               Plane
               it
               often
               ,
               and
               every
               time
               you
               do
               so
               ,
               to
               smeare
               it
               with
               strong
               Glew
               ,
               which
               easily
               penetrating
               ,
               hardens
               it
               ;
               and
               the
               frequenter
               you
               do
               this
               ,
               and
               still
               Plane
               it
               ,
               the
               harder
               ,
               and
               sleeker
               it
               will
               remain
               .
            
             
               And
               now
               we
               have
               spoken
               of
               Glew
               ,
               't
               is
               so
               common
               and
               cheap
               ,
               that
               I
               need
               not
               tell
               you
               it
               is
               made
               by
               boyling
               the
               
                 sinnes
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               of
               
                 Sheeps
                 trotters
              
               ,
               parings
               of
               
                 raw
                 Hides
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               to
               a
               Gelly
               ,
               and
               straining
               it
               :
               But
               the
               finer
               ,
               and
               more
               delicate
               Work
               is
               best
               fastned
               with
               
                 Fish
                 Glew
              
               ,
               to
               be
               had
               of
               the
               Drougist
               by
               the
               name
               of
               Ichthyocolla
               ;
               and
               here
               I
               conclude
               .
            
             
               36.
               
               Let
               us
               now
               then
               sum
               up
               all
               the
               good
               qualities
               ,
               and
               transcendent
               perfections
               of
               Trees
               ,
               in
               the
               harmonious
               Poets
               ,
               Consort
               of
               Elogies
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   —
                   Pines
                   are
                   for
                   Masts
                   an
                   useful
                   Wood
                   ,
                
                 
                   Cedar
                   and
                   Cypresse
                   ,
                   to
                   build
                   Houses
                   good
                   :
                
                 
                   Hence
                   covers
                   for
                   their
                   Carts
                   ,
                   and
                   spokes
                   for
                   Wheels
                
                 
                   Swains
                   make
                   ,
                   and
                   Ships
                   do
                   form
                   their
                   crooked
                   Keels
                   :
                
                 
                   The
                   Twiggy
                   
                     Sallows
                     ,
                     Elms
                  
                   with
                   leaves
                   are
                   frait
                   ;
                
                 
                   Myrtles
                   stout
                   Spears
                   ,
                   and
                   Cornel
                   good
                   for
                   fight
                   :
                
                 
                   The
                   Yews
                   into
                   Ityrean
                   Bows
                   are
                   bent
                   ;
                
                 
                   Smooth
                   Limes
                   ,
                   and
                   Box
                   ,
                   the
                   Turners
                   Instrument
                
                 
                   Shaves
                   into
                   form
                   ,
                   and
                   hollow
                   Cups
                   does
                   trim
                   ;
                
                 
                   And
                   down
                   the
                   rapid
                   Po
                   light
                   Alders
                   swim
                   :
                
                 
                   In
                   hollow
                   Bark
                   Bees
                   do
                   their
                   hony
                   stive
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   make
                   the
                   Trunk
                   of
                   an
                   old
                   Oak
                   their
                   Hive
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     dant
                     utile
                     lignum
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Navigiis
                     Pinos
                     ,
                     domibus
                     cedrosque
                     cupressosque
                  
                   ;
                
                 
                   
                     Hinc
                     radios
                     triv
                     re
                     rotis
                     ,
                     hinc
                     tympana
                     plaustris
                  
                
                 
                   Agricolae
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     pandas
                     ratibus
                     posuere
                     carinas
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Viminibus
                     salices
                     ,
                     foecundae
                     frondibus
                     Vlmi
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   
                     At
                     Myrtus
                     validis
                     hastilibus
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     bona
                     bello
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Cornus
                     :
                     Ityreos
                     Taxi
                     torquentur
                     in
                     arcus
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Nec
                     Tiliae
                     laeves
                     ,
                     aut
                     torno
                     rosile
                     Buxum
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Non
                     formam
                     accipiunt
                     ferroque
                     cavantur
                     acuto
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   
                     Nec
                     non
                     torrentem
                     undam
                     levis
                     innatat
                     Alnus
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Missa
                     Pado
                     ,
                     nec
                     non
                  
                   &
                   
                     apes
                     exam●na
                     condunt
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Cort●cibusque
                     cavis
                     ,
                     vitiosaeque
                     Il●cis
                     alvo
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   Georg.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               and
               the
               most
               ingenious
               Ovid
               ,
               where
               he
               introduces
               the
               miraculous
               Grove
               rais'd
               by
               the
               melodious
               Song
               of
               Orpheus
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   Nor
                   Trees
                   of
                   Chaony
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   Poplar
                   ,
                   various
                   Oaks
                   that
                   pierce
                   the
                   sky
                   ,
                
                 
                   Soft
                   Linden
                   ,
                   smooth-rind
                   Beech
                   ,
                   unmarried
                   Bays
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   brittle
                   
                     Hasel
                     ,
                     Ash
                  
                   ,
                   whose
                   spears
                   we
                   praise
                   ,
                
                 
                   Unknotty
                   Fir
                   ,
                   the
                   solace
                   shading
                   Planes
                   ,
                
                 
                   Rough
                   
                     Chessnuts
                     ,
                     Maple
                  
                   Fleet
                   with
                   different
                   granes
                   ,
                
                 
                   Stream-bordering
                   
                     Willow
                     ,
                     Lotus
                  
                   loving
                   takes
                   ,
                
                 
                   Tuffe
                   Box
                   ,
                   whom
                   never
                   sappy
                   spring
                   forsakes
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   slender
                   Tamarisk
                   ,
                   with
                   Trees
                   that
                   bear
                
                 
                   A
                   purple
                   Fig
                   ,
                   nor
                   Myrtles
                   absent
                   were
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   wanton
                   Ivie
                   wreath'd
                   in
                   amorous
                   twines
                   ,
                
                 
                   Vines
                   bearing
                   grapes
                   ,
                   and
                   Elms
                   supporting
                   Vines
                   ,
                
                 
                   Straight
                   Service-Trees
                   ,
                   Trees
                   dropping
                   Pitch
                   ,
                   fruit-red
                
                 
                   Arbutus
                   ,
                   these
                   the
                   rest
                   accompanied
                   .
                
                 
                   With
                   limber
                   Palmes
                   ,
                   of
                   Victory
                   the
                   prize
                   :
                
                 
                   And
                   upright
                   Pine
                   ,
                   whose
                   leaves
                   like
                   bristles
                   rise
                   ,
                
                 
                   Priz'd
                   by
                   the
                   Mother
                   of
                   the
                   Gods.
                   —
                
                 
                   Sandys
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 
                   
                     —
                     non
                     chaonis
                     abfuit
                     arbor
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Non
                     nemus
                     Heliadum
                     ,
                     non
                     frondibus
                     aesculus
                     altis
                     ▪
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Nec
                     Til●ae
                     molles
                     ,
                     nec
                     Fagus
                     ,
                  
                   &
                   
                     innuba
                     Laurus
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     Coryli
                     fragiles
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     Fraxinus
                     utilis
                     hastis
                  
                   ;
                
                 
                   
                     Enodisque
                     Abies
                     ,
                     curvataque
                     glandibus
                     Ilex
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     Platanus
                     genialis
                     ,
                     Acerque
                     coloribus
                     impar
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Amnicolaeque
                     simul
                     Salices
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     aquatica
                     Lotos
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Perpetuóque
                     virens
                     Buxus
                     ,
                     tenuesque
                     Myricae
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     bicolor
                     Myrtus
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     baccis
                     caerula
                     Ficus
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Vos
                     quoque
                     flexi-pedes
                     Hederae
                     venistis
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   un●
                
                 
                   
                     Pampineae
                     Vites
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     amictae
                     Vitibus
                     Vlmi
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   Orníque
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     Piceae
                     ,
                     Pomoque
                     onerata
                     rubeuti
                  
                
                 
                   Arbutus
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     lentae
                     victoris
                     praemia
                     Palmae
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     succincta
                     comas
                     ,
                     h●rsutaqae
                     vertice
                     Pinus
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Grata
                     Deum
                     matri
                  
                   ,
                   &c.
                   —
                
                 
                   Met.
                   10.
                   
                
              
               as
               the
               incomparable
               Poet
               goes
               on
               ,
               and
               is
               imitated
               by
               our
               divine
               Spencer
               ,
               where
               he
               brings
               his
               gentle
               Knight
               into
               a
               shady
               Grove
               ,
               praising
               
                 
                   —
                   the
                   Trees
                   so
                   straight
                   ,
                   and
                   high
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   sailing
                   Pine
                   ,
                   the
                   Cedar
                   proud
                   ,
                   and
                   tall
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   Vine-prop
                   Elm
                   ,
                   the
                   Poplar
                   never
                   dry
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   builder
                   Oak
                   ,
                   sole
                   King
                   of
                   Forests
                   all
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   Aspine
                   ,
                   good
                   for
                   Staves
                   ;
                   the
                   Cypress
                   funeral
                   :
                
                 
                   The
                   Laurel
                   ,
                   meede
                   of
                   mighty
                   Conquerours
                
                 
                   And
                   Poets
                   sage
                   ;
                   The
                   Fir
                   that
                   weepeth
                   still
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   Willow
                   ,
                   worn
                   of
                   forlorn
                   Paramours
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   Eugh
                   ,
                   obedient
                   to
                   the
                   benders
                   will
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   Birch
                   for
                   Shafts
                   ;
                   the
                   Sallow
                   for
                   the
                   Mill
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   Myrrhe
                   sweet
                   bleeding
                   in
                   the
                   bitter
                   wound
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   War-like
                   Beech
                   ;
                   the
                   Ash
                   for
                   nothing
                   ill
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   fruitful
                   Olive
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   Platane
                   round
                   ;
                
                 
                   The
                   Carver
                   Holm
                   ;
                   the
                   Maple
                   ,
                   seldom
                   inward
                   sound
                   .
                
                 
                   Canto
                   .
                   1●
                   
                
              
               And
               in
               this
               Symphony
               might
               the
               noble
               Tasso
               bear
               likewise
               his
               part
               ;
               but
               that
               these
               are
               sufficient
               ,
               
                 &
                 tria
                 sunt
                 omnia
              
               .
            
             
               37.
               
               For
               we
               have
               already
               spoken
               of
               that
               modern
               Art
               of
               
                 Tapping
                 Trees
              
               in
               the
               Spring
               ,
               by
               which
               doubtlesse
               some
               excellent
               and
               
                 specific
                 Medicines
              
               may
               be
               attained
               ;
               as
               from
               the
               Birch
               for
               the
               Stone
               ;
               from
               Elms
               and
               Elder
               against
               Feavers
               ;
               so
               from
               the
               Vine
               ,
               the
               Oak
               ,
               and
               even
               the
               very
               
                 Bramble
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               besides
               the
               wholesom
               and
               pleasant
               
                 Drinks
                 ,
                 Spirits
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               that
               may
               possibly
               be
               educed
               out
               of
               them
               all
               ,
               which
               we
               leave
               to
               the
               Industrious
               ,
               satisfying
               our selves
               ,
               that
               we
               have
               been
               among
               the
               first
               who
               have
               hinted
               ,
               and
               Publish'd
               the
               wayes
               of
               performing
               it
               .
            
             
               What
               now
               remains
               concerns
               onely
               some
               general
               Precepts
               ,
               and
               Directions
               applicable
               to
               most
               of
               that
               we
               have
               formerly
               touched
               ;
               together
               with
               a
               Brief
               of
               what
               farther
               Laws
               have
               been
               enacted
               for
               the
               Improvement
               ,
               and
               preservation
               of
               Woods
               ;
               and
               which
               having
               dispatch'd
               ,
               shall
               with
               a
               short
               Paraenesis
               touching
               the
               present
               ordering
               ,
               and
               disposing
               of
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Plantations
              
               for
               the
               future
               benefit
               of
               the
               Nation
               ,
               put
               an
               end
               to
               this
               rustick
               Discourse
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XXXII
               .
               Aphorisms
               ,
               or
               certain
               general
               Precepts
               of
               use
               to
               the
               foregoing
               Chapters
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               TRy
               all
               sorts
               of
               Seeds
               ,
               and
               by
               their
               thriving
               you
               shall
               best
               discern
               what
               are
               the
               most
               proper
               kinds
               for
               Grounds
               ,
               
                 Quippe
                 solo
                 natura
                 subest
                 —
              
               and
               of
               these
               design
               the
               main
               of
               your
               Plantation
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Keep
               your
               newly
               sown
               seeds
               continually
               fresh
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               shade
               (
               as
               much
               as
               may
               be
               )
               till
               they
               peep
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               All
               curious
               Seeds
               ,
               and
               Plants
               are
               diligently
               to
               be
               weeded
               ,
               till
               they
               are
               strong
               enough
               to
               over-drop
               or
               suppresse
               them
               :
               And
               you
               shall
               carefully
               
                 haw
                 ,
                 half-dig
              
               ,
               and
               stir
               up
               the
               earth
               about
               their
               Roots
               during
               the
               first
               three
               years
               ;
               especially
               ,
               in
               the
               Vernal
               ,
               and
               
                 Autumnal
                 Aequinoxes
              
               :
               This
               work
               to
               be
               done
               in
               a
               moist
               season
               for
               the
               first
               year
               to
               prevent
               the
               dust
               ,
               and
               the
               suffocating
               of
               the
               tender
               buds
               ;
               but
               afterwards
               ,
               in
               the
               more
               dry
               weather
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Plants
               ,
               rais'd
               from
               seed
               ,
               shall
               be
               thinn'd
               where
               they
               come
               up
               too
               thick
               ;
               and
               none
               so
               fit
               as
               you
               thus
               draw
               to
               be
               transplanted
               into
               Hedge-rowes
               ,
               especially
               ,
               where
               ground
               is
               precious
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               In
               transplanting
               ,
               omit
               not
               the
               placing
               of
               your
               Trees
               towards
               their
               accustom'd
               Aspect
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               Remove
               the
               softest
               wood
               to
               the
               moistest
               grounds
               ,
               
                 Divisae
                 arboribus
                 partiae
                 —
              
            
             
               7.
               
               Begin
               to
               Transplant
               Forest-trees
               when
               the
               
                 leaves
                 fall
              
               after
               Michaelmasse
               ;
               you
               may
               adventure
               when
               they
               are
               tarnish'd
               ,
               and
               grow
               yellow
               :
               It
               is
               lost
               time
               to
               commence
               later
               ,
               and
               for
               the
               most
               part
               of
               your
               Trees
               ,
               early
               Transplanters
               seldom
               repent
               ;
               for
               sometimes
               a
               tedious
               band
               of
               Frost
               prevents
               the
               whole
               season
               ,
               and
               the
               baldness
               of
               the
               Tree
               is
               a
               note
               of
               deceipt
               ;
               for
               some
               Oaks
               ,
               and
               most
               Beeches
               ,
               preserve
               their
               
                 dead
                 leaves
              
               till
               new
               ones
               push
               them
               off
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               Set
               deeper
               in
               the
               
                 lighter
                 grounds
              
               than
               in
               the
               strong
               ;
               but
               shallowest
               in
               Clay
               :
               five
               inches
               is
               sufficient
               for
               the
               dryest
               ,
               and
               one
               or
               two
               for
               the
               moist
               ,
               provided
               you
               establish
               them
               against
               winds
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               Plant
               forth
               in
               warm
               ,
               and
               moist
               seasons
               ;
               the
               Air
               tranquil
               and
               serene
               ;
               the
               wind
               westerly
               ;
               but
               never
               whiles
               it
               actually
               
                 freezes
                 ,
                 Raines
              
               ,
               or
               in
               Misty
               Weather
               ;
               for
               it
               moulds
               ,
               and
               infects
               the
               Roots
               .
            
             
             
               10.
               
               What
               you
               gather
               ,
               and
               draw
               out
               of
               VVoods
               ,
               plant
               immediately
               ,
               for
               their
               Roots
               are
               very
               apt
               to
               be
               mortified
               by
               the
               winds
               ,
               and
               cold
               air
               .
            
             
               11.
               
               Trees
               ,
               produc'd
               from
               Seeds
               must
               have
               the
               Tap-roots
               abated
               (
               the
               VVallnut-tree
               ,
               and
               some
               others
               excepted
               ,
               and
               yet
               if
               Planted
               meerly
               for
               the
               Fruit
               ,
               some
               affirm
               it
               may
               be
               adventur'd
               on
               with
               successe
               )
               and
               the
               bruised
               parts
               cut
               away
               ;
               but
               sparing
               the
               fibrous
               ,
               for
               they
               are
               the
               principal
               feeders
               ;
               and
               those
               who
               clense
               them
               too
               much
               ,
               are
               punish'd
               for
               the
               mistake
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               In
               Spring
               ,
               rub
               off
               some
               of
               the
               collateral
               Buds
               ,
               to
               check
               the
               exuberancy
               of
               Sap
               in
               the
               branches
               ,
               till
               the
               Roots
               be
               well
               establish'd
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               Transplant
               no
               more
               then
               you
               well
               Fence
               ;
               for
               that
               neglected
               ,
               Tree-culture
               comes
               to
               nothing
               :
               Therefore
               all
               young
               set
               Trees
               should
               be
               defended
               from
               the
               winds
               ,
               and
               Sun
               ;
               especially
               the
               East
               ,
               and
               North
               ,
               till
               their
               Roots
               are
               fixed
               ;
               that
               is
               ,
               till
               you
               perceive
               them
               shoot
               ;
               and
               the
               not
               exactly
               observing
               of
               this
               Article
               ,
               is
               cause
               of
               the
               perishing
               of
               the
               most
               tender
               Plantations
               ;
               for
               it
               is
               the
               invasion
               of
               these
               two
               assailants
               which
               does
               more
               mischief
               to
               our
               new
               set
               ,
               and
               lesse
               hardy
               Trees
               ,
               then
               the
               most
               severe
               and
               durable
               Frosts
               of
               a
               whole
               VVinter
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               The
               properest
               Soil
               ,
               and
               most
               natural
               ,
               apply
               to
               distinct
               
                 species
                 ,
                 Nec
                 verò
                 terrae
                 ferre
                 omnes
                 omnia
                 possunt
                 .
              
               Yet
               we
               find
               by
               experience
               ,
               that
               most
               of
               our
               Forest-Trees
               grow
               well
               enough
               in
               the
               coursest
               Lands
               ;
               provided
               there
               be
               a
               competent
               depth
               of
               mould
               :
               For
               albeit
               most
               of
               our
               
                 wild
                 Plants
              
               covet
               to
               run
               just
               under
               the
               surface
               ,
               yet
               where
               there
               is
               not
               sufficient
               depth
               to
               cool
               them
               ,
               and
               entertain
               the
               Moisture
               and
               Influences
               ,
               they
               are
               neither
               lasting
               ,
               nor
               prosperous
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               VVood
               well
               Planted
               ,
               will
               grow
               in
               
                 Moorish
                 ,
                 Boggy
                 ,
                 Heathy
              
               ,
               and
               the
               stoniest
               grounds
               :
               Only
               the
               white
               ,
               and
               blew
               clay
               (
               which
               is
               commonly
               the
               best
               Pasture
               )
               is
               the
               worst
               for
               wood
               ;
               and
               such
               good
               Timber
               as
               we
               find
               in
               any
               of
               these
               (
               Oak●
               excepted
               )
               is
               of
               an
               excessive
               age
               ,
               requiring
               thrice
               the
               time
               to
               arrive
               at
               their
               stature
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               If
               the
               season
               require
               it
               ,
               all
               new
               Plantations
               are
               to
               be
               plied
               with
               waterings
               ,
               which
               is
               better
               pour'd
               into
               a
               circle
               at
               some
               distance
               from
               the
               Roots
               ,
               which
               should
               continually
               be
               bared
               of
               Grasse
               ,
               and
               if
               the
               water
               be
               rich
               ,
               or
               impregnated
               ,
               the
               shoots
               will
               soon
               discover
               it
               ;
               for
               the
               Liquor
               being
               percolated
               through
               a
               quantity
               of
               earth
               will
               carry
               the
               nitrous
               virtue
               of
               the
               soil
               with
               it
               ;
               by
               no
               means
               therefore
               water
               at
               the
               stem
               ;
               because
               it
               washes
               the
               mould
               from
               the
               Root
               ,
               comes
               too
               crude
               ,
               and
               endangers
               their
               rotting
               :
               But
               ,
            
             
               17.
               
               For
               the
               cooling
               and
               refreshing
               Tree-roots
               ,
               the
               congesting
               of
               
                 Pot-sheards
                 ,
                 Flints
              
               ,
               or
               Pibb●es
               near
               the
               foot
               of
               the
               stem
               ,
               is
               preferable
               to
               all
               other
               ;
               and
               so
               the
               Poet
               ,
               
                 
                 
                   
                     Lime-stones
                     ,
                     or
                     squallid
                     Shells
                     ,
                     that
                     may
                     the
                     Rain
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Vapors
                     ,
                     and
                     gliding
                     moisture
                     entertain
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Aut
                   lapidem
                   bibulum
                   ,
                   aut
                   squallenteis
                   infode
                   conchas
                   ,
                
                 
                   Inter
                   enim
                   labentur
                   aquae
                   ,
                   tenuísque
                   subibit
                
                 
                   Halitus
                   —
                
                 
                   
                     Georg.
                     2.
                  
                   
                
              
               But
               remember
               you
               remove
               them
               after
               a
               competent
               time
               ,
               else
               the
               
                 Vermine
                 ,
                 Snails
              
               ,
               and
               Insects
               which
               they
               produce
               and
               shelter
               ,
               will
               gnaw
               ,
               and
               greatly
               injure
               their
               Bark
               .
            
             
               18.
               
               Young
               Plants
               will
               be
               strangled
               with
               
                 Corn
                 ,
                 Oates
                 ,
                 Pease
              
               ,
               or
               Hemp
               ,
               or
               any
               rankly
               growing
               Grain
               ,
               if
               a
               competent
               circle
               and
               distance
               be
               not
               left
               (
               as
               of
               near
               a
               yard
               ,
               or
               so
               )
               of
               the
               Stem
               ;
               this
               is
               a
               useful
               remark
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               Cut
               no
               Trees
               (
               especially
               ,
               having
               an
               eminent
               Pith
               in
               them
               ,
               being
               young
               and
               tender
               too
               )
               when
               either
               heat
               ,
               or
               cold
               are
               in
               extreams
               ;
               nor
               in
               very
               wet
               ,
               or
               snowy
               weather
               ;
               and
               in
               this
               work
               it
               is
               profitable
               to
               discharge
               all
               Trees
               of
               unthriving
               ,
               broken
               ,
               wind-shaken
               browse
               ,
               and
               such
               as
               our
               Law
               terms
               Cablicia
               ,
               and
               to
               take
               them
               off
               to
               the
               quick
               ,
               
                 —
                 ne
                 pars
                 sincera
                 trahatur
                 .
              
               And
               for
               Ever-greens
               ,
               especially
               such
               as
               are
               tender
               ,
               prune
               them
               not
               after
               Planting
               ,
               till
               they
               do
               Radicare
               ,
               that
               is
               ,
               by
               some
               little
               fresh
               shoot
               ,
               discover
               that
               they
               have
               taken
               .
            
             
               I
               will
               Conclude
               with
               the
               Tecnical
               names
               ,
               or
               dissimiler
               parts
               of
               Trees
               ,
               as
               I
               find
               them
               enumerated
               by
               the
               Industrious
               and
               Learned
               Dr.
               
                 Merett
                 .
                 Scapus
                 ,
                 Truncus
                 ,
                 Cortex
                 ,
                 Liber
                 ,
                 Malicorium
                 ,
                 Matrix
                 ,
                 Medulla
                 &
                 Cor
                 ,
                 Pecten
                 ,
                 Circuli
                 ,
                 Surculi
                 ,
                 Rami
                 ,
                 Sarmenta
                 ,
                 Ramusculi
                 ,
                 Spadix
                 ,
                 Vimen
                 ,
                 Virgultum
                 &
                 Cremium
                 ,
                 Vitilia
                 ,
                 Talea
                 ,
                 Scobs
                 ,
                 Termes
                 ,
                 Turiones
                 ,
                 Frondes
                 ,
                 Cachryas
                 &
                 Nucamentum
                 ,
                 Julus
                 &
                 Catulus
                 ,
                 Comae
              
               :
               The
               Species
               
                 Frutex
                 ,
                 Suffrutex
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               all
               which
               I
               leave
               to
               be
               put
               into
               good
               and
               proper
               English
               ,
               by
               those
               who
               shall
               once
               oblige
               our
               Nation
               with
               a
               full
               ,
               and
               absolutely
               compleat
               Dictionary
               ,
               as
               yet
               a
               great
               desiderate
               amongst
               us
               .
            
             
               To
               this
               I
               shall
               add
               ,
               the
               Time
               ,
               and
               Season
               of
               the
               flourishing
               of
               Trees
               ,
               computing
               from
               the
               entrie
               of
               each
               Month
               as
               the
               figures
               denote
               ;
               that
               is
               ,
               from
               March
               (
               where
               the
               Doctor
               begings
               )
               inclusively
               .
               March
               ,
               Acer
               3.
               (
               (
               i
               )
               from
               March
               to
               May
               ,
               
                 viz.
                 one
              
               Month
               ;
               
                 &
                 sic
                 de
                 coeteris
              
               )
               Populus
               2.
               
               Quercus
               5.
               
               Sorbus
               2.
               
               Vlmus
               2.
               
               April
               ,
               Alnus
               2.
               
               Betula
               2.
               
               Castanea
               4.
               
               Euonymus
               2.
               
               Fagus
               2.
               
               Fraxinus
               2.
               
               Nux-Juglans
               3.
               
               Salix
               2.
               
               Sambucus
               2.
               
               May
               ,
               Cornus
               2.
               
               Genista
               4.
               
               
                 Juniperus
                 ,
                 Morus
              
               2.
               
               Tilia
               4.
               
               June
               ,
               Aquifolium
               2.
               
               July
               ,
               Arbutus
               2.
               
               Feb.
               Buxus
               2.
               
            
             
               Many
               more
               usefull
               Observations
               are
               to
               be
               collected
               ,
               and
               added
               to
               these
               ,
               from
               the
               diligent
               experience
               of
               Planters
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               XXXIII
               .
               Of
               the
               Laws
               and
               Statutes
               for
               the
               Preservation
               ,
               and
               Improvement
               of
               Woods
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               'T
               Is
               not
               to
               be
               passed
               by
               ,
               that
               the
               very
               first
               Law
               we
               find
               which
               was
               ever
               promulg'd
               ,
               was
               concerning
               Trees
               ;
               and
               that
               Laws
               themselves
               were
               first
               Written
               upon
               them
               ,
               or
               Tables
               compos'd
               of
               them
               ;
               and
               after
               that
               Establishment
               in
               Paradise
               ,
               the
               next
               we
               meet
               withal
               are
               as
               Antient
               as
               Moses
               ;
               you
               may
               find
               the
               Statute
               at
               large
               in
               
                 Deut.
                 c.
              
               20.
               v.
               19
               ,
               20.
               
               Which
               though
               they
               chiefly
               tended
               to
               Fruit-Trees
               ,
               even
               in
               an
               Enemies
               Countrey
               ,
               yet
               you
               will
               find
               a
               case
               of
               necessity
               ,
               onely
               alledg'd
               for
               the
               permission
               to
               destroy
               any
               other
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               To
               Summe
               up
               briefly
               the
               Lawes
               ,
               and
               Civil
               Constitutions
               of
               great
               Antiquity
               ,
               by
               which
               Servius
               informs
               us
               't
               was
               no
               lesse
               than
               Capital
               ,
               
                 alienas
                 arbores
                 incidere
              
               ;
               the
               
                 Lex
                 Aquilia
              
               ,
               and
               those
               of
               the
               xii
               .
               Tabb
               .
               mention'd
               by
               
                 Paulus
                 ,
                 Cajus
                 ,
                 Julianus
              
               ,
               and
               others
               of
               that
               Robe
               ,
               repeated
               divers
               more
               .
            
             
               It
               was
               by
               those
               Sacred
               Constitutions
               provided
               ,
               that
               none
               might
               so
               much
               as
               Plant
               Trees
               on
               the
               Confines
               of
               his
               
                 Neighbours
                 Ground
              
               ,
               but
               he
               was
               to
               leave
               a
               space
               of
               at
               the
               least
               
                 five
                 foot
              
               ,
               for
               the
               smallest
               Tree
               ,
               that
               they
               might
               not
               injure
               him
               with
               their
               shadow
               .
               
                 Si
                 Arbor
                 in
                 Vicini
                 agrum
                 impenderit
                 ,
                 eam
                 sublucato
                 ▪
                 &c.
              
               and
               if
               for
               all
               this
               ,
               any
               hung
               over
               farther
               ,
               't
               was
               to
               be
               strip'd
               up
               
                 fifteen
                 foot
              
               ;
               And
               this
               Law
               
                 Baldwinus
                 ,
                 Olderdorpius
              
               ,
               and
               Hotoman
               recites
               out
               of
               
                 Vlpian
                 L.
              
               1.
               
               
                 F.
                 de
                 Arb.
                 Caedend
              
               .
               where
               we
               have
               the
               
                 Praetors
                 Interdict
              
               express'd
               ,
               and
               the
               impendent
               Wood
               adjudged
               to
               appertain
               to
               him
               whose
               field
               ,
               or
               fence
               was
               thereby
               damnified
               :
               Nay
               ,
               the
               Wise
               Solon
               prescribed
               Ordinances
               for
               the
               very
               distances
               of
               Trees
               ;
               as
               the
               divine
               Plato
               did
               against
               stealing
               of
               fruit
               ,
               and
               violating
               of
               Plantations
               :
               And
               the
               interdiction
               
                 de
                 Glande
                 legenda
              
               runs
               thus
               in
               
                 Vlpian
                 ,
                 AIT
                 PRAETOR
                 ,
                 GLANDEM
                 ,
                 QVAE
                 EX
                 ILLIVS
                 AGRO
                 IN
                 TVVM
                 CADIT
                 ,
                 QVO
                 MINVS
                 ILLI
                 TERTIO
                 QVOQVE
                 DIE
                 LEGERE
                 AVFERRE
                 LICEAT
                 ,
                 VIM
                 FIERI
                 VETO
                 .
              
               And
               yet
               ,
               though
               by
               the
               Praetors
               permission
               he
               might
               come
               every
               third
               day
               to
               gather
               it
               up
               without
               Trespasse
               ,
               his
               Neighbour
               was
               to
               share
               of
               the
               Mast
               which
               so
               fell
               into
               his
               Ground
               ;
               and
               this
               Chapter
               is
               well
               supplied
               by
               
                 Pliny
                 l.
              
               16.
               c.
               5.
               and
               Cajus
               upon
               the
               Place
               ,
               interprets
               Glandem
               to
               signifie
               not
               the
               Acorns
               of
               the
               Oak
               alone
               ,
               but
               all
               sorts
               of
               fruit
               whatsoever
               ,
               l.
               136.
               
               
                 F.
                 de
                 Verb.
                 Signif
              
               .
               L.
               Vnis
               ff
               .
               
                 de
                 Glande
                 leg
              
               .
               as
               by
               usage
               of
               the
               Greeks
               ,
               amongst
               whom
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               imports
               all
               kind
               of
               Trees
               .
            
             
             
               Moreover
               ,
               no
               Trees
               might
               be
               Planted
               neer
               
                 Publique
                 Aquae-ducts
              
               ,
               least
               the
               Roots
               should
               insinuate
               into
               ,
               and
               displace
               the
               Stones
               :
               Nor
               on
               the
               very
               margent
               of
               Navigable
               Rivers
               ,
               lest
               the
               Boats
               and
               other
               Vessels
               passing
               to
               and
               fro
               ,
               should
               be
               hindred
               ,
               and
               therefore
               such
               impediments
               were
               call'd
               
                 Retae
                 ,
                 quia
                 Naves
                 retinent
              
               ,
               sayes
               the
               Gloss
               ;
               and
               because
               the
               falling
               of
               the
               leaves
               corrupted
               the
               Water
               .
               So
               nor
               within
               such
               a
               distance
               of
               
                 High
                 ways
              
               (
               which
               also
               our
               own
               Laws
               prohibit
               )
               that
               they
               might
               dry
               the
               better
               ,
               and
               lesse
               cumber
               the
               
                 Traveller
                 .
                 Trees
              
               that
               obstructed
               the
               Foundation
               of
               Houses
               were
               to
               be
               fell'd
               ;
               
                 Bartol
                 .
                 L.
              
               1.
               
                 doct
                 .
                 c.
                 de
                 Interdict
                 .
                 Vlp.
              
               in
               
                 L.
                 priore
              
               ff
               .
               
                 de
                 Arborum
                 caedend
                 .
                 Trees
              
               spreading
               their
               Roots
               in
               neighbour-ground
               ,
               to
               be
               in
               common
               ;
               See
               Cujas
               and
               Paulus
               in
               L.
               Arb.
               ff
               
                 de
                 Communi
                 dividend
              
               .
               where
               more
               of
               the
               Alienation
               of
               Trees
               fell'd
               ,
               and
               not
               standing
               but
               with
               the
               Funds
               ,
               as
               also
               of
               the
               Vse-fruit
               of
               Trees
               and
               the
               difference
               'twixt
               
                 Arbores
                 Grandes
              
               ,
               and
               Cremiales
               or
               Ceduae
               ,
               of
               all
               which
               
                 Vlpian
                 ,
                 Ba●dus
                 ,
                 Alciat
              
               ,
               with
               the
               Lawes
               to
               govern
               the
               Conlucatores
               and
               Sublucatores
               ,
               and
               
                 Pruners
                 ;
                 vide
                 Pan.
                 s
                 .
                 c.
                 Sent.
                 l.
              
               5.
               
               
                 Festus
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               for
               we
               passe
               over
               what
               concerns
               Vines
               and
               Olive-trees
               ,
               to
               be
               found
               in
               
                 Cato
                 de
                 R.R.
                 &c.
              
               
               Nor
               is
               it
               here
               that
               we
               design
               to
               enlarge
               ,
               as
               those
               who
               have
               philologiz'd
               on
               this
               occasion
               
                 de
                 Sycophantis
              
               ,
               and
               other
               curious
               criticismes
               ;
               but
               passe
               now
               on
               ,
               and
               confine
               my self
               to
               the
               prudent
               Sanctions
               of
               our
               own
               Parliaments
               :
               for
               though
               according
               to
               the
               old
               and
               best
               Spirit
               of
               true
               English
               ,
               we
               ought
               to
               be
               more
               powerfully
               led
               by
               his
               Majesties
               Example
               ,
               than
               to
               have
               need
               of
               more
               cogent
               and
               violent
               Laws
               ;
               yet
               that
               our
               Discourse
               may
               be
               as
               ample
               ,
               and
               as
               little
               defective
               as
               we
               can
               render
               it
               ,
               something
               't
               is
               fit
               should
               be
               spoken
               concerning
               such
               Lawes
               and
               Ordinances
               as
               have
               been
               from
               time
               to
               time
               constituted
               amongst
               us
               for
               the
               Encouragement
               ,
               and
               Direction
               of
               such
               as
               do
               well
               ,
               as
               for
               the
               Animadversion
               and
               Punishment
               of
               those
               who
               continue
               refractory
               ,
               which
               I
               deduce
               in
               this
               order
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               From
               the
               time
               of
               Edward
               the
               fourth
               ,
               were
               enacted
               many
               excellent
               Lawes
               for
               the
               
                 Planting
                 ,
                 securing
                 ,
                 cutting
              
               ,
               and
               ordering
               of
               
                 Woods
                 ,
                 Copses
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Vnder
                 woods
              
               ,
               as
               then
               they
               took
               cognizance
               of
               them
               ;
               together
               with
               the
               several
               penalties
               upon
               the
               Infringers
               ;
               especially
               from
               the
               25
               of
               Hen.
               8
               17.
               &c.
               confirm'd
               by
               the
               13
               and
               27.
               of
               Q
               
                 Eliz.
                 cap.
              
               25.19
               .
               &c.
               which
               are
               diligently
               to
               be
               consulted
               ▪
               revived
               ,
               put
               in
               execution
               ,
               and
               enlarg'd
               where
               any
               defect
               is
               apparent
               ;
               as
               in
               particular
               the
               Act
               of
               exempting
               of
               Timber
               of
               22
               years
               growth
               from
               Tythe
               ,
               for
               a
               longer
               period
               ,
               to
               render
               it
               compleat
               ,
               and
               more
               effectual
               to
               their
               Improvement
               :
               And
               that
               Law
               repealed
               ,
               by
               which
               
                 Willows
                 ,
                 Sallows
                 ,
                 Oziers
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               which
               they
               term
               Sub-bois
               ,
               are
               reputed
               but
               as
               Weeds
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               Severer
               punishments
               have
               lately
               been
               ordain'd
               against
               our
               Wood-stealers
               ,
               destroyers
               of
               young
               
                 Trees
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               by
               an
               antient
               Law
               of
               some
               Nation
               ,
               I
               read
               he
               forfeited
               his
               Hand
               ,
               who
               beheaded
               a
               Tree
               without
               permission
               of
               the
               Owner
               ;
               and
               I
               cannot
               say
               they
               are
               sharp
               ones
               ,
               when
               I
               compare
               the
               severity
               of
               our
               Lawes
               against
               
                 Mare
                 stealers
              
               ;
               nor
               am
               I
               by
               inclination
               the
               least
               cruel
               ;
               but
               I
               do
               affirm
               ,
               we
               might
               
               as
               well
               live
               without
               Mares
               ,
               as
               without
               Masts
               and
               Ships
               ,
               which
               are
               our
               wooden
               ,
               but
               no
               lesse
               profitable
               Horses
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               And
               here
               we
               cannot
               but
               perstringe
               those
               Royotous
               Assemblies
               of
               
                 Idle
                 People
              
               ,
               who
               under
               pretence
               of
               
                 going
                 a
                 Maying
              
               (
               as
               they
               term
               it
               )
               do
               oftentimes
               
                 cut
                 down
              
               ,
               and
               
                 carry
                 away
              
               fine
               straight
               Trees
               ,
               to
               set
               up
               before
               some
               Ale-house
               ,
               or
               Revelling-place
               ,
               where
               they
               keep
               their
               drunken
               Bacchanalias
               :
               For
               though
               this
               Custom
               was
               ,
               I
               read
               ,
               introduc'd
               by
               the
               
                 Emperor
                 Anastasius
              
               ,
               to
               abolish
               the
               
                 Gentil
                 Majana
              
               of
               the
               Romans
               at
               Ostia
               ;
               which
               was
               to
               transfer
               a
               great
               Oaken-Tree
               out
               of
               some
               Forest
               into
               the
               Town
               ,
               and
               erect
               it
               before
               their
               Mistris's
               Door
               ;
               yet
               I
               think
               it
               were
               better
               to
               be
               quite
               abolish'd
               amongst
               us
               ,
               for
               many
               reasons
               ,
               besides
               that
               of
               occasioning
               so
               much
               wast
               and
               spoyl
               as
               we
               find
               is
               done
               to
               Trees
               at
               that
               Season
               ,
               under
               this
               wanton
               pretence
               ,
               by
               
                 breaking
                 ,
                 mangling
              
               ,
               and
               tearing
               down
               of
               branches
               ,
               and
               intire
               Arms
               of
               Trees
               ,
               to
               adorn
               their
               Wooden-Idol
               .
               The
               
                 Imperial
                 Law
              
               against
               such
               disorders
               we
               have
               in
               L.
               ob
               .
               id
               .
               sl
               .
               
                 ad
                 legem
                 Aquill
              
               .
               &
               in
               ff
               .
               l.
               47.
               
               Tit.
               7.
               
               
                 Arborem
                 furtim
                 caesarum
              
               :
               See
               also
               Triphon
               .
               L.
               ig
               .
               
                 de
                 Bon.
                 off
                 .
                 cont
                 .
                 tab
                 .
                 vel
                 in
                 ligna
                 focaria
                 .
                 L.
                 Ligni
              
               ff
               .
               
                 de
                 Lege
              
               3.
               &c.
               
            
             
               To
               these
               I
               might
               add
               the
               Laws
               of
               our
               King
               Inas
               or
               as
               the
               Learned
               Lambert
               calls
               them
               ,
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               
                 de
                 priscis
                 Anglorum
                 legibus
              
               ,
               whose
               Title
               is
               ,
               Be
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               :
               of
               Burning
               Trees
               :
               The
               Sanction
               runs
               thus
               .
            
             
               
                 If
                 any
                 one
                 set
                 fire
                 of
                 a
                 fell'd
              
               Wood
               ,
               
                 he
                 shall
                 be
                 punished
                 ,
                 and
                 besides
                 pay
              
               three
               pounds
               ,
               
                 and
                 for
                 those
                 who
                 clandestinely
                 cut
              
               Wood
               (
               
                 of
                 which
                 the
                 very
                 sound
                 of
                 the
              
               Axe
               
                 shall
                 be
                 sufficient
              
               Conviction
               )
               
                 for
                 every
              
               Tree
               ,
               
                 he
                 shall
                 be
                 mulcted
              
               thirty
               
                 shillings
                 .
                 A
                 Tree
              
               so
               
                 fell'd
                 under
                 whose
                 Shadow
              
               thirty
               Hoggs
               
                 can
                 stand
                 ,
                 shall
                 be
                 mulcted
                 at
              
               three
               pounds
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               6.
               
               I
               have
               heard
               ,
               that
               in
               the
               great
               Expedition
               of
               88
               ,
               it
               was
               expresly
               enjoyn'd
               the
               Spanish
               Commanders
               of
               that
               signal
               Armada
               ;
               that
               if
               when
               landed
               they
               should
               not
               be
               able
               to
               subdue
               our
               Nation
               ,
               and
               make
               good
               their
               Conquest
               ;
               they
               should
               yet
               be
               sure
               not
               to
               leave
               a
               Tree
               standing
               in
               the
               Forest
               of
               Dean
               :
               It
               was
               like
               the
               Policy
               of
               the
               Philistines
               ,
               when
               the
               poor
               Israelites
               went
               down
               to
               their
               Enemies
               Smiths
               to
               sharpen
               every
               man
               his
               Tools
               ;
               for
               as
               they
               said
               ,
               
                 lest
                 the
                 Hebrews
                 make
                 them
                 Swords
                 ,
                 or
                 Spears
              
               ;
               so
               these
               ,
               
                 lest
                 the
                 English
                 build
                 them
                 Ships
                 ,
              
               and
               
                 Men
                 of
                 War
              
               :
               Whether
               this
               were
               so
               ,
               or
               not
               ;
               certain
               it
               is
               ,
               we
               cannot
               be
               too
               jealous
               for
               the
               preservation
               of
               our
               Woods
               ;
               and
               especially
               of
               those
               eminent
               ,
               and
               ,
               with
               care
               ,
               inexhaustible
               Magazines
               :
               I
               dare
               not
               suggest
               the
               encouragement
               of
               a
               yet
               farther
               restraint
               ,
               that
               even
               Proprietors
               themselves
               should
               not
               presume
               to
               make
               havock
               of
               some
               of
               their
               own
               Woods
               ,
               to
               feed
               their
               prodigality
               ,
               and
               heap
               fuel
               to
               their
               vices
               ;
               but
               it
               is
               worthy
               of
               our
               observation
               ,
               that
               (
               in
               that
               in-imitable
               Oration
               ,
               the
               second
               
                 Philippic
                 )
                 Cicero
              
               does
               not
               so
               sharply
               reproach
               his
               great
               Antagonist
               for
               any
               other
               of
               his
               Extravagancies
               (
               which
               yet
               he
               there
               enumerates
               )
               as
               for
               his
               wasteful
               disposure
               of
               certain
               Wood-lands
               belonging
               to
               the
               Common-wealth
               ,
               amongst
               his
               jovial
               Bravo's
               ,
               and
               
               leud
               Companions
               :
               
                 tua
                 ista
                 detrimenta
                 sunt
              
               (
               meaning
               his
               Debauches
               )
               
                 illa
                 nostra
              
               ;
               speaking
               of
               the
               Timber
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               But
               to
               the
               Laws
               :
               it
               were
               to
               be
               wish'd
               that
               our
               tender
               ,
               and
               improvable
               Woods
               ,
               should
               not
               admit
               of
               Cattle
               ,
               by
               any
               means
               ,
               till
               they
               were
               quite
               grown
               out
               of
               reach
               ;
               the
               Statutes
               which
               connive
               at
               it
               ,
               in
               favour
               of
               Custom
               ,
               and
               for
               the
               satisfying
               of
               a
               few
               clamorous
               and
               rude
               Commoners
               ,
               being
               too
               indulgent
               ;
               since
               it
               is
               very
               evident
               ,
               that
               less
               then
               a
               14.
               or
               15.
               years
               enclosure
               is
               ,
               in
               most
               places
               ,
               too
               soon
               ;
               and
               our
               most
               material
               Trees
               would
               be
               of
               infinite
               more
               worth
               and
               improvement
               ,
               were
               the
               Standards
               suffer'd
               to
               grow
               to
               Timber
               ,
               and
               not
               so
               frequently
               cut
               ,
               at
               the
               next
               felling
               of
               the
               Wood
               ,
               as
               the
               general
               custom
               is
               .
               In
               22
               Edw.
               4.
               the
               liberty
               arriv'd
               but
               to
               seven
               years
               after
               a
               felling
               of
               a
               Forest
               or
               Purlieu
               ;
               and
               but
               three
               years
               before
               ,
               without
               special
               license
               :
               This
               was
               very
               narrow
               ;
               but
               let
               us
               then
               look
               on
               England
               as
               an
               over-grown
               Country
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               Wood
               in
               Parks
               was
               afterwards
               to
               be
               four
               years
               Fenced
               ,
               upon
               felling
               :
               and
               yearling
               Colts
               ,
               and
               Calves
               might
               be
               put
               into
               inclosed
               Woods
               after
               two
               :
               By
               the
               13
               Eliz.
               five
               years
               ,
               and
               no
               other
               Cattle
               till
               six
               ,
               if
               the
               growth
               was
               under
               fourteen
               years
               ;
               or
               until
               eight
               ,
               if
               exceeding
               that
               age
               till
               the
               last
               felling
               :
               All
               which
               Statutes
               being
               by
               the
               Act
               of
               Hen.
               8.
               but
               temporal
               ,
               this
               Parliament
               of
               Eliz.
               thought
               fit
               to
               make
               perpetual
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               Then
               ,
               to
               prevent
               the
               destructive
               razing
               ,
               and
               converting
               of
               Woods
               to
               Pasture
               :
               No
               wood
               of
               two
               Acres
               ,
               and
               above
               two
               furlongs
               from
               the
               Mansion
               House
               ,
               should
               be
               indulg'd
               :
               And
               the
               prohibitions
               are
               good
               against
               Assarts
               made
               in
               
                 forests
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               without
               license
               :
               The
               Penalties
               are
               indeed
               great
               ;
               but
               how
               seldome
               inflicted
               ?
               and
               what
               is
               novv
               more
               easie
               ,
               than
               Compounding
               for
               such
               a
               license
               ?
            
             
               In
               some
               parts
               of
               Germany
               ,
               vvhere
               a
               single
               Tree
               is
               observ'd
               to
               be
               extraordinary
               fertile
               ,
               a
               constant
               ,
               and
               plentiful
               Mast-bearer
               ;
               there
               are
               Laws
               to
               prohibite
               their
               felling
               without
               special
               leave
               :
               And
               it
               was
               well
               Enacted
               amongst
               us
               ,
               that
               even
               the
               Owners
               of
               woods
               within
               Chases
               ,
               should
               not
               cut
               down
               the
               Timber
               without
               view
               of
               Officers
               ;
               this
               Act
               being
               in
               affirmance
               of
               the
               
                 Common
                 Law
              
               ,
               and
               not
               to
               be
               violated
               without
               Prescription
               :
               See
               the
               Case
               cited
               by
               my
               Lord
               Cook
               in
               his
               Comment
               on
               
                 Littleton
                 .
                 Tenure
                 Burgage
                 .
                 L.
              
               2.
               
               Sect.
               170.
               
               Or
               if
               not
               within
               Chases
               ,
               yet
               where
               a
               Common-person
               had
               liberty
               of
               
                 Chase
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               this
               would
               be
               of
               much
               benefit
               ,
               had
               the
               Regarders
               perform'd
               their
               duty
               ,
               as
               't
               is
               at
               large
               described
               in
               the
               Writ
               of
               the
               12
               Articles
               ;
               and
               that
               the
               Surcharge
               of
               the
               Forests
               had
               been
               honestly
               inspected
               with
               the
               due
               Perambulations
               ,
               and
               ancient
               Metes
               :
               Thus
               should
               the
               Justices
               of
               Eire
               dispose
               of
               no
               Woods
               without
               expresse
               Commission
               ,
               and
               in
               convenient
               places
               :
               
                 Minuti
                 blaterones
                 quercuum
                 ,
                 culi
                 ,
                 &
                 curbi
                 ,
              
               as
               our
               Law
               terms
               
                 wind-falls
                 ,
                 dotterels
                 ,
                 scrags
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               no
               others
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               Care
               is
               likewise
               by
               our
               Laws
               to
               be
               taken
               that
               no
               unnecessary
               Imbezelment
               be
               made
               by
               pretences
               of
               Repair
               of
               
                 Paling
                 ,
                 Lodges
                 ,
                 Browse
              
               for
               
                 Deer
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 Wind-falls
                 ,
                 Root-falls
              
               ;
               dead
               ,
               and
               Sear-trees
               ,
               
               all
               which
               is
               subject
               to
               the
               Inspection
               of
               the
               
                 VVarders
                 ,
                 Justices
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               even
               trespasses
               done
               
                 de
                 Viridi
              
               on
               boughs
               of
               
                 Trees
                 ,
                 Thickets
              
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               ;
               which
               (
               as
               has
               been
               shew'd
               )
               are
               very
               great
               impediments
               to
               their
               growth
               and
               prosperity
               ,
               and
               should
               be
               duly
               looked
               after
               ,
               and
               punish'd
               ;
               and
               the
               great
               neglect
               of
               Swainmote-Courts
               reformed
               ,
               &c.
               
               See
               
                 Consuet
                 .
                 &
                 Assis
                 .
                 Forest
                 .
                 Pannagium
                 ,
              
               or
               
                 Pastura
                 pecorum
                 &
                 de
                 Glandibus
                 ,
                 Fleta
                 ,
                 &c.
                 Manwoods
                 Forest-lawes
                 :
                 Cook
                 pla
                 .
                 fol.
              
               366.
               li.
               8.
               fol.
               138.
               
            
             
               11.
               
               Finally
               ,
               that
               the
               exorbitance
               ,
               and
               increase
               of
               devouring
               Iron-mills
               were
               looked
               into
               ,
               as
               to
               their
               distance
               ,
               and
               number
               neer
               the
               Seas
               ,
               or
               Navigable
               Rivers
               ;
               And
               what
               if
               some
               of
               them
               were
               even
               
                 remov'd
                 ▪
              
               into
               another
               world
               ?
               't
               were
               better
               to
               purchase
               all
               our
               Iron
               out
               of
               America
               ,
               than
               thus
               to
               exhaust
               our
               woods
               at
               home
               ,
               although
               (
               I
               doubt
               not
               )
               they
               might
               be
               so
               order'd
               ,
               as
               to
               be
               rather
               a
               means
               of
               conserving
               them
               .
               There
               was
               a
               Statute
               made
               by
               Queen
               Eliz.
               to
               prohibite
               the
               converting
               of
               
                 Timber
                 trees
              
               to
               Coal
               ,
               or
               other
               Fuel
               for
               the
               use
               of
               Iron-mills
               ;
               if
               the
               Tree
               were
               of
               one
               foot
               square
               ,
               and
               growing
               within
               fourteen
               Miles
               of
               the
               Sea
               ,
               or
               the
               greater
               
                 Rivers
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               't
               is
               pity
               some
               of
               those
               places
               in
               
                 Kent
                 ,
                 Sussex
              
               ,
               and
               Surrey
               were
               excepted
               in
               the
               Proviso
               ,
               for
               the
               reason
               express'd
               in
               a
               Statute
               made
               23
               Eliz.
               by
               which
               even
               the
               imploying
               of
               any
               under-wood
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               
                 great
                 Trees
              
               ,
               was
               prohibited
               within
               22
               miles
               of
               London
               ,
               and
               many
               other
               Navigable
               
                 Rivers
                 ,
                 Creeks
              
               ,
               and
               other
               lesser
               distances
               from
               some
               parts
               of
               
                 Sussex-Downs
                 ,
                 Cinque-Ports
                 ,
                 Havens
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
             
               There
               are
               several
               Acres
               of
               wood-land
               of
               no
               mean
               circuit
               near
               Rochester
               ,
               in
               the
               County
               of
               Kent
               ,
               extending
               as
               far
               as
               Bexley
               ,
               and
               indeed
               ,
               for
               many
               miles
               about
               Shoters-Hill
               ,
               near
               the
               River
               of
               Thames
               ,
               which
               ,
               were
               his
               Majesty
               owner
               of
               ,
               might
               in
               few
               years
               ,
               be
               of
               an
               
                 un-valuable
                 Improvement
              
               and
               benefit
               ,
               considering
               how
               apt
               they
               are
               to
               grow
               Forest
               ,
               and
               how
               opportune
               they
               lye
               for
               the
               use
               of
               his
               
                 Royal
                 Navy
              
               at
               Chatham
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               But
               yet
               to
               prove
               what
               it
               is
               to
               manage
               VVoods
               discreetly
               ;
               I
               read
               of
               one
               Mr.
               
                 Christopher
                 Darell
              
               a
               Surrey
               Gentleman
               of
               Nudigate
               ,
               that
               had
               a
               particular
               Indulgence
               for
               the
               cutting
               of
               his
               Woods
               at
               pleasure
               ,
               though
               a
               great
               
                 Iron
                 :
                 Master
              
               ;
               because
               he
               so
               order'd
               his
               VVorks
               ,
               that
               they
               were
               a
               means
               of
               preserving
               even
               his
               VVoods
               ;
               notwithstanding
               those
               unsatiable
               devourers
               :
               This
               may
               appear
               a
               Paradox
               ,
               but
               is
               to
               be
               made
               out
               ;
               and
               I
               have
               heard
               my
               own
               Father
               (
               whose
               Estate
               was
               none
               of
               the
               least
               wooded
               in
               England
               )
               affirm
               ,
               that
               a
               Forge
               ,
               and
               some
               other
               Mills
               ,
               to
               which
               he
               furnish'd
               much
               fuel
               ,
               were
               a
               means
               of
               maintaining
               ,
               and
               improving
               his
               woods
               ;
               I
               suppose
               ,
               by
               increasing
               the
               Industry
               of
               Planting
               ,
               and
               care
               ;
               as
               what
               he
               has
               now
               left
               standing
               of
               his
               own
               
                 Planting
                 ,
                 enclosing
              
               ,
               and
               cherishing
               ,
               in
               the
               possession
               of
               my
               most
               honoured
               Brother
               ,
               
                 George
                 Evelin
              
               of
               VVotton
               in
               the
               same
               County
               ,
               does
               sufficiently
               evince
               ;
               a
               most
               laudable
               Monument
               of
               his
               Industry
               ,
               and
               rare
               Example
               ,
               for
               without
               such
               an
               Example
               ,
               and
               such
               an
               Application
               ,
               I
               am
               no
               Advocate
               for
               Iron-works
               ,
               but
               a
               declared
               denouncer
               :
               But
               Nature
               has
               thought
               
               fit
               to
               produce
               this
               wasting-Oare
               more
               plentifully
               in
               Wood-land
               ,
               than
               any
               other
               Ground
               ,
               and
               to
               enrich
               our
               Forests
               to
               their
               own
               Destruction
               ,
               
                 
                   O
                   Poverty
                   ,
                   still
                   safe
                   !
                   and
                   therefore
                   found
                
                 
                   Insep'rably
                   with
                   Mischiefs
                   under
                   ground
                   !
                
                 
                   Woods
                   tall
                   ,
                   and
                   Reverend
                   from
                   all
                   time
                   appear
                
                 
                   Inviolable
                   ,
                   where
                   no
                   Mine
                   is
                   near
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     O
                     semper
                     bona
                     pauperies
                  
                   !
                   &
                   
                     conditus
                     altâ
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Thesaurus
                     tellure
                     nocens
                     !
                     O
                     semper
                     ovantes
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Integra
                     ,
                     salvaque
                     solo
                     non
                     divite
                     Sylva
                  
                   !
                
                 
                   Couleii
                   
                     Pl.
                     l.
                     6.
                  
                   
                
              
               for
               so
               our
               sweet
               Poet
               deplores
               the
               Fate
               of
               the
               Forest
               of
               Dean
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               The
               same
               Act
               we
               have
               Confirmed
               ,
               and
               enlarged
               in
               the
               Seventeenth
               of
               the
               said
               Queen
               ,
               for
               the
               preserving
               of
               Timber-Trees
               ,
               and
               the
               Penalties
               of
               impairing
               VVoods
               much
               increased
               ;
               the
               Tops
               and
               offals
               onely
               permitted
               to
               be
               made
               use
               of
               for
               this
               imployment
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               As
               to
               the
               Law
               of
               Tythes
               ,
               I
               find
               Timber-Trees
               pay
               none
               ,
               but
               others
               do
               ,
               both
               for
               
                 Body
                 ,
                 Branches
                 ,
                 Bark
                 ,
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 Root
                 ,
              
               and
               even
               the
               Suckers
               growing
               out
               of
               them
               ;
               and
               the
               Tenth
               of
               the
               Body
               sold
               ,
               or
               kept
               :
               And
               so
               of
               
                 VVillows
                 ,
                 Sallows
              
               ,
               and
               all
               other
               Trees
               not
               apt
               for
               Timber
               :
               Also
               of
               
                 Sylva
                 caedua
              
               ,
               as
               Coppices
               ,
               and
               Vnder-woods
               ,
               pay
               the
               tenth
               when
               ever
               the
               Proprietor
               receives
               his
               nine
               Parts
               .
               But
               if
               any
               of
               these
               we
               have
               named
               un-exempted
               are
               cut
               onely
               for
               
                 Mounds
                 ,
                 Fencing
              
               ,
               or
               Plow-boot
               within
               the
               Parish
               in
               which
               they
               grow
               ,
               or
               for
               the
               Fuel
               of
               the
               Owner
               ,
               no
               Tythes
               are
               due
               ,
               though
               the
               Vicar
               have
               the
               Tyth-wood
               ,
               and
               the
               Parson
               that
               of
               the
               places
               so
               inclosed
               ;
               nor
               are
               Vnder-woods
               grub'd
               up
               by
               the
               Roots
               Tythable
               ,
               unlesse
               for
               this
               ,
               and
               any
               of
               the
               former
               cases
               there
               be
               Prescription
               .
               But
               for
               Timber-trees
               ,
               such
               as
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Elm
              
               (
               which
               are
               accounted
               Timber
               in
               all
               places
               after
               the
               first
               
                 twenty
                 years
              
               )
               also
               
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Horn-beam
                 ,
                 Maple
                 ,
                 Aspen
                 ,
              
               and
               even
               Hasel
               (
               many
               of
               which
               are
               in
               some
               Countries
               reputed
               Timber
               )
               they
               are
               not
               to
               pay
               Tithes
               ,
               unlesse
               they
               are
               fell'd
               before
               the
               said
               age
               of
               
                 twenty
                 years
              
               from
               their
               first
               
                 Planting
                 .
                 Note
                 here
              
               ,
            
             
               If
               the
               Owner
               fell
               a
               fruit-tree
               (
               of
               which
               the
               Parson
               has
               had
               tythe
               that
               year
               )
               and
               convert
               the
               wood
               into
               fuel
               ,
               the
               tythe
               shall
               cease
               ;
               because
               he
               cannot
               receive
               the
               tythe
               of
               one
               thing
               twice
               in
               one
               year
               .
            
             
               Beech
               ,
               in
               Countrys
               where
               it
               abounds
               ,
               is
               not
               tythable
               ;
               because
               in
               such
               places
               't
               is
               not
               accounted
               Timber
               .
               16
               
                 Jac.
                 Co.
                 B.
                 Pinders
                 Case
              
               .
            
             
               Cherry-trees
               in
               Buckinghamshire
               have
               been
               adjudged
               Timber
               ,
               and
               
                 Tythe-free
                 .
                 Pasch
              
               .
               17
               Jac.
               B.R.
               
            
             
               If
               a
               Tree
               be
               lop'd
               under
               twenty
               years
               growth
               ,
               and
               afterwards
               be
               permitted
               to
               grow
               past
               twenty
               years
               ,
               and
               then
               be
               lop'd
               again
               ,
               no
               tythe
               is
               due
               for
               it
               ,
               though
               at
               the
               first
               cutting
               it
               were
               not
               so
               .
            
             
               If
               wood
               be
               cut
               for
               hedges
               ,
               which
               is
               not
               tythable
               ,
               and
               any
               be
               left
               of
               it
               un-employ'd
               ,
               no
               tythe
               shall
               be
               paid
               for
               it
               .
            
             
               If
               wood
               be
               cut
               for
               Hop-poles
               (
               where
               the
               Parson
               or
               Vicar
               has
               
                 tythe
                 Hops
              
               )
               in
               this
               case
               he
               shall
               not
               have
               tythe
               of
               Hop-poles
               .
            
             
             
               If
               a
               great
               wood
               consist
               chiefly
               of
               
                 Vnder
                 wood
                 Tythable
              
               ,
               and
               some
               great
               trees
               of
               Beech
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               grow
               dispersedly
               amongst
               them
               ;
               Tythe
               is
               due
               ,
               unlesse
               the
               Custom
               be
               otherwise
               of
               all
               both
               great
               and
               lesser
               together
               :
               And
               in
               like
               manner
               if
               a
               wood
               consist
               for
               the
               most
               part
               of
               
                 Timber
                 trees
              
               ,
               with
               some
               small
               scatterings
               of
               Vnder-wood
               amongst
               them
               ,
               no
               Tythe
               shall
               be
               paid
               for
               the
               
                 Vnder
                 wood
              
               or
               
                 Bushes
                 .
                 Trin.
              
               19
               Jac.
               B.R.
               Adjudg
               .
               16
               Jac.
               in
               C.B.
               
                 Leonards
                 case
              
               .
            
             
               No
               Tythe
               is
               to
               be
               paid
               of
               Common
               of
               Estovers
               ,
               or
               the
               wood
               burnt
               in
               ones
               House
               .
               Now
               as
               to
               the
               manner
               of
               Payment
               .
            
             
               To
               give
               the
               Parson
               the
               Tenth
               Acre
               of
               Wood
               in
               a
               Coppice
               ,
               or
               the
               
                 tenth
                 Cord
              
               (
               provided
               they
               are
               equal
               )
               is
               a
               good
               payment
               ,
               and
               setting
               forth
               of
               Tythe
               ,
               especially
               if
               the
               Custom
               confirm
               it
               .
            
             
               The
               Tythe
               of
               Mast
               of
               Oak
               ,
               or
               Beech
               ,
               if
               sold
               ,
               must
               be
               answer'd
               by
               the
               
                 tenth
                 Penny
              
               :
               if
               eaten
               by
               Swine
               ,
               the
               worth
               of
               it
               .
               And
               thus
               much
               we
               thought
               sit
               to
               add
               concerning
               
                 Predial
                 Tythes
              
               ;
               who
               has
               desire
               to
               be
               farther
               informed
               may
               consult
               my
               Lord
               
                 Cook
                 's
                 Rep.
              
               11.48
               ,
               49.81
               .
               Plow
               .
               470.
               
               
                 Brownlows
                 Rep.
              
               1
               part
               .
               94.
               2
               part
               .
               150.
               
               D.
               &
               St.
               169.
               &c
               :
               But
               let
               us
               see
               what
               others
               do
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               The
               King
               of
               Spain
               has
               neer
               Bilbao
               ,
               sixteen
               times
               as
               many
               Acres
               of
               Copse-wood
               as
               are
               sit
               to
               be
               cut
               for
               Coal
               in
               one
               year
               ;
               so
               that
               when
               't
               is
               ready
               to
               be
               fell'd
               ,
               an
               Officer
               first
               marks
               such
               as
               are
               like
               to
               prove
               Ship-timber
               ,
               which
               are
               let
               stand
               ,
               as
               so
               many
               sacred
               ,
               and
               dedicate
               Trees
               :
               But
               by
               this
               means
               the
               
                 Iron
                 works
              
               are
               plentifully
               supplied
               in
               the
               same
               place
               ,
               without
               at
               all
               diminishing
               the
               stock
               of
               Timber
               .
               Then
               in
               Biscay
               again
               ,
               every
               Proprietor
               ,
               and
               other
               ,
               Plants
               three
               for
               one
               which
               he
               cuts
               down
               ;
               and
               the
               Law
               obliging
               them
               is
               most
               severely
               executed
               .
               There
               indeed
               are
               few
               ,
               or
               no
               Copses
               ;
               but
               all
               are
               Pollards
               ;
               and
               the
               very
               lopping
               (
               I
               am
               assur'd
               )
               does
               furnish
               the
               
                 Iron
                 works
              
               with
               sufficient
               to
               support
               them
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               What
               the
               practise
               is
               for
               the
               maintaining
               of
               these
               kind
               of
               Plantations
               in
               Germany
               ,
               and
               France
               ,
               has
               already
               been
               observ'd
               to
               this
               
                 Illustrious
                 Society
              
               by
               the
               Learned
               Dr.
               
                 Meret
                 ;
                 viz
              
               that
               the
               Lords
               and
               (
               for
               the
               Crown-lands
               )
               the
               
                 Kings
                 Commissioners
              
               ,
               divide
               the
               Woods
               ,
               and
               Forests
               ,
               into
               eighty
               partitions
               ;
               every
               year
               felling
               one
               of
               the
               divisions
               ;
               so
               as
               no
               wood
               is
               sell'd
               in
               less
               than
               fourscore
               years
               :
               And
               when
               any
               one
               partition
               is
               to
               be
               cut
               down
               ,
               the
               Officer
               ,
               or
               Lord
               contracts
               with
               the
               Buyer
               that
               he
               shall
               at
               the
               distance
               of
               every
               twenty
               foot
               (
               which
               is
               somewhat
               neer
               )
               leave
               a
               good
               ,
               fair
               ,
               sound
               and
               fruitful
               Oak
               standing
               .
               Those
               of
               'twixt
               forty
               ,
               and
               fifty
               years
               they
               reckon
               for
               the
               best
               ,
               and
               then
               they
               are
               to
               fence
               these
               Trees
               from
               all
               sorts
               of
               Beasts
               ,
               and
               injuries
               ,
               for
               a
               competent
               time
               ;
               which
               being
               done
               ,
               at
               the
               season
               ,
               downfall
               the
               Acorns
               ,
               which
               (
               with
               the
               Autumnal
               rains
               beaten
               into
               the
               earth
               )
               take
               root
               ,
               and
               in
               a
               short
               time
               furnish
               all
               the
               Wood
               again
               ,
               where
               they
               let
               them
               grow
               for
               four
               ,
               or
               five
               years
               ;
               and
               then
               grub
               up
               some
               of
               them
               for
               Fuel
               ,
               or
               Transplantations
               ,
               and
               leave
               the
               most
               provable
               of
               them
               ,
               to
               continue
               for
               Timber
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               The
               French
               King
               permits
               none
               of
               his
               
                 Oak
                 woods
              
               ,
               though
               belonging
               (
               some
               of
               them
               )
               to
               Mounsieur
               (
               his
               
                 Royal
                 Brother
              
               )
               in
               Appenage
               ,
               
               to
               be
               cut
               down
               ;
               till
               his
               own
               Surveyors
               ,
               and
               Officers
               ,
               have
               first
               marked
               them
               out
               ;
               nor
               are
               any
               fell'd
               beyond
               such
               a
               Circuit
               :
               Then
               are
               they
               sufficiently
               fenc'd
               by
               him
               who
               buys
               ;
               and
               no
               Cattle
               whatsoever
               suffer'd
               to
               be
               put
               in
               ,
               till
               the
               very
               seedlings
               (
               which
               spring
               up
               of
               the
               Acorns
               )
               are
               perfectly
               out
               of
               danger
               .
               But
               these
               ,
               and
               many
               other
               wholsom
               Ordinances
               ,
               especially
               ,
               as
               they
               concern
               the
               Forest
               of
               Dean
               ,
               we
               have
               comprised
               in
               the
               late
               Statute
               of
               the
               twentieth
               of
               his
               Majesties
               Reign
               ,
               which
               I
               find
               Enacted
               
                 five
                 years
              
               after
               the
               first
               Edition
               of
               this
               Treatise
               :
               And
               these
               Lawes
               are
               worthy
               our
               perusal
               ;
               as
               also
               the
               Statute
               prescribing
               a
               Scheme
               of
               Proportions
               for
               the
               several
               scantlings
               of
               Building-Timber
               (
               besides
               what
               we
               have
               already
               touched
               Chap.
               31.
               )
               which
               you
               have
               19
               Car.
               2.
               intituled
               ,
               
                 An
                 Act
                 for
                 the
                 Re-building
                 of
                 London
              
               ;
               to
               which
               I
               refer
               the
               Reader
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXXIV
               .
               The
               Paraenesis
               and
               Conclusion
               ,
               containing
               some
               Encouragements
               and
               Proposals
               ,
               for
               the
               Planting
               ,
               and
               Improvement
               of
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Forests
              
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               SInce
               our
               Forests
               are
               undoubtedly
               the
               greatest
               Magazines
               of
               the
               Wealth
               ,
               and
               Glory
               of
               this
               Nation
               ;
               and
               our
               Oaks
               the
               truest
               Oracles
               of
               its
               perpetuity
               and
               happinesse
               ,
               as
               being
               the
               onely
               support
               of
               that
               Navigation
               which
               makes
               us
               fear'd
               abroad
               ,
               and
               flourish
               at
               Home
               ;
               it
               has
               been
               strangely
               wonder'd
               at
               by
               some
               good
               Patriots
               ,
               how
               it
               comes
               to
               passe
               that
               many
               Gentlemen
               have
               frequently
               repair'd
               ,
               or
               gain'd
               a
               sudden
               Fortune
               ,
               with
               Plowing
               part
               of
               their
               Parks
               ,
               and
               setting
               out
               their
               fat
               grounds
               to
               
                 Gard'ners
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               very
               wild
               wood-land
               parcels
               (
               as
               may
               be
               instanc'd
               in
               several
               places
               )
               to
               dressers
               of
               
                 Hop-yards
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               whiles
               the
               
                 Royal
                 portion
              
               lyes
               folded
               up
               in
               a
               Napkin
               ,
               uncultivated
               ,
               and
               neglected
               ;
               especially
               ,
               those
               Great
               ,
               and
               ample
               Forests
               ;
               where
               though
               plowing
               ,
               and
               sowing
               has
               been
               forbidden
               ,
               a
               
                 Royal
                 Command
              
               ,
               and
               Design
               ,
               may
               well
               dispense
               with
               it
               ,
               and
               the
               breaking
               up
               of
               those
               Intervals
               ,
               advance
               the
               growth
               of
               the
               Trees
               to
               an
               incredible
               Improvement
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               It
               is
               therefore
               insisted
               on
               ,
               that
               there
               is
               not
               a
               cheaper
               ,
               easier
               ,
               or
               more
               prompt
               expedient
               to
               advance
               
                 Ship
                 timber
              
               ,
               than
               to
               solicit
               ,
               that
               in
               all
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Forests
                 ,
                 VVoods
              
               ,
               and
               Parks
               ,
               the
               spreading
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               (
               which
               we
               have
               formerly
               described
               )
               be
               cherish'd
               ,
               by
               Plowing
               ,
               and
               sowing
               
                 Barley
                 ,
                 Rye
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               (
               with
               due
               supply
               of
               culture
               and
               Soyl
               ,
               between
               them
               )
               as
               far
               as
               may
               (
               without
               danger
               of
               the
               Plow-share
               )
               be
               broken
               up
               .
               But
               this
               is
               onely
               where
               these
               Trees
               
               are
               arriv'd
               to
               some
               magnitude
               ,
               and
               stand
               at
               competent
               distances
               ;
               a
               hundred
               ,
               or
               fifty
               yards
               (
               for
               their
               Roots
               derive
               relief
               far
               beyond
               the
               reach
               of
               any
               boughs
               )
               as
               do
               the
               Wallnut-trees
               in
               Burgundy
               ,
               which
               stand
               in
               their
               best
               
                 Plow'd
                 lands
              
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               But
               ,
               that
               we
               may
               particularize
               in
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Forests
              
               of
               
                 Dean
                 ,
                 Sherewood
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               in
               some
               sort
               gratifie
               the
               Quaeries
               of
               the
               Honourable
               ,
               the
               principal
               Officers
               and
               Commissioners
               of
               the
               Navy
               ,
               I
               am
               advis'd
               by
               such
               as
               are
               every
               way
               judicious
               ,
               and
               of
               long
               experience
               in
               those
               parts
               ;
               that
               to
               enclose
               would
               be
               an
               excellent
               way
               :
               But
               it
               is
               to
               be
               consider'd
               ,
               that
               the
               
                 People
                 ,
                 viz.
                 Foresters
              
               ,
               and
               Bordurers
               ,
               are
               not
               generally
               so
               civil
               ,
               and
               reasonable
               ,
               as
               might
               be
               wished
               ;
               and
               therefore
               to
               design
               a
               solid
               Improvement
               in
               such
               places
               ,
               his
               Majesty
               must
               assert
               his
               Power
               ,
               with
               a
               firm
               and
               high
               Resolution
               to
               reduce
               these
               men
               to
               their
               due
               Obedience
               ,
               and
               to
               a
               necessity
               of
               submitting
               to
               their
               own
               ,
               and
               the
               publick
               utility
               ;
               though
               they
               preserv'd
               their
               industry
               this
               way
               ,
               at
               a
               very
               tolerable
               rate
               upon
               that
               condition
               ,
               whiles
               some
               person
               of
               trust
               ,
               and
               integrity
               ,
               did
               regulate
               ,
               and
               supervise
               the
               Mounds
               and
               fences
               ,
               and
               destine
               some
               portions
               frequently
               set
               apart
               ,
               for
               the
               raising
               ,
               and
               propagating
               of
               Woods
               ,
               till
               the
               whole
               Nation
               were
               furnish'd
               for
               posterity
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               And
               which
               Work
               if
               his
               Majesty
               shall
               resolve
               to
               accomplish
               ,
               he
               will
               leave
               such
               an
               everlasting
               Obligation
               on
               his
               People
               ,
               and
               raise
               such
               a
               Monument
               to
               his
               fame
               ,
               as
               the
               Ages
               for
               a
               thousand
               years
               to
               come
               ,
               shall
               have
               cause
               to
               celebrate
               his
               precious
               Memory
               ,
               and
               his
               
                 Royal
                 Successors
              
               to
               emulate
               his
               Virtue
               .
               For
               thus
               (
               besides
               the
               future
               expectations
               )
               it
               would
               in
               present
               ,
               be
               no
               deduction
               from
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Treasure
              
               ,
               but
               some
               increase
               ;
               and
               fall
               in
               time
               to
               be
               a
               fair
               and
               worthy
               Accession
               to
               it
               ;
               whiles
               this
               kind
               of
               propriety
               would
               be
               the
               most
               likely
               expedient
               to
               civilize
               those
               wild
               and
               poor
               Bordurers
               ;
               and
               to
               secure
               the
               vast
               and
               spreading
               heart
               of
               the
               Forest
               ,
               which
               with
               all
               this
               Indulgence
               ,
               would
               be
               ample
               enough
               for
               a
               Princely
               Demeasnes
               :
               And
               if
               the
               difficulty
               be
               to
               find
               out
               who
               knows
               ,
               or
               acknowledges
               what
               are
               the
               Bordures
               ;
               this
               Article
               were
               worthy
               ,
               and
               becoming
               of
               as
               serious
               an
               Inquisition
               ,
               as
               the
               Legislative
               Power
               of
               the
               whole
               Nation
               can
               contrive
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               The
               Sum
               of
               all
               ,
               is
               ;
               get
               the
               Bordures
               well
               Tenanted
               ,
               by
               long
               Terms
               ,
               and
               easie
               Rents
               ,
               and
               this
               will
               invite
               and
               encourage
               Takers
               ;
               whilst
               the
               middle
               ,
               most
               secure
               ,
               and
               interiour
               parts
               would
               be
               a
               
                 Royal
                 portion
              
               .
               Let
               his
               Majesty
               therefore
               admit
               of
               any
               willing
               Adventurers
               in
               this
               vast
               Circle
               for
               such
               Enclosures
               in
               the
               Precincts
               ;
               and
               rather
               of
               more
               ,
               than
               of
               few
               ,
               though
               an
               hundred
               or
               two
               ,
               should
               joyn
               together
               for
               any
               Enclosure
               of
               
                 five
                 hundred
                 Acres
              
               more
               ,
               or
               lesse
               ;
               that
               multitudes
               being
               thus
               engaged
               ,
               the
               consideration
               might
               procure
               ,
               and
               facilitate
               a
               full
               discovery
               of
               latter
               Encroachments
               ,
               and
               fortifie
               the
               recovery
               by
               favourable
               
                 Rents
                 ,
                 Improvements
              
               ,
               and
               Reversions
               by
               Copy-hold
               ,
               or
               what
               other
               Tenures
               and
               Services
               his
               Majesty
               shall
               please
               to
               accept
               of
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               Now
               for
               the
               Planting
               of
               Woods
               in
               such
               places
               (
               which
               is
               the
               main
               Design
               of
               this
               whole
               Treatise
               )
               the
               Hills
               ,
               and
               
                 rough
                 Grounds
              
               
               will
               do
               well
               ;
               but
               they
               are
               the
               rich
               fat
               Vales
               ,
               and
               flats
               which
               do
               best
               deserve
               the
               charge
               of
               walls
               ;
               such
               as
               that
               spot
               affords
               ;
               and
               the
               Haw-thorn
               well
               plash'd
               (
               single
               or
               double
               )
               is
               a
               better
               ,
               and
               more
               natural
               fence
               ,
               than
               
                 unmorter'd
                 walls
              
               ,
               could
               our
               industry
               arrive
               to
               the
               making
               of
               such
               as
               we
               have
               describ'd
               :
               Besides
               ,
               they
               are
               lasting
               ,
               and
               profitable
               ;
               and
               then
               one
               might
               allow
               sufficient
               Bordure
               for
               a
               Mound
               of
               any
               thicknesse
               ,
               which
               may
               be
               the
               first
               charge
               ,
               and
               well
               supported
               ,
               and
               rewarded
               by
               the
               culture
               of
               the
               Land
               thus
               enclosed
               .
            
             
               7.
               
               For
               Example
               ,
               suppose
               a
               man
               would
               take
               in
               500
               Acres
               of
               good
               Land
               ,
               let
               the
               Mounds
               be
               of
               the
               wildest
               ground
               ,
               as
               fittest
               for
               wood
               :
               Two
               hedges
               with
               their
               Vallations
               ,
               and
               Trenches
               will
               be
               requisite
               in
               all
               the
               Round
               ;
               viz.
               one
               next
               to
               the
               Enclosure
               ,
               the
               other
               about
               the
               Thicket
               to
               fence
               it
               from
               Cattle
               :
               This
               ,
               between
               the
               two
               hedges
               (
               of
               whatsoever
               breadth
               )
               is
               fittest
               for
               Plantation
               :
               In
               these
               Hedges
               might
               be
               tryed
               the
               Plantation
               of
               Stocks
               ,
               in
               the
               intervals
               all
               manner
               of
               wood-seeds
               sown
               (
               after
               competent
               Plowings
               )
               as
               
                 Acorns
                 ,
                 Mast
                 ,
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Pine
                 ,
                 Nuts
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               the
               first
               year
               chasing
               away
               the
               Birds
               ,
               because
               of
               the
               Fir
               and
               Pine
               Seeds
               ,
               for
               reasons
               given
               :
               the
               second
               year
               loosning
               the
               ground
               ,
               and
               thinning
               the
               supernumeraries
               ,
               &c.
               this
               is
               the
               most
               frugal
               way
               :
               Or
               by
               another
               Method
               ,
               the
               waste
               places
               of
               Forests
               and
               Woods
               (
               which
               by
               through
               experience
               is
               known
               and
               tried
               )
               might
               be
               perfectly
               clensed
               ;
               and
               then
               allowing
               two
               or
               three
               Plowings
               ,
               well
               rooted
               stocks
               be
               set
               ,
               cut
               and
               trimm'd
               as
               is
               requisite
               ;
               and
               that
               the
               Timber-trees
               may
               be
               excellent
               ,
               those
               afterwards
               Copsed
               ,
               and
               the
               choicest
               stocks
               kept
               shreaded
               .
               If
               an
               Enclosure
               be
               sow'd
               ,
               the
               Seeds
               may
               be
               (
               as
               was
               directed
               )
               of
               all
               the
               species
               ,
               not
               forgetting
               the
               best
               
                 Pines
                 ,
                 Fir
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               whiles
               the
               yearly
               removal
               of
               very
               incumbrances
               onely
               ,
               will
               repay
               the
               Workmen
               ,
               who
               sell
               the
               Quick
               ,
               or
               reserve
               it
               to
               store
               other
               Enclosures
               ,
               and
               soften
               the
               circumjacent
               grounds
               ,
               to
               the
               very
               great
               improvement
               of
               what
               remains
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               And
               how
               if
               in
               such
               fencing-works
               ,
               we
               did
               sometimes
               imitate
               what
               
                 Quintus
                 Curtius
                 ,
                 lib.
              
               6.
               has
               Recorded
               of
               the
               
                 Mardorum
                 gens
              
               ,
               near
               to
               the
               Confines
               of
               Hyrcania
               ,
               who
               did
               by
               the
               close
               Planting
               of
               Trees
               alone
               upon
               the
               Bordures
               ,
               give
               so
               strange
               a
               check
               to
               the
               Power
               of
               that
               great
               Conqueror
               Alexander
               ?
               They
               were
               a
               barbarous
               People
               indeed
               ,
               but
               in
               this
               worthy
               our
               imitation
               ;
               and
               the
               Work
               so
               handsomly
               ,
               and
               particularly
               describ'd
               ,
               that
               I
               shall
               not
               grieve
               to
               recite
               it
               .
               
                 Arbores
                 densae
                 sunt
                 de
                 industria
                 consitae
                 ,
                 quarum
                 teneros
                 adhuc
                 ramos
                 manu
                 flectunt
                 ,
                 quos
                 intortos
                 rursus
                 inserunt
                 terrae
                 :
                 Inde
                 ,
                 velut
                 ex
                 alia
                 radice
                 ,
                 laetiores
                 virent
                 trunci
                 :
                 hos
                 ,
                 qua
                 natura
                 fert
                 ,
                 adolescere
                 non
                 sinunt
                 :
                 quippe
                 alium
                 alii
                 ,
                 quasi
                 nexu
                 conserunt
                 :
                 qui
                 ubi
                 multa
                 fronde
                 vestiti
                 sunt
                 ,
                 operiunt
                 terram
                 .
                 Itaque
                 occulti
                 ramorum
                 velut
                 laquei
                 perpetuá
                 sepe
                 iter
                 claudunt
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               The
               Trees
               
                 (
                 saith
                 he
              
               )
               were
               Planted
               so
               near
               and
               thick
               together
               of
               purpose
               ,
               that
               when
               the
               boughs
               were
               yet
               young
               and
               flexible
               ,
               bent
               ,
               and
               wreath'd
               within
               one
               another
               ,
               their
               Tops
               were
               bowed
               into
               the
               earth
               (
               as
               we
               
                 submerge
                 our
              
               Layers
               )
               whence
               taking
               fresh
               roots
               ,
               they
               shot
               up
               new
               stems
               ,
               which
               not
               being
               permitted
               to
               grow
               as
               of
               themselves
               
               they
               would
               have
               done
               ,
               they
               so
               knit
               ,
               and
               perplex'd
               one
               within
               another
               ,
               that
               vvhen
               they
               vvere
               clad
               vvith
               leaves
               ,
               they
               even
               cover'd
               the
               ground
               ,
               and
               enclosed
               the
               whole
               Country
               with
               a
               kind
               of
               living
               net
               ,
               and
               impenetrable
               hedge
               ,
               as
               the
               Historian
               continues
               the
               description
               ;
               and
               this
               is
               not
               unlike
               what
               I
               am
               told
               is
               frequently
               practis'd
               in
               divers
               places
               of
               Devon
               ;
               where
               the
               Oaks
               being
               planted
               very
               neer
               the
               foot
               of
               those
               high
               Mounds
               by
               which
               they
               separate
               their
               Lands
               ;
               so
               Root
               themselves
               into
               the
               Bank
               ,
               that
               when
               it
               fails
               and
               crumbles
               down
               ,
               the
               Fense
               continues
               still
               maintain'd
               by
               them
               with
               exceeding
               profit
               .
               Such
               works
               as
               these
               would
               become
               a
               Cato
               ,
               or
               Varro
               indeed
               ,
               one
               that
               were
               
                 Pater
                 Patriae
                 ,
                 non
                 sibi
                 soli
                 natus
                 ,
              
               born
               for
               Posterity
               ;
               but
               we
               are
               commonly
               of
               another
               mould
               ,
               
                 —
                 &
                 fruges
                 consumere
                 nati
                 .
              
            
             
               9.
               
               A
               fair
               advance
               for
               speedy
               growth
               ,
               and
               noble
               Trees
               (
               especially
               for
               Walks
               and
               Avenues
               )
               may
               be
               assuredly
               expected
               from
               the
               Graffing
               of
               young
               Oaks
               ,
               and
               Elms
               with
               the
               best
               of
               their
               kinds
               ;
               and
               where
               the
               goodliest
               of
               these
               last
               are
               growing
               ,
               the
               ground
               would
               be
               plow'd
               ,
               and
               finely
               raked
               in
               the
               season
               when
               the
               Scales
               fall
               ;
               that
               the
               showres
               and
               dews
               fastning
               the
               Seed
               where
               the
               wind
               drives
               it
               ,
               it
               may
               take
               Root
               ,
               and
               hasten
               (
               as
               it
               will
               )
               to
               a
               sudden
               Tree
               ;
               especially
               ,
               if
               seasonable
               shreading
               be
               appli'd
               ,
               which
               has
               sometimes
               made
               them
               arrive
               to
               the
               height
               of
               Twelve
               foot
               by
               the
               first
               three
               years
               ,
               after
               vvhich
               they
               grovv
               a
               main
               .
               And
               if
               such
               vvere
               planted
               as
               near
               to
               one
               another
               as
               in
               the
               Examples
               vve
               have
               alledg'd
               ,
               it
               is
               almost
               incredible
               ,
               vvhat
               a
               paling
               they
               vvould
               be
               to
               our
               most
               expos'd
               Plantations
               ,
               mounting
               up
               their
               vvooden
               walls
               to
               the
               clouds
               :
               And
               indeed
               the
               shelving
               ,
               and
               natural
               declivity
               of
               the
               Ground
               more
               or
               lesse
               to
               our
               unkind
               Aspects
               ,
               and
               bleak
               Winds
               ,
               does
               best
               direct
               to
               the
               thickning
               of
               these
               protections
               ;
               and
               the
               benefit
               of
               that
               ,
               soon
               appear
               ,
               and
               recompence
               our
               industry
               in
               the
               smoothnesse
               and
               integrity
               of
               the
               Plantations
               so
               defended
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               That
               great
               care
               be
               had
               of
               the
               Seeds
               vvhich
               vve
               intend
               to
               sovv
               has
               been
               already
               advised
               ;
               for
               it
               has
               been
               seen
               ,
               that
               Woods
               of
               the
               same
               age
               ;
               planted
               in
               the
               same
               soil
               ,
               discover
               a
               visible
               difference
               in
               the
               Timber
               and
               growth
               ;
               and
               vvhere
               this
               variety
               should
               happen
               ,
               if
               not
               from
               the
               seed
               ,
               vvill
               be
               hard
               to
               interpret
               ;
               therefore
               ,
               let
               the
               
                 place
                 ,
                 soil
              
               and
               growth
               of
               such
               Trees
               from
               vvhence
               you
               have
               your
               seeds
               ,
               be
               diligently
               examin'd
               ;
               and
               vvhy
               not
               this
               ,
               as
               vvell
               as
               in
               our
               care
               of
               Animals
               for
               our
               breed
               and
               store
               ?
            
             
               11.
               
               As
               to
               the
               Form
               ,
               obey
               the
               natural
               site
               ,
               and
               submit
               to
               the
               several
               guizes
               ;
               but
               ever
               declining
               to
               enclose
               
                 High
                 wayes
              
               ,
               and
               Common-Roads
               as
               much
               as
               possible
               .
               For
               the
               rest
               ,
               be
               pleased
               to
               reflect
               on
               what
               we
               have
               already
               said
               ,
               to
               encourage
               the
               Planting
               of
               the
               large
               spreading
               Oak
               above
               all
               that
               species
               ;
               the
               amplitude
               of
               the
               distance
               which
               they
               require
               resign'd
               to
               the
               care
               of
               the
               Verderer
               for
               grazing
               
                 Cattle
                 ,
                 Deer
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               for
               the
               great
               and
               masculine
               beauty
               which
               a
               wild
               Quincunx
               ,
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               of
               such
               Trees
               would
               present
               to
               your
               eye
               .
            
             
             
               12.
               
               But
               to
               advance
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Forests
              
               to
               this
               height
               of
               perfection
               ,
               I
               should
               again
               urge
               the
               removal
               of
               some
               of
               our
               most
               mischievously
               plac'd
               
                 Iron
                 mills
              
               ;
               if
               that
               at
               least
               be
               true
               which
               some
               have
               affirm'd
               ,
               that
               we
               had
               better
               Iron
               ,
               and
               cheaper
               from
               Forreigners
               ,
               when
               those
               works
               were
               strangers
               amongst
               us
               .
               I
               am
               inform'd
               ,
               that
               the
               New-English
               (
               vvho
               are
               novv
               become
               very
               numerous
               ,
               and
               hindred
               in
               their
               advance
               and
               prospect
               of
               the
               Continent
               by
               their
               surfeit
               of
               the
               Woods
               which
               we
               want
               )
               did
               about
               twelve
               years
               since
               ,
               begin
               to
               clear
               their
               
                 High
                 ways
              
               by
               two
               Iron-mills
               :
               I
               am
               sure
               their
               zeal
               has
               sufficiently
               wasted
               our
               stately
               Woods
               ,
               and
               Steel
               in
               the
               bowels
               of
               their
               Mother
               old
               England
               ;
               and
               't
               were
               now
               but
               expedient
               ,
               their
               Brethren
               should
               hasten
               thither
               to
               supply
               us
               with
               Iron
               for
               the
               peace
               of
               our
               dayes
               ;
               whilst
               his
               Majesty
               becomes
               the
               great
               Soveraign
               of
               the
               Ocean
               ,
               free
               
                 Commerce
                 ,
                 Nemorum
                 Vindex
                 &
                 Instaurator
                 magnus
                 .
              
               This
               were
               the
               onely
               way
               to
               render
               both
               our
               Countries
               habitable
               indeed
               ,
               and
               the
               fittest
               Sacrifice
               for
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Oaks
              
               ,
               and
               their
               Hamadryad's
               to
               whom
               they
               owe
               more
               than
               a
               sleight
               submission
               :
               And
               he
               that
               should
               deeply
               consider
               the
               prodigious
               waste
               which
               these
               voracious
               Iron
               ,
               and
               Glasse-works
               have
               formerly
               made
               but
               in
               
                 one
                 County
              
               alone
               ,
               the
               County
               of
               Sussex
               ,
               for
               120
               Miles
               in
               length
               ,
               and
               thirty
               in
               breadth
               (
               for
               so
               wide
               ,
               and
               spacious
               was
               the
               antient
               Andradswald
               ,
               of
               old
               one
               intire
               Wood
               ,
               but
               of
               which
               there
               remains
               now
               little
               ,
               or
               no
               sign
               )
               would
               be
               touch'd
               with
               no
               mean
               Indignation
               :
               Certainly
               ,
               the
               goodly
               Rivers
               and
               Forests
               of
               the
               other
               World
               ,
               would
               much
               better
               become
               our
               Iron
               ,
               and
               Saw-mills
               ,
               than
               these
               exhausted
               Countreys
               ;
               and
               we
               prove
               gainers
               by
               the
               timely
               removal
               :
               I
               have
               said
               this
               already
               ,
               and
               I
               cannot
               too
               often
               inculcate
               it
               for
               the
               Concerns
               of
               a
               Nation
               ,
               whose
               onely
               Protection
               (
               under
               God
               )
               are
               her
               
                 Wooden
                 Walls
              
               .
            
             
               13.
               
               Another
               thing
               to
               be
               recommended
               (
               and
               which
               would
               prove
               no
               lesse
               than
               thirty
               years
               ,
               in
               some
               places
               forty
               ,
               and
               generally
               twenty
               years
               advance
               )
               were
               a
               good
               (
               if
               well
               executed
               )
               Act
               to
               save
               our
               Standards
               ,
               and
               
                 borduring
                 Trees
              
               from
               the
               Ax
               of
               the
               Neighbourhood
               :
               And
               who
               would
               not
               preserve
               Timber
               ,
               when
               within
               so
               few
               years
               the
               price
               is
               almost
               quadrupl'd
               ?
               I
               assure
               you
               standards
               of
               
                 twenty
                 ,
                 thirty
              
               ,
               or
               forty
               years
               growth
               ,
               are
               of
               a
               long
               day
               for
               the
               Concernments
               of
               a
               Nation
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               And
               though
               we
               have
               in
               our
               general
               Chapter
               of
               Copses
               ,
               declar'd
               what
               by
               our
               Laws
               ,
               and
               common
               usage
               is
               expected
               at
               every
               Fell
               (
               and
               which
               is
               indeed
               most
               requisite
               ,
               till
               our
               store
               be
               otherwise
               suppli'd
               )
               yet
               might
               much
               even
               of
               that
               rigor
               be
               abated
               ,
               by
               no
               unfrugal
               permissions
               to
               take
               down
               more
               of
               the
               Standards
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               the
               Vnder-woods
               (
               especially
               where
               ,
               by
               
                 over
                 dropping
              
               ,
               and
               shade
               they
               interrupt
               the
               kindly
               
                 Dews
                 ,
                 Rains
              
               ,
               and
               Influences
               which
               nourish
               them
               )
               provided
               that
               there
               were
               a
               proportionable
               number
               of
               Timber-trees
               duly
               ,
               and
               throughly
               Planted
               ,
               and
               preserved
               in
               the
               Hedge-rows
               and
               Bordures
               of
               our
               grounds
               ;
               in
               which
               case
               ,
               even
               the
               total
               clearing
               of
               some
               Copses
               would
               be
               to
               their
               great
               advance
               ,
               as
               by
               sad
               experience
               has
               been
               taught
               some
               good
               Husbands
               ,
               
               whose
               necessities
               sometimes
               forced
               them
               to
               violate
               their
               Standards
               ,
               and
               more
               grown
               Trees
               during
               the
               late
               Tyranny
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               Nor
               will
               it
               be
               here
               unseasonable
               to
               advise
               ,
               that
               where
               Trees
               are
               manifestly
               perceiv'd
               to
               decay
               ,
               they
               be
               marked
               out
               for
               the
               Ax
               ,
               that
               so
               the
               younger
               may
               come
               on
               for
               a
               supply
               ;
               especially
               ,
               where
               they
               are
               chiefly
               Elms
               ;
               because
               their
               successors
               hasten
               to
               their
               height
               and
               perfection
               in
               a
               competent
               time
               ;
               but
               beginning
               once
               to
               grow
               sick
               of
               Age
               ,
               or
               other
               infirmity
               ,
               suddenly
               impair
               ;
               and
               lose
               much
               of
               their
               value
               yearly
               :
               besides
               ,
               that
               the
               increase
               of
               this
               ,
               and
               other
               speedy
               Timber
               ,
               would
               spare
               the
               more
               Oak
               for
               Navigation
               ,
               and
               the
               sturdier
               uses
               .
            
             
               How
               goodly
               a
               sight
               were
               it
               ,
               if
               most
               of
               the
               Demesnes
               of
               our
               
                 Countrey
                 Gentlemen
              
               were
               crown'd
               and
               incircl'd
               with
               such
               stately
               rows
               of
               
                 Limes
                 ,
                 Firs
                 ,
                 Elms
              
               ,
               and
               other
               ample
               ,
               shady
               and
               venerable
               Trees
               as
               adorn
               New-Hall
               in
               Essex
               ,
               the
               Seat
               of
               that
               
                 Suffolk
                 Knight
              
               neer
               Yarmouth
               ,
               and
               our
               neighbouring
               Pastures
               at
               Barnes
               ?
               Yet
               were
               these
               Plantations
               but
               of
               late
               years
               in
               comparison
               :
               It
               were
               a
               noble
               ,
               and
               immortal
               providence
               to
               imitate
               these
               good
               Husbands
               in
               larger
               ,
               and
               more
               august
               Plantations
               of
               such
               useful
               Trees
               ,
               for
               Timber
               and
               Fuel
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               for
               Shade
               ,
               and
               Ornament
               to
               our
               Dwellings
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               But
               these
               incomparable
               undertakings
               will
               best
               of
               all
               become
               the
               Inspection
               and
               care
               of
               the
               Honourable
               Lieutenants
               ,
               and
               Rangers
               ,
               when
               they
               delight
               themselves
               as
               much
               in
               the
               goodlinesse
               of
               their
               Trees
               ,
               as
               other
               men
               generally
               do
               in
               their
               Dogs
               ,
               and
               Horses
               ,
               for
               Races
               ,
               and
               Hunting
               ;
               neither
               of
               which
               Recreations
               is
               comparable
               to
               that
               of
               Planting
               ,
               either
               for
               Virtue
               ,
               or
               Pleasure
               ,
               were
               things
               justly
               consider'd
               according
               to
               their
               true
               estimation
               :
               Not
               yet
               that
               I
               am
               of
               so
               morose
               an
               humour
               ,
               that
               I
               reprove
               any
               of
               those
               noble
               ,
               and
               manly
               Diversions
               ,
               seasonably
               us'd
               ;
               but
               because
               I
               would
               court
               the
               Industry
               of
               great
               and
               opulent
               persons
               ,
               to
               profitable
               ,
               and
               permanent
               delights
               :
               For
               ,
               suppose
               that
               Ambition
               were
               chang'd
               into
               a
               laudable
               emulation
               ,
               who
               should
               best
               ,
               and
               with
               most
               artifice
               ,
               raise
               a
               Plantation
               of
               Trees
               ,
               that
               should
               have
               all
               the
               proper
               Ornaments
               ,
               and
               perfections
               their
               nature
               is
               susceptible
               of
               ,
               by
               their
               direction
               and
               encouragement
               ;
               such
               as
               Aelian
               sums
               up
               lib.
               3.
               c.
               14.
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               &c.
               kind
               ,
               and
               gentle
               Limbs
               ,
               plenty
               of
               large
               leaves
               ,
               an
               ample
               ,
               and
               fair
               body
               ,
               profound
               ,
               or
               spreading
               Roots
               ,
               strong
               against
               impetuous
               Winds
               (
               for
               so
               I
               affect
               to
               read
               it
               )
               extensive
               ,
               and
               venerable
               Shade
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               :
               Methinks
               there
               were
               as
               much
               a
               subject
               of
               Glory
               as
               could
               be
               phancied
               of
               the
               kind
               ;
               and
               comparable
               ,
               I
               durst
               pronounce
               ,
               preferrable
               ,
               to
               any
               of
               their
               Recreations
               ;
               and
               how
               goodly
               an
               Ornament
               to
               their
               Demesnes
               and
               Dwellings
               ,
               let
               their
               own
               eyes
               be
               the
               judges
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               One
               Encouragement
               more
               ,
               I
               would
               reinforce
               from
               an
               History
               I
               have
               read
               of
               a
               certain
               frugal
               ,
               and
               most
               Industrious
               
                 Italian
                 Noble-man
              
               ,
               who
               ,
               after
               his
               Lady
               was
               brought
               to
               Bed
               of
               a
               Daughter
               ,
               considering
               that
               Wood
               and
               Timber
               was
               a
               Revenue
               coming
               on
               whilst
               the
               Owners
               were
               asleep
               :
               commanded
               his
               Servants
               immediately
               to
               
               Plant
               in
               his
               Lands
               (
               which
               were
               ample
               )
               
                 Oaks
                 ,
                 Ashes
              
               ,
               and
               other
               profitable
               ,
               and
               
                 Marketable
                 Trees
              
               ,
               to
               the
               number
               of
               an
               
                 Hundred
                 thousand
              
               ;
               as
               undoubtedly
               calculating
               ,
               that
               each
               of
               those
               Trees
               ,
               might
               be
               worth
               
                 twenty
                 pence
              
               ,
               before
               his
               Daughter
               became
               Marriageable
               ,
               which
               would
               amount
               to
               100000
               francs
               (
               which
               is
               neer
               
                 ten
                 thousand
                 pounds
                 sterling
              
               )
               intended
               to
               be
               given
               with
               his
               Daughter
               for
               a
               Portion
               .
               This
               was
               good
               Philosophy
               ,
               and
               such
               as
               I
               am
               assur'd
               is
               frequently
               practis'd
               in
               Flanders
               upon
               the
               very
               same
               account
               :
               Let
               us
               see
               it
               once
               take
               effect
               amongst
               our
               many
               slothful
               Gentry
               ,
               who
               have
               certainly
               as
               large
               Demesnes
               ,
               and
               yet
               are
               so
               deficient
               in
               that
               decent
               point
               of
               timely
               providing
               for
               their
               numerous
               Children
               :
               And
               those
               who
               have
               none
               ,
               let
               them
               the
               rather
               
                 Plant
                 :
                 Trees
              
               and
               Vegetables
               have
               perpetuated
               some
               Names
               longer
               ,
               and
               better
               than
               a
               Pedigree
               of
               a
               numerous
               Off-spring
               ;
               and
               it
               were
               a
               pledge
               of
               a
               
                 Noble
                 Mind
              
               ,
               to
               oblige
               the
               future
               Age
               by
               our
               particular
               Industry
               ,
               and
               by
               a
               long
               lasting
               train
               ,
               with
               the
               
                 living
                 work
              
               of
               our
               
                 own
                 hands
              
               :
               But
               I
               now
               proceed
               to
               more
               general
               Concerns
               ,
               in
               order
               to
               the
               Quaeries
               ,
               and
               first
               to
               the
               proportion
               .
            
             
               18.
               
               It
               were
               but
               just
               ,
               and
               infinitely
               befitting
               the
               miserable
               needs
               of
               the
               whole
               Nation
               ,
               that
               every
               
                 twenty
                 Acres
              
               of
               Pasture
               ,
               made
               an
               allowance
               for
               half
               an
               Acre
               of
               Timber
               ,
               the
               Ground
               dug
               about
               Christmas
               ,
               casting
               the
               Grassy-side
               downwards
               'till
               June
               ,
               then
               dug
               again
               ,
               and
               about
               November
               stir'd
               afresh
               ,
               and
               sown
               with
               Mast
               ,
               or
               planted
               in
               a
               clump
               ,
               well
               preserv'd
               ,
               and
               fenc'd
               for
               14
               ,
               or
               15
               years
               ;
               unless
               that
               Sheep
               might
               haply
               Graze
               after
               4
               or
               5
               years
               :
               And
               where
               the
               young
               Trees
               stand
               too
               thick
               ,
               there
               to
               draw
               ,
               and
               transplant
               them
               in
               the
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               which
               would
               also
               prove
               excellent
               shelter
               for
               the
               Cattel
               :
               This
               Husbandry
               would
               more
               especially
               become
               
                 Northhamptonshire
                 ,
                 Lincolnshire
                 ,
                 Cornwall
              
               ,
               and
               such
               other
               of
               our
               Countries
               as
               are
               the
               most
               naked
               of
               
                 Timber
                 ,
                 Fuel
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               unprovided
               of
               covert
               :
               For
               it
               is
               rightly
               observ'd
               ,
               that
               the
               most
               
                 fruitfull
                 places
              
               ,
               least
               abound
               in
               wood
               ,
               and
               do
               most
               stand
               in
               need
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               Such
               as
               are
               ready
               to
               tell
               ye
               their
               Lands
               are
               so
               wet
               ,
               that
               their
               Woods
               do
               not
               thrive
               in
               them
               ;
               let
               them
               be
               converted
               to
               Pasture
               ;
               or
               bestow
               the
               same
               industry
               on
               them
               which
               good
               husbands
               do
               in
               Meadows
               by
               draining
               :
               It
               is
               a
               sloathfullnesse
               unpardonable
               ;
               as
               if
               the
               pains
               would
               not
               be
               as
               fully
               recompenc'd
               in
               the
               growth
               of
               their
               Timber
               ,
               as
               in
               that
               of
               their
               grass
               :
               Where
               poor
               hungry
               Woods
               grow
               ,
               rich
               Corn
               ,
               and
               good
               Cattle
               would
               be
               more
               plentifully
               bred
               ;
               and
               it
               were
               beneficial
               to
               convert
               some
               Wood-land
               (
               where
               the
               proper
               vertue
               is
               exhausted
               )
               to
               Pasture
               and
               Tillage
               ;
               provided
               ,
               that
               fresh
               land
               were
               improved
               also
               to
               wood
               in
               recompence
               ,
               and
               to
               balance
               the
               other
               .
            
             
               20.
               
               Where
               we
               find
               uliginous
               and
               starv'd
               places
               (
               which
               sometimes
               obey
               no
               Art
               or
               Industry
               to
               drain
               ,
               and
               of
               which
               our
               pale
               and
               fading
               Corn
               is
               a
               sure
               indication
               )
               we
               are
               as
               it
               were
               courted
               to
               obey
               Nature
               ,
               and
               improve
               them
               for
               the
               propagation
               of
               
                 Sallyes
                 ,
                 VVillows
                 ,
                 Alders
                 ,
                 Abele
                 ,
                 Sycomore
                 ,
                 Aspine
                 ,
                 Bircb
                 ,
              
               and
               the
               like
               hasty
               and
               profitable
               growers
               ,
               by
               ranging
               them
               ,
               casting
               of
               
                 Ditches
                 ,
                 Trenches
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               as
               before
               has
               been
               taught
               .
            
             
             
               21.
               
               In
               the
               mean
               while
               ,
               't
               is
               a
               thing
               to
               be
               deplor'd
               ,
               that
               some
               persons
               bestow
               more
               in
               grubbing
               ,
               and
               dressing
               a
               few
               Acres
               which
               has
               been
               excellent
               wood
               ,
               to
               convert
               it
               into
               wretched
               pasture
               ,
               not
               worth
               a
               quarter
               of
               what
               the
               Trees
               would
               have
               yielded
               ,
               well
               order'd
               ,
               and
               left
               standing
               ;
               since
               it
               is
               certain
               ,
               that
               
                 barren
                 land
              
               planted
               with
               wood
               ,
               will
               trebble
               the
               expence
               in
               a
               short
               time
               .
               Of
               this
               ,
               the
               
                 R.
                 Honourable
              
               the
               
                 L.
                 Vicount
                 Scudamor
              
               may
               give
               fair
               proof
               ,
               who
               having
               fell'd
               (
               as
               I
               am
               credibly
               inform'd
               )
               a
               decay'd
               Wood
               ,
               intended
               to
               be
               set
               to
               Tennants
               ;
               but
               upon
               second
               thoughts
               (
               and
               for
               that
               his
               Lordship
               saw
               it
               apt
               to
               cast
               Wood
               )
               enclos'd
               and
               preserv'd
               ;
               it
               yielded
               him
               ,
               before
               thirty
               years
               were
               expir'd
               ,
               neer
               1000
               pound
               upon
               Wood-Falls
               ,
               whereas
               the
               utmost
               Rent
               of
               the
               whole
               price
               of
               
                 Land
                 yearly
              
               ,
               was
               not
               above
               8
               pound
               10
               shillings
               .
               The
               like
               I
               am
               able
               to
               confirm
               by
               instancing
               a
               
                 noble
                 Person
              
               ,
               who
               (
               a
               little
               before
               our
               unhappy
               Wars
               )
               having
               sown
               three
               or
               four
               Acres
               with
               Acorns
               ,
               the
               fourth
               year
               transplanted
               them
               which
               grew
               too
               thick
               all
               about
               his
               Lord-ship
               :
               These
               Trees
               are
               now
               of
               that
               stature
               ,
               and
               so
               likely
               to
               prove
               excellent
               Timber
               ,
               that
               they
               are
               already
               judg'd
               to
               be
               almost
               as
               much
               worth
               as
               the
               whole
               Demesnes
               ;
               and
               yet
               they
               take
               off
               nothing
               from
               other
               profits
               ,
               having
               been
               discreetly
               dispos'd
               of
               at
               the
               first
               designment
               .
               And
               supposing
               the
               Longuaevity
               of
               Trees
               should
               not
               extend
               to
               the
               Periods
               we
               have
               (
               upon
               so
               good
               account
               )
               produc'd
               ;
               Yet
               ,
               neither
               is
               their
               arrival
               to
               a
               very
               competent
               perfection
               ,
               so
               very
               discouraging
               ;
               since
               I
               am
               credibly
               inform'd
               ,
               that
               several
               Persons
               have
               built
               of
               Timber
               (
               and
               that
               of
               Oak
               )
               which
               were
               Acorns
               within
               this
               
                 fourty
                 years
              
               ;
               and
               I
               find
               it
               credibly
               reported
               ,
               that
               even
               our
               famous
               Forest
               of
               Dean
               ,
               hath
               been
               utterly
               wasted
               no
               lesse
               than
               three
               several
               times
               ,
               within
               the
               space
               of
               
                 Nine-hundred
                 years
              
               .
               The
               Prince
               
                 Elector
                 Frederic
              
               IV
               ,
               in
               the
               year
               1606.
               sow'd
               a
               part
               of
               that
               most
               barren
               Heath
               of
               Lambertheim
               ,
               with
               Acorns
               after
               plowing
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               been
               inform'd
               ;
               it
               is
               now
               likely
               to
               prove
               a
               most
               goodly
               Forest
               ,
               though
               all
               this
               while
               miserably
               neglected
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               Wars
               .
               For
               the
               care
               of
               
                 Planting
                 Trees
              
               ,
               should
               indeed
               be
               recommended
               to
               Princes
               and
               great
               Persons
               ,
               who
               have
               the
               Fee
               of
               the
               
                 Estate
                 ;
                 Tennants
              
               upon
               the
               Rack
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               tedious
               expectation
               ,
               and
               jealousie
               of
               having
               their
               Lands
               enhanc'd
               ,
               are
               for
               the
               most
               part
               averse
               from
               this
               Husbandry
               ;
               so
               that
               unless
               the
               Land-Lord
               will
               be
               at
               the
               whole
               Charge
               of
               Planting
               ,
               and
               Fencing
               (
               without
               which
               as
               good
               no
               Planting
               )
               little
               is
               to
               be
               expected
               ;
               and
               whatsoever
               is
               propos'd
               to
               them
               above
               their
               usual
               course
               ,
               is
               look'd
               upon
               as
               the
               whim
               and
               fancy
               of
               speculative
               Persons
               ,
               which
               they
               turn
               into
               ridicule
               when
               they
               are
               applied
               to
               Action
               ;
               and
               this
               ,
               says
               an
               ingenious
               and
               excellent
               Husband
               (
               whose
               Observations
               have
               afforded
               me
               no
               little
               treasure
               )
               might
               be
               the
               reason
               ,
               why
               the
               prime
               Writers
               of
               all
               Ages
               ,
               indeavour'd
               to
               involve
               their
               Discourses
               with
               Allegories
               ,
               and
               Aenigmatical
               termes
               ,
               to
               protect
               them
               from
               the
               contempt
               ,
               and
               pollution
               of
               the
               Vulgar
               ,
               which
               has
               been
               of
               some
               ill
               Consequence
               in
               Husbandry
               ;
               for
               that
               very
               few
               Writers
               of
               Worth
               ,
               have
               adventured
               upon
               so
               plain
               a
               Subject
               ,
               though
               doubtlesse
               to
               any
               
                 Considering
                 Person
              
               ,
               
               the
               most
               Delightful
               kind
               of
               
                 Natural
                 Philosophy
              
               ,
               and
               that
               which
               employs
               the
               most
               useful
               part
               of
               the
               Mathematics
               .
            
             
               The
               Right
               Honourable
               my
               Lord
               
                 Viscount
                 Mountague
              
               has
               Planted
               many
               thousands
               of
               Oaks
               ,
               which
               I
               am
               told
               ,
               he
               draws
               out
               of
               Copses
               ,
               big
               enough
               to
               defend
               themselves
               ;
               and
               that
               with
               such
               success
               ,
               as
               has
               exceedingly
               improv'd
               his
               Possessions
               ;
               and
               it
               is
               a
               worthy
               Example
               .
               To
               conclude
               ,
               I
               can
               shew
               an
               Avenue
               Planted
               to
               a
               House
               standing
               in
               a
               barren
               Park
               ,
               the
               Soil
               a
               cold
               Clay
               ;
               it
               consists
               totally
               of
               Oaks
               ,
               one
               hundred
               in
               number
               :
               The
               person
               who
               first
               set
               them
               (
               dying
               very
               lately
               )
               lived
               to
               see
               them
               spread
               their
               branches
               123
               foot
               in
               compasse
               ,
               which
               at
               distance
               of
               24
               foot
               ,
               mingling
               their
               shady
               tresses
               for
               above
               1000
               in
               length
               ,
               form
               themselves
               into
               one
               of
               the
               most
               venerable
               ,
               and
               stately
               
                 Arbor
                 Walks
              
               ,
               that
               in
               my
               life
               I
               ever
               beheld
               :
               This
               is
               at
               Baynards
               in
               Surrey
               ,
               and
               belonging
               to
               my
               most
               honour'd
               Brother
               (
               because
               a
               most
               industrious
               Planter
               of
               Wood
               )
               
                 Richard
                 Evelyn
              
               
                 Esq
              
               The
               Walk
               is
               broad
               56
               foot
               ,
               and
               one
               Tree
               with
               another
               containing
               by
               estimation
               
                 three
                 quarters
              
               of
               a
               load
               of
               Timber
               in
               each
               Tree
               ,
               and
               in
               their
               lops
               three
               Cord
               of
               fire-wood
               :
               Their
               Bodies
               are
               not
               of
               the
               tallest
               ,
               having
               been
               topped
               when
               they
               were
               young
               ,
               to
               reduce
               them
               to
               an
               uniform
               height
               ;
               yet
               is
               the
               Timber
               most
               excellent
               for
               its
               scantling
               ,
               and
               for
               their
               heads
               ,
               few
               in
               England
               excelling
               them
               :
               where
               some
               of
               their
               contemporaries
               ,
               were
               planted
               single
               in
               the
               Park
               without
               cumber
               ,
               they
               spread
               above
               fourscore
               foot
               in
               arms
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               I
               have
               produced
               these
               Examples
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               conspicuous
               ,
               full
               of
               encouragement
               ,
               worthy
               our
               imitation
               ;
               and
               that
               from
               these
               ,
               and
               sundry
               others
               which
               I
               might
               enumerate
               ,
               we
               have
               made
               this
               Observation
               ,
               that
               almost
               any
               Soil
               is
               proper
               for
               some
               profitable
               Timber-Trees
               or
               other
               ,
               which
               is
               good
               for
               very
               little
               else
               .
            
             
               23.
               
               The
               bottoms
               of
               Downs
               ,
               and
               like
               places
               well
               Plow'd
               ,
               and
               sown
               will
               bear
               lusty
               Timber
               ,
               being
               
                 broken
                 up
              
               ,
               and
               let
               lye
               till
               Mid-summer
               ,
               and
               then
               stirr'd
               again
               before
               sowing
               about
               November
               .
            
             
               An
               old
               ,
               and
               judicious
               Planter
               of
               Woods
               ,
               prescribes
               us
               these
               Directions
               ,
               for
               improving
               of
               
                 Sheep-walks
                 ,
                 Downs
                 ,
                 Heaths
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               Suppose
               ,
               on
               every
               such
               Walk
               on
               which
               500
               Sheep
               might
               be
               kept
               ,
               there
               were
               Plow'd
               up
               twenty
               Acres
               (
               Plow'd
               pretty
               deep
               ,
               that
               the
               Roots
               might
               take
               hold
               ,
               and
               be
               able
               to
               resist
               the
               Winds
               )
               this
               should
               be
               sowed
               with
               Mast
               of
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Chats
              
               of
               
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Maple-keys
                 ,
                 Sloes
                 ,
                 Service-berries
                 ,
                 Nuts
                 ,
                 Bullis
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               bruis'd
               Crabs
               ,
               and
               Haws
               ;
               mingled
               and
               scatter'd
               about
               the
               sides
               and
               ends
               of
               the
               Ground
               ,
               near
               a
               yard
               in
               breadth
               .
               On
               the
               rest
               sowe
               no
               Haws
               ,
               but
               some
               few
               Crabkernells
               :
               Then
               begin
               at
               a
               side
               ,
               and
               sowe
               five
               yards
               broad
               ,
               Plowing
               under
               the
               
                 Mast
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               very
               shallow
               ;
               then
               leave
               six
               yards
               in
               breadth
               ,
               and
               sowe
               ,
               and
               Plow
               five
               yards
               more
               ,
               and
               so
               from
               side
               to
               side
               ;
               remembring
               to
               leave
               a
               yard
               and
               half
               at
               the
               last
               side
               ;
               let
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               head-lands
               lie
               ,
               till
               the
               Remainder
               of
               the
               Close
               be
               sown
               in
               March
               with
               
                 Oates
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               to
               preserve
               it
               from
               hurt
               of
               Cattel
               ,
               and
               potching
               the
               Ground
               ,
               when
               the
               Spring
               is
               of
               two
               years
               growth
               ,
               draw
               part
               of
               it
               
               for
               Quick-sets
               ;
               and
               when
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               Trees
               are
               of
               six
               years
               shoot
               ,
               exhaust
               it
               of
               more
               ;
               and
               leave
               not
               above
               forty
               of
               either
               side
               ,
               each
               row
               five
               yards
               distant
               ;
               and
               here
               ,
               and
               there
               a
               
                 Crab
                 stock
              
               to
               graff
               on
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               invironing
               Hedge
               (
               to
               be
               left
               thick
               )
               let
               each
               Tree
               stand
               four
               yards
               asunder
               ;
               which
               if
               
                 forty
                 four
              
               were
               spared
               ,
               will
               amount
               to
               about
               4000
               Trees
               :
               At
               twenty
               years
               end
               stock
               up
               2000
               of
               them
               ,
               lop
               a
               thousand
               more
               every
               ten
               years
               ,
               and
               reserve
               the
               remaining
               thousand
               for
               Timber
               :
               Judge
               what
               this
               may
               be
               worth
               in
               a
               short
               time
               ,
               besides
               the
               
                 Grass
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               which
               will
               grow
               the
               first
               six
               or
               seven
               years
               ,
               and
               the
               benefit
               of
               shelter
               for
               Sheep
               in
               ill
               Weather
               ,
               when
               they
               cannot
               be
               folded
               ;
               and
               the
               Pasture
               which
               will
               be
               had
               under
               the
               Trees
               ,
               now
               at
               eleven
               yards
               interval
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               stocking
               up
               those
               2000
               we
               mention'd
               ,
               excepting
               the
               Hedges
               ;
               and
               if
               in
               any
               of
               these
               Places
               any
               considerable
               waters
               fortune
               to
               lye
               in
               their
               bottoms
               ,
               Fowl
               would
               abundantly
               both
               breed
               ,
               and
               harbour
               there
               .
               These
               are
               admirable
               Directions
               for
               Park-lands
               where
               shelter
               and
               Food
               is
               scarcy
               .
            
             
               But
               even
               this
               Improvement
               yet
               does
               no
               way
               reach
               ,
               what
               I
               have
               met
               withal
               in
               the
               most
               accurate
               ,
               and
               no
               lesse
               laborious
               Calculation
               of
               Captain
               Smith
               upon
               this
               very
               Topic
               ;
               where
               he
               Demonstratively
               asserts
               ,
               that
               a
               
                 thousand
                 Acres
              
               of
               Land
               ,
               Planted
               at
               one
               foot
               interval
               ,
               in
               7201
               rowes
               ;
               taking
               up
               51854401
               Plants
               of
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Ash
                 ,
                 Chessnut
              
               (
               or
               to
               be
               sown
               )
               taking
               up
               17284800
               of
               each
               sort
               ,
               and
               fit
               to
               be
               transplanted
               at
               three
               years
               period
               (
               if
               set
               in
               good
               ground
               )
               are
               worth
               
                 eighteen
                 pence
              
               the
               hundred
               ;
               and
               there
               being
               345696
               hundred
               ,
               it
               amounts
               to
               no
               lesse
               then
               25927
               l.
               4
               s.
               besides
               the
               Chessnuts
               ,
               of
               which
               there
               being
               1728480
               l.
               (
               valued
               at
               ,
               and
               worth
               half
               a
               Crown
               the
               Hundred
               )
               they
               come
               to
               21606
               l.
               and
               the
               total
               of
               all
               ,
               to
               47533
               l.
               4
               s.
               
            
             
               This
               being
               made
               out
               ,
               consider
               what
               an
               immense
               sum
               ,
               
                 great
                 Trees
              
               would
               amount
               to
               ,
               and
               in
               a
               large
               quantity
               of
               Land
               ;
               such
               as
               were
               worthy
               a
               Royal
               undertaking
               :
               It
               is
               computed
               ,
               that
               at
               three
               foot
               distance
               ,
               the
               first
               Felling
               (
               that
               is
               ,
               eight
               ,
               or
               nine
               years
               after
               their
               Planting
               )
               would
               be
               worth
               in
               
                 Hoops
                 ,
                 Poles
                 ,
                 Firing
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               55015
               l.
               and
               the
               second
               Fell
               ,
               28657
               l.
               19
               s.
               5
               d.
               And
               the
               fourth
               (
               which
               may
               be
               about
               thirty
               two
               years
               from
               their
               Semination
               )
               90104
               l.
               17
               s.
               and
               so
               forward
               .
            
             
               At
               four
               foot
               interval
               ,
               and
               Felling
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               same
               proportion
               ,
               you
               may
               likewise
               reckon
               ;
               and
               in
               11
               years
               with
               three
               years
               Crop
               of
               Wheat
               (
               sow'd
               at
               first
               between
               )
               it
               will
               amount
               to
               34001
               l.
               9
               s.
               4
               d.
               And
               the
               next
               ,
               very
               much
               more
               ;
               in
               regard
               the
               Wood
               will
               spring
               up
               thicker
               :
               So
               as
               at
               the
               fifth
               Fell
               ,
               the
               accompt
               stands
               126
               992
               l.
               10
               s.
               2
               d.
               &c.
               and
               at
               the
               seventh
               (
               whoever
               lives
               to
               it
               )
               200000
               :
               And
               if
               planted
               at
               wider
               distance
               ,
               viz.
               18
               foot
               (
               according
               to
               the
               Captains
               method
               )
               at
               30
               ,
               or
               40
               years
               growth
               you
               may
               compute
               them
               worth
               19296●
               l.
               6
               s.
               And
               in
               seventy
               years
               ,
               201001
               ;
               besides
               the
               three
               years
               crop
               of
               Wheat
               ,
               in
               all
               410312
               l.
               16
               s.
               which
               at
               36
               foot
               interval
               (
               accounted
               the
               utmost
               for
               Timber
               )
               takes
               up
               (
               for
               1000
               Acres
               )
               40401
               Trees
               for
               the
               first
               100
               years
               .
               Then
               ,
            
             
             
               To
               make
               room
               ,
               as
               they
               grow
               larger
               ,
               grubbing
               up
               every
               middle
               Tree
               ,
               at
               9
               
                 l.
                 per
                 Tree
              
               ,
               19800
               Trees
               amount
               to
               99000
               l.
               and
               the
               remaining
               20601
               at
               220
               years
               growth
               ,
               at
               but
               8
               
                 l.
                 per
                 Tree
              
               ,
               comes
               to
               164808
               l.
               besides
               the
               inferiour
               Crop
               of
               Meadow
               ,
               or
               Corn
               in
               all
               this
               time
               ,
               sown
               in
               the
               distances
               ;
               reckoning
               for
               three
               years
               product
               90000
               Bushels
               at
               5
               
                 s.
                 per
                 Bushel
              
               ,
               which
               will
               amount
               to
               22500
               l.
               besides
               the
               
                 Straw
                 ,
                 Chaff
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               which
               at
               5
               s.
               a
               Load
               ,
               and
               3
               d.
               a
               
                 Bush
                 .
                 Chaff
              
               ,
               comes
               to
               2025
               l.
               So
               as
               the
               total
               Improvement
               (
               besides
               the
               217
               years
               emolument
               arising
               from
               the
               
                 Corn
                 ,
                 Cattel
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               )
               amounts
               to
               288333.
               
            
             
               And
               these
               Trees
               (
               as
               well
               they
               may
               )
               coming
               to
               be
               worth
               for
               Timber
               ,
               20
               l.
               an
               Oak
               ;
               the
               20601
               Trees
               amount
               to
               412020
               l.
               and
               the
               total
               Improvement
               of
               the
               1000
               Acres
               (
               the
               Corn
               Profits
               not
               computed
               )
               ascends
               to
               675833
               l.
               So
               as
               admit
               there
               were
               in
               all
               England
               (
               and
               which
               his
               Majesty
               might
               easily
               compasse
               ,
               even
               for
               his
               own
               Proportion
               ,
               and
               for
               Posterity
               )
               20000
               Acres
               thus
               Planted
               ,
               at
               two
               foot
               diameter
               (
               and
               as
               may
               be
               presum'd
               thirty
               foot
               high
               ,
               which
               in
               150
               years
               ,
               they
               might
               well
               arrive
               to
               )
               they
               would
               be
               worth
               13516660
               l.
               an
               immense
               and
               stupendious
               Summe
               ,
               and
               an
               everlasting
               supply
               for
               all
               the
               Vses
               both
               of
               Sea
               and
               Land
               :
               But
               it
               is
               to
               Captain
               Smith's
               laborious
               Works
               (
               to
               which
               I
               wish
               all
               encouragement
               )
               that
               we
               have
               the
               total
               Charge
               of
               this
               noble
               Vndertaking
               from
               the
               first
               Semination
               ,
               to
               their
               maturity
               ;
               by
               which
               it
               will
               be
               easie
               to
               compute
               what
               the
               Gains
               will
               be
               for
               any
               greater
               or
               lesser
               quantity
               .
            
             
               But
               now
               to
               return
               to
               the
               Place
               of
               Planting
               (
               from
               whence
               this
               Calculation
               has
               more
               than
               a
               little
               diverted
               )
               we
               shall
               find
               ,
               as
               we
               said
               ,
               that
               even
               in
               the
               most
               
                 craggie
                 ,
                 uneven
                 ,
                 cold
              
               and
               exposed
               places
               ,
               not
               fit
               for
               Arable
               ,
               as
               in
               
                 Biscay
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               and
               in
               our
               very
               Peaks
               of
               Derbyshire
               ,
               and
               other
               Rockie
               places
               ,
               Ashes
               grow
               about
               every
               Village
               ,
               and
               we
               find
               that
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Beech
                 ,
                 Elm
              
               ,
               and
               Ash
               ,
               will
               prosper
               in
               the
               most
               
                 flinty
                 Soils
              
               .
               And
               it
               is
               truly
               from
               these
               Indications
               ,
               more
               than
               from
               any
               other
               whatsoever
               ,
               that
               a
               broken
               ,
               and
               decaying
               Farmer
               ,
               is
               to
               be
               distinguish'd
               from
               a
               substantial
               Free-holder
               ,
               the
               very
               Trees
               speaking
               the
               conditions
               of
               the
               Master
               :
               Let
               not
               then
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Patrimony
              
               bear
               a
               Bankrupts
               reproach
               :
               But
               to
               descend
               yet
               lower
               ;
            
             
               24.
               
               Had
               every
               Acre
               but
               three
               ,
               or
               
                 four
                 Trees
              
               ,
               and
               as
               many
               of
               Fruit
               in
               it
               as
               would
               a
               little
               adorn
               the
               Hedge-rows
               ,
               the
               Improvement
               would
               be
               of
               fair
               advantage
               in
               a
               few
               years
               ;
               for
               it
               is
               a
               shame
               that
               Turnip-planters
               ,
               should
               demolish
               ,
               and
               undo
               hedge-rows
               neer
               London
               ,
               where
               the
               Mounds
               and
               Fences
               are
               stripp'd
               naked
               ,
               to
               give
               Sun
               to
               a
               few
               miserable
               Roots
               ,
               which
               would
               thrive
               altogether
               as
               well
               under
               them
               ,
               being
               skilfully
               prun'd
               and
               lopp'd
               :
               Our
               Gard'ners
               will
               not
               believe
               me
               ,
               but
               I
               know
               it
               to
               be
               true
               ,
               though
               Pliny
               had
               not
               affirm'd
               it
               :
               As
               for
               Elms
               (
               saith
               he
               )
               their
               Shade
               is
               so
               gentle
               and
               benigne
               ,
               that
               it
               nourishes
               whatsoever
               grows
               under
               it
               :
               And
               (
               lib
               17.
               c.
               22.
               )
               it
               is
               his
               opinion
               of
               all
               other
               Trees
               (
               very
               few
               excepted
               )
               provided
               their
               Branches
               be
               par'd
               away
               ,
               which
               being
               discreetly
               done
               ,
               improves
               the
               Timber
               as
               we
               have
               already
               shew'd
               .
            
             
             
               25.
               
               Now
               let
               us
               calculate
               a
               little
               at
               adventure
               ,
               and
               much
               within
               what
               is
               both
               faisible
               ,
               and
               very
               possible
               ;
               and
               we
               shall
               find
               ,
               that
               
                 four
                 Fruit-trees
              
               in
               each
               Acre
               throughout
               England
               ,
               the
               product
               sold
               but
               at
               
                 six
                 pence
              
               the
               Bushel
               (
               but
               where
               do
               we
               now
               buy
               them
               so
               cheap
               ?
               )
               will
               be
               worth
               a
               Million
               yearly
               :
               What
               then
               may
               we
               reasonably
               judge
               of
               Timber
               ,
               admit
               but
               at
               the
               growth
               of
               
                 four
                 pence
              
               per
               Acre
               yearly
               (
               which
               is
               the
               lowest
               that
               can
               be
               estimated
               )
               it
               amounting
               to
               near
               
                 two
                 Millions
              
               ?
               if
               (
               as
               't
               is
               suppos'd
               )
               there
               may
               be
               five
               or
               six
               and
               
                 twenty
                 Millions
              
               of
               
                 square
                 Acres
              
               in
               the
               Kingdom
               (
               besides
               
                 Fens
                 ,
                 High-ways
                 ,
                 Rivers
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               not
               counted
               )
               and
               without
               reckoning
               in
               the
               Mast
               ,
               or
               loppings
               ,
               which
               whosoever
               shall
               calculate
               from
               the
               annual
               Revenue
               ,
               the
               Mast
               onely
               of
               Westphalia
               ,
               a
               small
               and
               wretched
               Countrey
               im
               Germany
               ,
               does
               yield
               to
               that
               Prince
               ,
               will
               conclude
               to
               be
               no
               despicable
               Improvement
               .
            
             
               26.
               
               In
               this
               poor
               Territory
               ,
               every
               Farmer
               does
               by
               antient
               custom
               ,
               Plant
               so
               many
               Oaks
               about
               his
               Farm
               ,
               as
               may
               suffice
               to
               feed
               his
               Swine
               :
               To
               effect
               this
               they
               have
               been
               so
               careful
               ,
               that
               when
               of
               late
               years
               ,
               the
               Armies
               infested
               the
               poor
               Countrey
               ,
               both
               Imperialists
               ,
               and
               Protestants
               ;
               the
               onely
               Bishoprick
               of
               Munster
               was
               able
               to
               pay
               
                 One
                 hundred
                 thousand
                 Crowns
                 per
                 mensem
              
               (
               which
               amounts
               of
               our
               money
               to
               about
               25000
               
                 l.
                 sterling
              
               )
               besides
               the
               ordinary
               entertainment
               of
               their
               own
               Prince
               and
               
                 private
                 families
              
               .
               This
               being
               incredible
               to
               be
               practis'd
               in
               so
               extream
               barren
               a
               Countrey
               ,
               I
               thought
               fit
               to
               mention
               ,
               either
               to
               encourage
               ,
               or
               reproach
               us
               :
               
                 General
                 Melander
              
               was
               wont
               to
               say
               ,
               The
               good
               Husbandry
               of
               their
               Ancestors
               had
               left
               them
               this
               Stock
               
                 pro
                 sacra
                 Anchorâ
              
               ;
               considering
               how
               the
               People
               were
               afterward
               reduc'd
               to
               live
               even
               on
               their
               Trees
               ,
               when
               the
               Souldiers
               had
               devour'd
               their
               Hogs
               ;
               redeeming
               themselves
               from
               great
               extreamities
               ,
               by
               the
               Timber
               which
               they
               were
               at
               last
               compelled
               to
               cut
               down
               ,
               and
               which
               ,
               had
               it
               continu'd
               ,
               would
               have
               prov'd
               the
               utter
               desolation
               of
               that
               whole
               Countrey
               .
               I
               have
               this
               Instance
               from
               my
               most
               worthy
               ,
               and
               honourable
               Friend
               Sir
               
                 William
                 Curtius
              
               (
               his
               
                 Majesties
                 Resident
              
               in
               Germany
               )
               who
               receiv'd
               this
               particular
               from
               the
               mouth
               of
               Melander
               himself
               :
               In
               like
               manner
               ,
               the
               Princes
               ,
               and
               Freedoms
               of
               
                 Hesse
                 ,
                 Saxony
                 ,
                 Thuringia
              
               ,
               and
               divers
               other
               places
               there
               ,
               make
               vast
               incomes
               of
               their
               Forest-fruit
               (
               besides
               the
               Timber
               )
               for
               Swine
               onely
               .
               I
               say
               then
               ,
               whosoever
               shall
               duly
               consider
               this
               ,
               will
               find
               Planting
               of
               Wood
               to
               be
               no
               contemptible
               Addition
               ;
               besides
               the
               Pasture
               much
               improv'd
               ,
               the
               cooling
               of
               fat
               ,
               and
               heavy
               Cattel
               ,
               keeping
               them
               from
               injurious
               motions
               ,
               disturbance
               ,
               and
               running
               as
               they
               do
               in
               Summer
               to
               find
               shelter
               from
               the
               heat
               ,
               and
               vexation
               of
               flyes
               .
            
             
               27.
               
               But
               I
               have
               done
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               now
               time
               for
               us
               to
               get
               out
               of
               the
               Wood
               ,
               and
               to
               recommend
               this
               ,
               and
               all
               that
               we
               have
               propos'd
               ,
               to
               His
               most
               
                 Sacred
                 Majesty
              
               ,
               the
               Honourable
               Parliament
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               
                 Principal
                 Officers
              
               ,
               and
               Commissioners
               of
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Navy
              
               ;
               that
               where
               such
               Improvements
               may
               be
               made
               ,
               it
               be
               speedily
               ,
               and
               vigorously
               prosecuted
               ;
               and
               where
               any
               defects
               appear
               ,
               they
               may
               be
               duly
               reformed
               .
            
             
             
               28.
               
               And
               what
               if
               for
               this
               purpose
               there
               were
               yet
               some
               additional
               Office
               Constituted
               ,
               which
               should
               have
               a
               more
               universal
               Inspection
               ,
               and
               the
               charge
               of
               all
               the
               Woods
               and
               Forests
               in
               His
               
                 Majesties
                 Dominions
              
               ?
               This
               might
               easily
               be
               perform'd
               by
               Deputies
               in
               every
               County
               ;
               Persons
               judicious
               ,
               and
               skilful
               in
               Husbandry
               ;
               and
               who
               might
               be
               repair'd
               to
               for
               advice
               and
               direction
               :
               And
               if
               such
               there
               are
               at
               present
               (
               as
               indeed
               our
               Laws
               seem
               to
               provide
               )
               that
               their
               Power
               be
               sufficiently
               amplified
               where
               any
               thing
               appears
               deficient
               ;
               and
               as
               their
               zeal
               excited
               by
               worthy
               encouragements
               ,
               so
               might
               neglects
               be
               encounter'd
               by
               a
               vigilant
               and
               industrious
               Cheque
               .
               It
               should
               belong
               to
               their
               Province
               ,
               to
               see
               that
               such
               Proportions
               of
               
                 Timber
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               were
               Planted
               ,
               and
               set
               out
               upon
               every
               hundred
               ,
               or
               more
               of
               Acres
               ,
               as
               the
               Honourable
               Commissioners
               have
               suggested
               ;
               or
               ,
               as
               might
               be
               thought
               convenient
               ,
               the
               quality
               ,
               and
               nature
               of
               the
               places
               prudently
               consider'd
               :
               It
               should
               be
               their
               Office
               also
               ,
               to
               take
               notice
               of
               the
               growth
               ,
               and
               decay
               of
               Woods
               ,
               and
               of
               their
               fitness
               for
               publick
               uses
               and
               sale
               ,
               and
               of
               all
               these
               to
               give
               Advertisements
               ,
               that
               all
               defect
               in
               their
               ill
               governing
               may
               be
               speedily
               remedied
               ;
               and
               the
               Superiour
               Officer
               ,
               or
               Surveyor
               ,
               should
               be
               accomptable
               to
               the
               
                 Lord
                 Treasurer
              
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               
                 principal
                 Officers
              
               of
               his
               Majesties
               Navy
               for
               the
               time
               being
               :
               And
               vvhy
               might
               not
               such
               a
               Regulation
               be
               vvorthy
               the
               establishing
               by
               some
               Solemn
               ,
               and
               publick
               Act
               of
               State
               ,
               becoming
               our
               glorious
               Prince
               ,
               SOVEREIGN
               OF
               THE
               SEAS
               ,
               and
               his
               prudent
               Senate
               ,
               this
               present
               Parliament
               ?
            
             
               29.
               
               We
               find
               in
               
                 Aristotles
                 Politics
              
               ,
               the
               Constitution
               of
               
                 Extraurban
                 Magistrates
              
               to
               be
               
                 Sylvarum
                 Custodes
              
               ;
               and
               such
               vvere
               the
               
                 Consulares
                 Sylvae
              
               ,
               vvhich
               the
               great
               Caesar
               himself
               (
               even
               in
               a
               time
               vvhen
               Italy
               did
               abound
               in
               Timber
               )
               Instituted
               ;
               and
               vvas
               one
               of
               the
               very
               first
               things
               vvhich
               he
               did
               ,
               at
               the
               setling
               of
               that
               vast
               Empire
               ,
               after
               the
               
                 Civil
                 VVars
              
               had
               exceedingly
               vvasted
               the
               Countrey
               :
               Suetonius
               relates
               it
               in
               the
               Life
               of
               Julius
               ;
               and
               
                 Peter
                 Crinitus
              
               in
               his
               fifth
               Book
               
                 De
                 honesta
                 disciplina
                 ,
                 c.
              
               3.
               gives
               this
               reason
               for
               it
               ,
               
                 Vt
                 materies
              
               (
               saith
               he
               )
               
                 non
                 deesset
                 ,
                 qua
                 videlicet
                 Navigia
                 publica
                 possent
                 à
                 praefecturis
                 fabrum
                 ,
                 confici
                 :
              
               True
               it
               is
               ,
               that
               this
               Office
               vvas
               sometimes
               call'd
               
                 Provincia
                 minor
              
               ;
               but
               for
               the
               most
               part
               ,
               annex'd
               ,
               and
               joyn'd
               to
               some
               of
               the
               greatest
               Consuls
               themselves
               ;
               that
               facetious
               sarcasme
               of
               the
               Comoedian
               (
               vvhere
               Plautus
               names
               it
               
                 Provincia
                 caudicaria
              
               )
               referring
               onely
               to
               some
               under
               Officer
               ,
               subservient
               to
               the
               other
               :
               And
               such
               a
               Cha●ge
               is
               at
               this
               day
               extant
               amongst
               the
               noble
               Venetians
               ,
               vvho
               have
               near
               Trivisi
               (
               besides
               vvhat
               they
               nourish
               in
               other
               places
               )
               a
               goodly
               Forest
               of
               Oaks
               ,
               preserv'd
               as
               a
               Jewel
               ,
               for
               the
               onely
               use
               of
               the
               Arsenal
               ,
               call'd
               the
               Montello
               ,
               vvhich
               is
               in
               length
               
                 twelve
                 Miles
              
               ,
               large
               five
               ,
               and
               near
               
                 twenty
                 miles
              
               in
               compasse
               ;
               carefully
               supervised
               by
               a
               certain
               Officer
               ,
               vvhom
               they
               name
               
                 il
                 Capitano
              
               ;
               and
               vve
               might
               Instance
               in
               many
               other
               prudent
               States
               ;
               not
               to
               importune
               you
               vvith
               the
               expresse
               Laws
               vvhich
               
                 Ancus
                 Martius
              
               the
               Nephevv
               of
               Numa
               ,
               and
               other
               Princes
               long
               before
               Caesar
               ,
               did
               ordain
               for
               this
               very
               purpose
               ;
               since
               indeed
               ,
               the
               care
               of
               so
               publick
               ,
               and
               
               honourable
               an
               Enterprize
               as
               is
               this
               of
               Planting
               ,
               and
               Improving
               of
               Woods
               ,
               is
               a
               right
               noble
               ,
               and
               
                 Royal
                 undertaking
              
               ;
               as
               that
               of
               the
               Forest
               of
               
                 Dean
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               in
               particular
               (
               were
               it
               bravely
               manag'd
               )
               an
               
                 Imperial
                 design
              
               ;
               and
               I
               do
               pronounce
               it
               more
               worthy
               of
               a
               Prince
               ;
               who
               truly
               consults
               his
               glory
               in
               the
               highest
               Interest
               of
               his
               Subjects
               ,
               than
               that
               of
               gaining
               Battels
               ,
               or
               subduing
               a
               Province
               :
               And
               if
               in
               saying
               so
               ,
               or
               any
               thing
               else
               in
               this
               rustic
               Discourse
               ,
               I
               have
               us'd
               the
               freedom
               of
               a
               plain
               Forester
               ;
               it
               is
               the
               Person
               you
               command
               me
               to
               
                 put
                 on
              
               ,
               and
               my
               plea
               is
               ready
               ,
               
                 
                   
                     〈◊〉
                     〈◊〉
                     〈◊〉
                     〈◊〉
                     〈◊〉
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Praesente
                   Quercu
                   ,
                   ligna
                   quivis
                   colligit
                   .
                
              
               for
               who
               could
               have
               spoken
               lesse
               upon
               so
               ample
               a
               Subject
               ?
               and
               therefore
               I
               hope
               my
               zeal
               for
               it
               in
               these
               Papers
               ,
               will
               (
               besides
               your
               Injunctions
               )
               excuse
               the
               prolixity
               of
               this
               Digression
               ,
               and
               all
               other
               the
               Imperfections
               of
               my
               Services
               .
            
             
               Si
               canimus
               
                 Sylvas
                 ,
                 Sylvae
              
               sunt
               Consule
               dignae
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               XXXV
               .
               An
               
                 Historical
                 Account
              
               of
               the
               Sacrednesse
               ,
               and
               Vse
               of
               standing
               Groves
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               ANd
               thus
               have
               we
               finish'd
               what
               we
               esteemed
               necessary
               for
               the
               Direction
               of
               Planting
               ,
               and
               the
               Culture
               of
               Trees
               and
               Woods
               in
               general
               ;
               whether
               for
               the
               raising
               of
               new
               ,
               or
               preservation
               of
               the
               more
               Antient
               and
               venerable
               shades
               ,
               crowning
               the
               brows
               of
               lofty
               Hills
               ,
               or
               furnishing
               ,
               and
               adorning
               the
               more
               fruitful
               and
               humble
               
                 Plains
                 ;
                 Groves
              
               and
               Forests
               ,
               such
               as
               were
               never
               Prophan'd
               by
               the
               Inhumanity
               of
               
                 Edge-tools
                 :
                 Woods
              
               ,
               whose
               Original
               are
               as
               unknown
               as
               the
               Arcadians
               ;
               like
               the
               goodly
               Cedars
               of
               
                 Libanus
                 ,
                 Psal
              
               .
               104.
               
               
                 Arbores
                 Dei
              
               according
               to
               the
               Hebrew
               ,
               for
               something
               doubtlesse
               which
               they
               noted
               in
               the
               Genius
               of
               those
               
                 Venerable
                 places
              
               besides
               their
               meer
               bulk
               and
               Stature
               :
               And
               verily
               ,
               I
               cannot
               think
               to
               have
               well
               acquitted
               my self
               of
               this
               useful
               Subject
               ,
               till
               I
               shall
               have
               in
               some
               sort
               vindicated
               the
               honour
               of
               Trees
               ,
               and
               Woods
               ,
               by
               shewing
               my
               Reader
               of
               what
               Estimation
               they
               were
               of
               old
               for
               their
               Divine
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               
                 Civil
                 Vses
              
               ;
               at
               least
               refresh
               both
               Him
               ,
               and
               my
               Self
               ,
               with
               what
               occurs
               of
               Historical
               and
               Instructive
               amongst
               the
               Learned
               concerning
               them
               .
            
             
             
               2.
               
               Though
               Sylva
               was
               the
               more
               general
               Name
               ,
               denoting
               a
               large
               Tract
               of
               Wood
               ,
               or
               Trees
               ,
               the
               inciduae
               and
               coeduae
               ;
               yet
               there
               were
               several
               other
               Titles
               attributed
               to
               greater
               or
               lesser
               assemblies
               of
               them
               :
               As
               when
               they
               Planted
               them
               for
               Pleasure
               ,
               and
               shade
               onely
               ,
               they
               had
               their
               Nemora
               ;
               and
               as
               we
               our
               Parks
               ,
               for
               the
               preservation
               of
               Game
               ,
               and
               particularly
               
                 Venizon
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               their
               Saltus
               ,
               and
               
                 Sylva
                 invia
              
               ,
               secluded
               for
               the
               most
               part
               from
               the
               rest
               ,
               &c.
               
               But
               among
               Authours
               ,
               we
               meet
               with
               nothing
               more
               frequent
               ,
               and
               indeed
               more
               celebrated
               ,
               than
               those
               Arboreous
               amenities
               and
               Plantations
               of
               Woods
               ,
               which
               they
               call'd
               Luci
               ;
               and
               which
               though
               sometimes
               we
               confesse
               ,
               were
               restrain'd
               to
               certain
               peculiar
               places
               :
               Yet
               were
               they
               also
               promiscuously
               both
               used
               ,
               and
               taken
               for
               all
               that
               the
               wide
               Forest
               comprehends
               ,
               or
               can
               signifie
               .
               To
               dismiss
               a
               number
               of
               Critics
               ,
               The
               name
               Lucus
               is
               deriv'd
               by
               Quintilian
               and
               others
               
                 à
                 minime
                 Lucendo
              
               because
               of
               its
               densitie
               
                 —
                 nullo
                 penetrabilis
                 astro
                 .
              
               whence
               Apuleius
               us'd
               
                 Lucum
                 sublucidum
              
               ;
               and
               the
               
                 Poets
                 ,
                 Sublustris
                 umbra
              
               :
               Others
               (
               on
               the
               contrary
               )
               have
               taken
               it
               for
               Light
               in
               the
               Masculine
               ;
               because
               there
               they
               kindled
               Fires
               ,
               by
               what
               accident
               unknown
               
                 
                   —
                   Whether
                   it
                   were
                
                 
                   By
                   Lightning
                   sent
                   from
                   Heaven
                   ,
                   or
                   else
                   there
                
                 
                   The
                   Salvage-men
                   in
                   mutual
                   Wars
                   and
                   Fight
                   ,
                
                 
                   Had
                   set
                   the
                   Trees
                   on
                   Fire
                   ,
                   their
                   Foes
                   t'
                   affright
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Seu
                     Coeli
                     fulmine
                     misso
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Sive
                     quòd
                     inter
                     se
                     bellum
                     Sylvestria
                     gentes
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Hostibus
                     intulerant
                     ignem
                     ,
                     formidinis
                     ergo
                     ,
                  
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   Lucret.
                   l.
                   5.
                   
                
              
            
             
               Or
               whether
               the
               Trees
               set
               Fire
               on
               themselves
               
                 
                   When
                   clashing
                   boughs
                   thwarting
                   ,
                   each
                   other
                   fret
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Mutua
                     dum
                     inter
                     se
                     rami
                     stirpesque
                     teruntur
                     .
                  
                
              
               For
               such
               Accidents
               ,
               and
               even
               the
               very
               heat
               of
               the
               Sun
               alone
               has
               kindled
               wonderful
               conflagrations
               :
               or
               happly
               to
               consume
               their
               Sacrifices
               ,
               we
               will
               not
               much
               insist
               :
               The
               Poets
               it
               seems
               ,
               speaking
               of
               Juno
               ,
               would
               give
               it
               quite
               another
               original
               ,
               and
               tune
               it
               to
               their
               Songs
               invoking
               Lucina
               ,
               whilst
               the
               main
               and
               principal
               difference
               consisted
               not
               so
               much
               in
               the
               Name
               ,
               as
               the
               Vse
               and
               Dedication
               ,
               which
               was
               for
               silent
               ,
               awful
               and
               more
               solemn
               Religion
               ,
               to
               which
               purpose
               they
               were
               chiefly
               
                 manu
                 consiti
              
               ,
               such
               as
               we
               have
               been
               treating
               of
               ,
               intire
               ,
               and
               never
               violated
               with
               the
               
                 Ax
                 :
                 Fabius
              
               calls
               them
               
                 Sacros
                 ex
                 Vetustate
              
               venerable
               for
               their
               Age
               ;
               and
               certain
               it
               is
               ,
               they
               had
               of
               very
               great
               Antiquity
               been
               Consecrated
               to
               Holy
               uses
               ,
               not
               onely
               by
               Superstitious
               Persons
               to
               the
               Gentile
               Deities
               and
               Heroes
               ;
               but
               the
               true
               God
               ,
               by
               the
               Patriarchs
               themselves
               ,
               who
               
                 ab
                 initio
              
               (
               as
               is
               presum'd
               )
               did
               frequently
               retire
               to
               such
               places
               to
               serve
               him
               in
               ,
               Compose
               their
               Meditations
               ,
               and
               celebrate
               Sacred
               
                 Mysteries
                 ,
                 Prayers
              
               ,
               and
               Oblations
               following
               the
               Tradition
               of
               the
               Gomerites
               or
               Descendants
               of
               Noah
               who
               first
               Peopl'd
               Galata
               after
               the
               universal
               Deluge
               .
               From
               hence
               some
               presume
               that
               even
               the
               antient
               Druids
               had
               their
               origin
               :
               But
               that
               Abraham
               might
               imitate
               what
               the
               most
               Religious
               of
               that
               Age
               had
               practis'd
               before
               him
               may
               
               not
               be
               unlikely
               ;
               for
               we
               read
               he
               soon
               Planted
               himself
               and
               Family
               at
               the
               Quercetum
               of
               
                 Mambre
                 ,
                 Gen.
              
               13.
               where
               as
               
                 Eusebius
                 ,
                 Ecc.
                 Hist
                 .
                 l.
              
               1.
               c.
               18.
               gives
               us
               the
               account
               ,
               He
               spread
               his
               Pavilions
               ,
               erected
               an
               
                 Altar
                 ,
                 Offer'd
              
               and
               perform'd
               all
               the
               Priestly
               Rites
               ;
               and
               there
               ,
               to
               the
               immortal
               glory
               of
               the
               Oak
               ,
               or
               rather
               
                 Arboreous
                 Temple
              
               ,
               he
               entertained
               God
               himself
               .
               Isidor
               ,
               St.
               Hierom
               ,
               and
               Sozomenus
               report
               confidently
               ,
               that
               one
               of
               the
               most
               eminent
               of
               those
               Trees
               remained
               till
               the
               Reign
               of
               the
               great
               Constantine
               ,
               who
               Founded
               a
               venerable
               Chappel
               under
               it
               ;
               and
               that
               both
               the
               
                 Christians
                 ,
                 Jews
              
               ,
               and
               Arabs
               ,
               held
               a
               solemn
               Anniversarie
               or
               Station
               there
               and
               believed
               that
               from
               the
               very
               time
               of
               Noah
               it
               had
               been
               a
               Consecrated
               place
               :
               sure
               we
               are
               it
               was
               about
               some
               such
               assembly
               of
               Trees
               ,
               that
               God
               was
               pleas'd
               first
               of
               all
               to
               appear
               to
               the
               Father
               of
               the
               Faithful
               when
               he
               established
               the
               Covenant
               with
               him
               ,
               and
               more
               expressly
               ,
               when
               removing
               thence
               (
               upon
               confirming
               the
               League
               with
               
                 Abimelech
                 ,
                 Gen.
              
               21.
               and
               settling
               at
               Bersheba
               )
               he
               design'd
               an
               expresse
               place
               for
               Gods
               Divine
               Service
               :
               For
               there
               ,
               says
               the
               sacred
               
                 Text
                 ,
                 He
                 Planted
                 a
                 Grove
                 ,
                 and
                 called
                 upon
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 the
                 Lord.
              
               Such
               another
               tuft
               we
               read
               of
               (
               for
               we
               must
               not
               alwayes
               restrain
               it
               to
               one
               single
               Tree
               )
               when
               the
               Patriarch
               came
               to
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               
                 Elon
                 Moreh
                 ,
                 ad
                 Convallem
                 illustrium
                 :
              
               But
               whether
               that
               were
               the
               same
               in
               which
               the
               High-Priest
               reposited
               the
               famous
               Stone
               after
               the
               Exhortation
               mention'd
               Joshua
               24.26
               .
               we
               do
               not
               contend
               ;
               under
               an
               Oak
               sayes
               the
               Scripture
               ,
               and
               it
               grew
               near
               the
               Sanctuary
               ,
               and
               probably
               might
               be
               that
               which
               his
               
                 Grand
                 child
              
               Consecrated
               with
               the
               Funeral
               of
               his
               beloved
               
                 Rebecca
                 ,
                 Gen.
              
               35.
               
               For
               't
               is
               apparent
               by
               the
               Context
               ,
               that
               
                 There
                 ,
                 God
              
               appeared
               to
               him
               again
               :
               So
               Grotius
               upon
               the
               words
               
                 (
                 Subter
                 quercum
                 )
                 Illam
                 ipsam
              
               (
               sayes
               he
               )
               
                 cujus
                 mentio
              
               ,
               Gen.
               35.4
               .
               
                 in
                 historia
                 Jacobi
                 &
                 Judae
              
               ;
               and
               adds
               ,
               
                 Is
                 locus
                 in
                 honorem
                 Jacobi
                 diù
                 pro
                 Templo
                 fuit
                 .
              
               That
               the
               very
               spot
               was
               long
               after
               us'd
               for
               a
               Temple
               in
               honour
               of
               him
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               If
               we
               would
               track
               the
               Religious
               esteem
               of
               Trees
               and
               Woods
               ,
               yet
               farther
               in
               
                 Holy
                 Writ
              
               ,
               we
               have
               that
               glorious
               Vision
               of
               Moses
               in
               the
               
                 fiery
                 Thicket
              
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               not
               to
               abuse
               or
               violate
               the
               Text
               ,
               that
               Moncaeus
               and
               others
               ,
               interpret
               it
               to
               have
               been
               an
               
                 intire
                 Grove
              
               ,
               and
               not
               a
               
                 single
                 Bush
              
               onely
               ,
               which
               he
               saw
               as
               burning
               ,
               yet
               unconsum'd
               .
               
                 Puto
                 égo
              
               (
               sayes
               my
               Authour
               )
               
                 rubi
                 vocabulo
                 non
                 quidem
                 rubum
                 aliquem
                 unicum
                 &
                 solitarium
                 significari
                 ,
                 verum
                 rubetum
                 totum
                 ,
                 aut
                 potius
                 fruticetum
                 ,
                 quomodo
                 de
                 Quercu
                 Mambre
                 pro
                 Querceto
                 toto
                 Docti
                 intelligunt
                 .
              
               Now
               that
               they
               Worshipped
               in
               that
               Place
               soon
               after
               their
               coming
               out
               of
               Aegypt
               ,
               the
               following
               story
               shews
               ;
               and
               the
               Feast
               of
               Tabernacles
               had
               some
               resemblance
               of
               Patriarchal
               Devotion
               under
               Trees
               ,
               though
               but
               in
               temporary
               Groves
               and
               Shades
               in
               manner
               of
               Booths
               ,
               yet
               Celebrated
               with
               all
               the
               refreshings
               of
               the
               Forest
               ;
               and
               from
               the
               very
               Infancy
               of
               the
               World
               in
               which
               Adam
               was
               entertain'd
               in
               Paradise
               ,
               and
               Abraham
               (
               as
               we
               noted
               )
               receiv'd
               his
               Divine
               Guests
               ,
               not
               in
               his
               Tent
               ,
               but
               under
               a
               Tree
               ,
               an
               
                 Oak
                 ,
                 Triclinium
                 Angelicum
              
               the
               Antients
               Dining-Room
               ;
               all
               intelligent
               persons
               have
               imbrac'd
               the
               solace
               of
               shady
               Arbours
               ,
               and
               all
               devout
               
               Persons
               found
               how
               naturally
               they
               dispose
               our
               Spirits
               to
               Religious
               Contemplations
               :
               For
               this
               ,
               as
               some
               conceive
               ,
               they
               much
               affected
               to
               Plant
               their
               Trees
               in
               Circles
               ,
               and
               gave
               that
               capacious
               Form
               to
               the
               first
               
                 Temples
                 ▪
              
               observ'd
               not
               onely
               of
               old
               ,
               but
               even
               at
               this
               day
               by
               the
               Jews
               ,
               as
               the
               most
               accommodate
               for
               their
               Assemblies
               ;
               or
               ,
               as
               others
               ,
               because
               that
               figure
               most
               resembl'd
               the
               Vniverse
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Heavens
                 :
                 Templum
                 à
                 Templando
              
               says
               a
               knowing
               Critic
               ,
               and
               another
               ,
               
                 Templum
                 est
                 nescio
                 quid
                 immane
                 ,
                 atque
                 amplum
              
               ;
               such
               as
               Arnobius
               speaks
               of
               ,
               that
               had
               no
               Roof
               but
               Heaven
               ,
               till
               that
               sumptuous
               Fabric
               of
               Solomon
               was
               confin'd
               to
               Jerusalem
               ,
               and
               the
               goodliest
               Cedars
               ,
               and
               most
               costly
               Woods
               were
               carried
               thither
               to
               form
               the
               Columns
               ,
               and
               lay
               the
               Rafters
               ;
               and
               then
               ,
               and
               not
               till
               then
               ,
               was
               it
               so
               much
               as
               Schisme
               that
               I
               can
               find
               ,
               to
               retire
               to
               Groves
               for
               their
               Devotion
               ,
               or
               even
               to
               Bethel
               it self
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               In
               such
               Recesses
               were
               the
               antient
               Oratories
               and
               Proseuchae
               built
               even
               amongst
               the
               Gentiles
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               the
               People
               of
               God
               (
               nor
               is
               it
               alwaies
               the
               lesse
               authentical
               for
               having
               been
               the
               guise
               of
               Nations
               )
               hence
               that
               of
               Philo
               ,
               speaking
               of
               one
               who
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               &c.
               that
               had
               fell'd
               all
               the
               Trees
               about
               it
               ;
               and
               such
               a
               place
               the
               Satyrist
               means
               ,
               where
               he
               asks
               ,
               
                 In
                 qua
                 te
                 quaero
                 proseucha
              
               ?
               because
               it
               was
               the
               Rendezvous
               also
               ,
               where
               poor
               People
               us'd
               to
               frequent
               to
               beg
               the
               Alms
               of
               devout
               and
               Charitable
               Persons
               ;
               and
               it
               was
               esteemed
               piacular
               for
               any
               to
               cut
               down
               so
               much
               as
               a
               stick
               about
               them
               ,
               unlesse
               it
               were
               to
               build
               them
               ,
               when
               with
               the
               Psalmist
               ,
               men
               had
               honour
               according
               to
               their
               forwardnesse
               of
               repairing
               the
               Houses
               of
               God
               in
               the
               Land
               ,
               upon
               which
               account
               it
               was
               lawful
               to
               lift
               up
               Axes
               against
               the
               goodliest
               Trees
               in
               the
               Forest
               ;
               but
               those
               zealous
               dayes
               are
               past
               ,
               
                 
                   Now
                   Temples
                   shut
                   ,
                   and
                   Groves
                   desertedly
                   ,
                
                 
                   All
                   Gold
                   adore
                   ,
                   and
                   neglect
                   Piety
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Et
                     nunc
                     desertis
                     cessant
                     sacraria
                     Lucis
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Aurum
                     omnes
                     victâ
                     ,
                     jam
                     Pietate
                     colunt
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Propert.
                   
                
              
            
             
               5.
               
               They
               came
               afterwards
               indeed
               to
               be
               abus'd
               to
               Superstition
               ,
               but
               what
               good
               ,
               or
               indifferent
               thing
               has
               not
               been
               subject
               to
               perversion
               ?
               It
               is
               said
               in
               the
               end
               of
               
                 Isaiah
                 ,
                 Exprobratur
                 Hebraeis
                 quod
                 in
                 Opisthonais
                 Idolorum
                 horti
                 essent
                 in
                 quorum
                 medio
                 februabantur
              
               ;
               but
               how
               this
               is
               applicable
               to
               Groves
               does
               not
               appear
               so
               fully
               ;
               though
               we
               find
               them
               interdicted
               ,
               Deut.
               16.21
               .
               Judg.
               6.26
               .
               2
               Chron
               :
               31.3
               .
               &c.
               and
               forbidden
               to
               be
               Planted
               neer
               the
               Temple
               ;
               and
               an
               impure
               Grove
               on
               Mount
               Libanus
               dedicated
               to
               Venus
               ,
               was
               by
               an
               Imperial
               Edict
               of
               Constantine
               extirpated
               ;
               but
               from
               the
               abuse
               of
               the
               thing
               to
               the
               non-use
               ,
               the
               Consequence
               is
               not
               alwayes
               valid
               ,
               and
               we
               may
               note
               as
               to
               this
               very
               particular
               ,
               that
               where
               in
               divers
               places
               of
               
                 Holy
                 Writ
              
               ,
               the
               denuntiation
               against
               Groves
               is
               so
               express
               ,
               it
               is
               frequently
               to
               be
               taken
               but
               catachrestically
               ,
               from
               the
               
                 Wooden
                 Image
              
               or
               Statue
               call'd
               by
               that
               name
               ,
               as
               our
               Learned
               Selden
               makes
               out
               by
               sundry
               Instances
               in
               his
               
                 Syntagma
                 de
                 Diis
                 Syris
              
               .
            
             
               The
               Summe
               of
               all
               is
               ,
               Paradise
               it self
               was
               but
               a
               kind
               of
               
                 Nemorous
                 Temple
              
               or
               sacred
               Grove
               ,
               Planted
               by
               God
               himself
               ,
               and
               given
               
               to
               
                 Man
                 ,
                 tanquam
                 primo
                 sacerdoti
              
               ,
               the
               Word
               is
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               which
               properly
               signifies
               to
               Serve
               or
               administer
               
                 res
                 divinas
              
               ,
               a
               place
               Consecrated
               for
               sober
               Discipline
               ,
               and
               to
               Contemplate
               those
               mysterious
               and
               Sacramental
               Trees
               which
               they
               were
               not
               to
               touch
               with
               their
               hands
               ;
               and
               in
               memory
               of
               them
               ,
               I
               am
               inclin'd
               to
               believe
               ,
               Holy
               Men
               (
               as
               we
               have
               shew'd
               in
               Abraham
               and
               others
               )
               might
               Plant
               and
               cultivate
               Groves
               ,
               where
               they
               traditionally
               invok'd
               the
               Deity
               ;
               and
               St.
               
                 Hierom
                 ,
                 Chrysostom
                 ,
                 Cyprian
                 ,
                 Augustine
                 ,
              
               and
               other
               Fathers
               of
               the
               Church
               greatly
               magnified
               these
               pious
               advantages
               ;
               and
               Cajetan
               tells
               us
               ,
               that
               from
               Isaac
               to
               Jacob
               and
               their
               Descendants
               they
               followed
               Abraham
               in
               this
               Custome
               :
               In
               such
               places
               were
               the
               Monuments
               of
               their
               Saints
               ,
               and
               the
               Bones
               of
               their
               Heroes
               deposited
               ;
               for
               which
               David
               celebrated
               the
               Humanity
               of
               the
               Galaadites
               ,
               In
               
                 Nemora
                 Jabes
              
               as
               the
               most
               sacred
               and
               inviolable
               :
               In
               such
               a
               place
               did
               the
               Angel
               appear
               to
               Gideon
               ,
               and
               in
               others
               Princes
               were
               Inaugurated
               ;
               so
               
                 Abimelec
                 ,
                 Judic
              
               .
               9.
               
               And
               the
               Rabbines
               add
               a
               reason
               why
               they
               were
               reputed
               so
               Venerable
               ;
               because
               more
               remote
               from
               Men
               and
               Company
               ,
               more
               apt
               to
               compose
               the
               Soul
               and
               fit
               it
               for
               divine
               Actions
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               Apparitions
               ,
               for
               which
               the
               first
               enclosures
               were
               attributed
               to
               
                 Groves
                 ,
                 Mountains
                 ,
                 Fountains
              
               of
               Water
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               solemn
               objects
               ;
               as
               of
               peculiar
               Sanctity
               ,
               and
               as
               the
               old
               sense
               of
               all
               words
               denoting
               Sanctity
               did
               import
               separatenesse
               and
               uncommon
               propriety
               :
               See
               our
               Learned
               Meade
               .
               For
               though
               since
               the
               Devils
               intrusion
               into
               Paradise
               ,
               even
               the
               most
               holy
               and
               devoted
               Places
               were
               not
               free
               from
               his
               Tentations
               and
               ougly
               Stratagems
               :
               Yet
               we
               find
               our
               Blessed
               Saviour
               did
               frequently
               retire
               into
               the
               Wildernesse
               ,
               as
               Elijah
               and
               St.
               John
               did
               before
               him
               ,
               and
               divers
               other
               Holy
               men
               :
               The
               reason
               is
               obvious
               ,
               and
               I
               shall
               shew
               when
               I
               come
               to
               speak
               concerning
               the
               use
               of
               Gardens
               in
               another
               Work
               (
               long
               since
               attempted
               ,
               and
               now
               in
               some
               forwardnesse
               )
               how
               the
               Air
               of
               such
               retired
               places
               may
               be
               assistant
               and
               influential
               for
               the
               inciting
               of
               Penitential
               expressions
               and
               affections
               ;
               especially
               where
               one
               may
               have
               the
               additional
               assistances
               of
               solitary
               Grotts
               ,
               murmuring
               Streams
               ,
               and
               desolate
               Prospects
               :
               I
               remember
               that
               under
               a
               Tree
               was
               the
               place
               of
               that
               admirable
               St.
               Augustines
               solemn
               Conversion
               ,
               after
               all
               his
               importunate
               reluctances
               :
               I
               have
               often
               thought
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               a
               mealting
               passage
               as
               himself
               has
               recorded
               it
               ,
               
                 Con.
                 l.
              
               8.
               c.
               8.
               and
               he
               gives
               the
               reason
               ,
               
                 Solitudo
                 enim
                 mihi
                 ad
                 negotium
                 flendi
                 aptior
                 suggerebatur
                 .
              
               And
               that
               indeed
               such
               opportunities
               were
               successful
               for
               Recollection
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               very
               reformation
               of
               some
               ingenious
               Spirits
               from
               secular
               Engagements
               to
               excellent
               and
               mortifying
               Purposes
               ,
               we
               may
               find
               in
               that
               wonderful
               relation
               of
               
               Pontianus's
               two
               Friends
               ,
               great
               Courtiers
               of
               the
               time
               ,
               as
               the
               same
               Holy
               Father
               relates
               it
               ,
               previous
               to
               his
               own
               Conversion
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               We
               shall
               now
               in
               the
               next
               place
               endevour
               to
               shew
               how
               this
               innocent
               veneration
               to
               Groves
               passed
               from
               the
               People
               of
               God
               to
               the
               Gentiles
               ,
               and
               by
               what
               degrees
               it
               degenerated
               into
               dangerous
               Superstitions
               :
               For
               the
               Devil
               was
               alwayes
               Gods
               Ape
               ,
               and
               did
               
               so
               ply
               his
               
                 Groves
                 ,
                 Altars
              
               ,
               and
               Sacrifices
               ,
               and
               almost
               all
               other
               Rites
               belonging
               to
               his
               Worship
               ,
               that
               every
               Green
               Tree
               was
               full
               of
               his
               Abominations
               ,
               and
               places
               devoted
               to
               his
               impure
               Service
               ,
               
                 Hi
                 fuêre
              
               (
               says
               Pliny
               ,
               speaking
               of
               Groves
               )
               
                 quondam
                 Numinum
                 templa
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               
               These
               ,
               were
               of
               old
               the
               Temples
               of
               the
               Gods
               ,
               and
               after
               that
               simple
               (
               but
               antient
               Custom
               )
               men
               at
               this
               day
               Consecrate
               the
               fairest
               and
               goodliest
               Trees
               to
               some
               Deity
               or
               other
               ;
               nor
               do
               we
               more
               adore
               our
               glittering
               Shrines
               of
               Gold
               and
               Ivory
               ,
               than
               the
               Groves
               ,
               in
               which
               with
               a
               profound
               and
               awful
               silence
               ,
               we
               worship
               them
               .
               For
               in
               truth
               the
               very
               Tree
               it self
               was
               sometimes
               Deified
               ,
               and
               that
               Celtic
               Statue
               of
               Jupiter
               no
               better
               than
               a
               prodigious
               tall
               Oak
               ,
               whence
               't
               is
               said
               the
               
                 Chaldean
                 Theologues
              
               deriv'd
               their
               superstition
               towards
               it
               ;
               and
               the
               Persians
               we
               read
               ,
               us'd
               that
               Tree
               in
               all
               their
               mysterious
               Rites
               ;
               so
               as
               to
               some
               they
               proceeded
               to
               the
               offering
               even
               of
               humane
               Sacrifices
               ,
               
                 
                   Each
                   Tree
                   besprinckled
                   was
                   with
                   humane
                   gore
                   .
                
                 
                   Omnis
                   &
                   
                     humanis
                     lustrata
                     cruoribus
                     arbos
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Lucan
                   l.
                   3.
                   
                
              
            
             
               Procopius
               tells
               us
               plainly
               that
               the
               Sclavii
               worshipped
               Trees
               and
               whole
               Forests
               of
               them
               :
               See
               
                 Jo.
                 Dubravius
                 l.
              
               1.
               
               
                 Hist
                 .
                 Bohem.
              
               and
               that
               formerly
               the
               Gandenses
               did
               the
               like
               ,
               Surius
               the
               Legendary
               6.
               
               Feb.
               reports
               in
               the
               life
               of
               S.
               Amadus
               :
               So
               did
               the
               Vandals
               says
               
                 Albert
                 Crantz
              
               ;
               and
               even
               those
               of
               Peru
               ,
               as
               I
               learn
               from
               
                 Acosta
                 l.
              
               5.
               c.
               11.
               
               But
               one
               of
               the
               first
               Idols
               which
               procur'd
               particular
               veneration
               in
               them
               was
               the
               
                 Sidonian
                 Ashtaroth
              
               who
               took
               her
               name
               
                 à
                 Lucis
              
               ,
               as
               the
               Jupiter
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               amongst
               the
               Rhodians
               ,
               the
               
                 Nemorensis
                 Diana
              
               or
               Arduenna
               ,
               and
               others
               who
               had
               peculiar
               Worship
               in
               the
               Groves
               ;
               so
               soon
               had
               Men
               degenerated
               into
               this
               irrational
               and
               stupid
               Devotion
               ,
               that
               Arch
               -
               
                 Fanatic
                 Sathan
              
               (
               who
               began
               his
               pranks
               in
               a
               Tree
               )
               debauching
               the
               Contemplative
               use
               of
               Groves
               and
               other
               Solitudes
               .
               Nor
               were
               the
               Heathens
               alone
               in
               this
               crime
               ,
               the
               Basilidians
               and
               other
               Haeretics
               even
               amongst
               the
               Christians
               ,
               did
               consecrate
               to
               the
               Woods
               and
               the
               Trees
               their
               Serpent-footed
               and
               barbarous
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               as
               it
               is
               yet
               to
               be
               seen
               in
               some
               of
               their
               
                 mysterious
                 Talismans
              
               and
               Periapta's
               which
               they
               carried
               about
               .
            
             
               
               But
               the
               Roman
               madnesse
               (
               like
               that
               which
               the
               Prophet
               derides
               in
               the
               Jews
               )
               was
               well
               perstring'd
               by
               Sedulius
               and
               others
               for
               imploring
               these
               Stocks
               to
               be
               propitious
               to
               them
               ,
               as
               we
               learn
               in
               
                 Cato
                 de
              
               R.R.
               c.
               113.134
               .
               &c.
               And
               it
               was
               not
               long
               after
               ,
               when
               they
               were
               generally
               Consecrated
               by
               Faunus
               ,
               that
               they
               boldly
               set
               up
               his
               Oracles
               and
               Responses
               in
               these
               nemorous
               places
               :
               Hence
               the
               Heathen
               Chappels
               had
               the
               name
               of
               Fana
               ,
               and
               from
               their
               wild
               and
               extravagant
               Religion
               ,
               the
               Professors
               of
               it
               Phanatics
               ;
               a
               name
               well
               becoming
               some
               of
               our
               late
               Enthusiasts
               amongst
               us
               ;
               who
               ,
               when
               their
               Quaking
               fits
               possesse
               them
               ,
               resemble
               the
               giddy
               motion
               of
               Trees
               ,
               whose
               heads
               are
               agitated
               with
               
                 every
                 wind
                 of
                 Doctrine
              
               .
            
             
             
               7.
               
               Here
               we
               may
               not
               omit
               what
               Learned
               men
               have
               observ'd
               concerning
               the
               Custome
               of
               Prophets
               and
               Persons
               inspir'd
               of
               old
               ,
               to
               sleep
               upon
               the
               Boughs
               and
               branches
               of
               Trees
               (
               I
               do
               not
               mean
               on
               the
               tops
               of
               them
               ,
               as
               the
               Salvages
               somewhere
               do
               in
               the
               Indies
               for
               fear
               of
               
                 Wild
                 Beasts
              
               in
               the
               night
               time
               )
               but
               on
               Matrasses
               and
               Beds
               made
               of
               their
               Leaves
               ,
               
                 ad
                 Consulendum
              
               to
               ask
               advise
               of
               God.
               Naturalists
               tell
               us
               ,
               that
               the
               Laurus
               and
               
                 Agnus
                 Castus
              
               were
               Trees
               which
               greatly
               compos'd
               the
               Phansy
               ,
               and
               did
               facilitate
               true
               Visions
               ;
               and
               that
               the
               first
               was
               specifically
               efficacious
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               (
               as
               my
               Authour
               expresses
               it
               )
               to
               Inspire
               a
               Poetical
               fury
               :
               Such
               a
               Tradition
               there
               goes
               of
               Rebecca
               the
               Wife
               of
               Isaack
               ,
               
               in
               imitation
               of
               her
               
                 Father
                 in
                 Law
              
               :
               The
               Instance
               is
               recited
               out
               of
               an
               ancient
               Ecclesiastical
               History
               by
               Abulensis
               ;
               and
               (
               what
               I
               drive
               at
               )
               that
               from
               hence
               the
               
                 Delphic
                 Tripos
              
               ,
               the
               
                 Dodonaean
                 Oracle
              
               in
               Epirus
               ,
               and
               others
               of
               that
               nature
               had
               their
               Originals
               :
               At
               this
               decubation
               upon
               Boughs
               the
               Satyrist
               seems
               to
               hint
               where
               he
               introduces
               the
               Gypsies
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 with
                 fear
              
               
                 The
                 poor
                 she
                 Jew
                 begs
                 in
                 my
                 Ladies
                 ear
                 ,
              
               
                 The
                 Groves
                 high
                 Priestesse
                 ,
                 Heavens
                 true
                 messenger
                 ,
              
               
                 Hierusalem's
                 old
                 Lawes
                 expounds
                 to
                 her
                 .
              
               
                 Stapylton
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Arcanam
                   Judaea
                   tremens
                   mendicat
                   in
                   aurem
                
              
               
                 
                   Interpres
                   Legum
                   Solymarum
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   magn
                   Sacerdos
                
              
               
                 
                   Arboris
                   ,
                   ac
                   summi
                   fida
                   internuncia
                   Coeli
                   .
                
              
               
                 Juv.
                 Sat.
                 6.
                 
              
            
             
               For
               indeed
               the
               
                 Delphic
                 Oracle
              
               (
               as
               
                 Diodorus
                 l.
              
               16.
               tells
               us
               )
               was
               first
               made
               
                 è
                 Lauri
                 ramis
              
               of
               the
               Branches
               of
               Laurel
               transferr'd
               from
               Thessaly
               ,
               bended
               ,
               and
               arched
               over
               in
               form
               of
               a
               Bower
               or
               Summer-house
               ,
               a
               very
               simple
               Fabric
               you
               may
               be
               sure
               :
               And
               Cardan
               I
               remember
               in
               his
               Book
               
                 de
                 Fato
              
               ,
               insists
               very
               much
               on
               the
               Dreams
               of
               Trees
               for
               portents
               and
               presages
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               use
               of
               some
               of
               them
               do
               dispose
               men
               to
               Visions
               .
            
             
               8.
               
               
               From
               hence
               then
               began
               Temples
               to
               be
               erected
               and
               sought
               to
               in
               such
               Places
               ,
               and
               as
               there
               was
               hardly
               a
               Grove
               without
               its
               Temple
               ,
               so
               had
               every
               Temple
               almost
               ,
               a
               Grove
               belonging
               to
               it
               ,
               where
               they
               plac'd
               Idols
               ,
               and
               Altars
               and
               Lights
               endow'd
               with
               fair
               Revenues
               which
               the
               devotion
               of
               Superstitious
               persons
               continually
               augmented
               ;
               and
               I
               remember
               to
               have
               seen
               something
               very
               like
               this
               in
               Italy
               ,
               and
               other
               Parts
               ,
               namely
               ,
               where
               the
               Images
               of
               the
               
                 B.
                 Virgin
              
               and
               other
               Saints
               have
               been
               enshrin'd
               in
               hollow
               and
               umbragious
               Trees
               frequented
               with
               much
               veneration
               ,
               which
               puts
               me
               in
               mind
               of
               what
               that
               great
               Traveller
               
                 Pietro
                 della
                 Valla
              
               relates
               ,
               where
               he
               speaks
               of
               an
               extraordinary
               Cypresse
               ,
               yet
               extant
               ,
               near
               the
               Tomb
               of
               Cyrus
               ,
               to
               which
               at
               this
               day
               many
               Pilgrimages
               are
               made
               ,
               and
               speaks
               of
               a
               Gummy
               transudation
               which
               it
               yields
               ,
               that
               the
               Turks
               affirm
               to
               turn
               every
               Friday
               into
               drops
               of
               Blood
               :
               The
               Tree
               is
               hollow
               within
               ,
               adorn'd
               with
               many
               Lamps
               ,
               and
               fitted
               for
               an
               Oratory
               ,
               and
               indeed
               some
               would
               derive
               the
               name
               Lucus
               a
               Grove
               ,
               as
               more
               particularly
               to
               signifie
               such
               enormous
               and
               cavernous
               Trees
               
                 quod
                 ibi
                 lumina
                 accenderentur
                 Religionis
                 causa
              
               :
               But
               our
               Author
               adds
               ,
               The
               Ethnics
               do
               still
               repute
               all
               great
               Trees
               to
               be
               divine
               ,
               and
               the
               habitation
               of
               Souls
               departed
               :
               These
               the
               Persians
               call
               Pir
               
               and
               Imàm
               .
               Perhaps
               such
               a
               hollow
               Tree
               was
               that
               Asylum
               of
               our
               Poets
               Hero
               ,
               when
               he
               fled
               from
               his
               burning
               Troy
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   an
                   antient
                   Cypresse
                   near
                
                 
                   Kept
                   by
                   Religious
                   Parents
                   many
                   a
                   year
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     ju●●aque
                     antiqua
                     Cupressus
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Religione
                     Patrum
                     multos
                     servata
                     per
                     annos
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Aen.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               For
               that
               they
               were
               places
               of
               Protection
               ,
               and
               priviledg'd
               like
               Churches
               ,
               and
               Altars
               ,
               appears
               out
               of
               Livy
               and
               other
               good
               Authority
               :
               Thus
               where
               they
               introduce
               Romulus
               encouraging
               his
               new
               Colony
               ,
               
                 
                   So
                   soon
                   as
                   ere
                   the
                   Grove
                   he
                   had
                   immur'd
                
                 
                   Hast
                   hither
                   (
                   says
                   he
                   )
                   here
                   you
                   are
                   secur'd
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     ut
                     saxo
                     Lucum
                     circumdedit
                     alto
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Quilibet
                     ,
                     huc
                     ,
                     dicit
                     ,
                     Confuge
                     ,
                     tutus
                     eris
                     .
                  
                
              
               Such
               a
               Sanctuary
               was
               the
               Aricina
               ,
               and
               Suburban
               Diana
               ,
               call'd
               the
               
                 Nemorale
                 Templum
              
               ,
               and
               divers
               more
               which
               we
               shall
               reckon
               up
               anon
               .
            
             
               9.
               
               The
               Mysteries
               which
               the
               famous
               Druids
               celebrated
               in
               their
               Woods
               and
               Forests
               ,
               are
               at
               large
               to
               be
               found
               in
               
                 Caesar
                 ,
                 Pliny
                 ,
                 Strabo
                 ,
                 Diodorus
                 ,
                 Mela
                 ,
                 Apuleius
                 ,
                 Ammianus
                 ,
                 Lucan
                 ,
                 Aventinus
                 ,
              
               and
               innumerable
               other
               Writers
               ,
               where
               you
               will
               see
               that
               they
               chose
               the
               Woods
               and
               the
               Groves
               ,
               not
               onely
               for
               all
               their
               Religious
               Exercises
               ,
               but
               their
               Courts
               of
               Justice
               ;
               as
               the
               whole
               Institution
               and
               Discipline
               is
               recorded
               by
               
                 Caesar
                 ,
                 l.
              
               6.
               and
               as
               he
               it
               seems
               found
               it
               in
               our
               Countrey
               of
               Britain
               ,
               from
               whence
               it
               was
               afterwards
               translated
               into
               Gallia
               :
               For
               he
               attributes
               the
               first
               rise
               of
               it
               to
               this
               once
               happy
               Island
               of
               Groves
               ,
               and
               Oaks
               ;
               and
               affirms
               that
               the
               antient
               Gauls
               travelled
               hither
               for
               their
               initiation
               .
               To
               this
               Tacitus
               assents
               ,
               14
               Annal.
               and
               our
               most
               Learned
               Critics
               who
               vindicate
               it
               both
               from
               the
               Greeks
               and
               French
               ,
               who
               frequently
               challenge
               it
               :
               But
               the
               very
               Name
               it self
               ,
               which
               is
               purely
               Celtic
               ,
               does
               best
               decide
               the
               Controversie
               :
               For
               though
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               be
               Quercus
               ;
               yet
               Vossius
               skilfully
               proves
               that
               the
               Druids
               were
               altogether
               strangers
               to
               the
               Greeks
               ;
               but
               what
               comes
               yet
               nearer
               to
               us
               ,
               
                 Dru
                 ,
                 fides
              
               (
               as
               one
               observes
               )
               begetting
               our
               now
               antiquated
               Trou
               ,
               or
               True
               ,
               makes
               our
               title
               the
               stronger
               :
               Add
               to
               this
               ,
               that
               amongst
               the
               Germans
               it
               signified
               no
               lesse
               than
               God
               it self
               ;
               and
               we
               find
               Drutin
               or
               Trudin
               to
               import
               Divine
               or
               Faithful
               in
               the
               
                 Othfridian
                 Gospel
              
               ,
               both
               of
               them
               Sacerdotal
               expressions
               .
               But
               that
               in
               this
               Island
               of
               ours
               men
               should
               be
               so
               extreamly
               devoted
               to
               Trees
               ,
               and
               especially
               to
               the
               Oak
               ,
               the
               strength
               and
               defence
               of
               all
               our
               enjoyments
               ,
               inviron'd
               as
               we
               are
               by
               the
               Seas
               ,
               and
               Martial
               Neighbours
               ,
               is
               lesse
               to
               be
               wonder'd
               ,
               
                 
                   Our
                   Brittish
                   Druids
                   not
                   with
                   vain
                   intent
                   ,
                
                 
                   Or
                   without
                   Providence
                   did
                   the
                   Oke
                   frequent
                   ;
                
                 
                   That
                   Albion
                   did
                   that
                   Tree
                   so
                   much
                   advance
                
                 
                   Nor
                   Superstition
                   was
                   ,
                   nor
                   ignorance
                
                 
                   Those
                   Priests
                   divining
                   even
                   then
                   ,
                   bespoke
                
                 
                   The
                   mighty
                   Triumphs
                   of
                   the
                   
                     Royal
                     Oake
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   When
                   the
                   Seas
                   Empire
                   with
                   like
                   boundlesse
                   fame
                
                 
                   Victorious
                   CHARLES
                   the
                   Son
                   of
                   CHARLES
                   shall
                   claim
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Non
                     igitur
                     Dryadae
                     nostrates
                     pectore
                     vano
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Nec
                     sine
                     consulto
                     coluerunt
                     Numine
                     Quercum
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Non
                     illam
                     Albionis
                     jam
                     tum
                     celebravit
                     honore
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Stulta
                     Superstitio
                     ,
                     venturive
                     inscia
                     secli
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Angliaci
                     ingentes
                     puto
                     praevidisse
                     triumphos
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Roboris
                     ,
                     Imperiumque
                     maris
                     quod
                     maximus
                     olim
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   CAROLIDES
                   
                     vastâ
                     Victor
                     ditione
                     teneret
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Couleii
                   L.
                   6.
                   Pl.
                   
                
              
               
               as
               we
               may
               find
               the
               Praediction
               gloriously
               followed
               by
               our
               ingenious
               Poet
               ,
               where
               his
               Dryad
               consignes
               that
               Sacred
               Depositum
               to
               this
               Monarch
               of
               the
               Forest
               the
               Oak
               ,
               than
               which
               nothing
               can
               be
               more
               sublime
               and
               rapturous
               .
            
             
               10.
               
               From
               those
               
                 Sylvan
                 Philosophers
              
               and
               Divines
               (
               not
               to
               speak
               much
               of
               the
               
                 Indian
                 Brachmans
              
               descended
               of
               the
               antient
               Gymnosophists
               )
               't
               is
               believed
               that
               the
               great
               Pythagoras
               might
               Institute
               his
               silent
               Monasterie
               ;
               and
               we
               read
               that
               Plato
               entertain'd
               his
               Auditors
               amongst
               his
               Walks
               of
               Trees
               ,
               which
               were
               afterward
               defac'd
               by
               the
               inhumanity
               of
               Sylla
               ,
               when
               as
               Appian
               tells
               us
               ,
               he
               cut
               down
               those
               venerable
               shades
               to
               build
               Forts
               against
               Pyraeus
               :
               And
               another
               we
               find
               he
               had
               ,
               Planted
               near
               Anicerides
               with
               his
               own
               hands
               ,
               wherein
               grew
               that
               celebrated
               Platanus
               under
               which
               he
               introduces
               his
               Master
               Socrates
               discoursing
               with
               
                 Phaedon
                 de
                 Pulchro
              
               :
               Such
               another
               place
               was
               the
               Athenian
               Cephisia
               as
               Agellius
               describes
               it
               :
               Democritus
               also
               taught
               in
               a
               Grove
               ,
               as
               we
               find
               in
               that
               of
               Hippocrates
               to
               Damagetus
               ,
               where
               there
               is
               a
               particular
               Tree
               design'd
               
                 ad
                 Otium
                 literarum
              
               ;
               
               and
               I
               remember
               Tertullian
               calls
               these
               places
               
                 Studia
                 opaca
              
               :
               I
               could
               here
               tell
               you
               of
               
                 Palaemon
                 ,
                 Timon
                 ,
                 Apollonius
                 ,
                 Theophrastus
                 ,
              
               and
               many
               more
               that
               erected
               their
               Schools
               in
               such
               Colleges
               of
               Trees
               ,
               but
               I
               spare
               my
               Reader
               ;
               I
               shall
               onely
               note
               that
               't
               is
               reported
               of
               Thucydides
               that
               he
               compiled
               his
               noble
               History
               in
               the
               
                 Scaplan
                 Groves
                 ▪
              
               as
               Pliny
               writes
               ;
               and
               in
               that
               matchless
               piece
               
                 de
                 Oratore
              
               ,
               we
               shall
               find
               the
               Interlocutors
               to
               be
               often
               under
               the
               Platanus
               in
               his
               
                 Tusculan
                 Villa
              
               ,
               where
               invited
               by
               the
               freshnesse
               and
               sweetness
               of
               the
               place
               Admonuit
               (
               says
               one
               of
               them
               )
               
                 me
                 haec
                 tua
              
               Platanus
               
                 quae
                 non
                 minus
                 ad
                 opacandum
                 hunc
                 locum
                 patulis
              
               &
               
                 diffusa
                 ramis
                 quam
                 illa
                 ,
                 cujus
                 umbram
                 secutus
                 est
              
               Socrates
               ,
               
                 quae
                 mihi
                 videtur
                 non
                 tam
                 ipsa
                 aquula
                 ,
                 quae
                 describitur
                 ,
                 quàm
              
               Platonis
               
                 oratione
                 crevisse
                 ,
                 &c.
              
               as
               the
               Orator
               brings
               it
               in
               ,
               in
               the
               person
               of
               one
               of
               that
               meeting
               .
            
             
               I
               confesse
               Quintilian
               seems
               much
               to
               question
               whether
               such
               places
               do
               not
               rather
               perturb
               and
               distract
               from
               an
               Orators
               Recollection
               ,
               
               and
               the
               depths
               of
               Contemplation
               :
               
                 Non
                 tamen
              
               (
               sayes
               he
               )
               
                 protinus
                 audiendi
                 ,
                 qui
                 credunt
                 aptissima
                 in
                 hoc
                 Nemora
                 ,
                 sylvasque
                 ,
                 quod
                 illa
                 coeli
                 libertas
                 ,
                 locorumque
                 amaenitas
                 ,
                 sublimem
                 animum
                 ,
                 &
                 beatiorem
                 spiritum
                 parent
                 :
                 Mihi
                 certè
                 jucundus
                 hic
                 magis
                 ;
                 quàm
                 studiorum
                 hortator
                 videtur
                 esse
                 secessus
                 :
                 Namque
                 illa
                 ipsa
                 quae
                 delectant
                 ,
                 necesse
                 est
                 avocent
                 ab
                 intentione
                 operis
                 destinati
              
               :
               He
               proceeds
               —
               
                 Quare
                 Sylvarum
                 amoenitas
                 ,
                 &
                 praeter
                 labentia
                 flumina
                 ,
                 &
                 inspirantes
                 ramis
                 arborum
                 aurae
                 ,
                 volucrúmque
                 cantus
                 &
                 ipsa
                 latè
                 circumspiciendi
                 libertas
                 ,
                 ad
                 se
                 trahunt
                 ;
                 ut
                 mihi
                 remittere
                 potius
                 vo●uptas
                 ista
                 videatur
                 cogitationem
                 quam
                 intendere
                 .
              
               But
               this
               is
               onely
               his
               singular
               suffrage
               ,
               which
               as
               conscious
               of
               his
               Error
               ,
               we
               soon
               hear
               him
               retract
               ,
               when
               he
               is
               by
               and
               by
               as
               loud
               in
               its
               Praises
               ,
               as
               the
               Places
               in
               the
               World
               ,
               the
               best
               fitted
               for
               the
               diviner
               Rhetorique
               of
               Poetry
               :
               But
               let
               us
               admit
               another
               to
               cast
               in
               his
               Symbol
               for
               
                 Groves
                 :
                 Nemora
              
               (
               sayes
               he
               )
               
                 &
                 Luci
                 ,
                 &
                 secretum
                 ipsum
                 ,
                 tantam
                 mihi
                 afferunt
                 voluptatem
                 ut
                 inter
                 precipuos
                 Carminum
                 fructus
                 ,
                 majorem
                 ,
                 quod
                 nec
                 in
                 strepitu
                 ,
                 nec
                 sedente
                 
                 ante
                 hostium
                 litigatore
                 ,
                 nec
                 inter
                 Sordes
                 &
                 lacrymas
                 reorum
                 comprimantur
                 :
                 Sed
                 secedit
                 animus
                 in
                 loca
                 pura
                 ,
                 atque
                 innocentia
                 ,
                 fruturque
                 sedibus
                 Sacris
                 .
              
            
             
               And
               indeed
               the
               Poets
               thought
               of
               no
               other
               Heaven
               upon
               Earth
               ,
               or
               elsewhere
               ;
               for
               when
               Anchises
               was
               setting
               forth
               the
               felicity
               of
               the
               other
               life
               to
               his
               Son
               ,
               the
               most
               lively
               description
               he
               could
               make
               of
               it
               was
               to
               tell
               him
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   We
                   dwell
                   in
                   shady
                   Groves
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     Lucis
                     habitamus
                     opacit
                  
                
              
               and
               that
               when
               Aeneas
               had
               travell'd
               far
               to
               find
               those
               happy
               Abodes
               ,
               
                 
                   They
                   came
                   to
                   Groves
                   ,
                   of
                   happy
                   Souls
                   the
                   Rest
                
                 
                   To
                   Ever-greens
                   ,
                   the
                   dwellings
                   of
                   the
                   Blest
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Devenere
                     locos
                     latos
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     amoena
                     vireta
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Fortunatorum
                     Nemorum
                     ,
                     Sedesque
                     beatas
                  
                   .
                
              
               Such
               a
               prospect
               he
               gives
               us
               of
               his
               Elysium
               ;
               and
               therefore
               wise
               and
               great
               Persons
               had
               alwayes
               these
               sweet
               opportunities
               of
               Recesse
               ,
               their
               
                 Domos
                 Sylvae
              
               ,
               as
               we
               reed
               ,
               2
               Reg.
               7.2
               .
               which
               were
               thence
               called
               
                 Houses
                 of
                 Royal
                 Refreshment
              
               ,
               or
               as
               the
               Septuagint
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               not
               much
               unlike
               the
               Lodges
               in
               divers
               of
               our
               Noble-mens
               Parks
               ,
               and
               Forest-Walks
               ;
               which
               minds
               me
               of
               his
               choice
               in
               another
               Poem
               ,
               
                 
                   In
                   lofty
                   Towers
                   let
                   Pallas
                   take
                   her
                   rest
                   ,
                
                 
                   Whilst
                   shady
                   Groves
                   '
                   boue
                   all
                   things
                   please
                   us
                   best
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Pallas
                     quas
                     condidit
                     arces
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Ipsa
                     colat
                     ,
                     nobis
                     placeant
                     ante
                     omnia
                     Sylvae
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Eclog.
                   2.
                   
                
              
               And
               for
               the
               same
               reason
               Mecoenas
               
                 
                   —
                   Chose
                   the
                   broad
                   Oak
                   —
                
                 
                   
                     Maluit
                     umbrosam
                     Quercum
                  
                   —
                
              
               and
               as
               Horace
               bespeaks
               them
               ,
               
                 
                   Me
                   the
                   cool
                   Woods
                   above
                   the
                   rest
                   advance
                
                 
                   Where
                   the
                   rough
                   Satyrs
                   with
                   the
                   light
                   Nymphs
                   dance
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Me
                     gelidum
                     nemus
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Nympharumque
                     leves
                     cum
                     Satyris
                     Chori
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Secernunt
                     populo
                  
                   —
                
              
               and
               Virgil
               again
               ,
               
                 
                   Our
                   sweet
                   Thalia
                   loves
                   ,
                   nor
                   does
                   she
                   scorn
                
                 
                   To
                   haunt
                   umbragious
                   Groves
                   —
                
                 
                   
                     Nostra
                     nec
                     ●rubuit
                     Sylvas
                     habitare
                     Thalia
                     .
                  
                
              
               or
               as
               thus
               expressed
               by
               Petrarch
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   The
                   Muse
                   her self
                   injoys
                
                 
                   Best
                   in
                   the
                   Woods
                   ,
                   verse
                   flies
                   the
                   City
                   noyse
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Sylva
                   placet
                   Musis
                   ,
                   urbs
                   est
                   inimica
                   Poetis
                   .
                
              
               So
               true
               is
               that
               of
               yet
               a
               better
               Poet
               of
               our
               own
               ;
               
                 
                   As
                   well
                   might
                   Corn
                   ,
                   as
                   Verse
                   in
                   Cities
                   grow
                   ,
                
                 
                   In
                   vain
                   the
                   thanklesse
                   Glebe
                   we
                   Plow
                   and
                   Sow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Against
                   th'
                   unnatural
                   Soil
                   in
                   vain
                   we
                   strive
                   ,
                
                 
                   'T
                   is
                   not
                   a
                   ground
                   in
                   which
                   these
                   Plants
                   will
                   thrive
                   .
                
                 
                   Conley
                   .
                
              
               
               When
               it
               seems
               they
               will
               bear
               nothing
               but
               Nettles
               ,
               and
               Thorns
               of
               Satyrs
               ,
               
                 and
                 as
                 Juvenal
                 sayes
                 ,
                 by
                 Indignation
                 too
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 almost
                 all
                 the
                 Poets
                 ,
                 except
                 those
                 who
                 were
                 not
                 able
                 to
                 eat
                 Bread
                 without
                 the
                 Bounty
                 of
                 Great
                 men
                 ;
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 without
                 what
                 they
                 could
                 get
                 by
                 flattering
                 them
                 (
                 which
                 was
                 
                 Homer's
                 and
                 
                 Pindar's
                 case
                 )
                 have
                 not
                 onely
                 withdrawn
                 themselves
                 from
                 the
                 Vices
                 and
                 Vanities
                 of
                 the
                 
                   great
                   World
                
                 ,
                 into
                 the
                 innocent
                 felicities
                 of
                 Gardens
                 ,
                 and
                 Groves
                 ,
                 and
                 Retirednesse
                 ,
                 but
                 have
                 also
                 commended
                 and
                 adorned
                 nothing
                 so
                 much
                 in
                 their
                 never-dying
                 Poems
                 .
              
               Here
               then
               is
               the
               true
               
                 Parnassus
                 ,
                 Castalia
              
               ,
               and
               the
               Muses
               ,
               and
               at
               every
               call
               in
               a
               Grove
               of
               Venerable
               Oaks
               ,
               methinks
               I
               hear
               the
               answer
               of
               an
               hundred
               old
               Druyds
               ,
               and
               the
               Bards
               of
               our
               inspired
               Ancestors
               .
            
             
               Innumerable
               are
               the
               Testimonies
               I
               might
               produce
               in
               behalf
               of
               Groves
               and
               Woods
               out
               of
               the
               Poets
               ,
               
                 Virgil
                 ,
                 Gratius
                 ,
                 Ovid
                 ,
                 Horace
                 ,
                 Claudian
                 ,
                 Statius
                 ,
                 Silius
                 ,
              
               and
               others
               of
               latter
               times
               ,
               especially
               the
               divine
               Petrarch
               ;
               were
               I
               minded
               to
               swell
               this
               Charming
               Subject
               ,
               beyond
               the
               limits
               of
               a
               Chapter
               :
               I
               think
               onely
               to
               take
               notice
               ,
               that
               Theatrical
               Representations
               ,
               such
               as
               were
               those
               of
               the
               Ionian
               call'd
               Andria
               ;
               the
               Scenes
               of
               Pastorals
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               innocent
               Rural
               Entertainments
               were
               of
               old
               adorn'd
               and
               trimm'd
               up
               
                 è
                 ramis
                 &
                 frondibus
                 ,
                 cum
                 racemis
                 &
                 corymbis
                 ,
              
               and
               frequently
               represented
               in
               Groves
               ,
               as
               the
               Learned
               Scaliger
               shews
               :
               
               And
               here
               the
               most
               beloved
               of
               Apollo
               rooted
               his
               coy
               Mistris
               ,
               and
               the
               noblest
               Raptures
               have
               been
               conceiv'd
               in
               the
               Walks
               and
               shades
               of
               Trees
               ,
               and
               Poets
               have
               composed
               Verses
               which
               have
               animated
               men
               to
               Heroic
               and
               glorious
               Actions
               ;
               here
               Orators
               (
               as
               we
               shewed
               )
               have
               made
               their
               
                 Panegyrics
                 ,
                 Historians
              
               grave
               Relations
               ,
               and
               the
               Profound
               Philosophers
               lov'd
               here
               to
               passe
               their
               lives
               in
               repose
               and
               Contemplation
               ,
               and
               the
               frugal
               Repasts
               —
               
                 mollesque
                 sub
                 arbore
                 somni
              
               were
               the
               natural
               and
               chast
               delights
               of
               our
               Fore-Fathers
               .
            
             
               12.
               
               Nor
               were
               Groves
               thus
               onely
               frequented
               by
               the
               great
               Scholars
               ,
               and
               the
               great
               Wits
               ,
               but
               by
               the
               greatest
               Statesmen
               and
               Politians
               also
               ;
               and
               the
               Athenians
               were
               wont
               to
               Consult
               of
               their
               gravest
               matters
               and
               Publick
               Concernments
               in
               them
               .
               Famous
               for
               these
               Assemblies
               were
               the
               Ceraunian
               ,
               and
               at
               Rome
               the
               
                 Lucus
                 Petilinus
              
               ,
               the
               Farentinus
               ,
               and
               others
               ,
               in
               which
               there
               was
               held
               that
               renowned
               Parliament
               after
               the
               Defeat
               of
               the
               Gaules
               by
               
                 M.
                 Popilio
              
               :
               For
               't
               was
               supposed
               that
               in
               places
               so
               Sacred
               ,
               they
               would
               Faithfully
               and
               Religiously
               observe
               what
               was
               Concluded
               amongst
               them
               .
            
             
               
                 In
                 such
                 green
                 Palaces
                 the
                 first
                 Kings
                 reign'd
                 ,
              
               
                 Slept
                 in
                 their
                 Shades
                 ,
                 and
                 Angels
                 entertain'd
                 :
              
               
                 With
                 such
                 old
                 Counsellors
                 they
                 did
                 advise
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 by
                 frequenting
                 Sacred
                 Groves
                 ,
                 grew
                 Wise
                 ;
              
               
                 Free
                 from
                 th'
                 impediments
                 of
                 Light
                 and
                 Noyse
                 ,
              
               
                 Man
                 thus
                 retir'd
                 ,
                 his
                 nobler
                 thoughts
                 imploys
                 .
              
               
                 Mr.
                 Wallet
                 .
              
            
             
             
               As
               our
               excellent
               Poet
               has
               describ'd
               it
               :
               and
               amongst
               other
               weighty
               matters
               they
               treated
               of
               Matches
               for
               their
               Children
               ,
               and
               the
               Young
               people
               made
               Love
               in
               the
               cooler
               Shades
               ,
               and
               ingrav'd
               their
               
               Mistris's
               Names
               upon
               the
               Bark
               ,
               
               
                 tituli
                 aereis
                 literis
                 insculpti
              
               as
               Pliny
               speaks
               of
               that
               Antient
               
                 Vatican
                 Ilex
              
               ,
               and
               Euripides
               in
               Hippolyto
               ,
               where
               he
               shews
               us
               how
               they
               made
               the
               incision
               ,
               whisper
               their
               soft
               Complaints
               like
               that
               of
               Aristaenetus
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               &c.
               and
               wish
               that
               it
               had
               but
               a
               Soul
               and
               a
               Voyce
               to
               tell
               Cydippe
               ,
               the
               fair
               Cydippe
               ,
               how
               she
               was
               belov'd
               :
               
               And
               doubtlesse
               this
               Character
               was
               Antienter
               than
               that
               in
               Paper
               ;
               let
               us
               hear
               the
               Amorous
               Poet
               leaving
               his
               young
               Couple
               thus
               Courting
               each
               other
               .
               
                 
                   My
                   name
                   on
                   Bark
                   engraven
                   by
                   your
                   fair
                   hand
                   ,
                
                 
                   Oenone
                   ,
                   there
                   ,
                   cut
                   by
                   your
                   knife
                   does
                   stand
                   ;
                
                 
                   And
                   with
                   the
                   Stock
                   my
                   Name
                   alike
                   do's
                   grow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Be
                   't
                   so
                   ,
                   and
                   my
                   advancing
                   honour
                   show
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Incisae
                     servant
                     a
                     te
                     mea
                     nomina
                     fagi
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     Legor
                     Oenone
                     falce
                     notata
                     tua
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     quantum
                     trunci
                     ,
                     tantum
                     mea
                     nomina
                     crescunt
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   Crescite
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     in
                     titulos
                     surgite
                     ritè
                     meos
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   Ovid.
                   Ep.
                   
                
              
               which
               doubtlesse
               he
               learnt
               of
               Maro
               describing
               the
               unfortunate
               Gallus
               .
               
                 
                   There
                   on
                   the
                   tender
                   bark
                   to
                   carve
                   my
                   Love
                   ;
                
                 
                   And
                   as
                   they
                   grow
                   ,
                   so
                   shall
                   my
                   hopes
                   improve
                   .
                
                 
                   Ogilby
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     tenerisque
                     meos
                     incidere
                     amores
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Arboribus
                     ;
                     Crescentillae
                     ,
                     crescetis
                     amores
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Eclog.
                   10.
                   
                
              
               and
               these
               pretty
               Monuments
               of
               Courtship
               I
               find
               were
               much
               used
               on
               the
               Cherry-tree
               (
               the
               
                 Wild
                 one
              
               I
               suppose
               )
               which
               has
               a
               very
               smooth
               Rind
               ,
               as
               the
               witty
               Calfurnius
               ,
               
                 
                   Repeat
                   ,
                   thy
                   words
                   on
                   Cherry-bark
                   I
                   'll
                   take
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   that
                   red
                   skin
                   my
                   Table-book
                   will
                   make
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Dic
                     age
                     ,
                     nam
                     Cerasi
                     tua
                     cortice
                     verba
                     notab●
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Et
                     decisa
                     feram
                     rutilanti
                     carmina
                     libro
                     .
                  
                
              
            
             
               I
               omit
               
                 Olympius
                 Nemesianus
              
               ,
               and
               others
               ,
               for
               we
               have
               dwelt
               too
               long
               on
               this
               trifle
               ,
               but
               we
               will
               now
               change
               the
               Scene
               as
               the
               Aegyptians
               did
               the
               mirth
               of
               their
               Guests
               when
               they
               serv'd
               in
               a
               Scull
               to
               make
               them
               more
               serious
               .
               For
               ,
            
             
               13.
               
               Amongst
               other
               Uses
               of
               Groves
               ,
               I
               read
               that
               some
               Nations
               were
               wont
               to
               hang
               ,
               not
               Malefactors
               onely
               ,
               but
               their
               departed
               Friends
               ,
               and
               those
               whom
               they
               most
               esteemed
               upon
               Trees
               ,
               as
               so
               much
               nearer
               to
               Heaven
               ,
               and
               dedicated
               to
               God
               ;
               believing
               it
               far
               more
               honourable
               than
               to
               be
               buried
               in
               the
               Earth
               ;
               and
               that
               some
               affected
               to
               repose
               rather
               in
               these
               Woody
               places
               Propertius
               seems
               to
               bespeak
               .
            
             
               
                 The
                 Gods
                 forbid
                 my
                 Bones
                 in
                 the
                 high-Road
              
               
                 Should
                 lye
                 ▪
                 by
                 every
                 wandring
                 vulgar
                 trod
                 ;
              
               
                 Thus
                 buried
                 Lovers
                 are
                 to
                 scorn
                 expos'd
                 ,
              
               
                 My
                 Tomb
                 in
                 some
                 by
                 Arbor
                 be
                 inclos'd
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Di
                   faciant
                   mea
                   ne
                   terrâ
                   locet
                   ossa
                   frequenti
                
              
               
                 
                   Quâ
                   facit
                   assiduo
                   tramite
                   vulgus
                   iter
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Post
                   mortem
                   tumuli
                   sic
                   infamantur
                   amantum
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   Me
                   tegat
                   arboreâ
                   devia
                   terra
                   comâ
                   .
                
              
            
             
               The
               same
               is
               affirmed
               of
               other
               Septentrional
               People
               by
               
                 Chr.
                 Cilicus
                 de
                 Bello
                 Dithmarsico
                 l.
              
               1.
               
               We
               have
               already
               mention'd
               Rebeccah
               ,
               and
               read
               of
               Kings
               themselves
               that
               honoured
               such
               places
               with
               their
               Sepulchres
               :
               What
               else
               should
               be
               the
               meaning
               of
               1
               Chro.
               
               10.12
               .
               when
               the
               valiant
               men
               of
               Jabesh
               interr'd
               the
               Bones
               of
               Saul
               and
               Jonathan
               under
               the
               Oke
               .
               Famous
               was
               the
               
                 Hyrnethian
                 Caemeterie
              
               where
               Daiphon
               lay
               ;
               Ariadnes
               Tomb
               was
               in
               the
               Amathusian
               Grove
               in
               Crete
               ,
               now
               Candie
               :
               For
               they
               believed
               that
               the
               Spirits
               and
               Ghosts
               of
               Men
               delighted
               to
               expatiate
               and
               appear
               in
               such
               solemn
               places
               ,
               as
               the
               Learned
               Grotius
               notes
               from
               Theophylact
               ,
               speaking
               of
               the
               Daemons
               ,
               upon
               Mat.
               8
               20.
               for
               which
               cause
               Plato
               gave
               permission
               ,
               that
               Trees
               might
               be
               Planted
               over
               Graves
               ,
               to
               obumbrate
               and
               refresh
               them
               .
            
             
               Our
               Blessed
               Saviour
               chose
               the
               Garden
               sometimes
               for
               his
               Oratory
               ,
               and
               dying
               ,
               for
               the
               place
               of
               his
               Sepulchre
               ;
               and
               we
               do
               avouch
               for
               many
               weighty
               causes
               ,
               that
               there
               are
               none
               more
               fit
               to
               bury
               our
               Dead
               in
               ,
               than
               in
               our
               Gardens
               and
               Groves
               ,
               where
               our
               Beds
               may
               be
               decked
               with
               verdant
               and
               fragrant
               
                 Flowers
                 ,
                 Trees
              
               and
               Perennial
               Plants
               ,
               the
               most
               natural
               and
               instructive
               Hieroglyphics
               of
               our
               expected
               Resurrection
               and
               Immortality
               ,
               besides
               what
               they
               might
               conduce
               to
               the
               Meditation
               of
               the
               living
               ,
               and
               the
               taking
               off
               our
               Cogitations
               from
               dwelling
               too
               intently
               upon
               more
               vain
               and
               sensual
               Objects
               ;
               that
               Custom
               of
               Burying
               in
               Churches
               ,
               and
               near
               about
               them
               (
               especially
               in
               great
               and
               populous
               Cities
               )
               being
               both
               a
               Novel
               Presumption
               ,
               undecent
               ,
               and
               very
               unhealthful
               .
            
             
               14.
               
               To
               make
               this
               Discourse
               the
               more
               absolute
               ,
               we
               shall
               add
               a
               short
               recital
               of
               the
               most
               famous
               Groves
               which
               we
               find
               Celebrated
               in
               Histories
               ;
               and
               those
               ,
               besides
               many
               already
               mention'd
               ,
               were
               such
               as
               being
               Consecrated
               both
               to
               Gods
               and
               Men
               ,
               bore
               their
               Names
               :
               Amongst
               these
               are
               reckoned
               the
               Sacred
               to
               
                 Minerva
                 ,
                 Isis
                 ,
                 Latona
                 ,
                 Cybele
                 ,
                 Osiris
                 ,
                 Aesculapius
                 ,
                 Diana
                 ,
              
               and
               especially
               the
               Aricinian
               ,
               in
               which
               there
               was
               a
               goodly
               Temple
               erected
               ,
               placed
               in
               the
               midst
               of
               an
               Iland
               ,
               with
               a
               vast
               Lake
               about
               it
               ,
               a
               Mount
               ,
               and
               a
               Grotto
               adorn'd
               with
               Statues
               ,
               and
               irrigated
               with
               plentiful
               Streams
               :
               and
               this
               was
               that
               renouned
               Recesse
               of
               Numa
               ,
               where
               he
               so
               frequently
               conversed
               with
               his
               Aegeria
               ,
               as
               did
               Minos
               in
               the
               Cave
               of
               Jupiter
               ,
               and
               by
               whose
               pretended
               Inspirations
               they
               gain'd
               the
               deceived
               People
               ,
               and
               made
               them
               receive
               what
               Lawes
               he
               pleas'd
               to
               impose
               upon
               them
               .
               To
               these
               we
               may
               joyn
               ,
               the
               Groves
               of
               
                 Vulcan
                 ,
                 Venus
              
               ,
               and
               the
               little
               
                 Cupid
                 :
                 Mars
                 ,
                 Bellona
                 ,
                 Bacchus
                 ,
                 Sylvanus
                 ,
              
               the
               Muses
               ,
               and
               that
               neer
               Helicon
               from
               the
               same
               Numa
               ,
               their
               great
               Patron
               ;
               and
               hence
               had
               they
               their
               Name
               Camoenae
               .
               In
               this
               was
               the
               noble
               Statue
               of
               Eupheme
               Nurse
               to
               those
               Poetical
               Ladies
               ;
               but
               so
               the
               Feranian
               and
               even
               
                 Mons
                 Parnassus
              
               ,
               were
               thick
               shaded
               with
               Trees
               .
               Nor
               may
               we
               omit
               the
               more
               impure
               
                 Lupercal
                 Groves
              
               Sacred
               ,
               or
               Prophan'd
               rather
               ,
               yet
               most
               famous
               for
               their
               affording
               shelter
               and
               foster
               to
               Romulus
               ,
               and
               his
               Brother
               Rhemus
               .
            
             
               That
               of
               Vulcan
               was
               usually
               guarded
               by
               Dogs
               ,
               like
               the
               Town
               of
               S.
               Malos
               in
               Bretaigne
               :
               The
               
                 Pinea
                 Sylva
              
               appertain'd
               to
               the
               Mother
               of
               the
               Gods
               ,
               as
               we
               find
               in
               
                 Virgil.
                 Venus
              
               had
               several
               Groves
               in
               Aegypt
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Gnidian
               Island
               ,
               where
               once
               stood
               those
               famous
               Statues
               cut
               by
               Praxiteles
               ;
               another
               in
               Pontus
               ,
               where
               (
               if
               
               you
               'll
               believe
               it
               )
               hung
               up
               the
               
                 Golden
                 Fleece
              
               for
               the
               bold
               Adventurer
               .
               Nor
               was
               the
               Watry-King
               Neptune
               without
               his
               Groves
               ,
               the
               Helicean
               in
               Greece
               was
               his
               :
               So
               Ceres
               ,
               and
               
                 Proserpine
                 ,
                 Pluto
                 ,
                 Vesta
                 ,
                 Castor
              
               and
               Pollux
               had
               such
               shady
               Places
               Consecrated
               to
               them
               ;
               add
               to
               these
               the
               
                 Lebadian
                 ,
                 Arfinoan
                 ,
                 Paphian
                 ,
                 Senonian
                 ,
              
               and
               such
               as
               were
               in
               general
               dedicated
               to
               all
               the
               Gods.
               
            
             
               
                 —
                 The
                 Gods
                 have
                 dwelt
                 in
                 Groves
                 .
              
               
                 
                   —
                   Habitarunt
                   dii
                   quoque
                   Sylva●
                
                 .
              
            
             
               And
               these
               were
               as
               it
               were
               Pantheons
               .
               To
               the
               memory
               of
               famous
               Men
               and
               Heros
               were
               Consecrated
               the
               
                 Achillean
                 ,
                 Aglauran
              
               ,
               and
               those
               to
               
                 Bellerophon
                 ,
                 Hector
                 ,
                 Alexander
              
               ,
               and
               to
               others
               who
               disdained
               not
               to
               derive
               their
               Names
               from
               Trees
               and
               Forests
               ;
               as
               Sylvius
               the
               Posthumus
               of
               Aeneas
               ;
               divers
               of
               the
               Albanian
               Princes
               ,
               and
               great
               Persons
               ;
               
                 Stolon
                 ,
                 Laura
                 ,
                 Daphnis
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               And
               a
               certain
               Custom
               there
               was
               for
               the
               Parents
               to
               Plant
               a
               Tree
               at
               the
               Birth
               of
               an
               Heir
               or
               Son
               ,
               presaging
               by
               the
               growth
               and
               thriving
               of
               the
               Tree
               the
               prosperity
               of
               the
               Child
               :
               Thus
               we
               read
               in
               the
               life
               of
               Virgil
               ,
               and
               how
               far
               his
               
                 Natalitial
                 Poplar
              
               had
               out-strip'd
               the
               rest
               of
               its
               Contemporaries
               .
               And
               the
               reason
               doubtlesse
               of
               all
               this
               was
               ,
               the
               general
               repute
               of
               the
               Sanctity
               of
               those
               Places
               ;
               for
               no
               sooner
               does
               the
               Poët
               speak
               of
               a
               Grove
               ,
               but
               immediately
               some
               Consecration
               follows
               ,
               as
               believing
               that
               out
               of
               those
               shady
               Profundities
               some
               Deity
               must
               needs
               emerge
               ,
               
                 Quo
                 possis
                 viso
                 dicere
                 Numen
                 inest
                 .
              
               so
               as
               Tacitus
               (
               speaking
               of
               the
               Germans
               )
               sayes
               ,
               
                 Lucos
                 &
                 Nemora
                 consecrant
                 ,
                 Deorumque
                 nominibus
                 appellant
                 secretum
                 illud
                 ,
                 quod
                 solâ
                 reverentiâ
                 vident
              
               ;
               and
               the
               Consecration
               of
               these
               Nemorous
               places
               we
               find
               in
               
                 Quintus
                 Curtius
              
               ,
               and
               in
               what
               
                 Paulus
                 Diaconus
                 de
                 Lege
              
               relates
               of
               the
               Longobards
               where
               the
               Rites
               are
               expresse
               ,
               allur'd
               as
               't
               is
               likely
               by
               the
               gloominesse
               of
               the
               Shade
               ,
               procerity
               and
               altitude
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               floridnesse
               of
               the
               leaves
               and
               other
               accidents
               ,
               not
               capable
               of
               Philosophising
               on
               the
               Physical
               Causes
               ,
               which
               they
               deem'd
               supernatural
               ,
               and
               plainly
               divine
               ;
               so
               as
               to
               use
               the
               words
               of
               Prudentius
               ,
               
                 
                   Here
                   all
                   Religion
                   paid
                   ;
                   whose
                   dark
                   Recesse
                
                 
                   A
                   sacred
                   awe
                   does
                   on
                   their
                   mind
                   impresse
                   ,
                
                 
                   To
                   their
                   Wild
                   Gods
                   —
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Quos
                     penes
                     omne
                     sacrum
                     est
                     ,
                     quicquid
                     formid●
                     trem●udu●●
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Suaserit
                     horrificos
                     ,
                     quos
                     prodigialia
                     cogun●
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Monstra
                     Deos
                  
                   —
                
                 
                   L.
                   2.
                   
                   
                     Cout
                     .
                     Sym.
                  
                   
                
              
               And
               this
               deification
               of
               their
               Trees
               ,
               and
               amongst
               other
               things
               ,
               for
               their
               Age
               and
               perennial
               viridity
               ,
               sayes
               Diodorus
               ,
               might
               spring
               from
               the
               manifold
               use
               which
               they
               afforded
               ,
               and
               happly
               had
               been
               taught
               them
               by
               the
               Gods
               ,
               or
               rather
               by
               some
               God-like
               persons
               ,
               whom
               for
               their
               worth
               and
               the
               publick
               benefit
               they
               esteemed
               so
               ;
               and
               that
               divers
               of
               them
               were
               voyc'd
               to
               have
               been
               Metamorphoz'd
               
               from
               Men
               into
               Trees
               ,
               and
               again
               out
               of
               Trees
               into
               Men
               ,
               as
               the
               Arcadians
               gloried
               in
               their
               Birth
               ,
               when
               
                 
                   Out
                   of
                   the
                   teeming
                   Bark
                   of
                   Oakes
                   men
                   burst
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Géusque
                     virûm
                     ,
                     truncis
                  
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     rupto
                     robore
                     nati
                  
                   ,
                
              
               which
               perhaps
               they
               fancied
               ,
               by
               seeing
               men
               creep
               sometimes
               out
               of
               their
               Cavities
               ,
               in
               which
               they
               often
               lodg'd
               and
               secur'd
               themselves
               ;
               
                 
                   For
                   in
                   th'
                   Earths
                   non-age
                   under
                   Heavens
                   new
                   frame
                   ,
                
                 
                   They
                   stricter
                   liv'd
                   ,
                   who
                   from
                   Oaks
                   rupture
                   came
                   .
                
                 
                   Stapylton
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Quippe
                     aliter
                     tunc
                     orbe
                     novo
                     coelòque
                     recenti
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Vivebant
                     homines
                     qui
                     rupto
                     robore
                     nati
                     ,
                  
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   Juven
                   .
                   l.
                   2.
                   
                   S.
                   6.
                   
                
              
               Or
               as
               the
               sweet
               Papinius
               ,
               
                 
                   Fame
                   goes
                   that
                   thou
                   brake
                   forth
                   from
                   the
                   hard
                   rind
                   ,
                
                 
                   When
                   the
                   new
                   earth
                   with
                   the
                   first
                   feet
                   was
                   sign'd
                   ?
                
                 
                   Fields
                   yet
                   nor
                   Houses
                   doleful
                   pangs
                   reliev'd
                
                 
                   But
                   shady
                   Ash
                   the
                   numerous
                   births
                   receiv'd
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   the
                   green
                   Babe
                   drop'd
                   from
                   the
                   pregnant
                   Elm
                   ,
                
                 
                   Whom
                   strange
                   amazement
                   first
                   did
                   over-whelm
                
                 
                   At
                   break
                   of
                   day
                   ,
                   and
                   when
                   the
                   gloomy
                   night
                
                 
                   Ravish'd
                   the
                   Sun
                   from
                   their
                   pursuing
                   sight
                   ,
                
                 
                   Gave
                   it
                   for
                   lost
                   —
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Nemorum
                     vos
                     stirpe
                     rigen●i
                  
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     Fama
                     satos
                     ,
                     cum
                     prima
                     pedum
                     vestigia
                     tellus
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Admirata
                     tulit
                     ,
                     nondum
                     arva
                     ,
                     domúsque
                     ferebant
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Cruda
                     puerperia
                     ,
                     ac
                     populos
                     umbrosa
                     creavit
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   Fraxinus
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     foetâ
                     viridis
                     puer
                     excidit
                     Orno
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   
                     Hi
                     Lucis
                     stupuisse
                     vices
                     ,
                     noctísque
                     feruntur
                     ,
                  
                
                 
                   Nubila
                   ,
                   &
                   
                     occiduum
                     Longe
                     Titana
                     secuti
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Desperâsse
                     diem
                  
                   —
                
              
               almost
               like
               that
               which
               Rinaldo
               saw
               in
               the
               Inchanted
               Forest
               .
               
                 
                   An
                   aged
                   Oak
                   beside
                   him
                   cleft
                   and
                   rent
                   ,
                
                 
                   And
                   from
                   his
                   fertile
                   hollow
                   womb
                   forth
                   went
                
                 
                   (
                   Clad
                   in
                   rare
                   weeds
                   ,
                   and
                   strange
                   habilement
                   )
                
                 
                   A
                   full
                   grown
                   Nymph
                   .
                   —
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Quercia
                     gli
                     appar
                     ,
                     che
                     per
                     se
                     ste●●●
                     incis●
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Apre
                     feconda
                     il
                     cavo
                     ventre
                     ,
                     è
                     figlia
                  
                   :
                
                 
                   
                     En
                     '
                     esce
                     fuor
                     vestita
                     in
                     strania
                     guisa
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Ninfa
                     d'
                     età
                     cresciuta
                     .
                  
                   —
                
                 
                   Canto
                   18.
                   
                
              
               And
               that
               every
               great
               Tree
               included
               a
               certain
               tutelar
               Genius
               or
               Nymph
               living
               and
               dying
               with
               it
               ,
               the
               Poets
               are
               full
               ;
               a
               special
               instance
               we
               have
               in
               that
               prodigious
               Oak
               which
               fell
               by
               the
               fatal
               stroke
               of
               Erisichthon
               ;
               but
               the
               Hamadryads
               it
               seems
               were
               immortal
               ,
               and
               had
               power
               to
               remove
               ,
               and
               change
               their
               wooden
               habitations
               .
            
             
               15.
               
               We
               might
               here
               produce
               wonderful
               strange
               Apparitions
               of
               this
               nature
               ,
               interceding
               for
               the
               standing
               ,
               and
               life
               of
               Trees
               ,
               when
               the
               Ax
               has
               been
               ready
               for
               Execution
               ,
               
               as
               you
               may
               see
               in
               that
               Hymn
               of
               
                 Callimachus
                 ,
                 Pausanias
              
               ,
               and
               the
               famous
               story
               of
               Paraebius
               related
               by
               Apollonius
               in
               2.
               
               Argonaut
               .
               with
               the
               fearful
               Catastrophe
               of
               such
               as
               causelesly
               and
               wantonly
               violated
               those
               goodly
               Plantations
               (
               from
               which
               fables
               arose
               ,
               that
               of
               the
               Dodonean
               and
               
                 vocal
                 Forests
              
               ,
               frequent
               in
               Heathen
               Writers
               )
               but
               by
               none
               so
               Elegantly
               as
               the
               witty
               Ovid
               ,
               describing
               the
               Fact
               of
               the
               wicked
               Erisichthon
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 Who
                 Gods
                 despis'd
                 ,
              
               
                 Nor
                 ever
                 on
                 their
                 Altars
                 sacrific'd
                 ,
              
            
             
               
                 
                   —
                   Qui
                   numina
                   divûm
                
              
               
                 
                   Sperneret
                   ,
                   &
                   nullos
                   aris
                   adoleret
                   honores
                   &c.
                   
                
              
            
             
               
                 Who
                 Ceres
                 Groves
                 with
                 steel
                 prophan'd
                 :
                 Where
                 stood
              
               
                 An
                 old
                 huge
                 Oak
                 ;
                 even
                 of
                 it self
                 a
                 Wood.
              
               
               
                 Wreaths
                 ,
                 Ribands
                 ,
                 grateful
                 Tables
                 deckt
                 his
                 boughs
              
               
                 And
                 sacred
                 Stem
                 ;
                 the
                 Dues
                 of
                 powerful
                 Vows
                 .
              
               
                 Full
                 oft
                 the
                 Dryades
                 ,
                 with
                 Chaplets
                 crown'd
                 ,
              
               
                 Danc't
                 in
                 the
                 shade
                 ;
                 full
                 oft
                 they
                 tript
                 a
                 Round
              
               
                 About
                 his
                 bole
                 .
                 Five
                 Cubits
                 three
                 times
                 told
              
               
                 His
                 ample
                 Circuit
                 hardly
                 could
                 infold
                 .
              
               
                 Whose
                 stature
                 other
                 Trees
                 as
                 far
                 exceeds
                 ,
              
               
                 As
                 other
                 Trees
                 surmount
                 the
                 humble
                 Weeds
                 .
              
               
                 Yet
                 this
                 his
                 Fury
                 rather
                 did
                 provoke
                 :
              
               
                 Who
                 bids
                 his
                 Servants
                 fell
                 the
                 Sacred
                 Oak
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 snatches
                 ,
                 while
                 they
                 paus'd
                 ,
                 an
                 Ax
                 from
                 one
                 ,
              
               
                 Thus
                 storming
                 :
                 Not
                 the
                 Goddesse
                 lov'd
                 alone
                 ;
              
               
                 But
                 ,
                 though
                 this
                 were
                 the
                 Goddesse
                 ,
                 she
                 should
                 down
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 sweep
                 the
                 Earth
                 with
                 her
                 aspiring
                 Crown
                 .
              
               
                 As
                 he
                 advanc'd
                 his
                 Arms
                 to
                 strike
                 ,
                 the
                 Oak
              
               
                 Both
                 sigh'd
                 and
                 trembl'd
                 at
                 the
                 threatning
                 stroke
                 .
              
               
                 His
                 Leaves
                 and
                 Acorns
                 ,
                 pale
                 together
                 grew
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 colour-changing-branches
                 sweat
                 cold
                 deaw
                 :
              
               
                 Then
                 wounded
                 by
                 his
                 impious
                 hand
                 ,
                 the
                 Blood
              
               
                 Gush'd
                 from
                 th'
                 incision
                 in
                 a
                 purple
                 flood
                 :
              
               
                 Much
                 like
                 a
                 mighty
                 Ox
                 ,
                 that
                 falls
                 before
              
               
                 The
                 Sacred
                 Altar
                 ,
                 sprouting
                 streams
                 of
                 gore
                 .
              
               
                 On
                 All
                 amazement
                 seiz'd
                 :
                 When
                 One
                 of
                 all
              
               
                 The
                 Crime
                 deters
                 ,
                 nor
                 would
                 his
                 Ax
                 let
                 fall
                 .
              
               
                 Contracting
                 his
                 stern
                 brows
                 ;
                 Receive
                 ,
                 said
                 he
                 ,
              
               
                 Thy
                 Pieties
                 Reward
                 ;
                 and
                 from
                 the
                 Tree
              
               
                 The
                 stroke
                 converting
                 ,
                 lops
                 his
                 Head
                 ;
                 then
                 strake
              
               
                 The
                 Oak
                 again
                 ;
                 from
                 whence
                 a
                 Voyce
                 thus
                 spake
                 :
              
               
                 A
                 Nymph
                 am
                 I
                 ,
                 within
                 this
                 Tree
                 inshrin'd
                 ,
              
               
                 Belov'd
                 of
                 Ceres
                 ,
                 O
                 prophane
                 of
                 mind
                 ,
              
               
                 Vengeance
                 is
                 near
                 thee
                 :
                 With
                 my
                 parting
                 breath
                 ,
              
               
                 I
                 Prophecy
                 ,
                 a
                 Comfort
                 to
                 my
                 Death
                 .
              
               
                 He
                 still
                 his
                 guilt
                 pursues
                 ;
                 who
                 over-throws
              
               
                 With
                 Cables
                 ,
                 and
                 innumerable
                 blows
              
               
                 The
                 sturdy
                 Oak
                 ;
                 which
                 nodding
                 ,
                 long
                 ,
                 down
                 rush'd
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 in
                 his
                 lofty
                 fall
                 his
                 fellows
                 crush'd
                 .
              
               
                 Sandys
                 .
              
            
             
               But
               a
               sad
               Revenge
               follows
               it
               ,
               as
               the
               Poet
               will
               tell
               you
               ;
               and
               one
               might
               fill
               a
               just
               Volume
               with
               the
               Histories
               of
               Groves
               that
               were
               violated
               by
               wicked
               Men
               ,
               who
               came
               to
               fatal
               periods
               .
            
             
               It
               is
               reported
               that
               the
               
                 Minturensian
                 Grove
              
               was
               esteem'd
               so
               venerable
               ,
               that
               a
               stranger
               might
               not
               be
               admitted
               into
               it
               ;
               and
               the
               great
               Xerxes
               himself
               when
               he
               passed
               through
               Achaia
               ,
               would
               not
               touch
               a
               Grove
               which
               was
               dedicated
               to
               Jupiter
               ,
               Commanding
               his
               Army
               to
               do
               it
               no
               Violence
               ,
               and
               the
               honours
               he
               did
               to
               one
               single
               (
               but
               a
               goodly
               )
               Platanus
               we
               have
               already
               mention'd
               .
               The
               like
               to
               this
               we
               find
               when
               the
               Persians
               were
               put
               to
               flight
               by
               Pausanias
               ;
               though
               they
               might
               have
               sav'd
               their
               lives
               by
               it
               ,
               as
               appears
               
               in
               the
               Story
               .
               The
               same
               reverence
               made
               that
               Hercules
               would
               not
               so
               much
               as
               tast
               the
               Waters
               of
               the
               
                 Aegerian
                 Groves
              
               after
               he
               slew
               Cacus
               ,
               though
               extreamly
               thirsty
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 The
                 Priestesse
                 se'd
              
               
                 (
                 A
                 purple
                 Fillet
                 binding
                 her
                 gray
                 head
                 )
              
               
                 Stranger
                 ,
                 pry
                 not
                 ,
                 but
                 quit
                 this
                 shady
                 Seat
                 ,
              
               
                 Avant
                 ,
                 and
                 whiles
                 thou
                 safely
                 may
                 ,
                 Retreat
                 ,
              
               
                 To
                 men
                 forbid
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 hard
                 Sanction
                 bound
                 ▪
              
               
                 Far
                 better
                 other
                 Springs
                 were
                 by
                 you
                 found
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Punicco
                   canas
                   stamine
                   vincta
                   comas
                
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   Parce
                   oculis
                   hospes
                   ,
                   Lucôque
                   abscede
                   verend●
                
              
               
                 
                   Cede
                   agedum
                
                 ,
                 &
                 
                   tuta
                   limina
                   linque
                   fuga
                
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   Interdicta
                   viris
                   ,
                   metuenda
                   lege
                   piatur
                
              
               
                 
                   Di
                   tibi
                   dent
                   alios
                   fontes
                
                 —
              
               
                 Propert.
                 l.
                 4.
                 
              
            
             
               Nor
               indeed
               in
               such
               places
               was
               it
               lawful
               to
               Hunt
               ,
               unlesse
               it
               were
               to
               kill
               for
               Sacrifice
               ,
               as
               we
               read
               in
               Arrianus
               ;
               whence
               't
               is
               reported
               by
               Strabo
               ,
               that
               in
               the
               
                 Aetolian
                 Groves
              
               Sacred
               to
               Diana
               ,
               the
               Beasts
               were
               so
               tame
               ,
               that
               the
               very
               Wolves
               and
               Staggs
               fed
               together
               like
               Lambs
               ,
               and
               would
               follow
               a
               man
               licking
               his
               hands
               ,
               and
               fauning
               on
               him
               .
               Such
               a
               Grove
               was
               the
               Crotonian
               ,
               in
               which
               Livy
               writes
               ,
               there
               was
               a
               spacious
               Field
               stor'd
               with
               all
               sorts
               of
               Game
               .
               There
               were
               many
               Forests
               consecrated
               to
               
                 Jupiter
                 ,
                 Juno
              
               ,
               and
               Apollo
               ;
               especially
               the
               famous
               Epidaphnes
               near
               the
               
                 Syrian
                 Antioch
              
               ,
               which
               vvas
               most
               incomparably
               pleasant
               ,
               adorn'd
               vvith
               Fountains
               and
               rare
               Statues
               .
               There
               vvas
               to
               be
               seen
               the
               Laurel
               vvhich
               had
               been
               his
               chast
               Mistris
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Center
               of
               it
               his
               Temple
               and
               Asylum
               :
               Here
               it
               vvas
               Cosroes
               and
               Julian
               did
               Sacrifice
               upon
               several
               occasions
               as
               Eusebius
               relates
               ,
               but
               could
               not
               vvith
               all
               their
               impious
               Arts
               obtain
               an
               Answer
               ;
               because
               the
               holy
               Babylas
               had
               been
               interr'd
               near
               that
               Oracle
               ,
               for
               vvhich
               it
               vvas
               reputed
               so
               venerable
               ,
               that
               there
               remained
               an
               expresse
               Title
               in
               the
               
                 Code
                 de
                 Cupressis
                 ex
                 Luco
                 Daphnes
                 non
                 excidendis
                 ,
                 vel
                 venundandis
                 ,
              
               that
               none
               should
               either
               fell
               ,
               or
               sell
               any
               of
               the
               Trees
               about
               it
               ,
               which
               may
               serve
               for
               another
               Instance
               of
               their
               Burying
               in
               such
               places
               .
               The
               truth
               is
               ,
               so
               exceedingly
               Superstitious
               they
               were
               and
               tender
               ,
               that
               there
               was
               almost
               no
               medling
               with
               these
               devoted
               Trees
               ,
               and
               even
               before
               they
               did
               but
               conlucare
               and
               prune
               one
               of
               them
               ,
               they
               were
               first
               to
               Sacrifice
               ,
               least
               they
               might
               offend
               in
               something
               ignorantly
               :
               But
               to
               
                 Cut
                 down
              
               was
               Capital
               ,
               and
               never
               to
               be
               done
               away
               with
               any
               Offering
               whatsoever
               ;
               and
               therefore
               Conlucare
               in
               Authours
               is
               not
               (
               as
               some
               pretend
               )
               Succidere
               ,
               but
               to
               prune
               the
               Branches
               onely
               ,
               and
               yet
               even
               this
               gentle
               tonsure
               of
               superfluities
               was
               reputed
               a
               kind
               of
               Contamination
               ;
               and
               hence
               
                 Lucus
                 cöinquinari
                 dicitur
              
               ,
               unlesse
               in
               the
               case
               of
               Lightning
               when
               
                 Caelo
                 tacti
              
               ,
               a
               whole
               Tree
               might
               quite
               be
               fell'd
               ,
               
               as
               mark'd
               by
               Heaven
               for
               the
               Fire
               .
               But
               of
               this
               sufficient
               :
               We
               could
               indeed
               fill
               many
               sheets
               with
               the
               Catastrophe
               of
               such
               as
               maliciously
               destroy'd
               Groves
               to
               feed
               either
               their
               revenge
               or
               avarice
               :
               See
               Plutarch
               in
               Pericles
               ,
               and
               the
               saying
               of
               
                 Pompeius
                 :
                 Cicero
              
               sharply
               reproves
               
                 G.
                 Gabinius
              
               for
               his
               prodigious
               spoil
               in
               Greece
               ,
               and
               it
               was
               of
               late
               dayes
               held
               a
               piece
               of
               Inhumanity
               in
               Charles
               the
               French
               King
               ,
               when
               he
               entred
               the
               Frisons
               after
               he
               had
               slain
               their
               Leader
               ,
               to
               cut
               down
               their
               Woods
               ,
               a
               punishment
               never
               inflicted
               by
               sober
               Princes
               but
               to
               prevent
               Idolatry
               in
               the
               Old
               Law
               ;
               and
               to
               shew
               the
               heinousnesse
               
               of
               disloyalty
               and
               Treason
               by
               latter
               Sanctions
               ,
               in
               which
               case
               ,
               and
               for
               Terror
               ,
               even
               a
               Traitors
               Woods
               have
               become
               Anathema
               ,
               as
               were
               easie
               to
               instance
               out
               of
               Histories
               .
            
             
               16.
               
               But
               what
               shall
               we
               say
               then
               of
               our
               late
               prodigious
               Spoilers
               ,
               whose
               furious
               devastation
               of
               so
               many
               goodly
               Woods
               and
               Forests
               ,
               have
               bequeath'd
               an
               Infamy
               on
               their
               Names
               and
               Memories
               not
               quickly
               to
               be
               forgotten
               !
               I
               mean
               our
               unhappy
               Vsurpers
               ,
               and
               injurious
               Sequestrators
               ;
               not
               here
               to
               mention
               the
               deplorable
               necessities
               of
               a
               Gallant
               and
               Loyal
               Gentry
               ,
               who
               for
               their
               Compositions
               were
               (
               many
               of
               them
               )
               compell'd
               to
               add
               yet
               to
               this
               Wast
               ,
               by
               an
               inhumane
               and
               unparallel'd
               Tyrannie
               over
               them
               ,
               to
               preserve
               the
               poor
               remainder
               of
               their
               Fortunes
               ,
               and
               to
               find
               them
               Bread.
               
            
             
               Nor
               was
               it
               here
               they
               desisted
               ,
               when
               ,
               after
               the
               Fate
               of
               that
               once
               beautiful
               Grove
               under
               Greenwich-Castle
               ,
               the
               Royal
               Walk
               of
               Elms
               in
               St.
               
               James's
               Park
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   That
                   living
                   Galery
                   of
                   aged
                   Trees
                   ,
                
              
               was
               once
               propos'd
               to
               the
               late
               Council
               of
               State
               (
               as
               they
               call'd
               it
               )
               to
               be
               cut
               down
               and
               sold
               ,
               that
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               his
               Majesties
               Houses
               already
               demolished
               ,
               and
               mark'd
               out
               for
               Destruction
               ,
               his
               Trees
               might
               likewise
               undergo
               the
               same
               destiny
               ,
               and
               no
               footsteps
               of
               Monarchy
               remain
               unviolated
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               It
               is
               from
               hence
               you
               may
               calculate
               what
               were
               the
               designs
               of
               those
               excellent
               Reformers
               ,
               and
               the
               care
               these
               great
               States-men
               took
               for
               the
               preservation
               of
               their
               Country
               ,
               when
               being
               Parties
               in
               the
               Booty
               themselves
               ,
               they
               gave
               way
               to
               so
               dishonourable
               and
               impolitic
               a
               Wast
               of
               that
               Material
               ,
               which
               being
               left
               intire
               ,
               or
               husbanded
               with
               discretion
               ,
               had
               prov'd
               the
               best
               support
               and
               defence
               of
               it
               .
               But
               this
               (
               say
               they
               )
               was
               the
               Effect
               of
               War
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               height
               of
               our
               Contentions
               .
               No
               ,
               it
               was
               a
               late
               and
               cold
               deliberation
               ,
               and
               long
               after
               all
               had
               been
               subdu'd
               to
               them
               ;
               nor
               could
               the
               most
               implacable
               of
               Enemies
               have
               express'd
               a
               Resolution
               more
               barbarous
               .
            
             
               We
               have
               spoken
               of
               the
               great
               Xerxes
               ,
               that
               passing
               Conquerour
               through
               Achaia
               ,
               he
               would
               not
               suffer
               his
               Army
               to
               violate
               so
               much
               as
               a
               Tree
               of
               his
               Adversaries
               ;
               and
               have
               sufficiently
               observed
               from
               the
               Antients
               ,
               that
               the
               Gods
               did
               never
               permit
               them
               to
               escape
               unpunish'd
               who
               were
               injurious
               to
               Groves
               .
               What
               became
               of
               
               Agamemnon's
               Host
               after
               his
               Spoyl
               of
               the
               Woods
               at
               Aulis
               ?
               Histories
               tell
               us
               Cleomenes
               died
               mad
               :
               The
               
                 Temesaean
                 Genius
              
               became
               proverbial
               ;
               and
               the
               destructive
               fact
               that
               the
               inraged
               Caesar
               perpetrated
               on
               the
               Massilian
               Trees
               ,
               went
               not
               long
               unreveng'd
               ,
               thus
               related
               by
               the
               Poet
               ,
               and
               an
               illustrious
               Record
               of
               all
               we
               have
               hitherto
               produc'd
               ,
               to
               assert
               their
               Veneration
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   Lucus
                   erat
                   longo
                   nunquam
                   violatus
                   ab
                   aevo
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
              
               
                 Lucan
                 .
                 l.
                 3.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 A
                 Wood
                 untouch'd
                 of
                 old
                 was
                 growing
                 there
              
               
                 Of
                 thick-set
                 Trees
                 ,
                 whose
                 boughs
                 spreading
                 and
                 fair
              
               
                 Meeting
                 ,
                 obscured
                 the
                 inclosed
                 Air
                 ,
              
               
               
                 And
                 made
                 dark
                 shades
                 exiling
                 Phoebus
                 Rayes
                 :
              
               
                 There
                 no
                 rude
                 Fawn
                 ,
                 nor
                 wanton
                 Sylvan
                 playes
                 ;
              
               
                 No
                 Nymph
                 disports
                 ,
                 but
                 cruel
                 Deities
              
               
                 Claim
                 barbarous
                 Rites
                 ,
                 and
                 bloody
                 Sacrifice
                 :
              
               
                 Each
                 Tree
                 defil'd
                 with
                 humane
                 blood
                 ;
                 if
                 we
              
               
                 Believe
                 Traditions
                 of
                 Antiquity
                 :
              
               
                 No
                 Bird
                 dares
                 light
                 upon
                 those
                 hollowed
                 boughs
                 ,
              
               
                 No
                 Beasts
                 make
                 there
                 their
                 dens
                 ;
                 no
                 wind
                 there
                 blows
                 ;
              
               
                 No
                 lightning
                 falls
                 :
                 a
                 sad
                 religious
                 awe
                 ,
              
               
                 The
                 quiet
                 Trees
                 unstirr'd
                 by
                 wind
                 do
                 draw
                 .
              
               
                 Black
                 water
                 Currents
                 from
                 dark
                 Fountains
                 flow
                 :
              
               
                 The
                 Gods
                 unpolish'd
                 Images
                 do
                 know
              
               
                 No
                 art
                 ,
                 but
                 plain
                 ,
                 and
                 formlesse
                 trunks
                 they
                 are
                 .
              
               
                 Their
                 mosse
                 and
                 mouldinesse
                 procures
                 a
                 fear
                 :
              
               
                 The
                 common
                 figures
                 of
                 known
                 Deities
              
               
                 Are
                 not
                 so
                 fear'd
                 :
                 not
                 knowing
                 what
                 God
                 't
                 is
                 ,
              
               
                 Makes
                 him
                 more
                 awfull
                 :
                 by
                 relation
              
               
                 The
                 shaken
                 Earths
                 dark
                 caverns
                 oft
                 did
                 grone
                 :
              
               
                 Fall'n
                 Yew-trees
                 often
                 of
                 themselves
                 would
                 rise
                 :
              
               
                 With
                 seeming
                 fire
                 oft
                 flam'd
                 th'unburned
                 Trees
                 :
              
               
                 And
                 winding
                 dragons
                 the
                 cold
                 Oaks
                 embrace
                 ,
              
               
                 None
                 give
                 neer
                 worship
                 to
                 that
                 baleful
                 place
                 ;
              
               
                 The
                 People
                 leave
                 it
                 to
                 the
                 Gods
                 alone
                 .
              
               
                 When
                 black
                 night
                 reigns
                 ,
                 or
                 Phoebus
                 gilds
                 the
                 Noon
                 ,
              
               
                 The
                 Priest
                 himself
                 trembles
                 ,
                 afraid
                 to
                 spy
              
               
                 In
                 th'awful
                 Woods
                 its
                 Guardian-Deity
                 .
              
            
             
               But
               now
               
               Erisichthon-like
               ,
               and
               like
               him
               in
               Punishment
               ;
               for
               his
               was
               Hunger
               ,
               Caesars
               Thirst
               ,
               and
               thirst
               of
               Humane
               Blood
               ,
               reveng'd
               soon
               after
               in
               his
               Own.
               
            
             
               
                 The
                 Wood
                 he
                 bids
                 them
                 fell
                 ,
                 not
                 standing
                 far
              
               
                 From
                 all
                 their
                 Work
                 :
                 untoucht
                 in
                 former
                 War
                 ,
              
               
                 Among
                 the
                 other
                 bared
                 Hills
                 it
                 stands
              
               
                 Of
                 a
                 thick
                 growth
                 ;
                 the
                 Souldiers
                 valiant
                 hands
              
               
                 Trembled
                 to
                 strike
                 ,
                 mov'd
                 with
                 the
                 Majestie
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 think
                 the
                 Ax
                 from
                 off
                 the
                 Sacred
                 Tree
              
               
                 Rebounding
                 back
                 ,
                 would
                 their
                 own
                 bodies
                 wound
                 :
              
               
                 Th'
                 amazement
                 of
                 his
                 Men
                 when
                 Caesar
                 found
                 ;
              
               
                 In
                 his
                 bold
                 hand
                 himself
                 an
                 Hatchet
                 took
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 first
                 of
                 all
                 assaults
                 a
                 lofty
                 Oak
                 ,
              
               
                 And
                 having
                 wounded
                 the
                 Religious
                 Tree
                 ,
              
               
                 Let
                 no
                 man
                 fear
                 to
                 fell
                 this
                 Wood
                 (
                 quoth
                 he
                 )
              
               
                 The
                 guilt
                 of
                 this
                 Offence
                 let
                 Caesar
                 bear
                 .
                 &c.
                 
              
               
                 May
                 
              
            
             
               and
               so
               he
               did
               soon
               after
               ,
               carrying
               to
               the
               Grave
               (
               't
               is
               thought
               )
               the
               Maledictions
               of
               the
               incensed
               Gauls
               to
               his
               Funeral-pile
               ,
               
                 
                   —
                   For
                   who
                
                 
                   The
                   Gods
                   thus
                   injur'd
                   ,
                   unreveng'd
                   does
                   go
                   ?
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Quis
                     enim
                     laesos
                     impunè
                     putar●●
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Esse
                     Deos
                  
                   —
                
              
            
             
             
               18.
               
               But
               least
               this
               be
               charg'd
               with
               Superstition
               ,
               because
               the
               Instances
               are
               Heathen
               :
               It
               was
               a
               more
               noble
               and
               remarkable
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               recent
               Example
               ,
               when
               at
               the
               Siege
               of
               Breda
               ,
               the
               late
               Famous
               General
               Spinola
               Commanded
               his
               Army
               not
               to
               violate
               a
               Tree
               of
               a
               certain
               Wood
               belonging
               to
               the
               Prince
               of
               Orange
               there
               ,
               though
               a
               reputed
               Traytor
               ,
               and
               in
               open
               defiance
               with
               his
               Master
               .
               In
               sum
               ,
               we
               read
               ,
               that
               when
               Mithridates
               but
               deliberated
               about
               the
               cutting
               down
               of
               some
               stately
               Trees
               which
               grew
               near
               Patara
               ,
               a
               City
               of
               Lycia
               ,
               though
               necessitated
               to
               it
               for
               the
               building
               of
               Warlike
               Engines
               with
               them
               ,
               being
               terrifi'd
               in
               a
               Vision
               ,
               he
               desisted
               from
               his
               purpose
               .
               It
               were
               to
               be
               wish'd
               these
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               Examples
               ,
               might
               have
               wrought
               some
               Effects
               upon
               the
               Sacrilegious
               Purchasers
               ,
               and
               disloyal
               Invaders
               in
               this
               Iron-Age
               amongst
               us
               ,
               who
               have
               lately
               made
               so
               prodigious
               a
               spoyl
               of
               those
               goodly
               
                 Forests
                 ,
                 Woods
              
               ,
               and
               Trees
               (
               to
               gratifie
               an
               impious
               and
               unworthy
               Avarice
               )
               which
               being
               once
               the
               Treasure
               and
               Ornament
               of
               this
               Nation
               ,
               were
               doubtlesse
               reserved
               by
               our
               more
               prudent
               Ancestors
               for
               the
               repairs
               of
               our
               floating
               Castles
               ,
               the
               safeguard
               and
               boast
               of
               this
               renowned
               Island
               ,
               when
               Necessity
               ,
               or
               some
               imminent
               Peril
               should
               threaten
               it
               ,
               or
               call
               for
               their
               Assistance
               ;
               and
               not
               to
               be
               devoured
               by
               these
               improvident
               Wretches
               ,
               who
               ,
               to
               their
               eternal
               Reproach
               ,
               did
               (
               with
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Patrimony
              
               )
               swallow
               likewise
               
                 Gods
                 own
                 Inheritance
              
               ;
               
               but
               whose
               Sons
               and
               Nephews
               we
               have
               liv'd
               to
               see
               hastily
               disgorge
               them
               again
               ;
               and
               with
               it
               all
               the
               rest
               of
               their
               Holy
               Purchases
               ,
               which
               otherwise
               they
               might
               securely
               have
               enjoy'd
               .
               But
               this
               ,
               
                 in
                 terrorem
              
               onely
               ,
               
               and
               for
               Caution
               to
               Posterity
               ,
               whiles
               we
               leave
               the
               Guilty
               ,
               and
               those
               who
               have
               done
               the
               Mischiefs
               ,
               to
               their
               proper
               Scorpions
               ,
               and
               to
               their
               
               Erisichthonian-fate
               ,
               or
               that
               of
               the
               inexorable
               Paraebius
               ,
               the
               vengeance
               of
               the
               Dryads
               ,
               and
               to
               their
               Tutelar
               better
               Genius
               ,
               if
               any
               yet
               remain
               ,
               who
               love
               the
               solid
               Honour
               and
               Ornament
               of
               their
               Countrey
               :
               For
               what
               could
               I
               say
               lesse
               ,
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               and
               *
               Wood-born
               as
               I
               am
               ,
               in
               behalf
               of
               those
               
                 Sacred
                 Shades
              
               ,
               which
               both
               grace
               our
               Habitations
               ,
               and
               Protect
               our
               Nation
               ?
            
             
               19.
               
               But
               I
               acknowledge
               how
               easie
               it
               is
               to
               be
               lost
               in
               this
               Wood
               ,
               and
               that
               I
               have
               hardly
               power
               to
               take
               off
               my
               Pen
               whilst
               I
               am
               on
               this
               delightful
               Subject
               :
               For
               what
               more
               august
               ,
               more
               charming
               and
               useful
               ,
               than
               the
               culture
               and
               preservation
               of
               such
               goodly
               Plantations
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   That
                   shade
                   to
                   our
                   Grand-Children
                   give
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     —
                     Seris
                     factura
                     nepotibus
                     umbram
                  
                   .
                
              
               and
               afford
               so
               sweet
               ,
               and
               so
               agreeable
               refreshment
               to
               our
               Industrious
               Wood-man
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   When
                   He
                   ,
                   his
                   wearied
                   Limbs
                   had
                   laid
                   ,
                
                 
                   Under
                   a
                   florid
                   Plataus
                   Shade
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     Cùm
                     post
                     labores
                     sub
                     Platano
                     cubat
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Virentis
                     umbrae
                  
                   —
                
                 
                   Claud.
                   
                
              
               
               Or
               some
               other
               goodly
               spreading
               Trees
               ,
               such
               as
               we
               told
               you
               stopt
               the
               Legions
               of
               a
               proud
               Conquerour
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               wise
               Socrates
               sware
               by
               :
               That
               
                 Passenius
                 Crispus
              
               did
               Sacrifice
               to
               ,
               and
               the
               honours
               of
               his
               Gods.
               
            
             
               20.
               
               But
               ,
               whilst
               we
               condemn
               this
               Excesse
               in
               them
               ;
               Christians
               ,
               and
               true
               Philosophers
               may
               be
               instructed
               to
               make
               use
               of
               these
               Enjoyments
               to
               better
               purposes
               ,
               by
               contemplating
               the
               Miracles
               of
               their
               Production
               and
               structure
               :
               And
               what
               Mortal
               is
               there
               so
               perfect
               an
               Atomist
               ,
               who
               will
               undertake
               to
               detect
               the
               thousandth
               part
               ,
               or
               poynt
               of
               so
               exile
               a
               Grain
               ;
               as
               that
               insensible
               rudiment
               ,
               or
               rather
               
                 halituous
                 spirit
              
               ,
               which
               brings
               forth
               the
               lofty
               Firr-Tree
               ,
               and
               the
               spreading
               Oake
               ?
               That
               Trees
               of
               so
               enormous
               an
               height
               and
               magnitude
               ,
               as
               we
               find
               some
               
                 Elmes
                 ,
                 Planes
              
               ,
               and
               Cypresses
               ;
               some
               hard
               as
               Iron
               ,
               and
               solid
               as
               Marble
               (
               for
               such
               the
               Indies
               furnish
               many
               )
               should
               be
               swadl'd
               and
               involv'd
               within
               so
               small
               a
               dimension
               (
               if
               a
               poynt
               may
               be
               said
               to
               have
               any
               )
               without
               the
               least
               luxation
               ,
               confusion
               or
               disorder
               of
               Parts
               ,
               and
               in
               so
               weak
               and
               feeble
               a
               substance
               ;
               being
               at
               first
               but
               a
               kind
               of
               tender
               mucilage
               ,
               or
               rather
               rotteness
               ,
               which
               so
               easily
               dissolves
               and
               corrupts
               Substances
               so
               much
               harder
               ,
               when
               they
               are
               buried
               in
               the
               moist
               Womb
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               whilst
               this
               tender
               ,
               and
               flexible
               as
               it
               is
               ,
               shall
               be
               able
               in
               time
               to
               displace
               and
               rent
               in
               sunder
               whole
               Rocks
               of
               stones
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               to
               cleave
               them
               beyond
               the
               force
               of
               
                 Iron
                 Wedges
              
               ,
               so
               as
               even
               to
               remove
               Mountains
               ?
               For
               thus
               no
               Weights
               are
               observ'd
               able
               to
               suppress
               the
               victorious
               Palm
               ;
               And
               thus
               ,
               our
               Tree
               (
               like
               Man
               whose
               inverted
               Symbol
               he
               is
               )
               being
               sown
               in
               corruption
               ,
               rises
               in
               glory
               ,
               by
               little
               and
               little
               ascending
               into
               an
               hard
               erect
               Stem
               of
               comely
               dimensions
               ,
               into
               a
               solid
               Tower
               as
               it
               were
               ;
               and
               that
               which
               but
               lately
               a
               single
               Ant
               ,
               would
               easily
               have
               born
               to
               his
               little
               Cavern
               ,
               now
               capable
               of
               resisting
               the
               fury
               ,
               and
               braving
               the
               Rage
               of
               the
               most
               impetuous
               
                 storms
                 ,
                 Magni
                 mehercle
                 artificis
              
               ,
               
               
                 clausisse
                 totum
                 in
                 tam
                 exiguo
              
               (
               to
               use
               
               Seneca's
               expression
               )
               
                 &
                 horror
                 est
                 consideranti
              
               .
            
             
               21.
               
               Contemplate
               we
               again
               ,
               What
               it
               is
               which
               begins
               this
               motion
               or
               flame
               ,
               causing
               it
               first
               to
               radiate
               in
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               then
               to
               display
               its
               Top
               in
               the
               Ayre
               ,
               so
               different
               Poles
               (
               as
               I
               may
               call
               them
               )
               in
               such
               different
               Mediums
               ?
               How
               it
               elects
               ,
               and
               then
               intro-sumes
               its
               proper
               food
               ,
               and
               gives
               suck
               ,
               as
               it
               were
               ,
               to
               it
               s
               yet
               tender
               Infant
               ,
               till
               it
               have
               strength
               and
               force
               to
               prey
               on
               ,
               and
               digest
               the
               more
               solid
               Juices
               of
               the
               Earth
               ;
               for
               then
               ,
               and
               not
               'till
               then
               ,
               do
               the
               Roots
               begin
               to
               harden
               :
               Consider
               how
               it
               
                 assimilates
                 ,
                 separates
              
               ,
               and
               distributes
               these
               several
               supplies
               ;
               how
               it
               
                 concocts
                 ,
                 transmutes
                 ,
                 augments
                 ,
                 produces
              
               and
               nourishes
               without
               separation
               of
               Excrements
               (
               at
               least
               to
               us
               visible
               )
               and
               generates
               its
               like
               ,
               without
               violation
               of
               Virginity
               :
               By
               what
               exquisite
               percolations
               ,
               and
               fermentations
               it
               proceeds
               ;
               for
               the
               
                 Heart
                 ,
                 Fibers
                 ,
                 Veins
                 ,
                 Rind
                 ,
                 Branches
                 ,
                 Leaves
                 ,
                 Blossoms
                 ,
                 Fruit
              
               ;
               for
               the
               
                 strength
                 ,
                 Colour
                 ,
                 Tast
                 ,
                 Odour
              
               and
               other
               stupendious
               Qualities
               ,
               and
               distinct
               Faculties
               ,
               some
               of
               them
               so
               repugnant
               and
               contrary
               to
               others
               ;
               yet
               in
               so
               uniform
               ,
               and
               successive
               a
               Series
               ,
               and
               all
               this
               perform'd
               in
               the
               dark
               ,
               and
               those
               secret
               Recesses
               of
               
                 Nature
                 .
                 Quid
                 
                 Foliorum
                 describam
                 diversitates
                 ?
              
               What
               shall
               we
               say
               of
               the
               Mysterious
               forms
               ,
               variety
               ,
               and
               variegation
               of
               the
               Leaves
               and
               Flowers
               ,
               contriv'd
               with
               such
               Art
               ,
               yet
               without
               Art
               ;
               some
               round
               ,
               others
               
                 long
                 ,
                 Oval
                 ,
                 Multangular
                 ,
                 indented
                 ,
                 crisped
                 ,
                 rough
                 ,
                 smooth
              
               and
               
                 polished
                 ,
                 soft
              
               and
               flexible
               at
               every
               tremulous
               blast
               ,
               as
               if
               it
               would
               drop
               in
               a
               moment
               ,
               and
               yet
               so
               obstinately
               adhering
               ,
               as
               to
               be
               able
               to
               contest
               against
               the
               fiercest
               Winds
               ,
               that
               prostrate
               mighty
               Structures
               ,
               raising
               Hurrocanes
               ,
               the
               violence
               whereof
               whole
               Fleets
               and
               Countries
               do
               often
               feel
               ;
               yet
               I
               say
               ,
               continually
               making
               War
               ,
               and
               sometimes
               joyning
               Forces
               with
               steeming
               showers
               ,
               against
               the
               poor
               Leaf
               ,
               tyed
               on
               by
               a
               slender
               stalk
               ;
               there
               it
               abides
               'till
               God
               bids
               it
               fall
               :
               For
               so
               the
               
                 wise
                 Disposer
              
               of
               Things
               has
               plac't
               it
               ,
               not
               only
               for
               Ornament
               ,
               but
               use
               and
               protection
               both
               of
               Body
               and
               Fruit
               ,
               from
               the
               excessive
               heat
               of
               Summer
               ,
               and
               colds
               even
               of
               the
               sharpest
               Winters
               ,
               and
               their
               immediate
               impressions
               ;
               as
               we
               find
               it
               in
               all
               such
               Places
               and
               Trees
               ,
               as
               like
               the
               blessed
               and
               
                 good
                 man
              
               ,
               have
               alwayes
               Fruit
               upon
               them
               ,
               ripe
               ,
               or
               preparing
               to
               mature
               ;
               such
               as
               the
               
                 Pine
                 ,
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Arbutus
                 ,
                 Orange
              
               and
               most
               of
               those
               which
               the
               Indies
               and
               more
               Southern
               Tracts
               plentifully
               abound
               in
               ;
               where
               Nature
               provides
               this
               continual
               shelter
               ,
               and
               clothes
               them
               with
               perennial
               Garments
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               Let
               us
               again
               examine
               with
               what
               care
               the
               Seeds
               ,
               those
               little
               Souls
               of
               Plants
               ,
               
                 Quorum
                 exilitas
              
               (
               as
               one
               sayes
               )
               
                 vix
                 locum
                 inveniat
              
               (
               in
               which
               the
               whole
               and
               compleat
               Tree
               ;
               though
               invisible
               to
               our
               dull
               sense
               ,
               is
               yet
               perfectly
               and
               intirely
               wrapp'd
               up
               )
               are
               preserv'd
               from
               avolation
               ,
               diminution
               and
               detriment
               ;
               expos'd
               ,
               as
               they
               seem
               to
               be
               ,
               to
               all
               those
               accidents
               of
               
                 Weather
                 ,
                 storms
              
               and
               rapacious
               Birds
               ,
               in
               their
               spinic
               ,
               arm'd
               and
               compacted
               Receptacles
               ;
               where
               they
               sleep
               as
               in
               their
               Causes
               ,
               'till
               their
               Prisons
               let
               them
               gently
               fall
               into
               the
               embraces
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               now
               made
               pregnant
               with
               the
               Season
               ,
               and
               ready
               for
               another
               Burthen
               :
               For
               at
               the
               time
               of
               Year
               she
               fails
               not
               to
               bring
               them
               forth
               ;
               and
               with
               what
               delight
               have
               I
               beheld
               this
               tender
               and
               innumerable
               Off-spring
               repullulating
               at
               the
               Feet
               of
               an
               aged
               Tree
               !
               from
               whence
               the
               Suckers
               are
               drawn
               ,
               transplanted
               and
               educated
               by
               humane
               Industry
               ;
               and
               forgetting
               the
               ferity
               of
               their
               Nature
               ,
               become
               civiliz'd
               to
               all
               his
               Employments
               .
            
             
               23.
               
               Can
               we
               look
               on
               the
               prodigious
               quantity
               of
               Liquor
               ,
               which
               one
               poor
               wounded
               Birch
               will
               produce
               in
               a
               few
               hours
               ,
               and
               not
               be
               astonish'd
               how
               some
               Trees
               should
               in
               so
               short
               a
               space
               ,
               Weep
               more
               than
               they
               weigh
               ?
               and
               that
               so
               dry
               ,
               so
               feeble
               and
               wretched
               a
               branch
               as
               that
               which
               bears
               the
               Grape
               ,
               should
               yield
               a
               Juice
               that
               
                 Cheers
                 both
                 God
                 and
                 Man
              
               ?
               That
               the
               
                 Pine
                 ,
                 Fir
                 ,
                 Larch
              
               ,
               and
               other
               
                 Resinous
                 Trees
              
               ,
               Planted
               in
               such
               rude
               ,
               and
               uncultivated
               places
               ,
               amongst
               Rocks
               and
               dry
               Pumices
               ,
               should
               transude
               into
               Terpentine
               ,
               and
               pearl
               out
               into
               Gums
               ,
               and
               pretious
               Balms
               ?
            
             
               24.
               
               There
               are
               ten
               Thousand
               Considerations
               more
               ,
               besides
               that
               of
               their
               Medicinal
               and
               Sanative
               properties
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Mechanical
                 Vses
              
               mention'd
               in
               this
               Treatise
               ,
               which
               a
               Contemplative
               Person
               may
               derive
               from
               the
               Groves
               and
               the
               Woods
               ;
               all
               of
               them
               the
               Subject
               of
               Wonder
               ;
               And
               though
               he
               had
               onely
               the
               Palm
               or
               the
               Cocco
               ,
               which
               
               furnishes
               a
               great
               Part
               of
               the
               World
               with
               all
               that
               even
               a
               Voluptuous
               Man
               can
               need
               ,
               or
               almost
               desire
               ,
               it
               were
               sufficient
               to
               employ
               his
               Meditations
               and
               his
               Hands
               ,
               as
               long
               as
               he
               had
               to
               live
               ,
               though
               his
               years
               were
               as
               many
               as
               the
               most
               aged
               Oak
               :
               But
               a
               Wise
               ,
               and
               a
               
                 Thinking
                 Man
              
               can
               need
               none
               of
               these
               Topics
               ,
               in
               every
               Hedge
               ,
               and
               every
               Field
               they
               are
               before
               him
               ;
               and
               yet
               we
               do
               not
               admire
               them
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               Common
               ,
               and
               obvious
               :
               Thus
               we
               fall
               into
               the
               just
               reproach
               given
               by
               one
               of
               the
               Philosophers
               (
               introduc'd
               by
               the
               Oratour
               )
               to
               those
               who
               slighted
               what
               they
               saw
               every-day
               ,
               
               because
               
                 they
                 every-day
                 saw
                 them
                 ;
                 Quasi
                 Novitas
                 nos
                 magis
                 quàm
                 magnitudo
                 rerum
                 ,
                 debeat
                 ad
                 exquirendas
                 causas
                 excitare
                 :
              
               As
               if
               Novelty
               onely
               should
               be
               of
               more
               force
               to
               ingage
               our
               enquiry
               into
               the
               Causes
               of
               Things
               ,
               than
               the
               Worth
               and
               Magnitude
               of
               the
               Things
               themselves
               .
            
             
               Resonate
               montes
               Laudationem
               ,
               SYLVA
               ,
               
               Et
               omne
               Lignum
               ejus
               .
            
             
               FINIS
               .
            
          
        
      
       
         
           
             
             
             
               POMONA
               ,
               OR
               AN
               APPENDIX
               CONCERNING
               FRUIT-TREES
               ,
               In
               relation
               to
               CIDER
               ,
               The
               Making
               ,
               and
               several
               ways
               of
               Ordering
               it
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   VIRG.
                   Eclog.
                   ix
                
                 .
              
               
                 —
                 Carpent
                 tua
                 Poma
                 nepotes
                 .
              
            
             
             
               LONDON
               ,
               Printed
               by
               
                 John
                 Martyn
              
               and
               
                 James
                 Allestry
              
               ,
               Printers
               to
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               .
               MDCLXX
               .
            
          
           
             
             
             
               To
               the
               Right
               Honourable
               THOMAS
               Earl
               of
               SOVTHAMPTON
               ,
               Lord
               HIGH
               TREASURER
               OF
               ENGLAND
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               
                 My
                 Lord
                 ,
              
            
             
               IF
               great
               Examples
               did
               not
               support
               it
               ,
               the
               dignity
               and
               greatness
               of
               your
               Person
               would
               soon
               have
               given
               cheque
               to
               this
               presumption
               :
               But
               since
               Emperours
               and
               Kings
               have
               not
               only
               gratefully
               accepted
               Works
               of
               this
               nature
               ,
               but
               honor'd
               them
               likewise
               with
               their
               own
               sacred
               hands
               ,
               that
               Name
               of
               yours
               ,
               (
               which
               ought
               indeed
               never
               to
               appear
               but
               on
               Instruments
               of
               State
               and
               fronts
               of
               Marble
               ,
               consecrating
               your
               Wisdom
               and
               Vertues
               to
               Eternity
               )
               will
               be
               no
               way
               lessen'd
               by
               giving
               Patronage
               to
               these
               appendant
               Rusticities
               .
               It
               is
               from
               the
               Protection
               and
               Cherishment
               of
               such
               as
               your
               Lordship
               is
               ,
               that
               these
               Endeavours
               of
               ours
               may
               hope
               one
               day
               to
               succeed
               and
               be
               prosperous
               .
               The
               noblest
               and
               most
               useful
               Structures
               have
               laid
               their
               Foundations
               in
               the
               Earth
               :
               if
               that
               prove
               firm
               here
               (
               and
               firm
               I
               pronounce
               it
               to
               be
               ,
               if
               your
               Lordship
               favour
               it
               )
               We
               shall
               go
               on
               and
               flourish
               .
               I
               speak
               now
               in
               relation
               to
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               ,
               not
               my self
               ,
               who
               am
               but
               a
               Servant
               of
               it
               only
               ,
               and
               a
               Pioner
               in
               the
               Works
               .
               But
               be
               its
               fate
               what
               it
               will
               ,
               Your
               Lordship
               ,
               who
               is
               a
               Builder
               ,
               and
               a
               lover
               of
               all
               Magnificences
               ,
               cannot
               be
               displeas'd
               at
               these
               agreeable
               Accessories
               
               of
               Planting
               ,
               and
               of
               Gard'ning
               .
               But
               ,
               my
               Lord
               ,
               I
               pretend
               by
               it
               yet
               some
               farther
               service
               to
               the
               State
               than
               that
               of
               meerly
               profit
               ,
               if
               in
               contributing
               to
               your
               divertisement
               I
               provide
               for
               the
               
                 Publick
                 health
              
               ,
               which
               is
               so
               precious
               and
               necessary
               to
               it
               in
               your
               excellent
               Person
               .
               Vouchsafe
               POMONA
               your
               Lordships
               hand
               to
               kiss
               ,
               and
               the
               humble
               Presenter
               of
               these
               Papers
               the
               honour
               of
               being
               esteem'd
               ,
            
             
               
                 My
                 Lord
                 ,
              
               
                 Your
                 most
                 humble
                 ,
                 and
                 most
                 obedient
                 
                   Servant
                   J.
                   EVELYN
                
                 .
              
            
          
        
         
           
             
             
               POMONA
               ,
               Or
               An
               APPENDIX
               Concerning
               FRUIT-TREES
               ,
               In
               relation
               to
               CIDER
               :
               The
               Making
               ,
               and
               several
               ways
               of
               Ordering
               it
               .
            
             
               
                 THE
                 PREFACE
                 .
              
               
                 
                   SAt
                   Quercus
                
                 was
                 the
                 Proverb
                 ;
                 
                 and
                 it
                 is
                 now
                 time
                 to
                 walk
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Woods
                 into
                 the
                 Fields
                 a
                 little
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 consider
                 what
                 Advancement
                 may
                 be
                 there
                 likewise
                 made
                 by
                 the
                 planting
                 of
                 FRUIT-TREES
                 .
                 For
                 after
                 the
                 Earth
                 is
                 duly
                 cultivated
                 ,
                 and
                 pregnant
                 with
                 a
                 Crop
                 of
                 Grain
                 ;
                 it
                 is
                 only
                 by
                 the
                 Furniture
                 of
                 such
                 Trees
                 as
                 bear
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 becomes
                 capable
                 of
                 any
                 farther
                 Improvement
                 .
                 If
                 then
                 by
                 discovering
                 how
                 this
                 may
                 best
                 be
                 effected
                 I
                 can
                 but
                 raise
                 a
                 worthy
                 emulation
                 in
                 our
                 Country-men
                 ;
                 this
                 addition
                 of
                 noble
                 Ornament
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 of
                 Wealth
                 and
                 
                   Pleasure
                   ,
                   Food
                
                 and
                 Wine
                 ,
                 may
                 (
                 I
                 presume
                 )
                 obtain
                 some
                 grateful
                 admittance
                 amongst
                 all
                 Promoters
                 of
                 Industry
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 before
                 I
                 proceed
                 ,
                 I
                 must
                 ,
                 and
                 do
                 ingenuously
                 acknowledge
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 present
                 my
                 Reader
                 here
                 with
                 very
                 little
                 of
                 my
                 own
                 ,
                 save
                 the
                 pains
                 of
                 collecting
                 and
                 digesting
                 a
                 few
                 dispers'd
                 Notes
                 (
                 but
                 such
                 as
                 are
                 to
                 me
                 exceedingly
                 precious
                 )
                 which
                 I
                 have
                 receiv'd
                 ;
                 some
                 from
                 worthy
                 ,
                 and
                 most
                 experienc'd
                 *
                 Friends
                 of
                 mine
                 ;
                 and
                 others
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 well-furnish'd
                 Registers
                 ,
                 and
                 Cimelia
                 of
                 the
                 
                   ROYAL
                   SOCIETY
                
                 .
                 Especially
                 ,
                 those
                 Aphorisms
                 ,
                 and
                 Treatises
                 relating
                 to
                 the
                 History
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 which
                 by
                 express
                 commands
                 they
                 have
                 been
                 pleas'd
                 to
                 injoyn
                 I
                 should
                 publish
                 with
                 my
                 Sylva
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 is
                 little
                 more
                 than
                 an
                 Age
                 ,
                 since
                 Hops
                 (
                 rather
                 a
                 Medical
                 ,
                 than
                 Alimental
                 Vegetable
                 )
                 transmuted
                 our
                 wholesome
                 Ale
                 into
                 Beer
                 ;
                 which
                 doubtless
                 much
                 alter'd
                 our
                 
                   Constitutions
                   :
                   That
                
                 one
                 Ingredient
                 (
                 by
                 some
                 not
                 unworthily
                 suspected
                 )
                 preserving
                 Drink
                 indeed
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 by
                 custom
                 made
                 agreeable
                 ;
                 yet
                 repaying
                 the
                 pleasure
                 with
                 tormenting
                 Diseases
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 shorter
                 life
                 ,
                 may
                 deservedly
                 abate
                 our
                 fondness
                 to
                 it
                 ;
                 especially
                 ,
                 if
                 with
                 this
                 be
                 consider'd
                 likewise
                 ,
                 the
                 casualties
                 in
                 planting
                 it
                 ,
                 as
                 seldom
                 succeeding
                 more
                 than
                 once
                 in
                 three
                 years
                 ;
                 yet
                 requiring
                 constant
                 charge
                 and
                 culture
                 ;
                 Besides
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 none
                 of
                 the
                 least
                 devourers
                 of
                 young
                 Timber
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 what
                 if
                 a
                 like
                 care
                 ,
                 or
                 indeed
                 one
                 quarter
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 were
                 (
                 for
                 the
                 future
                 )
                 converted
                 to
                 the
                 propagation
                 of
                 Fruit-trees
                 ,
                 in
                 all
                 parts
                 of
                 this
                 Nation
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 already
                 in
                 some
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 benefit
                 of
                 Cider
                 ?
                 (
                 one
                 Shire
                 
                 alone
                 within
                 twenty
                 miles
                 compass
                 ,
                 making
                 no
                 less
                 ,
                 yearly
                 ,
                 than
                 
                   Fifty
                   thousand
                   Hogsheads
                
                 )
                 the
                 commutation
                 would
                 (
                 I
                 perswade
                 my self
                 )
                 rob
                 us
                 of
                 no
                 great
                 Advantage
                 ;
                 but
                 present
                 us
                 with
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 most
                 delicious
                 and
                 wholesom
                 Beverages
                 in
                 the
                 World.
                 
              
               
                 It
                 was
                 by
                 the
                 plain
                 Industry
                 of
                 one
                 Harris
                 (
                 a
                 Fruiterer
                 to
                 King
                 Henry
                 the
                 Eighth
                 )
                 that
                 the
                 Fields
                 ,
                 and
                 Environs
                 of
                 about
                 thirty
                 Towns
                 ,
                 in
                 Kent
                 only
                 ,
                 were
                 planted
                 with
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 universal
                 benefit
                 ,
                 and
                 general
                 Improvement
                 of
                 that
                 County
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 ;
                 as
                 by
                 the
                 noble
                 example
                 of
                 my
                 Lord
                 Scudamor
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 some
                 other
                 publick-spirited
                 Gentlemen
                 in
                 those
                 parts
                 ,
                 all
                 Herefordshire
                 is
                 become
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 manner
                 ,
                 but
                 one
                 intire
                 Orchard
                 :
                 And
                 when
                 his
                 Majesty
                 shall
                 once
                 be
                 pleas'd
                 ,
                 to
                 command
                 the
                 Planting
                 but
                 of
                 some
                 Acres
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 best
                 Cider-fruit
                 ,
                 at
                 every
                 of
                 his
                 Royal
                 Mansions
                 ,
                 amongst
                 other
                 of
                 his
                 most
                 laudable
                 
                   Magnificences
                   ;
                   Noblemen
                   ,
                   wealthy
                   Purchasers
                   ,
                
                 and
                 Citizens
                 will
                 (
                 doubtless
                 )
                 follow
                 the
                 Example
                 ,
                 till
                 the
                 preference
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 wholesom
                 ,
                 and
                 more
                 natural
                 Drinks
                 ,
                 do
                 quite
                 vanquish
                 Hopps
                 ,
                 and
                 banish
                 all
                 other
                 Drogues
                 of
                 that
                 nature
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 this
                 Improvement
                 (
                 say
                 some
                 )
                 would
                 be
                 generally
                 obstructed
                 by
                 the
                 Tenant
                 ,
                 and
                 High-shoon-men
                 ,
                 who
                 are
                 all
                 for
                 the
                 
                   present
                   profit
                
                 ;
                 their
                 expectations
                 seldom
                 holding
                 out
                 above
                 a
                 year
                 or
                 two
                 at
                 most
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 this
                 't
                 is
                 answer'd
                 ;
                 That
                 therefore
                 should
                 the
                 Lord
                 of
                 the
                 Mannour
                 not
                 only
                 encourage
                 the
                 Work
                 by
                 his
                 own
                 Example
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 the
                 Applause
                 of
                 such
                 Tenants
                 as
                 can
                 be
                 courted
                 to
                 delight
                 in
                 these
                 kinds
                 of
                 Improvements
                 ;
                 but
                 should
                 also
                 oblige
                 them
                 by
                 Covenants
                 to
                 plant
                 certain
                 Proportions
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 preserve
                 them
                 being
                 planted
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 fortifie
                 this
                 profitable
                 Design
                 ,
                 It
                 were
                 farther
                 to
                 be
                 desir'd
                 ,
                 that
                 (
                 if
                 already
                 there
                 be
                 not
                 
                   effectual
                   provision
                
                 for
                 it
                 which
                 wants
                 only
                 due
                 execution
                 and
                 quickning
                 )
                 an
                 Act
                 of
                 Parliament
                 might
                 be
                 procur'd
                 for
                 the
                 Setting
                 but
                 of
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 Trees
                 in
                 every
                 Acre
                 of
                 Land
                 that
                 shall
                 hereafter
                 be
                 enclosed
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 Forfeiture
                 of
                 Six-pence
                 per
                 Tree
                 ,
                 for
                 some
                 publick
                 and
                 
                   charitable
                   Work
                
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 levy'd
                 on
                 the
                 Defaulters
                 .
                 To
                 what
                 an
                 innumerable
                 multitude
                 would
                 this
                 ,
                 in
                 few
                 years
                 ,
                 insensibly
                 mount
                 ;
                 affording
                 infinite
                 proportions
                 ,
                 and
                 variety
                 of
                 Fruit
                 throughout
                 the
                 Nation
                 ,
                 which
                 now
                 takes
                 a
                 Potion
                 for
                 a
                 refreshment
                 ,
                 and
                 drinks
                 its
                 very
                 Bread-corn
                 !
              
               
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 a
                 Calculation
                 of
                 twenty
                 Fruit-trees
                 to
                 every
                 
                 Five-pounds
                 of
                 yearly
                 Rent
                 ;
                 forty
                 to
                 Ten
                 ;
                 sixty
                 to
                 Fifteen
                 ;
                 eighty
                 to
                 Twenty
                 ;
                 and
                 so
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 proportion
                 .
                 Had
                 all
                 our
                 Commons
                 ,
                 and
                 Waste-lands
                 one
                 Fruit-tree
                 but
                 at
                 every
                 
                   hundred
                   foot
                
                 distance
                 ,
                 planted
                 ,
                 and
                 fenc'd
                 at
                 the
                 publick
                 charge
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 benefit
                 of
                 the
                 Poor
                 ,
                 (
                 whatever
                 might
                 dy
                 and
                 miscarry
                 )
                 enough
                 would
                 escape
                 able
                 to
                 maintain
                 a
                 Stock
                 ,
                 which
                 would
                 afford
                 them
                 a
                 most
                 incredible
                 relief
                 .
                 And
                 the
                 Hedg-rows
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                   Champion-grounds
                   ,
                   Land-divisions
                   ,
                   Mounds
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Head-lands
                 (
                 where
                 the
                 Plough
                 not
                 coming
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 ever
                 abandon'd
                 to
                 VVeeds
                 and
                 Briars
                 )
                 would
                 add
                 yet
                 considerably
                 to
                 these
                 Advantages
                 ,
                 without
                 detriment
                 to
                 any
                 man.
                 
              
               
                 As
                 touching
                 the
                 Species
                 ,
                 if
                 much
                 have
                 been
                 said
                 to
                 the
                 preference
                 of
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 before
                 other
                 Cider-Apples
                 ,
                 this
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 added
                 ;
                 That
                 as
                 the
                 best
                 Vines
                 ,
                 of
                 richest
                 liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 greatest
                 burden
                 ,
                 do
                 not
                 spend
                 much
                 in
                 wood
                 and
                 unprofitable
                 branches
                 ;
                 so
                 nor
                 does
                 this
                 Tree
                 :
                 for
                 though
                 other
                 Cider
                 may
                 seem
                 more
                 pleasant
                 (
                 since
                 we
                 decline
                 to
                 give
                 Judgment
                 of
                 what
                 is
                 unknown
                 to
                 us
                 )
                 we
                 yet
                 attain
                 our
                 purpose
                 ,
                 if
                 This
                 shall
                 appear
                 
                 best
                 to
                 reward
                 the
                 Planter
                 ,
                 of
                 any
                 in
                 present
                 practise
                 ;
                 especially
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 generality
                 ;
                 because
                 it
                 will
                 fit
                 the
                 most
                 parts
                 which
                 are
                 addicted
                 to
                 these
                 Liquors
                 ,
                 but
                 miss
                 of
                 the
                 right
                 kinds
                 ,
                 and
                 prove
                 the
                 most
                 secure
                 from
                 external
                 injuries
                 and
                 Invaders
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 not
                 to
                 refine
                 any
                 farther
                 upon
                 the
                 rare
                 effects
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 above
                 all
                 the
                 most
                 eminent
                 ,
                 soberly
                 to
                 exhilerate
                 the
                 Spirits
                 of
                 us
                 
                   Hypocondriacal
                   Islanders
                
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 a
                 
                   specific
                   quality
                
                 to
                 chase
                 away
                 that
                 unsociable
                 Spleen
                 ,
                 without
                 excess
                 ;
                 we
                 must
                 not
                 forget
                 that
                 the
                 very
                 Blossom
                 of
                 the
                 Fruit
                 perfumes
                 ,
                 and
                 purifies
                 the
                 Ambient
                 Air
                 ,
                 which
                 (
                 as
                 D
                 r
                 Beal
                 well
                 observes
                 in
                 his
                 
                   Hereford-shire
                   Orchards
                
                 )
                 is
                 conceiv'd
                 conduces
                 so
                 much
                 to
                 the
                 constant
                 Health
                 and
                 Longaevity
                 ,
                 for
                 which
                 that
                 Country
                 has
                 been
                 always
                 celebrated
                 ,
                 fencing
                 their
                 Habitations
                 and
                 sweet
                 Recesses
                 from
                 Winds
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 Winter-invasions
                 ,
                 the
                 heat
                 of
                 the
                 Sun
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 his
                 unsufferable
                 darts
                 :
                 
                   And
                   if
                
                 (
                 saith
                 he
                 )
                 
                   we
                   may
                   acknowledge
                   grateful
                
                 trifles
                 ,
                 
                   for
                   that
                   they
                   harbour
                   a
                   constant
                
                 Aviary
                 
                   of
                   sweet
                
                 Singers
                 ,
                 
                   which
                   are
                
                 here
                 
                   retain'd
                   without
                   the
                   charge
                   of
                
                 Italian
                 wires
                 :
                 To
                 which
                 I
                 cannot
                 but
                 add
                 his
                 following
                 option
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   if
                   at
                   any
                   time
                   we
                   are
                   in
                   danger
                   of
                   being
                   hindred
                   from
                
                 Trade
                 
                   in
                   Forreign
                
                 Countries
                 ,
                 our
                 English
                 
                   indignation
                   may
                   scorn
                   to
                   feed
                   at
                   their
                
                 Tables
                 ,
                 
                   to
                   drink
                   of
                   their
                
                 Liquors
                 ,
                 
                   or
                   otherwise
                   to
                   borrow
                   or
                   buy
                   of
                
                 Them
                 ,
                 
                   or
                   of
                   any
                   their
                
                 Confederates
                 ,
                 
                   so
                   long
                   as
                   our
                
                 Native
                 Soyl
                 
                   does
                   supply
                   us
                   with
                   such
                   excellent
                   Necessaries
                   .
                
              
               
                 Nor
                 do
                 we
                 produce
                 these
                 Instances
                 to
                 redeem
                 the
                 Liquor
                 from
                 the
                 
                   superstition
                   ,
                   prejudice
                
                 ,
                 and
                 opinions
                 of
                 those
                 Men
                 who
                 so
                 much
                 magnifie
                 the
                 juice
                 of
                 the
                 Grape
                 above
                 it
                 :
                 But
                 we
                 will
                 here
                 add
                 some
                 Experiments
                 from
                 undenyable
                 success
                 (
                 in
                 spite
                 of
                 Vintners
                 ,
                 and
                 Bauds
                 to
                 mens
                 Palats
                 )
                 were
                 they
                 sufficient
                 to
                 convince
                 us
                 ,
                 and
                 reclaim
                 the
                 vitiated
                 ;
                 or
                 that
                 it
                 were
                 possible
                 to
                 dispute
                 of
                 the
                 
                   pleasantness
                   ,
                   riches
                
                 ,
                 and
                 praecedency
                 of
                 Drinks
                 and
                 Diets
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 to
                 provide
                 for
                 fit
                 ,
                 competent
                 ,
                 and
                 impartial
                 Judges
                 ;
                 when
                 by
                 
                   Nature
                   ,
                   Nation
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Climate
                 (
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 by
                 Custom
                 and
                 Education
                 )
                 we
                 differ
                 in
                 those
                 Extreams
                 .
              
               
                 Most
                 parts
                 of
                 Africa
                 and
                 Asia
                 prefer
                 Coffee
                 before
                 our
                 Noblest
                 Liquors
                 ▪
                 India
                 ,
                 the
                 Roots
                 and
                 Plants
                 before
                 our
                 best
                 Cook'd
                 Venison
                 ;
                 Almost
                 all
                 the
                 World
                 
                   crude
                   water
                
                 ,
                 before
                 our
                 Country
                 Ale
                 and
                 Beer
                 ;
                 and
                 we
                 English
                 being
                 generally
                 more
                 for
                 
                   insipid
                   ,
                   luscious
                
                 ,
                 or
                 gross
                 Diet
                 ,
                 than
                 for
                 the
                 
                   spicy
                   ,
                   poignant
                   ,
                   oylie
                
                 ,
                 and
                 highly
                 relish'd
                 ,
                 (
                 witness
                 our
                 universal
                 hatred
                 of
                 
                   Oyls
                   ,
                   French-wine
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Rhenish
                 without
                 Sugar
                 ;
                 our
                 doating
                 on
                 
                   Currans
                   ,
                   Figgs
                   ,
                   Plum-pottage
                   ,
                   Pies
                   ,
                   Pudding
                   ,
                   Cake
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 )
                 renders
                 yet
                 the
                 difficulty
                 more
                 arduous
                 .
                 But
                 to
                 make
                 good
                 the
                 Experiment
              
               
                 About
                 thirty
                 years
                 since
                 one
                 M.
                 Taylor
                 (
                 a
                 person
                 well
                 known
                 in
                 Hereford-shire
                 )
                 challeng'd
                 a
                 London-Vintner
                 (
                 finding
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Country
                 )
                 That
                 he
                 would
                 produce
                 a
                 Cider
                 which
                 should
                 excel
                 his
                 best
                 Spanish
                 or
                 French-wine
                 :
                 The
                 Wager
                 being
                 deposited
                 ,
                 He
                 brings
                 in
                 a
                 good
                 Red-strake
                 to
                 a
                 private
                 House
                 :
                 On
                 that
                 Scene
                 ,
                 all
                 the
                 Vintner
                 could
                 call
                 to
                 be
                 Judges
                 pronounce
                 against
                 his
                 Wine
                 ;
                 Nor
                 would
                 any
                 many
                 there
                 drink
                 French-wine
                 (
                 without
                 the
                 help
                 of
                 Sugar
                 )
                 nor
                 endure
                 Sack
                 for
                 a
                 full
                 draught
                 ;
                 and
                 to
                 those
                 who
                 were
                 not
                 accustomed
                 to
                 either
                 ,
                 the
                 more
                 racy
                 Canaries
                 were
                 no
                 more
                 agreeable
                 than
                 Malaga
                 ,
                 too
                 luscious
                 for
                 the
                 repetition
                 .
                 But
                 this
                 Wager
                 being
                 lost
                 ,
                 our
                 Vintner
                 renews
                 his
                 Chartel
                 ,
                 upon
                 these
                 express
                 terms
                 ,
                 of
                 Competent
                 and
                 Indifferent
                 Arbitrators
                 :
                 The
                 Gentleman
                 
                 agrees
                 to
                 the
                 Articles
                 ;
                 and
                 thus
                 again
                 after
                 mutual
                 engagements
                 i●
                 must
                 be
                 debated
                 who
                 were
                 Competent
                 Judges
                 ,
                 and
                 absolutely
                 Indifferent
                 .
                 M.
                 Taylor
                 proposes
                 Three
                 ,
                 whereof
                 the
                 
                   odd
                   Number
                
                 should
                 by
                 Vote
                 determine
                 :
                 They
                 must
                 be
                 of
                 the
                 fittest
                 Ages
                 too
                 ,
                 or
                 rather
                 the
                 fittest
                 of
                 all
                 Ages
                 ,
                 and
                 such
                 as
                 were
                 inur'd
                 neither
                 to
                 Cider
                 nor
                 any
                 Wine
                 ;
                 and
                 so
                 it
                 was
                 agreed
                 .
                 The
                 Judges
                 convene
                 ;
                 viz.
                 A
                 Youth
                 of
                 ten
                 years
                 old
                 ,
                 a
                 Man
                 of
                 thirty
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Third
                 of
                 sixty
                 ;
                 and
                 by
                 
                   All
                   these
                
                 also
                 our
                 Vintner
                 lost
                 the
                 Battel
                 .
                 But
                 this
                 is
                 not
                 enough
                 ;
                 'T
                 is
                 assay'd
                 again
                 by
                 Nine
                 Judges
                 ,
                 the
                 Ternary
                 thrice
                 over
                 ;
                 and
                 there
                 't
                 is
                 lost
                 also
                 :
                 To
                 this
                 we
                 could
                 add
                 another
                 ,
                 even
                 of
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 Ledbury
                 (
                 which
                 is
                 not
                 yet
                 the
                 best
                 of
                 Herefordshire
                 )
                 which
                 ,
                 when
                 an
                 experienced
                 London-Vintner
                 had
                 tasted
                 ,
                 he
                 wish'd
                 had
                 been
                 Poyson
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 if
                 it
                 were
                 known
                 where
                 he
                 dwelt
                 ,
                 it
                 would
                 utterly
                 undo
                 his
                 Trade
                 .
                 And
                 here
                 I
                 will
                 conclude
                 ;
                 for
                 I
                 think
                 never
                 was
                 fairer
                 Duel
                 ;
                 nor
                 can
                 more
                 be
                 reasonably
                 pretended
                 to
                 vindicate
                 this
                 Blessing
                 of
                 God
                 ,
                 and
                 our
                 Native
                 Liquor
                 from
                 their
                 contempt
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 engage
                 our
                 Propagators
                 of
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 
                 To
                 sum
                 up
                 all
                 :
                 If
                 Health
                 be
                 more
                 precious
                 than
                 Opinion
                 ,
                 I
                 wish
                 our
                 Admirers
                 of
                 Wines
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 prejudice
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 beheld
                 but
                 the
                 Cheat
                 themselves
                 ;
                 the
                 
                   Sophistications
                   ,
                   Transformations
                   ,
                   Transmutations
                   ,
                   Adulterations
                   ,
                   Bastardizings
                   ,
                   Brewings
                   ,
                   Trickings
                   ,
                
                 not
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 even
                 
                   Arsenical
                   Compassings
                
                 of
                 this
                 Sophisticated
                 God
                 they
                 adore
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 they
                 had
                 as
                 true
                 an
                 Inspection
                 into
                 those
                 
                   Arcana
                   Lucifera
                
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Priests
                 of
                 his
                 Temples
                 (
                 our
                 Vintners
                 in
                 their
                 Taverns
                 )
                 do
                 practise
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 let
                 them
                 drink
                 freely
                 that
                 will
                 ;
                 
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                   〈◊〉
                
                 :
                 —
                 
                   Give
                   me
                   good
                
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 is
                 noted
                 in
                 our
                 Aphorisms
                 how
                 much
                 this
                 Beverage
                 was
                 esteemed
                 by
                 His
                 late
                 Majesty
                 ,
                 and
                 Court
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 referr'd
                 to
                 all
                 the
                 Gentry
                 of
                 the
                 invironing
                 Country
                 ,
                 (
                 no
                 strangers
                 to
                 the
                 best
                 VVines
                 )
                 when
                 for
                 several
                 Summers
                 in
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Hereford
                 (
                 so
                 encompass'd
                 with
                 store
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 brought
                 thither
                 without
                 charge
                 ,
                 or
                 extraordinary
                 subductions
                 )
                 it
                 was
                 sold
                 for
                 six-pence
                 the
                 VVine-Quart
                 ,
                 not
                 for
                 the
                 scarcity
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 excellency
                 of
                 it
                 :
                 And
                 for
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 has
                 been
                 seen
                 there
                 hundreds
                 of
                 times
                 (
                 with
                 vehement
                 and
                 engaged
                 competition
                 )
                 compar'd
                 with
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 other
                 the
                 most
                 celebrated
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 when
                 after
                 a
                 while
                 of
                 vapour
                 ,
                 no
                 man
                 stood
                 for
                 any
                 other
                 Liquor
                 in
                 comparison
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 it
                 is
                 from
                 these
                 Instances
                 (
                 may
                 some
                 say
                 )
                 when
                 the
                 VVorld
                 shall
                 have
                 multiplied
                 Cider-Trees
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 time
                 enough
                 to
                 give
                 Instructions
                 for
                 the
                 right
                 Pressing
                 and
                 Preserving
                 of
                 the
                 Liquor
                 .
                 The
                 Objection
                 is
                 fair
                 :
                 But
                 there
                 are
                 already
                 more
                 Persons
                 better
                 furnish'd
                 with
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 than
                 with
                 Directions
                 how
                 to
                 use
                 it
                 as
                 they
                 should
                 ;
                 when
                 in
                 plentiful
                 years
                 so
                 much
                 Cider
                 is
                 impair'd
                 by
                 the
                 ignorant
                 handling
                 ,
                 and
                 becomes
                 dead
                 and
                 sowr
                 ,
                 that
                 many
                 even
                 surfeit
                 with
                 the
                 Blessing
                 ;
                 it
                 being
                 rarely
                 seen
                 in
                 most
                 Countries
                 ,
                 that
                 any
                 remains
                 good
                 ,
                 to
                 supply
                 the
                 defects
                 of
                 another
                 year
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 
                   Royal
                   Society
                
                 would
                 prevent
                 all
                 this
                 hazard
                 by
                 this
                 free
                 Anticipation
                 .
                 And
                 yet
                 when
                 all
                 this
                 is
                 said
                 ,
                 we
                 undertake
                 not
                 to
                 divine
                 what
                 excellent
                 Cider
                 other
                 soils
                 may
                 bear
                 ;
                 nor
                 do
                 we
                 positively
                 extol
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 farther
                 than
                 the
                 bounds
                 and
                 confines
                 of
                 Herefordshire
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Experiments
                 we
                 have
                 produc'd
                 ;
                 but
                 because
                 there
                 are
                 doubtless
                 many
                 such
                 soils
                 sparsedly
                 throughout
                 this
                 Nation
                 ;
                 why
                 should
                 it
                 not
                 incite
                 our
                 Industry
                 to
                 its
                 utmost
                 effort
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 the
                 commendable
                 emulation
                 of
                 endeavouring
                 to
                 raise
                 a
                 yet
                 
                   kindlier
                   Cider-fruit
                
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 possible
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 may
                 prove
                 in
                 it self
                 as
                 good
                 ,
                 and
                 as
                 agreeable
                 to
                 the
                 Soil
                 where
                 we
                 plant
                 it
                 ?
                 And
                 certainly
                 ,
                 much
                 of
                 this
                 may
                 fairly
                 be
                 expected
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 Trials
                 ,
                 Culture
                 ,
                 and
                 Propagation
                 of
                 Kernel-Fruits
                 of
                 innumerable
                 sorts
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 hopeful
                 VVildings
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 peculiarity
                 of
                 Grounds
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 now
                 remains
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 should
                 make
                 some
                 Apology
                 for
                 my self
                 ,
                 to
                 extenuate
                 the
                 tumultuary
                 Method
                 of
                 the
                 ensuing
                 Periods
                 .
                 Indeed
                 it
                 was
                 not
                 intended
                 for
                 a
                 queint
                 or
                 elaborate
                 piece
                 of
                 Art
                 ;
                 nor
                 is
                 it
                 the
                 design
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Royal
                   Society
                
                 to
                 accumulate
                 Repetitions
                 when
                 they
                 can
                 be
                 avoided
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 in
                 an
                 Argument
                 so
                 much
                 beaten
                 as
                 is
                 that
                 of
                 dressing
                 the
                 
                   Seminary
                   ,
                   Planting
                
                 ,
                 and
                 modes
                 of
                 Graffing
                 ,
                 it
                 has
                 been
                 with
                 Industry
                 avoided
                 ;
                 such
                 rude
                 ,
                 and
                 imperfect
                 draughts
                 being
                 far
                 better
                 in
                 their
                 esteem
                 (
                 and
                 according
                 to
                 my
                 Lord
                 
                 Bacon's
                 )
                 than
                 such
                 as
                 are
                 adorn'd
                 with
                 more
                 pomp
                 ,
                 and
                 ostentous
                 circumstances
                 ,
                 for
                 a
                 pretence
                 to
                 Perfection
                 .
                 The
                 Time
                 may
                 come
                 when
                 the
                 richness
                 ,
                 and
                 fullness
                 of
                 their
                 Collections
                 may
                 worthily
                 invite
                 some
                 more
                 Industrious
                 Person
                 to
                 accomplish
                 that
                 History
                 of
                 Agriculture
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 these
                 Pieces
                 (
                 like
                 the
                 limbs
                 of
                 Hippolitus
                 )
                 are
                 but
                 
                   scattered
                   parts
                
                 :
                 And
                 it
                 is
                 their
                 greatest
                 ambition
                 for
                 the
                 
                   Publique
                   Good
                
                 ,
                 to
                 provide
                 such
                 Materials
                 ,
                 as
                 may
                 serve
                 to
                 Raise
                 ,
                 and
                 Beautifie
                 that
                 most
                 desirable
                 Structure
                 .
              
               
                 EVELYN
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
               
                 POMONA
                 .
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 I.
                 Of
                 the
                 Seminary
                 .
              
               
                 WE
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 least
                 intention
                 to
                 enlarge
                 upon
                 this
                 Title
                 ,
                 after
                 we
                 had
                 well
                 reflected
                 on
                 the
                 many
                 and
                 accurate
                 Directions
                 which
                 are
                 already
                 published
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 in
                 our
                 French-Gardiner
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 sundry
                 other
                 Treatises
                 of
                 that
                 nature
                 ,
                 
                 had
                 not
                 a
                 most
                 worthy
                 Member
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Royal
                   Society
                
                 (
                 to
                 whom
                 we
                 have
                 infinite
                 Obligations
                 )
                 furnished
                 us
                 with
                 some
                 things
                 very
                 particular
                 and
                 remarkable
                 ,
                 in
                 order
                 to
                 the
                 improvement
                 of
                 our
                 
                   Seminaries
                   ,
                   Stocks
                
                 ,
                 &c.
                 which
                 are
                 indeed
                 the
                 very
                 Basis
                 and
                 Foundation
                 of
                 Cider-Orchards
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 from
                 those
                 precious
                 papers
                 of
                 his
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 some
                 others
                 (
                 whose
                 Observations
                 also
                 have
                 richly
                 contributed
                 to
                 this
                 Enterprize
                 )
                 that
                 we
                 shall
                 chiefly
                 entertain
                 our
                 Planter
                 in
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 following
                 Periods
                 .
              
               
                 Whosoever
                 expects
                 from
                 the
                 kernel
                 of
                 a
                 rich
                 or
                 peculiar
                 Apple
                 or
                 Pear
                 to
                 raise
                 Fruit
                 of
                 the
                 
                   same
                   kind
                
                 ,
                 is
                 likely
                 to
                 find
                 many
                 obstructions
                 and
                 disappointments
                 :
                 For
                 the
                 Wilding
                 ,
                 (
                 Crab
                 or
                 Pear
                 )
                 
                   Pomus
                   Sylvestris
                
                 ,
                 being
                 at
                 the
                 best
                 the
                 natural
                 product
                 of
                 the
                 soundest
                 kernel
                 in
                 the
                 firmest
                 land
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 the
                 gust
                 of
                 the
                 Fruit
                 more
                 strongly
                 austere
                 ,
                 fierce
                 ,
                 and
                 sharp
                 ,
                 and
                 also
                 the
                 Fruit
                 less
                 and
                 more
                 woody
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 pleasanter
                 or
                 plumper
                 and
                 larger
                 Apple
                 being
                 the
                 effect
                 of
                 some
                 inteneration
                 ,
                 which
                 inclines
                 to
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 rebatement
                 of
                 the
                 natural
                 strength
                 of
                 the
                 Tree
                 ;
                 the
                 best
                 choice
                 of
                 kernels
                 for
                 Stocks
                 indefinitely
                 ,
                 (
                 and
                 on
                 which
                 we
                 may
                 graff
                 what
                 we
                 please
                 )
                 should
                 be
                 from
                 the
                 soundest
                 Wilding
                 .
                 For
                 ,
              
               
                 A
                 kernel
                 taken
                 from
                 any
                 graffed-Apple
                 ,
                 as
                 
                   Pepin
                   ,
                   Pear-main
                
                 ,
                 &c.
                 does
                 most
                 naturally
                 propend
                 to
                 the
                 wildness
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 on
                 which
                 't
                 was
                 inserted
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 the
                 natural
                 mother
                 of
                 the
                 kernel
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 the
                 very
                 heart
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 ;
                 and
                 also
                 from
                 a
                 more
                 deep
                 and
                 secret
                 Reason
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 hereafter
                 unfolded
                 .
              
               
                 Apples
                 and
                 Pears
                 requiring
                 rather
                 a
                 vulgar
                 and
                 ordinary
                 Field-land
                 ,
                 than
                 a
                 rich
                 Garden-mould
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 has
                 been
                 often
                 seen
                 to
                 succeed
                 by
                 frequent
                 Observations
                 )
                 it
                 has
                 been
                 found
                 that
                 kernels
                 sowed
                 in
                 a
                 very
                 high
                 compost
                 ,
                 and
                 rank
                 earth
                 ,
                 have
                 produced
                 (
                 large
                 indeed
                 )
                 but
                 insipid
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 hastily
                 rotting
                 on
                 the
                 Trees
                 ,
                 before
                 all
                 the
                 parts
                 of
                 it
                 were
                 mature
                 .
                 
                   Vid.
                   Aphor.
                
                 33.
                 
              
               
                 And
                 sometimes
                 when
                 they
                 seemed
                 in
                 outward
                 figure
                 to
                 bear
                 the
                 shape
                 of
                 graffed
                 Apples
                 ,
                 from
                 whence
                 the
                 kernels
                 came
                 ,
                 yet
                 the
                 gust
                 did
                 utterly
                 deceive
                 ,
                 wanting
                 that
                 vivacity
                 and
                 pungent
                 agreeableness
                 .
              
               
               
                 If
                 the
                 kernels
                 of
                 natural
                 Apples
                 (
                 or
                 of
                 
                   ungraffed
                   Trees
                
                 )
                 should
                 produce
                 the
                 same
                 ,
                 or
                 some
                 other
                 variety
                 of
                 Apples
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 sometimes
                 it
                 succeeds
                 )
                 yet
                 would
                 this
                 care
                 be
                 seldom
                 
                   operae
                   pretium
                
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 best
                 but
                 a
                 work
                 of
                 Chance
                 ,
                 the
                 disappointment
                 falling
                 out
                 so
                 often
                 through
                 the
                 fickleness
                 of
                 the
                 Soil
                 :
                 Or
                 admit
                 that
                 the
                 most
                 proper
                 and
                 constant
                 ,
                 yet
                 would
                 the
                 very
                 dews
                 and
                 rain
                 ,
                 by
                 various
                 and
                 mutable
                 Seasons
                 ,
                 and
                 even
                 by
                 the
                 Air
                 it self
                 ,
                 (
                 which
                 operates
                 beyond
                 vulgar
                 perception
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 very
                 changes
                 as
                 well
                 of
                 the
                 mould
                 ,
                 as
                 of
                 the
                 seeds
                 and
                 fruit
                 )
                 create
                 almost
                 infinite
                 alterations
                 :
                 And
                 the
                 choice
                 having
                 been
                 in
                 all
                 places
                 (
                 apparently
                 for
                 some
                 thousands
                 of
                 years
                 )
                 by
                 propagating
                 the
                 most
                 delicate
                 of
                 Fruits
                 by
                 the
                 Graffs
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 almost
                 a
                 desperate
                 task
                 to
                 attempt
                 the
                 raising
                 of
                 the
                 like
                 ,
                 or
                 better
                 Fruit
                 from
                 the
                 rudiments
                 of
                 the
                 Kernel
                 .
              
               
                 Yet
                 since
                 our
                 design
                 of
                 relieving
                 the
                 want
                 of
                 Wine
                 ,
                 by
                 a
                 Succedaneum
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 lately
                 improv'd
                 )
                 is
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 
                   Modern
                   Invention
                
                 ,
                 We
                 may
                 encourage
                 and
                 commend
                 their
                 patience
                 and
                 diligence
                 who
                 endeavour
                 to
                 raise
                 several
                 kinds
                 of
                 Wildings
                 for
                 the
                 tryal
                 of
                 that
                 excellent
                 Liquor
                 ;
                 especially
                 since
                 by
                 late
                 experience
                 we
                 have
                 found
                 ,
                 that
                 Wildings
                 are
                 the
                 more
                 proper
                 Cider-Fruits
                 ;
                 some
                 of
                 them
                 growing
                 more
                 speedily
                 ,
                 bearing
                 sooner
                 ,
                 more
                 constantly
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 greater
                 abundance
                 in
                 leaner
                 Land
                 ,
                 much
                 fuller
                 of
                 juice
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 more
                 masculine
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 a
                 more
                 Winy
                 vigour
                 .
              
               
                 Thus
                 the
                 famous
                 Red-strake
                 of
                 Hereford-shire
                 is
                 a
                 pure
                 Wilding
                 ,
                 and
                 within
                 the
                 memory
                 of
                 some
                 now
                 living
                 sirnamed
                 the
                 
                   Scudamores
                   Crab
                
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 not
                 much
                 known
                 save
                 in
                 the
                 Neighbourhood
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 Yet
                 now
                 it
                 would
                 be
                 difficult
                 to
                 shew
                 that
                 Red-strake
                 which
                 grew
                 from
                 a
                 kernel
                 in
                 that
                 whole
                 Tract
                 ,
                 all
                 being
                 since
                 become
                 graffed
                 Trees
                 .
                 Thus
                 't
                 is
                 also
                 believed
                 ,
                 That
                 the
                 
                   Bromsbury
                   Crab
                
                 (
                 which
                 carries
                 the
                 fame
                 in
                 some
                 parts
                 of
                 Glocester-shire
                 )
                 and
                 many
                 of
                 the
                 White
                 Musts
                 ,
                 and
                 Green
                 Musts
                 ,
                 are
                 originally
                 Savages
                 ;
                 as
                 now
                 in
                 Somerset-shire
                 they
                 have
                 a
                 generous
                 Cider
                 made
                 of
                 promiscuous
                 kernels
                 ,
                 or
                 ungraffed
                 Trees
                 ,
                 which
                 fills
                 their
                 confidence
                 that
                 no
                 other
                 Cider
                 does
                 exceed
                 it
                 ;
                 and
                 't
                 is
                 indeed
                 strong
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 a
                 generous
                 vigour
                 .
              
               
                 Nor
                 dare
                 we
                 positively
                 deny
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 even
                 the
                 best
                 of
                 our
                 Table-fruit
                 came
                 also
                 originally
                 from
                 the
                 kernel
                 :
                 For
                 it
                 is
                 truly
                 noted
                 by
                 my
                 L.
                 
                   Bacon
                   ,
                   That
                   the
                
                 Fruit
                 
                   does
                   generally
                   obey
                   the
                
                 Graff
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   yields
                   very
                   little
                   to
                   the
                
                 Stock
                 ;
                 yet
                 some
                 little
                 it
                 does
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 famous
                 
                   Bezy
                   de
                   Hery
                
                 ,
                 an
                 excellent
                 Musky
                 Pear
                 ,
                 was
                 brought
                 into
                 the
                 best
                 Orchards
                 of
                 France
                 from
                 a
                 Forest
                 in
                 Bretainy
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 grew
                 wild
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 but
                 of
                 late
                 taken
                 notice
                 of
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 now
                 to
                 the
                 deep
                 Reason
                 we
                 lately
                 threatned
                 :
                 We
                 have
                 by
                 an
                 Experiment
                 found
                 some
                 neer
                 affinity
                 between
                 the
                 Kernel
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 and
                 the
                 heart
                 or
                 interiour
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Stock
                   :
                   For
                   I
                   saw
                
                 (
                 says
                 Dr.
                 Beale
                 )
                 
                   an
                   old
                   rotten
                
                 Kernel-Tree
                 
                   bearing
                   a
                   delicate
                
                 Summer-fruit
                 ,
                 
                   yielding
                   store
                   of
                   smooth
                
                 Cider
                 ,
                 (
                 
                   't
                   is
                   call'd
                   the
                
                 French-Kernel-Tree
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   is
                   also
                   a
                
                 Dwarf
                 ,
                 
                   as
                   is
                   the
                
                 Red-strake
                 ;
                 )
                 
                   and
                   examining
                   divers
                
                 Kernels
                 ,
                 
                   many
                   years
                   successively
                   ,
                   of
                   that
                   hollow
                   and
                   decayed
                   Tree
                   ,
                   I
                   found
                   them
                   always
                   very
                   small
                   of
                   growth
                   ,
                   and
                   empty
                   ,
                   meer
                   skins
                   of
                
                 Kernels
                 ,
                 
                   not
                   unlike
                   to
                   the
                   emasculated
                
                 Scrotum
                 
                   of
                   an
                
                 Eunuch
                 ;
                 
                   another
                   
                   younger
                   Tree
                   ,
                   issuing
                   from
                   the
                   sounder
                   part
                   of
                   a
                
                 Root
                 
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   old
                   Tree
                   ,
                   had
                   full
                   and
                   entire
                
                 Kernels
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 from
                 some
                 such
                 Observation
                 might
                 the
                 production
                 of
                 Berberies
                 ,
                 &c.
                 without
                 Stones
                 ,
                 be
                 happily
                 attempted
                 ;
                 an
                 Instrument
                 fitted
                 to
                 take
                 out
                 the
                 marrow
                 or
                 pith
                 of
                 the
                 Branches
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 the
                 same
                 D
                 r
                 Beale
                 perform'd
                 it
                 ;
                 )
                 for
                 from
                 the
                 numerical
                 Bush
                 of
                 that
                 Fruit
                 he
                 found
                 some
                 Branches
                 produce
                 Berberies
                 that
                 had
                 no
                 stones
                 ,
                 others
                 which
                 had
                 ;
                 and
                 in
                 searching
                 for
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 the
                 effect
                 ,
                 perceived
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 pith
                 or
                 heart
                 was
                 taken
                 from
                 the
                 radicat
                 ,
                 or
                 main
                 Branches
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 other
                 was
                 full
                 of
                 pith
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 the
                 fruit
                 in
                 perfection
                 ;
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 (
                 he
                 writes
                 me
                 word
                 )
                 he
                 made
                 several
                 tryals
                 on
                 other
                 fruit
                 ,
                 but
                 left
                 the
                 place
                 before
                 he
                 could
                 see
                 the
                 event
                 .
                 But
                 he
                 adds
                 ;
              
               
                 
                   These
                   many
                   years
                
                 (
                 almost
                 twenty
                 )
                 
                   I
                   have
                   yearly
                   tri'd
                
                 Kernels
                 in
                 
                   Beds
                   of
                   clean
                
                 Earth
                 ,
                 Pots
                 ,
                 and
                 Pans
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   by
                   the
                   very
                
                 leaves
                 (
                 
                   as
                   they
                   appear'd
                   in
                   first
                   springing
                   for
                   one
                   moneth
                   )
                   I
                   could
                   discern
                   how
                   far
                   my
                
                 Essays
                 had
                 civiliz'd
                 
                   'em
                   :
                   The
                
                 Wilder
                 
                   had
                   shorter
                   ,
                   stiffer
                   ,
                   brown
                   ,
                   or
                   fox-colour'd
                   leaves
                   ,
                   The
                   more
                
                 ingenuous
                 
                   had
                   more
                   tender
                   ,
                   more
                   spreading
                   leaves
                   ;
                   and
                   approaching
                   the
                   lighter
                   verdure
                   of
                   the
                
                 Berbery
                 
                   leaf
                   when
                   it
                   first
                   appears
                
                 .
                 He
                 adds
                 ,
              
               
                 Some
                 Apples
                 
                   are
                   call'd
                
                 Rose-Apples
                 ,
                 Rosemary-Apples
                 ,
                 Gillyflower-Apples
                 ,
                 Orange-Apples
                 ,
                 
                   with
                   several
                   other
                   adjuncts
                   ,
                   denominating
                   them
                   ,
                   from
                   what
                
                 Reason
                 
                   I
                   know
                   not
                
                 .
                 But
                 if
                 we
                 intended
                 to
                 try
                 such
                 infusions
                 upon
                 the
                 Kernels
                 (
                 as
                 should
                 endeavour
                 to
                 alter
                 their
                 kinds
                 )
                 we
                 should
                 not
                 approve
                 of
                 the
                 bedabbling
                 them
                 with
                 such
                 infusions
                 ,
                 (
                 for
                 over
                 -
                 moisture
                 would
                 rather
                 enervate
                 than
                 strengthen
                 them
                 )
                 but
                 rather
                 prepare
                 the
                 Earth
                 the
                 
                   year
                   before
                
                 ,
                 with
                 such
                 insuccations
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 hinder
                 it
                 from
                 producing
                 any
                 Weeds
                 ,
                 till
                 ready
                 for
                 the
                 Kernels
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 in
                 dewy
                 times
                 ,
                 and
                 more
                 frequently
                 when
                 our
                 Climate
                 were
                 surcharg'd
                 with
                 rain
                 ,
                 cover
                 the
                 Beds
                 and
                 Pots
                 with
                 the
                 small
                 leaves
                 of
                 
                   Rosemary
                   ,
                   Gillyflowers
                
                 ,
                 or
                 other
                 oderiferous
                 Blossomes
                 ,
                 and
                 repeat
                 it
                 often
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 end
                 the
                 dews
                 may
                 meteorize
                 ,
                 and
                 emit
                 their
                 finer
                 Spirits
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 Or
                 if
                 any
                 shall
                 please
                 to
                 be
                 so-liberal
                 of
                 their
                 Salts
                 and
                 Calcinations
                 of
                 peculiar
                 Virtues
                 (
                 though
                 possibly
                 the
                 Essay
                 may
                 indanger
                 their
                 seeds
                 )
                 yet
                 the
                 mixture
                 of
                 such
                 Salts
                 finely
                 reduc'd
                 and
                 strewed
                 discreetly
                 on
                 their
                 Beds
                 ,
                 may
                 be
                 a
                 more
                 probable
                 means
                 ,
                 than
                 those
                 
                   Liquid
                   Infusions
                
                 which
                 have
                 hitherto
                 been
                 so
                 confidently
                 boasted
                 .
                 For
                 thus
                 also
                 we
                 are
                 in
                 this
                 Age
                 of
                 ours
                 provided
                 of
                 more
                 vigorous
                 Ingredients
                 for
                 trials
                 than
                 were
                 known
                 to
                 the
                 Ancients
                 .
                 Finally
                 ,
              
               
                 From
                 what
                 has
                 been
                 deduc'd
                 from
                 the
                 Wilding
                 of
                 several
                 parts
                 ,
                 it
                 may
                 manifestly
                 appear
                 ,
                 how
                 much
                 more
                 congeneal
                 some
                 soil
                 is
                 than
                 other
                 ,
                 to
                 yield
                 the
                 best
                 Cider-fruit
                 from
                 the
                 Kernel
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 hazzle
                 ground
                 ,
                 or
                 quicker
                 mould
                 ,
                 much
                 better
                 than
                 the
                 more
                 obstinate
                 clay
                 or
                 ranker
                 earth
                 :
                 In
                 hot
                 Gravelly-Grounds
                 ,
                 where
                 almost
                 no
                 sort
                 of
                 Fruit
                 will
                 grow
                 ,
                 Pears
                 will
                 thrive
                 ;
                 and
                 a
                 Friend
                 of
                 mine
                 assures
                 me
                 ,
                 of
                 One
                 that
                 clave
                 a
                 Rock
                 ,
                 and
                 filling
                 it
                 with
                 a
                 little
                 good
                 Earth
                 ,
                 planted
                 a
                 Pear-tree
                 therein
                 ,
                 which
                 prosper'd
                 exceedingly
                 :
                 I
                 add
                 this
                 ,
                 that
                 none
                 may
                 go
                 hence
                 without
                 encouragement
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 CHAP.
                 II.
                 Of
                 Stocks
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 former
                 thus
                 establish'd
                 ,
                 after
                 all
                 humours
                 and
                 varieties
                 have
                 been
                 sufficiently
                 wearied
                 ,
                 we
                 shall
                 find
                 the
                 Wilding
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 hardiest
                 and
                 most
                 proper
                 Stock
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 delicate
                 Fruit
                 :
                 This
                 confirm'd
                 by
                 Varro
                 ,
                 lib.
                 1.
                 cap.
                 40.
                 
                 
                   In
                   quamcunque
                   arborem
                   inseras
                
                 ,
                 &c.
                 and
                 't
                 is
                 with
                 reason
                 :
                 However
                 they
                 do
                 in
                 Hereford-shire
                 ,
                 both
                 in
                 practice
                 ,
                 and
                 opinion
                 ,
                 limit
                 this
                 Rule
                 ;
                 and
                 to
                 preserve
                 the
                 gust
                 of
                 any
                 delicate
                 Apple
                 (
                 as
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Pear-main
                   ,
                   Quince-Apple
                   ,
                   Stockin
                
                 ,
                 &c.
                 )
                 rather
                 graff
                 upon
                 a
                 Gennet-Moyle
                 or
                 Cydoddin-Stock
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 there
                 call'd
                 )
                 than
                 a
                 Crab-stock
                 ;
                 but
                 then
                 indeed
                 they
                 conclude
                 the
                 Tree
                 lasts
                 not
                 so
                 long
                 ;
                 and
                 't
                 is
                 observ'd
                 ,
                 That
                 Apples
                 are
                 better
                 tasted
                 from
                 a
                 clean
                 ,
                 light
                 land
                 ,
                 &c.
                 than
                 from
                 stiffer
                 clay
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 more
                 pinguid
                 and
                 luxurious
                 soil
                 ,
                 whence
                 we
                 may
                 expect
                 some
                 assistance
                 from
                 the
                 civility
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 prepared
                 Soil
                 ,
                 or
                 foundation
                 to
                 the
                 Graff
                 ;
                 even
                 as
                 our
                 very
                 Transplantations
                 into
                 better
                 ground
                 is
                 likewise
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Graffing
                 .
              
               
                 Thus
                 in
                 like
                 manner
                 our
                 Master
                 
                   Varro
                   ,
                   loco
                   citato
                
                 concerning
                 
                   Pears
                   ;
                   Si
                   in
                   Pyrum
                   Sylvaticam
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 
                 The
                 Wild-stock
                 does
                 enliven
                 the
                 dull
                 and
                 phlegmatic
                 Apple
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Stock
                 of
                 a
                 Gennet-Moyle
                 sweeten
                 and
                 improve
                 an
                 Apple
                 that
                 seems
                 over-tart
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Pome-roy
                 ,
                 or
                 some
                 Greening
                 ,
                 &c.
                 or
                 may
                 rather
                 seem
                 to
                 abate
                 at
                 least
                 some
                 Apple
                 over-tart
                 and
                 severe
                 .
              
               
                 Your
                 Crab-stock
                 would
                 be
                 planted
                 about
                 October
                 ,
                 at
                 thirty
                 two
                 Foot
                 distance
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 graffed
                 till
                 the
                 third
                 Spring
                 after
                 ,
                 or
                 at
                 least
                 not
                 before
                 the
                 second
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 if
                 your
                 design
                 be
                 for
                 Orchard
                 only
                 ,
                 and
                 where
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 abide
                 ,
                 an
                 interval
                 of
                 sixteen
                 Foot
                 shall
                 suffice
                 for
                 the
                 Dwarfish
                 kind
                 ,
                 or
                 in
                 the
                 Grounds
                 where
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 or
                 other
                 Fruit-trees
                 are
                 of
                 small
                 bulk
                 ,
                 provided
                 the
                 ground
                 be
                 yearly
                 turn'd
                 up
                 with
                 the
                 Spade
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 distance
                 quadrupled
                 where
                 the
                 Plough
                 has
                 priviledge
                 ;
                 this
                 being
                 the
                 most
                 expedite
                 for
                 such
                 as
                 have
                 no
                 Nursery
                 ground
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 CHAP.
                 III.
                 Of
                 Graffs
                 and
                 Insitions
                 .
              
               
                 MAke
                 choice
                 of
                 your
                 Graffs
                 from
                 a
                 constant
                 and
                 well-bearing
                 Branch
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 as
                 the
                 Stock
                 hath
                 a
                 more
                 verdant
                 rind
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 capable
                 to
                 yield
                 more
                 plenty
                 of
                 juice
                 ,
                 so
                 let
                 the
                 Graff
                 have
                 more
                 Eyes
                 or
                 Buds
                 :
                 Ordinarily
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 Eyes
                 are
                 sufficient
                 to
                 give
                 issue
                 to
                 the
                 Sap
                 ;
                 but
                 as
                 well
                 in
                 Apples
                 ,
                 and
                 Pears
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 Vines
                 ,
                 those
                 Graffs
                 or
                 Cions
                 are
                 preferr'd
                 in
                 which
                 the
                 buds
                 are
                 not
                 too
                 far
                 asunder
                 ,
                 or
                 distant
                 from
                 the
                 foot
                 thereof
                 :
                 and
                 such
                 a
                 number
                 of
                 buds
                 usually
                 determining
                 the
                 length
                 of
                 the
                 Graff
                 ,
                 there
                 may
                 divers
                 Cions
                 be
                 made
                 of
                 one
                 Branch
                 ,
                 where
                 you
                 cannot
                 procure
                 plenty
                 of
                 them
                 for
                 severals
                 .
              
               
                 As
                 to
                 the
                 success
                 of
                 graffing
                 ,
                 the
                 main
                 point
                 is
                 ,
                 to
                 joyn
                 the
                 inward
                 rind
                 of
                 the
                 Cion
                 to
                 the
                 inward
                 rind
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 the
                 sap
                 of
                 the
                 One
                 ,
                 may
                 there
                 meet
                 with
                 the
                 sap
                 of
                 the
                 Other
                 ,
                 and
                 these
                 parts
                 should
                 be
                 joyn'd
                 closely
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 too
                 forceably
                 ;
                 that
                 being
                 the
                 best
                 and
                 most
                 infallible
                 way
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 quick
                 and
                 juicy
                 parts
                 are
                 mutually
                 united
                 ,
                 especially
                 towards
                 the
                 bottom
                 .
              
               
                 If
                 the
                 Stock
                 be
                 so
                 big
                 as
                 to
                 endanger
                 the
                 pinching
                 of
                 your
                 Graff
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 wedge
                 is
                 drawn
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 cleft
                 ,
                 let
                 the
                 inner
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Graff
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 within
                 the
                 wood
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 be
                 left
                 the
                 thicker
                 ,
                 that
                 so
                 the
                 woody
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Cion
                 may
                 bear
                 the
                 stress
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 sappy
                 part
                 be
                 preserved
                 from
                 bruising
                 .
                 Some
                 by
                 an
                 happy-hand
                 ,
                 do
                 with
                 good
                 success
                 Graff
                 without
                 cleaving
                 the
                 Stock
                 at
                 all
                 ,
                 only
                 by
                 Incisions
                 in
                 the
                 Rind
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Industrious
                 Mr.
                 Austin
                 teaches
                 us
                 :
                 But
                 since
                 this
                 is
                 not
                 for
                 every
                 Rustic
                 hand
                 ,
                 nor
                 seems
                 to
                 fortifie
                 so
                 strongly
                 against
                 impetuous
                 Winds
                 ,
                 before
                 the
                 Union
                 be
                 secure
                 ,
                 there
                 had
                 need
                 be
                 some
                 extraordinary
                 defence
                 .
              
               
                 Choose
                 the
                 streightest
                 and
                 smoothest
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 for
                 the
                 place
                 where
                 you
                 intend
                 to
                 graff
                 :
                 If
                 the
                 Stock
                 be
                 all
                 knotty
                 (
                 which
                 some
                 esteem
                 no
                 impediment
                 )
                 or
                 crooked
                 ,
                 rectifie
                 it
                 with
                 the
                 fittest
                 posture
                 of
                 the
                 Graff
                 .
              
               
                 For
                 a
                 Graff
                 covet
                 not
                 a
                 Cions
                 too
                 slender
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Sun
                 and
                 Wind
                 will
                 sooner
                 enforce
                 it
                 to
                 wither
                 :
                 Yet
                 are
                 we
                 to
                 distinguish
                 ,
                 that
                 for
                 Inoculation
                 ,
                 we
                 take
                 the
                 Bud
                 from
                 a
                 sprig
                 of
                 the
                 last
                 years
                 shoot
                 ;
                 and
                 most
                 allow
                 that
                 the
                 Cions
                 should
                 also
                 have
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 former
                 with
                 it
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 the
                 stronger
                 to
                 graff
                 ,
                 and
                 abide
                 to
                 be
                 put
                 close
                 into
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 thought
                 to
                 advance
                 it
                 in
                 bearing
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 Hereford-shire
                 they
                 do
                 frequently
                 choose
                 a
                 Graff
                 of
                 several
                 years
                 growth
                 ;
                 and
                 for
                 the
                 graffing
                 of
                 such
                 large
                 Stocks
                 as
                 are
                 taken
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Woods
                 or
                 Nurseries
                 ,
                 and
                 fitted
                 into
                 rows
                 for
                 Orchards
                 ,
                 they
                 choose
                 not
                 the
                 Graffs
                 so
                 small
                 as
                 in
                 other
                 Countries
                 they
                 require
                 
                 them
                 ;
                 which
                 has
                 ,
                 it
                 seems
                 ,
                 occasion'd
                 some
                 complaint
                 from
                 them
                 that
                 understand
                 not
                 the
                 Reason
                 of
                 the
                 first
                 branch
                 of
                 this
                 Note
                 .
                 Once
                 for
                 all
                 ,
                 the
                 stumpy
                 Graff
                 will
                 be
                 found
                 much
                 superiour
                 to
                 the
                 slender
                 one
                 ,
                 and
                 make
                 a
                 much
                 nobler
                 and
                 larger
                 Shoot
                 .
                 This
                 upon
                 experience
                 .
              
               
                 Graff
                 your
                 Cions
                 on
                 that
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 where
                 it
                 may
                 receive
                 the
                 least
                 hurt
                 from
                 the
                 South-west
                 Wind
                 ,
                 it
                 being
                 the
                 most
                 common
                 ,
                 and
                 most
                 violent
                 that
                 blows
                 in
                 Summer
                 ;
                 so
                 as
                 the
                 wind
                 may
                 blow
                 it
                 to
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 not
                 from
                 it
                 :
                 And
                 when
                 the
                 Zephyres
                 of
                 the
                 Spring
                 are
                 stirring
                 ,
                 choose
                 that
                 Season
                 before
                 all
                 others
                 for
                 this
                 work
                 .
              
               
                 Some
                 there
                 are
                 who
                 talk
                 of
                 removing
                 the
                 Stock
                 about
                 Christmas
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 also
                 graff
                 it
                 ;
                 which
                 there
                 be
                 that
                 glory
                 they
                 can
                 succesfully
                 do
                 even
                 by
                 the
                 fire
                 side
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 not
                 be
                 forc'd
                 to
                 expect
                 a
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 years
                 rooting
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 ;
                 But
                 in
                 this
                 Adventure
                 't
                 is
                 adviseable
                 to
                 plunge
                 the
                 Graff
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 inches
                 deep
                 in
                 the
                 Stock
                 .
                 Lastly
                 ,
              
               
                 Be
                 careful
                 that
                 the
                 Rain
                 get
                 not
                 into
                 the
                 clefts
                 of
                 your
                 young
                 graffed
                 Stocks
                 :
                 Yet
                 it
                 has
                 been
                 noted
                 ,
                 That
                 many
                 old
                 Trees
                 (
                 quite
                 decay'd
                 with
                 an
                 inward
                 hollowness
                 )
                 have
                 born
                 as
                 full
                 burdens
                 ,
                 and
                 constantly
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 very
                 soundest
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Fruit
                 found
                 to
                 be
                 more
                 delicate
                 than
                 usually
                 the
                 same
                 kind
                 from
                 a
                 perfect
                 and
                 more
                 entire
                 Stock
                 .
              
               
                 Except
                 some
                 former
                 case
                 requires
                 it
                 ,
                 leave
                 not
                 your
                 Graffs
                 above
                 four
                 ,
                 five
                 ,
                 or
                 (
                 at
                 most
                 )
                 six
                 inches
                 of
                 length
                 above
                 the
                 Stock
                 ;
                 for
                 by
                 the
                 length
                 it
                 draws
                 more
                 feebly
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 more
                 expos'd
                 to
                 the
                 shocks
                 of
                 the
                 Wind
                 ,
                 or
                 hurt
                 by
                 the
                 Birds
                 ;
                 and
                 you
                 shall
                 frequently
                 perceive
                 the
                 summities
                 and
                 tops
                 of
                 such
                 young
                 Graffs
                 to
                 be
                 mortified
                 and
                 die
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Genet-moyle
                 is
                 commonly
                 propagated
                 by
                 cutting
                 off
                 the
                 Branch
                 a
                 little
                 below
                 a
                 Burr-knot
                 ,
                 and
                 setting
                 it
                 without
                 any
                 more
                 Ceremony
                 ;
                 but
                 if
                 they
                 be
                 also
                 graffed
                 first
                 as
                 they
                 grow
                 on
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 and
                 when
                 they
                 have
                 covered
                 the
                 head
                 ,
                 cut
                 off
                 below
                 the
                 Burr
                 ,
                 and
                 set
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 far
                 better
                 :
                 In
                 this
                 separation
                 cut
                 a
                 little
                 beneath
                 the
                 Burr
                 ,
                 and
                 peel
                 off
                 ,
                 or
                 prick
                 the
                 Bark
                 ,
                 almost
                 to
                 the
                 knot
                 :
                 Thus
                 also
                 if
                 the
                 Branch
                 have
                 more
                 knots
                 than
                 one
                 ,
                 you
                 may
                 graff
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   cut
                   off
                
                 yearly
                 ,
                 till
                 within
                 half
                 a
                 foot
                 of
                 the
                 very
                 stem
                 ,
                 which
                 you
                 may
                 graff
                 likewise
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 let
                 stand
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 for
                 encouragement
                 in
                 transporting
                 Graffs
                 at
                 great
                 distance
                 ,
                 we
                 find
                 that
                 with
                 little
                 care
                 (
                 their
                 tops
                 uncut
                 and
                 unbruis'd
                 )
                 they
                 will
                 hold
                 good
                 ,
                 and
                 may
                 support
                 the
                 transportation
                 by
                 Sea
                 or
                 Land
                 from
                 October
                 or
                 November
                 to
                 the
                 very
                 end
                 of
                 
                   March
                   :
                   See
                   Sir
                   H.
                
                 Plat's
                 Offers
                 ,
                 Paragr
                 .
                 75.
                 
                 To
                 which
                 may
                 be
                 added
                 ,
                 That
                 if
                 the
                 Graff
                 receives
                 no
                 hurt
                 by
                 lying
                 in
                 the
                 Stock
                 expos'd
                 to
                 all
                 rain
                 ,
                 dews
                 ,
                 and
                 severities
                 of
                 Winter
                 frosts
                 from
                 December
                 to
                 Spring
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 has
                 been
                 experimentally
                 noted
                 )
                 ;
                 then
                 (
                 by
                 a
                 stronger
                 presumption
                 )
                 in
                 oyled
                 ,
                 or
                 rather
                 waxen
                 Leather
                 ,
                 it
                 may
                 undoubtedly
                 escape
                 .
                 Some
                 prescribe
                 ,
                 That
                 the
                 ends
                 shall
                 be
                 stuck
                 in
                 a
                 Turnip
                 :
                 and
                 many
                 excellent
                 Graffers
                 (
                 Gentlemen
                 some
                 of
                 very
                 good
                 credit
                 )
                 have
                 assured
                 us
                 ,
                 That
                 the
                 Graffs
                 which
                 seemed
                 withered
                 ,
                 and
                 fit
                 
                 to
                 be
                 cast
                 away
                 ,
                 have
                 proved
                 the
                 best
                 when
                 tri'd
                 .
                 Thus
                 in
                 honest
                 
                   Barnaby
                   Googes
                
                 noble
                 Heresbachius
                 you
                 will
                 find
                 it
                 commended
                 to
                 gather
                 your
                 Cions
                 in
                 the
                 wane
                 of
                 the
                 Moon
                 ,
                 at
                 least
                 ten
                 days
                 before
                 you
                 graff
                 them
                 ;
                 and
                 Constantine
                 gives
                 this
                 reason
                 for
                 it
                 ,
                 That
                 the
                 Graff
                 a
                 little
                 withered
                 ,
                 and
                 thirsty
                 ,
                 may
                 be
                 the
                 better
                 received
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 :
                 I
                 know
                 some
                 who
                 keep
                 them
                 in
                 Earth
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 October
                 ,
                 till
                 the
                 Spring
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 hardly
                 use
                 them
                 before
                 .
                 There
                 are
                 also
                 other
                 inducements
                 for
                 this
                 practice
                 ,
                 as
                 
                   Simon
                   Harwood
                   ,
                   pag.
                
                 4.
                 has
                 shew'd
                 us
                 ;
                 but
                 none
                 beyond
                 our
                 own
                 experience
                 ,
                 who
                 have
                 known
                 Graffs
                 gathered
                 in
                 December
                 thrive
                 and
                 do
                 perfectly
                 well
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 best
                 expedient
                 to
                 convey
                 Graffs
                 is
                 to
                 stick
                 the
                 cut-ends
                 in
                 Clay
                 ,
                 envelop'd
                 with
                 a
                 clout
                 to
                 preserve
                 it
                 from
                 falling
                 off
                 ;
                 and
                 to
                 wrap
                 the
                 other
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Twigs
                 in
                 dry
                 Hay
                 or
                 straw-bands
                 ,
                 which
                 will
                 secure
                 them
                 both
                 from
                 the
                 Winds
                 ,
                 Galling
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 injuries
                 in
                 Transportation
                 :
                 Nay
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 known
                 them
                 sent
                 many
                 
                   hundred
                   Miles
                
                 from
                 beyond
                 the
                 Seas
                 accommodated
                 to
                 an
                 ordinary
                 Letter
                 ,
                 and
                 though
                 somewhat
                 short
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 very
                 few
                 Buds
                 ,
                 yet
                 with
                 excellent
                 success
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 this
                 course
                 were
                 more
                 universally
                 consider'd
                 ,
                 we
                 might
                 be
                 furnish'd
                 with
                 many
                 great
                 Curiosities
                 with
                 little
                 difficulty
                 or
                 charge
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 CHAP.
                 IV.
                 Of
                 Variety
                 and
                 Improvements
                 .
              
               
                 IF
                 any
                 man
                 would
                 have
                 variety
                 of
                 unexpected
                 and
                 unknown
                 Apples
                 and
                 Pears
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 improvement
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 or
                 Palate-fruit
                 ,
                 there
                 is
                 more
                 hope
                 from
                 Kernels
                 rais'd
                 in
                 the
                 Nursery
                 (
                 as
                 has
                 already
                 been
                 directed
                 )
                 than
                 from
                 such
                 tryals
                 of
                 graffings
                 as
                 we
                 have
                 yet
                 seen
                 in
                 present
                 use
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 if
                 we
                 would
                 recover
                 the
                 patience
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 sedulity
                 of
                 the
                 Antient
                 (
                 of
                 which
                 some
                 brief
                 account
                 will
                 follow
                 )
                 or
                 listen
                 to
                 some
                 unusual
                 Proposals
                 ,
                 then
                 may
                 we
                 undertake
                 for
                 some
                 variety
                 by
                 Insitions
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 delude
                 none
                 with
                 Promises
                 ,
                 we
                 do
                 much
                 rather
                 recommend
                 the
                 diligence
                 of
                 enquiring
                 from
                 all
                 Countries
                 the
                 best
                 Graffs
                 of
                 such
                 Fruits
                 as
                 are
                 already
                 found
                 excellent
                 for
                 the
                 purpose
                 we
                 design
                 :
                 As
                 from
                 the
                 Turgovians
                 for
                 that
                 Pear
                 of
                 which
                 Dr.
                 Pell
                 gives
                 so
                 good
                 and
                 weighty
                 informations
                 ;
                 and
                 of
                 which
                 I
                 had
                 presented
                 me
                 some
                 Graffs
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 a
                 tast
                 of
                 the
                 most
                 superlative
                 Perry
                 the
                 World
                 certainly
                 produces
                 ;
                 both
                 which
                 were
                 brought
                 near
                 800
                 Miles
                 ,
                 without
                 suffering
                 the
                 least
                 diminution
                 of
                 Excellency
                 ,
                 by
                 my
                 Worthy
                 Friend
                 Mr.
                 Hake
                 a
                 Member
                 of
                 the
                 
                   R.
                   Society
                
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 year
                 1666
                 ,
                 and
                 tasting
                 as
                 high
                 ,
                 and
                 as
                 rich
                 as
                 ever
                 to
                 the
                 present
                 year
                 I
                 am
                 writing
                 this
                 Paragraph
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 as
                 some
                 sorts
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 enquired
                 after
                 for
                 the
                 Palate
                 and
                 the
                 
                 Table
                 ,
                 so
                 't
                 is
                 now
                 our
                 main
                 business
                 to
                 search
                 after
                 such
                 as
                 are
                 excellent
                 for
                 their
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 either
                 as
                 more
                 pleasant
                 ,
                 more
                 winy
                 ,
                 or
                 more
                 lasting
                 ;
                 of
                 which
                 sort
                 the
                 Bosbury
                 bare-land-Pear
                 excels
                 .
                 The
                 
                   Red
                   strake
                   ,
                   Bromebury-Crab
                
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 other
                 much
                 celebrated
                 Wilding
                 call'd
                 the
                 Oaken-pin
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 best
                 for
                 Cider
                 ;
                 though
                 for
                 sufficient
                 reasons
                 we
                 do
                 yet
                 prefer
                 the
                 
                   Red
                   strake
                
                 ,
                 to
                 oblige
                 the
                 emulation
                 of
                 other
                 Countries
                 ,
                 'till
                 they
                 find
                 out
                 a
                 Fruit
                 which
                 shall
                 excell
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 we
                 do
                 most
                 heartily
                 wish
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 to
                 pursue
                 the
                 diligence
                 of
                 the
                 Antients
                 ,
                 we
                 direct
                 the
                 eye
                 to
                 a
                 general
                 expedient
                 for
                 all
                 kinde
                 of
                 varieties
                 imaginable
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 we
                 hold
                 far
                 better
                 than
                 to
                 present
                 the
                 World
                 with
                 a
                 List
                 of
                 the
                 particulars
                 either
                 known
                 ,
                 or
                 experimented
                 :
                 For
                 who
                 indeed
                 but
                 a
                 Fool
                 will
                 dare
                 to
                 tell
                 Wonders
                 in
                 this
                 severe
                 Age
                 ,
                 and
                 upon
                 an
                 Argument
                 which
                 is
                 so
                 environ'd
                 with
                 Imposture
                 in
                 most
                 Writers
                 old
                 or
                 new
                 ?
                 Much
                 less
                 pretend
                 to
                 Experiments
                 which
                 may
                 fail
                 to
                 succeed
                 by
                 default
                 of
                 an
                 unhappy
                 occasion
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 conclusion
                 must
                 be
                 
                   Penes
                   Authorem
                   sit
                   fides
                
                 !
              
               
                 And
                 truly
                 men
                 receive
                 no
                 small
                 discouragement
                 from
                 the
                 ugly
                 affronts
                 of
                 Clowns
                 ,
                 and
                 less
                 cultivated
                 persons
                 ,
                 who
                 laugh
                 and
                 scorn
                 at
                 every
                 thing
                 which
                 is
                 above
                 their
                 understanding
                 :
                 For
                 example
                 ;
                 
                   I
                   knew
                   a
                   man
                
                 (
                 writes
                 Dr.
                 Beale
                 to
                 me
                 )
                 
                   and
                   he
                   a
                   most
                   diligent
                
                 Planter
                 and
                 Graffer
                 ,
                 
                   who
                   for
                   thirty
                   or
                   fourty
                   years
                   made
                   innumerable
                
                 Essays
                 
                   to
                   produce
                   some
                
                 change
                 
                   of
                   an
                
                 Apple
                 
                   by
                   Graffing
                   :
                   It
                   seems
                   he
                   was
                   ambitious
                   to
                   leave
                   his
                
                 Name
                 
                   on
                   such
                   a
                
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 if
                 he
                 
                   could
                   have
                   obtained
                   it
                   ;
                   but
                   always
                   fail'd
                   ;
                   for
                   he
                   perpetually
                   made
                   his
                
                 Trials
                 upon
                 Crab-stocks
                 ,
                 
                   or
                   such
                   (
                   at
                   least
                   )
                   as
                   did
                   not
                   greatly
                   differ
                   from
                   the
                
                 kind
                 ;
                 
                   and
                   he
                   ever
                   found
                   that
                   the
                
                 Graff
                 would
                 praedominate
                 .
                 And
                 how
                 infinitely
                 such
                 Men
                 having
                 lost
                 their
                 own
                 aims
                 ,
                 will
                 despise
                 better
                 Advice
                 ,
                 we
                 leave
                 to
                 observation
                 .
              
               
                 However
                 ,
                 let
                 us
                 add
                 ,
                 That
                 where
                 nothing
                 is
                 more
                 facile
                 than
                 to
                 raise
                 new
                 kinds
                 of
                 
                   Apples
                   (
                   in
                   infinitum
                
                 )
                 from
                 Kernels
                 :
                 Yet
                 in
                 that
                 Apple-Country
                 (
                 so
                 much
                 addicted
                 to
                 Orchards
                 )
                 we
                 could
                 never
                 encounter
                 more
                 than
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 persons
                 that
                 did
                 believe
                 it
                 :
                 But
                 in
                 other
                 places
                 we
                 meet
                 with
                 many
                 that
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 other
                 side
                 ,
                 repute
                 Wildings
                 ,
                 or
                 (
                 as
                 they
                 call
                 them
                 )
                 Kernel-fruit
                 ,
                 at
                 all
                 adventure
                 ,
                 and
                 without
                 choice
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 very
                 best
                 of
                 Cider-fruit
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 make
                 the
                 most
                 noble
                 Liquor
                 .
                 So
                 much
                 does
                 the
                 common
                 judgment
                 differ
                 in
                 several
                 Countries
                 ,
                 though
                 at
                 no
                 considerable
                 distance
                 ,
                 even
                 in
                 matters
                 of
                 visible
                 Fact
                 ,
                 and
                 epidemical
                 experience
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 has
                 been
                 soberly
                 affirmed
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 graffing
                 any
                 
                   White
                   Apple
                
                 upon
                 an
                 Elm
                 ,
                 it
                 changes
                 the
                 Apple
                 ,
                 and
                 particularly
                 to
                 a
                 red
                 colour
                 :
                 I
                 have
                 a
                 Direction
                 where
                 we
                 may
                 be
                 eye-witnesses
                 of
                 the
                 proof
                 ;
                 whatever
                 the
                 Truth
                 of
                 it
                 be
                 ,
                 we
                 are
                 not
                 over-hastily
                 to
                 erect
                 
                 Hercules's
                 Pillars
                 ;
                 but
                 rather
                 to
                 encourage
                 the
                 Experiment
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 gratifie
                 yet
                 the
                 Ingenious
                 ,
                 instruct
                 others
                 ,
                 and
                 emancipate
                 us
                 all
                 from
                 these
                 bastinado-Clowns
                 ,
                 we
                 are
                 furnish'd
                 with
                 many
                 Arguments
                 and
                 proofs
                 to
                 assure
                 a
                 good
                 success
                 ,
                 at
                 least
                 for
                 variety
                 and
                 change
                 ,
                 if
                 not
                 for
                 infinite
                 choice
                 :
                 Two
                 or
                 three
                 antient
                 References
                 being
                 duly
                 praemis'd
                 ;
                 namely
                 ,
                 First
                 ,
              
               
               
                 1.
                 
                 That
                 't
                 is
                 in
                 vain
                 to
                 expect
                 change
                 of
                 Apples
                 from
                 Graffing
                 upon
                 differing
                 Stocks
                 of
                 Crabs
                 or
                 Apples
                 .
              
               
                 2.
                 
                 In
                 vain
                 also
                 are
                 we
                 to
                 look
                 for
                 a
                 kind
                 Tree
                 from
                 a
                 very
                 much
                 differing
                 Stock
                 ;
                 as
                 an
                 altered
                 Pear
                 to
                 grow
                 kindly
                 on
                 a
                 Crab
                 or
                 
                   Apple-stock
                   ,
                   &
                   contra
                
                 .
                 There
                 go
                 about
                 indeed
                 some
                 jugglings
                 ,
                 but
                 we
                 disdain
                 to
                 name
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 is
                 one
                 thing
                 to
                 find
                 the
                 kindest
                 Stock
                 for
                 the
                 Improvement
                 of
                 any
                 Fruit
                 ;
                 as
                 the
                 Crab-stock
                 for
                 the
                 delicate
                 Apple
                 ,
                 the
                 Wild
                 or
                 Black-Cherry-Stock
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 graffs
                 of
                 the
                 fairest
                 Cherries
                 ;
                 the
                 largest
                 Vine
                 ,
                 (
                 whose
                 root
                 makes
                 best
                 shift
                 for
                 relief
                 )
                 to
                 accept
                 the
                 Graff
                 of
                 the
                 more
                 delicate
                 Vine
                 ;
                 the
                 
                   White
                   Pear-Plum
                   Stock
                
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Abricot
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 And
                 another
                 thing
                 it
                 is
                 to
                 seek
                 the
                 Stock
                 which
                 begets
                 the
                 wonder
                 ,
                 variety
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 same
                 transcendent
                 and
                 particular
                 excellency
                 we
                 inquire
                 after
                 :
                 For
                 this
                 must
                 be
                 at
                 more
                 remote
                 distance
                 ;
                 and
                 we
                 offer
                 from
                 the
                 Ancients
                 to
                 shew
                 ,
                 how
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 at
                 any
                 distance
                 whatsoever
                 :
                 But
                 the
                 whole
                 expedient
                 seems
                 to
                 be
                 hinted
                 by
                 Sir
                 
                   H.
                   Plat
                   ,
                   pag.
                
                 72.
                 where
                 he
                 affirms
                 ,
                 that
                 
                   If
                   two
                   Trees
                   grow
                   together
                   ,
                   that
                   be
                   apt
                   to
                   be
                   graffed
                   one
                   into
                   another
                   ,
                   then
                   let
                   one
                   branch
                   into
                   another
                   ,
                   workmanly
                   joyning
                   Sap
                   to
                   Sap.
                
                 This
                 our
                 Gardiners
                 call
                 
                   Graffing
                   by
                   Approach
                
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 explicated
                 at
                 large
                 by
                 Columella
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 in
                 this
                 express
                 Rule
                 he
                 is
                 too
                 narrow
                 for
                 our
                 purpose
                 ,
                 and
                 far
                 short
                 of
                 old
                 experience
                 ;
                 as
                 we
                 find
                 in
                 Parag.
                 63.
                 where
                 he
                 affirms
                 ,
                 
                   We
                   may
                   not
                   graff
                   a
                   contrary
                   Fruit
                   thereon
                   .
                
                 Against
                 this
                 we
                 urge
                 ;
                 That
                 any
                 contrary
                 Fruit
                 may
                 be
                 adventured
                 ,
                 and
                 any
                 Fruit
                 upon
                 any
                 fruitless
                 Stock
                 growing
                 in
                 propinquity
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Nursery
                 ;
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 not
                 only
                 affirm'd
                 ,
                 but
                 seriously
                 undertaken
                 ,
                 and
                 experimentally
                 proved
                 by
                 the
                 sober
                 Columella
                 ,
                 in
                 several
                 of
                 his
                 Treatises
                 ;
                 Turn
                 to
                 the
                 eleventh
                 Chapter
                 of
                 his
                 fifth
                 Book
                 ,
                 (
                 Stephens
                 Ediiion
                 :
                 )
                 
                   Sed
                   cum
                   antiqui
                   negaverint
                   posse
                   omne
                   genus
                   surculorum
                   in
                   omnem
                   Arborem
                   inseri
                   ,
                   &
                   illam
                   quasi
                   finitionem
                   ,
                   qua
                   nos
                   paulò
                   ante
                   usi
                   sumus
                   ,
                   veluti
                   quandam
                   legem
                   sanxerint
                   ,
                   eos
                   tantùm
                   surculos
                   posse
                   coalescere
                   ,
                   qui
                   sint
                   cortice
                   ,
                   ac
                   libro
                   ,
                   &
                   fructu
                   consimiles
                   iis
                   arboribus
                   quibus
                   inseruntur
                   ,
                   existimavimus
                   errorem
                   hujus
                   opinionis
                   discutiendum
                   ,
                   tradendámque
                   posteris
                   rationem
                   ,
                   qua
                   possit
                   omne
                   genus
                   surculi
                   omni
                   generi
                   Arboris
                   inseri
                   .
                
                 And
                 the
                 example
                 follows
                 in
                 a
                 Graff
                 of
                 an
                 Olive
                 into
                 a
                 Fig-stock
                 by
                 Approach
                 (
                 as
                 we
                 call
                 it
                 ,
                 )
                 which
                 he
                 also
                 repeats
                 in
                 the
                 twenty
                 seventh
                 Chapter
                 of
                 his
                 Book
                 
                   De
                   Arboribus
                
                 ,
                 without
                 altering
                 a
                 syllable
                 .
                 But
                 possibly
                 in
                 this
                 check
                 at
                 the
                 Ancient
                 he
                 might
                 aim
                 at
                 old
                 Varro
                 ,
                 whom
                 we
                 find
                 threatning
                 no
                 less
                 than
                 Thunderbolts
                 and
                 Blasts
                 to
                 those
                 who
                 should
                 attempt
                 these
                 strange
                 Marriages
                 ,
                 and
                 did
                 not
                 sort
                 the
                 Graff
                 with
                 the
                 Tree
                 ;
                 consult
                 lib.
                 1.
                 cap.
                 40.
                 
                 And
                 yet
                 you
                 may
                 see
                 this
                 Art
                 assum'd
                 by
                 Columella
                 for
                 his
                 own
                 invention
                 (
                 1500
                 years
                 since
                 )
                 to
                 be
                 no
                 news
                 to
                 Varro
                 200
                 years
                 older
                 ;
                 where
                 he
                 goes
                 on
                 ,
                 
                   Est
                   altera
                   species
                   ex
                   arbore
                   in
                   arborem
                   inserendi
                   nuper
                   animadversa
                   in
                   arboribus
                   propinquis
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 
                 Though
                 here
                 again
                 we
                 may
                 question
                 our
                 Masters
                 
                   nuper
                   animadversa
                
                 too
                 ;
                 since
                 before
                 he
                 was
                 born
                 Cato
                 relates
                 it
                 as
                 usual
                 to
                 Graff
                 .
                 Vines
                 in
                 the
                 manner
                 by
                 them
                 prescribed
                 ,
                 cap.
                 41.
                 
                 
                   Tertia
                   insitio
                   est
                   :
                   Terebra
                   vitem
                   quam
                   inseres
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 
                 Which
                 by
                 the
                 way
                 makes
                 us
                 admire
                 how
                 the
                 witty
                 Walchius
                 in
                 his
                 Discourse
                 
                   De
                   
                   vitibus
                   fructuariis
                
                 ,
                 pag.
                 265.
                 could
                 recount
                 the
                 graffing
                 of
                 Vines
                 amongst
                 the
                 wonders
                 of
                 
                   Modern
                   Inventions
                
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 it
                 seems
                 Varro
                 and
                 his
                 Contemporaries
                 did
                 extend
                 the
                 practice
                 beyond
                 Cato
                 ;
                 and
                 Columella
                 proceeded
                 further
                 than
                 Varro
                 ,
                 even
                 to
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Trees
                 ,
                 however
                 differing
                 in
                 nature
                 ,
                 quality
                 ,
                 bark
                 ,
                 or
                 season
                 :
                 And
                 then
                 Palladius
                 assumes
                 the
                 result
                 ,
                 and
                 gives
                 us
                 the
                 particulars
                 of
                 the
                 success
                 in
                 his
                 
                   Poem
                   ,
                   De
                   Infitionibus
                
                 .
                 And
                 to
                 these
                 four
                 as
                 in
                 chief
                 (
                 no
                 phantastical
                 or
                 counterfeit
                 persons
                 )
                 we
                 refer
                 the
                 Industrious
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 be
                 pleas'd
                 to
                 take
                 this
                 note
                 also
                 :
                 As
                 soon
                 as
                 your
                 Graff
                 hath
                 attained
                 to
                 a
                 second
                 ,
                 or
                 at
                 farthest
                 a
                 third
                 years
                 growth
                 ,
                 take
                 it
                 off
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 graff
                 it
                 upon
                 a
                 Stock
                 of
                 a
                 more
                 natural
                 kind
                 :
                 For
                 in
                 our
                 own
                 Trials
                 we
                 have
                 found
                 a
                 graff
                 prosper
                 the
                 second
                 year
                 exceeding
                 well
                 ;
                 yet
                 the
                 third
                 the
                 whole
                 growth
                 at
                 once
                 blasted
                 quite
                 to
                 the
                 very
                 Stock
                 ,
                 as
                 if
                 
                 Varro's
                 Augurs
                 had
                 said
                 the
                 word
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 this
                 add
                 ,
                 the
                 making
                 use
                 of
                 such
                 Stocks
                 as
                 in
                 this
                 Experiment
                 may
                 contribute
                 some
                 special
                 aid
                 to
                 several
                 kinds
                 of
                 humane
                 Infirmities
                 :
                 As
                 suppose
                 the
                 Birch
                 Tree
                 for
                 the
                 Stone
                 ,
                 the
                 Elm
                 for
                 Fevers
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 For
                 't
                 is
                 evident
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 such
                 Insitions
                 ,
                 the
                 Branch
                 may
                 convert
                 the
                 Sap
                 of
                 the
                 Root
                 even
                 of
                 another
                 species
                 into
                 its
                 own
                 nature
                 ,
                 and
                 alter
                 all
                 its
                 properties
                 ;
                 though
                 in
                 some
                 they
                 dominere
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Branch
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 in
                 the
                 Rhamnus
                 ,
                 or
                 Mezerea
                 ,
                 acquires
                 a
                 Purgative
                 quality
                 .
                 And
                 by
                 these
                 means
                 why
                 may
                 not
                 the
                 Fruit
                 by
                 effectual
                 Marriages
                 be
                 rendred
                 
                   Cordial
                   ,
                   Astringent
                   ,
                   Purgative
                   ,
                   Sudorific
                   ,
                   Soporiferous
                   ,
                
                 and
                 even
                 Deliterious
                 and
                 Mortal
                 :
                 But
                 this
                 we
                 only
                 hint
                 .
              
               
                 Moreover
                 ,
                 To
                 graff
                 rather
                 the
                 Wilding
                 ,
                 or
                 Crab
                 ,
                 than
                 the
                 Pepin
                 ,
                 because
                 the
                 Wilding
                 is
                 the
                 more
                 natural
                 ;
                 and
                 Nature
                 does
                 more
                 delight
                 in
                 progress
                 ,
                 than
                 to
                 be
                 Retrograde
                 and
                 go
                 backwards
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 should
                 also
                 expect
                 far
                 more
                 advance
                 from
                 a
                 more
                 
                   pungent
                   sap
                
                 ,
                 than
                 from
                 Insipid
                 ;
                 as
                 generally
                 we
                 see
                 the
                 best
                 and
                 vigorous
                 juices
                 to
                 salute
                 our
                 Palats
                 with
                 a
                 more
                 agreeable
                 piquancy
                 and
                 tartness
                 ;
                 for
                 so
                 we
                 find
                 the
                 rellish
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Stocking-Apple
                   ,
                   Golden
                   Pepin
                   ,
                   Pearmain
                   ,
                   Eliot
                   ,
                   Harvy
                   ,
                
                 and
                 all
                 (
                 both
                 Russetings
                 and
                 Greenings
                 )
                 to
                 be
                 more
                 poignant
                 than
                 of
                 others
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 here
                 we
                 note
                 from
                 Palladius
                 ,
                 That
                 the
                 Ancients
                 had
                 the
                 success
                 which
                 we
                 all
                 ,
                 and
                 particularly
                 Sir
                 
                   H.
                   Plat
                
                 ,
                 does
                 so
                 frequently
                 deny
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 the
                 particular
                 of
                 graffing
                 the
                 Apple
                 on
                 the
                 
                   Pear
                   ,
                   &
                   contra
                
                 .
                 Let
                 us
                 hear
                 him
                 
                   de
                   Pomo
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Graffed-Crab
                   
                     its
                     bushy
                     Head
                     does
                     rear
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   Much
                   Meliorating
                   
                     the
                     inserted
                  
                   Pear
                   :
                
                 
                   
                     Its
                     self
                     to
                     leave
                     its
                  
                   Wildness
                   
                     does
                     invite
                  
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     And
                     in
                     a
                  
                   Nobler
                   issue
                   
                     to
                     delight
                  
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Insita
                   proceris
                   pergit
                   concrescere
                   ramis
                   ,
                
                 
                   Et
                   sociam
                   mutat
                   malus
                   amica
                   Pyrum
                   :
                
                 
                 
                   Séque
                   feros
                   sylvis
                   hortatur
                   linquere
                   mores
                   ,
                
                 
                   Et
                   partu
                   gaudet
                   nobiliore
                   frui
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Pallad
                     .
                     de
                     Insitionib
                  
                   .
                   lib.
                   14.
                   
                
              
               
                 But
                 possibly
                 Palladius
                 assum'd
                 this
                 Poetical
                 expression
                 ,
                 upon
                 presumption
                 ,
                 that
                 no
                 man
                 in
                 his
                 days
                 durst
                 degrade
                 the
                 most
                 excellent
                 Quince
                 to
                 support
                 the
                 Cyon
                 of
                 another
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 which
                 then
                 must
                 be
                 of
                 less
                 esteem
                 ,
                 but
                 we
                 by
                 our
                 luxury
                 have
                 found
                 the
                 success
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 we
                 have
                 good
                 argument
                 to
                 believe
                 ;
                 That
                 Virgil
                 ,
                 and
                 Columella
                 ,
                 in
                 several
                 of
                 their
                 wonderful
                 Relations
                 of
                 these
                 kinds
                 of
                 mixture
                 ,
                 (
                 which
                 but
                 for
                 the
                 prolixity
                 we
                 might
                 now
                 recite
                 )
                 did
                 not
                 so
                 far
                 affect
                 Wonders
                 as
                 to
                 desert
                 the
                 truth
                 .
              
               
                 You
                 may
                 also
                 observe
                 ,
                 That
                 as
                 well
                 the
                 
                   French
                   Gardiner
                
                 ,
                 and
                 our
                 
                   Modern
                   Planters
                
                 ,
                 have
                 found
                 the
                 same
                 benefit
                 from
                 the
                 Stock
                 of
                 the
                 Quince
                 ,
                 as
                 old
                 Palladius
                 did
                 ,
                 it
                 seems
                 ,
                 acknowledge
                 ;
                 yet
                 (
                 as
                 he
                 conceiv'd
                 )
                 more
                 hospitable
                 still
                 with
                 its
                 own
                 kindred
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 
                   
                     
                       Though
                       the
                    
                     Quince-stock
                     
                       admit
                       all
                       other
                    
                     Fruit
                     ,
                  
                   
                     It
                     s
                     Cyon
                     
                       with
                       no
                       other
                    
                     stock
                     
                       will
                       suit
                    
                     :
                  
                   
                     
                       Scorning
                       the
                    
                     Bark
                     
                       of
                       Forreign
                       Trees
                       ,
                       does
                       know
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       Such
                       lovely
                    
                     Fruit
                     
                       on
                       no
                       mean
                    
                     stem
                     
                       can
                       grow
                    
                     :
                  
                   
                     
                       But
                       the
                    
                     Quince-Graff
                     ,
                     
                       to
                       the
                    
                     Quince-stock
                     
                       is
                       joyn'd
                    
                     ,
                  
                   
                     
                       Contented
                       only
                       to
                    
                     improve
                     
                       its
                       kind
                    
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                     Cum
                     praestet
                     cunctis
                     se
                     fulva
                     cydonia
                     pomis
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Alterius
                     nullo
                     creditur
                     hospitio
                     .
                  
                   
                     Roboris
                     externi
                     librum
                     aspernata
                     superbit
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Scit
                     tantum
                     nullo
                     crescere
                     posse
                     decus
                     :
                  
                   
                     Sed
                     propriis
                     pandens
                     cognata
                     cubilia
                     ramis
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Stat
                     ,
                     contenta
                     suum
                     nobilitare
                     bonum
                     ▪
                  
                   
                     
                       Pallad
                       .
                       de
                    
                     Malo
                     Cydonio
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 Lastly
                 ,
                 We
                 did
                 by
                 unexpected
                 chance
                 find
                 the
                 facility
                 of
                 graffing
                 the
                 very
                 youngest
                 Stocks
                 ,
                 even
                 of
                 one
                 years
                 growth
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Root
                 :
                 At
                 a
                 second
                 removal
                 of
                 the
                 Stocks
                 (
                 being
                 then
                 of
                 two
                 years
                 growth
                 )
                 we
                 observed
                 some
                 Roots
                 so
                 fast
                 closed
                 together
                 into
                 one
                 ,
                 as
                 not
                 to
                 be
                 divorced
                 :
                 Hereupon
                 we
                 concluded
                 ,
                 If
                 casualty
                 ,
                 or
                 negligence
                 ,
                 chance
                 of
                 spade
                 ,
                 or
                 oppression
                 of
                 neighbourhood
                 did
                 this
                 ,
                 by
                 Art
                 it
                 might
                 be
                 done
                 more
                 effectually
                 ,
                 and
                 possibly
                 to
                 some
                 desirable
                 purpose
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 then
                 the
                 stock
                 was
                 more
                 apt
                 to
                 receive
                 a
                 mastering
                 Impression
                 ;
                 and
                 any
                 Garden
                 Plant
                 whatsoever
                 might
                 by
                 this
                 process
                 interchange
                 and
                 mingle
                 their
                 Roots
                 .
                 But
                 this
                 can
                 extend
                 no
                 farther
                 than
                 the
                 Stock
                 may
                 prevail
                 with
                 the
                 Graff
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 thus
                 we
                 have
                 presented
                 our
                 diligent
                 Ciderist
                 with
                 what
                 Observations
                 and
                 Arguments
                 of
                 Encouragement
                 ,
                 grounded
                 on
                 frequent
                 Experience
                 ,
                 we
                 have
                 received
                 from
                 our
                 most
                 ingenious
                 Correspondents
                 ,
                 especially
                 the
                 Learned
                 and
                 truly
                 Candid
                 D
                 r
                 Beale
                 ,
                 in
                 whose
                 Person
                 we
                 have
                 so
                 long
                 entertain'd
                 you
                 :
                 and
                 to
                 these
                 we
                 could
                 add
                 sundry
                 others
                 ,
                 were
                 it
                 not
                 now
                 time
                 (
                 whiles
                 we
                 discourse
                 
                 of
                 possibilities
                 )
                 to
                 conclude
                 with
                 something
                 certain
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 speak
                 of
                 what
                 we
                 have
                 .
              
               
                 For
                 the
                 kinds
                 then
                 of
                 Cider-Apples
                 in
                 being
                 ;
                 Glocester-shire
                 affects
                 the
                 
                   Bromsbury
                   Crab
                
                 ;
                 It
                 affords
                 a
                 smart
                 ,
                 winy
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 peculiarly
                 hardy
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 so
                 proper
                 for
                 a
                 cold
                 and
                 late-bearing
                 Climate
                 ,
                 it
                 being
                 not
                 ripe
                 in
                 
                   hot
                   Land
                
                 till
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 Autumn
                 ,
                 nor
                 fit
                 to
                 be
                 ground
                 for
                 Cider
                 till
                 Christmas
                 ,
                 lying
                 so
                 long
                 in
                 heaps
                 and
                 preparation
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 is
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Shire
                 that
                 they
                 likewise
                 much
                 esteem
                 of
                 the
                 white
                 and
                 
                   red
                   Must-Apple
                
                 ,
                 the
                 sweetest
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 sowrest
                 Pepin
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Harvy-Apple
                 ,
                 which
                 (
                 being
                 boyl'd
                 )
                 some
                 prefer
                 to
                 the
                 very
                 best
                 of
                 all
                 Ciders
                 ;
                 though
                 from
                 any
                 experience
                 we
                 have
                 yet
                 seen
                 ,
                 we
                 cannot
                 recommend
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 it
                 will
                 want
                 more
                 particular
                 and
                 infallible
                 Directions
                 before
                 we
                 can
                 be
                 reconciled
                 to
                 the
                 Adventure
                 ,
                 which
                 we
                 have
                 observed
                 so
                 frequently
                 to
                 miscarry
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 about
                 London
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 more
                 Southern
                 Tracts
                 ,
                 the
                 Pepin
                 ,
                 and
                 especially
                 the
                 Golden
                 ,
                 is
                 esteemed
                 for
                 the
                 making
                 of
                 the
                 most
                 delicious
                 of
                 that
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 most
                 wholesom
                 ,
                 and
                 most
                 restorative
                 ;
                 and
                 indeed
                 it
                 may
                 (
                 in
                 my
                 poor
                 judgment
                 )
                 challenge
                 those
                 perfections
                 with
                 very
                 good
                 reason
                 .
              
               
                 By
                 others
                 the
                 Pearmain
                 alone
                 is
                 thought
                 to
                 come
                 in
                 competition
                 with
                 the
                 best
                 ;
                 but
                 ,
                 say
                 they
                 ,
                 the
                 Cider
                 is
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 found
                 of
                 the
                 weakest
                 ,
                 unless
                 encourag'd
                 with
                 some
                 agreeable
                 Pepin
                 to
                 inspirit
                 it
                 ;
                 whereas
                 this
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 taken
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 constitution
                 of
                 the
                 Fruit
                 ;
                 for
                 even
                 Pepins
                 do
                 differ
                 as
                 much
                 from
                 Pepins
                 in
                 Tast
                 and
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Kind
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Soil
                 dispose
                 them
                 ;
                 nay
                 ,
                 though
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Species
                 ;
                 so
                 as
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 the
                 Pearmain
                 (
                 though
                 likewise
                 very
                 different
                 )
                 does
                 not
                 seldom
                 exceed
                 it
                 in
                 that
                 briskness
                 which
                 others
                 attribute
                 to
                 the
                 Pepin
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 more
                 smooth
                 and
                 less
                 poinant
                 :
                 I
                 conceive
                 a
                 good
                 way
                 of
                 extracting
                 the
                 Spirits
                 of
                 these
                 Fruits
                 ,
                 might
                 prove
                 a
                 likely
                 Criterion
                 to
                 ground
                 our
                 judgments
                 on
                 in
                 all
                 these
                 niceties
                 ;
                 whilst
                 by
                 the
                 way
                 ,
                 we
                 may
                 note
                 ,
                 that
                 of
                 all
                 Apples
                 ,
                 that
                 bear
                 one
                 general
                 Name
                 ,
                 the
                 Pepin
                 seems
                 the
                 most
                 to
                 differ
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Cider
                 from
                 the
                 genuine
                 Cider-Fruit
                 ,
                 keeps
                 nearest
                 to
                 the
                 same
                 strength
                 and
                 relish
                 .
              
               
                 Some
                 commend
                 the
                 Fox-Whelp
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Gennet-Moyle
                 was
                 once
                 preferr'd
                 to
                 the
                 very
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 and
                 before
                 the
                 Bromsbury-Crab
                 ;
                 but
                 upon
                 more
                 mature
                 consideration
                 ,
                 the
                 very
                 Criticks
                 themselves
                 now
                 Recant
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 too
                 effeminate
                 and
                 soft
                 for
                 a
                 judicious
                 Palate
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Red-strake
                 then
                 amongst
                 these
                 accurate
                 Tasters
                 hath
                 obtained
                 the
                 absolute
                 praeeminence
                 of
                 all
                 other
                 Cider-fruit
                 ,
                 especially
                 in
                 Hereford-shire
                 ,
                 
                 as
                 being
                 the
                 richest
                 and
                 most
                 vinous
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 now
                 with
                 the
                 more
                 earnestness
                 commended
                 to
                 our
                 practice
                 ,
                 for
                 its
                 celerity
                 in
                 becoming
                 an
                 Orchard
                 ,
                 being
                 ordinarily
                 as
                 full
                 of
                 Fruit
                 at
                 ten
                 years
                 growth
                 as
                 other
                 Trees
                 are
                 at
                 twenty
                 ;
                 the
                 Pepin
                 or
                 Pearmain
                 at
                 thirty
                 :
                 And
                 lastly
                 ,
                 from
                 that
                 no
                 contemptible
                 quality
                 ,
                 That
                 though
                 the
                 smiles
                 of
                 it
                 intice
                 even
                 on
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 indeed
                 better
                 than
                 most
                 other
                 Table-fruits
                 whilst
                 hanging
                 ,
                 yet
                 it
                 
                 needs
                 no
                 Priapus
                 for
                 Protector
                 ,
                 since
                 (
                 as
                 beautiful
                 as
                 't
                 is
                 )
                 it
                 has
                 no
                 such
                 temptation
                 to
                 the
                 Tast
                 ,
                 'till
                 it
                 be
                 either
                 baked
                 ,
                 or
                 converted
                 into
                 Cider
                 .
                 The
                 same
                 may
                 be
                 affirmed
                 also
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Broms-bery-Crab
                   ,
                   Bareland-Pear
                
                 ,
                 and
                 many
                 other
                 Wildings
                 ,
                 who
                 are
                 no
                 less
                 at
                 their
                 Self-defence
                 ;
                 yet
                 the
                 Gennet-Moyle
                 at
                 due
                 maturity
                 ,
                 has
                 both
                 a
                 gentle
                 ,
                 and
                 agreeable
                 relish
                 ;
                 their
                 unagreeableness
                 to
                 the
                 Palate
                 (
                 as
                 else-where
                 noted
                 )
                 proceeding
                 only
                 from
                 the
                 separation
                 the
                 juice
                 makes
                 from
                 the
                 Pulp
                 ,
                 which
                 even
                 Children
                 do
                 remedy
                 by
                 contusing
                 them
                 on
                 their
                 sharpned
                 Elbows
                 ;
                 which
                 (
                 if
                 throughly
                 weigh'd
                 )
                 seems
                 to
                 dispute
                 ,
                 if
                 not
                 overthrow
                 some
                 Hypotheses
                 of
                 Fermentation
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 sum
                 ,
                 The
                 Red-strake
                 will
                 at
                 three
                 years
                 graffing
                 give
                 you
                 fair
                 hopes
                 ,
                 and
                 last
                 almost
                 an
                 hundred
                 years
                 ;
                 if
                 from
                 sundry
                 mens
                 Experience
                 of
                 more
                 than
                 60
                 years
                 ,
                 we
                 may
                 divine
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 it
                 agree
                 with
                 the
                 Soyl.
                 And
                 the
                 Gennet-Moyles
                 hasten
                 to
                 an
                 Orchard
                 for
                 Cider
                 without
                 trouble
                 of
                 Art
                 or
                 Graffing
                 :
                 But
                 note
                 ,
                 
                 That
                 this
                 Tree
                 is
                 very
                 apt
                 to
                 contract
                 a
                 bur-knot
                 near
                 its
                 Trunk
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 begins
                 to
                 divide
                 ;
                 and
                 being
                 cut
                 off
                 under
                 that
                 boss
                 ,
                 commonly
                 grows
                 (
                 if
                 so
                 set
                 )
                 and
                 becomes
                 speedily
                 a
                 Tree
                 ,
                 except
                 it
                 encounter
                 an
                 extraordinary
                 dry
                 Summer
                 the
                 first
                 year
                 to
                 give
                 it
                 check
                 .
                 And
                 though
                 the
                 knack
                 of
                 graffing
                 be
                 so
                 obvious
                 ,
                 yet
                 this
                 more
                 appearing
                 facility
                 does
                 so
                 please
                 the
                 lazy
                 Clowns
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 some
                 places
                 they
                 neither
                 have
                 nor
                 desire
                 any
                 other
                 Orchards
                 ;
                 and
                 how
                 this
                 humour
                 prevails
                 you
                 may
                 perceive
                 by
                 the
                 hasty
                 progress
                 of
                 our
                 
                   Kentish
                   Codlin
                
                 in
                 most
                 parts
                 of
                 England
                 .
                 But
                 this
                 hasty
                 growth
                 and
                 maturity
                 of
                 the
                 Tree
                 is
                 by
                 another
                 Instance
                 confirm'd
                 to
                 us
                 from
                 that
                 worthy
                 Gent.
                 Mr.
                 Blount
                 of
                 Orleton
                 ,
                 who
                 writes
                 me
                 word
                 ,
                 that
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 rejected
                 Spray
                 ,
                 or
                 Prunings
                 of
                 the
                 Gennet-Moyle
                 ,
                 taken
                 by
                 chance
                 to
                 rice
                 a
                 Plot
                 of
                 Pease
                 (
                 though
                 stuck
                 into
                 the
                 Earth
                 but
                 at
                 April
                 )
                 put
                 forth
                 root
                 ,
                 grew
                 ,
                 blossom'd
                 ,
                 and
                 bore
                 Apples
                 the
                 same
                 year
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 to
                 advance
                 again
                 our
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 even
                 above
                 the
                 Pepin
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 rest
                 (
                 besides
                 the
                 celerity
                 of
                 the
                 improvement
                 and
                 constant
                 burthen
                 )
                 consider
                 we
                 the
                 most
                 incredible
                 product
                 ,
                 since
                 we
                 may
                 expect
                 from
                 each
                 Apple
                 more
                 than
                 double
                 the
                 quantity
                 ;
                 so
                 as
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Orchard
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 same
                 culture
                 ,
                 thirty
                 Red-strake
                 Trees
                 shall
                 at
                 ten
                 years
                 graffing
                 yield
                 more
                 Cider
                 than
                 a
                 hundred
                 of
                 those
                 Pepins
                 ,
                 and
                 surmount
                 them
                 in
                 proportion
                 during
                 their
                 period
                 at
                 least
                 sixty
                 or
                 seventy
                 years
                 :
                 So
                 that
                 granting
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 the
                 Golden-Pepin
                 should
                 excel
                 ,
                 (
                 which
                 with
                 some
                 is
                 precarious
                 )
                 yet
                 't
                 is
                 in
                 no
                 wise
                 proper
                 for
                 a
                 Cider-Orchard
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 our
                 general
                 design
                 ,
                 not
                 by
                 half
                 so
                 
                   soon
                   bearing
                
                 ,
                 nor
                 so
                 constantly
                 ,
                 nor
                 in
                 that
                 quantity
                 ,
                 nor
                 fulness
                 or
                 security
                 .
              
               
                 Concerning
                 Perry
                 ,
                 the
                 Horse-Pear
                 and
                 Bare-land-Pear
                 are
                 reputed
                 of
                 the
                 best
                 ,
                 as
                 bearing
                 almost
                 their
                 weight
                 of
                 spriteful
                 and
                 vinous
                 Liquor
                 .
                 The
                 Experienced
                 prefer
                 the
                 tawny
                 or
                 ruddy
                 sort
                 ,
                 
                 as
                 the
                 colour
                 of
                 all
                 other
                 most
                 proper
                 for
                 Perry
                 :
                 They
                 will
                 grow
                 in
                 
                   common-fields
                   ,
                   gravelly
                   ,
                   wild
                
                 ,
                 and
                 stony
                 ground
                 ,
                 to
                 that
                 largeness
                 ,
                 as
                 one
                 only
                 Tree
                 has
                 been
                 usually
                 known
                 to
                 make
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 Hogsheads
                 :
                 That
                 of
                 Bosbury
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 others
                 ,
                 are
                 so
                 tart
                 and
                 
                 harsh
                 that
                 there
                 is
                 nothing
                 more
                 safe
                 from
                 plunder
                 ,
                 when
                 even
                 a
                 Swine
                 will
                 not
                 take
                 them
                 in
                 his
                 mouth
                 .
                 But
                 thus
                 likewise
                 would
                 the
                 abundance
                 preserve
                 these
                 Fruits
                 ,
                 as
                 we
                 see
                 it
                 does
                 in
                 Normandy
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 CHAP.
                 V.
                 Of
                 the
                 Place
                 and
                 Order
                 .
              
               
                 WE
                 do
                 seriously
                 prefer
                 a
                 very
                 wild
                 Orchard
                 ,
                 as
                 mainly
                 intended
                 for
                 the
                 publick
                 utility
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 our
                 purpose
                 of
                 obliging
                 the
                 People
                 ,
                 as
                 with
                 a
                 speedy
                 Plantation
                 yielding
                 store
                 for
                 Cider
                 :
                 Upon
                 this
                 it
                 is
                 that
                 we
                 do
                 so
                 frequently
                 inculcate
                 ,
                 how
                 well
                 they
                 thrive
                 upon
                 Arable
                 ,
                 whilst
                 the
                 continuing
                 it
                 so
                 accelerates
                 the
                 growth
                 in
                 almost
                 half
                 the
                 time
                 :
                 And
                 if
                 the
                 Arable
                 can
                 be
                 so
                 levell'd
                 (
                 as
                 commonly
                 we
                 see
                 it
                 for
                 
                 Barly-land
                 )
                 then
                 without
                 detriment
                 it
                 may
                 assume
                 the
                 Ornament
                 of
                 Cyrus
                 ,
                 and
                 flourish
                 in
                 the
                 Quincunx
                 .
              
               
                 If
                 it
                 be
                 shallow
                 Land
                 ,
                 or
                 must
                 be
                 rais'd
                 with
                 high
                 Ridges
                 ,
                 then
                 't
                 is
                 necessary
                 to
                 have
                 more
                 regard
                 of
                 planting
                 on
                 the
                 tops
                 of
                 those
                 eminencies
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 excuse
                 the
                 unavoydable
                 breach
                 of
                 the
                 decussis
                 ,
                 as
                 my
                 Lord
                 Verulam
                 excuseth
                 the
                 defect
                 of
                 our
                 humane
                 phansies
                 in
                 the
                 Constellations
                 ,
                 which
                 obey
                 the
                 Omnipotent
                 order
                 rather
                 than
                 ours
                 :
                 Add
                 to
                 this
                 the
                 rigour
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Royal
                   Society
                
                 ,
                 which
                 approves
                 more
                 of
                 plainness
                 and
                 usefulness
                 ,
                 than
                 of
                 niceness
                 and
                 curiosity
                 ;
                 whiles
                 many
                 putting
                 themselves
                 to
                 the
                 vast
                 charge
                 of
                 levelling
                 their
                 grounds
                 ,
                 oftentimes
                 make
                 them
                 but
                 the
                 worse
                 ;
                 since
                 where
                 the
                 places
                 are
                 full
                 of
                 gastly
                 inequalities
                 ,
                 there
                 may
                 be
                 planted
                 some
                 sorts
                 of
                 Cider-fruit
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 apt
                 by
                 the
                 great
                 burden
                 to
                 be
                 press'd
                 down
                 to
                 the
                 ground
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 (
                 whiles
                 it
                 hides
                 Irregularities
                 )
                 to
                 bear
                 much
                 better
                 ,
                 and
                 abundantly
                 beyond
                 belief
                 ;
                 for
                 so
                 have
                 been
                 seen
                 many
                 such
                 recumbent
                 Pear-trees
                 bear
                 each
                 of
                 them
                 
                   two
                   ,
                   three
                
                 ,
                 yea
                 ,
                 even
                 to
                 six
                 or
                 more
                 Hogsheads
                 yearly
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 for
                 this
                 Cider
                 ,
                 whiles
                 we
                 prefer
                 some
                 sorts
                 of
                 Wildings
                 which
                 do
                 not
                 tempt
                 the
                 palate
                 of
                 a
                 Thief
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 caution
                 we
                 shall
                 not
                 provoke
                 any
                 man
                 to
                 repent
                 his
                 charge
                 from
                 the
                 necessity
                 of
                 richer
                 and
                 more
                 reserv'd
                 Enclosures
                 ;
                 Though
                 we
                 have
                 frequently
                 seen
                 divers
                 Orchards
                 successfully
                 planted
                 on
                 very
                 poor
                 Arable
                 ,
                 and
                 even
                 in
                 stony
                 
                   Gleab
                   ,
                   gravel
                
                 and
                 clay
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 pretty
                 high
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 sides
                 and
                 declivities
                 of
                 Hills
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 only
                 bears
                 very
                 short
                 grass
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 the
                 most
                 ordinary
                 Common
                 ,
                 not
                 worth
                 the
                 charge
                 of
                 Tillage
                 :
                 And
                 yet
                 even
                 there
                 the
                 Tenants
                 and
                 Confiners
                 sometimes
                 enclose
                 it
                 for
                 the
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 and
                 find
                 their
                 reward
                 ,
                 though
                 not
                 equally
                 to
                 such
                 Orchards
                 as
                 are
                 planted
                 on
                 better
                 ground
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 the
                 Vallies
                 .
                 Hence
                 we
                 suggest
                 ,
                 That
                 if
                 there
                 be
                 no
                 Statute
                 for
                 it
                 ,
                 't
                 were
                 to
                 be
                 wished
                 there
                 were
                 a
                 Law
                 which
                 should
                 allow
                 endeavours
                 of
                 this
                 nature
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Common-field
                 ,
                 to
                 enclose
                 for
                 these
                 Encouragements
                 ,
                 
                 since
                 both
                 the
                 Publick
                 and
                 the
                 Poor
                 (
                 whatever
                 the
                 clamour
                 is
                 )
                 are
                 advantaged
                 by
                 such
                 Enclosures
                 ,
                 as
                 Tusser
                 in
                 his
                 old
                 Rhimes
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 indifferent
                 observers
                 apprehend
                 with
                 good
                 reason
                 .
              
               
                 True
                 indeed
                 it
                 is
                 ,
                 That
                 all
                 Land
                 is
                 not
                 fit
                 for
                 Orcharding
                 ,
                 so
                 as
                 even
                 where
                 to
                 form
                 just
                 Inclosures
                 ,
                 being
                 either
                 too
                 shallow
                 and
                 dry
                 ,
                 or
                 too
                 wet
                 and
                 
                   sterving
                   :
                   But
                   this
                
                 (
                 saith
                 the
                 judicious
                 M
                 r
                 
                   Buckland
                   )
                   we
                   may
                   aver
                   ,
                   That
                   there
                   are
                   few
                
                 Parishes
                 ,
                 or
                 Hamlets
                 in
                 England
                 
                   where
                   there
                   are
                   not
                   some
                   fat
                   and
                   deep
                
                 Headlands
                 
                   capable
                   of
                
                 Rows
                 of
                 Trees
                 ;
                 
                   and
                   that
                   (
                   as
                   hath
                   been
                   said
                   )
                   the
                   raised
                
                 Banks
                 
                   of
                   all
                
                 Inclosures
                 
                   generally
                   by
                   the
                   advantage
                   of
                   the
                   depth
                   ,
                   fatness
                   ,
                   and
                   health
                   of
                   their
                   Mould
                   ,
                   yield
                   ready
                   opportunity
                   for
                   planting
                
                 ;
                 (
                 
                   yea
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   many
                
                 Countrys
                 
                   multitudes
                   of
                
                 Crab-stocks
                 
                   fit
                   to
                   be
                
                 graffed
                 ;
                 )
                 
                   in
                   which
                   latter
                
                 (
                 saith
                 he
                 )
                 
                   I
                   have
                   frequently
                   observed
                   very
                   goodly
                   Fruit-bearing
                   Trees
                   ,
                   when
                   in
                   the
                   same
                   soil
                
                 Trees
                 in
                 Orchards
                 
                   have
                   been
                   poor
                   and
                   worth
                   nothing
                   .
                
                 To
                 conclude
                 ,
              
               
                 If
                 the
                 soil
                 be
                 very
                 bad
                 and
                 unkind
                 ,
                 any
                 other
                 Fruit
                 (
                 which
                 it
                 may
                 more
                 freely
                 yield
                 without
                 requiring
                 much
                 depth
                 ,
                 and
                 less
                 Sun
                 )
                 may
                 be
                 planted
                 instead
                 of
                 Apples
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 CHAP.
                 VI.
                 Of
                 Transplanting
                 ,
                 and
                 Distance
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 most
                 proper
                 season
                 for
                 Transplanting
                 is
                 before
                 the
                 hard
                 Frosts
                 of
                 Winter
                 surprize
                 you
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 is
                 a
                 competent
                 while
                 before
                 Christmas
                 :
                 And
                 the
                 main
                 point
                 is
                 ,
                 to
                 see
                 that
                 the
                 Roots
                 be
                 larger
                 than
                 the
                 Head
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 more
                 ways
                 that
                 extends
                 ,
                 the
                 better
                 and
                 firmer
                 .
              
               
                 If
                 the
                 Stock
                 seems
                 able
                 to
                 stand
                 on
                 its
                 own
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 legs
                 (
                 as
                 we
                 may
                 call
                 'em
                 ,
                 )
                 and
                 then
                 after
                 settlement
                 some
                 stones
                 be
                 heaped
                 or
                 laid
                 about
                 it
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 were
                 gently
                 wedging
                 it
                 fast
                 ,
                 and
                 safe
                 from
                 Winds
                 (
                 which
                 stones
                 may
                 after
                 the
                 second
                 or
                 third
                 year
                 be
                 removed
                 )
                 it
                 will
                 salve
                 from
                 the
                 main
                 danger
                 :
                 For
                 if
                 the
                 Roots
                 be
                 much
                 shaken
                 the
                 first
                 Spring
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 hardly
                 recover
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 You
                 may
                 transplant
                 a
                 Fruit-Tree
                 almost
                 at
                 any
                 tolerable
                 season
                 of
                 the
                 Year
                 ,
                 especially
                 if
                 you
                 apprehend
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 spent
                 before
                 you
                 have
                 finish'd
                 your
                 work
                 ,
                 having
                 many
                 to
                 remove
                 :
                 Thus
                 ,
                 let
                 your
                 Trees
                 be
                 taken
                 up
                 about
                 Allhallontide
                 ,
                 (
                 or
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 leaf
                 begins
                 to
                 fall
                 )
                 ;
                 then
                 having
                 trimm'd
                 and
                 quickned
                 the
                 Roots
                 ,
                 set
                 them
                 in
                 a
                 Pit
                 ,
                 forty
                 ,
                 fifty
                 ,
                 or
                 a
                 hundred
                 together
                 ,
                 yet
                 so
                 as
                 they
                 may
                 be
                 covered
                 with
                 mould
                 ,
                 and
                 kept
                 very
                 fresh
                 :
                 By
                 the
                 Spring
                 they
                 will
                 be
                 found
                 well
                 cured
                 of
                 their
                 wounds
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 ready
                 to
                 strike
                 root
                 and
                 put
                 forth
                 ,
                 that
                 being
                 Transplanted
                 where
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 stand
                 ,
                 they
                 will
                 take
                 suddenly
                 ,
                 and
                 seldom
                 fail
                 ;
                 whereas
                 being
                 thus
                 cut
                 at
                 Spring
                 they
                 recover
                 with
                 greater
                 hazard
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 very
                 Roots
                 of
                 Trees
                 planted
                 in
                 the
                 ground
                 ,
                 and
                 buried
                 within
                 a
                 quarter
                 of
                 an
                 Inch
                 ,
                 or
                 little
                 more
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 level
                 of
                 the
                 Bed
                 ,
                 will
                 sprout
                 ,
                 and
                 grow
                 to
                 be
                 very
                 good
                 Stocks
                 .
                 This
                 and
                 the
                 
                 other
                 being
                 Experiments
                 of
                 our
                 own
                 ,
                 we
                 thought
                 convenient
                 to
                 mention
                 .
              
               
                 By
                 the
                 oft
                 removal
                 of
                 a
                 Wild-stock
                 ,
                 cutting
                 the
                 ends
                 of
                 the
                 Roots
                 ,
                 and
                 dis-branching
                 somewhat
                 of
                 the
                 Head
                 at
                 every
                 change
                 of
                 place
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 greatly
                 abate
                 of
                 its
                 natural
                 wildness
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 time
                 bring
                 forth
                 more
                 civil
                 and
                 ingenuous
                 Fruit
                 :
                 Thus
                 Gillyflowers
                 do
                 (
                 by
                 oft
                 removals
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 full-Moon
                 especially
                 )
                 increase
                 and
                 multiply
                 the
                 leaves
                 .
              
               
                 Plant
                 not
                 too
                 deep
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 over-turf
                 is
                 always
                 richer
                 than
                 the
                 next
                 Mould
                 .
                 How
                 material
                 it
                 is
                 to
                 keep
                 the
                 coast
                 or
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 in
                 Fruit-trees
                 as
                 in
                 Forest
                 ,
                 we
                 have
                 sufficiently
                 discuss'd
                 ;
                 nor
                 is
                 the
                 Negative
                 to
                 be
                 prov'd
                 .
              
               
                 
                 For
                 the
                 distance
                 in
                 Fields
                 ,
                 they
                 may
                 be
                 set
                 from
                 
                   thirty
                   two
                
                 to
                 sixty
                 Foot
                 ,
                 so
                 as
                 not
                 to
                 hinder
                 the
                 Plough
                 ,
                 nor
                 the
                 benefit
                 of
                 manure
                 and
                 soil
                 ;
                 but
                 in
                 hedg-rows
                 as
                 much
                 nearer
                 as
                 you
                 please
                 ,
                 Sun
                 and
                 Air
                 considered
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 CHAP.
                 VII
                 .
                 Of
                 the
                 Fencing
                 .
              
               
                 
                   SEeing
                   a
                
                 Cider-Orchard
                 
                   is
                   but
                   a
                   wild
                   Plantation
                   ,
                   best
                   in
                
                 Arable
                 
                   well
                   enclos'd
                   from
                
                 Beasts
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   yet
                   better
                   on
                   the
                   Tops
                   ,
                   Ridges
                   ,
                   and
                   natural
                   Inequalities
                   ,
                   (
                   though
                   with
                   some
                   loss
                   of
                   Order
                   ,
                   as
                   we
                   shew'd
                   ,
                   )
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   greatest
                   discouragements
                   is
                   the
                
                 preserving
                 
                   of
                   our
                
                 Trees
                 
                   being
                   planted
                   ,
                   the
                   raising
                   of
                   them
                   so
                   familiar
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   We
                   have
                   in
                   our
                
                 Sylva
                 
                   treated
                   in
                   particular
                   of
                   this
                   ,
                   as
                   of
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   most
                   material
                
                 obstacles
                 ;
                 
                   wherein
                   yet
                   we
                   did
                   purposely
                   omit
                   one
                
                 Expedient
                 ,
                 
                   which
                   came
                   then
                   to
                   our
                   hands
                   from
                   the
                   very
                   Industrious
                   Mr.
                
                 Buckland
                 
                   to
                   the
                   Learned
                   Dr.
                
                 Beal
                 :
                 
                   You
                   shall
                   have
                   it
                   in
                   his
                   own
                   words
                   .
                
              
               
                 This
                 of
                 Fencing
                 single
                 Trees
                 useth
                 to
                 be
                 done
                 by
                 Rails
                 at
                 great
                 charges
                 ;
                 or
                 by
                 Hedges
                 and
                 Bushes
                 ,
                 which
                 every
                 other
                 year
                 must
                 be
                 renew'd
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 materials
                 not
                 to
                 be
                 had
                 in
                 all
                 places
                 neither
                 .
                 I
                 therefore
                 prefer
                 and
                 commend
                 to
                 you
                 the
                 ensuing
                 form
                 of
                 Planting
                 and
                 Fencing
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 more
                 cheap
                 and
                 easie
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 hath
                 other
                 Advantages
                 in
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 commonly
                 known
                 .
                 I
                 never
                 saw
                 it
                 but
                 once
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 imperfectly
                 perform'd
                 ;
                 but
                 have
                 practis'd
                 it
                 my self
                 with
                 success
                 :
                 Take
                 it
                 thus
                 .
              
               
                 Set
                 your
                 Tree
                 on
                 the
                 Green-swarth
                 ,
                 or
                 five
                 or
                 six
                 inches
                 under
                 it
                 if
                 the
                 soil
                 be
                 very
                 healthy
                 ;
                 if
                 moist
                 or
                 weeping
                 ,
                 half
                 a
                 foot
                 above
                 it
                 ;
                 then
                 cut
                 a
                 Trench
                 round
                 that
                 Tree
                 ,
                 two
                 foot
                 or
                 more
                 in
                 the
                 cleare
                 from
                 it
                 :
                 Lay
                 a
                 rank
                 of
                 the
                 Turfs
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 grass
                 outward
                 ,
                 upon
                 the
                 inner
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Trench
                 towards
                 your
                 Plant
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 a
                 second
                 rank
                 upon
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 a
                 third
                 ,
                 and
                 fourth
                 ,
                 all
                 orderly
                 plac'd
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 in
                 a
                 Fortification
                 )
                 and
                 leaning
                 ,
                 towards
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 after
                 the
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 Pyramide
                 ,
                 or
                 larger
                 Hop-hill
                 :
                 Always
                 as
                 you
                 place
                 a
                 row
                 of
                 Turfs
                 
                 in
                 compass
                 ,
                 you
                 must
                 fill
                 up
                 the
                 inner
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Circle
                 with
                 the
                 loose
                 Earth
                 of
                 the
                 second
                 spit
                 which
                 you
                 dig
                 out
                 of
                 your
                 Trench
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 half
                 wide
                 ,
                 or
                 more
                 ,
                 as
                 you
                 desire
                 to
                 mount
                 the
                 hillock
                 ,
                 which
                 by
                 this
                 means
                 you
                 will
                 have
                 rais'd
                 about
                 your
                 Plant
                 near
                 three
                 foot
                 in
                 heighth
                 .
                 At
                 the
                 point
                 it
                 needs
                 not
                 be
                 above
                 two
                 foot
                 or
                 eighteen
                 inches
                 diametre
                 ,
                 where
                 you
                 may
                 leave
                 the
                 Earth
                 in
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 Dish
                 ,
                 to
                 convey
                 the
                 Rain
                 towards
                 the
                 body
                 of
                 the
                 Tree
                 ;
                 and
                 upon
                 the
                 top
                 of
                 this
                 hillock
                 prick
                 up
                 five
                 or
                 six
                 small
                 Briars
                 or
                 Thorns
                 ,
                 binding
                 them
                 lightly
                 to
                 the
                 body
                 of
                 the
                 Plant
                 ,
                 and
                 you
                 have
                 finish'd
                 the
                 work
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 commodities
                 of
                 this
                 kind
                 of
                 Planting
                 are
                 ,
              
               
                 First
                 ,
                 Neither
                 Swine
                 ,
                 nor
                 Sheep
                 ,
                 nor
                 any
                 other
                 sort
                 of
                 Cattel
                 can
                 annoy
                 your
                 Trees
                 .
              
               
                 Secondly
                 ,
                 You
                 may
                 adventure
                 to
                 set
                 the
                 smaller
                 Plants
                 ,
                 being
                 thus
                 raised
                 ,
                 and
                 secur'd
                 from
                 the
                 reach
                 of
                 Cattel
                 .
              
               
                 Thirdly
                 ,
                 Your
                 Trees
                 faston
                 in
                 the
                 Hillock
                 against
                 violence
                 of
                 Winds
                 ,
                 without
                 Stakes
                 to
                 fret
                 and
                 canker
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 Fourthly
                 ,
                 If
                 the
                 soil
                 be
                 wet
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 hereby
                 made
                 healthy
                 .
              
               
                 Fifthly
                 ,
                 If
                 very
                 dry
                 ,
                 the
                 hillock
                 defends
                 from
                 the
                 outward
                 heat
                 .
              
               
                 Sixthly
                 ,
                 It
                 prevents
                 the
                 Couch-grass
                 ,
                 which
                 for
                 the
                 first
                 years
                 insensibly
                 robs
                 most
                 plants
                 in
                 sandy
                 grounds
                 apt
                 to
                 graze
                 .
                 And
                 ,
              
               
                 Lastly
                 ,
                 The
                 
                   grazing
                   bank
                
                 will
                 recompence
                 the
                 nigardly
                 Farmer
                 for
                 the
                 waste
                 of
                 his
                 Ditch
                 ,
                 which
                 otherwise
                 he
                 will
                 sorely
                 bethink
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 the
                 second
                 or
                 third
                 year
                 (
                 by
                 what
                 time
                 your
                 Roots
                 spread
                 )
                 the
                 Trench
                 ,
                 if
                 the
                 Ground
                 be
                 moist
                 ,
                 or
                 Seasons
                 wet
                 ,
                 will
                 be
                 neer
                 fill'd
                 up
                 again
                 by
                 the
                 treading
                 of
                 Cattel
                 ;
                 for
                 it
                 need
                 not
                 be
                 cleansed
                 ;
                 but
                 then
                 you
                 must
                 renew
                 your
                 Thorns
                 :
                 Yet
                 if
                 the
                 Planter
                 be
                 curious
                 ,
                 I
                 should
                 advise
                 a
                 casting
                 of
                 some
                 small
                 quantity
                 of
                 
                   rich
                   Mould
                
                 into
                 the
                 bottom
                 of
                 the
                 Trench
                 the
                 second
                 year
                 ,
                 which
                 may
                 improve
                 the
                 growth
                 ,
                 and
                 invite
                 the
                 Roots
                 to
                 spread
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 this
                 manner
                 of
                 Planting
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 soil
                 is
                 not
                 rich
                 ,
                 the
                 exact
                 Planter
                 should
                 add
                 a
                 little
                 quantity
                 to
                 each
                 Root
                 of
                 Earth
                 from
                 a
                 frequented
                 High-way
                 ,
                 or
                 Yard
                 where
                 Cattel
                 are
                 kept
                 ;
                 One
                 Load
                 will
                 suffice
                 for
                 six
                 or
                 seven
                 Trees
                 ;
                 this
                 being
                 much
                 more
                 proper
                 than
                 
                   rotted
                   soil
                
                 or
                 
                   loose
                   Earth
                
                 ;
                 the
                 fat
                 Mould
                 best
                 agreeing
                 with
                 the
                 
                   Apple
                   Tree
                
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 broader
                 and
                 deeper
                 your
                 Ditch
                 is
                 ,
                 the
                 higher
                 will
                 be
                 your
                 Bank
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 securer
                 your
                 Fence
                 ;
                 but
                 then
                 you
                 must
                 add
                 some
                 good
                 Earth
                 in
                 the
                 second
                 year
                 ,
                 as
                 before
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 must
                 subjoyn
                 ,
                 That
                 only
                 Trees
                 of
                 an
                 
                   upright
                   growth
                
                 be
                 thus
                 planted
                 in
                 
                   open
                   grounds
                
                 ;
                 because
                 spreading
                 of
                 low
                 growing
                 Trees
                 will
                 be
                 still
                 within
                 reach
                 of
                 Cattel
                 as
                 they
                 encrease
                 :
                 Nor
                 have
                 I
                 met
                 with
                 any
                 inconvenience
                 in
                 this
                 kind
                 of
                 Transplanting
                 (
                 which
                 is
                 applicable
                 to
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Trees
                 )
                 but
                 that
                 the
                 Mole
                 and
                 the
                 Ant
                 may
                 find
                 ready
                 entertainment
                 the
                 first
                 year
                 ,
                 and
                 sometime
                 impairs
                 a
                 weak
                 rooted
                 Plant
                 ;
                 otherwise
                 it
                 rarely
                 miscarries
                 .
                 In
                 sum
                 ,
              
               
                 This
                 manner
                 of
                 Fencing
                 is
                 soon
                 executed
                 by
                 an
                 indifferent
                 Workman
                 ,
                 who
                 will
                 easily
                 set
                 and
                 guard
                 
                   six
                   Trees
                
                 in
                 a
                 Winter
                 day
                 .
                 
                   Thus
                   far
                   Mr.
                
                 Buckland
                 :
                 
                   To
                   which
                   we
                   shall
                   only
                   add
                   ,
                   That
                   those
                   which
                   are
                   planted
                   in
                   the
                
                 Hedg-rows
                 
                   need
                   none
                   of
                   these
                   defences
                   ;
                   for
                   (
                   I
                   
                   am
                   told
                   )
                   in
                
                 Hereford-shire
                 
                   in
                   the
                   Plantations
                   of
                   their
                
                 Quick-sets
                 ,
                 
                   or
                   any
                   other
                   ,
                   all
                   men
                   did
                   so
                
                 superstitiously
                 
                   place
                   a
                
                 Crab-stock
                 
                   at
                   every
                
                 twenty
                 foot
                 
                   distance
                   ,
                   as
                   if
                   they
                   had
                   been
                   under
                   some
                   rigorous
                
                 Statute
                 
                   requiring
                   it
                   ;
                   and
                   I
                   am
                   of
                   Opinion
                   ,
                   that
                   't
                   were
                   better
                   to
                   be
                   content
                   with
                
                 Fruit
                 
                   in
                   the
                   bordering
                
                 Mounds
                 ,
                 
                   than
                   to
                   be
                   at
                   all
                   this
                   trouble
                   to
                   raise
                
                 Tumps
                 ,
                 
                   or
                   temporary
                   banks
                   in
                   the
                   midst
                   of
                   an
                
                 In●●osure
                 ;
                 
                   or
                   if
                
                 Pears
                 
                   will
                   thrive
                   in
                   the
                   Plain
                   of
                   the
                
                 Ortyard
                 ,
                 
                   as
                   we
                   frequently
                   see
                   them
                   ,
                   (
                   where
                   neither
                
                 Apple
                 
                   or
                   other
                
                 Fruit
                 
                   could
                   in
                   appearance
                   be
                   expected
                   )
                   then
                
                 Crabs
                 ,
                 
                   which
                   may
                   be
                   raised
                   on
                   the
                
                 Mounds
                 ,
                 
                   will
                   kindly
                   mix
                   the
                
                 Liquor
                 
                   into
                   very
                   good
                
                 Beverage
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 CHAP.
                 VIII
                 .
                 Of
                 Pruning
                 and
                 Use
                 
                   of
                   the
                
                 Fruit-Trees
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Branches
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 lopp'd
                 in
                 proportion
                 to
                 the
                 bruises
                 of
                 the
                 Roots
                 ,
                 whose
                 fibres
                 else
                 should
                 only
                 be
                 quickned
                 ,
                 not
                 altogether
                 cut
                 off
                 nor
                 intangled
                 :
                 For
                 the
                 Top
                 ,
                 let
                 a
                 little
                 of
                 each
                 arm
                 be
                 lopp'd
                 in
                 Cider-fruit
                 only
                 ;
                 but
                 for
                 the
                 Pears
                 ,
                 cut
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 buds
                 deep
                 at
                 the
                 summities
                 of
                 their
                 aspiring
                 Branches
                 ,
                 just
                 above
                 the
                 eye
                 slanting
                 ;
                 this
                 will
                 keep
                 them
                 from
                 over-hasty
                 mounting
                 ,
                 reduce
                 them
                 into
                 shape
                 ,
                 and
                 accelerate
                 their
                 bearing
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 this
                 we
                 add
                 again
                 out
                 of
                 Dr.
                 
                   Beals
                   Herefordshire
                   Orchards
                
                 ,
                 pag.
                 23.
                 
                 
                   In
                   a
                
                 graffed
                 plant
                 every
                 Bough
                 
                   should
                   be
                   lopped
                   at
                   the
                   very
                   tops
                   ,
                   in
                
                 Apples
                 and
                 Pears
                 ,
                 
                   as
                   in
                
                 Cherries
                 and
                 Plums
                 ,
                 if
                 Transplanted
                 without
                 violation
                 of
                 Roots
                 ,
                 which
                 only
                 indeed
                 renders
                 it
                 less
                 necessary
                 .
              
               
                 
                   In
                   most
                   kinds
                   of
                   natural
                
                 Plants
                 the
                 Boughs
                 
                   should
                   not
                   at
                   all
                   be
                
                 lopped
                 ,
                 
                   but
                   some
                   taken
                   off
                   close
                   to
                   the
                
                 Trunk
                 ,
                 
                   that
                   the
                   Root
                   at
                   first
                
                 Transplantation
                 
                   be
                   not
                   engaged
                   to
                   maintain
                   too
                   many
                
                 Suckers
                 ,
                 this
                 to
                 be
                 understood
                 ,
                 though
                 of
                 such
                 as
                 grow
                 naturally
                 from
                 the
                 Kernel
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Bur-knot
                 ;
                 especially
                 if
                 removed
                 after
                 they
                 are
                 well
                 rooted
                 .
                 
                   And
                   this
                   must
                   be
                   done
                   with
                   such
                   discretion
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                
                 Top-branches
                 
                   be
                   not
                   too
                   close
                   together
                   ;
                   for
                   the
                   natural
                
                 Plant
                 
                   is
                   apt
                   to
                   grow
                
                 spiry
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   thereby
                   fails
                   ,
                   of
                   fruitfulness
                   .
                   Therefore
                   let
                   the
                   reserved
                
                 Branches
                 
                   be
                   divided
                   at
                   a
                   convenient
                   roundness
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 Branches
                 
                   of
                   those
                   we
                   call
                   natural
                   Plants
                   (
                   for
                   usually
                   the
                
                 Graffed
                 
                   generally
                   fail
                   )
                   that
                   are
                   cut
                   off
                   ,
                   may
                   be
                   set
                   ,
                   and
                   will
                   grow
                   ,
                   though
                   slowly
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   If
                   the
                
                 Top
                 prove
                 spiry
                 ,
                 
                   or
                   the
                   fruit
                
                 unkind
                 ,
                 
                   then
                   the
                   due
                   remedy
                   must
                   be
                   in
                
                 re-graffing
                 .
                 See
                 Chap.
                 xxviij
                 .
                 
                   in
                   Sylva
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Besides
                   the
                
                 Perrys
                 ,
                 dri'd
                 and
                 preserv'd
                 
                   Fruit
                   ,
                   useful
                   is
                   the
                
                 Pear-Tree
                 (
                 
                   and
                   best
                   the
                   most
                   barren
                   ,
                   or
                
                 Pig-taile
                 ,
                 
                   as
                   they
                   call
                   it
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   the
                   Wild
                
                 Pyraster
                 )
                 
                   for
                   its
                   excellent
                   colour'd
                
                 Timber
                 ,
                 hard
                 and
                 levigable
                 (
                 
                   seldom
                   or
                   not
                   ordinarily
                
                 worm-eaten
                 )
                 
                   especially
                   for
                
                 
                 Stools
                 ,
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Chairs
                 ,
                 Pistol-Stocks
                 ,
                 Instrument-Maker
                 ,
                 Cabinets
                 ,
                 
                   and
                   very
                   many
                   works
                   of
                   the
                
                 Joyner
                 ,
                 (
                 
                   who
                   can
                   make
                   it
                   easily
                   to
                   counterfeit
                
                 Ebony
                 )
                 and
                 Sculptor
                 ,
                 
                   either
                   for
                
                 flat
                 ,
                 or
                 emboss'd
                 -
                 
                   Works
                   ,
                   and
                   to
                
                 Engrave
                 
                   upon
                   ,
                   because
                   the
                
                 Grain
                 
                   intercepts
                   not
                   the
                
                 Tool
                 .
                 
                   And
                   so
                   is
                   likewise
                   both
                   the
                
                 Black-Cherry
                 (
                 
                   especially
                   for
                   the
                
                 Necks
                 of
                 Musical-Instruments
                 )
                 
                   and
                   the
                
                 Plum-Tree
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               
               
               
                 ANIMADVERSION
                 .
              
               
                 IF
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 following
                 Discourses
                 seem
                 less
                 constant
                 ,
                 or
                 (
                 upon
                 occasion
                 )
                 repugnant
                 to
                 one
                 another
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 consider'd
                 as
                 relating
                 only
                 to
                 the
                 several
                 gusts
                 ,
                 and
                 guizes
                 of
                 Persons
                 and
                 Countries
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 to
                 be
                 looked
                 upon
                 as
                 recommended
                 Secrets
                 ,
                 much
                 less
                 impos'd
                 ,
                 farther
                 than
                 upon
                 Tryal
                 they
                 may
                 prove
                 grateful
                 to
                 the
                 Publick
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 different
                 inclinations
                 of
                 those
                 who
                 affect
                 these
                 Drinks
                 :
                 nor
                 in
                 reason
                 ought
                 any
                 to
                 decry
                 what
                 is
                 propos'd
                 for
                 the
                 
                   universal
                   Benefit
                
                 ;
                 since
                 it
                 costs
                 them
                 nothing
                 but
                 their
                 civility
                 to
                 so
                 many
                 obliging
                 Persons
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
               
                 GENERAL
                 ADVERTISEMENTS
                 CONCERNING
                 CIDER
                 :
                 By
                 D
                 r
                 BEALE
                 .
              
               
                 1.
                 
                 HE
                 that
                 would
                 treat
                 exactly
                 of
                 Cider
                 and
                 Perry
                 ,
                 must
                 lay
                 his
                 foundation
                 so
                 deep
                 as
                 to
                 begin
                 with
                 the
                 Soyl
                 :
                 For
                 as
                 no
                 Culture
                 or
                 Graffs
                 will
                 exalt
                 the
                 
                   French
                   Wines
                
                 to
                 compare
                 with
                 the
                 Wines
                 of
                 
                   Greece
                   ,
                   Canaries
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Montefiasco
                 ;
                 so
                 neither
                 will
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 Bromyard
                 and
                 Ledbury
                 equal
                 that
                 of
                 
                   Ham
                   lacy
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Kings-Capell
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 small
                 County
                 of
                 Hereford
                 .
              
               
                 2.
                 
                 Yet
                 the
                 choice
                 of
                 the
                 Graff
                 or
                 Fruit
                 hath
                 so
                 much
                 of
                 prevalency
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Red-strake-Cider
                 will
                 every
                 where
                 excel
                 common
                 Cider
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Grape
                 of
                 
                   Frontignac
                   ,
                   Canary
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Baccharach
                 ,
                 excels
                 the
                 common
                 
                   French
                   Grape
                
                 ;
                 at
                 least
                 ,
                 till
                 by
                 time
                 and
                 traduction
                 it
                 degenerateth
                 .
              
               
                 3.
                 
                 I
                 cannot
                 divine
                 what
                 Soil
                 or
                 what
                 Fruit
                 would
                 yield
                 the
                 best
                 Cider
                 ;
                 or
                 ,
                 how
                 excellent
                 Cider
                 or
                 Perry
                 might
                 be
                 if
                 all
                 Soils
                 in
                 common
                 and
                 all
                 Fruit
                 were
                 tried
                 ;
                 but
                 for
                 
                   thirty
                   years
                
                 I
                 have
                 tried
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Cider
                 in
                 Hereford-shire
                 ,
                 and
                 for
                 three
                 years
                 I
                 have
                 tried
                 the
                 best
                 Cider
                 in
                 Somerset-shire
                 ;
                 and
                 for
                 some
                 years
                 I
                 have
                 had
                 the
                 best
                 Cider
                 of
                 Kent
                 and
                 Essex
                 at
                 my
                 call
                 ;
                 yet
                 hitherto
                 I
                 have
                 always
                 found
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 
                   Hereford
                   shire
                
                 the
                 best
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 adjudged
                 by
                 all
                 good
                 Palates
                 .
                 But
                 I
                 shall
                 rejoice
                 to
                 be
                 better
                 informed
                 ,
                 and
                 truly
                 from
                 all
                 other
                 Countries
                 ;
                 and
                 do
                 both
                 wish
                 and
                 hope
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 a
                 short
                 time
                 ,
                 we
                 shall
                 every
                 where
                 be
                 rich
                 in
                 many
                 Improvements
                 .
              
               
                 4.
                 
                 I
                 cannot
                 undertake
                 to
                 particularize
                 all
                 kind
                 of
                 Soil
                 ,
                 no
                 more
                 than
                 to
                 compute
                 how
                 many
                 syllables
                 may
                 be
                 drawn
                 from
                 the
                 Alphabet
                 ;
                 the
                 number
                 of
                 Alphabetical
                 Elements
                 being
                 better
                 known
                 than
                 the
                 Ingredients
                 and
                 Particles
                 of
                 Soil
                 ,
                 as
                 
                   Chalk
                   ,
                   Clay
                   ,
                   Gravel
                   ,
                   Sand
                   ,
                   Marle
                   ,
                
                 (
                 the
                 tenaciousness
                 ,
                 colour
                 ,
                 and
                 innumerable
                 other
                 qualities
                 ,
                 shewing
                 endless
                 diversities
                 ;
                 )
                 and
                 the
                 Fruit
                 of
                 
                   Crabs
                   ,
                   Apples
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Pears
                 ,
                 being
                 as
                 various
                 as
                 of
                 
                   Grapes
                   ,
                   Figs
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Plums
                 .
              
               
                 5.
                 
                 Yet
                 in
                 gross
                 ,
                 this
                 I
                 note
                 ;
                 That
                 as
                 
                   Bacchus
                   amat
                   colles
                
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 light
                 ground
                 ,
                 so
                 our
                 best
                 Cider
                 comes
                 from
                 the
                 hot
                 Rie-Lands
                 :
                 In
                 fat
                 Wheat-Land
                 it
                 is
                 more
                 sluggish
                 ;
                 and
                 in
                 white
                 ,
                 stiff
                 Clay-Land
                 (
                 as
                 in
                 Woollhope
                 in
                 Hereford-shire
                 )
                 the
                 common
                 Cider
                 retains
                 a
                 
                 thick
                 whey-colour
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 good
                 :
                 Only
                 such
                 as
                 riseth
                 there
                 (
                 by
                 the
                 diligence
                 or
                 some
                 Art
                 of
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 )
                 is
                 bright
                 and
                 clear
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 lively
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 are
                 apt
                 to
                 challenge
                 the
                 best
                 .
              
               
                 6.
                 
                 Some
                 Cider
                 mixeth
                 kindly
                 with
                 Water
                 in
                 the
                 Cider-mill
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 hold
                 out
                 a
                 good
                 small
                 Wine
                 ,
                 and
                 less
                 inflaming
                 ,
                 all
                 the
                 following
                 Summer
                 .
                 Some
                 Cider
                 (
                 as
                 of
                 Long-hope
                 ,
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 sour
                 Wood-Land
                 Country
                 of
                 Herefordshire
                 )
                 will
                 not
                 bear
                 any
                 mixture
                 of
                 Water
                 ,
                 but
                 soon
                 decay
                 ,
                 and
                 turn
                 more
                 harsh
                 and
                 sour
                 :
                 And
                 thus
                 we
                 noted
                 in
                 France
                 ,
                 some
                 course
                 Wines
                 stuck
                 like
                 paint
                 in
                 the
                 Glass
                 ,
                 unwilling
                 to
                 incorporate
                 with
                 the
                 Water
                 :
                 
                   Vin
                   d'
                   Aye
                
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 delicate
                 Wines
                 ,
                 did
                 spread
                 themselves
                 more
                 freely
                 ,
                 as
                 gold
                 is
                 more
                 ductile
                 than
                 baser
                 metals
                 .
              
               
                 7.
                 
                 Some
                 would
                 ,
                 for
                 a
                 fit
                 ,
                 extol
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 Pearmains
                 ,
                 some
                 of
                 Pepins
                 ;
                 (
                 and
                 of
                 Pepins
                 I
                 have
                 found
                 a
                 congenial
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 less
                 afflicting
                 splenetick
                 persons
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 mine
                 own
                 experience
                 I
                 conceived
                 :
                 )
                 And
                 Sir
                 
                   Henry
                   Lingen
                
                 once
                 extolled
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 Eleots
                 (
                 as
                 richly
                 bedewing
                 the
                 Glass
                 like
                 the
                 best
                 Canaries
                 ;
                 )
                 and
                 full
                 Hogsheads
                 of
                 the
                 Stocking-Apple
                 have
                 been
                 tried
                 amongst
                 us
                 ,
                 but
                 disappointing
                 our
                 expectation
                 ,
                 though
                 perhaps
                 by
                 evil
                 ordering
                 :
                 Yet
                 Mr.
                 Gritten
                 highly
                 boasted
                 a
                 Mixture
                 of
                 Stocking-Apples
                 and
                 May-Pears
                 ,
                 tried
                 (
                 as
                 I
                 take
                 it
                 )
                 by
                 himself
                 :
                 After
                 many
                 years
                 trial
                 of
                 those
                 and
                 many
                 other
                 kinds
                 ,
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 carried
                 the
                 common
                 fame
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 most
                 of
                 those
                 reduced
                 admirers
                 .
                 The
                 
                   Gennet-Moyl
                   Cider
                
                 was
                 indeed
                 more
                 acceptable
                 to
                 tender
                 Palats
                 ;
                 and
                 it
                 will
                 require
                 Custom
                 and
                 Judgment
                 to
                 understand
                 the
                 preferrency
                 of
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 whose
                 mordicant
                 sweetness
                 most
                 agreeably
                 gives
                 the
                 farewel
                 ,
                 endearing
                 the
                 rellish
                 to
                 all
                 flagrant
                 Palats
                 ;
                 which
                 both
                 obliges
                 ,
                 whets
                 ,
                 and
                 sharpens
                 the
                 stomach
                 with
                 its
                 masculine
                 and
                 winy
                 vigour
                 ;
                 and
                 many
                 thousands
                 extol
                 it
                 for
                 exceeding
                 the
                 ordinary
                 French-Wine
                 :
                 But
                 grant
                 it
                 should
                 not
                 be
                 so
                 strong
                 as
                 Wine
                 ;
                 let
                 me
                 ask
                 how
                 many
                 sober
                 persons
                 abroad
                 addict
                 themselves
                 to
                 meer
                 Wine
                 ?
                 Then
                 compare
                 this
                 with
                 diluted
                 Wine
                 ,
                 as
                 usually
                 for
                 temperate
                 men
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 let
                 the
                 trial
                 be
                 made
                 ,
                 whether
                 the
                 Pepin-Cider
                 or
                 Red-strake
                 will
                 retain
                 the
                 winy
                 vigour
                 in
                 greater
                 proportion
                 of
                 Water
                 .
                 Add
                 to
                 this
                 ,
                 That
                 they
                 commonly
                 mingle
                 Water
                 in
                 the
                 Press
                 with
                 Apples
                 (
                 a
                 good
                 quantity
                 )
                 whiles
                 they
                 grinde
                 the
                 Apple
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Water
                 thus
                 mixed
                 ,
                 at
                 that
                 time
                 ,
                 does
                 so
                 pleasingly
                 incorporate
                 in
                 the
                 grinding
                 ,
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 and
                 maturity
                 of
                 Vesseling
                 ,
                 that
                 't
                 is
                 quite
                 another
                 and
                 far
                 more
                 pleasant
                 thing
                 than
                 if
                 so
                 much
                 or
                 half
                 so
                 much
                 Water
                 were
                 mingled
                 in
                 the
                 Cup
                 at
                 the
                 drinking
                 time
                 ;
                 as
                 Salt
                 on
                 the
                 Trencher
                 will
                 not
                 give
                 
                   Beef
                   ,
                   Pork
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Neats-Tongue
                 ,
                 half
                 that
                 same
                 rellish
                 which
                 duly
                 powder'd
                 and
                 timely
                 season'd
                 .
              
               
                 8.
                 
                 I
                 did
                 once
                 preser
                 the
                 
                   Gennet-moyl
                   Cider
                
                 ,
                 but
                 had
                 only
                 the
                 Ladies
                 on
                 my
                 side
                 ,
                 as
                 gentler
                 for
                 their
                 sugary
                 palats
                 ,
                 and
                 for
                 one
                 or
                 two
                 sober
                 draughts
                 ;
                 but
                 I
                 saw
                 cause
                 to
                 recant
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 confess
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 to
                 warm
                 and
                 whet
                 the
                 Stomach
                 ,
                 either
                 for
                 meat
                 or
                 more
                 drink
                 .
              
               
                 9.
                 
                 The
                 right
                 Cider-fruit
                 is
                 far
                 more
                 succulent
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Liquor
                 more
                 easily
                 divides
                 from
                 the
                 pulpe
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 ,
                 than
                 in
                 best
                 Table-fruit
                 ,
                 
                 in
                 which
                 the
                 juice
                 and
                 the
                 pulp
                 seem
                 friendly
                 to
                 dissolve
                 together
                 on
                 the
                 tongues
                 end
                 .
              
               
                 10.
                 
                 The
                 Liquor
                 of
                 best
                 Cider-fruit
                 in
                 the
                 Apple
                 ,
                 in
                 best
                 season
                 of
                 ripeness
                 ,
                 is
                 more
                 brisk
                 and
                 smart
                 than
                 that
                 which
                 proves
                 duller
                 Cider
                 :
                 And
                 generally
                 the
                 fiercest
                 Pears
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 tamer
                 Crabs
                 ,
                 (
                 and
                 such
                 was
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 called
                 in
                 my
                 memory
                 )
                 makes
                 the
                 more
                 winy
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 11.
                 
                 Palladius
                 denieth
                 Perry
                 to
                 bear
                 the
                 heat
                 of
                 Summer
                 ;
                 but
                 there
                 is
                 a
                 Pear
                 in
                 Bosbury
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 Neighbourhood
                 ,
                 which
                 yields
                 the
                 Liquor
                 richer
                 the
                 second
                 year
                 than
                 the
                 first
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 by
                 my
                 experience
                 very
                 much
                 amended
                 the
                 third
                 year
                 :
                 They
                 talk
                 much
                 higher
                 ;
                 but
                 that
                 's
                 beyond
                 my
                 account
                 .
              
               
                 12.
                 
                 As
                 Cider
                 is
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 a
                 sluggard
                 ,
                 so
                 by
                 like
                 care
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 retained
                 to
                 keep
                 the
                 Memorials
                 of
                 many
                 Consuls
                 ;
                 and
                 these
                 smoaky
                 bottles
                 are
                 the
                 
                   nappy
                   Wine
                
                 .
                 My
                 Lord
                 Scudamore
                 seldome
                 fails
                 of
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 years
                 ;
                 and
                 he
                 is
                 nobly
                 liberal
                 to
                 offer
                 the
                 Trial.
                 
              
               
                 13.
                 
                 As
                 
                   red
                   Apples
                
                 ,
                 so
                 
                   red
                   Pears
                
                 (
                 and
                 amongst
                 them
                 the
                 red
                 Hors-pear
                 next
                 to
                 the
                 Bosbury
                 )
                 have
                 held
                 out
                 best
                 for
                 the
                 stomach
                 and
                 durance
                 :
                 But
                 Pears
                 do
                 less
                 gratifie
                 the
                 stomach
                 than
                 Apples
                 .
              
               
                 14.
                 
                 The
                 season
                 of
                 grinding
                 these
                 
                   harsh
                   Pears
                
                 is
                 after
                 a
                 full
                 maturity
                 ,
                 not
                 till
                 they
                 have
                 dropt
                 from
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 lain
                 under
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 or
                 in
                 heaps
                 ,
                 a
                 week
                 ,
                 or
                 thereabouts
                 .
              
               
                 15.
                 
                 And
                 so
                 of
                 Cider-Apples
                 ,
                 as
                 of
                 Grapes
                 ,
                 they
                 require
                 full
                 maturity
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 best
                 known
                 by
                 their
                 natural
                 fragrancy
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 also
                 ,
                 as
                 ripe
                 Grapes
                 require
                 a
                 few
                 mellowing
                 days
                 ,
                 so
                 do
                 all
                 Apples
                 ,
                 as
                 about
                 a
                 week
                 or
                 little
                 more
                 ,
                 so
                 they
                 be
                 not
                 bruised
                 ,
                 which
                 soon
                 turns
                 to
                 rottenness
                 ;
                 and
                 better
                 sound
                 from
                 the
                 Tree
                 than
                 rotten
                 from
                 the
                 heap
                 ;
                 though
                 yet
                 the
                 juice
                 of
                 Apples
                 and
                 Pears
                 (
                 yea
                 ,
                 of
                 Cherrys
                 or
                 Grapes
                 )
                 is
                 not
                 altogether
                 destroy'd
                 ,
                 or
                 quite
                 putrified
                 ,
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 Pulp
                 seems
                 to
                 be
                 corrupted
                 ;
                 neither
                 haply
                 needs
                 there
                 such
                 curiosity
                 ,
                 to
                 cull
                 and
                 pick
                 them
                 so
                 accurately
                 ,
                 as
                 some
                 prescribe
                 ,
                 though
                 doubtless
                 the
                 cleaner
                 ,
                 and
                 less
                 contaminated
                 ,
                 the
                 better
                 .
              
               
                 16.
                 
                 That
                 due
                 maurity
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 rest
                 on
                 the
                 heap
                 ,
                 does
                 make
                 the
                 Liquor
                 taste
                 rather
                 of
                 Apples
                 than
                 winy
                 ,
                 hath
                 no
                 more
                 truth
                 ,
                 (
                 if
                 the
                 Cider
                 be
                 kept
                 to
                 fit
                 age
                 )
                 than
                 that
                 very
                 
                   old
                   Cheese
                
                 doth
                 taste
                 of
                 a
                 Posset
                 .
              
               
                 17.
                 
                 The
                 harsher
                 the
                 wild-fruit
                 is
                 ,
                 the
                 longer
                 it
                 must
                 lye
                 on
                 heaps
                 ;
                 for
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 fruit
                 ,
                 suddenly
                 ground
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 tasted
                 good
                 
                   Ver
                   juice
                
                 ;
                 being
                 on
                 heaps
                 till
                 near
                 Christmas
                 ,
                 all
                 good-fellows
                 called
                 it
                 
                   Rhenish
                   wine
                
                 .
              
               
                 18.
                 
                 The
                 Grinding
                 is
                 somewhat
                 considerable
                 ,
                 rather
                 too
                 much
                 than
                 too
                 little
                 ;
                 here
                 I
                 saw
                 a
                 Mill
                 in
                 Somersetshire
                 which
                 grinds
                 half
                 a
                 Hogshead
                 at
                 a
                 grist
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 much
                 the
                 better
                 ground
                 for
                 the
                 frequent
                 rolling
                 .
              
               
                 19.
                 
                 *
                 Soon
                 after
                 grinding
                 it
                 should
                 be
                 prest
                 ,
                 and
                 immediately
                 be
                 put
                 into
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 may
                 ferment
                 before
                 the
                 spirits
                 be
                 dissipated
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 also
                 in
                 fermenting
                 time
                 the
                 Vent-hole
                 should
                 not
                 
                 be
                 so
                 wide
                 as
                 to
                 allow
                 a
                 prodigal
                 waste
                 of
                 the
                 spirits
                 ;
                 and
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 ferment
                 begins
                 to
                 allay
                 ,
                 the
                 Vessels
                 should
                 be
                 filled
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 ,
                 and
                 well
                 stopped
                 .
              
               
                 20.
                 
                 Of
                 late
                 't
                 is
                 much
                 commended
                 ,
                 that
                 before
                 it
                 be
                 prest
                 the
                 Liquor
                 and
                 Must
                 should
                 for
                 four
                 and
                 twenty
                 hours
                 ferment
                 together
                 in
                 a
                 Vat
                 for
                 that
                 purpose
                 ,
                 covered
                 ,
                 as
                 Ale
                 or
                 Beer
                 in
                 the
                 Yest-vat
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 tunned
                 up
                 .
                 This
                 is
                 said
                 to
                 enrich
                 the
                 liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 give
                 it
                 somewhat
                 of
                 the
                 tincture
                 of
                 some
                 
                   red
                   Apples
                
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 ,
                 and
                 very
                 well
                 approved
                 .
              
               
                 21.
                 
                 As
                 Sulphur
                 hath
                 some
                 use
                 in
                 Wines
                 ,
                 so
                 some
                 do
                 lay
                 Brimstone
                 on
                 a
                 ragge
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 a
                 wire
                 let
                 it
                 down
                 into
                 the
                 Cider-Vessel
                 and
                 there
                 fire
                 it
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 the
                 Vessel
                 is
                 full
                 of
                 the
                 smoak
                 ,
                 the
                 liquor
                 speedily
                 poured
                 in
                 ferments
                 the
                 better
                 .
                 I
                 cannot
                 condemn
                 this
                 ,
                 for
                 Sulphur
                 is
                 more
                 kind
                 to
                 the
                 Lungs
                 than
                 Cider
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 impurity
                 will
                 be
                 discharged
                 in
                 the
                 ferment
                 .
              
               
                 22.
                 
                 Apples
                 over-long
                 hoarded
                 before
                 grinding
                 will
                 for
                 a
                 long
                 time
                 hold
                 the
                 liquor
                 thick
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 liquor
                 will
                 be
                 both
                 pleasant
                 ,
                 and
                 as
                 I
                 think
                 ,
                 wholesome
                 ;
                 and
                 we
                 see
                 some
                 rich
                 Wines
                 of
                 the
                 later
                 Vintage
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 Greece
                 ,
                 retain
                 a
                 like
                 crassitude
                 ,
                 and
                 they
                 are
                 both
                 meat
                 and
                 drink
                 .
              
               
                 23.
                 
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 thick
                 harsh
                 Cider
                 the
                 second
                 Summer
                 become
                 clear
                 and
                 very
                 richly
                 pleasant
                 ;
                 but
                 I
                 never
                 saw
                 clear
                 
                   acid
                   Cider
                
                 recover
                 .
              
               
                 24.
                 
                 Wheat
                 or
                 Leven
                 is
                 good
                 and
                 kind
                 in
                 Cider
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 
                   Beer
                   ;
                   Juniper-berries
                
                 agree
                 well
                 and
                 friendly
                 for
                 Coughs
                 ,
                 weak
                 Lungs
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 aged
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 at
                 first
                 for
                 every
                 Palate
                 :
                 The
                 most
                 infallible
                 and
                 undiscerned
                 improver
                 ,
                 is
                 Mustard
                 a
                 Pint
                 to
                 each
                 Hogshead
                 ,
                 bruised
                 ,
                 as
                 for
                 sauce
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 mixture
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Cider
                 ,
                 and
                 applied
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 Vessel
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 closed
                 after
                 fermenting
                 .
              
               
                 25.
                 
                 Bottleing
                 is
                 the
                 next
                 improver
                 ,
                 and
                 proper
                 for
                 Cider
                 ;
                 some
                 put
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 Raisins
                 into
                 every
                 Bottle
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 to
                 seek
                 aid
                 from
                 the
                 Vine
                 .
                 Here
                 in
                 Somersetshire
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 as
                 much
                 as
                 a
                 
                   Wal
                   nut
                
                 of
                 Sugar
                 ,
                 not
                 without
                 cause
                 ,
                 used
                 for
                 this
                 Country
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 26.
                 
                 Crabs
                 do
                 not
                 hasten
                 the
                 decay
                 of
                 Perry
                 ,
                 but
                 preserve
                 it
                 ,
                 as
                 Salt
                 preserves
                 flesh
                 .
                 But
                 Pears
                 and
                 Crabs
                 being
                 of
                 a
                 thousand
                 kinds
                 require
                 more
                 Aphorisms
                 ;
                 this
                 only
                 I
                 would
                 Note
                 ,
                 that
                 Land
                 which
                 refuses
                 Apples
                 ,
                 is
                 generally
                 civil
                 to
                 Pears
                 ,
                 and
                 Crabs
                 mingled
                 with
                 them
                 ,
                 make
                 a
                 rich
                 and
                 wholsome
                 Cider
                 ,
                 and
                 has
                 sometimes
                 challenged
                 even
                 the
                 best
                 Red-strake
                 .
              
               
                 27.
                 
                 Neither
                 
                   Wheat
                   ,
                   Leven
                   ,
                   Sulphur
                
                 ,
                 nor
                 Mustard
                 ,
                 are
                 used
                 but
                 by
                 very
                 few
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 are
                 not
                 necessary
                 to
                 make
                 Cider
                 last
                 well
                 ,
                 for
                 two
                 ,
                 three
                 ,
                 or
                 four
                 years
                 .
              
               
                 28.
                 
                 The
                 time
                 of
                 drawing
                 Cider
                 into
                 Bottles
                 is
                 best
                 in
                 March
                 ,
                 it
                 being
                 then
                 clarified
                 by
                 the
                 Winter
                 ,
                 and
                 free
                 from
                 the
                 heat
                 of
                 the
                 Sun.
                 
              
               
                 29.
                 
                 In
                 drawing
                 ,
                 the
                 best
                 is
                 neerest
                 the
                 heart
                 or
                 middle
                 of
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Yelk
                 in
                 the
                 Egge
                 .
              
               
                 30.
                 
                 Red-strakes
                 are
                 of
                 divers
                 kinds
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 name
                 is
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 appropriated
                 to
                 one
                 kind
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 fair
                 and
                 large
                 ,
                 of
                 a
                 high
                 purple
                 colour
                 ,
                 the
                 smell
                 Aromatical
                 ,
                 the
                 Tree
                 a
                 very
                 shrub
                 ,
                 
                 soon
                 bearing
                 a
                 full
                 burden
                 ,
                 and
                 seldom
                 or
                 never
                 failing
                 till
                 it
                 decays
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 much
                 sooner
                 than
                 other
                 Apple-trees
                 .
                 'T
                 is
                 lately
                 spread
                 all
                 over
                 Hereford-shire
                 ;
                 and
                 he
                 that
                 computes
                 speedy
                 return
                 ,
                 and
                 true
                 Wine
                 ,
                 will
                 think
                 of
                 no
                 other
                 Cider-Apple
                 ,
                 till
                 a
                 better
                 be
                 found
                 .
              
               
                 31.
                 
                 I
                 said
                 the
                 
                   Red
                   strake
                
                 is
                 a
                 small
                 shrub
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 of
                 small
                 growth
                 where
                 the
                 Cider
                 proves
                 richest
                 ,
                 for
                 ought
                 we
                 have
                 yet
                 seen
                 in
                 
                   Herefordshire
                   ,
                   viz.
                
                 in
                 light
                 quick
                 land
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 the
                 land
                 be
                 very
                 dry
                 ,
                 jejune
                 and
                 shallow
                 ,
                 that
                 and
                 other
                 Cider-fruit
                 (
                 especially
                 the
                 Gennet-moyle
                 )
                 will
                 suspend
                 the
                 store
                 of
                 fruit
                 alternatively
                 every
                 other
                 year
                 ;
                 except
                 some
                 Blasts
                 or
                 surprising
                 Frosts
                 in
                 the
                 Spring
                 alter
                 that
                 Method
                 ;
                 for
                 two
                 bad
                 years
                 seldom
                 come
                 together
                 ,
                 very
                 hardly
                 three
                 .
              
               
                 32.
                 
                 In
                 good
                 soil
                 ,
                 I
                 mean
                 of
                 
                   common
                   field
                
                 (
                 for
                 fat
                 land
                 is
                 not
                 best
                 for
                 
                 Cider-fruit
                 ,
                 but
                 common
                 arable
                 )
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 the
                 Trees
                 of
                 good
                 growth
                 ,
                 almost
                 equalling
                 other
                 Cider-trees
                 ,
                 the
                 Apple
                 larger
                 and
                 seldom
                 failing
                 of
                 a
                 good
                 burthen
                 :
                 thus
                 in
                 the
                 Vales
                 of
                 Wheat-lands
                 ,
                 in
                 strong
                 Glebe
                 or
                 Clay
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Cider
                 is
                 not
                 so
                 much
                 extolled
                 :
                 but
                 still
                 Sack
                 is
                 Sack
                 ,
                 and
                 Canary
                 differs
                 from
                 Claret
                 ;
                 so
                 does
                 the
                 Red-strake-Cider
                 of
                 the
                 Vale
                 excell
                 any
                 other
                 Cider
                 of
                 the
                 foresaid
                 soil
                 ,
                 such
                 as
                 is
                 already
                 celebrated
                 for
                 its
                 kindness
                 to
                 good
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 33.
                 
                 Yet
                 this
                 distinction
                 of
                 Soil
                 requires
                 much
                 experience
                 ,
                 and
                 great
                 heed
                 ,
                 if
                 we
                 insist
                 upon
                 accurate
                 directions
                 ;
                 for
                 as
                 Lauremberg
                 saith
                 ,
                 
                   in
                   pingni
                   solo
                   non
                   seruntur
                   omnia
                   rectè
                   ,
                   neque
                   ,
                   in
                   macro
                   nihil
                   .
                
                 And
                 for
                 
                   Gardens
                   ,
                   Flowers
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Orchards
                 ,
                 I
                 would
                 chuse
                 many
                 times
                 such
                 lands
                 as
                 do
                 not
                 please
                 the
                 Husbandman
                 ,
                 either
                 for
                 Wheat
                 or
                 sweet
                 Pasture
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 his
                 chief
                 aims
                 ;
                 and
                 thus
                 
                   Lauremberg
                   ,
                   In
                   Arida
                   &
                   tenui
                   terra
                   faelicius
                   proveniunt
                   Ruta
                   ,
                   Allium
                   ,
                   Petroselinum
                   ,
                   Crocus
                   ,
                   Hyssopus
                   ,
                   Capparis
                   ,
                   Lupini
                   ,
                   Satureia
                   ,
                   Thymus
                   ;
                   Arbores
                   quoque
                   ,
                   tenue
                   &
                   macilentum
                   solum
                   amane
                   ;
                   itemque
                   ,
                   frutices
                   plerique
                   Hujusmodi
                   arbores
                   sunt
                   ,
                   Pomus
                   ,
                   Pyrus
                   ,
                   Cerasus
                   ,
                   Prunus
                   ,
                   Persica
                   ,
                   Cotonea
                   ,
                   Morus
                   ,
                   Juglans
                   ,
                   Corylus
                   ,
                   Staphylodendrum
                   ,
                   Mespilus
                   ,
                   Ornus
                   ,
                   Castanea
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                   Frutices
                   ,
                   scil
                   .
                   Vitis
                   ,
                   Berberis
                   ,
                   Genista
                   ,
                   Juniperus
                   ,
                   Oxyacantha
                   ,
                   Periclymenum
                   ,
                   Rosa
                   ,
                   Ribesium
                   ,
                   Vva
                   ,
                   Spina
                   ,
                   Vaccinia
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
              
               
                 34.
                 
                 But
                 here
                 also
                 we
                 must
                 distinguish
                 ,
                 that
                 Pears
                 will
                 bear
                 in
                 a
                 very
                 
                   stony
                   ,
                   hungry
                   ,
                   gravelly-land
                
                 ,
                 such
                 as
                 Apples
                 will
                 not
                 bear
                 in
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 Pears
                 bear
                 in
                 a
                 tough
                 binding
                 hungry
                 Clay
                 ,
                 when
                 Apples
                 could
                 not
                 so
                 well
                 bear
                 it
                 (
                 as
                 the
                 smooth
                 rinds
                 of
                 the
                 Pear-trees
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Mossie
                 and
                 
                   cankered
                   rinds
                
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Apple
                   trees
                
                 did
                 prove
                 )
                 the
                 root
                 of
                 a
                 Pear-tree
                 being
                 it
                 seems
                 more
                 able
                 to
                 pierce
                 a
                 stony
                 and
                 stiff
                 ground
                 .
                 And
                 
                   Cherries
                   ,
                   Mulberries
                
                 and
                 Plums
                 can
                 rejoyce
                 in
                 a
                 richer
                 soil
                 ,
                 though
                 by
                 the
                 smalness
                 of
                 the
                 Roots
                 ,
                 the
                 shallower
                 soil
                 will
                 suffice
                 them
                 .
                 And
                 the
                 Quinces
                 require
                 a
                 deeper
                 ground
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 bear
                 with
                 some
                 degrees
                 of
                 hungry
                 land
                 ,
                 if
                 they
                 be
                 supplied
                 with
                 a
                 due
                 measure
                 of
                 succulency
                 ,
                 and
                 neighbouring
                 moisture
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 shrubs
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 smalness
                 of
                 their
                 roots
                 ,
                 do
                 generally
                 bear
                 a
                 thinner
                 land
                 .
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 a
                 soil
                 so
                 much
                 too
                 rank
                 for
                 Apples
                 and
                 Plums
                 ,
                 that
                 all
                 their
                 fruits
                 from
                 year
                 to
                 year
                 were
                 
                 always
                 worm-eaten
                 ,
                 till
                 their
                 lives
                 were
                 forfeited
                 to
                 the
                 fire
                 .
              
               
                 35.
                 
                 To
                 take
                 up
                 from
                 these
                 Curiosities
                 ,
                 the
                 most
                 useful
                 result
                 to
                 our
                 purpose
                 ;
                 we
                 have
                 always
                 found
                 these
                 Orchards
                 to
                 grow
                 best
                 ,
                 last
                 longest
                 ,
                 and
                 bear
                 most
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 frequently
                 tilled
                 for
                 
                   Barley
                   ,
                   Wheat
                
                 ,
                 or
                 other
                 Corn
                 ,
                 and
                 kept
                 (
                 by
                 Culture
                 and
                 seasonable
                 rest
                 )
                 in
                 due
                 strength
                 to
                 bear
                 a
                 full
                 crop
                 .
                 And
                 therefore
                 ,
                 whereas
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 might
                 otherwise
                 without
                 much
                 injury
                 be
                 planted
                 at
                 fifteen
                 or
                 twenty
                 foot
                 distance
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 best
                 distance
                 for
                 other
                 Cider-fruit
                 hath
                 heretofore
                 been
                 reputed
                 thirty
                 ,
                 or
                 two
                 and
                 thirty
                 foot
                 ;
                 very
                 good
                 husbands
                 do
                 now
                 allow
                 in
                 their
                 largest
                 Inclosures
                 (
                 as
                 of
                 20
                 ,
                 40
                 or
                 100
                 Acres
                 )
                 fifty
                 or
                 sixty
                 foot
                 distance
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Trees
                 may
                 not
                 much
                 hinder
                 the
                 Plow
                 ,
                 and
                 yet
                 receive
                 the
                 benefit
                 of
                 Compost
                 ;
                 and
                 a
                 Horse-teem
                 well
                 governed
                 will
                 (
                 without
                 any
                 damage
                 of
                 danger
                 )
                 plow
                 close
                 to
                 the
                 Trees
                 .
              
               
                 36.
                 
                 In
                 such
                 soil
                 as
                 is
                 here
                 required
                 ,
                 namely
                 of
                 good
                 Tillage
                 ,
                 an
                 Orchard
                 of
                 
                   graffed
                   Red-strakes
                
                 will
                 be
                 of
                 good
                 growth
                 ,
                 and
                 good
                 burthen
                 ,
                 within
                 ten
                 or
                 
                   twelve
                   years
                
                 ,
                 and
                 branch
                 out
                 with
                 good
                 store
                 to
                 begin
                 an
                 encouragement
                 at
                 three
                 years
                 graffing
                 ;
                 and
                 (
                 except
                 the
                 land
                 be
                 very
                 unkind
                 )
                 will
                 not
                 yield
                 to
                 any
                 decay
                 within
                 sixty
                 or
                 
                   eighty
                   years
                
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 mans
                 age
                 .
              
               
                 37.
                 
                 In
                 some
                 sheets
                 I
                 rendred
                 many
                 Reasons
                 against
                 Mr.
                 Austin
                 of
                 Oxford
                 ,
                 why
                 we
                 should
                 prefer
                 a
                 peculiar
                 Cider-fruit
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 are
                 generally
                 called
                 Musts
                 ;
                 (
                 so
                 we
                 name
                 both
                 the
                 Apple
                 and
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 Pulpe
                 as
                 mingled
                 together
                 in
                 the
                 contusion
                 )
                 as
                 from
                 the
                 Latine
                 
                   Mustum
                   .
                   White-Musts
                
                 of
                 divers
                 kinds
                 ,
                 Red-cheek'd
                 and
                 
                   Red-strak'd
                   Musts
                
                 of
                 several
                 kinds
                 ,
                 Green-Musts
                 called
                 also
                 Green-fillet
                 ,
                 and
                 Blew-spotted
                 :
                 Why
                 ,
                 I
                 say
                 ,
                 we
                 should
                 prefer
                 them
                 for
                 Cider
                 ,
                 before
                 Table-fruit
                 ,
                 as
                 
                   Pepins
                   ,
                   Pearmains
                   ,
                   &c.
                
                 
                 And
                 I
                 do
                 still
                 insist
                 on
                 them
                 :
                 1.
                 
                 The
                 Liquor
                 of
                 these
                 Cider-fruits
                 and
                 of
                 many
                 kinds
                 of
                 austere
                 fruit
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 no
                 better
                 than
                 a
                 sort
                 of
                 full
                 succulent
                 Crabs
                 ,
                 is
                 more
                 sprightful
                 ,
                 brisk
                 and
                 winy
                 .
                 For
                 Essay
                 ,
                 I
                 sent
                 up
                 many
                 bottles
                 to
                 London
                 ,
                 that
                 did
                 me
                 no
                 discredit
                 .
                 Secondly
                 ,
                 One
                 bushel
                 of
                 the
                 Cider-fruit
                 yields
                 twice
                 or
                 thrice
                 as
                 much
                 liquor
                 .
                 Thirdly
                 ,
                 The
                 Tree
                 grows
                 more
                 in
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 years
                 than
                 the
                 other
                 in
                 ten
                 years
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 oft
                 times
                 remarked
                 .
                 Fourthly
                 ,
                 The
                 Tree
                 bears
                 far
                 greater
                 store
                 ,
                 and
                 doth
                 more
                 generally
                 escape
                 Blasts
                 and
                 Frosts
                 of
                 the
                 Spring
                 .
                 I
                 might
                 add
                 ,
                 that
                 some
                 of
                 these
                 ,
                 and
                 especially
                 such
                 Pears
                 as
                 yield
                 the
                 best
                 Perry
                 ,
                 will
                 best
                 escape
                 the
                 hand
                 of
                 the
                 Thief
                 ,
                 and
                 may
                 be
                 trusted
                 in
                 the
                 open
                 field
                 .
              
               
                 38.
                 
                 By
                 the
                 
                   first
                   ,
                   second
                
                 and
                 fourth
                 of
                 these
                 Reasons
                 ,
                 I
                 must
                 exclude
                 the
                 Gennet-Moyle
                 from
                 a
                 
                   right
                   Cider
                   fruit
                
                 ,
                 it
                 being
                 dry
                 and
                 very
                 apt
                 to
                 take
                 
                   frosty
                   blasts
                
                 ;
                 yet
                 it
                 is
                 no
                 Table-fruit
                 ,
                 but
                 properly
                 a
                 baking
                 fruit
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 ruddy
                 colour
                 from
                 the
                 Oven
                 shews
                 .
              
               
                 39.
                 
                 I
                 said
                 that
                 the
                 right
                 Cider-fruit
                 generally
                 called
                 Musts
                 ,
                 and
                 deserving
                 the
                 Latine
                 name
                 Mustum
                 ,
                 is
                 of
                 divers
                 kinds
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 have
                 need
                 to
                 note
                 more
                 expresly
                 that
                 there
                 is
                 a
                 
                   Red-strak'd
                   Must
                
                 (
                 as
                 I
                 have
                 often
                 seen
                 )
                 but
                 not
                 generally
                 known
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 quite
                 differing
                 from
                 the
                 famous
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 being
                 much
                 less
                 ,
                 somewhat
                 oblong
                 and
                 like
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 white
                 Musts
                 in
                 shape
                 ,
                 and
                 full
                 of
                 a
                 very
                 good
                 winy
                 liquor
                 .
                 I
                 could
                 willingly
                 name
                 the
                 persons
                 and
                 place
                 where
                 
                 the
                 distinct
                 kinds
                 are
                 best
                 known
                 :
                 it
                 was
                 first
                 shewed
                 me
                 by
                 
                   John
                   Nash
                
                 of
                 Ashperton
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 ;
                 and
                 for
                 some
                 years
                 they
                 did
                 in
                 some
                 places
                 distinguish
                 a
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 as
                 yielding
                 a
                 richer
                 
                   Red-strak'd
                   Cider
                
                 of
                 a
                 more
                 fulvous
                 or
                 ruddy
                 colour
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 difference
                 ,
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 I
                 could
                 find
                 ,
                 is
                 but
                 a
                 choice
                 of
                 a
                 better
                 insolated
                 or
                 ruddy
                 fruit
                 of
                 the
                 best
                 kind
                 ,
                 as
                 taken
                 from
                 the
                 
                   South
                   part
                
                 of
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 or
                 from
                 a
                 soil
                 that
                 renders
                 them
                 richer
                 .
                 But
                 my
                 Lord
                 
                 Scudamore's
                 is
                 safely
                 of
                 the
                 best
                 sort
                 ;
                 and
                 M.
                 Whingate
                 of
                 the
                 Grange
                 in
                 Dimoc
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 of
                 King's-capel
                 ,
                 do
                 best
                 know
                 these
                 and
                 other
                 differences
                 ,
                 
                   Straked-Must
                   ,
                   right
                   Red-strake
                   ,
                   Red-Redstrake
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 
              
               
                 40.
                 
                 The
                 greenish
                 Must
                 ,
                 (
                 formerly
                 called
                 in
                 the
                 Language
                 of
                 the
                 Country
                 ,
                 the
                 Green-fillet
                 )
                 when
                 the
                 Liquor
                 is
                 of
                 a
                 kindly
                 ripeness
                 ,
                 retains
                 a
                 greeness
                 equal
                 to
                 the
                 Rhenish-glass
                 ;
                 which
                 I
                 note
                 for
                 them
                 that
                 conceive
                 no
                 Cider
                 to
                 be
                 fit
                 for
                 use
                 till
                 it
                 be
                 of
                 the
                 colour
                 of
                 
                   old
                   Sack.
                
                 
              
               
                 41.
                 
                 To
                 direct
                 a
                 little
                 more
                 caution
                 ,
                 for
                 enquiry
                 of
                 the
                 right
                 Red-strake
                 ,
                 I
                 should
                 give
                 notice
                 that
                 some
                 Moneths
                 ago
                 ,
                 M.
                 Philips
                 of
                 Mountague
                 in
                 Somersetshire
                 ,
                 shewed
                 me
                 a
                 very
                 fair
                 large
                 
                   Red-strake
                   Apple
                
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 smell
                 and
                 sight
                 seemed
                 to
                 me
                 and
                 to
                 another
                 of
                 Herefordshire
                 then
                 with
                 me
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 best
                 
                   Red
                   strake
                
                 ;
                 but
                 when
                 we
                 did
                 cut
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 taste
                 it
                 ,
                 we
                 both
                 denied
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 right
                 (
                 the
                 other
                 with
                 much
                 more
                 confidence
                 than
                 my self
                 )
                 but
                 M.
                 Philips
                 making
                 Cider
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 this
                 week
                 invited
                 me
                 to
                 it
                 ,
                 assuring
                 that
                 already
                 it
                 equals
                 or
                 resembles
                 High-country-wines
                 .
                 It
                 had
                 not
                 such
                 plenty
                 of
                 juice
                 as
                 our
                 
                   Red
                   strakes
                
                 with
                 us
                 ,
                 and
                 it
                 had
                 more
                 of
                 the
                 pleasantness
                 of
                 Table-fruit
                 ,
                 which
                 might
                 be
                 occasioned
                 ,
                 for
                 ought
                 I
                 know
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 purer
                 and
                 quicker
                 soil
                 .
                 This
                 Apple
                 is
                 here
                 call'd
                 Meriot-Ysnot
                 ,
                 and
                 great
                 store
                 of
                 them
                 are
                 at
                 Meriot
                 ,
                 a
                 Village
                 not
                 far
                 distant
                 :
                 Possibly
                 ,
                 this
                 Meriot
                 may
                 prove
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 of
                 Somerset-shire
                 ,
                 when
                 they
                 shall
                 please
                 to
                 try
                 it
                 apart
                 with
                 equal
                 diligence
                 and
                 constancy
                 as
                 they
                 do
                 in
                 Hereford-shire
                 :
                 This
                 fruit
                 is
                 of
                 a
                 very
                 lovely
                 hue
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 some
                 conceived
                 to
                 be
                 of
                 Affinity
                 to
                 the
                 Red-Jersey-Apple
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 reported
                 to
                 tinge
                 so
                 deeply
                 :
                 In
                 truth
                 ,
                 there
                 can
                 hardly
                 be
                 a
                 deeper
                 Purple
                 ,
                 than
                 is
                 our
                 right
                 
                   Herefordshire
                   Red-strake
                
                 ,
                 having
                 a
                 few
                 streaks
                 towards
                 the
                 Eye
                 ,
                 of
                 a
                 dark
                 colour
                 ,
                 or
                 Orange-tawny
                 intermingled
                 :
                 But
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 no
                 wonder
                 if
                 an
                 Apple
                 should
                 change
                 its
                 Name
                 in
                 travelling
                 so
                 far
                 beyond
                 the
                 Severn
                 ,
                 when
                 even
                 in
                 this
                 Country
                 ,
                 most
                 sorts
                 of
                 Apples
                 ,
                 and
                 especially
                 ,
                 Cider-fruit
                 ,
                 loseth
                 the
                 Name
                 in
                 the
                 next
                 Village
                 .
              
               
                 42.
                 
                 I
                 may
                 now
                 ask
                 why
                 we
                 should
                 talk
                 of
                 other
                 Cider-fruit
                 or
                 Perry
                 ,
                 if
                 the
                 best
                 Red-strake
                 have
                 all
                 the
                 aforesaid
                 pre-eminencies
                 of
                 richer
                 and
                 more
                 winy
                 liquor
                 ,
                 by
                 half
                 sooner
                 an
                 Orchard
                 ,
                 more
                 constantly
                 bearing
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 An
                 Orchard
                 of
                 Red-strakes
                 is
                 commonly
                 as
                 full
                 of
                 fruit
                 at
                 ten
                 years
                 ,
                 as
                 other
                 Cider-fruit
                 at
                 twenty
                 years
                 ,
                 or
                 as
                 the
                 Pepin
                 and
                 Pearmain
                 at
                 thirty
                 or
                 thereabout
                 .
              
               
                 43.
                 
                 To
                 this
                 may
                 be
                 Answered
                 ,
                 that
                 all
                 soils
                 bear
                 not
                 Apples
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 some
                 soils
                 other
                 Apples
                 may
                 be
                 more
                 kind
                 ,
                 and
                 if
                 we
                 be
                 driven
                 to
                 Perry
                 ,
                 much
                 we
                 may
                 say
                 both
                 in
                 behalf
                 of
                 the
                 Perry
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 the
                 Pear
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 fruit
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 the
                 Tree
                 ;
                 It
                 is
                 the
                 goodlier
                 Tree
                 for
                 a
                 Grove
                 ,
                 to
                 shelter
                 a
                 house
                 and
                 walks
                 from
                 
                   Summers
                   heat
                
                 and
                 
                   Winters
                   
                   cold
                   Winds
                
                 ,
                 and
                 far
                 more
                 lasting
                 ;
                 the
                 pleasantest
                 Cider-pear
                 of
                 a
                 known
                 name
                 amongst
                 them
                 ,
                 is
                 the
                 Horse-pear
                 .
                 And
                 it
                 is
                 much
                 argued
                 ,
                 whether
                 the
                 White-horse-pear
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Red-horse-pear
                 be
                 the
                 better
                 ;
                 where
                 both
                 are
                 best
                 ,
                 within
                 two
                 Miles
                 they
                 differ
                 in
                 judgment
                 .
                 The
                 Pear
                 bears
                 almost
                 its
                 weight
                 of
                 sprightful
                 
                   winy
                   Liquor
                
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 always
                 preferred
                 the
                 tawny
                 or
                 
                   ruddy
                   Horse-pear
                
                 ,
                 and
                 generally
                 
                   that
                   colour
                
                 in
                 all
                 Pears
                 that
                 are
                 proper
                 for
                 Perry
                 .
              
               
                 44.
                 
                 I
                 rejected
                 Palladius
                 against
                 the
                 durableness
                 of
                 Perry
                 ;
                 his
                 words
                 are
                 ,
                 
                   Hyeme
                   durat
                   ,
                   sed
                   prima
                   acescit
                   aestate
                   ,
                   Tit.
                
                 25.
                 
                 Febr.
                 possibly
                 so
                 of
                 common
                 Pears
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 hotter
                 Countries
                 ;
                 but
                 from
                 good
                 Cellars
                 I
                 have
                 tasted
                 a
                 very
                 brisk
                 lively
                 and
                 
                   winy
                   liquor
                
                 of
                 these
                 Horse-pears
                 during
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 Summer
                 ;
                 and
                 a
                 Bosbury-pear
                 I
                 have
                 named
                 and
                 often
                 tried
                 ,
                 which
                 without
                 bottleing
                 ,
                 in
                 common
                 Hogsheads
                 of
                 vulgar
                 and
                 indifferent
                 Cellars
                 ,
                 proves
                 as
                 well
                 pleasanter
                 as
                 richer
                 the
                 second
                 year
                 ,
                 and
                 yet
                 also
                 better
                 the
                 third
                 year
                 .
                 A
                 very
                 honest
                 ,
                 worthy
                 and
                 witty
                 Gentleman
                 of
                 that
                 neighbourhood
                 would
                 engage
                 to
                 me
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 good
                 Cellars
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 careful
                 custody
                 ,
                 it
                 passeth
                 any
                 account
                 of
                 decay
                 ,
                 and
                 may
                 be
                 heightned
                 to
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Aqua-vitae
                 .
                 I
                 take
                 the
                 information
                 worthy
                 the
                 stile
                 of
                 our
                 modern
                 improvements
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Pear-tree
                 grows
                 in
                 
                   common
                   fields
                
                 and
                 wild
                 
                   stony
                   ground
                
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 largeness
                 of
                 bearing
                 one
                 ,
                 two
                 ,
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 Hogsheads
                 each
                 year
                 .
              
               
                 45.
                 
                 This
                 Bosbury-tree
                 ,
                 and
                 such
                 generally
                 that
                 bear
                 the
                 most
                 lasting
                 Liquor
                 and
                 winy
                 ,
                 is
                 of
                 such
                 unsufferable
                 taste
                 ,
                 that
                 hungry
                 Swine
                 will
                 not
                 smell
                 to
                 it
                 ;
                 or
                 if
                 hunger
                 tempt
                 them
                 to
                 taste
                 ,
                 at
                 first
                 crush
                 they
                 shake
                 it
                 out
                 of
                 their
                 mouths
                 ;
                 (
                 I
                 say
                 not
                 this
                 of
                 the
                 Horse-pear
                 )
                 and
                 the
                 Clowns
                 call
                 other
                 Pears
                 ,
                 of
                 best
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 Choak-pears
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 offer
                 money
                 to
                 such
                 as
                 dare
                 adventure
                 to
                 taste
                 them
                 ,
                 for
                 their
                 sport
                 ;
                 and
                 their
                 mouths
                 will
                 be
                 more
                 stupified
                 than
                 at
                 the
                 root
                 of
                 Wake-robin
                 .
              
               
                 46.
                 
                 A
                 row
                 of
                 Crab-trees
                 will
                 give
                 an
                 improvement
                 to
                 any
                 kind
                 of
                 Perry
                 ;
                 and
                 since
                 Pears
                 and
                 Crabs
                 may
                 be
                 of
                 as
                 many
                 kinds
                 as
                 there
                 are
                 kernels
                 ,
                 or
                 different
                 kinds
                 or
                 mixtures
                 of
                 soils
                 ;
                 in
                 a
                 general
                 Character
                 I
                 would
                 prefer
                 the
                 largest
                 and
                 fullest
                 of
                 all
                 austere
                 juices
                 .
              
               
                 47.
                 M.
                 Lill
                 of
                 Mark-hill
                 (
                 aged
                 about
                 90
                 years
                 )
                 ever
                 observed
                 this
                 Rule
                 ,
                 to
                 graff
                 no
                 
                   wild
                   Pear-tree
                
                 till
                 he
                 saw
                 the
                 fruit
                 ;
                 if
                 it
                 proved
                 
                   large
                   ,
                   juicy
                
                 ,
                 and
                 brisk
                 ,
                 it
                 failed
                 not
                 of
                 good
                 Liquor
                 .
                 But
                 I
                 see
                 cause
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 that
                 to
                 graff
                 a
                 young
                 tree
                 with
                 a
                 riper
                 graff
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   known
                   excellency
                
                 ,
                 is
                 a
                 sure
                 gain
                 and
                 hastens
                 the
                 return
                 .
              
               
                 48.
                 
                 M.
                 Speke
                 (
                 last
                 
                   high
                   Sheriff
                
                 of
                 Somersetshire
                 )
                 shewed
                 me
                 in
                 his
                 Park
                 some
                 store
                 of
                 Crab-trees
                 ,
                 of
                 such
                 huge
                 Bulk
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 this
                 fertile
                 year
                 he
                 offered
                 a
                 wager
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 would
                 yield
                 one
                 or
                 two
                 Hogsheads
                 of
                 Liquor
                 each
                 of
                 them
                 ;
                 yet
                 were
                 they
                 small
                 dry
                 Crabs
                 .
              
               
                 49.
                 
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 several
                 sorts
                 of
                 Crabs
                 (
                 which
                 are
                 the
                 natural
                 Apple
                 ,
                 or
                 at
                 worst
                 but
                 the
                 Wild-Apple
                 )
                 which
                 are
                 as
                 large
                 as
                 many
                 sorts
                 of
                 Apples
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Liquor
                 winy
                 .
              
               
                 50.
                 
                 I
                 have
                 disclaimed
                 the
                 Gust
                 of
                 Juniper-berries
                 in
                 Cider
                 ;
                 I
                 
                 tried
                 it
                 only
                 once
                 for
                 my self
                 ,
                 and
                 drank
                 it
                 before
                 Christmas
                 :
                 possibly
                 in
                 more
                 time
                 the
                 rellish
                 had
                 been
                 subdued
                 or
                 improved
                 ,
                 as
                 of
                 Hops
                 in
                 
                   stale
                   Beer
                
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 Rennet
                 in
                 good
                 Parmasan
                 .
                 Neither
                 was
                 the
                 Gust
                 to
                 me
                 otherwise
                 unpleasant
                 than
                 as
                 Annise-seeds
                 in
                 Bread
                 ,
                 rather
                 strange
                 than
                 odious
                 ;
                 and
                 by
                 custom
                 made
                 grateful
                 ,
                 and
                 it
                 did
                 hasten
                 the
                 clarification
                 ,
                 and
                 increase
                 the
                 briskness
                 to
                 an
                 endless
                 sparkling
                 :
                 thus
                 it
                 indulgeth
                 the
                 Lungs
                 ,
                 and
                 nothing
                 more
                 cheap
                 ;
                 where
                 Juniper
                 grows
                 a
                 Girl
                 may
                 speedily
                 fill
                 her
                 lap
                 with
                 the
                 Berries
                 .
              
               
                 If
                 Barbados
                 Ginger
                 be
                 good
                 ,
                 cheaper
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 more
                 pleasant
                 preserver
                 of
                 Beer
                 ,
                 it
                 must
                 probably
                 be
                 most
                 kind
                 for
                 Cider
                 :
                 For
                 first
                 ,
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 improvers
                 that
                 I
                 could
                 name
                 ,
                 bruised
                 Mustard
                 was
                 the
                 best
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 Ginger
                 hath
                 the
                 same
                 quick
                 ,
                 mordicant
                 vigour
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 more
                 noble
                 and
                 more
                 Aromatique
                 fragrancy
                 .
                 Secondly
                 ,
                 Cider
                 (
                 as
                 I
                 oft
                 complain
                 )
                 is
                 of
                 a
                 sluggish
                 and
                 somewhat
                 windy
                 nature
                 ;
                 and
                 for
                 some
                 Moneths
                 the
                 best
                 of
                 it
                 is
                 chain'd
                 up
                 with
                 a
                 cold
                 ligature
                 ,
                 as
                 we
                 fancy
                 the
                 fire
                 to
                 be
                 lock'd
                 up
                 in
                 a
                 cold
                 Flint
                 .
                 This
                 will
                 relieve
                 the
                 prisoner
                 .
                 And
                 thirdly
                 ,
                 will
                 assist
                 the
                 winy
                 vigour
                 for
                 them
                 that
                 would
                 use
                 it
                 instead
                 of
                 a
                 sparkling
                 VVine
                 .
                 Fourthly
                 ,
                 'T
                 is
                 a
                 good
                 sign
                 of
                 much
                 kindness
                 ,
                 and
                 great
                 friendship
                 :
                 it
                 will
                 both
                 enliven
                 the
                 ferment
                 for
                 speedier
                 maturity
                 ,
                 and
                 also
                 hold
                 it
                 out
                 for
                 more
                 duration
                 ,
                 both
                 which
                 offices
                 it
                 performs
                 in
                 Beer
                 .
              
               
                 51.
                 
                 Cider
                 being
                 windy
                 before
                 maturity
                 ,
                 some
                 that
                 must
                 not
                 wait
                 the
                 leisure
                 of
                 best
                 Season
                 do
                 put
                 sprigs
                 of
                 Rose-mary
                 and
                 Bays
                 in
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ;
                 the
                 first
                 good
                 for
                 the
                 head
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 unpleasant
                 ;
                 the
                 second
                 ,
                 an
                 Antidote
                 against
                 Infections
                 ;
                 but
                 less
                 pleasant
                 till
                 time
                 hath
                 incorporated
                 the
                 Tastes
                 .
              
               
                 52.
                 
                 And
                 why
                 may
                 we
                 not
                 make
                 mention
                 of
                 all
                 these
                 Mixtures
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 the
                 Ancients
                 of
                 their
                 
                   Vinum
                   Marrubii
                   ,
                   Vinum
                   Abrotonites
                   ,
                   Absynthites
                   ,
                   Hyssopites
                   ,
                   Marathites
                   ,
                   Thymites
                   ,
                   Cydonites
                   ,
                   Myrtites
                   ,
                   Scillites
                   ,
                   Violaceum
                   ,
                   Sorbi
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
              
               
                 53.
                 
                 And
                 ,
                 for
                 mixtures
                 ,
                 I
                 think
                 we
                 may
                 challenge
                 the
                 Ancients
                 ,
                 in
                 naming
                 the
                 Red-raspy
                 ;
                 of
                 which
                 there
                 is
                 in
                 this
                 County
                 a
                 Lady
                 that
                 makes
                 a
                 Bonella
                 ,
                 the
                 best
                 of
                 
                   Summer
                   drinks
                
                 .
                 And
                 more
                 yet
                 if
                 we
                 name
                 the
                 Clove-july-flower
                 ,
                 or
                 other
                 July-flowers
                 ,
                 a
                 most
                 grateful
                 Cordial
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 infused
                 by
                 a
                 Lady
                 in
                 Staffordshire
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 the
                 
                 Devereux's
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 some
                 Ladies
                 of
                 this
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 54.
                 
                 I
                 could
                 also
                 give
                 some
                 account
                 of
                 Cherry-wine
                 ,
                 and
                 Wine
                 of
                 Plums
                 ;
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 which
                 (
                 in
                 the
                 best
                 Essay
                 that
                 I
                 have
                 yet
                 seen
                 )
                 is
                 hardly
                 worthy
                 to
                 be
                 named
                 :
                 But
                 ,
                 I
                 conceive
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 ground
                 for
                 it
                 ,
                 that
                 some
                 good
                 Liquor
                 and
                 Spirits
                 may
                 be
                 drawn
                 from
                 some
                 sorts
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 quantity
                 :
                 And
                 the
                 vast
                 store
                 of
                 Cherrys
                 in
                 some
                 places
                 ,
                 under
                 a
                 peny
                 the
                 pound
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 Plums
                 that
                 bend
                 the
                 Trees
                 with
                 their
                 burdens
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 expedite
                 growth
                 makes
                 it
                 cheap
                 enough
                 ,
                 and
                 as
                 in
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 so
                 in
                 these
                 ,
                 the
                 large
                 English
                 or
                 Dutch
                 sharp
                 Cherry
                 ,
                 makes
                 the
                 Cherry-wine
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 full
                 black
                 ,
                 tawny
                 Plum
                 ,
                 as
                 big
                 as
                 a
                 Walnut
                 (
                 not
                 the
                 kind
                 of
                 Heart-Cherrys
                 ,
                 nor
                 the
                 Plum
                 which
                 divides
                 from
                 the
                 stone
                 )
                 make
                 the
                 Wine
                 .
                 Their
                 cheapness
                 should
                 recommend
                 them
                 to
                 more
                 general
                 use
                 at
                 Tables
                 ,
                 when
                 dryed
                 like
                 Prunellas
                 (
                 an
                 easie
                 art
                 )
                 and
                 then
                 wholesomer
                 .
              
               
               
                 55.
                 
                 To
                 return
                 for
                 Red-strake
                 ;
                 't
                 is
                 a
                 good
                 drink
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 well
                 fermented
                 ,
                 or
                 within
                 a
                 Moneth
                 ,
                 better
                 after
                 some
                 Frosts
                 ,
                 and
                 when
                 clarified
                 ;
                 rich
                 Wine
                 ,
                 when
                 it
                 takes
                 the
                 colour
                 of
                 
                   old
                   Sack.
                
                 In
                 a
                 good
                 Cellar
                 it
                 improves
                 in
                 Hogsheads
                 the
                 second
                 year
                 ;
                 in
                 Bottles
                 and
                 
                   sandy
                   Cellars
                
                 keeps
                 the
                 Records
                 of
                 late
                 revolutions
                 and
                 old
                 
                   Majoralties
                   .
                   Quaere
                
                 the
                 manner
                 of
                 laying
                 them
                 up
                 in
                 sand-houses
                 .
              
               
                 56.
                 
                 I
                 tried
                 some
                 Bottles
                 all
                 a
                 Summer
                 in
                 the
                 bottom
                 of
                 a
                 Fountain
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 prefer
                 that
                 way
                 where
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 had
                 .
                 And
                 't
                 is
                 somewhat
                 strange
                 if
                 the
                 Land
                 be
                 neither
                 dry
                 for
                 a
                 sand-house
                 ,
                 nor
                 fountainous
                 for
                 this
                 better
                 expedient
                 .
                 When
                 Cider
                 is
                 settl'd
                 ,
                 and
                 altogether
                 ,
                 or
                 almost
                 clarifi'd
                 ,
                 then
                 to
                 make
                 it
                 sprightful
                 and
                 winy
                 ,
                 it
                 should
                 be
                 drawn
                 into
                 well
                 cork'd
                 and
                 well
                 bound
                 bottles
                 ,
                 and
                 kept
                 some
                 time
                 in
                 sand
                 or
                 water
                 ;
                 the
                 longer
                 the
                 better
                 ,
                 if
                 the
                 kind
                 be
                 good
                 .
                 And
                 Cider
                 being
                 preserved
                 to
                 due
                 
                   age
                   ,
                   bottl'd
                
                 (
                 and
                 kept
                 in
                 cool
                 places
                 ,
                 conservatories
                 ,
                 and
                 refrigerating
                 springs
                 )
                 it
                 does
                 almost
                 by
                 time
                 turn
                 to
                 Aqua-vitae
                 ;
                 the
                 Bottles
                 smoak
                 at
                 the
                 opening
                 ,
                 and
                 it
                 catches
                 flame
                 speedily
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 burn
                 like
                 spirit
                 of
                 VVine
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 fiery
                 taste
                 ;
                 and
                 it
                 is
                 a
                 laudable
                 way
                 of
                 trying
                 the
                 vigour
                 of
                 Cider
                 by
                 its
                 promptness
                 to
                 burn
                 ,
                 and
                 take
                 fire
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 the
                 quantity
                 of
                 Aqua-vitae
                 which
                 it
                 yields
                 .
                 Cider
                 affords
                 by
                 way
                 of
                 Distillation
                 ,
                 an
                 incomparable
                 and
                 useful
                 Spirit
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 in
                 such
                 plenty
                 ,
                 as
                 from
                 
                   four
                   Quarts
                
                 ,
                 a
                 full
                 Pint
                 has
                 been
                 extracted
                 .
              
               
                 57.
                 
                 I
                 must
                 not
                 prescribe
                 to
                 other
                 Palats
                 ,
                 by
                 asserting
                 to
                 what
                 degree
                 of
                 Perfection
                 good
                 Cider
                 may
                 be
                 raised
                 ,
                 or
                 to
                 compare
                 it
                 with
                 VVines
                 :
                 But
                 when
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 (
                 of
                 blessed
                 memory
                 )
                 came
                 to
                 Hereford
                 in
                 his
                 distress
                 ,
                 and
                 such
                 of
                 the
                 Gentry
                 of
                 VVorcestershire
                 as
                 were
                 brought
                 thither
                 as
                 Prisoners
                 ;
                 both
                 
                   King
                   ,
                   Nobility
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 did
                 prefer
                 it
                 before
                 the
                 best
                 VVines
                 those
                 parts
                 afforded
                 ;
                 and
                 to
                 my
                 knowledge
                 that
                 Cider
                 had
                 no
                 kind
                 of
                 Mixture
                 .
                 Generally
                 all
                 the
                 Gentry
                 of
                 Herefordshire
                 do
                 abhor
                 all
                 mixtures
                 .
              
               
                 Yet
                 if
                 any
                 man
                 have
                 a
                 desire
                 to
                 try
                 conclusions
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 an
                 harmless
                 Art
                 to
                 convert
                 Cider
                 into
                 Canary-wine
                 ;
                 let
                 the
                 Cider
                 be
                 of
                 the
                 former
                 year
                 ,
                 Masculine
                 and
                 in
                 full
                 body
                 ,
                 yet
                 pleasant
                 and
                 well
                 tasted
                 :
                 into
                 such
                 Cider
                 put
                 a
                 spoonful
                 ,
                 or
                 so
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 spirit
                 of
                 Clary
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 have
                 so
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 race
                 of
                 Canary
                 ,
                 as
                 may
                 deceive
                 some
                 who
                 pretend
                 they
                 have
                 discerning
                 Palats
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sir
                 PAVL
                 NEIL
                 's
                 DISCOURSE
                 OF
                 CIDER
                 .
              
               
                 
                   My
                   Lord
                   ,
                
              
               
                 IN
                 obedience
                 to
                 the
                 Commands
                 of
                 this
                 
                   Honourable
                   Society
                
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 at
                 length
                 endeavoured
                 to
                 give
                 this
                 brief
                 Account
                 of
                 that
                 little
                 which
                 I
                 know
                 concerning
                 the
                 Ordering
                 of
                 Cider
                 ;
                 and
                 in
                 that
                 I
                 shall
                 propound
                 to
                 my self
                 six
                 things
                 .
              
               
                 First
                 ,
                 To
                 shew
                 that
                 Cider
                 made
                 of
                 the
                 best
                 Eating-apples
                 must
                 needs
                 be
                 once
                 the
                 best
                 ;
                 (
                 that
                 is
                 to
                 say
                 )
                 the
                 pleasantest
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 Secondly
                 ,
                 That
                 hitherto
                 the
                 general
                 opinion
                 hath
                 been
                 otherwise
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 the
                 reason
                 of
                 that
                 mistake
                 was
                 the
                 not
                 apprehending
                 the
                 true
                 cause
                 why
                 the
                 
                   Pepin-cider
                   ,
                   &c.
                
                 did
                 not
                 retain
                 its
                 sweetness
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 did
                 .
              
               
                 Thirdly
                 ,
                 What
                 is
                 the
                 true
                 cause
                 that
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 used
                 in
                 the
                 ordinary
                 me●hod
                 ,
                 will
                 not
                 retain
                 its
                 sweetness
                 .
              
               
                 Fourthly
                 ,
                 How
                 to
                 cure
                 that
                 evil
                 in
                 
                   Pepin
                   cider
                
                 .
              
               
                 Fifthly
                 ,
                 A
                 probable
                 conjecture
                 ,
                 how
                 in
                 some
                 degree
                 by
                 the
                 same
                 Method
                 to
                 amend
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 ,
                 and
                 French-Wine
                 .
              
               
                 Sixthly
                 ,
                 That
                 what
                 is
                 here
                 propounded
                 cannot
                 chuse
                 but
                 be
                 wholsome
                 ,
                 and
                 may
                 be
                 done
                 to
                 what
                 degree
                 every
                 mans
                 Palate
                 shall
                 wish
                 .
              
               
                 Having
                 now
                 told
                 your
                 Lordship
                 ,
                 what
                 I
                 will
                 endeavour
                 to
                 do
                 before
                 I
                 enter
                 upon
                 it
                 ,
                 I
                 must
                 declare
                 what
                 I
                 will
                 not
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 pretend
                 to
                 do
                 .
              
               
                 1.
                 
                 I
                 do
                 not
                 pretend
                 to
                 any
                 thing
                 concerning
                 the
                 planting
                 and
                 graffing
                 of
                 Trees
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
               
                 Nor
                 what
                 Trees
                 will
                 soonest
                 bear
                 or
                 last
                 longest
                 .
              
               
                 Nor
                 what
                 sorts
                 of
                 Trees
                 are
                 the
                 best
                 bearers
                 ,
                 and
                 may
                 with
                 least
                 danger
                 grow
                 in
                 
                   Common
                   fields
                
                 .
              
               
                 Nor
                 what
                 sort
                 of
                 fruit
                 will
                 yield
                 the
                 greatest
                 store
                 of
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 Nor
                 what
                 Cider
                 will
                 keep
                 the
                 longest
                 ,
                 and
                 be
                 the
                 strongest
                 ,
                 and
                 wholesomest
                 to
                 drink
                 constantly
                 with
                 meat
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 only
                 thing
                 I
                 shall
                 endeavour
                 ,
                 being
                 to
                 prescribe
                 a
                 way
                 to
                 make
                 a
                 sort
                 of
                 Cider
                 pleasant
                 and
                 quick
                 of
                 taste
                 ,
                 and
                 yet
                 wholesom
                 to
                 drink
                 ,
                 sometimes
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 a
                 moderate
                 proportion
                 :
                 For
                 ,
                 if
                 this
                 be
                 an
                 Heresie
                 ,
                 I
                 must
                 confess
                 my self
                 guilty
                 ;
                 that
                 I
                 prefer
                 
                   Canary-wine
                   ,
                   Verdea
                
                 ,
                 the
                 pleasantest
                 Wines
                 of
                 Greece
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 High-country-wines
                 before
                 the
                 
                   harsh
                   Sherries
                   ,
                   Vin
                   de
                   Hermitage
                   ,
                
                 and
                 the
                 Italian
                 and
                 Portugal
                 rough
                 Wines
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 best
                 Graves-wines
                 ;
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 regarding
                 that
                 I
                 am
                 told
                 ,
                 and
                 do
                 believe
                 ,
                 that
                 these
                 
                   harsh
                   wines
                
                 are
                 more
                 comfortable
                 to
                 the
                 stomack
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Surfeit
                 of
                 them
                 less
                 noxious
                 ,
                 when
                 taken
                 ;
                 nor
                 to
                 be
                 taken
                 but
                 with
                 drinking
                 greater
                 quantities
                 than
                 can
                 with
                 safety
                 be
                 taken
                 of
                 those
                 other
                 pleasant
                 Wines
                 :
                 I
                 satisfying
                 my self
                 with
                 this
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 like
                 the
                 
                   pleasant
                   Wines
                
                 best
                 ;
                 which
                 yet
                 are
                 so
                 wholesom
                 ,
                 that
                 a
                 man
                 may
                 drink
                 a
                 moderate
                 quantity
                 of
                 them
                 without
                 prejudice
                 .
              
               
                 Nor
                 shall
                 I
                 at
                 all
                 concern
                 my self
                 ,
                 whether
                 this
                 sort
                 of
                 Cider
                 I
                 pretend
                 to
                 is
                 so
                 vinous
                 a
                 liquor
                 ;
                 and
                 consequently
                 will
                 yield
                 so
                 much
                 spirit
                 upon
                 Distillation
                 ,
                 or
                 so
                 soon
                 make
                 the
                 Country-man
                 think
                 himself
                 a
                 Lord
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 will
                 do
                 :
                 nor
                 whether
                 it
                 will
                 last
                 so
                 long
                 ;
                 for
                 it
                 is
                 no
                 part
                 of
                 my
                 design
                 to
                 perswade
                 the
                 World
                 to
                 lay
                 by
                 the
                 making
                 of
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 ;
                 but
                 rather
                 in
                 a
                 degree
                 to
                 shew
                 how
                 to
                 improve
                 that
                 in
                 point
                 of
                 pleasantness
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 by
                 the
                 making
                 and
                 rightly
                 ordering
                 of
                 Cider
                 of
                 the
                 best
                 Eating-Apples
                 ;
                 as
                 
                   Golden-pepins
                   ,
                   Kentish-pepins
                   ,
                   Pear-mains
                   ,
                   &c.
                
                 there
                 may
                 be
                 made
                 a
                 more
                 pleasant
                 liquor
                 for
                 the
                 time
                 it
                 will
                 last
                 ,
                 than
                 can
                 be
                 produced
                 from
                 those
                 Apples
                 which
                 I
                 call
                 Hard-Apples
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 
                   Red-strakes
                   ,
                   Gennet-moyles
                
                 ,
                 the
                 Broms●ury-Crab
                 ,
                 &c.
                 which
                 are
                 so
                 harsh
                 that
                 a
                 Hog
                 will
                 hardly
                 eat
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 Nor
                 shall
                 I
                 at
                 all
                 meddle
                 with
                 the
                 making
                 of
                 Perry
                 ,
                 or
                 of
                 any
                 mixed
                 drink
                 of
                 the
                 juyce
                 of
                 Apples
                 and
                 Pears
                 ;
                 though
                 possibly
                 what
                 I
                 shall
                 say
                 for
                 Cider
                 may
                 be
                 aptly
                 applied
                 to
                 Perry
                 also
                 .
              
               
                 For
                 the
                 first
                 particular
                 ,
                 I
                 asserted
                 that
                 the
                 best
                 Apples
                 would
                 make
                 the
                 pleasantest
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 my
                 sence
                 is
                 the
                 best
                 Cider
                 ;
                 (
                 and
                 I
                 account
                 those
                 the
                 best
                 Apples
                 ,
                 whose
                 juyce
                 is
                 the
                 pleasantest
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 when
                 first
                 pressed
                 ,
                 before
                 fermentation
                 )
                 I
                 shall
                 need
                 (
                 besides
                 the
                 experience
                 of
                 the
                 last
                 ten
                 years
                 )
                 only
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 an
                 undeniable
                 thing
                 in
                 all
                 Wines
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 pleasantest
                 Grapes
                 make
                 the
                 richest
                 and
                 pleasantest
                 Wines
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 Cider
                 is
                 really
                 but
                 the
                 Wine
                 of
                 Apples
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 only
                 made
                 by
                 the
                 same
                 way
                 of
                 Compression
                 ;
                 but
                 left
                 to
                 it self
                 hath
                 the
                 same
                 way
                 of
                 Fermentation
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 must
                 be
                 liable
                 to
                 the
                 same
                 measures
                 in
                 the
                 choice
                 of
                 the
                 materials
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 my
                 second
                 Assertion
                 ,
                 that
                 this
                 truth
                 was
                 not
                 formerly
                 owned
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 ,
                 and
                 those
                 Countries
                 where
                 they
                 abound
                 both
                 with
                 Pepins
                 and
                 hard-apples
                 of
                 all
                 sorts
                 ,
                 they
                 made
                 Cider
                 of
                 both
                 sorts
                 ,
                 and
                 used
                 them
                 alike
                 ;
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 that
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 they
                 ground
                 and
                 pressed
                 the
                 Apples
                 and
                 strained
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 they
                 put
                 it
                 into
                 their
                 Vessels
                 and
                 there
                 let
                 it
                 lye
                 till
                 it
                 had
                 wrought
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 was
                 setled
                 again
                 and
                 fined
                 ;
                 as
                 not
                 thinking
                 it
                 wholesom
                 to
                 drink
                 till
                 it
                 had
                 thus
                 (
                 as
                 they
                 call
                 it
                 )
                 purg'd
                 it self
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 this
                 was
                 the
                 frequent
                 use
                 of
                 most
                 men
                 in
                 the
                 more
                 Southern
                 and
                 Western
                 parts
                 of
                 England
                 also
                 .
                 Now
                 when
                 Cider
                 is
                 thus
                 used
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 no
                 wonder
                 that
                 when
                 they
                 came
                 to
                 broach
                 it
                 ,
                 they
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 found
                 their
                 Pepin-cider
                 not
                 so
                 pleasant
                 as
                 their
                 Moyle
                 or
                 
                   Red
                   strake-cider
                
                 ;
                 but
                 to
                 them
                 it
                 seemed
                 a
                 wonder
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 did
                 not
                 know
                 the
                 reason
                 of
                 it
                 (
                 which
                 shall
                 be
                 my
                 next
                 work
                 to
                 make
                 out
                 )
                 for
                 till
                 they
                 knew
                 the
                 reason
                 of
                 this
                 ●ffect
                 ,
                 they
                 had
                 no
                 cause
                 but
                 to
                 think
                 it
                 was
                 the
                 nature
                 of
                 the
                 several
                 Apples
                 that
                 produced
                 it
                 ;
                 and
                 consequently
                 to
                 prefer
                 the
                 Hard-Apple-cider
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 use
                 the
                 other
                 Apples
                 (
                 which
                 were
                 good
                 to
                 eat
                 raw
                 )
                 for
                 the
                 Table
                 :
                 which
                 was
                 an
                 use
                 not
                 less
                 necessary
                 ,
                 and
                 for
                 which
                 the
                 hard-apples
                 were
                 totally
                 improper
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 my
                 third
                 Assertion
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 they
                 knew
                 not
                 what
                 was
                 the
                 true
                 cause
                 why
                 their
                 Pepin-cider
                 (
                 for
                 by
                 that
                 name
                 I
                 shall
                 generally
                 call
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Cider
                 that
                 is
                 made
                 of
                 Apples
                 good
                 to
                 eat
                 raw
                 )
                 was
                 not
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 used
                 it
                 ,
                 so
                 good
                 as
                 the
                 Cider
                 made
                 of
                 hard-apples
                 (
                 for
                 by
                 that
                 name
                 ,
                 for
                 brevities
                 sake
                 ,
                 I
                 shall
                 call
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 
                   Moyle
                   ,
                   Red-strake
                
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 other
                 sorts
                 of
                 
                   harsh
                   Apples
                
                 ,
                 not
                 fit
                 to
                 eat
                 raw
                 .
                 )
                 First
                 ,
                 I
                 say
                 ,
                 for
                 all
                 liquors
                 that
                 are
                 Vinous
                 ,
                 the
                 cause
                 that
                 makes
                 them
                 sometimes
                 harder
                 or
                 less
                 pleasant
                 to
                 the
                 taste
                 ,
                 than
                 they
                 were
                 at
                 the
                 first
                 pressing
                 ,
                 is
                 the
                 too
                 much
                 fermenting
                 :
                 If
                 Wine
                 or
                 Cider
                 by
                 any
                 accidental
                 cause
                 do
                 ferment
                 twice
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 harder
                 than
                 if
                 it
                 had
                 fermented
                 but
                 once
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 it
                 ferment
                 thrice
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 harder
                 and
                 worse
                 than
                 if
                 it
                 had
                 fermented
                 but
                 twice
                 :
                 and
                 so
                 onward
                 ,
                 the
                 oftner
                 it
                 ferments
                 and
                 the
                 longer
                 it
                 ferments
                 ,
                 it
                 still
                 grows
                 the
                 harder
                 .
                 This
                 being
                 laid
                 as
                 a
                 foundation
                 ,
                 before
                 we
                 proceed
                 further
                 we
                 must
                 first
                 consider
                 what
                 is
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 fermentation
                 in
                 
                   Wine
                   ,
                   Cider
                
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 other
                 
                   Vinous
                   Liquors
                
                 .
                 Which
                 (
                 in
                 my
                 poor
                 opinion
                 )
                 is
                 the
                 gross
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 which
                 scapes
                 in
                 the
                 straining
                 of
                 the
                 Cider
                 (
                 for
                 in
                 making
                 of
                 Wine
                 ,
                 I
                 do
                 not
                 find
                 that
                 they
                 use
                 the
                 curiosity
                 of
                 straining
                 )
                 and
                 which
                 is
                 generally
                 known
                 by
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 of
                 that
                 (
                 Wine
                 or
                 )
                 Cider
                 .
                 And
                 this
                 Lee
                 I
                 shall
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 its
                 thickness
                 of
                 parts
                 ,
                 distinguish
                 into
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee
                
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                   flying
                   Lee.
                
                 
              
               
                 Now
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 old
                 method
                 of
                 making
                 and
                 putting
                 up
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 they
                 took
                 little
                 care
                 of
                 putting
                 up
                 only
                 the
                 clear
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Cider
                 into
                 their
                 Vessels
                 or
                 Cask
                 ;
                 but
                 put
                 them
                 up
                 thick
                 and
                 thin
                 together
                 ,
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 regarding
                 this
                 separation
                 ;
                 for
                 experimentally
                 they
                 found
                 that
                 how
                 thick
                 soever
                 they
                 put
                 it
                 up
                 ,
                 yet
                 after
                 it
                 had
                 throughly
                 wrought
                 or
                 fermented
                 and
                 was
                 setled
                 again
                 ,
                 it
                 would
                 still
                 be
                 clear
                 ;
                 and
                 perchance
                 that
                 which
                 was
                 put
                 up
                 the
                 soonest
                 after
                 it
                 was
                 pressed
                 and
                 the
                 thickest
                 ,
                 would
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 fermentation
                 was
                 over
                 ,
                 be
                 the
                 clearest
                 ,
                 the
                 briskest
                 ,
                 and
                 keep
                 the
                 longest
                 .
                 This
                 made
                 them
                 confidently
                 believe
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 not
                 only
                 not
                 inconvenient
                 to
                 put
                 it
                 up
                 quickly
                 after
                 the
                 pressing
                 ,
                 but
                 in
                 some
                 degree
                 necessary
                 also
                 to
                 put
                 it
                 up
                 soon
                 after
                 the
                 pressing
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 it
                 might
                 have
                 so
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 mixed
                 with
                 it
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 might
                 certainly
                 ,
                 soon
                 ,
                 and
                 strongly
                 put
                 it
                 into
                 a
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 only
                 means
                 to
                 make
                 it
                 
                   wholsom
                   ,
                   clean
                
                 and
                 brisk
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 it
                 either
                 
                 did
                 not
                 (
                 or
                 that
                 they
                 had
                 reason
                 to
                 doubt
                 )
                 that
                 it
                 would
                 not
                 work
                 or
                 ferment
                 strongly
                 enough
                 ,
                 they
                 have
                 used
                 to
                 put
                 in
                 Mustard
                 or
                 some
                 other
                 thing
                 of
                 like
                 nature
                 to
                 increase
                 the
                 fermentation
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 that
                 which
                 in
                 Cider
                 of
                 Pepins
                 hath
                 been
                 a
                 cause
                 of
                 greater
                 fermentation
                 than
                 in
                 Cider
                 of
                 Hard-Apples
                 ,
                 being
                 both
                 used
                 after
                 the
                 former
                 method
                 ,
                 is
                 this
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Pepins
                 being
                 a
                 softer
                 fruit
                 are
                 in
                 the
                 Mill
                 bruised
                 into
                 smaller
                 particles
                 than
                 the
                 harder
                 sorts
                 of
                 Apples
                 ;
                 and
                 consequently
                 more
                 of
                 those
                 small
                 parts
                 pass
                 the
                 strainer
                 in
                 the
                 Pepin-Cider
                 than
                 in
                 the
                 Cider
                 of
                 Hard-apples
                 ,
                 which
                 causeth
                 a
                 stronger
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 and
                 (
                 according
                 to
                 my
                 former
                 principle
                 )
                 a
                 greater
                 loss
                 of
                 the
                 native
                 sweetness
                 than
                 in
                 that
                 of
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 ;
                 and
                 not
                 only
                 so
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 Lee
                 of
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 being
                 compounded
                 of
                 greater
                 particles
                 than
                 the
                 Lee
                 of
                 the
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 every
                 individual
                 particle
                 is
                 in
                 it self
                 of
                 a
                 greater
                 weight
                 than
                 the
                 particles
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 of
                 the
                 Pepin-cider
                 ;
                 and
                 consequently
                 less
                 apt
                 to
                 rise
                 upon
                 small
                 motions
                 ,
                 which
                 produceth
                 this
                 effect
                 ;
                 that
                 when
                 the
                 fermentation
                 of
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 is
                 once
                 over
                 ,
                 unless
                 the
                 Vessel
                 be
                 stirred
                 ,
                 it
                 seldom
                 falls
                 to
                 a
                 second
                 fermentation
                 ;
                 but
                 in
                 Pepin-cider
                 it
                 is
                 otherwise
                 :
                 For
                 if
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee
                
                 be
                 still
                 remaining
                 with
                 the
                 Cider
                 ,
                 it
                 needs
                 not
                 the
                 motion
                 of
                 the
                 Vessel
                 to
                 cause
                 a
                 new
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 but
                 every
                 motion
                 of
                 the
                 Air
                 by
                 a
                 change
                 of
                 weather
                 from
                 dry
                 to
                 moist
                 will
                 cause
                 a
                 new
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 make
                 it
                 work
                 till
                 it
                 hath
                 destroyed
                 it self
                 by
                 losing
                 its
                 native
                 sweetness
                 .
                 And
                 this
                 alone
                 hath
                 been
                 the
                 cause
                 ,
                 why
                 commonly
                 when
                 they
                 broach
                 their
                 Pepin-cider
                 they
                 find
                 it
                 so
                 unpleasant
                 ,
                 that
                 generally
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 is
                 preferred
                 before
                 it
                 ,
                 although
                 at
                 first
                 it
                 was
                 not
                 so
                 pleasant
                 as
                 the
                 Pepin-cider
                 .
                 Yet
                 after
                 this
                 mischief
                 hath
                 prevailed
                 over
                 the
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 no
                 wonder
                 to
                 find
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 remaining
                 not
                 only
                 the
                 stronger
                 ,
                 but
                 even
                 the
                 more
                 pleasant
                 tasted
                 .
                 This
                 to
                 me
                 seems
                 satisfactory
                 for
                 the
                 discovery
                 of
                 the
                 cause
                 ,
                 why
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 the
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 is
                 preferred
                 before
                 the
                 Pepin-cider
                 .
                 But
                 perhaps
                 it
                 may
                 by
                 some
                 be
                 objected
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 have
                 before
                 the
                 
                   ten
                   years
                
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 you
                 pretend
                 you
                 found
                 this
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 spoiling
                 the
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 been
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 ,
                 and
                 tasted
                 the
                 best
                 Cider
                 that
                 Country
                 did
                 afford
                 ;
                 and
                 yet
                 it
                 was
                 not
                 like
                 the
                 Pepin-cider
                 they
                 had
                 before
                 then
                 tasted
                 in
                 other
                 parts
                 .
                 To
                 this
                 I
                 do
                 answer
                 ,
                 at
                 present
                 ,
                 briefly
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 some
                 mistake
                 ,
                 or
                 chance
                 ,
                 the
                 maker
                 of
                 this
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 which
                 proved
                 good
                 ,
                 had
                 done
                 that
                 ,
                 or
                 somewhat
                 like
                 that
                 ,
                 which
                 under
                 the
                 next
                 Assertion
                 I
                 shall
                 set
                 down
                 ,
                 as
                 a
                 Method
                 to
                 cure
                 the
                 inconveniences
                 which
                 happen
                 to
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 suffering
                 it
                 to
                 ferment
                 too
                 often
                 ,
                 or
                 too
                 strongly
                 ;
                 but
                 till
                 that
                 be
                 explained
                 it
                 would
                 be
                 improper
                 to
                 shew
                 more
                 fully
                 what
                 these
                 particular
                 accidents
                 might
                 possibly
                 be
                 ,
                 which
                 (
                 without
                 the
                 intention
                 of
                 those
                 persons
                 which
                 made
                 the
                 Cider
                 )
                 caused
                 it
                 to
                 prove
                 much
                 better
                 than
                 their
                 expectation
                 ,
                 or
                 indeed
                 better
                 than
                 any
                 could
                 afterwards
                 make
                 :
                 they
                 possibly
                 assigning
                 the
                 goodness
                 of
                 that
                 Cider
                 to
                 somewhat
                 that
                 was
                 not
                 really
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 that
                 effect
                 .
              
               
               
                 To
                 justifie
                 my
                 fourth
                 Assertion
                 ,
                 and
                 shew
                 a
                 Method
                 how
                 to
                 cure
                 the
                 inconveniency
                 which
                 happens
                 to
                 Pepin-cider
                 by
                 the
                 over-working
                 ,
                 I
                 must
                 first
                 take
                 notice
                 of
                 some
                 things
                 which
                 I
                 have
                 been
                 often
                 told
                 concerning
                 Wine
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 indeed
                 gave
                 me
                 the
                 light
                 to
                 know
                 what
                 was
                 the
                 cause
                 which
                 had
                 made
                 Pepin-cider
                 that
                 had
                 wrought
                 long
                 ,
                 hard
                 when
                 it
                 came
                 to
                 be
                 clear
                 again
                 .
                 The
                 thing
                 I
                 mean
                 ,
                 is
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 divers
                 parts
                 ,
                 and
                 even
                 in
                 France
                 they
                 make
                 
                   three
                   sorts
                
                 of
                 Wine
                 out
                 of
                 one
                 and
                 the
                 same
                 Grapes
                 ;
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 they
                 first
                 take
                 the
                 juice
                 of
                 the
                 Grapes
                 without
                 any
                 more
                 pressing
                 than
                 what
                 comes
                 from
                 their
                 own
                 weight
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 bruising
                 they
                 have
                 in
                 putting
                 into
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 which
                 causeth
                 the
                 ripest
                 of
                 those
                 Grapes
                 to
                 break
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 juice
                 without
                 any
                 pressing
                 at
                 all
                 makes
                 the
                 pleasantest
                 and
                 most
                 delicate
                 Wine
                 :
                 And
                 if
                 the
                 Grapes
                 were
                 red
                 ,
                 then
                 is
                 this
                 first
                 Wine
                 very
                 pale
                 .
                 The
                 second
                 sort
                 they
                 press
                 a
                 little
                 ,
                 which
                 makes
                 a
                 
                   redder
                   Wine
                
                 ,
                 but
                 neither
                 so
                 pleasant
                 as
                 the
                 first
                 ,
                 nor
                 so
                 harsh
                 as
                 the
                 last
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 made
                 by
                 the
                 utmost
                 pressing
                 of
                 the
                 very
                 skins
                 of
                 the
                 Grapes
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 by
                 much
                 more
                 harsh
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 deeper
                 colour
                 than
                 either
                 of
                 the
                 other
                 two
                 .
                 Now
                 I
                 presume
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 this
                 (
                 at
                 least
                 in
                 part
                 )
                 to
                 be
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 the
                 first
                 sort
                 of
                 Wine
                 ,
                 which
                 hath
                 little
                 of
                 the
                 substance
                 ,
                 beside
                 the
                 very
                 juice
                 of
                 the
                 Grape
                 ,
                 there
                 is
                 little
                 Lee
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 little
                 fermentation
                 ;
                 and
                 because
                 it
                 doth
                 not
                 work
                 long
                 ,
                 it
                 loseth
                 but
                 little
                 of
                 the
                 original
                 sweetness
                 it
                 had
                 :
                 The
                 second
                 sort
                 being
                 a
                 little
                 more
                 pressed
                 hath
                 somewhat
                 more
                 of
                 the
                 substance
                 of
                 the
                 Grape
                 added
                 to
                 the
                 juice
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 having
                 more
                 of
                 that
                 part
                 which
                 causeth
                 fermentation
                 put
                 with
                 it
                 ,
                 ferments
                 more
                 strongly
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 therefore
                 ,
                 when
                 it
                 hath
                 done
                 working
                 ,
                 less
                 pleasant
                 than
                 the
                 first
                 sort
                 ,
                 which
                 wrought
                 less
                 .
                 And
                 for
                 the
                 same
                 reason
                 the
                 
                   third
                   sort
                
                 being
                 most
                 of
                 all
                 pressed
                 ,
                 hath
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 substance
                 of
                 the
                 Grape
                 mingled
                 with
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 worketh
                 the
                 longest
                 :
                 but
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 the
                 working
                 when
                 it
                 settles
                 and
                 is
                 clear
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 much
                 more
                 harsh
                 than
                 either
                 of
                 the
                 two
                 first
                 sorts
                 .
                 The
                 thought
                 of
                 this
                 made
                 me
                 first
                 apprehend
                 that
                 the
                 substance
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 mingled
                 with
                 the
                 juice
                 ,
                 was
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 really
                 nothing
                 else
                 but
                 an
                 endeavour
                 of
                 the
                 Liquor
                 to
                 free
                 it self
                 from
                 those
                 Heterogeneous
                 parts
                 which
                 are
                 mingled
                 with
                 it
                 :
                 And
                 where
                 there
                 is
                 the
                 greatest
                 proportion
                 of
                 those
                 dissimilar
                 parts
                 mingled
                 with
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 the
                 endeavour
                 of
                 Nature
                 must
                 be
                 the
                 stronger
                 ,
                 and
                 take
                 up
                 more
                 time
                 to
                 perfect
                 the
                 separation
                 :
                 which
                 when
                 finished
                 leaves
                 all
                 the
                 Liquor
                 clear
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 gross
                 parts
                 settled
                 to
                 the
                 bottom
                 of
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ;
                 which
                 we
                 call
                 the
                 Lee.
                 Nor
                 did
                 this
                 apprehension
                 deceive
                 me
                 ;
                 for
                 when
                 I
                 began
                 (
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 Method
                 which
                 I
                 shall
                 hereafter
                 set
                 down
                 )
                 to
                 separate
                 a
                 considerable
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 from
                 the
                 Cider
                 before
                 it
                 had
                 fermented
                 ,
                 I
                 found
                 it
                 to
                 retain
                 a
                 very
                 great
                 part
                 of
                 its
                 original
                 sweetness
                 ,
                 more
                 than
                 it
                 would
                 have
                 done
                 if
                 the
                 Lee
                 had
                 not
                 been
                 taken
                 away
                 before
                 the
                 fermentation
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 not
                 once
                 ,
                 but
                 constantly
                 for
                 
                   seven
                   years
                
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 the
                 Method
                 which
                 I
                 used
                 ,
                 was
                 this
                 :
                 When
                 the
                 Cider
                 was
                 first
                 strained
                 ,
                 I
                 put
                 it
                 into
                 a
                 great
                 Vat
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 let
                 it
                 stand
                 
                   twenty
                   four
                   hours
                
                 at
                 least
                 (
                 sometimes
                 more
                 ,
                 if
                 the
                 Apples
                 were
                 more
                 ripe
                 
                 than
                 ordinary
                 )
                 and
                 then
                 at
                 a
                 tap
                 before
                 prepared
                 in
                 the
                 Vessel
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 inches
                 from
                 the
                 bottom
                 I
                 drew
                 it
                 into
                 pails
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 thence
                 filled
                 the
                 Hogshead
                 (
                 or
                 lesser
                 Vessel
                 )
                 and
                 left
                 the
                 greatest
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 behind
                 ;
                 and
                 during
                 this
                 time
                 that
                 the
                 Cider
                 stood
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 ,
                 I
                 kept
                 it
                 as
                 close
                 covered
                 with
                 hair-clothes
                 or
                 sacks
                 as
                 I
                 could
                 ;
                 that
                 so
                 too
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 spirits
                 might
                 not
                 evaporate
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 possibly
                 I
                 might
                 be
                 asked
                 why
                 I
                 did
                 not
                 ,
                 since
                 I
                 kept
                 it
                 so
                 close
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 ,
                 put
                 it
                 at
                 first
                 into
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ?
                 To
                 which
                 I
                 answer
                 ,
                 that
                 had
                 I
                 put
                 it
                 at
                 first
                 into
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 it
                 would
                 possibly
                 (
                 especially
                 if
                 the
                 weather
                 had
                 chanced
                 to
                 prove
                 wet
                 and
                 warm
                 )
                 have
                 begun
                 to
                 ferment
                 before
                 that
                 time
                 had
                 been
                 expired
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 there
                 would
                 have
                 been
                 no
                 possibility
                 to
                 have
                 separated
                 any
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee
                
                 ,
                 before
                 the
                 fermentation
                 had
                 been
                 wholly
                 finished
                 ;
                 which
                 keeping
                 it
                 only
                 covered
                 with
                 these
                 clothes
                 was
                 not
                 in
                 danger
                 :
                 For
                 ,
                 though
                 I
                 kept
                 it
                 warm
                 in
                 some
                 degree
                 ,
                 yet
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 spirits
                 had
                 still
                 liberty
                 to
                 evaporate
                 ;
                 which
                 had
                 it
                 been
                 in
                 the
                 Hogshead
                 with
                 the
                 Bung
                 only
                 open
                 ,
                 they
                 would
                 not
                 so
                 freely
                 have
                 done
                 ;
                 but
                 in
                 the
                 first
                 24
                 hours
                 it
                 would
                 have
                 begun
                 to
                 ferment
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 my
                 design
                 had
                 been
                 fully
                 lost
                 :
                 For
                 those
                 spirits
                 if
                 they
                 had
                 been
                 too
                 strongly
                 reverberated
                 into
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 would
                 have
                 caused
                 a
                 fermentation
                 before
                 I
                 could
                 have
                 taken
                 away
                 any
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee.
                
                 For
                 the
                 great
                 mystery
                 of
                 the
                 whole
                 thing
                 lies
                 in
                 this
                 ,
                 to
                 let
                 so
                 many
                 of
                 the
                 spirits
                 evaporate
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 liquor
                 shall
                 not
                 ferment
                 before
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee
                
                 be
                 taken
                 away
                 ;
                 and
                 yet
                 to
                 keep
                 spirits
                 enough
                 to
                 cause
                 a
                 fermentation
                 when
                 you
                 would
                 have
                 it
                 .
                 For
                 if
                 you
                 put
                 it
                 up
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 strained
                 ,
                 and
                 do
                 not
                 let
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 spirits
                 evaporate
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee
                
                 by
                 its
                 weight
                 only
                 to
                 be
                 separated
                 without
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 ferment
                 too
                 much
                 and
                 lose
                 its
                 sweetness
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 none
                 be
                 left
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 ferment
                 at
                 all
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 the
                 Cider
                 will
                 be
                 dead
                 ,
                 flat
                 and
                 soure
                 .
              
               
                 Then
                 after
                 it
                 is
                 put
                 into
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Vessel
                 fill'd
                 all
                 but
                 a
                 little
                 (
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 about
                 a
                 Gallon
                 or
                 thereabout
                 )
                 I
                 let
                 it
                 stand
                 (
                 the
                 Bung-hole
                 being
                 left
                 only
                 covered
                 with
                 a
                 paper
                 ,
                 to
                 keep
                 out
                 any
                 dust
                 or
                 filth
                 that
                 might
                 fall
                 in
                 )
                 for
                 24
                 hours
                 more
                 ;
                 in
                 which
                 time
                 the
                 grossest
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 being
                 formerly
                 left
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 ferment
                 ,
                 but
                 you
                 may
                 draw
                 it
                 off
                 by
                 a
                 Tap
                 some
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 inches
                 from
                 the
                 bottom
                 of
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 that
                 second
                 Vessel
                 you
                 may
                 stop
                 it
                 up
                 ,
                 and
                 let
                 it
                 stand
                 safely
                 till
                 it
                 be
                 fit
                 to
                 Bottle
                 ;
                 and
                 possibly
                 that
                 will
                 be
                 within
                 a
                 day
                 or
                 more
                 :
                 but
                 of
                 this
                 time
                 there
                 is
                 no
                 certain
                 measure
                 to
                 be
                 given
                 ;
                 there
                 being
                 so
                 many
                 things
                 that
                 will
                 make
                 it
                 longer
                 ,
                 or
                 less
                 while
                 before
                 it
                 be
                 fit
                 to
                 bottle
                 .
                 As
                 for
                 Example
                 ,
                 If
                 the
                 Apples
                 were
                 over-ripe
                 when
                 you
                 stamped
                 them
                 ,
                 or
                 ground
                 them
                 in
                 the
                 Mill
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 the
                 longer
                 before
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 clear
                 enough
                 to
                 Bottle
                 ;
                 or
                 if
                 the
                 weather
                 prove
                 to
                 be
                 warmer
                 or
                 moister
                 than
                 ordinary
                 :
                 or
                 that
                 your
                 Apples
                 were
                 of
                 such
                 kinds
                 ,
                 as
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 force
                 in
                 the
                 stamping
                 or
                 grinding
                 they
                 are
                 broken
                 into
                 smaller
                 particles
                 than
                 other
                 Apples
                 that
                 were
                 of
                 harder
                 kinds
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 ,
                 for
                 knowing
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 fit
                 to
                 Bottle
                 ,
                 I
                 know
                 no
                 certain
                 Rule
                 that
                 can
                 be
                 given
                 ,
                 but
                 to
                 broach
                 the
                 Vessel
                 with
                 a
                 small
                 Piercer
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 that
                 hole
                 fit
                 a
                 peg
                 ,
                 and
                 now
                 and
                 then
                 (
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 times
                 in
                 a
                 
                 day
                 )
                 draw
                 a
                 little
                 ,
                 and
                 see
                 what
                 fineness
                 it
                 is
                 of
                 ;
                 for
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 bottled
                 it
                 must
                 not
                 be
                 perfectly
                 fine
                 ;
                 for
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 so
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 fret
                 in
                 the
                 bottle
                 ,
                 which
                 gives
                 it
                 a
                 fine
                 quickness
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 make
                 it
                 mantle
                 and
                 sparkle
                 in
                 the
                 glass
                 ,
                 when
                 you
                 pour
                 it
                 out
                 :
                 And
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 too
                 thick
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 bottled
                 ,
                 then
                 ,
                 when
                 it
                 hath
                 stood
                 some
                 time
                 in
                 the
                 bottles
                 it
                 will
                 ferment
                 so
                 much
                 that
                 it
                 may
                 possibly
                 either
                 drive
                 out
                 the
                 Corks
                 ,
                 or
                 break
                 the
                 bottles
                 ,
                 or
                 at
                 least
                 be
                 of
                 that
                 sort
                 (
                 which
                 some
                 call
                 Potgun-drink
                 )
                 that
                 when
                 you
                 open
                 the
                 bottles
                 it
                 will
                 fly
                 about
                 the
                 house
                 ,
                 and
                 be
                 so
                 windy
                 and
                 cutting
                 that
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 inconvenient
                 to
                 drink
                 :
                 For
                 the
                 right
                 temper
                 of
                 Bottle-Cider
                 is
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 mantle
                 a
                 little
                 and
                 sparkle
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 put
                 out
                 into
                 the
                 glass
                 ;
                 but
                 if
                 it
                 froth
                 and
                 fly
                 ,
                 it
                 was
                 bottled
                 too
                 soon
                 :
                 Now
                 the
                 temper
                 of
                 the
                 Cider
                 is
                 so
                 nice
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 very
                 hard
                 when
                 you
                 bottle
                 it
                 to
                 foretell
                 which
                 of
                 these
                 two
                 conditions
                 it
                 will
                 have
                 :
                 but
                 it
                 is
                 very
                 easie
                 within
                 a
                 few
                 days
                 after
                 (
                 that
                 is
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 about
                 a
                 week
                 ,
                 or
                 so
                 )
                 to
                 find
                 its
                 temper
                 as
                 to
                 this
                 point
                 .
                 For
                 first
                 ,
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 bottled
                 too
                 soon
                 ;
                 by
                 this
                 time
                 it
                 will
                 begin
                 to
                 ferment
                 in
                 the
                 Bottles
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 that
                 case
                 you
                 must
                 open
                 the
                 Bottles
                 ,
                 and
                 let
                 them
                 stand
                 open
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 minutes
                 ,
                 that
                 that
                 abundance
                 of
                 spirits
                 may
                 have
                 Vent
                 ,
                 which
                 otherwise
                 kept
                 in
                 would
                 in
                 a
                 short
                 time
                 make
                 it
                 of
                 that
                 sort
                 I
                 called
                 before
                 Potgun-drink
                 ;
                 but
                 being
                 let
                 out
                 ,
                 that
                 danger
                 will
                 be
                 avoided
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Cider
                 (
                 without
                 danger
                 of
                 breaking
                 the
                 bottles
                 )
                 will
                 keep
                 and
                 ferment
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 too
                 much
                 .
                 Now
                 this
                 is
                 so
                 easie
                 a
                 remedy
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 would
                 advise
                 all
                 men
                 rather
                 to
                 erre
                 on
                 the
                 hand
                 of
                 bottling
                 it
                 too
                 soon
                 ,
                 than
                 let
                 it
                 be
                 too
                 fine
                 when
                 they
                 bottle
                 it
                 ;
                 for
                 if
                 so
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 fret
                 in
                 the
                 bottle
                 at
                 all
                 ;
                 and
                 consequently
                 ,
                 want
                 that
                 briskness
                 which
                 is
                 desirable
                 .
              
               
                 Yet
                 even
                 in
                 this
                 case
                 there
                 is
                 a
                 Remedy
                 ,
                 but
                 such
                 a
                 one
                 as
                 I
                 am
                 always
                 very
                 careful
                 to
                 avoid
                 ,
                 that
                 so
                 I
                 may
                 have
                 nothing
                 (
                 how
                 little
                 soever
                 )
                 in
                 the
                 Cider
                 but
                 the
                 juice
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 :
                 But
                 the
                 remedy
                 is
                 ,
                 in
                 case
                 you
                 be
                 put
                 to
                 a
                 necessity
                 to
                 use
                 it
                 ,
                 that
                 you
                 open
                 every
                 bottle
                 after
                 it
                 hath
                 been
                 bottled
                 about
                 a
                 week
                 or
                 so
                 ,
                 and
                 put
                 into
                 each
                 bottle
                 a
                 little
                 piece
                 of
                 
                   white
                   Sugar
                
                 ,
                 about
                 the
                 bigness
                 of
                 a
                 Nutmeg
                 ,
                 and
                 this
                 will
                 set
                 it
                 into
                 a
                 little
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 and
                 give
                 it
                 that
                 briskness
                 which
                 otherwise
                 it
                 would
                 have
                 wanted
                 .
                 But
                 the
                 other
                 way
                 being
                 full
                 as
                 easie
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 nothing
                 to
                 be
                 added
                 but
                 the
                 juice
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 to
                 be
                 simply
                 the
                 substance
                 of
                 your
                 Cider
                 ,
                 I
                 chuse
                 to
                 prefer
                 the
                 errour
                 of
                 being
                 in
                 danger
                 to
                 bottle
                 the
                 Cider
                 too
                 soon
                 ,
                 rather
                 than
                 too
                 late
                 :
                 Nay
                 sometimes
                 in
                 the
                 bottling
                 of
                 one
                 and
                 the
                 same
                 Hogshead
                 (
                 or
                 other
                 Vessel
                 )
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 there
                 may
                 the
                 first
                 part
                 of
                 it
                 be
                 too
                 fine
                 ;
                 the
                 second
                 part
                 well
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 last
                 not
                 fine
                 enough
                 :
                 and
                 this
                 happens
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 broached
                 first
                 above
                 the
                 middle
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 below
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 when
                 it
                 begins
                 to
                 run
                 low
                 ,
                 tilted
                 or
                 raised
                 at
                 the
                 further
                 end
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 all
                 drawn
                 out
                 .
                 But
                 to
                 avoid
                 this
                 inconvenience
                 ,
                 I
                 commonly
                 set
                 the
                 bottles
                 in
                 the
                 order
                 they
                 were
                 filled
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 we
                 need
                 not
                 open
                 all
                 to
                 see
                 the
                 condition
                 of
                 the
                 Cider
                 ;
                 but
                 trying
                 one
                 at
                 each
                 end
                 ,
                 and
                 one
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 ,
                 will
                 serve
                 the
                 turn
                 :
                 And
                 to
                 prevent
                 the
                 inconveniency
                 ,
                 broach
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 above
                 the
                 middle
                 ,
                 nor
                 too
                 low
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 you
                 have
                 drawn
                 all
                 that
                 will
                 run
                 at
                 the
                 Tap
                 ,
                 you
                 may
                 be
                 
                 secure
                 it
                 is
                 so
                 far
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 temper
                 with
                 the
                 first
                 bottle
                 .
                 And
                 then
                 tilt
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ;
                 but
                 draw
                 no
                 more
                 in
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 hours
                 at
                 the
                 least
                 after
                 ,
                 and
                 set
                 them
                 by
                 themselves
                 ,
                 that
                 so
                 ,
                 if
                 you
                 please
                 ,
                 you
                 may
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 days
                 after
                 pour
                 them
                 off
                 into
                 other
                 bottles
                 ,
                 and
                 leave
                 the
                 gross
                 behind
                 :
                 And
                 by
                 this
                 means
                 though
                 you
                 have
                 a
                 less
                 number
                 of
                 bottles
                 of
                 Cider
                 than
                 you
                 had
                 ,
                 yet
                 this
                 will
                 continue
                 good
                 ,
                 and
                 neither
                 be
                 apt
                 to
                 fly
                 ,
                 nor
                 have
                 a
                 sediment
                 in
                 the
                 bottle
                 ,
                 which
                 after
                 the
                 first
                 glass
                 is
                 filled
                 will
                 render
                 all
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 the
                 bottle
                 thick
                 and
                 muddy
                 .
              
               
                 By
                 all
                 this
                 which
                 I
                 have
                 said
                 ,
                 I
                 think
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 made
                 out
                 that
                 those
                 persons
                 which
                 I
                 mentioned
                 in
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 the
                 last
                 Paragraph
                 ,
                 that
                 sometimes
                 had
                 Pepin-cider
                 better
                 than
                 ordinary
                 ,
                 and
                 indeed
                 then
                 they
                 could
                 make
                 again
                 ,
                 were
                 beholding
                 to
                 chance
                 for
                 it
                 ;
                 either
                 that
                 their
                 Apples
                 were
                 not
                 so
                 full
                 ripe
                 at
                 that
                 as
                 at
                 other
                 times
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 not
                 bruised
                 into
                 so
                 small
                 parts
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 fermentation
                 was
                 ended
                 in
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Lee
                 being
                 then
                 gross
                 setled
                 before
                 the
                 Cider
                 had
                 fermented
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 to
                 be
                 hard
                 .
              
               
                 Or
                 else
                 ,
                 by
                 some
                 Accident
                 they
                 had
                 not
                 put
                 it
                 so
                 soon
                 into
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 in
                 part
                 it
                 was
                 setled
                 before
                 they
                 put
                 it
                 up
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 grossest
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 left
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Vessel
                 .
              
               
                 Or
                 else
                 ,
                 the
                 Bung
                 being
                 left
                 open
                 some
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 spirits
                 evaporated
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 made
                 the
                 fermentation
                 the
                 weaker
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 last
                 the
                 less
                 time
                 .
              
               
                 Or
                 else
                 ,
                 they
                 put
                 it
                 up
                 in
                 such
                 a
                 season
                 that
                 the
                 weather
                 continued
                 cold
                 and
                 frosty
                 till
                 the
                 fermentation
                 was
                 quite
                 over
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 it
                 having
                 wrought
                 the
                 less
                 time
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 the
                 less
                 violence
                 ,
                 it
                 remained
                 more
                 pleasant
                 and
                 rich
                 than
                 otherwise
                 it
                 would
                 have
                 done
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 for
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 making
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 I
                 chuse
                 to
                 do
                 it
                 in
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 November
                 ,
                 after
                 the
                 Apples
                 had
                 been
                 gathered
                 and
                 laid
                 about
                 three
                 weeks
                 or
                 more
                 in
                 the
                 loft
                 ,
                 that
                 so
                 the
                 Apples
                 might
                 have
                 had
                 a
                 little
                 time
                 to
                 sweat
                 in
                 the
                 house
                 before
                 the
                 Cider
                 was
                 made
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 too
                 much
                 ;
                 for
                 if
                 they
                 be
                 not
                 full
                 ripe
                 before
                 they
                 be
                 gathered
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 suffered
                 to
                 lye
                 a
                 while
                 in
                 the
                 heap
                 ,
                 the
                 Cider
                 will
                 not
                 be
                 so
                 pleasant
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 they
                 be
                 
                   too
                   ripe
                
                 when
                 they
                 are
                 gathered
                 ,
                 or
                 lye
                 too
                 long
                 in
                 the
                 heap
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 very
                 difficult
                 to
                 separate
                 the
                 Cider
                 from
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee
                
                 before
                 the
                 fermentation
                 begins
                 :
                 and
                 in
                 that
                 case
                 it
                 will
                 work
                 so
                 long
                 ,
                 that
                 when
                 it
                 fines
                 the
                 Cider
                 will
                 be
                 hard
                 ;
                 for
                 when
                 the
                 Apples
                 are
                 too
                 mellow
                 ,
                 they
                 break
                 into
                 so
                 small
                 particles
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 long
                 before
                 the
                 Lee
                 settles
                 by
                 its
                 weight
                 only
                 :
                 and
                 then
                 the
                 fermentation
                 may
                 begin
                 before
                 it
                 be
                 separated
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 destroy
                 your
                 intention
                 of
                 taking
                 away
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee.
                
                 And
                 if
                 the
                 Apples
                 be
                 not
                 mellow
                 enough
                 ,
                 the
                 Cider
                 will
                 not
                 be
                 so
                 pleasant
                 as
                 it
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 being
                 said
                 for
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 making
                 the
                 Pepin-Cider
                 ,
                 may
                 
                   (
                   mutatis
                   mutandis
                
                 )
                 serve
                 for
                 all
                 other
                 sorts
                 of
                 Summer-fruit
                 ;
                 as
                 the
                 
                   Kentish
                   codling
                   ,
                   Marigolds
                   ,
                   Gilly-flowers
                   ,
                   Summer-pearmains
                   ,
                   Summer-pepins
                   ,
                   Holland-pepins
                   ,
                   Golden-pepins
                   ,
                
                 and
                 even
                 Winter-pearmains
                 .
                 For
                 though
                 they
                 must
                 not
                 be
                 made
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 of
                 the
                 year
                 ,
                 yet
                 they
                 must
                 be
                 made
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 when
                 each
                 respective
                 
                 fruit
                 is
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 condition
                 that
                 I
                 before
                 directed
                 that
                 the
                 Winter-pepin
                 should
                 be
                 .
                 Nay
                 ,
                 even
                 in
                 the
                 making
                 of
                 that
                 Cider
                 ,
                 you
                 are
                 not
                 tied
                 to
                 that
                 time
                 of
                 the
                 year
                 to
                 make
                 your
                 Cider
                 ;
                 but
                 as
                 the
                 condition
                 of
                 that
                 particular
                 year
                 hath
                 been
                 ,
                 you
                 may
                 make
                 your
                 Cider
                 one
                 ,
                 two
                 ,
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 weeks
                 later
                 ;
                 but
                 it
                 will
                 be
                 very
                 seldom
                 that
                 you
                 shall
                 need
                 to
                 begin
                 to
                 make
                 Kentish-pepin-Cider
                 before
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 November
                 ,
                 even
                 in
                 the
                 most
                 Southern
                 parts
                 of
                 England
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 next
                 thing
                 I
                 shall
                 mention
                 ,
                 is
                 ,
                 the
                 ordering
                 of
                 your
                 bottles
                 after
                 they
                 are
                 filled
                 ;
                 for
                 in
                 that
                 consists
                 no
                 small
                 part
                 of
                 causing
                 your
                 Cider
                 to
                 be
                 in
                 a
                 just
                 condition
                 to
                 drink
                 :
                 For
                 ,
                 if
                 it
                 does
                 ferment
                 too
                 much
                 in
                 the
                 bottle
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 be
                 so
                 convenient
                 to
                 drink
                 ,
                 neither
                 for
                 the
                 taste
                 ,
                 nor
                 wholsomness
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 it
                 ferment
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 want
                 that
                 little
                 fret
                 which
                 makes
                 it
                 grateful
                 to
                 most
                 Palates
                 .
                 In
                 order
                 to
                 this
                 ,
                 you
                 must
                 observe
                 ,
                 first
                 ,
                 whether
                 the
                 Cider
                 were
                 bottled
                 too
                 early
                 ,
                 or
                 too
                 late
                 ,
                 or
                 in
                 the
                 just
                 time
                 :
                 If
                 too
                 early
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 it
                 hath
                 too
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 
                   flying
                   Lee
                
                 in
                 it
                 ,
                 then
                 you
                 must
                 keep
                 it
                 as
                 cool
                 as
                 you
                 can
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 may
                 not
                 work
                 too
                 much
                 ,
                 and
                 if
                 so
                 little
                 that
                 you
                 doubt
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 work
                 at
                 all
                 ,
                 or
                 too
                 little
                 ;
                 you
                 must
                 by
                 keeping
                 it
                 from
                 the
                 inconvenience
                 of
                 the
                 external
                 air
                 ,
                 endeavour
                 to
                 hasten
                 and
                 increase
                 the
                 fermentation
                 .
                 And
                 this
                 I
                 do
                 ,
                 by
                 setting
                 it
                 in
                 sand
                 to
                 cool
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 covering
                 the
                 bottles
                 very
                 well
                 with
                 straw
                 ,
                 when
                 I
                 would
                 hasten
                 or
                 increase
                 the
                 fermentation
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 if
                 I
                 find
                 the
                 Cider
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 bottled
                 in
                 its
                 just
                 time
                 ,
                 then
                 I
                 use
                 neither
                 ,
                 in
                 ordinary
                 weather
                 ;
                 but
                 content
                 my self
                 that
                 it
                 stands
                 in
                 a
                 close
                 and
                 cool
                 Cellar
                 ,
                 either
                 upon
                 the
                 ground
                 ,
                 or
                 upon
                 shelves
                 ;
                 saving
                 in
                 the
                 time
                 that
                 I
                 apprehend
                 frost
                 ,
                 I
                 cover
                 it
                 with
                 straw
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 take
                 off
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 weather
                 changeth
                 ;
                 and
                 consequently
                 about
                 the
                 time
                 that
                 the
                 cold
                 
                   East
                   winds
                
                 cease
                 ;
                 which
                 usually
                 with
                 us
                 ,
                 is
                 in
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 April
                 ;
                 I
                 set
                 my
                 bottles
                 into
                 sand
                 up
                 to
                 the
                 necks
                 .
                 And
                 by
                 this
                 means
                 I
                 have
                 kept
                 Pepin-cider
                 without
                 change
                 till
                 September
                 ,
                 and
                 might
                 have
                 kept
                 it
                 longer
                 ,
                 if
                 my
                 store
                 had
                 been
                 greater
                 :
                 For
                 by
                 that
                 time
                 the
                 heats
                 were
                 totally
                 over
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 ,
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 the
                 turn
                 of
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 Having
                 now
                 declared
                 what
                 is
                 (
                 according
                 to
                 my
                 opinion
                 )
                 to
                 be
                 done
                 to
                 preserve
                 Cider
                 ,
                 if
                 not
                 in
                 it's
                 original
                 sweetness
                 ,
                 yet
                 to
                 let
                 it
                 lose
                 as
                 little
                 as
                 is
                 possible
                 ;
                 I
                 shall
                 now
                 fall
                 upon
                 my
                 
                   fifth
                   Assertion
                
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 probable
                 that
                 somewhat
                 like
                 the
                 former
                 Method
                 may
                 in
                 some
                 degree
                 mend
                 
                   Hard-Apple-cider
                   ,
                   Perry
                
                 ,
                 or
                 a
                 drink
                 made
                 of
                 the
                 mixtures
                 of
                 Apples
                 and
                 Pears
                 ;
                 and
                 not
                 impossible
                 that
                 somewhat
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 nature
                 may
                 do
                 good
                 to
                 French-wines
                 also
                 .
              
               
                 First
                 ,
                 for
                 French-wines
                 ,
                 I
                 think
                 what
                 I
                 have
                 in
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 this
                 discourse
                 declared
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 hint
                 which
                 first
                 put
                 me
                 upon
                 the
                 conceit
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 over
                 -
                 fermenting
                 of
                 Cider
                 was
                 the
                 cause
                 that
                 it
                 lost
                 of
                 its
                 original
                 sweetness
                 (
                 viz.
                 the
                 making
                 of
                 three
                 sorts
                 of
                 Wine
                 ,
                 of
                 one
                 sort
                 of
                 Grapes
                 )
                 is
                 a
                 testimony
                 that
                 the
                 first
                 sort
                 of
                 Wine
                 hath
                 but
                 little
                 of
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee
                
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 ,
                 ferments
                 but
                 little
                 ,
                 nor
                 loseth
                 but
                 little
                 of
                 the
                 original
                 sweetness
                 ;
                 which
                 
                 makes
                 it
                 evident
                 that
                 the
                 same
                 thing
                 will
                 hold
                 in
                 Wine
                 ,
                 which
                 doth
                 in
                 Cider
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 great
                 difficulty
                 is
                 (
                 if
                 I
                 be
                 rightly
                 informed
                 )
                 that
                 they
                 use
                 to
                 let
                 the
                 Wine
                 begin
                 to
                 ferment
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 before
                 they
                 put
                 it
                 into
                 the
                 Hogsheads
                 or
                 other
                 Vessels
                 ;
                 and
                 thus
                 they
                 do
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Husks
                 and
                 other
                 Filth
                 (
                 which
                 in
                 the
                 way
                 they
                 use
                 ,
                 must
                 necessarily
                 be
                 mingled
                 with
                 the
                 Wine
                 )
                 may
                 rise
                 in
                 a
                 skum
                 at
                 the
                 top
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 be
                 taken
                 off
                 :
                 Now
                 if
                 they
                 please
                 ,
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 pressed
                 ,
                 to
                 pass
                 the
                 Wine
                 through
                 a
                 strainer
                 ,
                 without
                 expecting
                 any
                 such
                 purgation
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 use
                 the
                 same
                 Method
                 formerly
                 prescribed
                 for
                 Cider
                 ,
                 I
                 do
                 not
                 doubt
                 but
                 the
                 gross
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 of
                 Wines
                 ,
                 being
                 thus
                 taken
                 away
                 ,
                 there
                 will
                 yet
                 be
                 enough
                 left
                 to
                 give
                 it
                 a
                 fermentation
                 in
                 the
                 bottles
                 ,
                 or
                 second
                 vessel
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 shall
                 be
                 left
                 to
                 stand
                 ,
                 in
                 case
                 you
                 have
                 not
                 bottles
                 enough
                 to
                 put
                 up
                 all
                 the
                 Wine
                 from
                 which
                 you
                 have
                 thus
                 taken
                 away
                 the
                 
                   gross
                   Lee.
                
                 
              
               
                 This
                 Wine
                 I
                 know
                 not
                 whether
                 it
                 will
                 last
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 the
                 other
                 used
                 in
                 the
                 ordinary
                 way
                 ,
                 or
                 not
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 I
                 confidently
                 believe
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 be
                 so
                 harsh
                 as
                 the
                 same
                 would
                 have
                 been
                 if
                 it
                 had
                 been
                 used
                 in
                 the
                 ordinary
                 way
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 pleasantness
                 of
                 Taste
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 not
                 unwholsome
                 ,
                 is
                 the
                 chief
                 thing
                 which
                 I
                 prefer
                 both
                 in
                 Wine
                 and
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 for
                 the
                 Hard-apple-Cider
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 will
                 receive
                 an
                 improvement
                 by
                 this
                 way
                 of
                 ordering
                 ,
                 hath
                 been
                 long
                 my
                 opinion
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 year
                 an
                 accident
                 happened
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 it
                 evident
                 that
                 I
                 was
                 not
                 mistaken
                 in
                 this
                 conjecture
                 .
                 For
                 there
                 was
                 a
                 Gentleman
                 of
                 Herefordshire
                 ,
                 this
                 last
                 Autumn
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 accident
                 had
                 not
                 provided
                 Cask
                 enough
                 for
                 the
                 Cider
                 he
                 had
                 made
                 ;
                 and
                 having
                 six
                 or
                 seven
                 Hogsheads
                 of
                 Cider
                 for
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 no
                 Cask
                 ,
                 he
                 sent
                 to
                 
                   Worcester
                   ,
                   Glocester
                
                 ,
                 and
                 even
                 to
                 Bristol
                 ,
                 to
                 buy
                 some
                 ,
                 but
                 all
                 in
                 vain
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 his
                 servants
                 returned
                 ,
                 the
                 Cider
                 that
                 wanted
                 Cask
                 had
                 been
                 some
                 five
                 days
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 uncovered
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Gentleman
                 being
                 then
                 dispatching
                 a
                 Barque
                 for
                 London
                 with
                 Cider
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 neer
                 hand
                 a
                 conveniency
                 of
                 getting
                 Glass-bottles
                 ,
                 resolved
                 to
                 put
                 some
                 of
                 it
                 into
                 bottles
                 ;
                 did
                 so
                 ,
                 and
                 filled
                 seven
                 or
                 eight
                 Hampers
                 with
                 the
                 clearest
                 of
                 this
                 Cider
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 ,
                 which
                 had
                 then
                 never
                 wrought
                 ,
                 nor
                 been
                 put
                 into
                 any
                 other
                 Vessel
                 but
                 the
                 Vat
                 ;
                 the
                 Barque
                 in
                 which
                 his
                 Cider
                 came
                 had
                 a
                 tedious
                 passage
                 ;
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 it
                 was
                 at
                 least
                 seven
                 weeks
                 before
                 it
                 came
                 to
                 London
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 that
                 time
                 most
                 of
                 his
                 Cider
                 in
                 Cask
                 had
                 wrought
                 so
                 much
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 much
                 harder
                 than
                 it
                 would
                 have
                 been
                 if
                 it
                 had
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 ordinary
                 way
                 lain
                 still
                 in
                 the
                 Country
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 place
                 where
                 it
                 was
                 first
                 made
                 and
                 put
                 up
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 ,
                 wrought
                 but
                 once
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 in
                 Bottles
                 ,
                 and
                 escaped
                 the
                 breaking
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 by
                 accident
                 ,
                 had
                 less
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 in
                 it
                 than
                 other
                 bottles
                 had
                 ,
                 or
                 was
                 not
                 so
                 hard
                 stopped
                 ,
                 but
                 either
                 before
                 there
                 was
                 force
                 enough
                 from
                 the
                 fermentation
                 to
                 break
                 the
                 bottle
                 ,
                 or
                 that
                 the
                 Cork
                 gave
                 way
                 a
                 little
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 the
                 air
                 got
                 out
                 ;
                 or
                 that
                 the
                 Bottles
                 were
                 not
                 originally
                 well
                 corked
                 ,
                 was
                 excellent
                 good
                 ,
                 beyond
                 any
                 Cider
                 that
                 I
                 had
                 tasted
                 out
                 of
                 Herefordshire
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 from
                 this
                 Experience
                 I
                 dare
                 confidently
                 say
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 using
                 Hard-apple-cider
                 after
                 the
                 former
                 Method
                 ,
                 prescribed
                 for
                 Pepin-cider
                 ,
                 will
                 make
                 it
                 retain
                 
                 a
                 considerable
                 part
                 of
                 sweetness
                 more
                 than
                 it
                 can
                 do
                 after
                 the
                 Method
                 used
                 hitherto
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 .
                 Nor
                 do
                 I
                 doubt
                 but
                 my
                 Method
                 will
                 in
                 a
                 degree
                 have
                 the
                 same
                 effect
                 in
                 Perry
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 drink
                 (
                 as
                 yet
                 without
                 a
                 name
                 that
                 I
                 do
                 know
                 of
                 )
                 which
                 is
                 made
                 of
                 the
                 Juice
                 of
                 
                   Wardens
                   ,
                   Pears
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Apples
                 ,
                 by
                 several
                 persons
                 ,
                 in
                 several
                 proportions
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Reason
                 being
                 the
                 same
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 no
                 cause
                 to
                 doubt
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 effect
                 will
                 follow
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 in
                 those
                 Drinks
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 Cider
                 and
                 Wines
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 am
                 now
                 come
                 to
                 my
                 last
                 Assertion
                 ;
                 that
                 Cider
                 thus
                 used
                 cannot
                 be
                 unwholesom
                 ,
                 but
                 may
                 be
                 done
                 to
                 what
                 degree
                 any
                 mans
                 Palate
                 desires
                 .
              
               
                 First
                 ,
                 It
                 cannot
                 be
                 unwholesome
                 ,
                 upon
                 the
                 same
                 measure
                 that
                 
                   stummed
                   Wine
                
                 is
                 so
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 unwholesomness
                 is
                 by
                 leaving
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 fermentation
                 in
                 the
                 Wine
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 suffering
                 it
                 to
                 produce
                 its
                 effect
                 before
                 the
                 Wine
                 be
                 drank
                 ,
                 and
                 it
                 ferments
                 in
                 mans
                 body
                 :
                 and
                 not
                 only
                 so
                 ,
                 but
                 sets
                 other
                 humours
                 in
                 the
                 body
                 into
                 fermentation
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 prejudiceth
                 their
                 health
                 that
                 drink
                 such
                 Wines
                 .
              
               
                 Now
                 though
                 Cider
                 used
                 in
                 my
                 method
                 should
                 not
                 ferment
                 at
                 all
                 ,
                 till
                 it
                 come
                 into
                 the
                 bottle
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 but
                 a
                 little
                 ;
                 yet
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 fermentation
                 being
                 in
                 a
                 great
                 degree
                 taken
                 away
                 ,
                 the
                 rest
                 can
                 do
                 no
                 considerable
                 harm
                 to
                 those
                 which
                 drink
                 it
                 ,
                 being
                 in
                 it self
                 but
                 little
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 wrought
                 in
                 the
                 bottle
                 before
                 men
                 drink
                 it
                 ;
                 nor
                 indeed
                 do
                 I
                 think
                 ,
                 nor
                 ever
                 find
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 did
                 any
                 inconvenience
                 to
                 my self
                 ,
                 or
                 any
                 person
                 that
                 drank
                 it
                 when
                 it
                 was
                 thus
                 used
                 .
              
               
                 Secondly
                 ,
                 because
                 the
                 difference
                 of
                 mens
                 palates
                 and
                 constitutions
                 is
                 very
                 great
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 accordingly
                 men
                 like
                 or
                 dislike
                 drink
                 that
                 hath
                 more
                 or
                 less
                 of
                 the
                 fret
                 in
                 it
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 the
                 consequences
                 in
                 point
                 of
                 health
                 are
                 very
                 different
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 method
                 by
                 me
                 formerly
                 prescribed
                 :
                 it
                 is
                 in
                 your
                 power
                 to
                 give
                 the
                 Cider
                 just
                 as
                 much
                 fret
                 as
                 you
                 please
                 ,
                 and
                 no
                 more
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 by
                 several
                 ways
                 :
                 for
                 either
                 you
                 may
                 bottle
                 it
                 sooner
                 or
                 later
                 ,
                 as
                 you
                 please
                 :
                 or
                 you
                 may
                 bottle
                 it
                 from
                 two
                 Taps
                 in
                 your
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 from
                 the
                 higher
                 Tap
                 will
                 have
                 less
                 fret
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 lower
                 more
                 :
                 or
                 you
                 may
                 bottle
                 your
                 Cider
                 all
                 from
                 one
                 Tap
                 ,
                 and
                 open
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 bottles
                 about
                 a
                 week
                 after
                 for
                 a
                 few
                 minutes
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 stop
                 them
                 up
                 again
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 which
                 was
                 thus
                 stop'd
                 will
                 have
                 the
                 less
                 fret
                 :
                 or
                 ,
                 if
                 your
                 Cider
                 be
                 bottled
                 all
                 from
                 one
                 Tap
                 ,
                 if
                 you
                 will
                 (
                 even
                 without
                 opening
                 the
                 bottles
                 )
                 you
                 may
                 make
                 some
                 difference
                 ,
                 though
                 not
                 so
                 considerable
                 as
                 either
                 of
                 the
                 former
                 ways
                 ,
                 by
                 keeping
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 bottles
                 warmer
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 first
                 two
                 Months
                 ,
                 than
                 the
                 rest
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 which
                 is
                 kept
                 warmest
                 will
                 have
                 the
                 most
                 fret
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sir
                 
                   PAVL
                   NEILE'S
                
                 second
                 Paper
                 .
              
               
                 
                   My
                   Lord
                   ,
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Paper
                 which
                 by
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Royal
                   Society
                
                 I
                 delivered
                 in
                 the
                 last
                 year
                 ,
                 concerning
                 the
                 ordering
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 by
                 this
                 years
                 experience
                 found
                 defective
                 in
                 one
                 particular
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 I
                 think
                 fit
                 by
                 this
                 to
                 give
                 you
                 notice
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 thus
                 :
                 Whereas
                 in
                 the
                 former
                 Paper
                 I
                 mention
                 ,
                 that
                 after
                 the
                 Pepin-Cider
                 hath
                 stood
                 24
                 hours
                 in
                 the
                 Vat
                 ,
                 it
                 might
                 be
                 drawn
                 off
                 into
                 Pails
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 put
                 into
                 the
                 Vessel
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 having
                 stood
                 a
                 second
                 24
                 hours
                 in
                 that
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 it
                 might
                 be
                 drawn
                 into
                 another
                 Vessel
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 it
                 might
                 stand
                 till
                 it
                 were
                 fit
                 to
                 Bottle
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 particulars
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 proceeding
                 I
                 refer
                 to
                 the
                 former
                 Paper
                 ;
                 and
                 shall
                 now
                 only
                 mention
                 ,
                 That
                 this
                 last
                 year
                 we
                 were
                 fain
                 to
                 draw
                 it
                 off
                 into
                 several
                 Vessels
                 ,
                 not
                 only
                 as
                 is
                 there
                 directed
                 ,
                 twice
                 ,
                 but
                 most
                 of
                 our
                 Cider
                 five
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 six
                 times
                 ;
                 and
                 not
                 only
                 so
                 ,
                 but
                 we
                 were
                 after
                 all
                 this
                 fain
                 to
                 precipitate
                 the
                 Lee
                 by
                 some
                 of
                 those
                 ways
                 mention'd
                 by
                 Dr.
                 Willis
                 in
                 the
                 7th
                 Chap.
                 of
                 his
                 Treatise
                 
                   De
                   fermentatione
                
                 .
                 Now
                 though
                 this
                 be
                 more
                 of
                 trouble
                 than
                 the
                 Method
                 by
                 me
                 formerly
                 mention'd
                 ;
                 yet
                 it
                 doth
                 not
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 destroy
                 that
                 Hypothesis
                 which
                 in
                 the
                 former
                 Discourse
                 I
                 laid
                 down
                 ,
                 
                   (
                   viz.
                
                 )
                 That
                 it
                 was
                 the
                 leaving
                 too
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 with
                 the
                 Cider
                 ,
                 which
                 upon
                 the
                 change
                 of
                 air
                 ,
                 set
                 it
                 into
                 a
                 new
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 made
                 it
                 lose
                 the
                 sweetness
                 ;
                 for
                 this
                 change
                 by
                 the
                 indisposition
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 to
                 settle
                 this
                 year
                 more
                 than
                 others
                 ,
                 hath
                 not
                 hindred
                 the
                 goodness
                 of
                 the
                 Cider
                 ;
                 but
                 that
                 when
                 it
                 was
                 at
                 last
                 mastered
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Cider
                 bottled
                 in
                 a
                 fit
                 temper
                 ,
                 it
                 was
                 never
                 more
                 pleasant
                 and
                 quick
                 than
                 this
                 year
                 :
                 but
                 I
                 find
                 that
                 this
                 year
                 our
                 Cider
                 of
                 Summer-Apples
                 is
                 already
                 turned
                 sowre
                 ,
                 although
                 it
                 be
                 now
                 but
                 the
                 first
                 of
                 January
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 last
                 year
                 it
                 kept
                 very
                 well
                 till
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 March
                 ;
                 which
                 makes
                 me
                 fear
                 that
                 our
                 Pepin-Cider
                 will
                 not
                 keep
                 till
                 this
                 time
                 twelve-moneth
                 ,
                 as
                 our
                 Pepin-Cider
                 of
                 the
                 last
                 year
                 doth
                 till
                 this
                 day
                 ,
                 and
                 still
                 retains
                 its
                 original
                 pleasantness
                 without
                 the
                 least
                 turn
                 towards
                 sowreness
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 I
                 am
                 very
                 confident
                 ,
                 the
                 difference
                 of
                 time
                 and
                 trouble
                 ,
                 which
                 this
                 year
                 we
                 found
                 in
                 getting
                 the
                 Cider
                 to
                 fine
                 and
                 be
                 in
                 a
                 condition
                 to
                 Bottle
                 ,
                 was
                 only
                 the
                 effect
                 of
                 a
                 very
                 bad
                 and
                 wet
                 Summer
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 the
                 Fruit
                 not
                 ripen
                 kindly
                 ;
                 and
                 to
                 make
                 it
                 yet
                 worse
                 ,
                 we
                 had
                 just
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 when
                 we
                 made
                 our
                 Cider
                 ,
                 this
                 year
                 ,
                 extream
                 wet
                 and
                 windy
                 weather
                 ,
                 which
                 (
                 added
                 to
                 the
                 unkindliness
                 of
                 the
                 Fruit
                 )
                 was
                 the
                 whole
                 cause
                 of
                 this
                 alteration
                 :
                 And
                 however
                 my
                 Hypothesis
                 as
                 yet
                 remains
                 firm
                 ,
                 for
                 if
                 by
                 taking
                 any
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 from
                 the
                 Cider
                 you
                 can
                 preserve
                 it
                 in
                 its
                 original
                 sweetness
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 material
                 whether
                 it
                 be
                 always
                 to
                 be
                 done
                 by
                 twice
                 drawing
                 off
                 from
                 the
                 Lee
                 ,
                 or
                 that
                 it
                 must
                 sometimes
                 
                 be
                 done
                 with
                 more
                 trouble
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 oftner
                 repeating
                 the
                 same
                 Work
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 finally
                 it
                 be
                 done
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 the
                 same
                 means
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 by
                 taking
                 away
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Lee
                 ,
                 which
                 otherwise
                 would
                 have
                 caused
                 too
                 much
                 fermentation
                 ;
                 and
                 consequently
                 have
                 made
                 the
                 Cider
                 lose
                 part
                 of
                 its
                 original
                 sweetness
                 .
              
               
                 My
                 Lord
                 ,
                 I
                 should
                 not
                 have
                 presumed
                 to
                 have
                 given
                 you
                 and
                 the
                 Society
                 the
                 trouble
                 of
                 perusing
                 this
                 Paper
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 ,
                 if
                 possible
                 ,
                 I
                 would
                 have
                 you
                 see
                 ,
                 that
                 what
                 I
                 think
                 an
                 errour
                 in
                 any
                 opinion
                 that
                 I
                 have
                 held
                 ,
                 I
                 am
                 willing
                 to
                 own
                 ;
                 and
                 yet
                 I
                 desire
                 not
                 that
                 you
                 should
                 think
                 my
                 mistake
                 greater
                 than
                 in
                 Reality
                 it
                 is
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 OBSERVATIONS
                 Concerning
                 the
                 Making
                 ,
                 and
                 Preserving
                 OF
                 CIDER
                 :
                 BY
                 JOHN
                 NEWBVRGH
                 
                   Esq
                
              
               
                 
                   1.
                   
                
                 
                   IF
                   the
                   Apples
                   are
                   made
                   up
                   immediately
                   from
                   the
                   Tree
                   ,
                   they
                   are
                   observ'd
                   to
                   yield
                   more
                   ,
                   but
                   not
                   so
                   good
                   Cider
                   ,
                   as
                   when
                   hoarded
                   the
                   space
                   of
                   a
                   Moneth
                   or
                   six
                   weeks
                   ;
                   and
                   if
                   they
                   contract
                   any
                   unpleasing
                   taste
                   (
                   as
                   sometimes
                   't
                   is
                   confess'd
                   they
                   do
                   )
                   it
                   may
                   be
                   imputed
                   to
                   the
                   Room
                   they
                   lie
                   in
                   ,
                   which
                   if
                   it
                   hath
                   any
                   thing
                   in
                   it
                   ,
                   of
                   either
                   too
                   sweet
                   or
                   unsavoury
                   smell
                   ,
                   the
                   Apples
                   (
                   as
                   things
                   most
                   susceptible
                   of
                   impression
                   )
                   will
                   be
                   easily
                   tainted
                   thereby
                   .
                
                 
                   One
                   of
                   my
                   acquaintance
                   ,
                   when
                   a
                   child
                   ,
                   hoarding
                   Apples
                   in
                   a
                   Box
                   where
                   Rose-Cakes
                   and
                   other
                   sweets
                   were
                   their
                   companions
                   ,
                   found
                   them
                   of
                   so
                   unsavoury
                   taste
                   ,
                   and
                   of
                   so
                   rank
                   a
                   relish
                   deriv'd
                   from
                   the
                   too
                   near
                   neighbour-hood
                   of
                   the
                   Perfumes
                   ,
                   that
                   even
                   a
                   childish
                   palate
                   (
                   which
                   seldom
                   mislikes
                   any
                   thing
                   that
                   looks
                   like
                   an
                   Apple
                   )
                   could
                   not
                   dispense
                   with
                   it
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   2.
                   
                
                 
                   It
                   is
                   therefore
                   observ'd
                   by
                   prudent
                   Fruiterers
                   ,
                   to
                   lay
                   their
                   Apples
                   upon
                   clean
                   new
                   made
                   Reed
                   ,
                   till
                   they
                   grind
                   them
                   for
                   Cider
                   ,
                   or
                   otherwise
                   make
                   use
                   of
                   them
                   .
                   And
                   if
                   ,
                   notwithstanding
                   this
                   caution
                   ,
                   they
                   contract
                   any
                   rottenness
                   before
                   they
                   come
                   to
                   the
                   Cider-press
                   ,
                   the
                   damage
                   will
                   not
                   be
                   great
                   ,
                   if
                   care
                   be
                   had
                   before
                   the
                   Apples
                   be
                   ground
                   ,
                   to
                   pick
                   out
                   the
                   finnewed
                   and
                   the
                   black-rotten
                   ;
                   the
                   rest
                   ,
                   though
                   somewhat
                   of
                   putrefaction
                   hath
                   pass'd
                   upon
                   them
                   ,
                   will
                   not
                   render
                   the
                   Cider
                   ill
                   condition'd
                   ,
                   either
                   in
                   respect
                   of
                   taste
                   ,
                   or
                   duration
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   A
                   Friend
                   of
                   mine
                   having
                   made
                   provision
                   of
                   Apples
                   for
                   Cider
                   ,
                   whereof
                   so
                   great
                   a
                   part
                   were
                   found
                   rotten
                   when
                   the
                   time
                   of
                   grinding
                   them
                   came
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   did
                   ,
                   as
                   't
                   were
                   wash
                   the
                   Room
                   with
                   their
                   Juice
                   ,
                   through
                   which
                   they
                   were
                   carried
                   to
                   the
                   Wring
                   ,
                   had
                   Cider
                   from
                   them
                   not
                   only
                   passable
                   ,
                   but
                   exceeding
                   good
                   ;
                   though
                   not
                   without
                   previous
                   use
                   of
                   the
                   pre-mention'd
                   Caution
                   .
                   I
                   am
                   also
                   assured
                   by
                   a
                   Neighbour
                   of
                   mine
                   ,
                   That
                   a
                   Brother
                   of
                   his
                   who
                   is
                   a
                   great
                   Cider-Merchant
                   in
                   Devonshire
                   ,
                   is
                   by
                   frequent
                   experience
                   so
                   well
                   satisfied
                   of
                   the
                   harmlesness
                   of
                   Rotten-Apples
                   ,
                   that
                   he
                   makes
                   no
                   scruple
                   of
                   exchanging
                   with
                   any
                   one
                   that
                   comes
                   to
                   his
                   Cider-press
                   ,
                   a
                   Bushel
                   of
                   sound-Apples
                   for
                   the
                   same
                   measure
                   of
                   the
                   other
                   .
                   Herein
                   ,
                   I
                   suppose
                   ,
                   (
                   if
                   in
                   other
                   respects
                   they
                   be
                   not
                   prejudicial
                   )
                   he
                   may
                   be
                   a
                   gainer
                   by
                   the
                   near
                   compression
                   of
                   the
                   tainted
                   Fruit
                   ,
                   which
                   ,
                   as
                   we
                   speak
                   in
                   our
                   Country
                   Phrase
                   ,
                   will
                   go
                   nearer
                   together
                   than
                   the
                   other
                   .
                   His
                   advantage
                   may
                   be
                   the
                   greater
                   ,
                   if
                   the
                   conceit
                   which
                   goes
                   current
                   with
                   them
                   be
                   not
                   a
                   bottomless
                   fancy
                   ,
                   That
                   a
                   convenient
                   quantity
                   of
                   rotten-Apples
                   mixt
                   with
                   the
                   sound
                   ,
                   is
                   greatly
                   assistant
                   to
                   the
                   work
                   of
                   fermentation
                   ,
                   and
                   notably
                   helps
                   to
                   clarifie
                   the
                   Cider
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   3.
                   
                
                 
                   It
                   matters
                   not
                   much
                   whether
                   the
                   Cider
                   be
                   forc'd
                   to
                   purge
                   it self
                   by
                   working
                   downwards
                   in
                   the
                   Barrel
                   ,
                   or
                   upwards
                   at
                   the
                   usual
                   Vent
                   ,
                   so
                   there
                   be
                   matter
                   sufficient
                   left
                   on
                   the
                   top
                   for
                   a
                   thick
                   skin
                   or
                   film
                   ,
                   which
                   will
                   sometimes
                   be
                   drawn
                   over
                   it
                   when
                   it
                   works
                   ,
                   after
                   the
                   usual
                   manner
                   ,
                   as
                   when
                   't
                   is
                   presently
                   stopt
                   up
                   with
                   space
                   left
                   for
                   fermentation
                   ,
                   to
                   be
                   perform'd
                   altogether
                   within
                   the
                   Vessel
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   thick
                   skin
                   ,
                   or
                   Leathern-coat
                   ,
                   the
                   Cider
                   oftentimes
                   contracts
                   ,
                   as
                   well
                   after
                   it
                   hath
                   purged
                   it self
                   after
                   the
                   usual
                   manner
                   ,
                   as
                   otherwise
                   ,
                   is
                   held
                   the
                   surest
                   preservation
                   of
                   its
                   spirits
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   best
                   security
                   against
                   other
                   inconveniences
                   incident
                   to
                   this
                   ,
                   and
                   other
                   like
                   vinous
                   Liquors
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   the
                   
                     Devonshire
                     Cider-Merchants
                  
                   are
                   so
                   sensible
                   ,
                   that
                   ,
                   beside
                   the
                   particular
                   care
                   they
                   take
                   ,
                   that
                   matter
                   be
                   not
                   wanting
                   for
                   the
                   Contexture
                   of
                   this
                   upper
                   garment
                   by
                   stopping
                   up
                   the
                   Vessel
                   as
                   soon
                   as
                   they
                   have
                   fill'd
                   it
                   ;
                   (
                   with
                   the
                   allowance
                   of
                   a
                   Gallon
                   or
                   two
                   upon
                   the
                   score
                   of
                   Fermentation
                   )
                   they
                   cast
                   in
                   Wheaten
                   Bran
                   ,
                   or
                   Dust
                   ,
                   to
                   thicken
                   the
                   Coat
                   ,
                   and
                   render
                   it
                   more
                   certainly
                   Air-proof
                   .
                   And
                   I
                   think
                   you
                   will
                   believe
                   their
                   care
                   in
                   this
                   kind
                   not
                   impertinent
                   ,
                   if
                   you
                   can
                   believe
                   a
                   story
                   which
                   I
                   have
                   to
                   tell
                   of
                   its
                   marvellous
                   efficacy
                   :
                   A
                   near
                   neighbour
                   of
                   mine
                   assures
                   me
                   ,
                   that
                   his
                   Wife
                   having
                   this
                   year
                   filled
                   a
                   Barrel
                   with
                   Mead
                   ,
                   being
                   strong
                   ,
                   it
                   wrought
                   so
                   boistrously
                   in
                   the
                   Vessel
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   good
                   Woman
                   casting
                   her
                   eye
                   that
                   way
                   ,
                   accidentally
                   ,
                   found
                   it
                   leaking
                   at
                   every
                   chink
                   ,
                   which
                   ascribing
                   to
                   the
                   strength
                   of
                   the
                   Liquor
                   ,
                   she
                   thought
                   immediately
                   by
                   giving
                   it
                   vent
                   ,
                   to
                   save
                   both
                   the
                   Liquor
                   and
                   the
                   Vessel
                   ,
                   but
                   in
                   vain
                   ;
                   both
                   the
                   Stopples
                   being
                   pulled
                   out
                   ,
                   the
                   leakage
                   still
                   continued
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Vessel
                   not
                   at
                   all
                   reliev'd
                   ,
                   till
                   casually
                   at
                   length
                   
                   putting
                   in
                   her
                   finger
                   at
                   the
                   top
                   ,
                   she
                   brake
                   the
                   premention'd
                   film
                   ;
                   which
                   done
                   ,
                   a
                   good
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Mead
                   immediately
                   flying
                   out
                   ,
                   left
                   the
                   residue
                   in
                   peace
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   leakage
                   ceased
                   .
                   It
                   may
                   seem
                   incredible
                   that
                   so
                   thin
                   a
                   skin
                   should
                   be
                   more
                   coercive
                   to
                   a
                   mutinous
                   Liquor
                   ,
                   than
                   a
                   Barrel
                   with
                   Oaken-Ribs
                   ,
                   and
                   stubborn
                   Hoops
                   :
                   But
                   I
                   am
                   so
                   well
                   assur'd
                   of
                   the
                   veritableness
                   of
                   my
                   Neighbours
                   Relation
                   ,
                   that
                   I
                   dare
                   not
                   question
                   it
                   :
                   The
                   reason
                   of
                   it
                   let
                   wiser
                   men
                   determine
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   4.
                   
                
                 
                   If
                   the
                   Apples
                   be
                   abortive
                   ,
                   having
                   been
                   (
                   as
                   it
                   usually
                   happens
                   )
                   shaken
                   down
                   before
                   the
                   time
                   by
                   a
                   violent
                   Wind
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   observ'd
                   to
                   be
                   so
                   indispensably
                   necessary
                   that
                   they
                   lie
                   together
                   in
                   hoard
                   ,
                   at
                   least
                   till
                   the
                   usual
                   time
                   of
                   their
                   maturity
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   Cider
                   otherwise
                   is
                   seldom
                   ,
                   or
                   never
                   found
                   worth
                   the
                   drinking
                   .
                
                 
                   A
                   Neighbour
                   told
                   me
                   ,
                   That
                   making
                   a
                   quantity
                   of
                   Cider
                   with
                   Wind-falls
                   which
                   he
                   let
                   ripen
                   in
                   the
                   Hoard
                   ,
                   near
                   a
                   month
                   interceding
                   between
                   the
                   time
                   of
                   their
                   decussion
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   which
                   Nature
                   intended
                   for
                   their
                   maturity
                   ;
                   his
                   Cider
                   prov'd
                   very
                   good
                   ,
                   when
                   all
                   his
                   Neighbours
                   who
                   made
                   up
                   their
                   untimely
                   fruit
                   assoon
                   as
                   it
                   fell
                   ,
                   had
                   a
                   crude
                   ,
                   austere
                   ,
                   indigested
                   Liquor
                   ,
                   not
                   worth
                   the
                   name
                   of
                   Cider
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   5.
                   
                
                 
                   No
                   Liquor
                   is
                   observ'd
                   to
                   be
                   more
                   easily
                   affected
                   with
                   the
                   savour
                   of
                   the
                   Vessel
                   it
                   is
                   put
                   into
                   ,
                   than
                   Cider
                   ;
                   therefore
                   singular
                   care
                   is
                   taken
                   by
                   discreet
                   Cider-Masters
                   ,
                   That
                   the
                   Vessel
                   be
                   not
                   only
                   tasteless
                   ,
                   but
                   also
                   well
                   prepar'd
                   for
                   the
                   Liquor
                   they
                   intend
                   to
                   fill
                   it
                   with
                   .
                   If
                   it
                   be
                   a
                   new
                   Cask
                   ,
                   they
                   prepare
                   it
                   by
                   scalding
                   it
                   with
                   Water
                   ,
                   wherein
                   a
                   good
                   quantity
                   of
                   Apple-pomice
                   hath
                   been
                   boil'd
                   :
                   if
                   a
                   tainted
                   Cask
                   ,
                   they
                   have
                   divers
                   ways
                   of
                   cleansing
                   it
                   .
                   Some
                   boil
                   an
                   Ounce
                   of
                   Pepper
                   in
                   so
                   much
                   Water
                   as
                   will
                   fill
                   an
                   Hogshead
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   let
                   stand
                   in
                   a
                   Vessel
                   of
                   that
                   capacity
                   two
                   or
                   three
                   days
                   ,
                   and
                   then
                   wash
                   it
                   with
                   a
                   convenient
                   quantity
                   of
                   fresh
                   Water
                   scalding
                   hot
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   say
                   is
                   an
                   undoubted
                   cure
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   dangerously
                   infected
                   Vessel
                   .
                   A
                   Friend
                   and
                   Neighbour
                   of
                   mine
                   herewith
                   cured
                   a
                   Vessel
                   of
                   so
                   extream
                   ill
                   savour
                   ,
                   as
                   it
                   was
                   thought
                   it
                   would
                   little
                   less
                   than
                   poyson
                   any
                   Liquor
                   that
                   was
                   put
                   into
                   it
                   .
                   Others
                   have
                   a
                   more
                   easie
                   ,
                   and
                   perhaps
                   no
                   less
                   effectual
                   Remedy
                   .
                   They
                   take
                   two
                   or
                   three
                   stones
                   of
                   quick-Lime
                   ,
                   which
                   in
                   six
                   or
                   seven
                   Gallons
                   of
                   Water
                   they
                   set
                   on
                   work
                   in
                   the
                   Hogshead
                   being
                   close
                   stopt
                   ,
                   and
                   tumbling
                   it
                   up
                   and
                   down
                   till
                   the
                   commotion
                   cease
                   ,
                   it
                   doth
                   the
                   feat
                   .
                   Of
                   Vessels
                   that
                   have
                   been
                   formerly
                   used
                   ,
                   next
                   to
                   that
                   which
                   hath
                   been
                   already
                   acquainted
                   with
                   Cider
                   ,
                   a
                   White-Wine
                   ,
                   or
                   
                     Vinegar
                     Cask
                  
                   is
                   esteem'd
                   the
                   best
                   ;
                   Claret
                   or
                   Sack
                   not
                   so
                   good
                   .
                   A
                   Barrel
                   newly
                   tenanted
                   by
                   small
                   Beer
                   suits
                   better
                   with
                   Cider
                   than
                   a
                   strong
                   -
                   Beer
                   Vessel
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 
                   6.
                   
                
                 
                   Half
                   a
                   peck
                   of
                   unground
                   Wheat
                   put
                   to
                   Cider
                   that
                   is
                   harsh
                   and
                   eager
                   ,
                   will
                   renew
                   its
                   fermentation
                   ,
                   and
                   render
                   it
                   more
                   mild
                   and
                   gentle
                   .
                   Sometimes
                   it
                   happens
                   without
                   the
                   use
                   of
                   any
                   such
                   means
                   to
                   change
                   with
                   the
                   season
                   ,
                   and
                   becomes
                   of
                   sharp
                   and
                   sour
                   unexpectedly
                   benigne
                   and
                   pleasant
                   .
                   Two
                   or
                   three
                   Eggs
                   whole
                   put
                   into
                   an
                   Hogshead
                   of
                   Cider
                   that
                   is
                   become
                   sharp
                   and
                   near
                   of
                   kin
                   to
                   Vinegar
                   ,
                   sometimes
                   rarely
                   lenifies
                   and
                   gentilizes
                   it
                   .
                   One
                   pound
                   of
                   broad-figs
                   slit
                   ,
                   is
                   said
                   to
                   dulcifie
                   an
                   Hogshead
                   of
                   such
                   Cider
                   .
                
                 
                   A
                   Neighbour
                   Divine
                   ,
                   of
                   my
                   acquaintance
                   ,
                   assured
                   me
                   ,
                   That
                   coming
                   into
                   a
                   Parsonage-house
                   in
                   Devonshire
                   ,
                   where
                   he
                   found
                   eleven
                   Hogsheads
                   of
                   Cider
                   ;
                   being
                   unwilling
                   to
                   sell
                   what
                   he
                   never
                   bought
                   ,
                   he
                   was
                   three
                   years
                   in
                   spending
                   that
                   store
                   which
                   the
                   former
                   Incumbent
                   had
                   left
                   him
                   ;
                   and
                   it
                   greatly
                   amus'd
                   him
                   (
                   as
                   well
                   it
                   might
                   ,
                   if
                   he
                   remember'd
                   the
                   old
                   
                     Proverb
                     ,
                     He
                     mends
                     as
                     sour
                     Ale
                     in
                     Summer
                  
                   )
                   to
                   find
                   the
                   same
                   Cider
                   ,
                   which
                   in
                   Winter
                   was
                   almost
                   as
                   sharp
                   as
                   Vinegar
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   Summer
                   become
                   a
                   potable
                   and
                   good-natur'd
                   Liquor
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   7.
                   
                
                 
                   A
                   little
                   quantity
                   of
                   Mustard
                   will
                   clear
                   an
                   Hogshead
                   of
                   muddy
                   Cider
                   .
                   The
                   same
                   Virtue
                   is
                   ascribed
                   to
                   two
                   or
                   three
                   
                     rotten
                     Apples
                  
                   put
                   into
                   it
                   .
                   Mustard
                   made
                   with
                   Sack
                   preserves
                   boild
                   Cider
                   ,
                   and
                   spirits
                   it
                   egregiously
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   8.
                   
                
                 
                   Cider
                   is
                   found
                   to
                   ferment
                   much
                   better
                   in
                   mild
                   and
                   moist
                   ,
                   than
                   in
                   cold
                   and
                   dry
                   weather
                   .
                   Every
                   ones
                   Experience
                   hath
                   taught
                   him
                   so
                   much
                   in
                   the
                   late
                   frosty
                   season
                   .
                   If
                   it
                   had
                   not
                   wrought
                   before
                   ,
                   it
                   was
                   in
                   vain
                   to
                   expect
                   its
                   working
                   or
                   clearing
                   then
                   ,
                   unless
                   by
                   some
                   of
                   the
                   artificial
                   means
                   premention'd
                   ,
                   which
                   also
                   could
                   not
                   be
                   made
                   use
                   of
                   in
                   a
                   more
                   inconvenient
                   time
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   9.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   latter
                   running
                   of
                   the
                   Cider
                   bottled
                   immediately
                   from
                   the
                   Wring
                   ,
                   is
                   by
                   some
                   esteem'd
                   a
                   pure
                   ,
                   clear
                   ,
                   small
                   ,
                   well
                   relisht
                   Liquor
                   ;
                   but
                   so
                   much
                   undervalued
                   by
                   them
                   who
                   desire
                   strong
                   drinks
                   more
                   than
                   wholesome
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   will
                   not
                   suffer
                   it
                   to
                   incorporate
                   with
                   the
                   first
                   running
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Devonshire
                   where
                   their
                   Wrings
                   are
                   so
                   hugely
                   great
                   ,
                   that
                   an
                   Hogshead
                   or
                   two
                   runs
                   out
                   commonly
                   before
                   the
                   Apples
                   suffer
                   any
                   considerable
                   pressure
                   ,
                   they
                   value
                   this
                   before
                   the
                   other
                   ,
                   much
                   
                   after
                   the
                   rate
                   which
                   we
                   set
                   upon
                   life-honey
                   (
                   that
                   which
                   in
                   like
                   sort
                   drops
                   freely
                   out
                   of
                   the
                   Combs
                   )
                   above
                   that
                   which
                   renders
                   not
                   it self
                   without
                   compression
                   .
                   In
                   Jersey
                   they
                   value
                   it
                   a
                   Crown
                   upon
                   an
                   Hogshead
                   dearer
                   than
                   the
                   other
                   :
                   (
                   This
                   I
                   take
                   from
                   the
                   Relation
                   of
                   one
                   of
                   my
                   Neighbours
                   ,
                   who
                   sometimes
                   lived
                   in
                   that
                   Island
                   ,
                   which
                   for
                   Apples
                   and
                   Cider
                   is
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   most
                   famous
                   of
                   all
                   belonging
                   to
                   his
                   Majesties
                   Dominions
                   )
                   Yet
                   even
                   upon
                   this
                   ,
                   and
                   their
                   choicest
                   Ciders
                   ,
                   they
                   commonly
                   bestow
                   a
                   pail
                   of
                   water
                   to
                   every
                   Hogshead
                   ,
                   being
                   so
                   far
                   (
                   it
                   seems
                   )
                   of
                   
                   Pindar's
                   mind
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   fear
                   not
                   any
                   prejudice
                   to
                   their
                   most
                   excellent
                   Liquors
                   by
                   a
                   dash
                   of
                   that
                   most
                   excellent
                   Element
                   :
                   Insomuch
                   that
                   it
                   goes
                   for
                   a
                   common
                   saying
                   amongst
                   them
                   ,
                   That
                   if
                   any
                   Cider
                   can
                   be
                   found
                   in
                   their
                   Island
                   ,
                   which
                   can
                   be
                   prov'd
                   to
                   have
                   no
                   mixture
                   of
                   Water
                   ,
                   't
                   is
                   clearly
                   forfeited
                   .
                   It
                   seems
                   they
                   are
                   strongly
                   conceited
                   ,
                   that
                   this
                   addition
                   of
                   the
                   most
                   useful
                   Element
                   ,
                   doth
                   greatly
                   meliorate
                   their
                   Cider
                   ,
                   both
                   in
                   respect
                   of
                   
                     Colour
                     ,
                     Taste
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Clarity
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   10.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   best
                   Cider-fruit
                   with
                   us
                   in
                   this
                   part
                   of
                   Dorsetshire
                   (
                   lying
                   near
                   Bred-port
                   )
                   next
                   to
                   Pepin
                   and
                   Pearmain
                   ,
                   is
                   a
                   Bitter-sweet
                   ,
                   or
                   (
                   as
                   we
                   vulgarly
                   call
                   them
                   )
                   Bitter-scale
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   for
                   the
                   first
                   ,
                   the
                   Cider
                   unboil'd
                   keeps
                   well
                   for
                   one
                   year
                   ;
                   boiling
                   it
                   you
                   may
                   keep
                   it
                   two
                   years
                   or
                   longer
                   .
                
                 
                   About
                   seven
                   years
                   since
                   I
                   gave
                   my self
                   the
                   Experience
                   of
                   
                     Bitter-scale
                     Cider
                  
                   both
                   crude
                   and
                   boil'd
                   .
                   I
                   call'd
                   them
                   both
                   to
                   account
                   at
                   twelve
                   Months
                   end
                   .
                   I
                   then
                   found
                   the
                   
                     crude
                     Cider
                  
                   seemingly
                   as
                   good
                   ,
                   if
                   not
                   better
                   ,
                   than
                   the
                   boiled
                   .
                   But
                   ,
                   having
                   stopt
                   up
                   the
                   boil'd
                   ,
                   I
                   took
                   it
                   to
                   task
                   again
                   about
                   ten
                   Months
                   after
                   .
                   At
                   which
                   time
                   ,
                   I
                   found
                   it
                   so
                   excessively
                   strong
                   ,
                   that
                   five
                   persons
                   would
                   hardly
                   venture
                   upon
                   an
                   ordinary
                   Glass
                   full
                   of
                   it
                   .
                   My
                   friends
                   would
                   hardly
                   believe
                   but
                   I
                   had
                   heightned
                   it
                   with
                   some
                   of
                   my
                   
                     Chymical
                     Spirits
                  
                   .
                   The
                   truth
                   is
                   ,
                   I
                   do
                   not
                   remember
                   that
                   I
                   ever
                   drunk
                   any
                   Liquor
                   ,
                   on
                   this
                   side
                   Spirits
                   ,
                   so
                   highly
                   strong
                   ,
                   and
                   spirituous
                   ;
                   but
                   wanting
                   pleasantness
                   answerable
                   to
                   its
                   strength
                   ,
                   I
                   was
                   not
                   very
                   fond
                   of
                   my
                   Experiment
                   .
                   In
                   which
                   I
                   boil'd
                   away
                   ,
                   as
                   I
                   remember
                   ,
                   more
                   than
                   half
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   11.
                   
                
                 
                   A
                   Neighbour
                   having
                   a
                   good
                   Provent
                   of
                   pure-Lings
                   (
                   an
                   Apple
                   of
                   choice
                   account
                   with
                   us
                   )
                   making
                   up
                   a
                   good
                   part
                   of
                   them
                   to
                   Cider
                   ,
                   expected
                   rare
                   Liquor
                   ,
                   but
                   it
                   prov'd
                   very
                   mean
                   and
                   pitiful
                   Cider
                   ,
                   as
                   generally
                   we
                   find
                   that
                   to
                   be
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   made
                   without
                   mixture
                   .
                   We
                   have
                   few
                   Apples
                   with
                   us
                   ,
                   beside
                   the
                   Bitter-scale
                   ,
                   which
                   yield
                   good
                   Cider
                   alone
                   ;
                   next
                   to
                   it
                   
                   is
                   a
                   Deans-Apple
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Peleasantine
                   I
                   think
                   may
                   be
                   mention'd
                   in
                   the
                   third
                   place
                   ;
                   neither
                   of
                   which
                   need
                   the
                   Addition
                   of
                   other
                   Apples
                   to
                   set
                   off
                   the
                   Relish
                   ,
                   as
                   do
                   the
                   rest
                   of
                   our
                   choicest
                   Fruits
                   .
                   
                     Pepins
                     ,
                     Pearmains
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Gilliflours
                   commixt
                   ,
                   are
                   said
                   to
                   make
                   the
                   best
                   Cider
                   in
                   the
                   world
                   .
                   In
                   Jersey
                   't
                   is
                   a
                   general
                   observation
                   ,
                   as
                   I
                   hear
                   ,
                   That
                   the
                   more
                   of
                   red
                   any
                   Apple
                   hath
                   in
                   its
                   rind
                   ,
                   the
                   more
                   proper
                   it
                   is
                   for
                   this
                   use
                   .
                   Paleface't-Apples
                   they
                   exclude
                   as
                   much
                   as
                   may
                   be
                   from
                   their
                   Cider-Vat
                   .
                   'T
                   is
                   with
                   us
                   an
                   observation
                   ,
                   That
                   no
                   sweet-Apple
                   that
                   hath
                   a
                   tough
                   rind
                   ,
                   is
                   bad
                   for
                   Cider
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   12.
                   
                
                 
                   If
                   you
                   boil
                   your
                   Cider
                   ,
                   special
                   care
                   is
                   to
                   be
                   had
                   ,
                   That
                   you
                   put
                   it
                   into
                   the
                   furnace
                   immediately
                   from
                   the
                   Wring
                   ;
                   otherwise
                   ,
                   if
                   it
                   be
                   let
                   stand
                   i●
                   Vats
                   or
                   Vessels
                   two
                   or
                   three
                   days
                   after
                   the
                   pressure
                   ,
                   the
                   best
                   ,
                   and
                   most
                   spirituous
                   part
                   will
                   ascend
                   ,
                   and
                   vapour
                   away
                   when
                   the
                   fire
                   is
                   put
                   under
                   it
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   longer
                   the
                   boiling
                   continues
                   ,
                   the
                   less
                   of
                   goodness
                   ,
                   or
                   virtue
                   will
                   be
                   left
                   remaining
                   in
                   the
                   Cider
                   .
                
                 
                   My
                   Distillations
                   sufficiently
                   instruct
                   me
                   ,
                   That
                   the
                   same
                   Liquor
                   which
                   (
                   after
                   fermentation
                   hath
                   pass'd
                   upon
                   it
                   )
                   yields
                   a
                   plentiful
                   quantity
                   of
                   spirit
                   ,
                   drawn
                   off
                   unfermented
                   ,
                   yields
                   nothing
                   at
                   all
                   of
                   spirit
                   .
                   And
                   upon
                   the
                   same
                   account
                   it
                   is
                   undoubtedly
                   certain
                   ,
                   That
                   Cider
                   boil'd
                   immediately
                   from
                   the
                   Wring
                   ,
                   hath
                   its
                   spirits
                   comprest
                   ,
                   and
                   drawn
                   into
                   a
                   narrower
                   compass
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   wash'd
                   and
                   evaporated
                   by
                   late
                   unseasonable
                   boiling
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 CONCERNING
                 CIDER
                 ,
              
               
                 By
                 Doctor
                 SMITH
                 .
              
               
                 THE
                 best
                 time
                 to
                 grind
                 the
                 Apples
                 is
                 immediately
                 from
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 so
                 soon
                 as
                 they
                 are
                 throughly
                 ripe
                 :
                 for
                 ,
                 so
                 they
                 will
                 yield
                 the
                 greater
                 quantity
                 of
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 the
                 Cider
                 will
                 drink
                 the
                 better
                 ,
                 and
                 last
                 longer
                 than
                 if
                 the
                 Apples
                 were
                 hoarded
                 :
                 For
                 Cider
                 made
                 of
                 hoarded
                 Apples
                 will
                 always
                 retain
                 an
                 unpleasing
                 taste
                 of
                 the
                 Apples
                 ,
                 especially
                 if
                 they
                 contract
                 any
                 rottenness
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Cider
                 that
                 is
                 ground
                 in
                 a
                 Stone-case
                 is
                 generally
                 accused
                 to
                 taste
                 unpleasantly
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Rinds
                   ,
                   Stems
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Kernels
                 of
                 the
                 Apples
                 ;
                 which
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 if
                 ground
                 in
                 a
                 Case
                 of
                 Wood
                 ,
                 which
                 doth
                 not
                 bruise
                 them
                 so
                 much
                 .
              
               
                 So
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 Cider
                 is
                 made
                 ,
                 put
                 it
                 into
                 the
                 Vessel
                 (
                 leaving
                 it
                 about
                 the
                 space
                 of
                 one
                 Gallon
                 empty
                 )
                 and
                 presently
                 stop
                 it
                 up
                 very
                 close
                 :
                 This
                 way
                 is
                 observed
                 to
                 keep
                 it
                 longer
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 preserve
                 its
                 spirits
                 better
                 than
                 the
                 usual
                 way
                 of
                 filling
                 the
                 Vessel
                 quite
                 full
                 ,
                 and
                 keeping
                 it
                 open
                 till
                 it
                 hath
                 done
                 fermenting
                 .
              
               
                 Cider
                 put
                 into
                 a
                 new
                 Vessel
                 will
                 often
                 taste
                 of
                 the
                 Wood
                 ,
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 pierced
                 early
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 same
                 stopped
                 up
                 again
                 ,
                 and
                 reserved
                 till
                 the
                 latter
                 end
                 of
                 the
                 year
                 ,
                 will
                 free
                 it self
                 of
                 that
                 taste
                 .
              
               
                 If
                 the
                 Cider
                 be
                 sharp
                 and
                 thick
                 it
                 will
                 recover
                 it self
                 again
                 :
                 But
                 if
                 sharp
                 and
                 clear
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 not
                 .
              
               
                 About
                 March
                 (
                 or
                 when
                 the
                 Cider
                 begins
                 to
                 sparkle
                 in
                 the
                 glass
                 )
                 before
                 it
                 be
                 too
                 fine
                 ,
                 is
                 the
                 best
                 time
                 to
                 bottle
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 Cider
                 will
                 be
                 much
                 longer
                 in
                 clearing
                 in
                 a
                 mild
                 and
                 moist
                 ,
                 then
                 in
                 a
                 cold
                 and
                 dry
                 Winter
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 every
                 Hogshead
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 designed
                 for
                 two
                 years
                 keeping
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 requisite
                 to
                 add
                 (
                 about
                 March
                 ,
                 the
                 first
                 year
                 )
                 a
                 quart
                 of
                 Wheat
                 unground
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 best
                 Fruit
                 (
                 with
                 us
                 in
                 Glocester-shire
                 )
                 for
                 the
                 first
                 years
                 Cider
                 ,
                 are
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 ;
                 the
                 White
                 and
                 Red
                 Must-apple
                 ,
                 the
                 sweet
                 and
                 sour
                 Pepin
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Harvey-apple
                 .
              
               
                 Pearmains
                 alone
                 make
                 but
                 a
                 small
                 liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 hardly
                 clearing
                 of
                 it self
                 ;
                 but
                 ,
                 mixed
                 either
                 with
                 sweet
                 or
                 sour
                 Pepins
                 ,
                 it
                 becomes
                 very
                 brisk
                 and
                 clear
                 .
              
               
                 Must-apple-cider
                 (
                 though
                 the
                 first
                 made
                 )
                 is
                 always
                 the
                 last
                 ripe
                 ;
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 pulp
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 passeth
                 the
                 strainer
                 in
                 pressing
                 ,
                 and
                 makes
                 it
                 exceeding
                 thick
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Cider
                 of
                 the
                 Bromsbury-Crab
                 ,
                 and
                 Fox-whelp
                 ,
                 is
                 not
                 fit
                 for
                 drinking
                 ,
                 till
                 the
                 
                   second
                   year
                
                 ,
                 but
                 then
                 very
                 good
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Cider
                 of
                 the
                 Bromsbury-Crab
                 yields
                 a
                 far
                 greater
                 proportion
                 of
                 spirits
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 distillation
                 ,
                 than
                 any
                 of
                 the
                 others
                 .
              
               
                 Crabs
                 and
                 Pears
                 mixed
                 make
                 a
                 very
                 pleasing
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 and
                 much
                 sooner
                 ripe
                 than
                 Pears
                 alone
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 OF
                 CIDER
                 .
              
               
                 
                   By
                   Capt.
                
                 SYLAS
                 TAYLOR
                 .
              
               
                 HErefordshire
                 affords
                 several
                 sorts
                 of
                 Cider-apples
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 two
                 sorts
                 of
                 
                   Red
                   strakes
                
                 ,
                 the
                 Gennet-moyle
                 ,
                 the
                 Summer-violet
                 ,
                 or
                 Fillet
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Winter-fillet
                 ;
                 with
                 many
                 other
                 sorts
                 which
                 are
                 used
                 only
                 to
                 make
                 Cider
                 .
                 Of
                 which
                 some
                 use
                 each
                 sort
                 simply
                 ;
                 and
                 others
                 mix
                 many
                 sorts
                 together
                 .
                 This
                 County
                 is
                 very
                 well
                 stored
                 with
                 other
                 sorts
                 of
                 Apples
                 ;
                 as
                 
                   Pepins
                   ,
                   Pearmains
                   ,
                   &c.
                
                 of
                 which
                 there
                 is
                 much
                 Cider
                 made
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 to
                 be
                 compared
                 to
                 the
                 Cider
                 drawn
                 from
                 the
                 Cider-apples
                 ;
                 among
                 which
                 the
                 Red-strakes
                 bear
                 the
                 Bell
                 ;
                 a
                 Fruit
                 in
                 it self
                 scarce
                 edible
                 ;
                 yet
                 the
                 juice
                 being
                 pressed
                 out
                 is
                 immediately
                 pleasant
                 in
                 taste
                 ,
                 without
                 any
                 thing
                 of
                 that
                 restringency
                 which
                 it
                 had
                 when
                 incorporated
                 with
                 the
                 meat
                 ,
                 or
                 flesh
                 of
                 the
                 Apple
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 many
                 times
                 
                   three
                   Months
                
                 before
                 it
                 comes
                 to
                 its
                 clearness
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   six
                   Months
                
                 before
                 it
                 comes
                 to
                 a
                 ripeness
                 fit
                 for
                 drinking
                 ;
                 yet
                 I
                 have
                 tasted
                 of
                 it
                 
                   three
                   years
                   old
                
                 ,
                 very
                 pleasant
                 ,
                 though
                 dangerously
                 strong
                 .
                 The
                 colour
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 when
                 fine
                 ,
                 is
                 of
                 a
                 sparkling
                 yellow
                 ,
                 like
                 Canary
                 ,
                 of
                 a
                 good
                 full
                 body
                 ,
                 and
                 oyly
                 :
                 The
                 taste
                 ,
                 like
                 the
                 Flavour
                 or
                 perfume
                 of
                 excellent
                 Peaches
                 ,
                 very
                 grateful
                 to
                 the
                 Palate
                 and
                 Stomach
                 .
              
               
                 Gennet-moyles
                 make
                 a
                 Cider
                 of
                 a
                 smaller
                 body
                 than
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 yet
                 very
                 pleasant
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 last
                 a
                 year
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 a
                 good
                 eating
                 pleasant
                 sharp
                 fruit
                 ,
                 when
                 ripe
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 best
                 Tart-apple
                 (
                 as
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 also
                 )
                 before
                 its
                 ripeness
                 .
                 The
                 Tree
                 grows
                 with
                 certain
                 knotty
                 extuberancies
                 upon
                 the
                 branches
                 and
                 boughs
                 ;
                 below
                 which
                 knot
                 we
                 cut
                 off
                 boughs
                 the
                 thickness
                 of
                 a
                 mans
                 wrist
                 ,
                 and
                 place
                 the
                 knot
                 in
                 the
                 ground
                 ,
                 which
                 makes
                 the
                 root
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 is
                 done
                 to
                 raise
                 this
                 fruit
                 ;
                 but
                 very
                 rarely
                 by
                 graffing
                 .
              
               
                 Of
                 Fillets
                 of
                 both
                 sorts
                 (
                 viz.
                 Summer
                 and
                 Winter
                 )
                 I
                 have
                 made
                 Cider
                 of
                 that
                 proportionate
                 taste
                 and
                 strength
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 have
                 d●ceived
                 several
                 experienced
                 Palates
                 ,
                 with
                 whom
                 (
                 simply
                 )
                 it
                 hath
                 passed
                 for
                 White-Wine
                 ;
                 and
                 dashing
                 it
                 with
                 Red-Wine
                 ,
                 it
                 hath
                 passed
                 for
                 Claret
                 ;
                 and
                 mingled
                 with
                 the
                 Syrupe
                 of
                 Rasp'yes
                 it
                 makes
                 an
                 excellent
                 
                   womans
                   wine
                
                 :
                 The
                 fruit
                 is
                 not
                 so
                 good
                 as
                 the
                 Gennet-moyle
                 to
                 eat
                 :
                 The
                 Winter-fillet
                 makes
                 a
                 
                   lasting
                   Cider
                
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                 Summer-fillet
                 an
                 
                   early
                   Cider
                
                 ,
                 but
                 both
                 very
                 strong
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Apples
                 mixt
                 together
                 make
                 a
                 good
                 Cider
                 .
              
               
                 These
                 Apples
                 yield
                 a
                 liquor
                 more
                 grateful
                 to
                 my
                 Palate
                 (
                 and
                 so
                 esteem'd
                 of
                 in
                 Herefordshire
                 by
                 the
                 greater
                 Ciderists
                 )
                 than
                 any
                 made
                 of
                 Pepins
                 and
                 Pearmains
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 sorts
                 we
                 have
                 very
                 good
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 ;
                 and
                 those
                 also
                 both
                 Summer
                 and
                 Winter
                 of
                 both
                 sorts
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 which
                 I
                 have
                 drank
                 the
                 Cider
                 ;
                 but
                 prefer
                 the
                 other
                 .
              
               
                 Grounds
                 separated
                 only
                 with
                 a
                 Hedge
                 and
                 Ditch
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 of
                 the
                 difference
                 of
                 Soils
                 have
                 given
                 a
                 great
                 alteration
                 to
                 the
                 Cider
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 the
                 Trees
                 have
                 been
                 graffed
                 with
                 equal
                 care
                 ,
                 the
                 same
                 Graffs
                 ,
                 and
                 lastly
                 ,
                 the
                 same
                 care
                 taken
                 in
                 the
                 making
                 of
                 the
                 Cider
                 .
                 This
                 as
                 to
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 ;
                 I
                 have
                 not
                 observ'd
                 the
                 same
                 niceness
                 in
                 any
                 other
                 fruit
                 ;
                 for
                 Gennet-moyles
                 ,
                 and
                 Fillets
                 thrive
                 very
                 well
                 over
                 all
                 Herefordshire
                 .
                 The
                 Red-strake
                 delights
                 most
                 in
                 a
                 fat
                 soil
                 :
                 Hamlacy
                 is
                 a
                 rich
                 intermixt
                 soil
                 of
                 Red-fat-clay
                 and
                 Sand
                 ;
                 and
                 Kings-capel
                 a
                 low
                 hot
                 sandy
                 ground
                 ,
                 both
                 well
                 defended
                 from
                 noxious
                 Winds
                 ,
                 and
                 both
                 very
                 famous
                 for
                 the
                 Red-strake-cider
                 .
              
               
                 There
                 is
                 a
                 Pear
                 in
                 Hereford
                 and
                 Worcester-shires
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 called
                 Bareland-pear
                 ,
                 which
                 makes
                 a
                 very
                 good
                 Cider
                 .
                 I
                 call
                 it
                 Cider
                 (
                 and
                 not
                 Perry
                 )
                 because
                 it
                 hath
                 all
                 the
                 properties
                 of
                 Cider
                 .
                 I
                 have
                 drank
                 of
                 it
                 from
                 half
                 a
                 year
                 old
                 to
                 two
                 years
                 old
                 .
                 It
                 keeps
                 it self
                 without
                 Roping
                 (
                 to
                 which
                 Perry
                 is
                 generally
                 inclined
                 )
                 and
                 from
                 its
                 taste
                 :
                 Dr.
                 Beal
                 ,
                 in
                 his
                 little
                 Treatise
                 called
                 the
                 Herefordshire-Orchard
                 ,
                 calls
                 it
                 deservingly
                 a
                 
                   Masculine
                   Drink
                
                 ;
                 because
                 in
                 taste
                 not
                 like
                 the
                 sweet
                 
                   luscious
                   feminine
                
                 juice
                 of
                 Pears
                 .
                 This
                 Tree
                 thrives
                 very
                 well
                 in
                 barren
                 ground
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 a
                 fruit
                 (
                 with
                 the
                 Red-strake
                 )
                 of
                 which
                 Swine
                 will
                 not
                 eat
                 ;
                 therefore
                 fittest
                 to
                 be
                 planted
                 in
                 Hedge-rows
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Red
                   strakes
                
                 and
                 other
                 Cider-apples
                 when
                 ripe
                 (
                 which
                 you
                 may
                 know
                 partly
                 by
                 the
                 blackness
                 of
                 the
                 Kernel's
                 ,
                 and
                 partly
                 by
                 the
                 colour
                 and
                 smell
                 of
                 the
                 fruit
                 )
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 gathered
                 in
                 Baskets
                 or
                 Bags
                 ,
                 preserved
                 from
                 bruising
                 ,
                 and
                 laid
                 up
                 in
                 heaps
                 in
                 the
                 Orchard
                 to
                 sweat
                 ;
                 covered
                 every
                 night
                 from
                 the
                 dew
                 :
                 Or
                 else
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 Barn-floor
                 (
                 or
                 the
                 like
                 )
                 with
                 some
                 Wheat
                 or
                 Rye-straw
                 under
                 them
                 ,
                 being
                 kept
                 so
                 long
                 till
                 you
                 find
                 ,
                 by
                 their
                 mellowing
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 fit
                 for
                 the
                 Mill.
                 
              
               
                 They
                 that
                 grind
                 ,
                 or
                 bruise
                 their
                 Apples
                 presently
                 upon
                 their
                 gathering
                 ,
                 receive
                 so
                 much
                 liquor
                 from
                 them
                 ,
                 that
                 between
                 twenty
                 or
                 
                   twenty
                   two
                   Bushels
                
                 will
                 make
                 a
                 Hogshead
                 of
                 Cider
                 :
                 but
                 this
                 Cider
                 will
                 neither
                 keep
                 so
                 well
                 ,
                 nor
                 drink
                 with
                 such
                 a
                 fragrancy
                 as
                 is
                 desired
                 and
                 endeavoured
                 .
              
               
                 They
                 that
                 keep
                 them
                 a
                 month
                 or
                 
                   six
                   weeks
                
                 hoarded
                 ,
                 allow
                 about
                 
                   thirty
                   bushels
                
                 to
                 the
                 making
                 of
                 a
                 Hogshead
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 hath
                 also
                 an
                 inconvenience
                 ;
                 in
                 that
                 the
                 Cider
                 becomes
                 not
                 fine
                 ,
                 or
                 fit
                 for
                 drinking
                 ,
                 so
                 conveniently
                 as
                 a
                 mean
                 betwixt
                 these
                 two
                 will
                 afford
                 .
              
               
                 Keep
                 them
                 then
                 about
                 a
                 fort-night
                 in
                 a
                 hoard
                 ,
                 and
                 order
                 them
                 to
                 be
                 of
                 such
                 a
                 cast
                 by
                 this
                 Mellowing
                 ,
                 that
                 about
                 
                   twenty
                   
                   five
                   Bushels
                
                 may
                 make
                 a
                 Hogshead
                 ,
                 after
                 which
                 mellowing
                 proceed
                 thus
                 .
              
               
                 1.
                 
                 Pick
                 and
                 clear
                 your
                 Apples
                 from
                 their
                 
                   stalks
                   ,
                   leaves
                   ,
                   moaziness
                
                 ,
                 or
                 any
                 thing
                 that
                 tends
                 toward
                 rottenness
                 or
                 decay
                 .
              
               
                 2.
                 
                 Lay
                 them
                 before
                 the
                 stone
                 in
                 the
                 Cider-Mill
                 ,
                 or
                 else
                 beat
                 them
                 small
                 with
                 Beaters
                 (
                 such
                 as
                 Paviers
                 use
                 to
                 fix
                 their
                 pitching
                 )
                 in
                 deep
                 troughs
                 of
                 Wood
                 or
                 Stone
                 ,
                 till
                 they
                 are
                 fit
                 for
                 the
                 Press
                 .
              
               
                 3.
                 
                 Having
                 laid
                 clean
                 wheat-straw
                 in
                 the
                 bottom
                 of
                 your
                 Press
                 ,
                 lay
                 a
                 heap
                 of
                 bruised
                 Apples
                 upon
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 with
                 small
                 handfuls
                 or
                 wisps
                 of
                 straw
                 ,
                 which
                 by
                 twisting
                 takes
                 along
                 with
                 it
                 the
                 ends
                 of
                 the
                 straw
                 laid
                 first
                 in
                 the
                 bottom
                 ,
                 proceed
                 with
                 the
                 bruised
                 Apples
                 ,
                 and
                 follow
                 the
                 heaps
                 with
                 your
                 twisted
                 straw
                 ,
                 till
                 it
                 comes
                 to
                 the
                 height
                 of
                 two
                 foot
                 ,
                 or
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 ;
                 and
                 so
                 with
                 some
                 straw
                 drawn
                 in
                 by
                 twisting
                 ,
                 and
                 turned
                 over
                 the
                 top
                 of
                 it
                 (
                 so
                 that
                 the
                 bruised
                 Apples
                 are
                 set
                 as
                 it
                 were
                 into
                 a
                 deep
                 Chees-vat
                 of
                 straw
                 ,
                 from
                 which
                 the
                 Country
                 people
                 call
                 it
                 their
                 Cider-Cheese
                 )
                 let
                 the
                 board
                 fall
                 upon
                 it
                 even
                 and
                 flat
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 engage
                 the
                 force
                 of
                 your
                 skrew
                 or
                 Press
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 any
                 Liquor
                 will
                 run
                 from
                 it
                 .
                 Instead
                 of
                 this
                 Cheese
                 others
                 use
                 baggs
                 of
                 Hair-cloth
                 .
              
               
                 4.
                 
                 Take
                 this
                 Liquor
                 thus
                 forced
                 by
                 the
                 Press
                 ,
                 and
                 strain
                 it
                 thorow
                 a
                 strainer
                 of
                 hair
                 into
                 a
                 Vat
                 ,
                 from
                 whence
                 straight
                 (
                 or
                 that
                 day
                 )
                 in
                 pails
                 carry
                 it
                 to
                 the
                 Cellar
                 ,
                 tunning
                 it
                 up
                 presently
                 in
                 such
                 Vessels
                 as
                 you
                 intend
                 to
                 preserve
                 it
                 in
                 ;
                 for
                 I
                 cannot
                 approve
                 of
                 a
                 long
                 evaporation
                 of
                 spirits
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 a
                 disturbance
                 after
                 it
                 settles
                 .
              
               
                 5.
                 
                 Let
                 your
                 Vessels
                 be
                 very
                 tight
                 and
                 clean
                 wherein
                 you
                 put
                 your
                 Cider
                 to
                 settle
                 :
                 The
                 best
                 form
                 is
                 the
                 Stund
                 or
                 Stand
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 set
                 upon
                 the
                 lesser
                 end
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 top
                 tapering
                 downwards
                 ;
                 as
                 suppose
                 the
                 head
                 to
                 be
                 thirty
                 inches
                 diametre
                 ,
                 let
                 the
                 the
                 bottom
                 be
                 but
                 eighteen
                 or
                 twenty
                 inches
                 in
                 diametre
                 ;
                 let
                 the
                 Tun-hole
                 or
                 Bung-hole
                 be
                 on
                 the
                 one
                 side
                 outwards
                 ,
                 towards
                 the
                 top
                 .
                 The
                 reason
                 of
                 the
                 goodness
                 of
                 this
                 form
                 of
                 Vessel
                 is
                 ,
                 because
                 Cider
                 (
                 as
                 all
                 strong
                 Liquors
                 )
                 after
                 fermentation
                 and
                 working
                 ,
                 contracts
                 a
                 cream
                 or
                 skin
                 on
                 the
                 top
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 this
                 form
                 of
                 Vessel
                 is
                 as
                 it
                 sinks
                 contracted
                 ,
                 and
                 fortified
                 by
                 that
                 contraction
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 draw
                 fresh
                 to
                 the
                 last
                 drop
                 ;
                 whereas
                 in
                 our
                 ordinary
                 Vessels
                 ,
                 when
                 drawn
                 out
                 about
                 the
                 half
                 or
                 middle
                 ,
                 this
                 skin
                 dilates
                 and
                 breaks
                 ,
                 and
                 without
                 a
                 quick
                 draught
                 decays
                 and
                 dies
                 .
              
               
                 6.
                 
                 Reserve
                 a
                 Pottle
                 or
                 Gallon
                 of
                 the
                 Liquor
                 to
                 fill
                 up
                 the
                 Vessel
                 to
                 the
                 brim
                 of
                 the
                 Bung-hole
                 ,
                 as
                 oft
                 as
                 the
                 fermentation
                 and
                 working
                 lessens
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 till
                 it
                 hath
                 done
                 its
                 work
                 .
              
               
                 7.
                 
                 When
                 it
                 hath
                 compleated
                 its
                 work
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 the
                 Vessel
                 is
                 filled
                 up
                 to
                 the
                 bung-hole
                 ,
                 stop
                 it
                 up
                 close
                 with
                 well
                 mix'd
                 clay
                 ,
                 and
                 well
                 tempered
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 handful
                 of
                 Bay-salt
                 laid
                 upon
                 the
                 top
                 of
                 the
                 clay
                 ,
                 to
                 keep
                 it
                 moist
                 ,
                 and
                 renewed
                 as
                 oft
                 as
                 need
                 shall
                 require
                 ;
                 for
                 if
                 the
                 clay
                 grows
                 dry
                 it
                 gives
                 vent
                 to
                 the
                 spirits
                 of
                 the
                 Liquor
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 it
                 suffers
                 decay
                 .
              
               
               
                 I
                 am
                 against
                 either
                 the
                 boyling
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 hanging
                 of
                 a
                 bag
                 of
                 Spices
                 in
                 it
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 use
                 of
                 Ginger
                 in
                 drinking
                 it
                 ;
                 by
                 which
                 things
                 people
                 labour
                 to
                 correct
                 that
                 windiness
                 which
                 they
                 fancy
                 to
                 be
                 in
                 it
                 :
                 I
                 think
                 Cider
                 not
                 windy
                 ;
                 those
                 that
                 use
                 to
                 drink
                 it
                 are
                 most
                 free
                 from
                 windiness
                 ;
                 perhaps
                 the
                 
                   virtue
                   of
                
                 it
                 is
                 such
                 ,
                 as
                 that
                 once
                 ripened
                 and
                 mellowed
                 ,
                 the
                 drinking
                 of
                 it
                 in
                 such
                 strength
                 combates
                 with
                 that
                 wind
                 which
                 lies
                 insensibly
                 latent
                 in
                 the
                 body
                 .
                 The
                 Cider
                 made
                 and
                 sold
                 here
                 in
                 London
                 in
                 Bottles
                 may
                 have
                 that
                 windiness
                 with
                 it
                 as
                 Bottle-beer
                 hath
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 never
                 suffered
                 to
                 ferment
                 :
                 But
                 those
                 that
                 have
                 remarked
                 the
                 strength
                 and
                 vigour
                 of
                 its
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 what
                 weighty
                 things
                 it
                 will
                 cast
                 up
                 from
                 the
                 bottom
                 to
                 the
                 top
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 how
                 many
                 bubbles
                 and
                 bladders
                 of
                 wind
                 it
                 doth
                 work
                 ,
                 will
                 believe
                 that
                 it
                 clears
                 it self
                 by
                 that
                 operation
                 of
                 all
                 such
                 injurious
                 qualities
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 preserve
                 Cider
                 in
                 Bottles
                 I
                 recommend
                 unto
                 you
                 my
                 own
                 Experience
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 ,
                 Not
                 to
                 bottle
                 it
                 up
                 before
                 fermentation
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 incorporates
                 the
                 
                   windy
                   quality
                
                 ,
                 which
                 otherwise
                 would
                 be
                 ejected
                 by
                 that
                 operation
                 :
                 This
                 violent
                 suppression
                 of
                 fermentation
                 makes
                 it
                 windy
                 in
                 drinking
                 ,
                 (
                 though
                 I
                 confess
                 brisk
                 to
                 the
                 taste
                 ,
                 and
                 sprightly
                 cutting
                 to
                 the
                 Palate
                 :
                 )
                 But
                 after
                 fermentation
                 ,
                 the
                 Cider
                 resting
                 two
                 ,
                 three
                 ,
                 or
                 four
                 Months
                 ,
                 draw
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 bottle
                 it
                 up
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 lay
                 it
                 in
                 a
                 Repository
                 of
                 cool
                 
                   springing
                   water
                
                 ,
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 foot
                 ,
                 or
                 more
                 ,
                 deep
                 ;
                 this
                 keeps
                 the
                 spirits
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 best
                 of
                 the
                 spirits
                 of
                 it
                 together
                 :
                 This
                 makes
                 it
                 drink
                 quick
                 and
                 lively
                 ;
                 it
                 comes
                 into
                 the
                 glass
                 not
                 pale
                 or
                 troubled
                 ,
                 but
                 bright
                 yellow
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 speedy
                 vanishing
                 nittiness
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 the
                 Vintners
                 call
                 it
                 )
                 which
                 evaporates
                 with
                 a
                 sparkling
                 and
                 whizzing
                 noise
                 ;
                 And
                 than
                 this
                 I
                 never
                 tasted
                 either
                 Wine
                 or
                 Cider
                 that
                 pleased
                 better
                 :
                 Insomuch
                 that
                 a
                 
                   Noble
                   man
                
                 tasting
                 of
                 a
                 Bottle
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 water
                 (
                 himself
                 a
                 great
                 Ciderist
                 )
                 protested
                 the
                 excellency
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 with
                 much
                 greater
                 charges
                 ,
                 at
                 his
                 own
                 dwelling
                 ,
                 a
                 
                   water
                   Repository
                
                 for
                 his
                 Cider
                 ,
                 with
                 good
                 success
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 An
                 ACCOUNT
                 of
                 Perry
                 and
                 Cider
                 
                   Out
                   of
                
                 GLOCESTER-SHIRE
                 ,
                 Imparted
                 by
                 DANIEL
                 COLLWALL
                 
                   Esq
                
              
               
                 ABout
                 Taynton
                 ,
                 Five
                 Miles
                 beyond
                 Glocester
                 ,
                 is
                 a
                 mixt
                 sort
                 of
                 land
                 ,
                 partly
                 Clay
                 ,
                 a
                 Marle
                 ,
                 and
                 Crash
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 call
                 it
                 there
                 ,
                 on
                 all
                 which
                 sorts
                 of
                 land
                 ,
                 there
                 is
                 much
                 Fruit
                 growing
                 ,
                 both
                 for
                 the
                 Table
                 and
                 for
                 Cider
                 :
                 But
                 it
                 is
                 Pears
                 it
                 most
                 abounds
                 in
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 the
                 best
                 sort
                 ,
                 is
                 that
                 they
                 name
                 the
                 Squash-Pear
                 ,
                 which
                 makes
                 the
                 best
                 Perry
                 in
                 those
                 Parts
                 .
                 These
                 Trees
                 grow
                 to
                 be
                 very
                 large
                 ,
                 and
                 exceeding
                 fruitful
                 ,
                 bearing
                 a
                 fair
                 round
                 Pear
                 ,
                 red
                 on
                 the
                 one
                 side
                 ,
                 and
                 yellow
                 on
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 when
                 fully
                 ripe
                 :
                 It
                 oftentimes
                 falls
                 from
                 the
                 Tree
                 ,
                 which
                 commonly
                 breaks
                 it
                 ;
                 but
                 it
                 is
                 of
                 a
                 nature
                 so
                 harsh
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Hogs
                 will
                 hardly
                 
                   eat
                   them
                
                 .
              
               
                 They
                 usually
                 plant
                 the
                 stocks
                 first
                 ,
                 and
                 when
                 of
                 competent
                 bigness
                 (
                 and
                 tall
                 enough
                 to
                 prevent
                 Cattel
                 )
                 graff
                 upon
                 them
                 :
                 'T
                 is
                 observed
                 ,
                 that
                 where
                 land
                 is
                 Plow'd
                 and
                 dress'd
                 for
                 Corn
                 ,
                 the
                 Trees
                 thrive
                 much
                 better
                 than
                 in
                 the
                 Pasture-grounds
                 ,
                 so
                 as
                 divers
                 Orchards
                 are
                 yearly
                 plow'd
                 and
                 sown
                 with
                 Corn
                 ,
                 which
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 ,
                 they
                 suffer
                 their
                 Swine
                 to
                 eat
                 upon
                 the
                 ground
                 ,
                 without
                 cutting
                 ;
                 and
                 such
                 Plantations
                 seldom
                 or
                 never
                 fail
                 of
                 plentiful
                 Crops
                 ,
                 especially
                 in
                 the
                 Rye-land
                 ,
                 or
                 light
                 Grounds
                 .
              
               
                 About
                 Michaelmas
                 is
                 made
                 the
                 best
                 Cider
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 of
                 such
                 Fruit
                 as
                 drops
                 from
                 the
                 Trees
                 ,
                 being
                 perfectly
                 mature
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 any
                 are
                 gathered
                 sooner
                 ,
                 they
                 let
                 them
                 lye
                 in
                 the
                 house
                 8
                 or
                 9
                 days
                 for
                 the
                 better
                 mellowing
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 best
                 Mills
                 to
                 grind
                 in
                 ,
                 are
                 those
                 of
                 Stone
                 ,
                 which
                 resembles
                 a
                 
                   Mill
                   stone
                
                 set
                 
                 edge-ways
                 ,
                 moved
                 round
                 the
                 Trough
                 by
                 an
                 Horse
                 till
                 the
                 Fruit
                 be
                 bruised
                 small
                 enough
                 for
                 the
                 Press
                 :
                 This
                 done
                 ,
                 then
                 put
                 it
                 up
                 into
                 a
                 Crib
                 made
                 with
                 strong
                 studds
                 ,
                 and
                 Oken
                 or
                 Haisel
                 twigs
                 about
                 3
                 foot
                 high
                 ,
                 and
                 2½
                 wide
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 placed
                 on
                 a
                 Stone
                 or
                 Wooden
                 Cheese-fat
                 ,
                 a
                 foot
                 broader
                 than
                 the
                 Crib
                 ,
                 fitted
                 to
                 a
                 round
                 Trough
                 for
                 the
                 Liquor
                 to
                 pass
                 into
                 the
                 Cistern
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 large
                 Vessel
                 :
                 When
                 the
                 Crib
                 is
                 filled
                 with
                 the
                 foresaid
                 ground
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 they
                 put
                 a
                 Stone
                 upon
                 it
                 ,
                 but
                 first
                 they
                 fit
                 a
                 Circle
                 of
                 fresh
                 straw
                 about
                 the
                 Crib
                 ,
                 to
                 preserve
                 the
                 Must
                 (
                 which
                 is
                 the
                 bruised
                 Fruit
                 )
                 from
                 straining
                 through
                 the
                 Crib
                 when
                 they
                 apply
                 the
                 Skrews
                 ,
                 which
                 being
                 two
                 in
                 number
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 a
                 good
                 size
                 ,
                 turn
                 in
                 a
                 great
                 beam
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 are
                 wrung
                 down
                 upon
                 
                 the
                 Crib
                 ,
                 within
                 which
                 they
                 place
                 two
                 wide
                 and
                 thick
                 Cheese-fats
                 ,
                 and
                 several
                 blocks
                 upon
                 the
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 to
                 crush
                 it
                 down
                 with
                 the
                 more
                 force
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 means
                 it
                 is
                 wrung
                 so
                 dry
                 ,
                 as
                 nothing
                 can
                 be
                 had
                 more
                 out
                 of
                 it
                 .
                 A
                 Crib
                 will
                 contain
                 at
                 once
                 ,
                 as
                 much
                 ground
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 as
                 will
                 make
                 above
                 an
                 Hogs-head
                 of
                 Cider
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 may
                 be
                 dispatched
                 six
                 or
                 seven
                 such
                 Vessels
                 in
                 one
                 day
                 .
              
               
                 When
                 the
                 Pressing
                 is
                 finished
                 ,
                 they
                 take
                 out
                 the
                 Fruit
                 ,
                 and
                 put
                 it
                 into
                 a
                 great
                 Fat
                 ,
                 pouring
                 several
                 Payls
                 of
                 Water
                 to
                 it
                 ,
                 which
                 being
                 well
                 impregn'd
                 ,
                 is
                 ground
                 again
                 sleightly
                 in
                 the
                 Mill
                 ,
                 to
                 make
                 an
                 ordinary
                 Cider
                 for
                 the
                 servants
                 ;
                 this
                 they
                 usually
                 drink
                 all
                 the
                 Year
                 about
                 .
              
               
                 When
                 the
                 best
                 Liquor
                 is
                 ●un'd
                 up
                 ,
                 they
                 commonly
                 leave
                 the
                 Bung-hole
                 open
                 ,
                 for
                 nine
                 or
                 ten
                 days
                 ,
                 to
                 ferment
                 and
                 purifie
                 ;
                 for
                 though
                 in
                 most
                 places
                 they
                 adde
                 straining
                 to
                 all
                 this
                 ,
                 yet
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 Husks
                 and
                 Ordure
                 will
                 remain
                 in
                 it
                 .
                 The
                 Vessel
                 after
                 a
                 day
                 or
                 two
                 standing
                 ,
                 is
                 fill'd
                 up
                 ,
                 and
                 still
                 as
                 the
                 Cider
                 wastes
                 in
                 working
                 ,
                 they
                 supplie
                 it
                 again
                 ,
                 till
                 no
                 more
                 filth
                 rises
                 ;
                 and
                 then
                 stop
                 it
                 up
                 very
                 accurately
                 close
                 ,
                 leaving
                 only
                 a
                 small
                 breathing
                 hole
                 to
                 give
                 it
                 air
                 for
                 a
                 Moneth
                 after
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 prevent
                 the
                 bursting
                 of
                 the
                 Vessel
                 .
              
               
                 Note
                 ,
                 That
                 they
                 sometimes
                 put
                 ⅔
                 Pears
                 ,
                 and
                 ⅓
                 of
                 Apples
                 .
              
               
                 
                   
                     The
                     usual
                  
                   Names
                   of
                   Glocester-shire
                   Cider-Fruit
                   .
                
                 
                   Red-streaks
                   ,
                   growing
                   chiefly
                   in
                   the
                   Rye-Lands
                   ,
                   sweet
                   
                     White-Musts
                     ,
                     Red-Must
                  
                   ,
                   the
                   Winter-Must
                   ,
                   the
                   Streak-Must
                   ,
                   the
                   Gennet-Moyl
                   ,
                   the
                   Woodcock-Apple
                   ,
                   the
                   Bromsgrove-Crab
                   ,
                   the
                   Great-white-Crab
                   ,
                   the
                   Heming
                   ,
                   and
                   divers
                   other
                   sorts
                   ,
                   but
                   these
                   are
                   the
                   principal
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Pears
                   for
                   Perry
                   are
                   ,
                
                 
                   The
                   
                     Red
                     Squash-pear
                  
                   esteem'd
                   the
                   best
                   ,
                   the
                   John-pear
                   ,
                   the
                   
                     Harpary
                     Green-pear
                  
                   ,
                   the
                   Drake-pear
                   ,
                   the
                   
                     Green
                     Squash-pear
                  
                   ,
                   the
                   Mary-pear
                   ,
                   the
                   Lullam-pear
                   :
                   these
                   are
                   the
                   chief
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 Another
                 Account
                 of
                 CIDER
                 from
                 a
                 Person
                 of
                 great
                 Experience
                 .
              
               
                 CIder-Apples
                 for
                 strength
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 long
                 lasting
                 Drink
                 ,
                 is
                 best
                 made
                 of
                 the
                 Fox-Whelp
                 of
                 the
                 Forest
                 of
                 Deane
                 ,
                 but
                 which
                 comes
                 not
                 to
                 be
                 drunk
                 till
                 two
                 or
                 
                   three
                   years
                
                 old
                 .
              
               
                 2.
                 
                 Bromsborrow-Crab
                 the
                 second
                 year
                 ;
                 In
                 the
                 Coast
                 and
                 Tract
                 'twixt
                 Hereford
                 and
                 Ledbury
                 .
              
               
                 3.
                 
                 Vnder-leaf
                 ,
                 best
                 at
                 two
                 years
                 ,
                 a
                 very
                 plentiful
                 bearer
                 hath
                 a
                 Rhenish-wine
                 flavour
                 ;
                 the
                 very
                 best
                 of
                 all
                 Ciders
                 of
                 this
                 kind
                 ,
                 hoarded
                 a
                 little
                 within
                 doors
                 .
                 The
                 longer
                 you
                 would
                 keep
                 ,
                 the
                 longer
                 you
                 must
                 hoard
                 your
                 Fruit.
                 
              
               
                 4.
                 
                 The
                 Red-strake
                 of
                 Kings-Capel
                 ,
                 and
                 those
                 parts
                 ,
                 is
                 in
                 great
                 variety
                 :
                 Some
                 make
                 Cider
                 that
                 is
                 not
                 of
                 continuance
                 ,
                 yet
                 pleasant
                 and
                 good
                 ;
                 others
                 ,
                 that
                 lasts
                 long
                 ,
                 inclining
                 towards
                 the
                 Bromsborrow-Crab
                 rather
                 than
                 a
                 Red-strake
                 .
              
               
                 5.
                 
                 A
                 long
                 pale
                 Apple
                 ,
                 called
                 the
                 Coleing
                 ,
                 about
                 Ludlow
                 ,
                 an
                 extraordinary
                 bearer
                 .
              
               
                 6.
                 
                 The
                 Arier-Apple
                 ,
                 a
                 constant
                 bearer
                 ,
                 making
                 a
                 strong
                 and
                 lasting
                 Cider
                 ;
                 some
                 ●all
                 them
                 Richards
                 ,
                 some
                 Grang-apples
                 ;
                 and
                 indeed
                 〈…〉
                 ●e
                 so
                 〈…〉
                 Drink
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 are
                 worthy
                 to
                 be
                 reco●
                 〈◊〉
                 .
              
               
                 〈…〉
                 
                 ●live●
                 ●nk●own
                 about
                 Ludlow
                 ,
                 may
                 ,
                 I
                 conceive
                 be
                 ac●
                 〈…〉
                 the
                 
                   ●int●●-Cider
                   Apples
                
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 't
                 is
                 the
                 constant
                 re●
                 〈…〉
                 an
                 Hogs-head
                 of
                 the
                 Fruit
                 will
                 yield
                 an
                 Hogs-head
                 of
                 ●ider
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Summer-Ciders
                   are
                   ,
                
                 
                   1.
                   
                   The
                   Gennet-Moyl
                   of
                   one
                   year
                   :
                   The
                   best
                   Baking-Apple
                   that
                   grows
                   ,
                   and
                   keeps
                   long
                   baked
                   ;
                   but
                   not
                   so
                   unbaked
                   without
                   growing
                   mealy
                   :
                   it
                   drys
                   well
                   in
                   the
                   Oven
                   ,
                   and
                   with
                   little
                   trouble
                   .
                   The
                   
                     Gennet-Moyl
                     Cider
                  
                   ,
                   when
                   the
                   Fruit
                   is
                   well
                   hoarded
                   and
                   mellow
                   ,
                   will
                   body
                   ,
                   and
                   keep
                   better
                   .
                
                 
                   2.
                   
                   The
                   Summer
                   Red-strake
                   ,
                   of
                   a
                   wonderful
                   fragrant
                   and
                   Aromatique
                   quality
                   .
                
                 
                   3.
                   
                   Sir
                   Ed.
                   Harley's
                   
                     little
                     Apple
                  
                   ,
                   esteemed
                   to
                   make
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   richest
                   Ciders
                   in
                   the
                   World.
                   Also
                   ,
                   his
                   ,
                
                 
                   4.
                   
                   
                     Great
                     Summer-Apple
                  
                   ,
                   resembling
                   the
                   Red-strake
                   ,
                   juicy
                   and
                   Aromatique
                   .
                
                 
                   5.
                   
                   The
                   
                     White-Must
                     ,
                     streaked
                     Must
                  
                   ,
                   &c.
                   great
                   bearers
                   ,
                   and
                   their
                   Cider
                   early
                   ripe
                   .
                
                 
                   6.
                   
                   Pearmains
                   ,
                   have
                   made
                   excellent
                   Cider
                   ,
                   as
                   good
                   ,
                   if
                   not
                   superior
                   to
                   any
                   other
                   in
                   some
                   years
                   ;
                   and
                   though
                   it
                   be
                   true
                   ,
                   that
                   every
                   sort
                   of
                   Fruit
                   makes
                   better
                   Drink
                   some
                   years
                   than
                   others
                   ;
                   yet
                   ,
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   ,
                   the
                   goodness
                   and
                   perfection
                   of
                   Cider
                   results
                   from
                   the
                   lucky
                   ,
                   or
                   intelligent
                   Gathering
                   ,
                   or
                   Hoarding
                   of
                   the
                   Fruit
                   ,
                   or
                   from
                   both
                   ;
                   and
                   this
                   knowledge
                   must
                   be
                   from
                   Experience
                   .
                
                 
                   7.
                   
                   Generally
                   ,
                   the
                   Cider
                   longest
                   in
                   fining
                   ,
                   is
                   strongest
                   and
                   best
                   lasting
                   ,
                   especially
                   if
                   the
                   fruit
                   have
                   been
                   well
                   hoarded
                   for
                   some
                   time
                   .
                
                 
                   8.
                   
                   Cider
                   made
                   of
                   Green
                   ,
                   and
                   immature
                   Fruit
                   ,
                   will
                   not
                   fine
                   kindly
                   ,
                   and
                   when
                   it
                   does
                   ,
                   it
                   abides
                   not
                   long
                   good
                   ,
                   but
                   suddenly
                   becomes
                   ●agre
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   9.
                   
                   Cider
                   kept
                   in
                   very
                   cool
                   Cellars
                   ,
                   if
                   made
                   of
                   ripe
                   Fruit
                   ,
                   renders
                   it
                   long
                   in
                   fining
                   ,
                   and
                   sometimes
                   Cider
                   by
                   exposing
                   abroad
                   in
                   the
                   Sun
                   ,
                   and
                   kept
                   Warm
                   ,
                   hath
                   sooner
                   matur'd
                   ,
                   and
                   continu'd
                   long
                   good
                   :
                   But
                   the
                   best
                   Drink
                   is
                   that
                   which
                   fines
                   of
                   it self
                   ,
                   preserved
                   in
                   an
                   indifferent
                   temper
                   .
                
                 
                   10.
                   
                   All
                   Cider
                   suffers
                   Fermentation
                   when
                   Trees
                   are
                   blossoming
                   ,
                   though
                   it
                   be
                   never
                   so
                   old
                   ;
                   and
                   Cider
                   of
                   very
                   ripe
                   Fruit
                   ,
                   if
                   Bottl'd
                   in
                   that
                   season
                   ,
                   will
                   acquire
                   a
                   fragrancy
                   of
                   the
                   Blossom
                   .
                
                 
                   11.
                   
                   New
                   Cider
                   ,
                   and
                   all
                   diluted
                   and
                   watred
                   Ciders
                   ,
                   are
                   great
                   Enemies
                   to
                   the
                   Teeth
                   ,
                   and
                   cause
                   violent
                   pains
                   in
                   them
                   ,
                   and
                   Rheums
                   in
                   the
                   Head.
                   
                
                 
                   12.
                   
                   One
                   Rotten-Apple
                   ,
                   of
                   the
                   
                     same
                     kind
                  
                   with
                   the
                   sound
                   ,
                   corrupts
                   a
                   whole
                   Vessel
                   ,
                   and
                   makes
                   it
                   Musty
                   .
                   But
                   ,
                
              
               
                 
                   To
                   Conclude
                   this
                   Treatise
                   ,
                
                 
                   We
                   will
                   gratifie
                   the
                   Cider-Master
                   with
                   the
                   Construction
                   of
                   a
                   new
                   kind
                   of
                   Press
                   brought
                   into
                   the
                   
                     R.
                     Society
                  
                   ,
                   by
                   their
                   Curator
                   ,
                   the
                   ingenious
                   Mr.
                   Hooke
                   ,
                   and
                   ,
                   if
                   perfectly
                   understood
                   by
                   him
                   that
                   shall
                   imitate
                   it
                   ,
                   recommended
                   not
                   only
                   for
                   its
                   extraordinary
                   Dispatch
                   ,
                   but
                   for
                   many
                   other
                   vertues
                   of
                   it
                   ,
                   chiefly
                   ,
                   the
                   accurately
                   grinding
                   of
                   the
                   Pulp
                   ,
                   and
                   keeping
                   the
                   Husks
                   from
                   descending
                   with
                   the
                   Liquor
                   .
                
                 
                   
                
              
               
                 
                 
                   Explication
                   
                     of
                     the
                  
                   Figures
                   .
                
                 
                   a
                   The
                   Axis
                   ,
                   by
                   which
                   
                     four
                     Cylinders
                  
                   are
                   to
                   be
                   mov'd
                   ,
                   either
                   by
                   the
                   force
                   of
                   
                     Men
                     ,
                     Horses
                     ,
                     Wind
                  
                   ,
                   or
                   Water
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     b.
                     c.
                     d
                     Three
                  
                   of
                   the
                   4
                   (
                   visible
                   )
                   Cylinders
                   ,
                   so
                   placed
                   ,
                   that
                   those
                   which
                   are
                   first
                   to
                   bruise
                   the
                   Apples
                   ,
                   may
                   stand
                   at
                   about
                   half
                   an
                   Inch
                   ,
                   or
                   less
                   distance
                   from
                   each
                   other
                   :
                   Those
                   that
                   are
                   to
                   press
                   out
                   the
                   juice
                   may
                   join
                   as
                   close
                   ,
                   as
                   they
                   can
                   well
                   be
                   made
                   to
                   move
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     f.
                     f
                  
                   The
                   Trough
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   to
                   receive
                   the
                   Liquor
                   ,
                   running
                   through
                   certain
                   holes
                   made
                   in
                   the
                   lower
                   Plate
                   there
                   marked
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     e.
                     e
                  
                   The
                   Hopper
                   ,
                   made
                   tapering
                   towards
                   the
                   bottom
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   you
                   fling
                   the
                   Apples
                   ,
                   and
                   supply
                   them
                   as
                   they
                   sink
                   towards
                   the
                   Cylinders
                   .
                   Note
                   ,
                   That
                   such
                   another
                   Hopper
                   is
                   suppos'd
                   to
                   be
                   also
                   made
                   ,
                   and
                   fitted
                   to
                   this
                   fore-part
                   of
                   the
                   Press
                   ,
                   but
                   here
                   omitted
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   prospect
                   and
                   description
                   of
                   the
                   Cylinders
                   may
                   the
                   better
                   be
                   laid
                   open
                   and
                   demonstrated
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     g.
                     g.
                     g
                  
                   The
                   Spindles
                   of
                   each
                   Cylinder
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     h.
                     h.
                     i.
                     i.
                     k.
                     k
                  
                   The
                   Frame
                   ,
                   consisting
                   of
                   two
                   Plates
                   ,
                   and
                   two
                   Pilasters
                   ,
                   which
                   hold
                   the
                   Cylinders
                   together
                   .
                   Note
                   ,
                   That
                   the
                   Cylinders
                   must
                   be
                   made
                   of
                   excellent
                   Oken
                   Timber
                   ,
                   or
                   other
                   hard
                   Wood
                   ;
                   the
                   dimensions
                   about
                   3
                   foot
                   long
                   ,
                   one
                   foot
                   and
                   half
                   diameter
                   :
                   The
                   rest
                   of
                   the
                   Frame
                   for
                   thickness
                   ,
                   &c.
                   of
                   size
                   and
                   strength
                   proportionable
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     L
                     L
                  
                   The
                   Legs
                   which
                   support
                   the
                   Frame
                   .
                
                 
                   FIG
                   .
                   II.
                   
                
                 
                   Represents
                   the
                   Ichnography
                   of
                   the
                   First
                   .
                
              
               
                 FINIS
                 .
              
            
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A38811-e1690
           
             See
             Petrarch
             de
             Remed
             .
             utriusque
             fortunae
             
               L.
               1.
            
             
             Dial.
             57.
             
          
           
             Vide
             &
             Curtium
             ,
             l.
             7.
             &c.
             
          
           
             De
             R.R.
             
          
           
             In
             agris
             erant
             tunc
             Senatores
             .
             Cic.
             de
             Senect
             .
          
           
             Palissy
             ,
             le
             Moye●
             de
             Devenir
             Rich.
             
          
           
             Praefat.
             ad
             P.
             Sylvium
             ;
             
               which
               I
               earnestly
               recommend
               to
               the
               serious
               perusal
               of
               our
            
             Gentry
             .
             Et
             mihi
             ad
             sapientis
             vitam
             proximè
             videtur
             accedere
             .
             Cic.
             de
             Senectute
             .
          
           
             *
             Nè
             Sylvae
             quidem
             ,
             horridiorque
             naturae
             facies
             Medicinis
             carent
             ,
             Sacra
             illa
             parente
             rerum
             omnium
             ,
             nusquam
             non
             remedia
             disponente
             homini
             ,
             ni
             Medicina
             ,
             sieret
             etiam
             solitudo
             ipsa
             ,
             &c.
             Hinc
             nata
             M●dic●na
             ,
             &c.
             
             Haec
             sola
             natura
             placuerat
             esse
             remedia
             parata
             vulgò
             ,
             inventu
             facilia
             ,
             ac
             sine
             impendio
             ,
             ex
             quibus
             vivimus
             ,
             
               &c.
               
               Plin.
               L.
               24.
               c.
               1.
               
            
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e6200
           
             Gen.
             1.
             c.
             2.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e6770
           
             Libro
             de
             colcribus
             .
          
           
             D●
             origine
             formarum
             .
          
           
             De
             Wotton
             
               in
               agro
            
             Surrensi
             .
          
           
             Consule
             librum
             Aut●ris
             de
             Architectura
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e79250
           
             Introduction
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e82960
           
             Soile
             .
          
           
             Seed
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e85180
           
             Seminary
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e88760
           
             Oak
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e100340
           
             Elm.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e104630
           
             Beech
             ▪
             
          
           
             Exercit.
             in
             Theophrast
             .
             l.
             3.
             c.
             9.
             
          
           
             In
             Arcad.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e106760
           
             Ash
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e108980
           
             Chess-nut
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e111320
           
             Wall-nut
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e114730
           
             Mulberry
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e118490
           
             Service
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e119320
           
             Maple
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e121560
           
             Sycomor
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e121780
           
             Horn-beam
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e122980
           
             Lime-Tree
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e124750
           
             Quick-beam
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e125150
           
             Birch
             .
          
           
             
               De
               Lithias●
            
             c.
             8.
             n.
             24.25
             .
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e130330
           
             Hasel
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e131760
           
             Poplar
             .
          
           
             Aspen
             .
          
           
             Abele
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e133960
           
             Alder.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e135490
           
             W●t●
             ▪
             
          
           
             Sally
             .
          
           
             Oziers
             .
          
           
             Willow
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e141880
           
             Fences
             .
          
           
             Quick-sets
             .
          
           
             Furzes
             .
          
           
             Broom
             .
          
           
             Elder
             .
          
           
             Evonymus
             .
          
           
             Cornel.
             
          
           
             Yucca
             .
          
           
             Fruit-Trees
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e150910
           
             Fir.
             
          
           
             Pitch
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e159710
           
             Larch
             .
          
           
             Platanus
             ▪
             
          
           
             Mac●ob
             .
             Saturnal
             .
             3.
             
          
           
             Lotus
             .
          
           
             Cor●u●
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e161240
           
             Cypresse
             .
          
           
             In
             Itinerario
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e166800
           
             Cork
             .
          
           
             Ilex
             .
          
           
             Alaternus
             .
          
           
             Phillyrea
             .
          
           
             Granad●
             ▪
             
          
           
             Myrtil
             .
          
           
             Lentisc
             .
          
           
             Jasmine
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e170010
           
             Acacia
             .
          
           
             Arbutus
             ▪
             
          
           
             Bays
             .
          
           
             Box.
             
          
           
             Eugh
             .
          
           
             Holly
             .
          
           
             Juniper
             .
          
           
             Laurel
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e177920
           
             Infirmities
             ▪
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e182050
           
             Copses
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e184880
           
             Pruning
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e189950
           
             Felling
             .
          
           
             The
             names
             of
             the
             persons
             who
             gave
             intelligence
             of
             the
             
               particulars
               .
               Edw.
               Rawson
            
             .
          
           
             Cap.
             Bullock
             .
          
           
             Ed.
             Morphy
             ,
             Wood-ward
             .
          
           
             Jo.
             Halton
             .
          
           
             Kenhelm
             Homer
             .
          
           
             Jo.
             Magson
             .
             Geo.
             Hall.
             
          
           
             Jo.
             Magson
             .
          
           
             Hen.
             Home●
             ▪
             
          
           
             Felling
             .
          
           
             *
             Note
             that
             the
             short
             lines
             of
             the
             Inch
             Column
             ,
             between
             the
             Figures
             1-2-3
             &c.
             do
             signifie
             half-Inches
             .
          
           
             *
             Note
             that
             the
             short
             lines
             of
             the
             Inch
             Column
             ,
             between
             the
             Figures
             1-2-3
             &c.
             do
             signifie
             half-Inches
             .
          
           
             *
             Note
             that
             the
             short
             lines
             of
             the
             Inch
             Column
             ,
             between
             the
             Figures
             1-2-3
             &c.
             do
             signifie
             half-Inches
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e242230
           
             Seasoning
             .
          
           
             Fuel
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e287630
           
             In
             opere
             Pas●bali
             .
          
           
             
               See
               S.
            
             Hier.
             
               in
               Trad.
            
             Heb.
             3
             Reg.
             c.
             4.
             
          
           
             Vide
             Annium
             viterb
             .
             l.
             17.
             fol.
             158.
             
          
           
             ad
             Mart.
             
          
           
             l.
             10.
             
          
           
             Poetices
             l.
             
               1.
               
               ●
               .
               21.
            
             
          
           
             
               L.
               16.
            
             c.
             44.
             
             Arist.
             l.
             Ep.
             10.
             
          
           
             Vide
             Symmach
             .
             l.
             4.
             
             Ep.
             28.
             
          
           
             In
             Phoe.
             &
             Arcad.
             
          
           
             Salmut
             .
             exer
             ▪
             Plin.
             Sol●●
             .
          
           
             Quae
             tibi
             factorum
             poenas
             instare
             tuorum
             Vaticinor
             —
          
           
             Vide
             Met.
             l.
             8.
             
             Apollon
             .
             l.
             2.
             
             Argonaut
             .
             Prosternit
             quercum
             fun●stam
             quam
             fibi
             Nympha
             pignoribúsque
             suis
             fecit
             —
          
           
             *
             At
             Wooton
             in
             Surrey
             :
             For
             so
             in
             all
             ages
             from
             Trees
             have
             been
             denominated
             whole
             Countreys
             ,
             Regions
             ,
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             ;
             as
             Cyparissa
             in
             
               Greece
               ,
               Cerasus
            
             in
             
               Pontus
               ,
               Laurentum
            
             in
             
               Italy
               ,
               Myrrhinûs
            
             in
             Attica
             .
             Ports
             ,
             Mountains
             and
             eminent
             Places
             ;
             as
             the
             
               Viminalis
               ,
               Aesculetum
               ,
               &c.
            
             
             The
             reason
             is
             obvious
             ,
             from
             the
             spontaneous
             growth
             and
             abounding
             of
             such
             Trees
             in
             the
             respective
             Soyles
             .
          
           
             Epist.
             53
          
           
             Cic.
             d●
             Nat.
             Deor.
             
               L.
               2.
            
             
          
           
             Isa
             .
             44.23
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e306660
           
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             :
             in
             eos
             qui
             relicto
             victu
             sordido
             ,
             ad
             elegantiorem
             lautiorémque
             digrediuntur
             .
          
           
             *
             Especially
             ,
             from
             the
             most
             excellently
             learned
             Dr.
             Beale
             of
             Yeavil
             in
             Somerset-shire
             ,
             a
             Member
             of
             the
             Royal
             Society
             .
          
           
             Hereford-sh
             .
             Orch.
             p.
             8.
             
          
           
             
               
                 Tot
                 veneficiis
                 placere
                 cogitur
                 ,
                 &
                 miramur
                 noxium
                 esse
                 Vinum
                 ?
              
               Plin.
               
            
             
               As
               't
               is
               most
               ingeniously
               cited
               by
               D
               r
               Charleton
               ,
               in
               his
               excellent
               Discourse
               of
               the
               
                 Adulterations
                 of
                 Wine
              
               ,
               entered
               into
               the
               Register
               of
               the
               
                 Royal
                 Society
              
               ;
               and
               (
               with
               those
               other
               most
               useful
               Pieces
               subjoin'd
               )
               worthy
               to
               be
               published
               ,
               &c.
               
               See
               
                 Regist
                 .
                 Ro.
                 Society
                 ,
                 Num.
              
               2.17
               .
               Decemb.
               28.
               
               Jan.
               1662.
               pag.
               67.116
               .
               &c.
               
            
          
           
             Dr.
             Beale
             of
             Yeavil
             in
             Somersetshire
             .
          
           
             See
             Aph.
             42
             ,
             45
             ,
             37.
             
          
           
             See
             C.
             
             Taylor
             's
             Discourse
             of
             Cider
             .
          
           
             Aph.
             43.
             
             Aph.
             34.
             
          
           
             See
             Aph.
             35.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A38811-e324510
           
             *
             See
             for
             This
             ,
             excellent
             directions
             in
             
               Mr.
               Newburghs
            
             preserving
             of
             the
             
               surface
               ;
               C.
               Taylors
            
             Vessel
             ,
             and
             
               D
               r
               Smiths
            
             closing
             of
             it
             up
             .