An essay upon the ways and means of supplying the war
         Davenant, Charles, 1656-1714.
      
       
         
           1695
        
      
       Approx. 159 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 85 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images.
       
         Text Creation Partnership,
         Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :
         2008-09 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).
         A37167
         Wing D311
         ESTC R5880
         11964321
         ocm 11964321
         51665
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A37167)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 51665)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 865:21)
      
       
         
           
             An essay upon the ways and means of supplying the war
             Davenant, Charles, 1656-1714.
          
           [2], 160 p. : ill., fold. table.
           
             Printed for Jacob Tonson ...,
             London :
             1695.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Cambridge University Library.
             Attributed to Charles Davenant. cf. BM.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.
         Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors.
      
       
         EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO.
         EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org).
         The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source.
         Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.
         Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.
         Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.
         The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.
         Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).
         
          Keying and markup guidelines are available at the
           Text Creation Partnership web site
          .
        
      
       
         
         
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Finance, Public -- Great Britain -- 1688-1815.
           Taxation -- Great Britain.
           War, Cost of -- Great Britain.
           United States -- History -- King William's War, 1689-1697.
        
      
    
     
        2006-09 TCP
        Assigned for keying and markup
      
        2006-09 Aptara
        Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images
      
        2007-07 Robyn Anspach
        Sampled and proofread
      
        2007-07 Robyn Anspach
        Text and markup reviewed and edited
      
        2008-02 pfs
        Batch review (QC) and XML conversion
      
    
  
   
     
       
         
         
         
           AN
           ESSAY
           UPON
           Ways
           and
           Means
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           AN
           ESSAY
           UPON
           Ways
           and
           Means
           Of
           Supplying
           the
           WAR
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Jacob
             Tonson
          
           at
           the
           
           Judge's
           Head
           ,
           near
           the
           Inner-Temple-Gate
           in
           Fleetstreet
           .
           1695.
           
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           AN
           ESSAY
           UPON
           WAYS
           and
           MEANS
           OF
           Supplying
           the
           War.
           
        
         
           IN
           the
           course
           of
           this
           War
           ,
           we
           are
           engag'd
           in
           with
           France
           ,
           nothing
           seems
           more
           to
           have
           hurt
           our
           affairs
           ,
           than
           an
           Opinion
           ,
           which
           from
           year
           to
           year
           has
           been
           entertain'd
           among
           some
           People
           of
           Authority
           ,
           That
           the
           War
           could
           not
           last
           ;
           which
           they
           were
           brought
           into
           ,
           by
           the
           vanity
           ,
           natural
           to
           our
           Nation
           ,
           of
           over-rating
           our
           own
           strength
           ,
           and
           undervaluing
           that
           of
           our
           Enemies
           .
        
         
         
           Whoever
           reflects
           upon
           the
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           ,
           by
           which
           we
           have
           all
           along
           supplied
           the
           King
           ,
           will
           plainly
           see
           how
           much
           this
           Opinion
           has
           prevail'd
           with
           the
           People
           in
           general
           .
        
         
           Raising
           Money
           by
           Land
           Taxes
           ,
           Fonds
           of
           Interest
           ,
           Polls
           ,
           doubling
           the
           Excise
           ,
           charging
           Tonnage
           ,
           laying
           new
           Customs
           ,
           and
           anticipating
           the
           old
           ones
           ,
           may
           be
           proper
           Expedients
           to
           answer
           a
           single
           and
           a
           short
           Necessity
           ,
           but
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           they
           will
           hardly
           appear
           to
           be
           the
           proper
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           to
           carry
           on
           a
           great
           ,
           and
           a
           long
           War.
           
        
         
           At
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Confederacy
           ,
           France
           seem'd
           to
           take
           in
           all
           its
           Sails
           ,
           in
           expectation
           of
           a
           Storm
           ,
           and
           in
           a
           manner
           sate
           still
           ,
           while
           we
           took
           Mentz
           and
           Bon.
           This
           Success
           ,
           and
           the
           great
           Names
           ,
           and
           Mighty
           Kingdoms
           and
           States
           ,
           that
           were
           Listed
           in
           this
           Quarrel
           ,
           made
           us
           flatter
           our selves
           with
           Extravagant
           hopes
           ;
           The
           most
           Modest
           did
           believe
           the
           King
           
           of
           France
           might
           be
           easily
           reduced
           to
           the
           state
           he
           was
           left
           in
           by
           the
           Pyrenean
           Treaty
           :
           But
           the
           more
           general
           Opinion
           was
           ,
           That
           he
           would
           be
           subdued
           to
           our
           own
           Terms
           .
        
         
           But
           such
           did
           not
           consider
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           hardly
           any
           instance
           to
           be
           given
           in
           Story
           of
           a
           Mighty
           Empire
           over-run
           ,
           that
           was
           in
           the
           full
           possession
           of
           its
           Military
           Virtue
           .
           In
           such
           an
           entire
           possession
           of
           the
           Art
           of
           War
           were
           the
           Romans
           during
           the
           second
           Punic
           War
           ;
           the
           whole
           People
           were
           train'd
           up
           to
           Arms
           ,
           and
           continual
           Action
           had
           bred
           up
           and
           instructed
           many
           famous
           Captains
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           were
           not
           to
           be
           broken
           by
           the
           many
           Victories
           Hannibal
           obtain'd
           ,
           even
           in
           the
           heart
           of
           Italy
           .
        
         
           And
           in
           such
           a
           Warlike
           posture
           was
           the
           Ottoman
           Empire
           ,
           when
           Tamberlain
           came
           into
           Asia
           ,
           who
           in
           the
           Battel
           ,
           fought
           in
           the
           Year
           1397
           ,
           took
           Bajazet
           Prisoner
           ,
           and
           slew
           most
           of
           his
           Army
           ;
           yet
           that
           People
           ,
           bred
           to
           
           War
           under
           three
           Martial
           Kings
           ,
           were
           so
           far
           from
           being
           subdu'd
           ,
           that
           in
           fifty
           three
           Years
           after
           ,
           besides
           many
           other
           acquisitions
           ,
           they
           were
           able
           to
           Conquer
           all
           the
           remains
           of
           the
           Greek
           Empire
           .
        
         
           Great
           Dominions
           are
           to
           be
           attempted
           with
           hopes
           of
           success
           then
           only
           ,
           when
           either
           their
           own
           bulk
           makes
           them
           unweildy
           ,
           or
           when
           Wealth
           has
           deprav'd
           their
           Manners
           ,
           or
           when
           long
           Peace
           has
           made
           them
           forget
           their
           Military
           Skill
           and
           Vertue
           ;
           and
           at
           such
           seasons
           have
           the
           great
           Monarchies
           of
           the
           World
           been
           Invaded
           and
           Conquer'd
           ,
           not
           by
           Superior
           Virtue
           in
           others
           ,
           but
           for
           want
           of
           Virtue
           in
           themselves
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           not
           from
           hence
           concluded
           ,
           that
           lesser
           Nations
           are
           not
           to
           make
           War
           with
           strong
           and
           Victorious
           Princes
           ,
           or
           that
           we
           in
           England
           should
           not
           with
           the
           last
           drop
           of
           Blood
           defend
           this
           almost
           only
           spot
           of
           ground
           ,
           which
           seems
           remaining
           in
           the
           World
           to
           Public
           Liberty
           .
        
         
         
           But
           from
           these
           Instances
           ,
           and
           many
           others
           in
           History
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           argu'd
           ,
           that
           we
           cannot
           presently
           ,
           and
           with
           ease
           ,
           pull
           down
           so
           Mighty
           an
           Empire
           as
           France
           ;
           and
           that
           much
           Time
           ,
           Blood
           ,
           and
           Treasure
           ,
           must
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           be
           spent
           ,
           before
           we
           can
           reduce
           it
           to
           such
           Terms
           of
           Peace
           ,
           as
           may
           be
           Safe
           and
           Honourable
           for
           the
           Confederates
           .
        
         
           And
           since
           there
           seem
           very
           many
           ,
           who
           think
           the
           business
           of
           this
           War
           so
           easie
           ,
           and
           who
           wonder
           the
           Confederates
           have
           done
           no
           more
           ,
           it
           may
           not
           be
           improper
           to
           take
           a
           short
           view
           of
           the
           Affairs
           of
           France
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           make
           it
           appear
           ,
           what
           a
           powerful
           Enemy
           we
           have
           to
           deal
           with
           .
        
         
           That
           Kingdom
           has
           been
           growing
           ,
           for
           these
           two
           hundred
           and
           seventy
           years
           ,
           by
           slow
           degrees
           ,
           to
           the
           height
           we
           now
           see
           it
           at
           ;
           and
           from
           the
           time
           of
           Charles
           the
           Seventh
           ,
           to
           the
           Reign
           of
           Francis
           the
           Second
           ,
           there
           were
           always
           upon
           the
           Throne
           Martial
           and
           
           Active
           Princes
           ,
           in
           perpetual
           War
           ,
           and
           forming
           their
           People
           to
           Discipline
           .
        
         
           And
           if
           in
           the
           little
           Common-wealths
           of
           Greece
           ,
           wherever
           there
           happen'd
           to
           be
           an
           extraordinary
           Man
           ,
           that
           Man
           did
           make
           his
           City
           strong
           and
           powerful
           for
           a
           long
           time
           after
           ;
           much
           more
           must
           a
           Succession
           of
           six
           Kings
           ,
           all
           Men
           of
           Counsel
           and
           Action
           ,
           give
           strength
           and
           power
           to
           such
           a
           Kingdom
           as
           France
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           that
           from
           the
           time
           of
           Francis
           the
           Second
           ,
           to
           the
           Peace
           of
           Vervins
           ,
           which
           was
           about
           forty
           Years
           ,
           the
           Nation
           was
           miserably
           torn
           by
           a
           long
           and
           cruel
           Civil
           War
           ;
           but
           ,
           as
           there
           are
           certain
           Diseases
           ,
           which
           ,
           when
           overcome
           ,
           dispose
           the
           Body
           to
           a
           better
           state
           of
           health
           for
           the
           future
           ;
           so
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           made
           appear
           ,
           that
           even
           this
           Civil
           War
           ,
           in
           its
           Consequences
           ,
           has
           contributed
           to
           the
           present
           Power
           of
           that
           Monarchy
           ,
           by
           pulling
           down
           the
           three
           chief
           obstacles
           
           that
           stood
           in
           the
           way
           of
           its
           Greatness
           ;
           which
           were
           ,
           the
           Protestant
           Interest
           ,
           Spain
           ,
           and
           the
           old
           Nobility
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           The
           Massacre
           of
           Paris
           gave
           the
           Protestant
           Interest
           in
           that
           Nation
           such
           a
           wound
           ,
           as
           it
           has
           never
           since
           been
           able
           to
           recover
           .
        
         
           Philip
           the
           Second
           ,
           to
           procure
           the
           Crown
           of
           France
           for
           the
           Infanta
           ,
           did
           furnish
           such
           vast
           Sums
           for
           the
           Maintenance
           of
           the
           League
           ,
           as
           have
           ever
           since
           kept
           Spain
           low
           .
        
         
           And
           the
           Houses
           of
           
             Lorrain
             ,
             Montmorancy
          
           ,
           and
           Chastillon
           ,
           were
           in
           a
           manner
           extinguish'd
           in
           that
           War
           ;
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           great
           Families
           so
           ruin'd
           by
           it
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           now
           no
           more
           than
           the
           Trappings
           and
           Ornaments
           of
           the
           Tyranny
           ,
           which
           were
           in
           times
           past
           so
           strong
           a
           part
           of
           the
           Constitution
           .
        
         
           From
           the
           Peace
           of
           
             Vervins
             ,
             Harry
          
           the
           Fourth
           employ'd
           his
           care
           in
           repairing
           the
           Calamities
           of
           that
           Civil
           
           War
           ,
           and
           chiefly
           he
           set
           himself
           to
           bring
           the
           Treasury
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           into
           some
           order
           ;
           in
           which
           he
           was
           assisted
           by
           the
           Duke
           of
           Sully
           ,
           a
           frugal
           Man
           ,
           who
           ,
           by
           natural
           Wisdom
           and
           meer
           Honesty
           ,
           brought
           the
           Revenue
           out
           of
           infinite
           Debts
           into
           such
           a
           flourishing
           condition
           ,
           that
           ,
           when
           the
           French
           were
           forming
           their
           great
           designs
           against
           the
           House
           of
           Austria
           in
           1610
           ,
           they
           had
           ready
           four
           or
           five
           years
           Provision
           for
           a
           War
           ,
           that
           was
           likely
           to
           be
           the
           greatest
           their
           Nation
           had
           ever
           undertaken
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           foundations
           of
           the
           present
           Greatness
           of
           that
           Monarchy
           ,
           were
           laid
           by
           Cardinal
           Richelieu
           ;
           he
           first
           introduc'd
           that
           exact
           Method
           which
           appears
           in
           all
           their
           Affairs
           ,
           that
           secresie
           and
           steadiness
           which
           is
           in
           their
           Councils
           ,
           and
           that
           intire
           Obedience
           which
           all
           subordinate
           degrees
           pay
           to
           their
           Superiors
           ;
           and
           ,
           by
           exacting
           it
           severely
           ,
           he
           first
           accustom'd
           the
           French
           to
           that
           Zeal
           ,
           Diligence
           ,
           and
           
           Honesty
           ,
           to
           their
           Master
           ,
           which
           they
           show
           in
           all
           Public
           business
           .
        
         
           Cardinal
           Mazarin
           was
           bred
           up
           in
           his
           School
           ;
           a
           Man
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           not
           quite
           so
           deep
           ,
           but
           of
           infinite
           Subtilty
           ,
           and
           very
           fit
           for
           the
           Intrigues
           of
           the
           Cabinet
           ,
           in
           a
           Minority
           ,
           and
           under
           the
           Regency
           of
           a
           Queen
           Mother
           .
           What
           the
           Duke
           of
           Sully
           but
           began
           ,
           Colbert
           brought
           to
           perfection
           in
           the
           Public
           Revenue
           ;
           and
           both
           he
           and
           Louvoy
           ,
           were
           mighty
           Encouragers
           of
           the
           Trade
           and
           Manufactures
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           Thus
           France
           ,
           for
           a
           long
           tract
           of
           time
           ,
           has
           had
           great
           Princes
           on
           the
           Throne
           ;
           or
           ,
           which
           is
           as
           good
           ,
           able
           Men
           in
           the
           Ministry
           ;
           and
           all
           the
           while
           they
           have
           been
           enlarging
           their
           Dominions
           .
        
         
           Spain
           ,
           formerly
           their
           Rival
           Kingdom
           ,
           they
           have
           reduc'd
           to
           a
           low
           condition
           ;
           Arts
           and
           Sciences
           ,
           Trade
           and
           Manufactures
           ,
           are
           much
           improv'd
           among
           them
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Art
           of
           War
           they
           have
           brought
           to
           a
           height
           and
           perfection
           never
           known
           in
           Greece
           ,
           or
           among
           the
           Romans
           .
        
         
           Long
           Action
           has
           form'd
           them
           many
           fit
           Generals
           ,
           Experienc'd
           Officers
           ,
           and
           a
           number
           of
           good
           Troops
           .
        
         
           They
           are
           Skilful
           in
           Encampments
           ,
           they
           order
           a
           Battel
           well
           ;
           and
           no
           People
           contrive
           better
           for
           the
           Subsistance
           of
           an
           Army
           .
        
         
           Their
           Discipline
           is
           good
           and
           severe
           ,
           and
           all
           Nations
           must
           yield
           to
           them
           in
           the
           knowledge
           of
           Attacking
           and
           Defending
           places
           .
        
         
           And
           by
           Art
           and
           Industry
           ,
           they
           seem
           to
           have
           overcome
           Nature
           and
           Situation
           ,
           in
           making
           themselves
           so
           powerful
           at
           Sea
           ,
           with
           but
           few
           convenient
           Ports
           ,
           and
           but
           little
           Trade
           ,
           in
           proportion
           to
           their
           Neighbours
           .
        
         
           Their
           present
           King
           is
           undoubtedly
           a
           Person
           of
           great
           Abilities
           ,
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           Conduct
           ;
           he
           is
           well
           serv'd
           in
           every
           part
           of
           his
           Government
           ;
           
           his
           Revenue
           is
           skillfully
           brought
           in
           ,
           and
           frugally
           laid
           out
           ;
           no
           Prince
           has
           so
           quick
           and
           certain
           Intelligence
           ;
           and
           he
           has
           wrought
           into
           his
           Interests
           a
           considerable
           Party
           in
           every
           State
           and
           Kingdom
           in
           Europe
           .
        
         
           We
           all
           know
           too
           well
           ,
           what
           large
           footing
           he
           has
           of
           late
           years
           got
           round
           about
           him
           ,
           towards
           Spain
           ,
           in
           Italy
           ,
           near
           the
           Swiss
           Cantons
           ,
           and
           in
           Germany
           ,
           of
           both
           sides
           the
           Rhine
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           Low
           Countries
           .
           Whoever
           carefully
           weighs
           these
           things
           ,
           and
           duly
           considers
           the
           Strength
           and
           Policy
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           ,
           will
           hardly
           think
           the
           Confederates
           ,
           for
           the
           present
           ,
           in
           a
           condition
           to
           give
           the
           Law
           ,
           or
           able
           as
           yet
           to
           drive
           France
           to
           such
           a
           Peace
           ,
           as
           may
           be
           now
           Honourable
           ,
           and
           Safe
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           They
           ,
           who
           believe
           a
           Peace
           so
           probable
           and
           near
           ,
           ground
           their
           Opinion
           upon
           the
           Poverty
           this
           long
           War
           must
           have
           brought
           upon
           France
           :
           And
           no
           doubt
           ,
           the
           Subjects
           there
           
           are
           reduc'd
           to
           excessive
           want
           ,
           by
           the
           Universal
           stop
           that
           is
           upon
           Trade
           ,
           by
           the
           Dearth
           two
           unseasonable
           years
           has
           occasion'd
           ,
           and
           by
           maintaining
           ,
           for
           six
           years
           ,
           a
           great
           Fleet
           ,
           and
           such
           numerous
           Land
           Forces
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           French
           seem
           to
           pay
           themselves
           for
           all
           their
           Home
           Miseries
           ,
           with
           their
           Fame
           abroad
           ,
           the
           Majesty
           of
           their
           Empire
           ,
           Splendor
           of
           their
           Court
           ,
           Greatness
           of
           their
           Monarch
           ,
           and
           the
           noise
           of
           his
           Victories
           ;
           like
           a
           Beast
           ,
           that
           goes
           merrily
           with
           a
           heavy
           Burthen
           ,
           pleas'd
           with
           his
           fine
           Furniture
           ,
           and
           the
           Bells
           that
           jingle
           about
           him
           .
        
         
           For
           those
           vain
           appearances
           are
           ,
           to
           that
           People
           ,
           in
           the
           stead
           of
           Ease
           ,
           Plenty
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           other
           Goods
           of
           Life
           ;
           tho'
           they
           truly
           tend
           but
           to
           make
           their
           Slavery
           more
           lasting
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           while
           their
           King
           is
           thus
           Successful
           in
           his
           Arms
           ,
           we
           have
           small
           reason
           to
           think
           the
           Wants
           and
           Cries
           of
           his
           Country
           will
           constrain
           him
           to
           end
           the
           War.
           
        
         
         
           But
           suppose
           him
           in
           such
           streights
           ,
           as
           that
           he
           willingly
           will
           listen
           to
           a
           Peace
           ;
           can
           we
           modestly
           believe
           him
           in
           so
           low
           a
           condition
           ,
           as
           that
           the
           Confederates
           may
           at
           present
           have
           such
           a
           one
           as
           will
           be
           secure
           and
           lasting
           ?
        
         
           Is
           he
           yet
           so
           distressed
           by
           the
           War
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           contented
           things
           may
           be
           put
           upon
           such
           a
           foot
           of
           Equality
           ,
           that
           hereafter
           he
           may
           be
           compell'd
           to
           observe
           his
           Articles
           ?
           for
           without
           this
           ,
           any
           Peace
           we
           can
           make
           will
           be
           but
           unsound
           and
           precarious
           .
        
         
           Perhaps
           he
           may
           submit
           to
           give
           up
           
             Lorrain
             ,
             Philipsburg
          
           ,
           and
           Strasburg
           ,
           and
           his
           late
           Conquests
           in
           
             Savoy
             ,
             Catalonia
          
           ,
           and
           Flanders
           ;
           The
           Pope
           ,
           Venetians
           ,
           and
           the
           two
           Northern
           Crowns
           ,
           shall
           be
           Mediators
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           ▪
           Warrantees
           of
           the
           Treaty
           .
           The
           Confederacy
           shall
           still
           subsist
           ,
           and
           upon
           stricter
           terms
           of
           Union
           :
           But
           ,
           when
           we
           have
           bound
           Sampson
           with
           these
           new
           Ropes
           ,
           may
           he
           not
           ,
           
           when
           he
           pleases
           ,
           break
           them
           from
           off
           his
           Arms
           like
           a
           Thread
           ?
        
         
           Indeed
           ,
           we
           might
           promise
           our selves
           that
           a
           Peace
           would
           be
           good
           and
           durable
           ,
           if
           we
           were
           enough
           Superior
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           to
           make
           him
           Surrender
           those
           strong
           places
           ,
           with
           which
           ,
           on
           every
           side
           ,
           he
           seems
           to
           Bridle
           this
           part
           of
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           Or
           ,
           if
           he
           were
           so
           distress'd
           ,
           as
           ,
           for
           a
           Peace
           ,
           to
           deprive
           himself
           of
           his
           Fleet
           ,
           to
           which
           the
           Romans
           compell'd
           Carthage
           ,
           and
           ,
           afterwards
           ,
           King
           Antiochus
           ,
           then
           we
           in
           England
           might
           promise
           our selves
           future
           Safety
           .
        
         
           But
           ,
           while
           his
           Naval
           strength
           is
           unbroken
           ;
           while
           he
           has
           that
           Chain
           of
           Fortified
           Towns
           upon
           the
           Rhine
           ;
           and
           that
           formidable
           Barrier
           in
           Flanders
           ;
           while
           on
           the
           side
           of
           
             Spain
             ,
             Italy
          
           ,
           and
           Switzerland
           ,
           he
           is
           left
           in
           such
           a
           condition
           to
           Invade
           ,
           and
           so
           fortified
           against
           Invasion
           ,
           we
           may
           make
           a
           Peace
           that
           shall
           give
           us
           present
           ease
           ,
           and
           put
           off
           the
           Evil
           day
           for
           a
           time
           ,
           
           but
           we
           cannot
           pretend
           to
           have
           secur'd
           our
           Liberties
           ,
           or
           defeated
           his
           designs
           of
           Universal
           Monarchy
           .
        
         
           Whoever
           carefully
           examines
           those
           general
           Treaties
           of
           Peace
           the
           French
           of
           late
           years
           have
           concluded
           with
           the
           House
           of
           Austria
           ,
           and
           their
           other
           Opposites
           ,
           from
           that
           of
           
           Vervin's
           ,
           to
           that
           of
           Nimmeghen
           ,
           will
           find
           they
           have
           had
           no
           effect
           ,
           but
           to
           give
           France
           a
           legal
           Title
           to
           what
           it
           possest
           before
           by
           Conquest
           ,
           or
           to
           affort
           it
           time
           to
           repair
           the
           Calamities
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           to
           gather
           Strength
           for
           new
           and
           greater
           Undertakings
           .
        
         
           We
           took
           this
           War
           in
           hand
           to
           assert
           the
           Liberties
           of
           Europe
           ,
           and
           to
           encourage
           us
           to
           carry
           it
           on
           ,
           we
           have
           Examples
           ,
           ancient
           and
           modern
           ,
           of
           Nations
           that
           have
           resisted
           great
           Monarchies
           ,
           and
           who
           have
           at
           last
           worked
           out
           their
           Freedom
           by
           Patience
           ,
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           Courage
           .
        
         
           In
           Defence
           of
           their
           Laws
           and
           Religion
           ,
           the
           Low-Countreys
           maintained
           
           a
           War
           with
           Spain
           from
           1566
           to
           1648
           ,
           which
           ended
           in
           the
           Peace
           of
           Munster
           ,
           and
           in
           that
           Struggle
           they
           fixed
           their
           Government
           .
        
         
           Great
           Monarchies
           do
           easily
           over-run
           and
           swallow
           up
           the
           lesser
           Tirannies
           and
           Principalities
           that
           are
           round
           about
           them
           ;
           but
           they
           find
           much
           harder
           Work
           ,
           and
           another
           sort
           of
           Opposition
           ,
           when
           they
           come
           to
           invade
           Common-wealths
           ,
           or
           mix'd
           Governments
           ,
           where
           the
           People
           have
           an
           Interest
           in
           the
           Laws
           .
        
         
           Under
           Tirannies
           ,
           where
           the
           Subjects
           only
           contend
           for
           the
           Choice
           of
           a
           Master
           ,
           the
           Dispute
           is
           seldom
           real
           and
           haerty
           ;
           but
           ,
           in
           free
           Countreys
           ,
           where
           the
           People
           fight
           for
           themselves
           ,
           and
           their
           own
           proper
           Wealth
           and
           Security
           ,
           they
           are
           in
           earnest
           ,
           and
           defend
           themselves
           accordingly
           .
           The
           Persians
           very
           easily
           subdued
           the
           neighbouring
           Monarchies
           that
           made
           up
           their
           large
           Empire
           ;
           but
           when
           they
           came
           to
           invade
           the
           Grecians
           ,
           a
           free
           
           People
           ,
           we
           see
           how
           their
           numerous
           Armies
           ,
           and
           great
           Navies
           were
           at
           last
           defeated
           .
        
         
           That
           War
           was
           carried
           on
           by
           Confederates
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           chief
           were
           the
           Lacedemonians
           ,
           and
           the
           Athenians
           ;
           one
           a
           Kingly
           Government
           limited
           by
           Laws
           ,
           the
           other
           a
           Common-wealth
           ;
           it
           lasted
           two
           and
           twenty
           years
           ,
           reckoning
           from
           the
           Battel
           of
           Marathon
           ,
           to
           that
           Victory
           gain'd
           by
           Cimon
           ,
           which
           forced
           the
           Persians
           to
           sue
           for
           Peace
           .
        
         
           And
           it
           may
           not
           be
           amiss
           to
           take
           notice
           ,
           how
           the
           Athenians
           laid
           the
           whole
           stress
           of
           this
           War
           upon
           their
           Naval
           force
           ,
           pursuant
           to
           the
           Oracle
           ,
           which
           told
           them
           they
           should
           be
           safe
           within
           their
           Walls
           of
           Wood
           ,
           leaving
           Athens
           it self
           defenceless
           ,
           that
           their
           Fleet
           might
           be
           the
           stronger
           .
        
         
           Many
           more
           Instances
           may
           be
           given
           of
           great
           things
           perform'd
           in
           the
           defence
           of
           Liberty
           ;
           but
           then
           they
           have
           been
           done
           ,
           by
           Men
           who
           had
           
           laid
           aside
           their
           Luxury
           ,
           Corruption
           ,
           Self-ends
           ,
           and
           private
           Ambition
           ,
           and
           who
           had
           devoted
           themselves
           intirely
           to
           the
           Common
           Good.
           
        
         
           If
           therefore
           we
           hope
           to
           get
           out
           of
           this
           War
           with
           Honour
           ,
           and
           ,
           at
           last
           ,
           make
           a
           safe
           and
           durable
           Peace
           ,
           we
           must
           show
           more
           than
           ordinary
           Virtue
           and
           Resolution
           ;
           we
           must
           bear
           patiently
           the
           Public
           burthens
           ;
           but
           chiefly
           ,
           we
           must
           not
           give
           our
           Enemies
           any
           room
           to
           believe
           ,
           either
           by
           our
           Actions
           or
           Councils
           ,
           that
           we
           shrink
           and
           give
           back
           ,
           as
           if
           we
           thought
           the
           business
           too
           weighty
           for
           us
           .
        
         
           Many
           things
           may
           happen
           to
           reward
           this
           patience
           ,
           which
           would
           put
           us
           in
           the
           Power
           of
           treating
           upon
           more
           equal
           terms
           .
        
         
           The
           King
           of
           France
           is
           infirm
           ,
           and
           in
           years
           ;
           if
           he
           should
           fail
           ,
           while
           the
           War
           is
           on
           foot
           ,
           his
           People
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           may
           take
           that
           time
           to
           shake
           off
           their
           Oppression
           ;
           and
           his
           Son
           may
           not
           be
           able
           to
           carry
           on
           the
           great
           Machine
           
           of
           that
           Government
           ,
           with
           the
           same
           Steadiness
           ,
           Conduct
           ,
           and
           Authority
           .
           Or
           ,
           the
           Dauphin
           may
           dye
           ,
           which
           would
           give
           the
           Princes
           of
           the
           Blood
           the
           prospect
           of
           a
           Minority
           ,
           always
           fatal
           ,
           and
           the
           occasion
           of
           disorders
           in
           that
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           Besides
           ,
           notwithstanding
           the
           seeming
           health
           and
           vigour
           of
           that
           Government
           ,
           it
           has
           within
           it
           dangerous
           Distempers
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           symptoms
           appear
           not
           in
           this
           Prosperity
           of
           their
           affairs
           ,
           but
           would
           be
           seen
           in
           any
           Public
           calamity
           ;
           such
           as
           the
           loss
           of
           a
           Battel
           ,
           or
           a
           total
           defeat
           at
           Sea
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           course
           of
           the
           War
           may
           happen
           .
        
         
           If
           France
           should
           receive
           any
           shock
           or
           wound
           of
           that
           kind
           ,
           the
           ill
           humours
           bred
           by
           Oppression
           ,
           and
           Arbitrary
           Power
           ,
           would
           break
           out
           ,
           and
           shew
           themselves
           ,
           in
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Constitution
           .
        
         
           These
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           accidents
           that
           might
           stir
           up
           Civil
           Commotions
           
           in
           that
           Kingdom
           ,
           would
           render
           it
           uncapable
           of
           a
           Foreign
           War
           ,
           and
           consequently
           ,
           procure
           us
           more
           advantageous
           Conditions
           of
           Peace
           .
        
         
           But
           the
           most
           proper
           Season
           to
           conclude
           a
           Peace
           with
           the
           French
           ,
           in
           all
           appearance
           ,
           will
           be
           when
           they
           are
           Impoverish'd
           ,
           and
           exhausted
           of
           that
           Money
           by
           which
           they
           have
           so
           much
           prevailed
           ,
           and
           when
           that
           sinew
           of
           War
           begins
           to
           slacken
           .
        
         
           For
           there
           is
           a
           degree
           of
           Expence
           ,
           which
           no
           Nation
           can
           exceed
           without
           utter
           ruin
           ,
           and
           the
           Public
           may
           become
           a
           Bankrupt
           as
           well
           as
           a
           private
           Person
           .
        
         
           And
           since
           War
           is
           grown
           so
           expensive
           ,
           and
           Trade
           is
           become
           so
           extended
           ;
           and
           since
           Luxury
           has
           so
           much
           obtain'd
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           no
           Nation
           can
           subsist
           of
           it self
           without
           Helps
           and
           Aids
           from
           other
           places
           ;
           so
           that
           the
           Wealth
           of
           a
           Country
           now
           is
           the
           Ballance
           ,
           which
           arises
           from
           the
           exchange
           with
           other
           places
           ,
           of
           its
           Natural
           or
           Artificial
           Product
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Natural
           Product
           are
           the
           Fruits
           of
           the
           Earth
           ;
           the
           Artificial
           are
           the
           Manufactures
           .
        
         
           That
           part
           of
           Trade
           which
           consists
           in
           buying
           Commodities
           in
           one
           Nation
           ,
           and
           selling
           them
           in
           another
           ,
           is
           very
           little
           the
           Commerce
           of
           France
           .
        
         
           And
           this
           Ballance
           accrues
           ,
           either
           from
           Money
           
             in
             specie
          
           ,
           brought
           home
           ,
           or
           Foreign
           Commodities
           ,
           or
           Credit
           ,
           which
           one
           Country
           has
           upon
           another
           .
        
         
           The
           Prince's
           Revenue
           ,
           is
           a
           due
           proportion
           and
           share
           out
           of
           this
           Ballance
           .
        
         
           Whatever
           Nation
           is
           at
           a
           greater
           expence
           than
           this
           Ballance
           admits
           of
           ,
           will
           as
           surely
           be
           ruin'd
           in
           time
           ,
           as
           a
           private
           Person
           must
           be
           ,
           who
           every
           year
           spends
           more
           than
           the
           Income
           of
           his
           Estate
           .
        
         
           And
           that
           Prince
           ,
           who
           gathers
           more
           than
           this
           Ballance
           will
           naturally
           afford
           ,
           must
           as
           certainly
           bring
           ruin
           upon
           his
           Country
           ,
           because
           he
           
           lives
           upon
           the
           quick
           Stock
           of
           his
           People
           .
        
         
           The
           ordinary
           Publick
           Revenue
           of
           France
           was
           ,
           before
           this
           War
           ,
           yearly
           ,
           about
           one
           hundred
           and
           fifty
           Millions
           of
           Livres
           ,
           which
           reduc'd
           to
           our
           Money
           ,
           is
           about
           twelve
           Millions
           Sterling
           .
        
         
           We
           all
           know
           how
           hardly
           this
           great
           Sum
           was
           extorted
           from
           the
           People
           ,
           but
           they
           were
           enabled
           to
           pay
           it
           by
           the
           Ballance
           that
           arose
           to
           them
           from
           the
           vent
           of
           their
           Commodities
           and
           Manufactures
           .
        
         
           Their
           most
           Staple
           Trade
           was
           Wine
           ,
           Oyl
           ,
           Salt
           ,
           Linnen
           ,
           and
           Paper
           ,
           their
           Manufactures
           are
           innumerable
           ;
           and
           a
           vast
           profit
           they
           did
           constantly
           make
           by
           the
           resort
           of
           strangers
           to
           their
           Country
           ,
           and
           likewise
           by
           furnishing
           all
           Europe
           with
           their
           Fineries
           and
           Vanities
           .
        
         
           The
           ordinary
           Revenue
           must
           needs
           be
           much
           impair'd
           by
           the
           effects
           of
           the
           War
           ;
           but
           this
           we
           may
           suppose
           ,
           
           is
           made
           up
           to
           the
           King
           by
           extraordinary
           Means
           .
           For
           we
           cannot
           think
           he
           maintains
           his
           Goverment
           ,
           Fleet
           ,
           and
           Armies
           ,
           at
           a
           less
           Expence
           than
           Twelve
           Millions
           yearly
           .
        
         
           Now
           how
           this
           Expence
           can
           be
           long
           continued
           by
           the
           French
           ,
           is
           hardly
           imaginable
           ,
           when
           there
           is
           such
           an
           Interruption
           upon
           their
           Commerce
           ,
           and
           so
           little
           vent
           for
           their
           Commodities
           and
           Manufactures
           .
        
         
           They
           are
           cut
           off
           by
           this
           War
           from
           almost
           all
           their
           profitable
           Trade
           ,
           their
           Poor
           are
           unimploy'd
           ,
           and
           the
           Growth
           of
           their
           Country
           sticks
           upon
           their
           hands
           ,
           and
           their
           Body
           Politick
           ,
           being
           at
           a
           continual
           Expence
           of
           Spirits
           ,
           without
           the
           usual
           Supplies
           and
           Reliefs
           ,
           must
           fall
           into
           Faintness
           ,
           and
           Decay
           in
           all
           its
           Members
           .
           The
           Ballance
           arising
           from
           Trade
           being
           wanting
           ,
           which
           should
           maintain
           King
           and
           People
           ,
           there
           must
           inevitably
           follow
           ,
           at
           first
           private
           Want
           ,
           and
           then
           publick
           Poverty
           .
           And
           if
           
           this
           Interruption
           of
           their
           Commerce
           be
           yet
           more
           strictly
           pursued
           ,
           it
           will
           bring
           a
           Ruin
           upon
           them
           ,
           not
           to
           be
           avoided
           by
           all
           their
           Oeconomy
           ,
           Courage
           and
           Policy
           .
        
         
           We
           have
           maintain'd
           this
           War
           six
           years
           ,
           and
           may
           hold
           it
           out
           much
           longer
           ,
           if
           every
           part
           of
           the
           Confederacy
           would
           exert
           all
           its
           Natural
           Force
           ,
           and
           apply
           it
           usefully
           to
           the
           common
           Business
           .
        
         
           But
           then
           the
           Emperor
           must
           not
           be
           contending
           for
           Dominion
           at
           Home
           ,
           while
           he
           is
           fighting
           for
           Liberty
           Abroad
           .
           He
           must
           give
           the
           Princes
           of
           the
           Empire
           no
           Jealousie
           that
           he
           has
           any
           Designs
           upon
           their
           Freedoms
           .
           He
           must
           not
           let
           the
           Priests
           divert
           his
           his
           Arms
           upon
           the
           Turks
           ,
           of
           which
           the
           true
           meaning
           is
           only
           the
           Oppression
           of
           the
           Protestants
           in
           Hungary
           .
           A
           good
           Peace
           on
           that
           side
           would
           give
           new
           Life
           to
           the
           Confederate
           Affairs
           .
        
         
         
           A
           little
           more
           publick
           Spirit
           and
           Vigor
           would
           be
           necessary
           in
           the
           Spanish
           Councels
           ,
           in
           which
           Kingdom
           there
           is
           great
           Power
           and
           Wealth
           remaining
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           rightly
           applied
           and
           well
           ordered
           .
        
         
           The
           proper
           and
           natural
           Strength
           of
           England
           and
           Holland
           is
           at
           Sea.
           The
           Walls
           of
           Wood
           are
           our
           best
           defence
           ,
           and
           the
           more
           we
           rely
           upon
           ,
           and
           improve
           that
           Strength
           ,
           the
           more
           we
           shall
           break
           the
           Measures
           of
           France
           .
        
         
           But
           England
           is
           the
           main
           Pillar
           of
           the
           Confederacy
           ;
           our
           Riches
           supply
           it
           ;
           our
           Fleet
           and
           the
           Goodness
           of
           our
           Troops
           ,
           are
           its
           chief
           Force
           and
           Reputation
           ;
           all
           depend
           upon
           the
           Councels
           we
           take
           ;
           if
           we
           are
           unwilling
           ,
           or
           unable
           to
           support
           the
           War
           ,
           a
           Peace
           will
           be
           concluded
           upon
           the
           best
           Terms
           that
           can
           be
           had
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           the
           whole
           wil
           result
           in
           this
           ,
           how
           far
           we
           in
           England
           ,
           are
           able
           to
           maintain
           such
           a
           long
           War
           with
           
           France
           ,
           as
           may
           procure
           us
           a
           Peace
           that
           shall
           be
           equal
           and
           lasting
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           true
           ,
           a
           long
           War
           is
           but
           a
           Melancholy
           Prospect
           to
           a
           Luxurious
           People
           ,
           fearful
           of
           Slavery
           ,
           and
           yet
           unwilling
           to
           pay
           the
           Price
           of
           Liberty
           ;
           which
           no
           Nation
           hardly
           ever
           obtained
           ,
           but
           at
           a
           great
           Expence
           of
           Blood
           and
           Treasure
           .
        
         
           Whenever
           this
           War
           ceases
           ,
           it
           will
           not
           be
           for
           want
           of
           mutual
           Hatred
           in
           the
           opposite
           Parties
           ,
           nor
           for
           want
           of
           Men
           to
           fight
           the
           Quarrel
           ,
           but
           that
           side
           must
           first
           give
           out
           where
           Money
           is
           first
           failing
           .
        
         
           If
           we
           in
           England
           can
           put
           our
           Affairs
           into
           such
           a
           Posture
           ,
           as
           to
           be
           able
           to
           hold
           out
           in
           our
           Expence
           longer
           than
           France
           ,
           we
           shall
           be
           in
           a
           condition
           to
           give
           the
           Peace
           ;
           but
           if
           otherwise
           ,
           we
           must
           be
           contented
           to
           receive
           it
           .
        
         
           For
           War
           is
           quite
           changed
           from
           what
           it
           was
           in
           the
           time
           of
           our
           Forefathers
           ;
           when
           ,
           in
           a
           hasty
           Expedition
           ,
           
           and
           a
           pitch'd
           Field
           ,
           the
           Matter
           was
           decided
           by
           Courage
           ;
           but
           now
           the
           whole
           Art
           of
           War
           is
           in
           a
           manner
           reduced
           to
           Money
           ;
           and
           now
           adays
           that
           Prince
           ,
           who
           can
           best
           find
           Money
           to
           feed
           ,
           cloath
           ,
           and
           pay
           his
           Army
           ,
           not
           he
           that
           has
           the
           most
           valiant
           Troops
           ,
           is
           surest
           of
           Success
           and
           Conquest
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           the
           present
           Business
           England
           is
           engaged
           in
           ,
           will
           chiefly
           depend
           upon
           the
           well
           contriving
           and
           ordering
           the
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           ,
           by
           which
           the
           Government
           is
           to
           be
           maintained
           ,
           and
           making
           the
           publick
           Charge
           easie
           and
           supportable
           .
        
         
           By
           what
           has
           been
           said
           before
           ,
           it
           may
           perhaps
           appear
           ,
           that
           the
           Interruption
           of
           Trade
           has
           made
           this
           War
           very
           heavy
           upon
           the
           People
           of
           France
           ,
           from
           which
           naturally
           follows
           ,
           that
           a
           careful
           and
           vigorous
           Protection
           of
           our
           own
           Trade
           ,
           will
           make
           all
           publick
           Burthens
           lighter
           and
           easier
           to
           us
           .
        
         
         
           Trade
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           now
           become
           the
           Strength
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           by
           the
           Supply
           it
           breeds
           of
           Seamen
           ,
           so
           it
           is
           the
           living
           Fountain
           from
           whence
           we
           draw
           all
           our
           Nourishment
           ;
           it
           disperses
           that
           Blood
           and
           Spirits
           through
           all
           the
           Members
           ,
           by
           which
           the
           Body
           Politick
           subsists
           .
        
         
           The
           Price
           of
           Land
           ,
           Value
           of
           Rents
           ,
           and
           our
           Commodities
           and
           Manufactures
           rise
           and
           fall
           ,
           as
           it
           goes
           well
           or
           ill
           with
           our
           Foreign
           Trade
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           not
           enough
           to
           have
           great
           Exportation
           ,
           and
           great
           Importation
           ,
           unless
           we
           are
           Gainers
           upon
           the
           Ballance
           ;
           which
           the
           Nation
           cannot
           be
           at
           the
           foot
           of
           the
           Accompt
           ,
           while
           there
           are
           very
           great
           Losses
           at
           Sea.
           
        
         
           For
           the
           Profit
           of
           Trade
           is
           not
           the
           Advantage
           the
           Merchant
           makes
           at
           Home
           ,
           but
           what
           the
           whole
           Nation
           gets
           clear
           and
           Nett
           ,
           upon
           the
           Ballance
           in
           Exchange
           with
           other
           Countreys
           of
           its
           Commodities
           and
           Manufactures
           .
        
         
         
           So
           that
           if
           we
           can
           protect
           our
           Trade
           to
           that
           degree
           as
           to
           be
           Gainers
           by
           the
           General
           Ballance
           ,
           the
           Expence
           and
           Length
           of
           the
           War
           will
           not
           so
           much
           affect
           us
           ;
           for
           Trade
           ,
           well
           secured
           ,
           will
           bring
           in
           that
           Wealth
           by
           which
           it
           may
           be
           fed
           and
           maintained
           .
        
         
           To
           support
           a
           long
           War
           ,
           the
           Taxes
           should
           be
           so
           contriv'd
           ,
           as
           that
           they
           may
           lye
           equally
           upon
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           when
           they
           are
           equally
           laid
           ,
           they
           will
           in
           Consequence
           be
           easier
           ,
           and
           longer
           ,
           and
           more
           patiently
           suffered
           .
           For
           he
           that
           is
           to
           carry
           a
           great
           Burthen
           ,
           should
           not
           reasonably
           be
           put
           to
           bear
           it
           upon
           one
           Arm
           ,
           and
           that
           extended
           at
           length
           ;
           but
           it
           ought
           rather
           to
           be
           placed
           upon
           his
           Shoulders
           ,
           so
           that
           every
           Limb
           may
           bear
           its
           due
           proportion
           of
           the
           Weight
           .
        
         
           The
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           to
           supply
           the
           Government
           ,
           in
           this
           War
           ,
           should
           be
           such
           ,
           as
           may
           not
           too
           highly
           affect
           Trade
           ,
           upon
           the
           Prosperity
           of
           
           which
           depends
           ,
           in
           so
           great
           a
           measure
           ,
           the
           Welfare
           of
           the
           Nation
           .
        
         
           What
           we
           give
           should
           be
           as
           free
           as
           possible
           from
           the
           Load
           of
           paying
           Interest-Money
           ,
           which
           eats
           upon
           the
           Publick
           ,
           as
           it
           ruins
           any
           private
           Person
           .
        
         
           And
           ,
           in
           Taxing
           the
           People
           ,
           we
           should
           have
           regard
           not
           to
           create
           Disaffection
           to
           the
           Government
           .
        
         
           We
           should
           likewise
           see
           that
           our
           present
           Gifts
           should
           not
           ,
           in
           their
           Consequences
           ,
           bring
           Damage
           to
           the
           ordinary
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Crown
           ;
           for
           ,
           in
           such
           cases
           ,
           we
           give
           of
           one
           hand
           ,
           and
           take
           away
           of
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           And
           lastly
           ,
           in
           our
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           of
           Supplying
           the
           War
           ,
           we
           should
           take
           some
           care
           not
           to
           entail
           upon
           the
           Kingdom
           too
           large
           a
           Debt
           of
           perpetual
           Interest
           .
        
         
           Taxes
           ,
           which
           have
           all
           these
           Inconveniencies
           ,
           that
           are
           laid
           unequally
           ,
           that
           affect
           Trade
           ,
           that
           consume
           us
           
           with
           Usury
           ,
           that
           disaffect
           the
           People
           ,
           that
           prejudice
           the
           Crown
           Revenue
           ,
           and
           burthen
           us
           with
           perpetual
           Interest
           ,
           may
           be
           made
           use
           of
           now
           and
           then
           ,
           to
           piece
           out
           ,
           and
           answer
           a
           single
           and
           a
           short
           necessity
           ;
           but
           cannot
           be
           repeated
           often
           ,
           and
           made
           use
           of
           ,
           as
           the
           constant
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           of
           supplying
           the
           Government
           ,
           in
           a
           business
           of
           length
           ,
           without
           great
           damage
           and
           hazard
           to
           the
           Kingdom
           .
        
         
           For
           Taxes
           of
           this
           nature
           beget
           public
           and
           private
           Poverty
           ,
           make
           the
           People
           desperate
           ,
           render
           Government
           uneasie
           to
           the
           Rulers
           ,
           and
           may
           be
           rather
           said
           to
           fight
           secretly
           against
           the
           Prince
           ,
           than
           to
           give
           him
           any
           true
           assistance
           .
        
         
           The
           Opinion
           ,
           which
           from
           year
           to
           year
           has
           prevail'd
           ,
           That
           the
           next
           Campagne
           would
           end
           the
           War
           ,
           has
           made
           us
           bear
           with
           these
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           of
           Supply
           ,
           believing
           every
           such
           charge
           would
           be
           the
           last
           of
           
           that
           kind
           that
           should
           be
           laid
           upon
           the
           People
           .
        
         
           Perhaps
           we
           should
           have
           taken
           other
           Measures
           ,
           if
           ,
           at
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           the
           Nation
           had
           been
           throughly
           convinc'd
           ,
           that
           Peace
           was
           at
           such
           a
           distance
           from
           us
           .
        
         
           Some
           are
           of
           Opinion
           ,
           that
           if
           at
           first
           we
           had
           fallen
           upon
           Excises
           ,
           we
           had
           establish'd
           a
           Fond
           of
           Revenue
           ,
           which
           would
           have
           lain
           equally
           upon
           the
           whole
           ,
           been
           a
           constant
           and
           easie
           Supply
           ,
           and
           tending
           less
           than
           other
           Taxes
           ,
           to
           the
           damage
           of
           Foreign
           Trade
           ,
           or
           ruin
           of
           the
           Gentry
           ;
           and
           which
           ,
           by
           this
           time
           ,
           might
           have
           been
           so
           improv'd
           in
           the
           management
           ,
           that
           we
           should
           have
           found
           it
           singly
           of
           it self
           ,
           sufficient
           for
           all
           the
           Expences
           of
           the
           War.
           
        
         
         
           And
           't
           is
           not
           improbable
           ,
           if
           the
           King
           of
           France
           had
           seen
           us
           open
           such
           a
           new
           vein
           of
           Treasure
           ,
           we
           had
           long
           since
           had
           a
           more
           advantageous
           Peace
           than
           we
           can
           expect
           :
           at
           present
           .
        
         
           It
           had
           given
           him
           a
           great
           Opinion
           and
           Awe
           of
           our
           strength
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           seen
           we
           had
           been
           able
           to
           raise
           five
           Millions
           a
           year
           ,
           in
           a
           way
           not
           very
           burthensom
           to
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           he
           could
           have
           expected
           no
           good
           issue
           from
           a
           contest
           with
           so
           rich
           and
           powerful
           a
           People
           :
        
         
           But
           if
           he
           finds
           we
           raise
           Money
           for
           the
           War
           ,
           by
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           heavy
           and
           destructive
           to
           our
           Country
           ,
           he
           will
           be
           encourag'd
           to
           persue
           it
           till
           he
           has
           brought
           utter
           ruin
           upon
           us
           .
        
         
         
           And
           tho'
           it
           appears
           from
           the
           
             Books
             of
             Hearth
             Money
          
           ,
           that
           there
           are
           not
           above
           Thirteen
           hundred
           thousand
           Families
           in
           England
           ;
           and
           ,
           allowing
           six
           persons
           to
           a
           House
           ,
           one
           with
           another
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           common
           way
           of
           computing
           ,
           not
           quite
           eight
           Millions
           of
           People
           ;
           and
           tho'
           (
           as
           likewise
           appears
           from
           the
           
             Hearth
             Books
          
           )
           there
           are
           five
           hundred
           thousand
           poor
           Families
           in
           the
           Nation
           ,
           living
           in
           Cottages
           ,
           who
           contribute
           little
           to
           the
           Common
           Support
           ;
           yet
           the
           Eight
           hundred
           thousand
           remaining
           Families
           ,
           would
           be
           able
           to
           carry
           on
           the
           present
           business
           a
           great
           while
           longer
           ,
           and
           ,
           perhaps
           ,
           till
           France
           is
           weary
           of
           it
           ,
           if
           the
           Public
           Burthens
           could
           be
           divided
           a
           little
           more
           equally
           among
           them
           .
        
         
         
           It
           seems
           evident
           enough
           ,
           that
           the
           War
           cannot
           be
           supported
           by
           the
           present
           Revenue
           of
           the
           Crown
           ;
           of
           which
           ,
           as
           also
           how
           it
           stood
           at
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Revolution
           ,
           it
           may
           not
           be
           improper
           to
           give
           an
           Account
           .
        
         
           
           
             The
             chief
             Branches
             of
             the
             Revenue
             ,
             according
             to
             a
             Computation
             deliver'd
             to
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             Revolution
             ,
             stood
             clear
             of
             all
             charges
             ,
             in
             the
             Collection
             ,
             as
             follows
             .
          
           
             THE
             Tunnage
             and
             Poundage
             ,
             including
             the
             Wood-Farm
             ,
             Coal-Farm
             ,
             and
             Salt-Farm
             ,
             was
             computed
             at
             l.
             600,000
          
           
             The
             Excise
             on
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             &c.
             
             Year
             ending
             24th
             June
             1689
             ,
             did
             produce
             —
             666,383
          
           
             The
             Hearth
             Money
             about
             —
             245,000
          
           
             The
             Post
             Office
             about
             —
             65,000
          
           
             The
             Wine
             Licenses
             about
             —
             10,000
          
           
             New
             Impositions
             upon
             Wine
             and
             Vinegar
             granted
             for
             four
             Years
             ,
             the
             year
             ending
             29th
             Sept.
             1688
             ,
             about
             —
             172,901
          
           
             Duty
             on
             Tobacco
             and
             Sugar
             ,
             for
             the
             same
             time
             in
             the
             same
             year
             ,
             about
             148,861
          
           
             Duty
             on
             French
             Linnen
             ,
             Brandy
             ,
             Silk
             ,
             &c.
             which
             was
             to
             continue
             to
             the
             1st
             of
             July
             1690
             ,
             for
             the
             year
             ending
             29th
             of
             September
             1688
             ,
             produced
             —
             93,710
          
           
             Total
             —
             2,001,855
          
        
         
           
           
             The
             chief
             Branches
             of
             the
             Revenue
             at
             present
             ,
             clear
             of
             all
             Charges
             in
             the
             Collection
             ,
             stand
             as
             follows
             .
          
           
             THE
             Tunnage
             and
             Poundage
             ,
             including
             the
             Wood-Farm
             ,
             Coal-Farm
             ,
             and
             Salt-Farm
             ,
             Year
             ending
             29th
             September
             1693
             ,
             did
             produce
             —
             l.
             286
             ,
             687
          
           
             The
             Excise
             on
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             &c.
             
             Year
             ending
             24th
             June
             1693
             ,
             produced
             —
             391,275
          
           
             The
             Hearth
             Money
             —
             000000
          
           
             The
             Post
             Office
             ,
             the
             same
             Year
             —
             63,517
          
           
             The
             Wine
             Licenses
             ,
             the
             same
             Year
             about
             —
             5000
          
           
             New
             Impositions
             upon
             Wine
             Vinegar
             ,
             &c.
             
             Year
             ending
             29th
             September
             1693
             ,
             produced
             —
             133,595
          
           
             Duty
             on
             Tobacco
             ,
             &c.
             Year
             ending
             29th
             September
             1693
             ,
             produced
             —
             75,611
          
           
             Duty
             on
             Silk
             ,
             &c.
             Year
             ending
             29th
             September
             1693
             —
             148,430
          
           
             The
             Additional
             Impositions
             took
             place
             from
             March
             1.
             169
             2
             
             /
             3.
             and
             from
             that
             time
             to
             29th
             September
             1693
             ,
             produced
             only
             —
             16,203
          
           
             The
             Additional
             Duties
             upon
             Beer
             ,
             Ale
             ,
             &c.
             computed
             at
             —
             450,000
          
           
             Total
             —
             1,570,318
          
        
         
         
           But
           of
           the
           1,570,318
           l.
           which
           is
           reckon'd
           the
           present
           Revenue
           ,
           all
           but
           746479
           l.
           which
           arises
           from
           Customs
           ,
           old
           Excise
           ,
           Post
           Office
           ,
           and
           Wine
           Licenses
           ,
           is
           either
           anticipated
           by
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           for
           the
           War
           ,
           or
           applied
           to
           the
           uses
           of
           it
           ;
           indeed
           ,
           something
           of
           the
           Ninepences
           will
           come
           into
           the
           Crown
           as
           the
           Lives
           fall
           .
           The
           Salt
           Duty
           ,
           and
           new
           Imposition
           upon
           the
           Tunnage
           of
           Ships
           ,
           are
           to
           stand
           in
           the
           room
           of
           two
           Nine-pences
           ,
           till
           they
           come
           to
           be
           clear
           of
           their
           former
           anticipations
           .
        
         
           The
           other
           smaller
           Branches
           of
           the
           Revenue
           ,
           such
           as
           the
           Hereditary
           Customs
           ,
           Fines
           for
           Writs
           of
           Covenant
           and
           Entries
           in
           the
           Alienation
           Office
           ,
           Land
           Revenue
           ,
           Dutchy
           of
           Cornwall
           ,
           Dutchy
           of
           Lancaster
           ,
           First
           Fruits
           and
           Tenths
           ,
           Sheriffs
           Proffers
           ,
           Compositions
           in
           the
           Exchequer
           ,
           Fines
           of
           Leases
           ,
           and
           Custody
           of
           Idiots
           ,
           Forfeitures
           of
           Recusants
           ,
           
           Fines
           for
           Misdemeanors
           ,
           Post
           Fines
           and
           Seisures
           ,
           are
           all
           inconsiderable
           ,
           and
           so
           charg'd
           with
           Pensions
           and
           Salaries
           of
           Officers
           ,
           that
           they
           produce
           very
           little
           clear
           to
           the
           King.
           
        
         
           The
           Tonnage
           and
           Poundage
           ,
           &c.
           in
           time
           of
           Peace
           ,
           will
           undoubtedly
           by
           degrees
           rise
           ,
           but
           then
           Trade
           must
           be
           courted
           and
           handled
           gently
           .
        
         
           The
           Excise
           on
           Beer
           and
           Ale
           ,
           &c.
           has
           been
           lately
           under
           so
           many
           discouragements
           of
           all
           kinds
           ,
           as
           that
           Branch
           will
           be
           found
           to
           mount
           very
           slowly
           .
        
         
           The
           Hearth
           Duty
           is
           taken
           off
           by
           Law
           ,
           as
           an
           unpopular
           Revenue
           ;
           yet
           all
           the
           hardships
           and
           abuses
           of
           it
           ,
           might
           have
           been
           corrected
           by
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           and
           it
           would
           still
           have
           yielded
           about
           200,000
           
             l.
             per
             Annum
          
           ,
           above
           the
           charge
           of
           Management
           ;
           and
           however
           the
           Nation
           disgust
           it
           ,
           't
           is
           hardly
           so
           odious
           ,
           if
           rightly
           examin'd
           ,
           as
           Poll-Money
           ,
           which
           the
           Turks
           take
           to
           be
           so
           great
           
           a
           Badge
           of
           Slavery
           ,
           that
           they
           impose
           it
           on
           none
           but
           Christians
           .
        
         
           The
           present
           Revenue
           being
           so
           far
           unable
           to
           support
           the
           War
           ,
           what
           was
           wanting
           has
           been
           hitherto
           made
           up
           by
           other
           
             Ways
             and
             Means
          
           ,
           of
           which
           some
           are
           thought
           very
           prejudicial
           to
           the
           Nation
           .
        
         
           Giving
           the
           King
           Money
           by
           Anticipating
           the
           Customs
           ,
           or
           by
           Credit
           ,
           upon
           distant
           Fonds
           ,
           does
           apparently
           consume
           the
           Public
           with
           Usury
           :
           The
           new
           Fonds
           entail
           upon
           us
           a
           heavy
           Debt
           of
           perpetual
           Interest
           .
        
         
           The
           Additional
           Nine-pences
           upon
           Beer
           and
           Ale
           ,
           do
           manifestly
           hurt
           that
           Branch
           of
           the
           King's
           Revenue
           .
        
         
           'T
           is
           feared
           frequent
           Polls
           may
           disaffect
           the
           People
           .
           The
           new
           Customs
           and
           Impositions
           upon
           Tunnage
           ,
           are
           thought
           to
           prejudice
           Trade
           .
           And
           lastly
           ,
           the
           Land
           Taxes
           by
           Monthly
           Assessment
           seem
           unequally
           laid
           ;
           and
           the
           Pound
           Rate
           ,
           of
           four
           Shillings
           in
           the
           Pound
           ,
           does
           seem
           unequally
           
           Levied
           upon
           the
           Nation
           .
           But
           of
           each
           in
           their
           order
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             Anticipating
             the
             Customs
             and
             Credit
             upon
             distant
             Fonds
             .
          
           
             THat
             such
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             of
             Supplying
             the
             Government
             ,
             occasion
             ill
             Husbandry
             in
             the
             Public
             ,
             will
             appear
             plainly
             to
             any
             one
             ,
             that
             takes
             the
             pains
             to
             examin
             what
             great
             Sums
             have
             been
             paid
             on
             Account
             of
             Interest-Money
             and
             Gratuities
             ;
             and
             let
             the
             King
             be
             either
             to
             buy
             Stores
             ,
             or
             to
             pay
             his
             Fleet
             and
             Army
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             found
             at
             the
             long
             run
             ,
             that
             700,000
             l.
             in
             ready
             Money
             ,
             will
             go
             farther
             than
             a
             Million
             in
             Tallies
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             the
             New
             Fonds
             for
             Interest
             .
          
           
             THE
             Fonds
             for
             Interest
             were
             ,
             perhaps
             ,
             good
             expedients
             ,
             for
             the
             time
             ,
             to
             raise
             Money
             ,
             but
             ,
             if
             made
             use
             of
             frequently
             ,
             may
             produce
             very
             bad
             effects
             in
             the
             Nation
             ;
             for
             they
             divert
             Money
             too
             much
             from
             the
             Chanel
             of
             Trade
             ,
             where
             it
             is
             always
             best
             employed
             to
             the
             Kingdoms
             advantage
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             already
             ,
             paid
             upon
             these
             sort
             of
             Fonds
             ,
             about
             ,
             400,000
             l.
             Yearly
             .
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             what
             is
             out
             upon
             Lives
             ,
             will
             by
             degrees
             wear
             off
             ;
             but
             a
             great
             part
             of
             this
             Sum
             will
             be
             a
             lasting
             Rent
             Charge
             upon
             the
             Nation
             :
             and
             if
             we
             should
             further
             increase
             it
             by
             new
             Projects
             of
             the
             same
             nature
             ,
             we
             shall
             quickly
             be
             in
             
             the
             condition
             of
             Spain
             ,
             where
             they
             are
             undone
             by
             paying
             Taxes
             to
             one
             another
             ;
             and
             where
             the
             Public
             Revenue
             is
             so
             clogg'd
             with
             perpetual
             Interest
             ,
             that
             apparently
             there
             is
             not
             wherewithal
             to
             supply
             the
             present
             Necessities
             of
             the
             Government
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             principal
             Mischiefs
             these
             Fonds
             occasion
             ,
             is
             the
             raising
             Money
             above
             the
             Price
             ,
             which
             either
             our
             Foreign
             or
             Domestick
             Trade
             can
             afford
             to
             pay
             for
             it
             ,
             to
             the
             great
             discouragement
             of
             both
             .
          
           
             They
             who
             have
             trac'd
             the
             Effects
             ,
             which
             lessening
             Interest-Money
             by
             Law
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             has
             produc'd
             ,
             do
             very
             well
             observe
             ,
             that
             when
             Money
             was
             brought
             from
             Ten
             to
             Eight
             
               per
               Cent
            
             ,
             our
             Trade
             presently
             increas'd
             upon
             it
             ,
             and
             doubled
             in
             some
             time
             after
             it
             was
             reduc'd
             from
             Eight
             to
             Six
             
               per
               Cent
            
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             abatement
             of
             Interest
             did
             bring
             along
             with
             it
             that
             good
             Advantage
             ,
             we
             must
             expect
             to
             see
             Trade
             labour
             
             under
             great
             difficulties
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             short
             time
             come
             to
             Nothing
             ,
             if
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             these
             Fonds
             ,
             Money
             be
             restor'd
             to
             its
             former
             Rate
             of
             Eight
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             
          
           
             They
             are
             so
             Inviting
             ,
             and
             of
             such
             infinite
             Profit
             ,
             that
             few
             now
             are
             willing
             to
             let
             out
             their
             Money
             to
             Traders
             at
             Six
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             as
             formerly
             ;
             so
             that
             all
             Merchants
             ,
             who
             subsist
             by
             Credit
             ,
             must
             in
             time
             give
             over
             ,
             and
             they
             being
             the
             greatest
             part
             ,
             and
             ,
             perhaps
             ,
             the
             most
             Industrious
             ,
             any
             Man
             may
             judge
             what
             damage
             this
             will
             be
             to
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             these
             Fonds
             of
             Interest
             ,
             are
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             of
             Supplying
             the
             War
             ,
             which
             in
             all
             appearance
             are
             to
             be
             used
             tenderly
             ,
             and
             with
             great
             caution
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             the
             Additional
             Duties
             upon
             Beer
             and
             Ale.
             
          
           
             THE
             Excise
             upon
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             Brandy
             ,
             Strong
             Waters
             ,
             &c.
             was
             in
             a
             gradual
             and
             constant
             way
             of
             Improvement
             from
             1674
             to
             1689
             ,
             inclusive
             ;
             which
             year
             it
             produced
             ,
             clear
             of
             all
             Charge
             ,
             667
             ,
             383
             l.
             11
             s.
             9
             d.
             ●
             .
          
           
             Ever
             year
             since
             it
             has
             fallen
             ,
             and
             by
             much
             larger
             steps
             than
             ever
             it
             mounted
             .
          
           
             But
             because
             since
             the
             War
             there
             is
             little
             Brandy
             Imported
             ,
             and
             Strong
             Waters
             are
             now
             charged
             in
             another
             manner
             ,
             and
             at
             other
             Rates
             than
             formerly
             ;
             the
             Fall
             of
             this
             Revenue
             will
             more
             plainly
             appear
             ,
             by
             making
             the
             Accompt
             up
             only
             for
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             which
             produc'd
             as
             followeth
             .
          
           
             Note
             ,
             What
             follows
             is
             the
             gross
             Account
             .
          
           
           
             
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   l.
                   
                
                 
                   s.
                   
                
                 
                   d.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Year
                   ending
                   24
                   June
                   1689
                   —
                
                 
                   694,476
                
                 
                   02
                
                 
                   6
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   Year
                   ending
                   24
                   June
                   1690
                   —
                
                 
                   633,822
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   6
                   ¾
                
              
               
                 
                   Year
                   ending
                   24
                   June
                   1691
                   —
                
                 
                   554,769
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   6
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   Year
                   ending
                   June
                   24
                   1692
                   —
                
                 
                   515,455
                
                 
                   08
                
                 
                   3
                   ¾
                
              
               
                 
                   Year
                   ending
                   24
                   June
                   1693
                   —
                
                 
                   488,442
                
                 
                   14
                
                 
                   7
                   1
                   /
                   4
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             Accompts
             of
             the
             year
             ending
             the
             24th
             of
             June
             1694
             ,
             are
             not
             yet
             made
             up
             ;
             but
             the
             Excise
             ,
             by
             a
             Medium
             of
             four
             years
             ,
             having
             fallen
             hitherto
             about
             50,000
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             ,
             't
             is
             probable
             the
             last
             Year
             has
             done
             the
             like
             ;
             and
             ,
             if
             so
             ,
             it
             is
             now
             250,000
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             less
             than
             it
             was
             in
             1689.
             
          
           
             This
             great
             Decrease
             is
             ,
             by
             the
             Commissioners
             of
             that
             Revenue
             ,
             chiefly
             attributed
             to
             the
             new
             Additional
             Duties
             ,
             which
             in
             the
             Country
             have
             
             made
             numbers
             of
             Victuallers
             ,
             in
             every
             County
             ,
             leave
             of
             their
             Trade
             ;
             and
             in
             London
             ,
             put
             many
             private
             Families
             to
             brew
             their
             own
             Drink
             .
          
           
             The
             Three
             nine
             Pences
             upon
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             will
             not
             amount
             to
             much
             more
             than
             420,000
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             ;
             and
             if
             ,
             as
             is
             alledged
             ,
             they
             are
             the
             real
             Cause
             the
             old
             Revenue
             is
             diminished
             yearly
             250,000
             l.
             the
             publick
             gets
             but
             190,000
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             ,
             by
             a
             Tax
             that
             will
             be
             a
             long
             and
             very
             grievous
             Burthen
             upon
             all
             the
             Barly-Land
             of
             England
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             particularly
             heavy
             upon
             one
             Trade
             ,
             otherwise
             enough
             oppressed
             by
             the
             Quartering
             of
             Soldiers
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             these
             Duties
             were
             a
             present
             Expedient
             ,
             and
             did
             help
             out
             towards
             the
             Supply
             of
             the
             War
             ;
             but
             for
             a
             long
             time
             hereafter
             they
             will
             apparently
             very
             much
             diminish
             the
             ordinary
             Revenue
             of
             the
             Crown
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             Poll-Money
             .
          
           
             THere
             is
             nothing
             can
             make
             it
             better
             apparent
             how
             displeasing
             Poll-Money
             is
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             than
             the
             Observation
             how
             ill
             it
             is
             brought
             in
             ,
             and
             answered
             to
             the
             King.
             For
             where
             Taxes
             seem
             hard
             and
             oppressive
             ,
             in
             particular
             to
             the
             Poor
             ,
             the
             Country
             Gentlemen
             proceed
             in
             the
             Levying
             of
             them
             with
             no
             Zeal
             nor
             Affection
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             single
             Poll
             that
             was
             given
             in
             this
             Reign
             ,
             amounted
             to
             288
             ,
             310
             l.
             19
             s.
             6
             1
             /
             ●
             3
             with
             which
             the
             Quarterly
             Poll
             holds
             no
             manner
             of
             Proportion
             .
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             the
             Qualifications
             are
             taxed
             differently
             in
             the
             two
             Acts.
             Money
             is
             charged
             in
             the
             first
             ,
             and
             not
             in
             the
             second
             ,
             and
             Titles
             are
             put
             higher
             in
             one
             than
             the
             other
             .
             But
             considering
             how
             many
             
             were
             brought
             in
             by
             the
             second
             Act
             ,
             and
             at
             high
             Rates
             ,
             which
             were
             not
             reach'd
             by
             the
             first
             ,
             the
             Quadruple
             Poll
             might
             reasonably
             have
             produc'd
             near
             four
             times
             as
             much
             as
             the
             Single
             ,
             and
             it
             yielded
             little
             more
             than
             half
             .
          
           
           
             
               
                 Quarterly
                 Poll.
                 
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   l.
                   
                
                 
                   s.
                   
                
                 
                   d.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     London
                     ,
                     Middlesex
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Westminster
                   —
                
                 
                   97,622
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   11
                
              
               
                 
                   Rest
                   of
                   England
                   —
                
                 
                   499,896
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   1
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   Total
                   —
                
                 
                   597,518
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   0
                   ¼
                
              
            
             
               
                 Single
                 Poll.
                 
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   l.
                   
                
                 
                   s.
                   
                
                 
                   d.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     London
                     ,
                     Middlesex
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Westminster
                   —
                
                 
                   80,280
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   4
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   Rest
                   of
                   England
                   —
                
                 
                   208,030
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   2
                
              
               
                 
                   Total
                   —
                
                 
                   288,310
                
                 
                   19
                
                 
                   6
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   Total
                   of
                   the
                   
                     Quarterly
                     Poll
                  
                   —
                
                 
                   597,518
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   0
                   ¼
                
              
               
                 
                   Difference
                   —
                
                 
                   309,207
                
                 
                   13
                
                 
                   5
                   ¾
                
              
            
          
           
           
             The
             Houses
             in
             England
             ,
             as
             appears
             by
             the
             Books
             of
             Hearth-Money
             ,
             are
             about
             1,300,000
             ,
             of
             which
             500,000
             are
             Cottages
             ,
             inhabited
             by
             the
             Poorer
             Sort
             ;
             so
             that
             we
             may
             reckon
             there
             are
             not
             above
             800,000
             Families
             liable
             to
             the
             Payment
             of
             Poll-Money
             ;
             and
             though
             ,
             in
             the
             common
             Computation
             of
             the
             whole
             People
             ,
             there
             may
             not
             be
             above
             six
             Persons
             to
             a
             House
             ,
             one
             with
             another
             ,
             yet
             ,
             in
             computing
             the
             800,000
             Richer
             Families
             ,
             we
             may
             very
             well
             allow
             them
             to
             contain
             ,
             one
             with
             another
             ,
             seven
             Persons
             ,
             which
             would
             be
             5,600,000
             Heads
             ;
             and
             reckon
             but
             a
             third
             Part
             of
             these
             qualified
             within
             the
             Act
             to
             pay
             four
             Shillings
             per
             Head
             ,
             the
             Poll
             Bill
             on
             that
             single
             Article
             ,
             ought
             to
             have
             produced
             373,333
             l.
             
          
           
             What
             the
             one
             Pound
             per
             Quarter
             upon
             Gentlemen
             and
             Merchants
             worth
             300
             l.
             and
             such
             as
             belong
             to
             the
             Law
             ;
             and
             what
             the
             Ten
             Shillings
             per
             Quarter
             upon
             Tradesmen
             ,
             
             Shopkeepers
             ,
             and
             Vintners
             worth
             300
             l.
             might
             have
             yielded
             ,
             is
             difficult
             to
             compute
             ;
             but
             ,
             perhaps
             the
             Commissioners
             Names
             in
             the
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             for
             the
             Monthly
             Assessment
             ,
             
               Quarto
               &
               Quinto
               Gulielmi
               &
               Mariae
            
             may
             be
             no
             ill
             Guide
             in
             the
             Matter
             .
             The
             Commissioners
             then
             were
             about
             Ten
             thousand
             ,
             and
             we
             may
             reasonably
             suppose
             (
             and
             any
             Gentleman
             may
             compute
             for
             his
             own
             Country
             ,
             and
             he
             will
             find
             )
             that
             ,
             one
             Country
             with
             another
             ,
             not
             an
             Eighth
             Part
             are
             named
             Commissioners
             of
             those
             Persons
             ,
             who
             in
             Estate
             ,
             real
             or
             personal
             ,
             are
             worth
             300
             l.
             and
             if
             so
             ,
             we
             may
             reckon
             there
             are
             in
             England
             80000
             Persons
             lyable
             to
             the
             Payment
             of
             one
             Pound
             per
             Quarter
             ;
             by
             which
             Account
             ,
             the
             King
             should
             have
             received
             on
             that
             Article
             320,000
             l.
             
          
           
             When
             we
             reflect
             upon
             the
             great
             Number
             of
             Tradesmen
             ,
             Shopkeepers
             ,
             and
             Vintners
             that
             are
             in
             England
             ,
             it
             cannot
             seem
             any
             extravagant
             Computation
             
             to
             reckon
             there
             are
             40000
             Persons
             ,
             of
             that
             Sort
             ,
             worth
             300
             l.
             and
             lyable
             to
             the
             Payment
             of
             Ten
             Shillings
             per
             Quarter
             ;
             upon
             which
             Head
             the
             King
             should
             have
             received
             80000
             l.
             And
             allowing
             but
             26667
             l.
             for
             all
             other
             Persons
             charged
             by
             that
             Act
             ,
             the
             Quarterly
             Poll
             ought
             to
             have
             yielded
             to
             the
             King.
             
          
           
             
               For
               the
               Common
               People
               at
               4
               
                 s.
                 per
              
               Head
               —
               l.
               373,333
            
             
               For
               the
               Gentlemen
               ,
               &c.
               at
               4
               
                 l.
                 per
              
               Head
               —
               l.
               320,000
            
             
               For
               Tradesmen
               ,
               &c.
               at
               4
               
                 l.
                 per
              
               Head
               —
               l.
               80,000
            
             
               For
               other
               Persons
               charged
               by
               the
               Act
               —
               l.
               26,667
            
             
               In
               all
               —
               l.
               800,000
            
             
               But
               there
               was
               receiv'd
               only
               —
               l.
               597,518
               s.
               13
               d.
               0
               ¼
            
          
           
           
             The
             principal
             Articles
             in
             this
             Computation
             seem
             very
             much
             confirmed
             by
             what
             the
             first
             Poll
             yielded
             ;
             for
             if
             there
             had
             not
             been
             in
             England
             about
             1,867,666
             Persons
             who
             paid
             12
             
               d.
               per
            
             Head
             ,
             and
             about
             Eighty
             thousand
             of
             the
             Sort
             who
             paid
             one
             Pound
             per
             Head
             ,
             that
             Poll
             could
             not
             have
             produced
             in
             the
             Country
             only
             208,330
             l.
             10
             s.
             2
             d.
             for
             Money
             and
             Titles
             were
             generally
             charged
             in
             London
          
           
             In
             the
             Poll
             now
             in
             being
             ,
             such
             are
             charged
             who
             are
             worth
             in
             Estate
             ,
             real
             or
             personal
             ,
             600
             l.
             which
             may
             make
             some
             difference
             in
             the
             second
             Article
             ;
             but
             the
             third
             Article
             should
             now
             increase
             ,
             considering
             all
             Persons
             ,
             by
             this
             Act
             ,
             are
             to
             pay
             Ten
             Shillings
             per
             Quarter
             that
             are
             worth
             300
             l.
             in
             Estate
             real
             or
             personal
             ,
             which
             seems
             to
             take
             in
             Stock
             of
             all
             kinds
             ;
             whereas
             in
             the
             former
             Act
             ,
             only
             Tradesmen
             ,
             Shopkeepers
             ,
             and
             Vintners
             were
             comprehended
             ;
             so
             
             that
             if
             the
             present
             Poll
             were
             strictly
             collected
             ,
             it
             would
             produce
             about
             800,000
             l.
             and
             yet
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             can
             be
             judged
             by
             the
             Accounts
             hitherto
             come
             up
             ,
             it
             is
             not
             like
             to
             yield
             so
             much
             Money
             as
             the
             former
             .
          
           
             When
             a
             Tax
             yields
             no
             more
             than
             half
             what
             in
             reason
             might
             be
             expected
             from
             it
             ,
             we
             may
             plainly
             see
             it
             grates
             upon
             all
             sorts
             of
             People
             ,
             and
             such
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             of
             raising
             Money
             should
             be
             rarely
             made
             use
             off
             by
             any
             Government
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             the
             New
             Customs
             and
             Duty
             upon
             Tunnage
             .
          
           
             SOme
             People
             ,
             who
             contemplate
             the
             greatness
             of
             England
             ,
             and
             the
             Figure
             it
             made
             in
             the
             World
             during
             the
             former
             part
             of
             Queen
             
             Elizabeth's
             Reign
             ,
             and
             some
             time
             before
             ,
             are
             led
             to
             think
             we
             were
             stronger
             without
             Trade
             than
             with
             it
             .
          
           
             Perhaps
             Trade
             in
             General
             may
             have
             been
             hurtful
             to
             Mankind
             ,
             because
             it
             has
             introduced
             Luxury
             and
             Avarice
             ,
             and
             it
             might
             be
             better
             with
             us
             if
             we
             still
             liv'd
             in
             the
             Innocence
             and
             plainness
             of
             our
             Fore-fathers
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             Circumstance
             of
             Time
             ,
             and
             and
             the
             Posture
             other
             Nations
             are
             in
             ,
             may
             make
             things
             absolutely
             necessary
             ,
             which
             are
             not
             good
             in
             their
             own
             Nature
             .
          
           
           
             War
             is
             the
             occasion
             of
             Cruelty
             ,
             Wickedness
             ,
             and
             Injustice
             ,
             yet
             an
             unwarlike
             Nation
             can
             enjoy
             no
             safety
             .
          
           
             Since
             
               France
               ,
               Spain
               ,
               Italy
            
             ,
             and
             Holland
             have
             addicted
             themselves
             so
             much
             of
             late
             years
             to
             Trade
             ,
             without
             that
             Naval
             Force
             which
             Trade
             produces
             ,
             we
             should
             be
             continually
             exposed
             to
             the
             Insults
             and
             Invasions
             of
             our
             Neighbours
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             't
             is
             now
             become
             indispensably
             our
             Interest
             ,
             to
             encourage
             Foreign
             Commerce
             ,
             and
             inlarge
             it
             as
             much
             as
             possible
             .
          
           
             Instead
             of
             loading
             that
             part
             of
             our
             Strength
             ,
             we
             ought
             to
             court
             and
             nurse
             it
             up
             with
             all
             imaginable
             Art
             and
             Care
             ;
             't
             is
             a
             coy
             and
             fantastical
             Lady
             ,
             hard
             to
             win
             ,
             and
             quickly
             lost
             .
          
           
             With
             high
             Customs
             we
             spoil
             Industry
             ,
             discourage
             the
             Merchant
             ,
             and
             may
             in
             time
             drive
             Trade
             to
             take
             some
             other
             Chanel
             ;
             and
             there
             is
             
             hardly
             an
             Instance
             to
             be
             given
             of
             a
             Nation
             ,
             may
             be
             not
             of
             any
             single
             City
             ,
             that
             having
             once
             lost
             Trade
             ,
             could
             ever
             recover
             it
             .
          
           
             War
             ,
             and
             the
             Scarcity
             of
             Money
             ,
             are
             sufficient
             Discouragements
             to
             Foreign
             Commerce
             ,
             without
             burthening
             it
             with
             new
             Impositions
             .
          
           
             And
             perhaps
             it
             may
             be
             worth
             while
             to
             consider
             ,
             whither
             hereafter
             ,
             in
             time
             of
             a
             profound
             Peace
             ,
             if
             part
             of
             the
             Customs
             were
             taken
             off
             ,
             and
             some
             Excises
             given
             in
             their
             room
             ,
             such
             an
             Exchange
             might
             not
             be
             very
             beneficial
             to
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             If
             the
             Stock
             of
             the
             Merchant
             were
             greater
             ,
             he
             would
             be
             in
             a
             Condition
             to
             have
             a
             bigger
             Trade
             .
             If
             it
             were
             not
             for
             the
             great
             Duties
             that
             must
             be
             paid
             for
             Customs
             ,
             the
             same
             Stock
             would
             carry
             on
             double
             the
             Trade
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             excises
             would
             have
             the
             appearance
             of
             affecting
             Land
             more
             than
             Customs
             .
          
           
           
             But
             't
             is
             ,
             because
             the
             Views
             of
             Men
             are
             short
             ,
             and
             generally
             confined
             to
             their
             own
             narrow
             Interest
             ;
             and
             they
             do
             not
             duly
             consider
             how
             much
             their
             private
             Concerns
             depend
             upon
             the
             publick
             Welfare
             of
             Trade
             ,
             and
             how
             much
             the
             Value
             of
             Land
             is
             improv'd
             since
             our
             Trade
             has
             augmented
             ,
             even
             from
             Twelve
             to
             Twenty
             four
             years
             Purchase
             ;
             nor
             how
             much
             more
             of
             their
             Product
             and
             Manufactures
             would
             be
             exported
             ,
             if
             Trade
             wore
             free
             without
             Clog
             ,
             and
             in
             its
             full
             Prosperity
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             granted
             that
             Excises
             would
             something
             affect
             the
             Landed
             Man
             ,
             who
             is
             the
             first
             Seller
             ,
             but
             if
             the
             Customs
             were
             lessened
             ,
             the
             Price
             of
             all
             Foreign
             Goods
             would
             diminish
             to
             the
             Buyer
             ;
             and
             considering
             how
             great
             a
             Part
             that
             is
             of
             every
             Man's
             Expence
             ,
             the
             Country
             Gentleman
             would
             get
             in
             the
             Shire
             what
             he
             looses
             in
             the
             Hundred
             .
          
           
           
             In
             Nations
             ,
             where
             the
             Government
             cannot
             subsist
             without
             charging
             every
             thing
             ,
             they
             lay
             perhaps
             great
             Customs
             ;
             but
             ,
             wherever
             the
             Publick
             can
             otherways
             be
             maintain'd
             ,
             the
             Customs
             are
             low
             ,
             for
             the
             Encouragement
             of
             the
             Merchant
             ,
             who
             deserves
             all
             Favor
             ,
             as
             being
             the
             best
             ,
             and
             most
             profitable
             Member
             of
             the
             Common-Wealth
             .
          
           
             Of
             all
             the
             new
             Impositions
             ,
             nothing
             is
             thought
             to
             lye
             so
             heavily
             on
             Trade
             ,
             as
             the
             Duties
             upon
             the
             Tunnage
             of
             Ships
             .
             It
             seems
             to
             pull
             down
             at
             once
             a
             great
             part
             of
             what
             the
             Nation
             had
             been
             so
             carefully
             rearing
             up
             by
             the
             Act
             of
             Navigation
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             Tax
             is
             an
             Instance
             ,
             how
             much
             Compassion
             for
             private
             Cases
             does
             more
             prevail
             in
             this
             Country
             ,
             than
             the
             Sense
             of
             Publick
             Good.
             For
             it
             was
             once
             designed
             to
             raise
             the
             Money
             ,
             which
             was
             wanting
             at
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             the
             Sessions
             ,
             by
             laying
             a
             
             new
             Duty
             upon
             Wine
             ;
             but
             because
             that
             was
             complained
             of
             as
             very
             burthensome
             to
             the
             Spanish
             and
             Portugal
             Merchants
             ,
             a
             Charge
             upon
             Tunnage
             was
             pitched
             upon
             ,
             which
             in
             its
             Consequence
             may
             prove
             very
             pernicious
             to
             the
             General
             Trade
             of
             all
             England
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             the
             Monthly
             Assessment
             and
             Aids
             by
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             .
          
           
             SUbsidies
             ,
             Fifteenths
             ,
             and
             Tenths
             ,
             were
             the
             antient
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             of
             supplying
             the
             Government
             .
          
           
             But
             what
             Estates
             ,
             and
             in
             what
             manner
             Land●
             was
             thereby
             Rated
             ,
             is
             a
             Matter
             very
             perplexed
             in
             our
             Records
             ,
             and
             would
             ask
             more
             time
             to
             explain
             ,
             than
             the
             Brevity
             designed
             in
             this
             Essay
             will
             admit
             off
             .
          
           
             Lord
             
               Cooke
               ,
               Inst
            
             .
             4.
             
             P.
             33.
             and
             34.
             values
             a
             Subsidy
             at
             70,000
             l.
             and
             Tenths
             and
             Fifteenths
             at
             20,000
             l.
             and
             says
             they
             were
             Four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             upon
             Land
             ,
             and
             2
             s.
             8
             d.
             upon
             personal
             Estates
             .
          
           
             It
             seems
             probable
             ,
             that
             for
             a
             long
             time
             there
             had
             been
             no
             Survey
             made
             of
             the
             Land
             in
             England
             till
             32
             Hen.
             8.
             
             and
             that
             for
             some
             Ages
             they
             had
             governed
             themselves
             by
             the
             ancient
             Books
             .
             But
             the
             Affairs
             of
             that
             King
             requiring
             then
             a
             great
             Sum
             of
             Money
             ,
             the
             Parliament
             charged
             Land
             with
             12
             
               d.
               per
            
             Pound
             ,
             and
             personal
             Estates
             with
             6
             d.
             and
             the
             King
             had
             liberty
             to
             name
             Commissioners
             of
             his
             own
             .
             The
             Assessors
             were
             to
             be
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             and
             had
             Power
             to
             examine
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             all
             Persons
             of
             the
             true
             Value
             of
             their
             Estates
             ,
             real
             and
             personal
             .
          
           
             The
             same
             thing
             was
             done
             34
             and
             and
             37
             Hen.
             8.
             2
             and
             3
             Edw.
             6.
             and
             3
             and
             4
             Edw.
             6.
             and
             4
             and
             5
             Philip
             and
             Mary
             .
             And
             ,
             in
             these
             times
             ,
             there
             was
             in
             a
             manner
             a
             new
             Survey
             made
             of
             all
             the
             Land
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             thereupon
             the
             Subsidies
             that
             came
             after
             ,
             raised
             larger
             Sums
             than
             formerly
             .
             For
             we
             find
             from
             the
             Accounts
             in
             the
             Exchequer
             ,
             that
             from
             1
             Eliz.
             to
             29
             ,
             inclusive
             ,
             the
             Subsidies
             ,
             one
             with
             another
             ,
             amounted
             to
             at
             least
             
             100,000
             l.
             but
             from
             31
             Eliz.
             to
             18
             Jac.
             1.
             in
             which
             time
             we
             cannot
             find
             there
             was
             any
             regular
             and
             strict
             Survey
             made
             ,
             the
             Subsidies
             fell
             to
             70,000
             l.
             or
             thereabouts
             ;
             for
             which
             no
             reason
             can
             be
             assigned
             (
             Land
             improving
             all
             the
             while
             )
             but
             that
             ,
             when
             there
             had
             been
             no
             Survey
             made
             for
             a
             long
             while
             ,
             and
             the
             Assessors
             were
             left
             at
             large
             ,
             the
             People
             naturally
             returned
             to
             the
             Rates
             in
             the
             old
             Books
             .
          
           
             How
             ancient
             the
             Inequality
             is
             between
             the
             Taxes
             in
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             and
             the
             Home
             Counties
             ,
             so
             much
             complained
             of
             ,
             cannot
             easily
             be
             traced
             ;
             for
             in
             an
             Assessment
             of
             400,000
             l.
             17
             and
             18
             Car.
             1.
             we
             find
             the
             Rates
             upon
             the
             Northern
             and
             Western
             Counties
             to
             lye
             just
             as
             they
             do
             in
             our
             present
             Assessment
             ;
             and
             tho'
             there
             might
             be
             some
             reason
             to
             ease
             the
             North
             in
             that
             Tax
             ,
             because
             those
             Parts
             had
             been
             great
             Sufferers
             by
             the
             Scotch
             Army
             ,
             yet
             in
             1642
             ,
             
             when
             that
             Act
             passed
             ,
             the
             Sword
             of
             Civil
             War
             was
             not
             as
             yet
             drawn
             ;
             and
             the
             West
             and
             other
             Counties
             had
             not
             yet
             at
             all
             been
             harrassed
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             Favour
             which
             the
             North
             and
             West
             have
             met
             with
             in
             Land
             Taxes
             ,
             is
             a
             little
             older
             than
             the
             Civil
             War
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             attributed
             to
             that
             Care
             ,
             which
             the
             great
             Number
             of
             Members
             they
             send
             up
             ,
             have
             always
             had
             of
             their
             Concerns
             in
             Parliament
             .
          
           
             When
             the
             Civil
             War
             broke
             out
             ,
             the
             Common-wealth
             chiefly
             subsisted
             by
             Excises
             ,
             for
             they
             could
             gather
             Land-Taxes
             only
             where
             they
             were
             strongest
             .
          
           
             In
             1647
             ,
             their
             Authority
             was
             generally
             own'd
             over
             all
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             then
             they
             began
             to
             raise
             Land-Taxes
             regularly
             by
             a
             Monthly
             Assessment
             .
          
           
           
             When
             the
             War
             was
             over
             ,
             there
             was
             real
             reason
             to
             ease
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             and
             accordingly
             the
             Parliament
             considered
             what
             Counties
             had
             least
             felt
             the
             War
             ,
             those
             in
             their
             Assessments
             they
             rated
             highest
             ,
             and
             they
             spared
             such
             Places
             as
             had
             been
             most
             harrased
             by
             the
             Armies
             of
             either
             side
             ;
             and
             this
             was
             the
             Distinction
             they
             made
             (
             and
             not
             as
             is
             vulgarly
             thought
             )
             that
             of
             Associated
             or
             Nonassociated
             Counties
             ;
             for
             most
             Counties
             of
             England
             ,
             during
             that
             War
             ,
             had
             been
             some
             time
             or
             other
             associated
             ,
             and
             by
             Ordinance
             of
             Parliament
             .
          
           
             But
             still
             perhaps
             it
             had
             not
             fared
             so
             well
             with
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             notwithstanding
             their
             Sufferings
             ,
             if
             their
             Cause
             had
             not
             been
             maintained
             in
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             by
             a
             sufficient
             Number
             of
             Friends
             and
             Advocates
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Places
             which
             had
             been
             least
             sensible
             of
             those
             Calamities
             ,
             or
             were
             soonest
             rid
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             that
             had
             been
             under
             the
             Wings
             of
             the
             Parliament
             ,
             and
             their
             Army
             ,
             were
             London
             and
             
               Middlesex
               ,
               Surry
            
             and
             
               Southwark
               ,
               Hertfordshire
               ,
               Bedfordshire
               ,
               Cambridgshire
               ,
               Kent
               ,
               Essex
               ,
               Norfolk
               ,
               Suffolk
               ,
               Berks
               ,
               Bucks
               ,
            
             and
             Oxfordshire
             .
          
           
             And
             they
             kept
             to
             the
             same
             measure
             of
             favouring
             the
             distant
             Counties
             ,
             and
             laying
             the
             chief
             Burthen
             upon
             those
             nearest
             London
             ,
             as
             long
             as
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             lasted
             .
          
           
             When
             King
             Charles
             the
             Second
             was
             restored
             ,
             the
             Northern
             and
             Western
             Gentlemen
             were
             strong
             enough
             in
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             to
             get
             continued
             the
             Method
             of
             Assessment
             then
             in
             practice
             ,
             which
             was
             so
             favourable
             
             to
             them
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             Act
             12
             Car.
             2.
             for
             raising
             70,000
             l.
             for
             one
             Month
             ,
             't
             is
             particularly
             provided
             ,
             that
             it
             shall
             be
             raised
             in
             such
             Proportion
             as
             the
             last
             70,000
             
               l.
               per
            
             Month
             was
             raised
             by
             Ordinance
             of
             State
             ;
             since
             which
             time
             till
             now
             ,
             the
             Counties
             distant
             from
             London
             ,
             have
             continued
             in
             the
             constant
             Possession
             of
             being
             favourably
             handled
             in
             all
             Assessments
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             Attempt
             of
             reducing
             Assessments
             to
             some
             equality
             ,
             was
             made
             in
             the
             Year
             1660.
             
          
           
             The
             House
             of
             Commons
             ,
             as
             may
             be
             seen
             from
             their
             Journals
             ,
             had
             then
             in
             debate
             the
             Setling
             100,000
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             ,
             in
             Compensation
             of
             the
             Court
             of
             Wards
             and
             Liveries
             ;
             and
             a
             Committee
             was
             ordered
             to
             frame
             and
             bring
             in
             an
             equal
             Aportionment
             of
             the
             
             said
             sum
             upon
             all
             the
             Counties
             of
             England
             ;
             which
             was
             done
             accordingly
             ,
             and
             delivered
             to
             the
             House
             November
             the
             8th
             ,
             1660
             ,
             and
             is
             as
             followeth
             .
          
           
             
             
               Yorkshire
               
                 
                   West
                   Riding
                   —
                   l.
                   2520
                
                 
                   North
                   Riding
                   —
                   l.
                   1930
                
                 
                   East
                   Riding
                   —
                   l.
                   1350
                   —
                   l.
                   5800
                
              
            
             
               Devon
               —
               l.
               5000
            
             
               Essex
               —
               l.
               4800
            
             
               Kent
               —
               l.
               4800
            
             
               Suffolk
               —
               l.
               4800
            
             
               Norfolk
               —
               l.
               4800
            
             
               Somerset
               —
               l.
               4000
            
             
               Bristol
               City
               —
               l.
               250
            
             
               Lincolnshire
               —
               l.
               4000
            
             
               Hampshire
               —
               l.
               3000
            
             
               Cornivall
               —
               l.
               2400
            
             
               Wiltshire
               —
               l.
               2700
            
             
               London
               —
               l.
               4000
            
             
               Middlesex
               —
               l.
               3000
            
             
               Dorset
               shire
               —
               l.
               2000
            
             
               Northampton
               —
               l.
               2500
            
             
               Gloucester
               —
               l.
               2500
            
             
               Hertford
               —
               l.
               1800
            
             
               Buckingham
               —
               l.
               1900
            
             
               Sussex
               —
               l.
               2600
            
             
               Surry
               —
               l.
               1800
            
             
               Cambridg
               and
               Isle
               of
               Ely
               —
               l.
               1800
            
             
               Shropshire
               —
               l.
               1900
            
             
               Berkshire
               —
               l.
               1700
            
             
               Oxfordshire
               —
               l.
               1700
            
             
               Leicester
               —
               l.
               1800
            
             
               Hereford
               —
               l.
               1600
            
             
               l.
               78950
            
             
               
               Warwick
               —
               l.
               1800
            
             
               Worcester
               —
               l.
               1800
            
             
               Bedford
               —
               l.
               1400
            
             
               Stafford
               —
               l.
               1400
            
             
               Nottingham
               —
               l.
               1400
            
             
               Darby
               —
               l.
               1400
            
             
               Lancashire
               —
               l.
               1600
            
             
               Cheshire
               —
               l.
               1400
            
             
               Rutland
               —
               l.
               380
            
             
               Huntington
               —
               l.
               900
            
             
               Northumberland
               —
               l.
               700
            
             
               Durham
               —
               l.
               700
            
             
               Cumberland
               —
               l.
               400
            
             
               Westmorland
               —
               l.
               300
            
             
               Monmouth
               —
               l.
               800
            
             
               Anglesea
               —
               l.
               260
            
             
               Brecknock
               —
               l.
               450
            
             
               Cardigan
               —
               l.
               350
            
             
               Carmarthen
               —
               l.
               450
            
             
               Carnarvan
               —
               l.
               260
            
             
               Denbigh
               —
               l.
               450
            
             
               Flint
               —
               l.
               260
            
             
               Glamorgan
               —
               l.
               700
            
             
               Merioneth
               —
               l.
               220
            
             
               Montgomery
               —
               l.
               550
            
             
               Pembroke
               —
               l.
               500
            
             
               Radnor
               —
               l.
               240
            
             
               l.
               21070
            
             
               l.
               78950
            
             
               Total
               is
               —
               l.
               100,020
            
          
           
           
             This
             Aportionment
             was
             many
             Months
             in
             forming
             ,
             and
             made
             ,
             no
             doubt
             ,
             with
             great
             Deliberation
             and
             Judgment
             ,
             since
             all
             the
             most
             considerable
             Men
             of
             those
             Times
             were
             of
             that
             Committee
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             apparent
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             Assessment
             of
             the
             Rates
             upon
             each
             County
             ,
             and
             by
             comparing
             the
             Sums
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             seen
             ,
             that
             they
             chiefly
             governed
             themselves
             ,
             by
             the
             Proportions
             which
             had
             been
             observed
             in
             rating
             the
             Ship-Money
             .
          
           
             They
             had
             before
             them
             the
             Assessment
             of
             the
             400,000
             l.
             17
             and
             18
             Car.
             1.
             which
             ,
             because
             it
             was
             made
             in
             Parliament
             ,
             they
             would
             ,
             no
             doubt
             ,
             have
             followed
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             not
             judged
             it
             Partial
             .
          
           
             But
             it
             seems
             they
             rather
             chose
             to
             follow
             the
             Rates
             observed
             in
             Assessing
             the
             Ship-Money
             ,
             as
             having
             been
             laid
             by
             Persons
             who
             had
             not
             the
             same
             reason
             and
             Interest
             to
             favour
             one
             Country
             more
             than
             another
             .
          
           
           
             Ship-Money
             was
             an
             arbitrary
             and
             illegal
             Tax
             ,
             therefore
             it
             concerned
             the
             Contrivers
             of
             it
             to
             lay
             it
             as
             equally
             upon
             the
             Nation
             as
             possible
             ;
             for
             it
             would
             have
             been
             a
             double
             Grievance
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             if
             it
             had
             been
             imposed
             ,
             both
             against
             Law
             ,
             and
             also
             with
             Partiality
             .
             On
             the
             contrary
             ,
             it
             imported
             the
             Ministers
             of
             that
             time
             to
             give
             their
             new
             Invention
             all
             the
             fair
             Colours
             imaginable
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             that
             ,
             which
             was
             unjust
             in
             its
             Nature
             ,
             at
             least
             just
             and
             equal
             in
             its
             Manner
             ;
             and
             no
             doubt
             ,
             in
             the
             Rating
             of
             it
             ,
             they
             had
             duly
             weighed
             and
             considered
             the
             Strength
             and
             Weakness
             ,
             Riches
             and
             Poverty
             ,
             Trade
             and
             Fertility
             ,
             and
             every
             Circumstance
             of
             each
             particular
             County
             ;
             with
             some
             regard
             also
             to
             the
             Proportion
             it
             bore
             in
             the
             ancient
             Subsidies
             .
          
           
             And
             ,
             upon
             these
             Grounds
             ,
             't
             is
             more
             than
             probable
             the
             Committee
             of
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             proceeded
             in
             1660
             ,
             when
             they
             made
             the
             
             Ship-Money
             their
             Model
             and
             Pattern
             of
             a
             fair
             and
             equal
             Assessment
             .
          
           
             Since
             the
             late
             War
             with
             France
             ,
             Land
             has
             been
             Tax'd
             in
             different
             manners
             ,
             by
             an
             Assessment
             ,
             and
             by
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             ;
             but
             both
             ways
             ,
             it
             will
             perhaps
             appear
             ,
             that
             the
             North
             and
             West
             have
             not
             born
             their
             due
             share
             and
             proportion
             of
             the
             Common
             Burthen
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             Aid
             given
             to
             Their
             Majesties
             upon
             Land
             ,
             was
             by
             a
             Monthly
             Assessment
             of
             68,820
             l.
             19
             s.
             1
             
               d.
               per
            
             Month
             ,
             
               Primo
               Guil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             Aid
             upon
             Land
             was
             of
             12
             
               d.
               per
            
             Pound
             .
             In
             this
             Act
             Their
             Majesties
             had
             power
             to
             Nominate
             the
             Commissioners
             under
             the
             Great
             Seal
             of
             England
             ,
             but
             were
             advis'd
             to
             put
             in
             all
             the
             same
             Persons
             again
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             Commissioners
             in
             the
             Monthly
             assessment
             :
             The
             Assessors
             in
             this
             Act
             were
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             
               Primo
               Guil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
           
             The
             third
             Aid
             upon
             Land
             was
             of
             2
             s.
             in
             the
             Pound
             .
             In
             this
             Act
             the
             Assessors
             were
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             
               Primo
               Guil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
             The
             fourth
             Aid
             upon
             Land
             was
             by
             a
             Monthly
             Assessment
             of
             137
             ,
             641
             l.
             18
             s.
             2
             
               d.
               per
            
             Month
             ,
             2
             
               Guil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
             The
             fifth
             Aid
             upon
             Land
             was
             by
             the
             same
             Monthly
             Assessment
             ,
             3
             
               Guil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
             The
             sixth
             Aid
             upon
             Land
             was
             by
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             of
             4
             s.
             in
             the
             Pound
             .
             In
             this
             Act
             the
             Assessors
             are
             not
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             4
             
               Guil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
             The
             seventh
             Aid
             upon
             Land
             is
             by
             the
             same
             Pound
             Rate
             ,
             and
             the
             Assessors
             are
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             5
             
               Guil.
               &
               Mariae
            
             .
          
           
             In
             order
             to
             show
             what
             proportion
             each
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             bears
             in
             the
             Assessment
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             ,
             here
             is
             fram'd
             a
             Table
             of
             12
             Columns
             ,
             which
             shows
             ,
          
           
           
             1.
             
             What
             each
             County
             pays
             in
             the
             Monthly
             Assessment
             of
             137,641
             l.
             18
             s.
             2
             
               d.
               per
            
             Month.
             
          
           
             2.
             
             What
             each
             County
             pays
             in
             the
             single
             Poll.
             
          
           
             3.
             
             What
             each
             County
             pays
             in
             the
             Aid
             of
             1
             s.
             and
             2.
             
               s.
               per
            
             Pound
             .
          
           
             4.
             
             What
             each
             County
             pays
             in
             the
             Quarterly
             Poll.
             
          
           
             5.
             
             What
             each
             County
             pays
             in
             the
             Aid
             of
             4
             
               s.
               per
            
             Pound
             .
          
           
             6.
             
             What
             each
             County
             would
             pay
             in
             a
             Tax
             of
             two
             Millions
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Aportionment
             of
             1660.
             
          
           
             7.
             
             What
             each
             County
             paid
             in
             the
             Assessment
             of
             Ship-Money
             .
          
           
             8.
             
             What
             each
             County
             paid
             in
             the
             Excise
             on
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             &c.
             for
             the
             Year
             1689.
             
          
           
             9.
             
             What
             number
             of
             Houses
             in
             each
             County
             ,
             were
             return'd
             by
             the
             Hearth
             Books
             of
             Lady-day
             ,
             1690.
             
          
           
             10.
             
             What
             number
             of
             Hearths
             in
             each
             County
             ,
             were
             return'd
             for
             the
             same
             time
             .
          
           
           
           
             
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   1
                
                 
                   2
                
                 
                   3
                
                 
                   4
                
                 
                   5
                
                 
                   6
                
                 
                   7
                
                 
                   8
                
                 
                   9
                
                 
                   10
                
                 
                   11
                
                 
                   12
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     A
                     TABLE
                  
                   of
                   the
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   in
                   y
                   e●
                   Monthly
                   Assessm
                   t
                   of
                   137
                   ,
                   6
                   41
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   2
                   ▪
                   ●
                   Month.
                   
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   in
                   the
                   Poll
                   Money
                   1st
                   Gu●t
                   et
                   Mariae
                   .
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   in
                   the
                   Aid
                   of
                   1●●
                   .
                   &
                   2●●
                   Pound
                   the
                   ●
                   .
                   ot
                   Guitt
                   &
                   Mariae
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   in
                   y
                   e
                   Quart●●ly
                   Poll
                   3
                   
                   0.
                   et
                   4
                   
                   0.
                   Gutt
                   et
                   Mariae
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   in
                   y
                   e
                   Aid
                   of
                   4
                   Shitt
                   s
                   :
                   in
                   y
                   e
                   Pound
                   Quarto
                   Guiliet
                   et
                   Mariae
                   .
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   for
                   two
                   M●tt●
                   according
                   to
                   y
                   e
                   Apporlionm●
                   of
                   1660
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   according
                   to
                   the
                   Assessm
                   t
                   :
                   of
                   〈◊〉
                   Ship
                   M●●●y
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   County
                   for
                   Excise
                   on
                   Beer
                   and
                   ▪
                   He
                   in
                   y
                   e
                   Year
                   1689
                
                 
                   Numb
                   r
                   :
                   of
                   Houses
                   in
                   each
                   County
                   according
                   to
                   y
                   e
                   Hearth
                   Books
                   of
                   Lady
                   day
                   1690
                
                 
                   Numb
                   r
                   :
                   of
                   Hearth
                   in
                   each
                   County
                   according
                   to
                   the
                   Books
                   of
                   Lady
                   day
                   1690
                
                 
                   Produce
                   of
                   each
                   County
                   according
                   to
                   it
                   Assessm
                   of
                   400000
                   =
                   17
                   th
                   and
                   18
                   th
                   Caro●●mi
                   :
                
                 
                   An
                   Elimate
                   of
                   the
                   Poor
                   Rate
                   for
                   one
                   you
                   made
                   in
                   latter
                   end
                   of
                   the
                   Charles
                   if
                   2th
                   Rety
                
              
               
                 
                   Bedfordshire
                   —
                
                 
                   21525
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   2618
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   21872
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   6400
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   9¾
                
                 
                   28554
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   1¼
                
                 
                   28000
                
                 
                   3000
                
                 
                   5549
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   12170
                
                 
                   21280
                
                 
                   4372
                   =
                   01
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   6911
                
              
               
                 
                   Berkshire
                   —
                
                 
                   27175
                   =
                   18
                
                 
                   4420
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   31708
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   10353
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   41054
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   9½
                
                 
                   34000
                
                 
                   4000
                
                 
                   9105
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   9½
                
                 
                   16996
                
                 
                   37550
                
                 
                   5628
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   9800
                
              
               
                 
                   Buckinghamshire
                   —
                
                 
                   31567
                   =
                   14
                
                 
                   4640
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   11
                
                 
                   36670
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   6¼
                
                 
                   9550
                   =
                   6
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   47661
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   38000
                
                 
                   4500
                
                 
                   7261
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   5½
                
                 
                   18688
                
                 
                   35337
                
                 
                   6712
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   14800
                
              
               
                 
                   Cambridgsh
                   ▪
                   and
                   Isle
                   of
                   Ely
                   ▪
                
                 
                   32877
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   4113
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   25535
                   =
                   6
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   9612
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   32844
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   3
                   ½
                
                 
                   36000
                
                 
                   3500
                
                 
                   10442
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   18629
                
                 
                   36478
                
                 
                   8496
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   9128
                
              
               
                 
                   Chesshire
                   and
                   Chester
                
                 
                   19230
                   =
                   12
                
                 
                   4542
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   23634
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   5
                   ¾
                
                 
                   8791
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   28596
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   ●
                   ¼
                
                 
                   28000
                
                 
                   3000
                
                 
                   9836
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   4
                   ½
                
                 
                   25592
                
                 
                   40865
                
                 
                   3168
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   5796
                
              
               
                 
                   Cornwall
                
                 
                   36981
                   =
                   18
                
                 
                   4622
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   24566
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   9
                   ½
                
                 
                   9613
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   31976
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   48000
                
                 
                   5500
                
                 
                   10595
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   3
                   ½
                
                 
                   26613
                
                 
                   54588
                
                 
                   10110
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   9257
                
              
               
                 
                   Cumberland
                
                 
                   4039
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   1114
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   2673
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   7
                   ½
                
                 
                   2116
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   3713
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   8000
                
                 
                   800
                
                 
                   5746
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   15279
                
                 
                   20863
                
                 
                   633
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   4988
                
              
               
                 
                   Derbyshire
                
                 
                   20698
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   3556
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   18198
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   7
                   ¼
                
                 
                   7883
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   24093
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   10
                   ¼
                
                 
                   28000
                
                 
                   3500
                
                 
                   11960
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   4
                   ¼
                
                 
                   24944
                
                 
                   36901
                
                 
                   2819
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   7
                   ½
                
                 
                   7953
                
              
               
                 
                   Devonshire
                   and
                   Exon
                
                 
                   80311
                   =
                   16
                
                 
                   12519
                   =
                   6
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   65867
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   2●821
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   82086
                   =
                   6
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   100000
                
                 
                   9000
                
                 
                   34525
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   11
                
                 
                   56202
                
                 
                   135230
                
                 
                   30084
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   6
                
              
               
                 
                   Dorsetshire
                   and
                   Pool
                
                 
                   32532
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   3900
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   24878
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   ●
                   ¾
                
                 
                   ●737
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   33116
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   40000
                
                 
                   5000
                
                 
                   7568
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   7
                   ½
                
                 
                   17859
                
                 
                   42951
                
                 
                   7782
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   15885
                
              
               
                 
                   Durham
                   Northumb●land
                   &
                   Ba●●●
                
                 
                   16718
                   =
                   18
                
                 
                   6244
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   22344
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   1●028
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   25146
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   11
                
                 
                   28000
                
                 
                   2300
                
                 
                   21216
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   53345
                
                 
                   66169
                
                 
                   2385
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   4
                   ½
                
                 
                   13620
                
              
               
                 
                   Essex
                
                 
                   74362
                   =
                   12
                
                 
                   8156
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   71642
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   9
                   ½
                
                 
                   2●820
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   90895
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   96000
                
                 
                   8000
                
                 
                   21676
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   40545
                
                 
                   85700
                
                 
                   18048
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   373748
                
              
               
                 
                   Gloucestersh
                   r
                   ▪
                   and
                   Gloucester
                
                 
                   44349
                   =
                   18
                
                 
                   5755
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   35030
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   8
                   ¼
                
                 
                   13508
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   47523
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   50000
                
                 
                   5500
                
                 
                   14704
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   34476
                
                 
                   6●909
                
                 
                   11086
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   10600
                
              
               
                 
                   Horefordshire
                
                 
                   27160
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   3070
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   14947
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   ●480
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   20409
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   32000
                
                 
                   3500
                
                 
                   6256
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   9
                   ½
                
                 
                   16744
                
                 
                   27●08
                
                 
                   7146
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   8687
                
              
               
                 
                   Hertfordshire
                
                 
                   32299
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   4346
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   33415
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   11054
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   1
                   ½
                
                 
                   42973
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   4
                   ¼
                
                 
                   36000
                
                 
                   4000
                
                 
                   13264
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   11
                   ½
                
                 
                   17488
                
                 
                   390614
                
                 
                   7525
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   10760
                
              
               
                 
                   Huntingtonshireo
                
                 
                   15209
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   1605
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   11598
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   ●●
                   /
                   4
                
                 
                   ●4238
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   15497
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   18000
                
                 
                   2000
                
                 
                   4437
                   =
                   27
                   =
                   4
                   ½
                
                 
                   8713
                
                 
                   14●2
                
                 
                   ●533
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   3850
                
              
               
                 
                   Kent
                
                 
                   79846
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   10115
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   66912
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   1
                   ½
                
                 
                   24275
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   83450
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   96000
                
                 
                   8000
                
                 
                   24647
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   〈◊〉
                   ½
                
                 
                   46674
                
                 
                   107●●●
                
                 
                   2●100
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   4
                   ½
                
                 
                   29875
                
              
               
                 
                   Lancashire
                
                 
                   24160
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   5938
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   17214
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   2
                   ¾
                
                 
                   ●2732
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   21300
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   32000
                
                 
                   1000
                
                 
                   14501
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   4
                   ½
                
                 
                   4690●
                
                 
                   68023
                
                 
                   ●●53
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   7200
                
              
               
                 
                   Leicestershire
                
                 
                   26033
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   3738
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   26708
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   11
                   ¼
                
                 
                   10002
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   7
                   ½
                
                 
                   35088
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   36000
                
                 
                   4500
                
                 
                   8285
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   9
                   ½
                
                 
                   20448
                
                 
                   31606
                
                 
                   7848
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   11600
                
              
               
                 
                   Lincolnshire
                   and
                   Lincoln
                
                 
                   61802
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   7683
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   58447
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   10248
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   72265
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   10
                   ¼
                
                 
                   80000
                
                 
                   8000
                
                 
                   15949
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   5
                   ½
                
                 
                   45019
                
                 
                   66119
                
                 
                   13483
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   7
                   ½
                
                 
                   31300
                
              
               
                 
                   Northamptonshire
                
                 
                   33933
                   =
                   16
                
                 
                   5551
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   36673
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   3
                   ½
                
                 
                   12348
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   48111
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   50000
                
                 
                   6000
                
                 
                   9845
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   8½
                
                 
                   26904
                
                 
                   43504
                
                 
                   1869
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   0
                
                 
                   21516
                
              
               
                 
                   Nottinghamshire
                
                 
                   20961
                   =
                   12
                
                 
                   3137
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   11
                
                 
                   21690
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   6
                   ¾
                
                 
                   ●7085
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   27276
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   64
                
                 
                   28000
                
                 
                   3500
                
                 
                   5837
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   4
                   ¼
                
                 
                   17818
                
                 
                   30695
                
                 
                   ●●10
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   11760
                
              
               
                 
                   Northfol
                   and
                   Norrvich
                
                 
                   85214
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   9491
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   64077
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   10
                   ¾
                
                 
                   24521
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   84729
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   10
                   ¼
                
                 
                   96000
                
                 
                   7800
                
                 
                   26899
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   6
                   ¼
                
                 
                   56579
                
                 
                   102467
                
                 
                   24452
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   7
                   ½
                
                 
                   462●●
                
              
               
                 
                   Oxfordshire
                
                 
                   27252
                   =
                   16
                
                 
                   5328
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   30903
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   5
                   ¾
                
                 
                   ●0728
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   14
                
                 
                   39038
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   8
                   ½
                
                 
                   34000
                
                 
                   3500
                
                 
                   11804
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   19627
                
                 
                   42616
                
                 
                   6418●4
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   795
                
              
               
                 
                   Rutland
                
                 
                   5770
                   =
                   14
                
                 
                   797
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   3971
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   10
                   ¾
                
                 
                   1785
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   5555
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   11
                
                 
                   7600
                
                 
                   800
                
                 
                   1435
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   3661
                
                 
                   5998
                
                 
                   1053
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   373●
                
              
               
                 
                   Salop
                
                 
                   28889
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   4886
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   22088
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   0783
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   29035
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   38000
                
                 
                   4500
                
                 
                   9874
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   27471
                
                 
                   45586
                
                 
                   4560
                   =
                   53
                
                 
                   13575
                
              
               
                 
                   Staffordsh
                   r
                   :
                   and
                   Litchfield
                
                 
                   20774
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   4210
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   20934
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   8
                   ½
                
                 
                   8725
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   27082
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   28000
                
                 
                   3000
                
                 
                   10927
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   26278
                
                 
                   42120
                
                 
                   3831
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   7350
                
              
               
                 
                   Somersettshire
                   and
                   Bristl
                
                 
                   71302
                   =
                   16
                
                 
                   8776
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   57443
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   2295
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   3
                   ½
                
                 
                   73728
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   7
                   ¼
                
                 
                   85000
                
                 
                   9000
                
                 
                   31133
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   45900
                
                 
                   106462
                
                 
                   17806
                   =
                   176
                
                 
                   30263
                
              
               
                 
                   Southamptonshire
                
                 
                   52546
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   6209
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   42063
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   7
                   ¾
                
                 
                   4083
                   =
                   6
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   55188
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   60000
                
                 
                   6000
                
                 
                   11160
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   7
                   ½
                
                 
                   28557
                
                 
                   60419
                
                 
                   14691
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   13173
                
              
               
                 
                   Southfolk
                
                 
                   79164
                   =
                   16
                
                 
                   7756
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   57667
                   =
                   14
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   9865
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   74201
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   3
                   ¾
                
                 
                   96000
                
                 
                   8000
                
                 
                   19635
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   8
                   ½
                
                 
                   47537
                
                 
                   88797
                
                 
                   20609
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   23750
                
              
               
                 
                   Surry
                   and
                   Southwark
                
                 
                   38328
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   8442
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   52858
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   0444
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   66984
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   36000
                
                 
                   3500
                
                 
                   34234
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   10
                   ½
                
                 
                   40610
                
                 
                   88685
                
                 
                   10808
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   15600
                
              
               
                 
                   Sussex
                
                 
                   43713
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   6302
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   48142
                   =
                   6
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   2924
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   11
                   ½
                
                 
                   60819
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   52000
                
                 
                   5000
                
                 
                   7730
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   1
                   ½
                
                 
                   23451
                
                 
                   52617
                
                 
                   10914
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   18720
                
              
               
                 
                   Warnvicksh
                   r
                   and
                   Coventry
                
                 
                   28618
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   4365
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   30478
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   7
                   ¼
                
                 
                   ●0441
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   39864
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   36000
                
                 
                   4000
                
                 
                   11639
                   =
                   3
                   =
                   10
                
                 
                   22700
                
                 
                   38148
                
                 
                   5771
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   9
                
                 
                   9800
                
              
               
                 
                   Worcestersh
                   r
                   and
                   Worcester
                
                 
                   26626
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   3713
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   25824
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   15
                   ½
                
                 
                   9763
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   33144
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   36000
                
                 
                   3500
                
                 
                   12793
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   1
                   ½
                
                 
                   24440
                
                 
                   39455
                
                 
                   6158
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   3
                
                 
                   10640
                
              
               
                 
                   Wiltshire
                
                 
                   47205
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   5952
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   39327
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   2
                   ¼
                
                 
                   13771
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   3
                   ½
                
                 
                   51672
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   11
                   ½
                
                 
                   54000
                
                 
                   7000
                
                 
                   10679
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   8
                   ½
                
                 
                   27418
                
                 
                   57542
                
                 
                   11704
                   =
                   19●
                
                 
                   18240
                
              
               
                 
                   Westmorland
                
                 
                   2784
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   806
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   2269
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   1737
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   3014
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   6000
                
                 
                   600
                
                 
                   2322
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   6691
                
                 
                   20065
                
                 
                   547
                   =
                   1
                   =
                   4
                   ½
                
                 
                   1890
                
              
               
                 
                   Yorksh
                   r
                   :
                   w
                   th
                   :
                   York
                   and
                   Hull
                
                 
                   83262
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   17441
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   69201
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   8
                   ½
                
                 
                   39289
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   91620
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   8
                   ¾
                
                 
                   116000
                
                 
                   12000
                
                 
                   52226
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   8
                   ½
                
                 
                   121052
                
                 
                   174202
                
                 
                   19030
                   =
                   16●
                
                 
                   26150
                
              
               
                 
                   Wales
                   North
                   and
                   South
                
                 
                   70503
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   12156
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   39854
                   =
                   4
                   =
                   9
                   ¾
                
                 
                   ●1029
                   =
                   11
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   51256
                   =
                   6
                   =
                   8
                
                 
                   169800
                
                 
                   10500
                
                 
                   26431
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   4
                
                 
                   77921
                
                 
                   127751
                
                 
                   9766
                   =
                   7
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   33753
                
              
               
                 
                   London
                   Midd
                   x
                   :
                   &
                   Westminst
                   :
                
                 
                   175969
                   =
                   12
                
                 
                   80280
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   4
                   ½
                
                 
                   267311
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   9
                   ½
                
                 
                   97622
                   =
                   5
                   =
                   11
                
                 
                   307140
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   5
                   ¾
                
                 
                   140000
                
                 
                   20180
                
                 
                   140358
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   111215
                
                 
                   365568
                
                 
                   54831
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   ●
                
                 
                   56380
                
              
               
                 
                   Grand
                   Totals
                
                 
                   1,651,702
                   =
                   16
                
                 
                   288,310
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   6
                   ½
                
                 
                   1,566,627
                   =
                   10
                   =
                   9
                   ½
                
                 
                   597,518
                   =
                   13●
                   ¼
                
                 
                   1,977,713
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   1
                   ¼
                
                 
                   2,000,400
                
                 
                   206,980
                
                 
                   694,476
                   =
                   2
                   =
                   5
                   ¾
                
                 
                   1,319,215
                
                 
                   2,563,527
                
                 
                   403,159
                   =
                   17
                   =
                   5
                
                 
                   665362
                
              
               
                 
                   〈…〉
                   home
                   Countys
                   Viz.
                   Surry
                   &
                   Southw
                   r●
                   〈…〉
                   Cambdg
                   Kent
                   Essex
                   Norfolk
                   Suffolk
                   Berks
                   Bucks
                   &
                   Oxon
                   Total
                   is
                
                 
                   529,615
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   69,428
                   =
                   16
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   493,265
                   =
                   ●
                   =
                   1
                   ¾
                
                 
                   167,626
                   =
                   18
                   =
                   11
                   ¼
                
                 
                   632,388
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   6
                   ½
                
                 
                   626,000
                
                 
                   57,800
                
                 
                   184,520
                   =
                   19
                   =
                   5
                   ¼
                
                 
                   335,543
                
                 
                   684,950
                
                 
                   134,172
                   =
                   12
                   =
                   6
                
                 
                   214,122
                
              
               
                 
                   〈…〉
                   of
                   England
                   excluding
                   Lond
                   :
                   Middlesex
                   ●
                   〈◊〉
                   Total
                   is
                
                 
                   946,118
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   138,601
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   7
                
                 
                   806,050
                   =
                   13
                   =
                   10
                   ¼
                
                 
                   33●,269
                   =
                   8
                   =
                   2
                
                 
                   1,038,184
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   1
                
                 
                   1,234,400
                
                 
                   129,000
                
                 
                   369,596
                   =
                   9
                   =
                   10
                   ½
                
                 
                   872,457
                
                 
                   1,513,009
                
                 
                   214,155
                   =
                   15
                   =
                   11
                
                 
                   394,860
                
              
            
          
           
           
           
             11.
             
             What
             each
             County
             paid
             in
             the
             Assessment
             of
             400,000
             l.
             17
             &
             18
             Car.
             1.
             
          
           
             12.
             
             An
             Estimate
             of
             the
             Poor
             Rates
             ,
             upon
             each
             County
             ,
             by
             a
             reasonable
             Medium
             of
             several
             Years
             ,
             made
             towards
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             King
             Charles
             the
             Seconds
             Reign
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             likewise
             summ'd
             up
             at
             the
             end
             of
             this
             Table
             in
             two
             separate
             Articles
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             The
             amount
             in
             each
             particular
             of
             the
             Eleven
             Home
             Counties
             ,
             which
             are
             thought
             in
             Land
             Taxes
             to
             pay
             more
             than
             their
             proportion
             ,
             
               viz.
               Surry
            
             with
             
               Southwark
               ,
               Hertfordshire
               ,
               Bedfordshire
               ,
               Cambridgshire
               ,
               Kent
               ,
               Essex
               ,
               Norfolk
               ,
            
             and
             
               Suffolk
               ,
               Berks
               ,
               Bucks
            
             ,
             and
             Oxfordshire
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             The
             amount
             of
             the
             other
             Counties
             of
             England
             and
             Wales
             ,
             exclusive
             of
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             
             Middlesex
             ,
             which
             ,
             because
             they
             would
             over
             ballance
             either
             side
             ,
             are
             to
             remain
             out
             of
             the
             Contest
             .
          
           
             The
             Excise
             ,
             and
             number
             of
             Houses
             and
             Hearths
             ,
             are
             no
             ill
             Measures
             to
             form
             a
             Judgment
             by
             ,
             of
             the
             Trade
             ,
             Wealth
             ,
             and
             Abilities
             of
             a
             Country
             .
          
           
             Particularly
             ,
             Sir
             
               William
               Petty
            
             ,
             who
             was
             esteem'd
             the
             best
             Computer
             we
             ever
             had
             ,
             in
             all
             his
             Political
             Arithmetick
             ,
             both
             for
             England
             and
             Ireland
             ,
             did
             very
             much
             govern
             himself
             by
             the
             Hearth-Money
             .
          
           
             Some
             light
             may
             be
             also
             had
             in
             this
             matter
             ,
             from
             the
             late
             Polls
             which
             have
             been
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             The
             Article
             of
             Ship-Money
             ,
             shows
             how
             Persons
             unconcern'd
             ,
             did
             think
             each
             County
             ought
             to
             be
             Rated
             .
          
           
             The
             Aportionment
             of
             1660
             ,
             makes
             it
             appear
             what
             was
             the
             Opinion
             of
             a
             very
             able
             Committee
             of
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             ,
             upon
             this
             Subject
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Aid
             of
             1
             s.
             and
             2
             s.
             in
             the
             Pound
             ,
             set
             down
             in
             the
             Table
             ,
             shows
             that
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             has
             rais'd
             more
             ,
             in
             proportion
             ,
             than
             it
             does
             at
             present
             ;
             for
             if
             3
             s.
             in
             the
             Pound
             did
             raise
             1,566,627
             l.
             10
             s.
             9
             d.
             ⅕
             .
             four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             ought
             to
             raise
             2,088,836
             l.
             14
             s.
             4
             d.
             ¼
             .
          
           
             The
             Poor
             Rates
             ,
             set
             down
             in
             the
             Table
             ,
             may
             be
             very
             useful
             to
             such
             as
             love
             Computations
             ,
             and
             who
             are
             inquisitive
             into
             the
             Common
             Business
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             desirous
             to
             know
             its
             Strength
             and
             Weakness
             .
             It
             was
             Collected
             with
             great
             Labour
             and
             Expence
             ,
             by
             Mr
             ,
             
               Ar.
               Mo.
            
             a
             very
             knowing
             Person
             .
             He
             had
             not
             the
             Account
             of
             Wales
             ,
             but
             according
             to
             the
             proportion
             Wales
             bears
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             in
             other
             Taxes
             ,
             the
             Poor
             Rate
             there
             must
             have
             been
             about
             33,753
             l.
             So
             that
             the
             Poor
             Rate
             ,
             at
             that
             time
             ,
             through
             the
             whole
             Nation
             ,
             was
             about
             665,362
             l.
             
          
           
           
             By
             the
             comparison
             of
             all
             these
             particulars
             ,
             some
             light
             ,
             peradventure
             ,
             may
             be
             given
             ,
             and
             computations
             made
             ,
             that
             will
             a
             little
             help
             to
             the
             forming
             a
             right
             Judgment
             ;
             how
             all
             parts
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             may
             be
             Rated
             in
             a
             Land
             Tax
             ,
             with
             somewhat
             more
             of
             equality
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             Observations
             and
             Inferences
             ,
             which
             shall
             be
             made
             from
             this
             Table
             ,
             are
             humbly
             submitted
             to
             such
             as
             take
             delight
             in
             Calculations
             of
             this
             kind
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             hoped
             such
             a
             Scheme
             will
             set
             better
             Judgments
             ,
             and
             abler
             Heads
             ,
             to
             work
             ,
             upon
             a
             matter
             that
             deserves
             so
             well
             to
             be
             effectually
             consider'd
             .
          
           
             All
             substantial
             Merchants
             will
             acknowledge
             ,
             that
             Stealing
             Customs
             ,
             and
             Running
             Goods
             ,
             is
             against
             their
             Common
             Interest
             ,
             because
             such
             as
             have
             that
             Art
             ,
             are
             not
             upon
             an
             equal
             foot
             of
             Trade
             with
             the
             rest
             .
          
           
           
             In
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             where
             a
             Tax
             is
             unequally
             Levy'd
             ,
             the
             Gentlemen
             are
             not
             upon
             the
             same
             foot
             of
             maintaining
             their
             Port
             ,
             and
             providing
             for
             their
             Families
             ,
             which
             cannot
             consist
             with
             the
             Public
             Good.
             
          
           
             From
             the
             Table
             here
             set
             down
             ,
             there
             may
             be
             made
             these
             Observations
             .
          
           
             First
             ,
             That
             it
             evidently
             appears
             several
             ways
             ,
             that
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             or
             the
             Counties
             that
             lye
             towards
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             are
             at
             least
             two
             thirds
             of
             England
             ,
             reckoned
             without
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             .
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             That
             there
             is
             good
             ground
             to
             conjecture
             ,
             that
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             or
             the
             Counties
             that
             lye
             towards
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             are
             near
             three
             fourths
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             
             reckon'd
             without
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             .
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             That
             from
             a
             General
             Calculation
             of
             the
             whole
             ,
             there
             seems
             good
             reason
             to
             believe
             ,
             that
             
               London
               ,
               Middlesex
            
             and
             Westminster
             ,
             are
             not
             above
             one
             tenth
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             
               In
               the
               Excise
               on
               Beer
               and
               Ale
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               Eleven
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               are
               As
               554,117
               l.
               is
               to
               184,520
               l.
               which
               is
               two
               full
               thirds
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               number
               of
               Houses
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               Eleven
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               are
               As
               1,208,000
               are
               to
               335,543
               Houses
               ,
               which
               ,
               is
               about
               3
               fourths
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               number
               of
               Hearths
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               Eleven
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               2,197,959
               are
               to
               684
               ▪
               950
               Hearths
               ,
               which
               is
               much
               above
               two
               thirds
               ▪
            
             
               In
               the
               Single
               Poll
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               Eleven
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               208,030
               l.
               is
               to
               69,428
               l.
               which
               is
               about
               two
               thirds
               .
            
             
               
               In
               the
               Quarterly
               Poll
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               Eleven
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               499,896
               l.
               is
               to
               167,626
               ,
               which
               is
               about
               two
               thirds
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Assessment
               of
               Ship-Money
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               11
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               are
               As
               186,800
               l.
               is
               to
               57,800
               l.
               which
               is
               two
               full
               thirds
               .
            
             
               In
               an
               Assessment
               of
               two
               Millions
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               Apportionment
               of
               1660
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               Eleven
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               would
               be
               —
               As
               1,860,400
               l.
               is
               to
               626,000
               l.
               which
               is
               about
               2
               thirds
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Poor
               Rates
               ,
               the
               North
               and
               West
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               Eleven
               Home
               Counties
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               608,982
               ▪
               is
               to
               214
               ,
               122
               ,
               which
               is
               near
               two
               thirds
               .
            
          
           
             So
             that
             it
             appears
             here
             plainly
             ,
             by
             Eight
             different
             Instances
             ,
             the
             North
             and
             West
             are
             at
             least
             two
             thirds
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             reckon'd
             without
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             .
             According
             to
             which
             Calculation
             ,
          
           
           
             
               The
               Monthly
               Assessment
            
             Which
             runs
             thus
             ,
             
               
                 North
                 and
                 Western
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 946,118
              
               
                 The
                 Eleven
                 Home
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 529,615
              
               
                 
                   London
                   ,
                   Westm
                
                 .
                 and
                 Middlesex-l
                 .
                 175,969
              
               
                 Total
                 —
                 l.
                 1,651,702
              
            
             Should
             run
             thus
             :
             
               
                 North
                 and
                 Western
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 983,822
              
               
                 The
                 Eleven
                 Home
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 491,911
              
               
                 
                   London
                   ,
                   Westm
                
                 .
                 and
                 Middlesex-l
                 .
                 175,969
              
               
                 Total
                 —
                 1,651,702
              
            
          
           
             So
             in
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             of
             4
             s.
             in
             the
             Pound
             ,
             according
             to
             this
             Calculation
             ,
             
             if
             the
             Eleven
             Home
             Counties
             ,
             which
             are
             but
             one
             third
             ,
             Raise
             632,388
             l.
             the
             other
             two
             thirds
             should
             Raise
             1,264,776
             l.
             And
          
           
             
               The
               Pound
               Rate
            
             Which
             runs
             thus
             ,
             
               
                 North
                 &
                 Western
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 1,038,184
              
               
                 The
                 Eleven
                 Home
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 632,388
              
               
                 
                   London
                   ,
                   Westm
                
                 .
                 and
                 Middlesex-l
                 .
                 307,140
              
               
                 Total
                 —
                 l.
                 1,977,712
              
            
             Should
             run
             thus
             :
             
               
                 North
                 &
                 Western
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 1,264,776
              
               
                 The
                 Eleven
                 Home
                 Counties
                 -
                 l.
                 632,388
              
               
                 
                   London
                   ,
                   Westm
                
                 .
                 and
                 Middlesex-l
                 .
                 307,140
              
               
                 Total
                 —
                 l.
                 2,204,304
              
            
          
           
           
             But
             ,
             all
             things
             duly
             consider'd
             ,
             there
             seem
             very
             probable
             reasons
             to
             believe
             ,
             the
             North
             and
             West
             are
             three
             fourths
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             reckon'd
             without
             
               London
               ,
               Middlesex
            
             and
             Westminster
             .
          
           
             For
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Excise
             ,
             all
             who
             know
             that
             Revenue
             must
             grant
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             the
             Country
             in
             many
             parts
             is
             so
             wild
             ,
             and
             the
             Houses
             lye
             so
             dispers'd
             ,
             that
             the
             Retailers
             cannot
             be
             so
             well
             watch'd
             as
             in
             the
             Home
             Counties
             ,
             where
             the
             Dealers
             are
             in
             a
             narrower
             compass
             ,
             and
             have
             less
             opportunities
             to
             deceive
             the
             King's
             Officers
             .
             More
             private
             Families
             take
             their
             Drink
             of
             the
             Common
             Brewers
             ,
             in
             the
             Counties
             near
             London
             ,
             than
             at
             a
             distance
             ,
             which
             swells
             the
             Excise
             of
             the
             Home
             Counties
             .
             Setting
             that
             aside
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             Revenue
             could
             possibly
             be
             as
             well
             watch'd
             in
             the
             distant
             parts
             as
             it
             is
             near
             London
             ,
             the
             Excise
             of
             the
             North
             and
             West
             would
             ,
             probably
             ,
             answer
             
             near
             three
             fourths
             of
             the
             whole
             ,
             without
             London
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             As
             to
             the
             Polls
             ,
             't
             is
             notoriously
             known
             ,
             that
             the
             payment
             for
             Degrees
             and
             Qualities
             of
             Persons
             ,
             is
             by
             no
             means
             so
             narrowly
             looked
             after
             and
             exacted
             in
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             Home
             Counties
             ;
             and
             if
             it
             were
             ,
             the
             Poll-Money
             in
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             would
             in
             all
             likelihood
             answer
             three
             fourths
             of
             the
             whole
             ,
             reckon'd
             without
             London
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             As
             to
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             bearing
             no
             higher
             a
             proportion
             ,
             in
             the
             Poor
             Rate
             ,
             than
             scarce
             two
             thirds
             with
             the
             rest
             of
             England
             ,
             there
             is
             ,
             perhaps
             ,
             this
             to
             be
             said
             ,
             That
             ,
             in
             the
             distant
             parts
             ,
             Provisions
             are
             cheaper
             ;
             so
             they
             maintain
             their
             Poor
             at
             an
             easier
             rate
             than
             in
             the
             Counties
             near
             London
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             their
             Manufactures
             afford
             Employment
             to
             the
             poorer
             sort
             ;
             and
             there
             are
             not
             so
             many
             there
             ,
             who
             live
             upon
             the
             Charity
             of
             others
             ,
             as
             near
             London
             ,
             
             where
             Luxury
             and
             Idleness
             abound
             .
          
           
             As
             to
             the
             proportion
             each
             County
             bears
             in
             the
             Ship-Money
             ,
             and
             as
             to
             the
             Rates
             which
             would
             lye
             upon
             each
             County
             in
             an
             Assessment
             of
             two
             Millions
             ,
             pursuant
             to
             the
             Aportionment
             of
             1660
             ,
             though
             the
             proportions
             are
             both
             ways
             laid
             with
             more
             equality
             than
             in
             our
             present
             Assessment
             ,
             yet
             we
             are
             to
             consider
             ,
             that
             in
             those
             times
             ,
             when
             they
             judg'd
             the
             Eleven
             Home
             Counties
             to
             be
             a
             third
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             it
             was
             ,
             in
             respect
             of
             the
             Improvements
             of
             Land
             ,
             earlier
             known
             ,
             and
             made
             use
             of
             ,
             near
             the
             Capital
             City
             ,
             than
             at
             a
             distance
             from
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             Ship-Money
             ,
             of
             which
             the
             Aportionment
             in
             1660
             is
             a
             Copy
             ,
             began
             to
             be
             Levied
             in
             1636
             ;
             at
             which
             time
             we
             may
             well
             imagine
             ,
             that
             near
             London
             ,
             all
             sorts
             of
             ways
             to
             meliorate
             Land
             were
             found
             out
             ,
             and
             put
             in
             practice
             ,
             such
             as
             Disparking
             
             Parks
             ,
             Grubbing
             Woods
             ,
             Inclosing
             and
             Dreining
             Fenny
             Ground
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             So
             that
             the
             Home
             Counties
             ,
             which
             were
             scarce
             a
             seventh
             part
             in
             quantity
             of
             Acres
             ,
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             England
             ,
             might
             ,
             in
             the
             Year
             1636
             ,
             be
             well
             judg'd
             a
             third
             part
             in
             the
             value
             of
             Rents
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             various
             ways
             of
             Improving
             Land
             ,
             are
             now
             of
             late
             Years
             got
             into
             the
             Northern
             and
             Western
             Counties
             ;
             Clover
             ,
             Cinqfoin
             ,
             Trefoin
             ,
             Marl
             ,
             and
             Lime
             ,
             are
             particularly
             beneficial
             to
             Countries
             that
             have
             great
             store
             of
             Barren
             Ground
             .
          
           
             The
             North
             and
             West
             of
             late
             Years
             ,
             have
             had
             a
             greater
             proportion
             of
             Foreign
             Trade
             than
             the
             Home
             Counties
             .
          
           
             The
             use
             of
             Sea-Coal
             in
             London
             ,
             has
             more
             than
             trebled
             of
             late
             Years
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             great
             advantage
             to
             the
             North.
             
          
           
           
             The
             Prohibition
             of
             Irish
             Cattle
             ,
             is
             wholly
             beneficial
             to
             the
             Northern
             and
             Western
             Counties
             ,
             and
             has
             improv'd
             their
             Land
             ,
             and
             is
             hurtful
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             England
             .
          
           
             Land
             seems
             to
             have
             been
             almost
             at
             the
             height
             of
             its
             Improvement
             ,
             and
             near
             the
             Rack
             Rerit
             ,
             about
             the
             Year
             1636
             ,
             in
             the
             Eleven
             Home
             Counties
             .
          
           
             And
             in
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             it
             has
             been
             ever
             since
             Improving
             ;
             so
             that
             ,
             in
             all
             probability
             ,
             those
             Counties
             which
             were
             formerly
             rated
             as
             two
             thirds
             ,
             may
             now
             be
             esteem'd
             and
             valued
             as
             three
             fourths
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             Upon
             the
             whole
             Matter
             ,
             the
             Hearth-Money
             seems
             the
             best
             Measure
             to
             form
             a
             Judgment
             by
             ,
             of
             the
             Wealth
             of
             each
             County
             ;
             and
             ,
             by
             consequence
             ,
             what
             proportion
             it
             ought
             to
             bear
             in
             any
             Land-Tax
             .
          
           
             For
             ,
             from
             the
             number
             of
             Houses
             ,
             we
             may
             compute
             the
             People
             .
          
           
           
             Where
             the
             numbers
             of
             People
             are
             ,
             generally
             speaking
             ,
             there
             are
             the
             Manufactures
             ,
             and
             Consumption
             of
             Home
             Commodities
             ;
             there
             is
             the
             Wealth
             and
             Trade
             ;
             and
             there
             Land
             improves
             ,
             and
             Rents
             are
             highest
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             number
             of
             Houses
             ,
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             are
             about
             three
             fourths
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             From
             whence
             ,
             upon
             probable
             grounds
             ,
             may
             be
             inferr'd
             ,
             that
             the
             North
             and
             West
             are
             three
             fourths
             of
             the
             Rents
             and
             Value
             of
             England
             ,
             still
             reckoning
             without
             London
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             And
             if
             so
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             Eleven
             Home
             Counties
             are
             but
             a
             fourth
             part
             ,
             the
             Monthly
             Assessment
             should
             run
             thus
             :
             
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   l.
                   
                
                 
                   s.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   North
                   and
                   Western
                   Counties
                   —
                
                 
                   1,106,799
                
                 
                   18
                
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Eleven
                   Home
                   Counties
                   —
                
                 
                   368,933
                
                 
                   6
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     London
                     ,
                     Westm.
                  
                   and
                   
                     Middlesex
                     .
                  
                   —
                
                 
                   175,969
                
                 
                   12
                
              
               
                 
                   Total
                   —
                
                 
                   1,651,702
                
                 
                   16
                
              
            
          
           
           
             And
             it
             likewise
             follows
             ,
             that
             if
             in
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             of
             4
             
               s.
               per
            
             Pound
             ,
             the
             Eleven
             Home
             Counties
             ,
             which
             are
             here
             reckon'd
             but
             at
             a
             fourth
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             produced
             632,388
             l.
             then
             the
             North
             and
             West
             ,
             which
             are
             three
             fourths
             ,
             should
             produce
             1,897,164
             l.
             
          
           
             And
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             of
             4
             s.
             in
             the
             Pound
             ,
             throughout
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             ,
             would
             be
             ,
             
               
                 North
                 and
                 Western
                 Counties
                 —
                 l.
                 1,897,164
              
               
                 The
                 Eleven
                 Home
                 Counties
                 —
                 l.
                 632,388
              
               
                 
                   London
                   ,
                   Westminster
                
                 and
                 Middlesex-l
                 .
                 307,140
              
               
                 Total
                 —
                 l.
                 2,836,692
              
            
          
           
             It
             may
             be
             seen
             ,
             in
             the
             Accompts
             of
             the
             Exchequer
             ,
             that
             ,
             in
             the
             Ancient
             Subsidies
             ,
             the
             North
             and
             Western
             Counties
             have
             been
             all
             along
             favour'd
             ,
             and
             the
             reasons
             for
             it
             may
             be
             easily
             assign'd
             .
             
               VVorcestershire
               ,
               
               Gloucestershire
               ,
               Herefordshire
               ,
               Shropshire
               ,
            
             and
             Cheshire
             ,
             were
             subject
             to
             the
             Incursions
             of
             the
             VVelsh
             .
             The
             four
             Northern
             Counties
             ,
             and
             Yorkshire
             ,
             were
             always
             to
             be
             upon
             their
             Guard
             ,
             against
             the
             Inroads
             of
             the
             Scotch
             .
             The
             Western
             parts
             lay
             exposed
             to
             Descents
             ,
             and
             Invasions
             of
             the
             French
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             private
             and
             particular
             Charge
             in
             their
             Defence
             ,
             which
             lay
             upon
             those
             Counties
             more
             than
             others
             ,
             might
             be
             a
             sufficient
             Cause
             to
             give
             them
             Ease
             in
             all
             Public
             Burthens
             .
          
           
             The
             Parliament
             ,
             17
             &
             18
             Car.
             1.
             in
             their
             Assessment
             of
             400,000
             l.
             plainly
             took
             their
             Measures
             from
             the
             Ancient
             Subsidies
             .
          
           
             And
             with
             that
             Assessment
             ,
             Car.
             1.
             agree
             the
             Rates
             laid
             upon
             each
             County
             by
             the
             Common-wealth
             .
          
           
             And
             what
             the
             North
             and
             West
             pay
             in
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             ,
             and
             what
             is
             laid
             upon
             them
             in
             our
             present
             Monthly
             Assessment
             ,
             seem
             to
             answer
             it
             exactly
             ;
             
             all
             which
             may
             be
             seen
             by
             comparing
             the
             Rates
             in
             the
             Table
             upon
             each
             County
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             Equity
             and
             Reasons
             ceasing
             ,
             which
             made
             our
             Ancestors
             so
             favourable
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             they
             enjoying
             the
             same
             common
             Protection
             ,
             and
             the
             Publick
             Necessities
             requiring
             great
             Sums
             of
             Money
             ;
             it
             seems
             but
             just
             and
             fair
             that
             they
             should
             neither
             favour
             themselves
             ,
             nor
             oppose
             the
             being
             ,
             in
             all
             Taxes
             ,
             upon
             an
             equal
             Foot
             with
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             The
             last
             Observation
             offered
             from
             the
             Table
             ,
             is
             ,
             that
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             are
             not
             above
             a
             Tenth
             Part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             which
             ,
             if
             plainly
             made
             out
             ,
             will
             clear
             a
             great
             many
             Points
             ,
             and
             very
             much
             confirm
             the
             Calculation
             that
             has
             been
             made
             of
             what
             the
             North
             and
             West
             might
             raise
             in
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             .
          
           
             In
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             ,
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             of
             four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             seems
             to
             have
             been
             
             well
             and
             justly
             Levied
             (
             except
             in
             the
             Article
             of
             Money
             at
             Interest
             )
             and
             did
             raise
             307,140
             l.
             
          
           
             Now
             if
             we
             could
             come
             at
             an
             exact
             Knowledge
             ,
             what
             Proportion
             the
             Rents
             and
             Value
             of
             those
             Places
             bear
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             England
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             a
             very
             good
             Guide
             to
             the
             forming
             a
             Computation
             ,
             what
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             ,
             fairly
             and
             Impartially
             levied
             ,
             would
             raise
             in
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             
               In
               the
               Aid
               of
               4
               Shillings
               per
               Pound
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               307,140
               l.
               is
               to
               1,977,713
               l.
               which
               is
               near
               a
               sixth
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Assessment
               of
               400000
               l.
               17
               and
               18
               Car.
               1.
               
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlsex
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               54,831
               l.
               is
               to
               403,159
               ,
               which
               is
               near
               a
               Seventh
               .
            
             
               
               In
               the
               present
               Monthly
               Assessment
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               175,969
               l.
               is
               to
               1,651,702
               l.
               which
               is
               above
               a
               Tenth
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Single
               Poll
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               80,280
               l.
               is
               to
               288,310
               l.
               which
               is
               about
               a
               Fourth
               —
            
             
               In
               the
               Quarterly
               Poll
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               97,622
               l.
               is
               to
               597,518
               l.
               which
               is
               about
               a
               Sixth
               .
            
             
               In
               two
               Millions
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               Aportionment
               of
               1660
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               140,000
               l.
               is
               to
               2,000,400
               l
               ,
               which
               is
               about
               a
               Fourteenth
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Ship-Money
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               20,180
               l.
               is
               to
               206,980
               l.
               which
               is
               about
               a
               Tenth
               .
            
             
               
               In
               the
               Excise
               on
               Beer
               and
               Ale
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compared
               ,
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               140,358
               l.
               is
               to
               694,476
               l.
               which
               is
               about
               a
               Fifth
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Number
               of
               Houses
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compared
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ;
               are
               —
               As
               111,215
               is
               to
               1,319,215
               Houses
               ,
               which
               is
               near
               an
               Eleventh
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Number
               of
               Hearths
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               ,
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               365,568
               is
               to
               2,563,527
               Hearths
               ,
               which
               is
               about
               a
               Seventh
               .
            
             
               In
               the
               Poor
               Rates
               ,
               
                 London
                 ,
                 Westminster
              
               and
               Middlesex
               ,
               compar'd
               with
               the
               rest
               of
               England
               ,
               are
               —
               As
               56,380
               l.
               is
               to
               665,362
               l.
               
            
          
           
             Whatever
             Proporation
             London
             ,
             &c.
             bear
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             't
             is
             plain
             ,
             in
             the
             Four
             Shilling
             Aid
             ,
             they
             pay
             as
             about
             a
             Sixth
             Part
             of
             the
             whole
             .
          
           
           
             'T
             is
             true
             likewise
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             Assessment
             of
             400,000
             l.
             17
             and
             18
             Car.
             1.
             they
             are
             valued
             at
             about
             a
             seventh
             Part
             ;
             but
             we
             are
             to
             consider
             the
             Circumstance
             of
             that
             time
             ;
             the
             Parliament
             wanting
             a
             present
             Sum
             to
             pay
             off
             the
             Debts
             they
             were
             engaged
             in
             ,
             which
             no
             Place
             could
             so
             soon
             raise
             as
             London
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             single
             Poll
             they
             seem
             about
             a
             fourth
             Part
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             Quarterly
             Poll
             ,
             much
             about
             a
             Sixth
             ;
             and
             the
             reason
             of
             the
             difference
             is
             in
             the
             Single
             Poll
             ,
             the
             Payment
             for
             Qualities
             and
             Degrees
             of
             Persons
             was
             strictly
             exacted
             in
             London
             ,
             and
             not
             in
             the
             Country
             ;
             which
             swells
             the
             Article
             of
             London
             .
             In
             the
             Quarterly
             Poll
             it
             was
             neither
             looked
             after
             in
             the
             Country
             ,
             nor
             in
             London
             ,
             which
             we
             see
             paid
             little
             more
             to
             the
             Quarterly
             Poll
             than
             to
             the
             Single
             .
          
           
             But
             in
             both
             Polls
             ,
             and
             both
             for
             London
             and
             the
             Country
             ,
             if
             we
             deduct
             from
             the
             whole
             Sum
             ,
             what
             was
             
             paid
             on
             the
             Account
             of
             Degrees
             and
             Qualities
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             found
             that
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             ,
             and
             Middlesex
             answer
             about
             a
             Tenth
             Part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             Excise
             they
             appear
             to
             be
             about
             a
             fifth
             Part
             ;
             but
             the
             reason
             for
             that
             is
             obvious
             ,
             because
             in
             London
             ,
             almost
             all
             pay
             Excise
             for
             their
             Drink
             ,
             which
             is
             not
             so
             in
             the
             Country
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             Consumption
             of
             Malt
             ,
             London
             ,
             &c.
             will
             be
             found
             about
             a
             Tenth
             part
             of
             the
             whole
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             Number
             of
             Hearths
             they
             seem
             about
             a
             seventh
             part
             ;
             the
             reason
             of
             that
             is
             also
             apparent
             ,
             for
             that
             in
             the
             Country
             ,
             to
             save
             the
             Duty
             ,
             the
             common
             People
             took
             away
             such
             Hearths
             ,
             of
             which
             they
             had
             not
             absolute
             use
             .
          
           
             But
             in
             Number
             of
             Houses
             ,
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             are
             not
             an
             Eleventh
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
           
             And
             by
             the
             Monthly
             Assessment
             it
             appears
             ,
             that
             the
             Parliament
             have
             judged
             them
             about
             a
             Tenth
             part
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             Apportionment
             of
             100,000
             l.
             upon
             the
             whole
             Nation
             in
             the
             Year
             1660
             ,
             they
             are
             valued
             and
             rated
             at
             about
             a
             Fourteenth
             part
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             Assessment
             of
             Ship-Money
             ,
             at
             about
             a
             Tenth
             part
             .
          
           
             And
             in
             an
             Assessment
             of
             30,000
             l.
             given
             to
             Harry
             the
             Seventh
             ,
             in
             lieu
             for
             that
             time
             of
             the
             Aid
             ,
             
               Pur
               fair
               sitz
               Chivaleer
               &
               pur
               file
               Marrier
               Rot.
               Parl.
            
             19
             Har.
             7.
             
             N
             o.
             10.
             
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             are
             rated
             at
             but
             889
             l.
             10
             s.
             2
             d.
             which
             is
             about
             a
             thirty
             third
             part
             of
             that
             Tax
             .
          
           
             And
             in
             the
             Poor
             Rate
             ,
             they
             appeared
             to
             be
             about
             a
             Twelfth
             part
             of
             the
             Whole
             .
          
           
             Upon
             the
             whole
             Matter
             ,
             from
             the
             foregoing
             Instances
             ,
             and
             many
             others
             that
             might
             be
             given
             ,
             it
             seems
             very
             probable
             that
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             have
             been
             generally
             esteemed
             ,
             
             and
             are
             about
             a
             Tenth
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             Instance
             which
             relates
             to
             the
             Number
             of
             Houses
             ,
             is
             what
             we
             may
             reasonably
             lay
             most
             weight
             upon
             in
             the
             present
             Dispute
             ;
             because
             the
             307,140
             l.
             which
             they
             pay
             in
             the
             Four
             Shilling
             Aid
             ,
             does
             most
             of
             it
             ,
             without
             all
             contradiction
             ,
             arise
             from
             the
             Rent
             of
             Houses
             .
          
           
             If
             indeed
             Money
             were
             strictly
             inquired
             after
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             Charge
             upon
             Personal
             Estates
             made
             up
             a
             great
             part
             of
             the
             forementioned
             Sum
             ,
             the
             Comparison
             might
             not
             hold
             ;
             because
             the
             great
             Stocks
             of
             Money
             are
             in
             London
             ;
             but
             though
             Money
             be
             charged
             in
             the
             Act
             ,
             the
             Law
             has
             not
             been
             able
             ,
             hitherto
             ,
             to
             reach
             it
             effectually
             .
          
           
             Now
             ,
             to
             raise
             the
             Sum
             of
             307,140
             l.
             the
             general
             Rental
             of
             
               London
               ,
               Middlesex
            
             and
             VVestminster
             must
             be
             upwards
             of
             a
             Million
             and
             a
             half
             
               per
               Annum
            
             .
          
           
           
             And
             if
             the
             Rental
             of
             the
             Eleventh
             (
             but
             suppose
             them
             a
             Tenth
             part
             of
             the
             whole
             )
             be
             a
             Million
             and
             a
             half
             ,
             the
             general
             Rental
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             must
             be
             Fifteen
             Millions
             
               per
               Annum
            
             .
          
           
             And
             if
             the
             general
             Rental
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             be
             Fifteen
             Millions
             
               per
               Annum
            
             ,
             the
             Aid
             of
             Four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             ought
             to
             raise
             three
             Millions
             .
          
           
             If
             111,215
             Houses
             in
             and
             about
             London
             ,
             with
             no
             more
             Ground
             than
             what
             they
             stand
             upon
             ,
             are
             ,
             in
             Rent
             ,
             one
             Million
             and
             a
             half
             
               per
               Annum
            
             ,
             it
             is
             hardly
             possible
             but
             that
             the
             1,208,000
             Houses
             in
             the
             Country
             ,
             with
             all
             the
             Land
             about
             them
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Benefits
             that
             attend
             Land
             ,
             must
             be
             in
             Rent
             Thirteen
             Millions
             and
             a
             half
             
               per
               Annum
            
             .
          
           
             And
             whoever
             considers
             this
             seriously
             ,
             will
             perhaps
             be
             inclined
             to
             think
             ,
             that
             the
             Four
             Shilling
             Aid
             would
             raise
             at
             least
             Three
             Millions
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             levied
             in
             other
             Parts
             of
             
             England
             with
             the
             same
             Care
             and
             Exactness
             as
             it
             is
             in
             
               London
               ,
               VVestminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             ,
             which
             are
             under
             the
             Eye
             and
             Influence
             of
             the
             Government
             .
          
           
             And
             if
             the
             Aid
             could
             be
             brought
             to
             raise
             such
             a
             Sum
             ,
             the
             War
             would
             almost
             be
             maintained
             by
             the
             Charge
             upon
             Land
             only
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             notoriously
             known
             that
             a
             great
             many
             Persons
             ,
             both
             in
             the
             Assessment
             and
             Aids
             ,
             pay
             a
             full
             Fifth
             part
             of
             their
             Estates
             ;
             if
             the
             rest
             did
             so
             ,
             all
             would
             be
             upon
             an
             equal
             foot
             ;
             which
             ,
             in
             Justice
             and
             Reason
             ,
             the
             Subjects
             of
             the
             same
             Prince
             should
             be
             in
             every
             good
             Government
             .
          
           
             But
             this
             will
             be
             very
             hard
             to
             compass
             in
             that
             long
             Possession
             many
             Countries
             are
             in
             ,
             of
             being
             favourably
             handled
             in
             all
             Taxes
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             in
             the
             present
             Aid
             the
             Assessors
             are
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             but
             ,
             in
             Matters
             of
             Revenue
             ,
             it
             has
             been
             always
             
             found
             that
             Oaths
             are
             very
             little
             regarded
             .
          
           
             If
             in
             the
             Customs
             and
             Excise
             all
             Entries
             were
             to
             be
             made
             upon
             Oath
             of
             the
             Parties
             ,
             and
             the
             King
             had
             no
             other
             hold
             ,
             he
             might
             indeed
             save
             the
             Charge
             of
             Officers
             ,
             but
             he
             would
             see
             very
             little
             from
             those
             Revenues
             .
          
           
             The
             Officers
             in
             the
             Customs
             and
             Excise
             are
             upon
             Oath
             ;
             but
             if
             there
             were
             no
             other
             Checks
             upon
             them
             ,
             those
             Branches
             would
             turn
             to
             small
             account
             .
          
           
             And
             we
             see
             in
             the
             present
             Charge
             upon
             Interest-Money
             ,
             how
             little
             Scruple
             Men
             make
             of
             Swearing
             not
             to
             have
             100
             l.
             who
             are
             generally
             thought
             to
             be
             worth
             20,000
             l.
             
          
           
             Taxes
             can
             never
             be
             equally
             levied
             where
             the
             People
             are
             left
             to
             themselves
             ,
             or
             with
             no
             other
             Check
             upon
             them
             ,
             but
             their
             own
             Consciences
             .
          
           
           
             Therefore
             it
             was
             the
             ancient
             Prerogative
             of
             our
             Kings
             ,
             to
             name
             their
             own
             Commissioners
             for
             the
             Levying
             and
             Collecting
             such
             Aids
             ,
             Fifteenths
             ,
             and
             Tenths
             ,
             as
             their
             Subjects
             gave
             them
             :
             which
             may
             be
             seen
             by
             the
             old
             Commissions
             ,
             
               ad
               Assidendum
               &
               Colligendum
            
             ,
             that
             were
             wont
             to
             accompany
             Grants
             of
             that
             Nature
             .
          
           
             In
             that
             Aid
             which
             was
             granted
             to
             Harry
             the
             Third
             ,
             when
             
               Magna
               Charta
            
             passed
             ,
             there
             is
             the
             Form
             of
             that
             Commission
             ,
             
               Vid.
               Rot.
               Pat.
            
             39.
             
             H.
             3.
             m.
             8.
             
             Dorso
             .
          
           
             And
             such
             Commissions
             passed
             several
             times
             after
             ,
             
               Vid.
               Rot.
               Pat.
            
             1.
             
             Edw.
             2.
             
               p.
               m.
            
             3.
             
             
               Rot.
               Pat.
            
             7.
             
             Edw.
             2.
             
               p.
               m.
            
             3.
             
             
               Rot.
               Pat.
            
             3.
             
             Edw.
             3.
             ps
             .
             3.
             m.
             18.
             
             
               Rot.
               Pat.
            
             6.
             
             Edw.
             3.
             ps
             .
             m.
             19.
             
             
               Rot.
               Fin.
            
             23.
             
             Edw.
             3.
             m.
             10.
             
             And
             in
             the
             other
             Grants
             that
             came
             afterwards
             ,
             the
             King
             is
             desired
             to
             issue
             out
             his
             Commissions
             for
             the
             levying
             of
             them
             ,
             as
             customably
             .
             
               Vid.
               Rot.
               Parl.
            
             6.
             
             Rich.
             2.
             
             N
             o.
             16.
             
             
               Rot.
               Parl.
            
             2.
             
             
             Harry
             4.
             
             N.
             9.
             
             
               Rot
               Parl.
            
             14.
             
             Harry
             6.
             
             N.
             12.
             where
             the
             Commissioners
             have
             Power
             to
             examine
             all
             Parties
             upon
             Oath
             of
             the
             true
             Value
             of
             their
             Estates
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             Reign
             of
             Harry
             the
             Sixth
             ,
             there
             is
             an
             Authority
             given
             to
             one
             Lord
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             Knights
             of
             the
             Shire
             in
             each
             County
             ,
             who
             seem
             to
             have
             been
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             Commissioners
             ,
             to
             see
             that
             no
             Wrong
             be
             done
             in
             the
             Distribution
             of
             4000
             l.
             which
             was
             to
             be
             deducted
             out
             of
             the
             Aid
             for
             decay'd
             Towns
             and
             Places
             .
             
               Vid.
               Rot.
               Parl.
            
             11.
             
             H.
             6.
             
             N.
             4.
             
          
           
             The
             first
             time
             we
             find
             Commissioners
             named
             in
             Parliament
             for
             the
             levying
             Tenths
             and
             Fifteenths
             ,
             was
             in
             Edward
             the
             Fourth's
             Reign
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             Luxurious
             Prince
             ,
             and
             gave
             the
             People
             reason
             to
             suspect
             his
             Conduct
             .
             
               Vid.
               Rot.
               Parl.
            
             12.
             
             Edw.
             4.
             
             N.
             41.
             and
             14.
             
             Edw.
             4.
             
             N.
             7.
             
          
           
           
             The
             Records
             are
             both
             dark
             enough
             ,
             but
             the
             Parliament
             seems
             there
             to
             name
             Commissioners
             ,
             whom
             the
             King
             shall
             Authorize
             under
             the
             Great
             Seal
             ,
             to
             Assess
             and
             Levy
             the
             Aid
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Money
             so
             levied
             ,
             shall
             remain
             in
             the
             Hands
             of
             the
             Collectors
             ,
             to
             be
             appointed
             by
             the
             King
             in
             Chancery
             ,
             unto
             the
             time
             that
             Proclamation
             shall
             be
             made
             by
             the
             King
             of
             his
             Musters
             .
          
           
             The
             Parliament
             suspected
             an
             Aid
             was
             desired
             ,
             and
             no
             War
             intended
             ,
             so
             that
             their
             Guift
             seems
             conditional
             ,
             and
             they
             name
             Commissioners
             ,
             to
             see
             to
             the
             due
             Performance
             of
             the
             Trust
             .
          
           
             But
             afterwards
             ,
             in
             the
             Reign
             of
             Harry
             the
             Seventh
             ,
             the
             occasion
             of
             naming
             Commissioners
             in
             Parliament
             ,
             seems
             a
             great
             deal
             more
             apparent
             .
          
           
             For
             that
             covetous
             Prince
             was
             wont
             to
             ask
             great
             Aids
             of
             his
             People
             ,
             on
             pretence
             of
             Wars
             ,
             that
             were
             never
             intended
             ,
          
           
           
             Therefore
             the
             Aids
             which
             were
             given
             him
             the
             Twelfth
             of
             his
             Reign
             were
             ,
             upon
             this
             Condition
             ,
             to
             be
             levied
             upon
             the
             People
             ,
             if
             the
             War
             proceeded
             ;
             but
             not
             to
             be
             levied
             if
             a
             Peace
             or
             Truce
             ensued
             before
             they
             came
             to
             be
             due
             :
             and
             it
             was
             upon
             the
             score
             of
             this
             Trust
             ,
             that
             in
             all
             probability
             ,
             the
             Parliament
             named
             Commissioners
             of
             the
             Shires
             ,
             with
             the
             Justices
             of
             the
             Peace
             to
             be
             Associated
             .
             
               Vid
               Rot.
               Parl.
            
             12.
             
             H.
             7.
             
             N.
             12.
             and
             N.
             13.
             
          
           
             But
             Commissioners
             have
             been
             several
             times
             since
             named
             by
             the
             King
             ;
             as
             34
             and
             37
             Hen.
             8.
             2
             and
             3
             Edw.
             6.
             3
             and
             4
             Edw.
             6.
             4
             and
             5
             Phil.
             and
             Mary
             ,
             15
             and
             22
             Car.
             2.
             
          
           
             But
             there
             is
             a
             President
             for
             this
             in
             the
             first
             Year
             of
             Their
             present
             Majesties
             Reign
             ;
             and
             if
             ,
             pursuant
             to
             the
             Powers
             given
             in
             that
             Act
             ,
             the
             King
             had
             named
             Commissioners
             of
             his
             own
             in
             every
             County
             ,
             for
             levying
             the
             Aid
             of
             one
             Shilling
             in
             the
             Pound
             ,
             
             there
             might
             have
             been
             a
             new
             Survey
             made
             of
             all
             the
             Rents
             in
             England
             ;
             and
             ,
             in
             all
             likelihood
             ,
             such
             Sums
             would
             have
             been
             raised
             upon
             Land
             only
             ,
             as
             might
             have
             near
             answer'd
             all
             the
             Necessities
             of
             the
             Government
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             Pound
             Rate
             did
             not
             raise
             so
             much
             in
             proportion
             as
             the
             first
             ;
             and
             there
             is
             ground
             to
             think
             this
             last
             4
             Shiling
             Aid
             will
             not
             raise
             so
             much
             as
             the
             former
             :
             And
             there
             is
             reason
             to
             believe
             ,
             the
             Aids
             by
             Pound
             Rate
             will
             every
             time
             grow
             less
             and
             less
             ,
             (
             like
             the
             Subsidies
             in
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             Queen
             Elizabeth's
             ,
             and
             beginning
             of
             King
             Iames's
             Reign
             )
             unless
             there
             be
             a
             new
             ,
             and
             regular
             Survey
             made
             of
             Land.
             
          
           
             For
             let
             the
             Dangers
             from
             abroad
             ,
             and
             the
             Wants
             at
             home
             ,
             be
             never
             so
             pressing
             ;
             no
             doubt
             ,
             most
             Men
             ,
             if
             they
             are
             left
             to
             themselves
             ,
             will
             be
             glad
             to
             save
             their
             Money
             ;
             and
             will
             rather
             consult
             their
             private
             Interest
             than
             the
             Public
             Good.
             
          
           
           
             But
             if
             the
             King
             ,
             as
             was
             always
             practis'd
             in
             Ancient
             Times
             ,
             had
             power
             to
             name
             Commissioners
             ;
             and
             if
             all
             People
             were
             bound
             under
             great
             Forfeitures
             ,
             to
             give
             in
             a
             true
             Rental
             of
             their
             Estates
             ,
             or
             a
             true
             Estimate
             of
             what
             they
             keep
             in
             their
             hands
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             Commissioners
             had
             power
             to
             Examin
             any
             person
             (
             other
             than
             the
             Party
             himself
             )
             upon
             Oath
             ,
             of
             the
             true
             value
             of
             each
             Man's
             Estate
             ,
             there
             is
             hardly
             any
             doubt
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             but
             that
             an
             Aid
             of
             Four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             would
             raise
             Three
             Millions
             .
          
           
             And
             if
             Land
             could
             raise
             that
             Sum
             ,
             the
             Nation
             need
             not
             be
             put
             to
             such
             dishonorable
             and
             dangerous
             shifts
             of
             raising
             Money
             ,
             as
             are
             new
             Projects
             ,
             fresh
             Impositions
             upon
             Trade
             ,
             and
             Fonds
             of
             Perpetual
             Interest
             ;
             which
             ,
             if
             they
             are
             made
             use
             of
             as
             the
             constant
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             of
             Supplying
             the
             War
             ,
             must
             in
             all
             appearance
             very
             quickly
             destroy
             our
             Foreign
             Commerce
             ;
             and
             ,
             by
             consequence
             ,
             bring
             
             universal
             Weakness
             and
             Poverty
             upon
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             .
             But
             there
             is
             nothing
             too
             hard
             for
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             a
             Parliament
             to
             bring
             about
             ;
             which
             ,
             perhaps
             ,
             may
             find
             a
             way
             to
             Levy
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             justly
             and
             equally
             in
             all
             Counties
             ,
             without
             giving
             the
             King
             Power
             to
             Name
             Commissioners
             .
          
           
             The
             Ancient
             Subsidies
             did
             usually
             consist
             of
             a
             charge
             by
             Poll
             ,
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             upon
             Land
             ,
             and
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             upon
             Money
             ,
             and
             Personal
             Estates
             ;
             so
             that
             all
             sorts
             of
             people
             did
             contribute
             something
             in
             the
             old
             way
             of
             Taxing
             ,
             but
             such
             as
             for
             their
             Poverty
             were
             exempted
             .
          
           
             The
             Usurers
             ,
             who
             are
             the
             true
             Drones
             of
             a
             Common-wealth
             ,
             living
             upon
             the
             Honey
             without
             any
             Labour
             ,
             should
             ,
             of
             all
             People
             ,
             be
             brought
             in
             to
             bear
             their
             proportion
             of
             the
             Common
             Burthen
             .
             As
             yet
             ,
             they
             could
             never
             be
             effectually
             reach'd
             ,
             but
             they
             may
             be
             fetch'd
             in
             
             by
             the
             Wisdom
             of
             a
             Parliament
             ,
             if
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             would
             please
             resolutely
             to
             set
             themselves
             about
             it
             .
          
           
             What
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             of
             Four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             ,
             upon
             Money
             ,
             might
             produce
             ,
             is
             very
             hard
             to
             compute
             ,
             because
             ,
             in
             that
             Matter
             ,
             there
             is
             scarce
             any
             Rule
             or
             Measure
             to
             go
             by
             ;
             but
             supposing
             Money
             at
             Interest
             to
             be
             a
             sixteenth
             part
             (
             as
             some
             think
             )
             of
             the
             annual
             Value
             and
             Income
             of
             England
             ,
             there
             is
             then
             twenty
             Millions
             of
             Money
             at
             Interest
             ,
             (
             which
             may
             be
             ,
             and
             yet
             not
             a
             third
             part
             of
             that
             Sum
             ,
             
               in
               specie
            
             ,
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             )
             and
             if
             there
             are
             twenty
             Millions
             at
             Interest
             at
             five
             
               per
               Cent.
            
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             of
             Four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             ,
             upon
             Money
             ,
             would
             raise
             200,000
             l.
             
          
           
             That
             which
             has
             made
             Quarterly
             Polls
             so
             distastful
             ,
             is
             charging
             the
             Poorer
             sort
             ;
             but
             if
             they
             were
             all
             
             exempted
             ,
             a
             Quarterly
             Poll
             well
             Levied
             might
             raise
             500,000
             l.
             
          
           
             And
             here
             it
             may
             not
             be
             amiss
             to
             take
             notice
             ,
             that
             if
             ,
             in
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             upon
             Land
             ,
             one
             Shilling
             were
             taken
             off
             from
             the
             Landlord
             ,
             and
             placed
             upon
             the
             Tenant
             ,
             it
             would
             ease
             those
             who
             have
             born
             all
             the
             weight
             ;
             nor
             can
             it
             seem
             oppressive
             to
             the
             Tenants
             ,
             considering
             how
             well
             they
             have
             fared
             hitherto
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             a
             mix'd
             Aid
             ,
             by
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             upon
             Land
             and
             Money
             ,
             and
             by
             a
             Quarterly
             Poll
             ,
             all
             carefully
             Levied
             ,
             might
             raise
             
               
                 By
                 Four
                 Shillings
                 ,
                 Pound
                 Rate
                 ,
                 upon
                 Land
                 —
                 l.
                 3,000,000
              
               
                 By
                 Four
                 Shillings
                 ,
                 Pound
                 Rate
                 ,
                 upon
                 Money
                 —
                 l.
                 200,000
              
               
                 By
                 a
                 Quarterly
                 Poll
                 —
                 l.
                 500,000
              
               
                 Total
                 —
                 l.
                 3,700,000
              
            
             Which
             ,
             without
             any
             new
             
               Ways
               and
               means
            
             ,
             would
             come
             very
             near
             raising
             
             that
             Sum
             to
             which
             the
             Expence
             of
             the
             War
             has
             hitherto
             amounted
             .
          
           
             If
             in
             a
             War
             that
             is
             so
             Expensive
             ,
             and
             is
             thought
             so
             necessary
             for
             our
             Preservation
             ,
             all
             people
             would
             agree
             to
             promote
             Equality
             ,
             no
             doubt
             great
             Sums
             might
             be
             raised
             in
             this
             Nation
             ,
             and
             the
             Country
             ,
             in
             all
             Aids
             ,
             would
             be
             found
             to
             answer
             as
             well
             as
             London
             .
          
           
             That
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             ,
             pay
             about
             a
             sixth
             part
             in
             the
             Aid
             ,
             is
             very
             plain
             ;
             and
             that
             they
             are
             not
             above
             a
             Tenth
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             's
             general
             Rental
             ,
             is
             very
             probable
             .
          
           
             What
             Proportion
             in
             other
             Wealth
             and
             Substance
             London
             bears
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             England
             ,
             is
             very
             hard
             to
             determine
             .
          
           
             But
             some
             Landed
             Man
             will
             start
             up
             and
             say
             ,
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             London
             bears
             a
             sixth
             ,
             it
             ought
             to
             bear
             a
             half
             ,
             it
             has
             all
             the
             Wealth
             ;
             and
             the
             
             immoderate
             Growth
             of
             that
             City
             undoes
             and
             ruins
             all
             the
             Country
             .
          
           
             It
             may
             therefore
             be
             well
             worth
             the
             Enquiry
             of
             thinking
             Men
             ,
             what
             truth
             there
             is
             in
             this
             common
             and
             receiv'd
             Notion
             ,
             that
             the
             Growth
             of
             London
             is
             pernicious
             to
             England
             ;
             That
             the
             Kingdom
             is
             like
             a
             Rickety
             Body
             ,
             with
             a
             Head
             too
             big
             for
             the
             other
             Members
             .
          
           
             For
             some
             people
             ,
             who
             have
             thought
             much
             upon
             this
             subject
             ,
             are
             inclin'd
             to
             believe
             ,
             that
             the
             Growth
             of
             that
             City
             is
             advantageous
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             and
             they
             seem
             to
             ground
             their
             Opinion
             upon
             the
             following
             Reasons
             :
          
           
             That
             no
             Empire
             was
             ever
             great
             ,
             without
             having
             a
             great
             and
             populous
             City
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Romans
             drew
             all
             the
             conquer'd
             Cities
             of
             Italy
             into
             Rome
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             People
             of
             Attica
             were
             no
             better
             than
             a
             Crew
             of
             rude
             Herdsmen
             ;
             
             and
             neither
             flourish'd
             in
             War
             ,
             nor
             in
             Civil
             Arts
             ,
             till
             Theseus
             perswaded
             them
             to
             Inhabit
             Athens
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             greatness
             of
             London
             will
             best
             preserve
             our
             Constitution
             ,
             because
             ,
             where
             there
             is
             a
             great
             and
             powerful
             City
             ,
             the
             Prince
             will
             hardly
             Enterprise
             upon
             the
             Liberties
             of
             that
             People
             ;
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             a
             Rich
             and
             Powerful
             City
             seldom
             Rebels
             upon
             vain
             and
             slight
             occasions
             .
          
           
             On
             these
             grounds
             ,
             and
             many
             others
             ,
             some
             people
             are
             led
             to
             think
             ,
             the
             Growth
             of
             London
             not
             hurtful
             to
             the
             Nation
             ;
             but
             ,
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             to
             believe
             that
             there
             is
             not
             an
             Acre
             of
             Land
             in
             the
             Country
             ,
             be
             it
             never
             so
             distant
             ,
             that
             is
             not
             in
             some
             degree
             better'd
             by
             the
             Growth
             ,
             Trade
             ,
             and
             Riches
             of
             that
             City
             .
          
           
             Perhaps
             ,
             if
             all
             the
             Wealth
             and
             Substance
             of
             London
             could
             be
             truly
             Rated
             ,
             in
             a
             Tax
             of
             four
             Millions
             ,
             
             that
             City
             would
             pay
             a
             fourth
             part
             without
             any
             Hardship
             to
             it
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             probably
             ,
             there
             is
             nothing
             but
             Excises
             that
             will
             truly
             and
             equally
             Rate
             all
             sort
             of
             Wealth
             ,
             and
             Substance
             ,
             and
             bring
             in
             all
             sort
             of
             Persons
             ,
             chiefly
             those
             in
             great
             Cities
             ,
             to
             contribute
             in
             the
             Public
             Burthens
             .
          
           
             We
             have
             now
             gone
             through
             the
             chief
             
               VVays
               and
               Means
            
             ,
             hitherto
             made
             use
             of
             ,
             for
             carrying
             on
             the
             present
             War
             ,
             in
             which
             an
             Impartial
             Land-Tax
             is
             chiefly
             recommended
             ,
             as
             most
             agreeable
             to
             the
             Ancient
             Constitution
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             If
             it
             shall
             be
             thought
             expedient
             to
             go
             by
             the
             way
             of
             a
             Monthly
             Assessment
             ,
             the
             Aportionment
             of
             1660
             ,
             seems
             a
             more
             equal
             distribution
             of
             the
             Common
             Burthen
             ,
             than
             has
             been
             as
             yet
             made
             use
             of
             :
             According
             to
             which
             ,
             the
             Home
             Counties
             would
             pay
             as
             they
             do
             now
             ;
             
               London
               ,
               Westminster
            
             and
             Middlesex
             ,
             may
             be
             Rated
             
             at
             the
             Sum
             they
             have
             paid
             in
             the
             Aid
             of
             Four
             Shillings
             in
             the
             Pound
             .
          
           
             And
             the
             Assessment
             would
             run
             thus
             :
             
               
                 Northern
                 and
                 Western
                 Counties
                 —
                 l.
                 1,234,400
              
               
                 The
                 Eleven
                 Home
                 Counties
                 —
                 l.
                 626,000
              
               
                 
                   London
                   ,
                   Westminster
                
                 and
                 
                   Middlesex
                   —
                   l.
                
                 307,14085
                 1
                 /
                 4
              
               
                 Total
                 —
                 l.
                 2,167,54085
                 ¾
              
            
          
           
             A
             far
             larger
             Sum
             might
             indeed
             be
             produced
             by
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             ,
             equally
             and
             impartially
             Levied
             through
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             But
             some
             will
             object
             ,
             That
             to
             Levy
             a
             Pound
             Rate
             strictly
             ,
             by
             Commissioners
             of
             the
             King
             's
             Naming
             ,
             may
             occasion
             Oppression
             and
             Discontents
             in
             the
             Country
             ;
             And
             that
             such
             a
             Method
             of
             raising
             Taxes
             ,
             may
             create
             so
             many
             Officers
             among
             
             the
             best
             of
             the
             Gentry
             dependant
             upon
             the
             Court
             ,
             as
             may
             be
             dangerous
             to
             Liberty
             .
          
           
             Besides
             ,
             the
             Northern
             and
             Western
             Counties
             ,
             especially
             such
             as
             lye
             most
             distant
             ,
             will
             affirm
             ,
             That
             out
             of
             the
             same
             value
             in
             Estates
             ,
             they
             are
             not
             able
             to
             pay
             the
             same
             Pound
             Rate
             ,
             because
             their
             Rents
             are
             not
             so
             well
             Paid
             ;
             their
             Returns
             ,
             and
             Markets
             ,
             are
             not
             so
             quick
             ;
             and
             they
             taste
             not
             that
             benefit
             of
             the
             Trade
             ,
             and
             greatness
             of
             London
             ,
             in
             the
             same
             degree
             as
             the
             Home
             Counties
             .
          
           
             It
             may
             be
             likewise
             objected
             ,
             That
             Land-Taxes
             in
             general
             (
             and
             chiefly
             if
             strictly
             Levied
             )
             must
             be
             very
             ruinous
             to
             the
             Gentry
             ,
             if
             the
             War
             should
             continue
             for
             any
             long
             time
             .
          
           
             And
             since
             ,
             to
             a
             Wise
             and
             Vertuous
             Prince
             ,
             no
             Sum
             of
             Money
             can
             be
             desirable
             ,
             that
             is
             Levied
             with
             the
             Oppression
             and
             Discontent
             of
             his
             People
             ,
             it
             may
             not
             be
             amiss
             to
             enquire
             ,
             what
             other
             Ways
             there
             are
             of
             
             Supplying
             the
             War
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             more
             casie
             to
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             Excises
             have
             had
             an
             ill
             repute
             with
             such
             as
             have
             not
             throughly
             weighed
             and
             compared
             them
             with
             other
             Taxes
             ;
             but
             ,
             however
             ,
             it
             may
             not
             be
             improper
             to
             examine
             a
             little
             into
             the
             nature
             of
             such
             a
             Fond
             of
             Revenue
             ,
             to
             what
             degree
             it
             would
             supply
             the
             War
             ,
             and
             how
             far
             it
             may
             be
             consistent
             with
             the
             safety
             of
             our
             Constitution
             .
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Excises
             .
          
           
             EXcises
             seem
             the
             most
             proper
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             to
             support
             the
             Government
             in
             a
             long
             War
             ,
             because
             they
             would
             lye
             equally
             upon
             the
             whole
             ,
             and
             produce
             great
             Sums
             ,
             proportionable
             to
             the
             great
             Wants
             of
             the
             Public
             .
          
           
           
             It
             appears
             from
             the
             Books
             of
             Hearth-Money
             ,
             that
             the
             Families
             in
             England
             are
             about
             Thirteen
             hundred
             Thousand
             ;
             so
             that
             ,
             allowing
             six
             to
             a
             Family
             ,
             the
             People
             of
             England
             may
             be
             computed
             at
             above
             seven
             Millions
             .
          
           
             Sir
             
               William
               Petty
            
             reckons
             the
             Common
             Mass
             of
             Mankind
             to
             spend
             in
             their
             Nourishment
             ,
             and
             living
             of
             all
             sorts
             ,
             one
             with
             another
             ,
             about
             seven
             Pound
             a
             Year
             a-piece
             ;
             by
             which
             computation
             ,
             there
             seems
             Yearly
             to
             be
             spent
             in
             England
             about
             Forty
             nine
             Millions
             ;
             of
             which
             ,
             Land
             and
             Rents
             in
             London
             ,
             according
             to
             what
             they
             pay
             in
             the
             present
             Aids
             ,
             appear
             not
             to
             be
             above
             Ten
             Millions
             ;
             and
             Trade
             may
             be
             now
             esteem'd
             at
             six
             Millions
             ;
             The
             other
             Thirty
             three
             Millions
             are
             spent
             from
             Sciences
             ,
             Arts
             ,
             Labour
             ,
             Industry
             ,
             Manufacture
             ,
             Retailing
             of
             Foreign
             Goods
             ,
             and
             Buying
             and
             Selling
             our
             Home
             Commodities
             .
          
           
           
             Now
             in
             Taxing
             the
             people
             ,
             we
             have
             hitherto
             gone
             chiefly
             upon
             Land
             ,
             and
             Foreign
             Trade
             ,
             which
             are
             about
             one
             third
             part
             of
             the
             strength
             of
             England
             ;
             and
             the
             other
             two
             thirds
             of
             its
             strength
             we
             let
             escape
             .
             So
             that
             Usurers
             ,
             Lawyers
             ,
             Tradesmen
             ,
             and
             Retailers
             ,
             with
             all
             that
             Troop
             that
             maintain
             themselves
             by
             our
             Vice
             and
             Luxury
             ,
             and
             who
             make
             the
             easiest
             and
             most
             certain
             gain
             and
             profit
             in
             the
             Common-wealth
             ,
             contribute
             little
             to
             its
             support
             ;
             all
             which
             ,
             by
             Excises
             ,
             would
             be
             brought
             to
             bear
             their
             proportion
             of
             the
             Common
             Burthen
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             Thirteen
             hundred
             thousand
             Houses
             that
             are
             in
             England
             ,
             it
             appears
             ,
             from
             the
             Books
             of
             Hearth-Money
             ,
             that
             Five
             hundred
             thousand
             are
             Cottages
             of
             one
             Chimney
             .
             Suppose
             most
             of
             these
             to
             be
             poor
             Families
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             contribute
             little
             to
             any
             Tax
             ,
             yet
             if
             the
             other
             Eight
             hundred
             thousand
             Families
             paid
             in
             
             several
             Excises
             but
             six
             pound
             a
             Year
             ,
             one
             with
             another
             ,
             the
             whole
             amount
             would
             be
             4,800,000
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             ;
             which
             shows
             what
             great
             Sums
             Excises
             are
             capable
             of
             producing
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             disproportion
             ,
             between
             what
             the
             Rich
             and
             what
             the
             Poor
             consume
             ,
             would
             make
             this
             fall
             easily
             upon
             the
             Poor
             ,
             and
             not
             very
             heavily
             upon
             the
             Richer
             sort
             .
          
           
             The
             Duties
             upon
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             are
             an
             Instance
             of
             the
             value
             of
             Excises
             ,
             which
             at
             2
             s.
             6
             
               d.
               per
            
             Barrel
             upon
             Strong
             ,
             and
             6
             
               d.
               per
            
             Barrel
             upon
             Small-Beer
             ,
             and
             16
             
               d.
               per
            
             Gallon
             upon
             Brandy
             ,
             produced
             ,
             in
             the
             Year
             ending
             24
             June
             1689
             ,
             clear
             of
             all
             Charges
             ,
             738,696
             l.
             And
             ,
             if
             one
             Branch
             of
             our
             Consumption
             would
             yield
             such
             a
             Sum
             ,
             what
             would
             an
             Excise
             produce
             ,
             laid
             upon
             several
             other
             Commodities
             and
             Manufactures
             ,
             Charging
             the
             things
             of
             Luxury
             high
             ,
             and
             the
             Necessaries
             of
             Life
             but
             at
             a
             low
             rate
             ?
          
           
           
             That
             kind
             of
             Revenue
             must
             needs
             be
             very
             great
             ,
             where
             so
             large
             a
             part
             of
             the
             people
             are
             every
             Minute
             paying
             something
             towards
             it
             ;
             and
             very
             easie
             ,
             where
             every
             one
             ,
             in
             a
             manner
             ,
             Taxes
             himself
             ,
             making
             Consumption
             according
             to
             his
             will
             or
             ability
             .
          
           
             Venice
             and
             Holland
             ,
             two
             Jealous
             Common-wealths
             ,
             have
             not
             thought
             Excises
             dangerous
             to
             Liberty
             .
             They
             are
             the
             strength
             and
             support
             of
             our
             Neighbouring
             Monarchies
             ,
             especially
             France
             ;
             And
             if
             we
             are
             to
             contend
             with
             that
             King
             ,
             the
             Combat
             will
             be
             with
             very
             unequal
             Weapons
             ,
             if
             we
             must
             make
             use
             only
             of
             Land-Taxes
             and
             Customs
             ,
             against
             his
             Excises
             ,
             and
             all
             his
             other
             ways
             of
             raising
             Money
             .
          
           
             But
             it
             may
             be
             objected
             ,
             That
             no
             Excise
             can
             be
             laid
             ,
             but
             the
             Price
             of
             the
             Commodity
             will
             rise
             ,
             which
             will
             hurt
             our
             Manufactures
             ,
             hinder
             Consumption
             ,
             and
             so
             prejudice
             the
             Landlords
             and
             Farmers
             of
             England
             .
          
           
           
             But
             that
             objection
             would
             be
             quite
             remov'd
             by
             a
             good
             Law
             of
             Assize
             ;
             without
             which
             ,
             any
             new
             Excises
             may
             indeed
             be
             of
             evil
             consequence
             .
          
           
             The
             Laws
             of
             Assize
             were
             made
             to
             increase
             Consumption
             ,
             and
             give
             the
             Common
             people
             the
             benefit
             of
             Plenty
             :
             As
             the
             price
             of
             Corn
             falls
             ,
             the
             weight
             of
             Bread
             should
             encrease
             ;
             and
             if
             this
             were
             strictly
             look'd
             after
             ,
             it
             would
             much
             augment
             Consumption
             among
             the
             Common
             people
             ,
             who
             are
             the
             great
             Consumers
             of
             our
             Home
             Commodities
             ;
             and
             who
             would
             consume
             more
             ,
             if
             they
             might
             have
             more
             for
             the
             same
             Money
             .
             But
             this
             is
             no
             where
             regarded
             ,
             but
             a
             little
             within
             the
             City
             of
             London
             .
          
           
             By
             this
             Laws
             not
             being
             put
             in
             Execution
             ,
             Consumption
             does
             not
             encrease
             as
             Plenty
             encreases
             ;
             neither
             the
             Farmer
             ,
             nor
             the
             Common
             People
             ,
             are
             the
             better
             for
             abundance
             ;
             And
             the
             benefit
             of
             Plenty
             ,
             in
             a
             manner
             ,
             
             wholly
             accrues
             to
             Bakers
             ,
             Corn-Chandlers
             ,
             and
             Corn-Brokers
             ,
             who
             make
             immoderate
             Gains
             by
             not
             raising
             and
             lowering
             their
             Prices
             truly
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             common
             Rate
             of
             the
             Market
             ,
             which
             ,
             by
             Law
             ,
             they
             are
             bound
             to
             do
             .
          
           
             As
             for
             Example
             ,
             if
             an
             Excise
             were
             laid
             upon
             Wheat
             and
             Rye
             ,
             and
             ,
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             the
             Laws
             of
             Assize
             were
             revived
             ,
             and
             inforced
             with
             higher
             Penalties
             ;
             the
             Excise
             would
             not
             be
             so
             much
             felt
             by
             the
             Farmer
             ,
             because
             he
             would
             find
             Consumption
             increase
             ;
             nor
             by
             the
             common
             People
             ,
             because
             they
             would
             have
             more
             Bread
             for
             the
             same
             Money
             ;
             so
             that
             ,
             in
             effect
             ,
             the
             Excise
             would
             be
             answered
             to
             the
             King
             out
             of
             the
             Immoderate
             and
             Unlawful
             Gain
             made
             by
             the
             Baker
             ,
             Corn-Chandler
             ,
             and
             Corn-Broker
             .
          
           
             So
             ,
             if
             an
             Excise
             were
             laid
             upon
             Oats
             ,
             Pease
             and
             Beans
             ,
             and
             an
             Assize
             of
             the
             said
             Commodities
             were
             
             made
             to
             force
             the
             Inn-keepers
             and
             Corn-Chandlers
             to
             regulate
             their
             Prices
             ,
             in
             a
             reasonable
             manner
             ,
             by
             the
             Market
             Price
             ,
             the
             Consumption
             would
             be
             greater
             ,
             and
             the
             Farmer
             thereby
             recompenced
             ,
             and
             the
             King's
             Duty
             in
             effect
             would
             be
             paid
             out
             of
             the
             immoderate
             Gain
             made
             by
             the
             Inn-keeper
             ,
             and
             Corn-Chandler
             .
          
           
             So
             if
             an
             Excise
             were
             laid
             upon
             Flesh
             ,
             Candles
             ,
             and
             Leather
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             Provision
             were
             made
             by
             Law
             to
             regulate
             the
             Market
             of
             Smithfield
             ,
             and
             other
             Markets
             ,
             all
             Cattle
             would
             sell
             so
             much
             better
             ;
             that
             the
             Farmer
             would
             not
             so
             much
             feel
             the
             Excise
             ,
             which
             would
             in
             effect
             be
             paid
             out
             of
             the
             excessive
             Profits
             made
             by
             the
             Butcher
             ,
             in
             retailing
             his
             Flesh
             ,
             and
             selling
             his
             Tallow
             and
             Hides
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             strange
             Oeconomy
             in
             our
             Government
             ,
             that
             Plenty
             should
             make
             things
             a
             greater
             Drug
             to
             the
             first
             Seller
             ,
             and
             very
             little
             cheaper
             to
             the
             
             Buyer
             ;
             but
             so
             it
             is
             in
             Fact
             ;
             and
             this
             proceeds
             from
             the
             want
             of
             a
             good
             Law
             of
             Assize
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             Fraud
             and
             Corruption
             of
             those
             who
             retail
             these
             Commodities
             ;
             such
             as
             Bakers
             ,
             Inkeepers
             ,
             and
             Butchers
             .
             And
             since
             there
             is
             a
             necessity
             of
             Money
             ,
             can
             any
             Tax
             be
             more
             reasonable
             ,
             than
             such
             a
             one
             as
             would
             intercept
             and
             bring
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             some
             part
             of
             that
             excessive
             Gain
             ,
             which
             these
             People
             make
             upon
             the
             Publick
             ?
          
           
             And
             this
             will
             hold
             in
             almost
             all
             Commodities
             that
             are
             the
             proper
             Subjects
             of
             an
             Excise
             .
          
           
             Therefore
             if
             ever
             new
             Excises
             are
             thought
             upon
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             necessary
             ,
             at
             the
             same
             time
             to
             renew
             the
             Laws
             of
             Assize
             now
             in
             force
             ,
             and
             to
             prepare
             a
             new
             Bill
             of
             Assize
             ,
             with
             higher
             Penalties
             ,
             and
             better
             accommodated
             to
             present
             use
             ;
             in
             which
             the
             Justices
             of
             Peace
             may
             be
             strictly
             injoyned
             to
             settle
             the
             Assize
             every
             Month
             ,
             in
             their
             respective
             Divisions
             ,
             at
             their
             Monthly
             Meetings
             .
          
           
           
             The
             same
             Law
             may
             regulate
             the
             Markets
             of
             Smithfield
             ,
             in
             which
             ,
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             there
             are
             Practices
             very
             hurtful
             to
             the
             Landed
             Men
             of
             England
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             complained
             the
             Butchers
             of
             London
             keep
             great
             quantities
             of
             rich
             feeding
             Ground
             in
             their
             Hands
             near
             the
             Town
             ,
             and
             are
             all
             Engrossers
             of
             Cattle
             ;
             and
             when
             Beasts
             are
             brought
             hither
             for
             Sale
             ,
             they
             drive
             theirs
             up
             to
             glut
             the
             Market
             ,
             and
             by
             this
             Combination
             ,
             command
             the
             Price
             ,
             and
             set
             it
             at
             their
             own
             pleasure
             ;
             and
             so
             make
             Flesh
             dear
             in
             the
             Retail
             ,
             when
             Cattle
             sell
             for
             nothing
             in
             the
             Market
             .
          
           
             The
             Remedy
             for
             this
             Evil
             can
             be
             best
             found
             out
             ,
             and
             apply'd
             by
             the
             Country
             Gentlemen
             that
             sit
             in
             Parliment
             .
          
           
             The
             same
             Law
             may
             also
             regulate
             Weights
             and
             Measures
             ,
             in
             which
             ,
             't
             is
             said
             ,
             there
             are
             great
             Coruptions
             throughout
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             It
             should
             be
             the
             Care
             of
             all
             Governments
             to
             save
             and
             protect
             the
             
             Poor
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             possible
             ,
             from
             the
             Frauds
             and
             Combinations
             of
             the
             Richer
             sort
             ;
             and
             if
             this
             were
             sufficiently
             provided
             for
             ,
             by
             good
             and
             wholesome
             Laws
             ,
             well
             executed
             ,
             all
             the
             Necessaries
             of
             Life
             would
             be
             thereby
             render'd
             so
             much
             cheaper
             to
             the
             Poor
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             pay
             Excises
             ,
             and
             yet
             enjoy
             more
             Ease
             and
             Plenty
             than
             they
             do
             at
             present
             .
          
           
             The
             proper
             Commodities
             to
             lay
             Excises
             upon
             ,
             are
             those
             ,
             which
             serve
             meerly
             to
             Luxury
             ;
             because
             that
             way
             the
             Poor
             would
             be
             least
             affected
             .
          
           
             But
             things
             of
             that
             nature
             are
             of
             little
             bulk
             ,
             easily
             hid
             ,
             vended
             by
             a
             number
             of
             different
             Traders
             ,
             and
             require
             many
             Officers
             to
             inspect
             the
             Making
             ,
             Selling
             ,
             and
             Retailing
             of
             them
             .
          
           
             In
             Holland
             they
             easily
             gather
             the
             Duty
             upon
             things
             of
             Luxury
             ,
             where
             the
             People
             are
             shut
             up
             within
             a
             narrow
             compass
             ,
             and
             where
             the
             Execution
             of
             the
             Laws
             is
             strict
             and
             steady
             ;
             but
             it
             would
             be
             otherwise
             in
             England
             ,
             
             where
             the
             People
             are
             dispersed
             about
             in
             a
             large
             Country
             ,
             and
             where
             they
             have
             been
             long
             used
             to
             a
             slack
             and
             unsteady
             Execution
             of
             the
             Laws
             .
             Besides
             ,
             in
             Holland
             ,
             the
             Laws
             that
             secure
             such
             Excises
             to
             the
             Government
             ,
             are
             more
             strict
             and
             penal
             than
             our
             Constitution
             will
             bear
             .
          
           
             And
             yet
             a
             Duty
             upon
             all
             the
             Vanities
             and
             Luxuries
             of
             this
             Kingdom
             may
             be
             collected
             ,
             by
             a
             far
             less
             number
             of
             Officers
             ,
             and
             with
             less
             Difficulty
             ,
             than
             is
             commonly
             imagined
             .
          
           
             The
             Commodities
             with
             us
             ,
             proper
             to
             charge
             Excises
             upon
             ,
             are
             such
             as
             are
             Bulky
             ,
             and
             not
             easily
             hid
             or
             convey'd
             away
             ,
             and
             where
             as
             few
             Traders
             as
             possible
             may
             be
             pester'd
             and
             vex'd
             with
             the
             Search
             and
             Inspection
             on
             of
             the
             Officers
             ,
             and
             where
             the
             revenue
             may
             be
             sufficiently
             secured
             to
             the
             King
             by
             mild
             and
             gentle
             Laws
             .
          
           
             Excises
             may
             be
             so
             contrived
             and
             laid
             ,
             as
             to
             answer
             a
             Sum
             perhaps
             large
             enough
             for
             the
             Wants
             of
             the
             
             Government
             ,
             without
             subjecting
             any
             private
             Families
             ,
             which
             are
             not
             Dealers
             ,
             to
             the
             Officers
             Search
             and
             Inspection
             ,
             or
             without
             charging
             any
             private
             Person
             for
             such
             Commodities
             as
             are
             of
             his
             own
             Growth
             or
             Making
             .
          
           
             There
             may
             a
             Sum
             large
             enough
             arise
             ,
             only
             from
             a
             Duty
             upon
             such
             things
             as
             are
             sold
             ,
             made
             ,
             or
             retailed
             in
             Market
             Towns
             and
             great
             Cities
             ,
             to
             be
             paid
             only
             by
             the
             Seller
             ,
             Maker
             ,
             or
             Retailer
             .
          
           
             And
             the
             Duties
             will
             be
             with
             much
             less
             Clamor
             gathered
             ,
             where
             the
             Business
             lyes
             only
             between
             Officers
             and
             publick
             Dealers
             ,
             than
             where
             it
             is
             between
             the
             King's
             Officers
             and
             private
             Persons
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             a
             Duty
             upon
             Malt
             cannot
             be
             conveniently
             laid
             ,
             or
             would
             yield
             little
             ,
             without
             subjecting
             private
             Persons
             to
             the
             Inspection
             of
             the
             Officer
             ;
             but
             ,
             in
             regard
             Malt-houses
             are
             in
             Out
             Yards
             ,
             the
             Inconvenience
             and
             Trouble
             would
             be
             the
             less
             .
          
           
           
             And
             such
             a
             Sum
             as
             is
             wanted
             may
             be
             levy'd
             ,
             and
             the
             things
             of
             Luxury
             reach'd
             ,
             for
             the
             yearly
             Charge
             of
             about
             100,000
             l.
             and
             by
             about
             Fourteen
             hundred
             Officers
             ;
             casting
             England
             into
             Eight
             hundred
             Districts
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             laid
             out
             for
             inspecting
             the
             Victuallers
             in
             the
             Duty
             upon
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ;
             the
             remaining
             Six
             hundred
             are
             sufficient
             to
             take
             an
             account
             of
             such
             Goods
             as
             are
             made
             ,
             sold
             ,
             and
             retail'd
             in
             great
             Towns
             and
             Cities
             .
          
           
             And
             this
             is
             undeniably
             apparent
             to
             any
             one
             that
             is
             skill'd
             in
             the
             Manner
             of
             Collecting
             Excises
             ,
             and
             vers'd
             in
             the
             Nature
             of
             such
             Revenues
             .
          
           
             Nor
             is
             this
             a
             number
             of
             Officers
             that
             can
             be
             reasonably
             thought
             dangerous
             to
             our
             Liberties
             ,
             or
             able
             to
             influence
             Elections
             in
             the
             Country
             ,
             especially
             as
             they
             may
             be
             restrain'd
             by
             Law
             from
             intermedling
             in
             such
             Matters
             ,
             and
             because
             the
             Officers
             made
             use
             of
             for
             the
             Collecting
             such
             Revenues
             ,
             are
             generally
             taken
             out
             
             from
             the
             Lees
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             are
             Persons
             without
             Interest
             or
             Authority
             .
          
           
             The
             Excise
             on
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             has
             given
             such
             Knowledge
             and
             Light
             into
             Revenues
             of
             that
             kind
             ,
             and
             has
             chalk'd
             out
             so
             plain
             a
             way
             of
             dividing
             the
             Kingdom
             equally
             among
             the
             Officers
             ,
             and
             instructed
             so
             many
             Persons
             how
             to
             survey
             the
             several
             Makers
             ,
             Sellers
             ,
             and
             Retailers
             ,
             and
             to
             obviate
             Frauds
             ,
             that
             Excises
             will
             now
             be
             sooner
             understood
             ,
             more
             easily
             collected
             ,
             and
             with
             fewer
             Officers
             than
             is
             commonly
             apprehended
             by
             such
             as
             have
             not
             thought
             maturely
             upon
             this
             Subject
             .
          
           
             And
             the
             Books
             of
             Hearth-Money
             ,
             and
             the
             late
             Poles
             ,
             have
             likewise
             given
             us
             such
             an
             Insight
             into
             the
             number
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             the
             Abilities
             of
             the
             respective
             Families
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             not
             be
             difficult
             to
             make
             some
             Computation
             ,
             what
             the
             Excise
             upon
             any
             Commodity
             would
             produce
             ;
             
             Political
             Arithmetick
             being
             a
             good
             Guide
             in
             these
             Matters
             ;
             though
             it
             gives
             not
             demonstrative
             Proofs
             :
             So
             that
             the
             Parliament
             would
             not
             be
             quite
             in
             the
             Dark
             in
             laying
             any
             Impositions
             of
             that
             nature
             .
          
           
             As
             for
             Example
             ,
             from
             the
             Excise
             of
             London
             ,
             a
             Computation
             may
             be
             made
             ,
             what
             a
             Duty
             of
             3
             
               d.
               per
            
             Bushel
             upon
             all
             the
             Malt
             of
             England
             would
             produce
             ,
             in
             this
             manner
             .
          
           
             There
             was
             brew'd
             in
             London
             ,
             the
             Year
             ,
             ending
             the
             24th
             of
             June
             1689
             ,
             1,212,550
             Barrels
             of
             strong
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             and
             827,544
             Barrels
             of
             Small
             Beer
             ,
             so
             ,
             of
             both
             sorts
             of
             Drink
             ,
             there
             was
             brew'd
             2,040,094
             Barrels
             .
             To
             the
             Strong
             Beer
             and
             Ale
             ,
             there
             is
             allow'd
             three
             Bushels
             to
             the
             Barrel
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             Small
             one
             Bushel
             ;
             but
             much
             Small
             Beer
             being
             brew'd
             after
             the
             Strong
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             a
             reasonable
             Medium
             to
             allow
             to
             both
             Drinks
             ,
             one
             with
             another
             ,
             two
             Bushels
             to
             the
             Barrel
             ;
             at
             which
             Rate
             ,
             to
             reckon
             by
             
             round
             Numbers
             ,
             there
             is
             used
             in
             London
             4,000,000
             of
             Bushels
             of
             Malt.
             
          
           
             The
             People
             of
             England
             ,
             by
             the
             nearest
             Computations
             that
             can
             be
             made
             ,
             are
             reckon'd
             Seven
             Millions
             ;
             of
             which
             London
             is
             accounted
             a
             Tenth
             Part
             ;
             so
             that
             there
             may
             be
             in
             London
             700,000
             People
             ,
             divide
             the
             4,000,000
             by
             700,000
             ,
             and
             there
             will
             be
             found
             to
             each
             Man
             5
             Bushels
             7
             Tenths
             of
             Bushel
             .
             But
             the
             Allowance
             of
             two
             Bushels
             to
             the
             Barrel
             being
             rather
             of
             the
             least
             ,
             we
             may
             reasonably
             allow
             to
             each
             Man's
             Consumption
             six
             Bushels
             of
             Malt
             in
             a
             Year
             ,
             which
             would
             be
             4,200,000
             Bushels
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             about
             three
             Barrels
             a
             Year
             ,
             which
             to
             the
             Mass
             of
             the
             People
             blended
             together
             ,
             will
             be
             about
             a
             Quart
             a
             day
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             if
             London
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             Tenth
             part
             of
             the
             Peopl
             ,
             consume
             4,200,000
             Bushels
             of
             Malt
             ,
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             ,
             which
             are
             seven
             Millions
             ,
             may
             
             consume
             42,000,000
             Bushels
             ,
             which
             ,
             at
             3
             
               d.
               per
            
             Bushel
             ,
             would
             produce
             525,000
             
               l.
               per
               Annum
            
             .
          
           
             Where
             the
             use
             of
             any
             Commodity
             is
             pernicious
             to
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             or
             prejudicial
             to
             the
             Health
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             such
             an
             Excise
             may
             be
             there
             laid
             ,
             as
             may
             amount
             to
             a
             Prohibition
             of
             the
             Commodity
             .
          
           
             Particularly
             ,
             such
             Foreign
             Commodities
             may
             be
             highly
             charged
             ,
             the
             Importation
             of
             which
             hinders
             the
             setting
             our
             own
             Poor
             to
             work
             .
          
           
             And
             here
             it
             may
             not
             be
             amiss
             to
             take
             notice
             ,
             that
             if
             the
             Duty
             upon
             Brandy
             and
             Spirits
             was
             so
             high
             ,
             as
             to
             amount
             to
             a
             Prohibition
             of
             them
             ,
             their
             Want
             in
             the
             King's
             Revenue
             would
             be
             recompenced
             to
             him
             in
             his
             Customs
             upon
             Wine
             ,
             and
             Excise
             upon
             other
             Liquors
             ,
             which
             undoubtedly
             they
             hinder
             .
          
           
             How
             Brandy
             obtains
             among
             the
             common
             People
             ,
             may
             be
             collected
             from
             this
             ,
             That
             for
             a
             long
             while
             the
             
             Importation
             of
             it
             has
             every
             year
             increased
             considerably
             ;
             so
             that
             in
             the
             Year
             1689
             ,
             there
             was
             as
             much
             imported
             as
             the
             Excise
             of
             it
             at
             16
             
               d.
               per
            
             Gallon
             amounted
             to
             about
             140,000
             l.
             besides
             the
             Strong
             Waters
             made
             at
             Home
             .
             And
             if
             ,
             as
             Physcians
             say
             ,
             it
             extinguishes
             natural
             Heat
             and
             Apetite
             ,
             it
             hinders
             the
             Consumption
             of
             Flesh
             and
             Corn
             in
             a
             degree
             .
             'T
             is
             a
             growing
             Vice
             among
             the
             common
             People
             ,
             and
             may
             ,
             in
             time
             ,
             prevail
             as
             much
             as
             Opium
             with
             the
             Turks
             ,
             to
             which
             many
             attribute
             the
             Scarcity
             of
             People
             in
             the
             East
             .
             There
             is
             no
             way
             to
             suppress
             the
             use
             of
             it
             so
             certain
             ,
             as
             to
             lay
             such
             a
             high
             Duty
             ,
             as
             it
             may
             be
             worth
             no
             Man's
             while
             to
             make
             it
             ,
             but
             for
             Medicine
             .
          
           
             Excises
             may
             be
             made
             the
             Engine
             to
             pull
             down
             or
             repress
             several
             Luxuries
             ,
             of
             which
             our
             Laws
             could
             yet
             never
             get
             the
             better
             .
          
           
           
             And
             suppose
             these
             Duties
             should
             make
             many
             Commodities
             so
             much
             the
             dearer
             ,
             as
             to
             lessen
             their
             Consumption
             ,
             if
             thereby
             Luxury
             in
             general
             could
             be
             kept
             down
             ,
             and
             the
             Nation
             driven
             more
             to
             Thrift
             ,
             it
             would
             perhaps
             ,
             tend
             greatly
             to
             our
             publick
             Wealth
             ;
             and
             that
             Notion
             ,
             if
             truly
             examined
             ,
             will
             probably
             be
             found
             false
             ,
             that
             Riot
             and
             Expence
             ,
             in
             private
             Persons
             ,
             is
             advantagious
             to
             the
             Publick
             .
          
           
             Unless
             the
             Nation
             does
             unanimously
             and
             freely
             give
             into
             Excises
             ,
             upon
             a
             full
             Conviction
             that
             they
             are
             the
             best
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             of
             Supplying
             the
             Government
             ,
             it
             will
             not
             be
             the
             Interest
             of
             any
             King
             to
             desire
             such
             a
             Revenue
             .
             For
             if
             they
             are
             carryed
             but
             by
             a
             small
             Majority
             ,
             against
             the
             Sense
             and
             Grain
             of
             a
             considerable
             part
             of
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             ,
             they
             will
             come
             so
             crampt
             in
             the
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             ,
             and
             loaded
             with
             so
             many
             Difficulties
             ,
             that
             they
             
             will
             only
             occasion
             great
             Clamors
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             not
             yield
             much
             Money
             .
          
           
             Whenever
             Revenues
             of
             that
             Nature
             are
             set
             on
             foot
             ,
             all
             possible
             ways
             must
             be
             used
             ,
             that
             humane
             Wisdom
             can
             think
             of
             ;
             to
             give
             ,
             in
             other
             Matters
             ,
             Safety
             ,
             Ease
             ,
             Wealth
             ,
             and
             Prosperity
             to
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
             But
             ;
             as
             the
             Foundation
             of
             all
             ,
             it
             must
             be
             made
             apparent
             ,
             by
             every
             step
             ,
             that
             the
             Liberties
             of
             the
             People
             are
             the
             chiefest
             View
             ,
             and
             greatest
             Care
             of
             the
             Government
             ;
             for
             nothing
             else
             can
             encourage
             them
             to
             trust
             the
             Court
             ,
             in
             a
             Matter
             that
             appears
             so
             nice
             and
             new
             ,
             as
             a
             Home
             Excise
             .
          
           
             All
             things
             must
             be
             done
             that
             may
             effectually
             increase
             the
             Value
             of
             Rents
             ,
             and
             Price
             of
             Land
             ,
             which
             will
             add
             true
             Strength
             to
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
           
             All
             Laws
             that
             would
             tend
             to
             the
             Relief
             of
             the
             Poor
             ,
             and
             setting
             them
             to
             work
             ,
             would
             make
             Excises
             ,
             and
             indeed
             all
             other
             Taxes
             ,
             easier
             to
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             The
             Poor-Rate
             ,
             as
             has
             been
             said
             before
             ,
             in
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             King
             Charles
             the
             Second's
             Reign
             ,
             came
             to
             about
             665,362
             l.
             And
             we
             have
             reason
             to
             think
             't
             is
             now
             much
             higher
             ,
             because
             of
             the
             great
             Decay
             in
             our
             Foreign
             Trade
             ,
             and
             Home
             Manufacture
             .
             Besides
             which
             Sum
             ,
             there
             is
             yearly
             given
             a
             vast
             deal
             to
             their
             Relief
             in
             voluntary
             Charity
             and
             Contributions
             ;
             so
             ,
             that
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             ,
             we
             pay
             near
             as
             much
             to
             the
             Poor
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Maintenance
             of
             the
             Government
             ,
             and
             for
             our
             Protection
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             as
             this
             Money
             is
             managed
             in
             most
             Places
             ,
             instead
             of
             relieving
             such
             as
             are
             truly
             poor
             and
             Impotent
             ,
             (
             which
             the
             Laws
             design
             )
             it
             serves
             only
             to
             nourish
             and
             continue
             Vice
             and
             Sloath
             in
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
           
             If
             publick
             Work-houses
             were
             set
             up
             in
             every
             Town
             and
             County
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             Works
             and
             Manufactures
             ,
             proper
             for
             ever
             Place
             and
             Country
             ,
             were
             fixed
             and
             established
             in
             it
             ,
             the
             Poor
             would
             be
             encouraged
             ,
             and
             invited
             to
             Labor
             and
             Industry
             ;
             especially
             if
             the
             Magistrate
             made
             use
             of
             his
             coercive
             Power
             upon
             such
             as
             are
             Vicious
             and
             Idle
             .
          
           
             The
             real
             and
             true
             Objects
             of
             Charity
             would
             cost
             the
             Nation
             but
             little
             to
             maintain
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             to
             be
             doubted
             they
             have
             the
             least
             Share
             in
             the
             publick
             Reliefs
             .
          
           
             The
             Wisdom
             of
             a
             Parliament
             may
             ,
             in
             time
             ,
             find
             out
             a
             way
             to
             make
             such
             Persons
             useful
             and
             profitable
             to
             the
             Nation
             ,
             who
             ,
             at
             present
             ,
             are
             a
             heavy
             Burthen
             upon
             it
             .
          
           
             If
             all
             the
             Hands
             in
             this
             Kingdom
             that
             are
             able
             ,
             were
             employ'd
             in
             useful
             Labour
             ,
             our
             Manufactures
             would
             so
             increase
             ,
             that
             the
             Common-wealth
             would
             be
             thereby
             greatly
             inriched
             ,
             
             and
             the
             Poor
             ,
             instead
             of
             being
             a
             Charge
             ,
             would
             be
             a
             Benefit
             to
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             If
             the
             Poor
             were
             always
             certain
             of
             Work
             ,
             and
             Pay
             for
             it
             ,
             they
             would
             be
             glad
             to
             quit
             that
             Nastiness
             which
             attends
             a
             begging
             and
             lazy
             Life
             .
          
           
             And
             if
             the
             Poor
             were
             encouraged
             ,
             and
             ,
             where
             there
             is
             occasion
             ,
             compell'd
             to
             maintain
             themselves
             ;
             the
             Pound
             Rate
             would
             be
             much
             less
             in
             every
             County
             ;
             and
             if
             the
             Nation
             were
             a
             little
             eas'd
             of
             that
             Burthen
             ,
             we
             should
             be
             in
             some
             degree
             ,
             abler
             to
             support
             the
             Expence
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             and
             Land
             would
             be
             eas'd
             ,
             upon
             which
             the
             Poor-Rate
             is
             a
             certain
             Charge
             .
          
           
             Nothing
             would
             better
             enable
             us
             to
             pay
             Excises
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             Taxes
             ,
             than
             a
             publick
             Registry
             ,
             a
             General
             Liberty
             of
             Conscience
             ,
             and
             indeed
             all
             Laws
             that
             would
             effectually
             invite
             People
             over
             to
             us
             ,
             and
             increase
             our
             Numbers
             .
          
           
           
             People
             are
             the
             real
             Strength
             and
             Riches
             of
             a
             Country
             ;
             we
             see
             how
             Impotent
             Spain
             is
             for
             want
             of
             Inhabitants
             ,
             with
             their
             Mines
             of
             Gold
             and
             Silver
             ,
             and
             the
             best
             Ports
             and
             Soil
             in
             the
             World
             ;
             and
             we
             see
             how
             powerful
             their
             Numbers
             make
             the
             
               Vnited
               Provinces
            
             ,
             with
             bad
             Harbors
             ,
             and
             the
             worst
             Climate
             upon
             Earth
             .
             'T
             is
             perhaps
             better
             that
             a
             People
             should
             want
             Country
             ,
             than
             that
             a
             Country
             should
             want
             People
             .
             Where
             there
             are
             but
             few
             Inhabitants
             ,
             and
             a
             large
             Territory
             ,
             there
             is
             nothing
             but
             Sloath
             and
             Poverty
             ;
             but
             when
             great
             Numbers
             are
             confin'd
             to
             a
             narrow
             Compass
             of
             Ground
             ,
             Necessity
             puts
             them
             upon
             Invention
             ,
             Frugality
             and
             Industry
             ;
             which
             ,
             in
             a
             Nation
             ,
             are
             always
             recompenced
             with
             Power
             and
             and
             Riches
             .
          
           
             And
             this
             happened
             to
             the
             Phoenicians
             ,
             who
             were
             the
             old
             Inhabitants
             of
             Canaan
             ,
             and
             elbowed
             out
             by
             the
             Hebrews
             ,
             and
             driven
             into
             a
             small
             
             Slip
             of
             Land
             on
             the
             Sea
             Coast
             ;
             who
             ,
             to
             nourish
             their
             great
             Multitudes
             ,
             were
             forced
             upon
             Trade
             ,
             and
             so
             became
             the
             first
             Navigators
             and
             Merchants
             in
             the
             World
             that
             we
             read
             of
             and
             in
             time
             grew
             a
             most
             wealthy
             and
             powerful
             Nation
             .
          
           
             Spain
             resisted
             the
             Romans
             near
             200
             Years
             ,
             meerly
             by
             their
             Country
             being
             then
             so
             populous
             ;
             for
             Cicero
             ,
             reckoning
             the
             Strength
             of
             several
             Nations
             ,
             says
             ,
             that
             of
             Spain
             consisted
             in
             its
             Numbers
             .
          
           
             No
             Country
             can
             be
             truly
             accounted
             great
             and
             powerful
             by
             the
             Extent
             of
             its
             Territory
             ,
             or
             Fertility
             of
             its
             Climate
             ,
             but
             by
             the
             Multitude
             of
             its
             Inhabitants
             ;
             and
             rich
             Soils
             not
             well
             peopled
             ,
             have
             been
             ever
             a
             Prey
             to
             all
             Invaders
             .
          
           
             Where
             Countries
             are
             thinly
             Inhabited
             ,
             the
             People
             always
             grow
             Proud
             ,
             Poor
             ,
             Lazy
             and
             Effeminate
             ;
             Qualities
             ,
             which
             never
             fail
             to
             prepare
             a
             Nation
             for
             Foreign
             Subjection
             .
          
           
           
             All
             Men
             who
             have
             made
             any
             Computations
             of
             that
             kind
             ,
             seem
             convinc'd
             ,
             England
             would
             naturally
             bear
             ,
             and
             nourish
             ,
             a
             full
             third
             part
             more
             of
             Inhabitants
             ;
             so
             that
             ,
             if
             it
             ●ere
             fully
             Peopled
             ,
             the
             value
             of
             all
             Land
             and
             Rents
             would
             as
             certainly
             rise
             ,
             as
             Land
             and
             Rents
             set
             better
             near
             a
             Populous
             City
             than
             at
             a
             distance
             from
             it
             .
          
           
             There
             are
             many
             Laws
             which
             would
             invite
             over
             to
             us
             that
             Complement
             of
             Inhabitants
             which
             our
             Country
             seems
             to
             want
             ;
             and
             tho'
             vve
             should
             get
             at
             first
             only
             the
             Poorer
             sort
             ,
             yet
             those
             Mouths
             vvould
             consume
             our
             Home
             Product
             ,
             and
             those
             Hands
             vvould
             help
             us
             in
             our
             Wars
             ;
             and
             in
             Peace
             ,
             by
             their
             Labour
             ,
             over-pay
             the
             Nation
             for
             their
             keeping
             .
          
           
             But
             a
             Public
             Registry
             ,
             and
             a
             General
             Liberty
             of
             Conscience
             ,
             would
             bring
             among
             us
             from
             abroad
             the
             very
             Species
             of
             Money
             ,
             real
             and
             intrinsick
             
             Wealth
             ,
             Substantial
             Men
             ,
             and
             all
             sort
             of
             Manufactures
             .
          
           
             Some
             People
             are
             afraid
             that
             Foreigners
             may
             take
             the
             Bread
             from
             the
             Common
             People
             ,
             whom
             Strangers
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             their
             Industry
             and
             spare
             Living
             ,
             are
             able
             to
             under-work
             and
             under-sell
             ;
             And
             that
             Foreigners
             may
             have
             ,
             in
             time
             ,
             strength
             enough
             to
             awe
             the
             Natives
             .
             And
             others
             believe
             ,
             That
             Tolerating
             all
             Religions
             may
             be
             hurtful
             to
             the
             Church
             .
             But
             these
             Opinions
             proceed
             from
             a
             narrowness
             of
             Mind
             ,
             not
             becoming
             Religious
             and
             Wise
             Men.
             
          
           
             For
             God
             can
             Protect
             his
             own
             Cause
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             a
             thousand
             Errors
             ,
             and
             variety
             of
             Heresies
             will
             but
             give
             our
             Church-Men
             a
             more
             ample
             Field
             of
             shewing
             their
             Learning
             and
             Piety
             .
          
           
             The
             same
             Protection
             ,
             and
             the
             same
             Laws
             ,
             will
             give
             Foreigners
             the
             same
             Interest
             ,
             with
             the
             Natives
             ,
             and
             
             in
             time
             ,
             probably
             ,
             the
             same
             Religion
             .
          
           
             And
             the
             Industrious
             Frugality
             of
             Foreign
             Handycrafts-Men
             ,
             will
             be
             a
             good
             Correction
             to
             the
             Sloth
             and
             Luxury
             of
             our
             own
             Common
             People
             .
          
           
             At
             a
             time
             when
             Tyranny
             is
             so
             much
             the
             fashion
             round
             about
             us
             ,
             if
             our
             Arms
             were
             open
             to
             receive
             all
             the
             afflicted
             and
             oppressed
             part
             of
             Mankind
             ,
             the
             Goodness
             of
             our
             Climate
             ,
             Mildness
             of
             our
             Laws
             ,
             and
             the
             Excellence
             of
             our
             Constitution
             ,
             would
             invite
             over
             to
             us
             such
             multitudes
             ,
             as
             would
             exceedingly
             add
             to
             our
             Power
             and
             Strength
             ,
             and
             make
             us
             more
             a
             Ballance
             to
             the
             greatness
             of
             France
             .
          
           
             And
             with
             these
             Additions
             of
             Strength
             ,
             Excises
             would
             be
             less
             felt
             by
             any
             part
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             But
             there
             are
             many
             real
             Lovers
             of
             their
             Country
             ,
             and
             Jealous
             of
             its
             Liberties
             ,
             who
             object
             against
             Excises
             ,
             and
             
             say
             ,
             They
             will
             be
             so
             easie
             and
             little
             felt
             ,
             that
             the
             Ministers
             ,
             some
             time
             or
             other
             ,
             may
             be
             tempted
             ,
             if
             such
             a
             Revenue
             were
             once
             afoot
             ,
             to
             get
             it
             settled
             into
             a
             perpetuity
             ,
             or
             for
             a
             long
             term
             ,
             and
             so
             make
             Parliaments
             useless
             .
          
           
             They
             say
             ,
             Land-Taxes
             ,
             Polls
             ,
             and
             Customs
             ,
             lye
             so
             heavy
             upon
             the
             Men
             of
             Interest
             and
             Figure
             in
             the
             Nation
             ,
             that
             by
             such
             kind
             of
             Impositions
             ,
             the
             Gentlemen
             of
             England
             will
             never
             enable
             a
             King
             to
             live
             without
             a
             Parliament
             .
          
           
             But
             Excises
             being
             an
             easie
             way
             of
             Contributing
             ,
             insensibly
             paid
             ,
             and
             falling
             chiefly
             upon
             the
             common
             sort
             ,
             they
             apprehend
             our
             Representatives
             may
             ,
             some
             time
             or
             other
             ,
             by
             the
             Arts
             and
             Power
             of
             the
             Court
             ,
             be
             prevailed
             upon
             to
             let
             them
             pass
             into
             a
             lasting
             Supply
             to
             the
             Crown
             ;
             and
             they
             think
             so
             large
             a
             Revenue
             would
             make
             the
             Prince
             absolutely
             Independant
             
             of
             his
             People
             ,
             which
             would
             quite
             destroy
             our
             Constitution
             .
          
           
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             some
             of
             our
             former
             Princes
             have
             had
             designs
             to
             Enslave
             this
             Country
             ,
             partly
             led
             into
             those
             Measures
             by
             the
             Gentries
             Flattery
             ,
             and
             Corruption
             of
             their
             Manners
             ,
             who
             have
             been
             all
             along
             willing
             enough
             to
             Traffick
             the
             peoples
             Rights
             .
          
           
             However
             ,
             the
             Nation
             was
             never
             yet
             so
             deprav'd
             ,
             but
             there
             was
             a
             Party
             strong
             enough
             in
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             to
             preserve
             the
             being
             of
             Parliaments
             ,
             which
             would
             cease
             if
             they
             should
             make
             the
             Crown
             rich
             enough
             to
             subsist
             without
             them
             .
          
           
             This
             Party
             will
             ever
             ,
             with
             jealous
             Eyes
             ,
             watch
             the
             motions
             of
             the
             Court
             ;
             some
             ,
             perhaps
             ,
             only
             to
             bring
             their
             Abilities
             and
             Repute
             with
             the
             People
             to
             the
             better
             Market
             ;
             others
             ,
             to
             wreak
             their
             Discontents
             ,
             and
             some
             out
             of
             meer
             Love
             to
             their
             Country
             ;
             
             though
             it
             may
             be
             feared
             ,
             the
             Public
             has
             but
             few
             Friends
             that
             are
             so
             truly
             upon
             the
             score
             of
             Vertue
             and
             Honesty
             .
          
           
             These
             will
             always
             be
             ready
             to
             make
             a
             stand
             in
             the
             House
             of
             Commons
             ,
             in
             case
             ,
             hereafter
             ,
             the
             Ministers
             should
             have
             any
             designs
             to
             make
             Kings
             Independant
             on
             Parliaments
             .
          
           
             But
             in
             the
             present
             posture
             of
             Affairs
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             long
             prospect
             of
             the
             future
             ,
             it
             is
             not
             probable
             any
             thing
             will
             be
             Enterprised
             upon
             Liberty
             :
             For
             there
             are
             those
             ,
             on
             the
             other
             side
             the
             Water
             ,
             that
             would
             sufficiently
             improve
             ,
             to
             their
             advantage
             ,
             any
             false
             steps
             that
             should
             be
             made
             of
             that
             nature
             ;
             and
             ,
             while
             our
             fears
             of
             France
             and
             Popery
             continue
             ,
             the
             side
             that
             is
             for
             keeping
             the
             Government
             within
             its
             ancient
             limits
             ,
             will
             have
             always
             sufficient
             strength
             and
             credit
             in
             the
             Nation
             .
          
           
           
             No
             King
             ,
             with
             Despotick
             Power
             and
             an
             Army
             ,
             could
             Levy
             a
             third
             part
             of
             that
             Money
             in
             this
             Country
             ,
             which
             is
             now
             paid
             in
             a
             quiet
             and
             legal
             manner
             .
          
           
             If
             our
             Kingdom
             had
             been
             under
             Arbitrary
             Power
             ,
             when
             we
             broke
             with
             France
             ,
             in
             all
             probability
             the
             Conquest
             of
             us
             had
             not
             been
             the
             Work
             of
             two
             Campagnes
             ;
             For
             nothing
             but
             Liberty
             ,
             our
             Interest
             in
             the
             Laws
             ,
             and
             Property
             ,
             could
             have
             made
             us
             willing
             to
             endure
             such
             a
             heavy
             War
             ,
             and
             able
             to
             bear
             its
             Expence
             .
          
           
             The
             Rights
             and
             Liberties
             of
             a
             Free
             People
             ,
             are
             chiefly
             what
             we
             have
             to
             oppose
             against
             the
             Numbers
             ,
             Wealth
             ,
             Oeconomy
             ,
             and
             Military
             Skill
             of
             France
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             there
             seems
             the
             less
             reason
             to
             fear
             any
             breach
             upon
             our
             Constitution
             ,
             because
             it
             is
             as
             much
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Prince
             ,
             as
             our
             own
             ,
             to
             preserve
             it
             .
          
           
           
             Nor
             can
             a
             great
             Tax
             of
             any
             kind
             be
             laid
             ,
             which
             will
             fall
             so
             easie
             upon
             the
             People
             ,
             as
             that
             the
             entire
             Body
             of
             the
             Nation
             will
             not
             find
             it self
             concern'd
             to
             throw
             it
             off
             in
             Parliament
             ,
             as
             soon
             as
             that
             Necessity
             ceases
             which
             first
             brought
             it
             on
             .
          
           
             All
             Taxes
             whatsoever
             ,
             are
             in
             their
             last
             resort
             a
             Charge
             upon
             Land
             ;
             and
             though
             Excises
             will
             affect
             Land
             in
             no
             degree
             like
             Taxes
             that
             Charge
             it
             directly
             ,
             yet
             Excises
             will
             always
             lye
             so
             heavily
             upon
             the
             Landed
             Men
             ,
             as
             to
             make
             them
             concern'd
             in
             Parliament
             ,
             to
             continue
             such
             Duties
             no
             longer
             than
             the
             Necessity
             of
             the
             War
             continues
             .
          
           
             Besides
             ,
             when
             't
             is
             said
             Excises
             are
             easie
             ,
             't
             is
             in
             respect
             of
             other
             Taxes
             ,
             and
             in
             regard
             they
             Charge
             every
             individual
             Man
             more
             equally
             than
             other
             Impositions
             :
             For
             all
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             whatsoever
             ,
             that
             raise
             great
             Sums
             ,
             and
             drein
             the
             Country
             of
             Money
             ,
             
             are
             ,
             and
             ever
             will
             be
             ,
             thought
             burthensome
             to
             the
             whole
             .
          
           
             And
             though
             the
             Dangers
             which
             threaten
             from
             Abroad
             ,
             have
             made
             us
             willing
             to
             raise
             such
             great
             Sums
             ,
             as
             for
             these
             late
             Years
             have
             been
             Levied
             in
             England
             ,
             yet
             all
             Men
             know
             ,
             that
             in
             Times
             of
             Peace
             ,
             they
             are
             far
             above
             the
             Value
             ,
             Wealth
             and
             Power
             of
             this
             Country
             ,
             and
             cannot
             be
             continued
             ,
             nor
             under
             any
             head
             whatsoever
             paid
             a
             long
             space
             ,
             without
             depriving
             the
             People
             of
             that
             Stock
             which
             should
             carry
             on
             their
             Labour
             ,
             Trade
             ,
             and
             Manufacture
             ,
             and
             consequently
             ,
             introducing
             Universal
             Poverty
             .
          
           
             So
             that
             there
             seems
             little
             reason
             to
             fear
             the
             Gentlemen
             in
             Parliament
             can
             ever
             be
             prevail'd
             upon
             to
             make
             Excises
             a
             standing
             Revenue
             .
          
           
             There
             are
             other
             Taxes
             ,
             that
             probably
             ,
             in
             their
             consequence
             ,
             may
             prove
             more
             dangerous
             to
             Liberty
             than
             Excises
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Rights
             of
             the
             People
             are
             safe
             so
             long
             as
             we
             preserve
             Parliaments
             ;
             and
             while
             that
             Post
             is
             secure
             ,
             and
             well
             guarded
             ,
             we
             are
             out
             of
             danger
             ;
             our
             felicity
             being
             such
             ,
             That
             we
             cannot
             be
             undone
             ,
             but
             by
             our selves
             ,
             and
             by
             our
             own
             consent
             .
          
           
             Those
             Kings
             who
             have
             design'd
             the
             subverting
             of
             our
             Laws
             ,
             by
             force
             and
             open
             War
             ,
             as
             King
             
               John
               ,
               Harry
            
             the
             Third
             ,
             Edward
             and
             Richard
             the
             2d
             ,
             could
             never
             prevail
             ;
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             their
             attempts
             did
             end
             in
             procuring
             to
             the
             Nation
             more
             ample
             Charters
             of
             Freedom
             .
          
           
             But
             those
             Princes
             have
             been
             more
             likely
             ,
             and
             nearer
             to
             compass
             their
             ends
             ,
             who
             have
             had
             the
             Art
             to
             undermine
             our
             Priviledges
             by
             corrupting
             Parliaments
             .
          
           
             And
             nothing
             can
             sooner
             dispose
             the
             Gentry
             to
             that
             Corruption
             ,
             and
             put
             them
             more
             in
             the
             power
             of
             the
             Court
             ,
             than
             such
             heavy
             Taxes
             as
             will
             make
             them
             uneasie
             in
             their
             Fortunes
             .
          
           
           
             And
             the
             Subversion
             of
             most
             free
             Governments
             that
             we
             read
             of
             ,
             has
             happen'd
             when
             the
             Gentry
             has
             been
             Ambitious
             ,
             and
             overwhelm'd
             with
             Debts
             ,
             and
             press'd
             with
             too
             great
             Necessities
             .
          
           
             If
             these
             hight
             Land-Taxes
             ,
             are
             long
             continued
             in
             a
             Country
             so
             little
             given
             to
             Thrift
             as
             ours
             ,
             the
             Landed
             Men
             must
             inevitably
             be
             driven
             into
             the
             Hands
             of
             Scriveners
             ,
             Citizens
             ,
             and
             Usurers
             ,
             except
             some
             few
             of
             the
             most
             wary
             Families
             .
          
           
             And
             in
             such
             a
             case
             ,
             the
             Country
             Gentlemen
             would
             still
             preserve
             the
             Interest
             of
             being
             chosen
             into
             the
             Parliament
             for
             a
             time
             ,
             because
             they
             would
             hold
             their
             Estates
             till
             they
             are
             evicted
             out
             of
             them
             by
             Law
             ,
             or
             forc'd
             to
             sell
             to
             their
             Creditors
             ,
             who
             ,
             indeed
             ,
             are
             the
             true
             Owners
             .
          
           
             Now
             can
             there
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             be
             a
             circumstance
             more
             dangerous
             to
             the
             Liberty
             of
             a
             Nation
             ,
             than
             to
             have
             the
             real
             Right
             ,
             Interest
             ,
             and
             
             Property
             of
             Land
             ,
             in
             one
             Hand
             ,
             and
             the
             Power
             of
             being
             chosen
             into
             Parliament
             in
             another
             ?
          
           
             To
             preserve
             the
             Rights
             of
             this
             Nation
             ,
             we
             should
             be
             Represented
             by
             such
             as
             have
             the
             greatest
             share
             in
             Property
             .
          
           
             And
             yet
             if
             these
             high
             Land-Taxes
             should
             last
             any
             considerable
             time
             ,
             the
             real
             Property
             of
             Land
             will
             belong
             to
             the
             Bankers
             and
             Usurers
             ,
             and
             we
             shall
             be
             in
             a
             great
             measure
             Represented
             by
             such
             as
             have
             only
             the
             name
             and
             show
             of
             Estates
             .
          
           
             And
             't
             is
             left
             to
             the
             Consideration
             of
             any
             Impartial
             Man
             ,
             whither
             such
             a
             Parliament
             would
             not
             be
             entirely
             in
             the
             Power
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             Devotion
             of
             the
             Court
             :
             And
             whither
             Liberty
             would
             not
             be
             thereby
             more
             endanger'd
             ,
             than
             by
             making
             Excises
             a
             Fond
             of
             Revenue
             for
             this
             War.
             
          
           
             When
             the
             People
             grow
             once
             so
             degenerate
             ,
             as
             to
             surrender
             the
             Rights
             of
             the
             Nation
             ,
             there
             is
             no
             ward
             against
             
             such
             Corruption
             ;
             and
             a
             Parliament
             that
             would
             consent
             to
             continue
             Excises
             ,
             beyond
             the
             necessities
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             would
             give
             up
             
               Magna
               Charta
            
             ,
             or
             settle
             the
             present
             Land-Taxes
             into
             a
             perpetuity
             upon
             the
             Crown
             .
             But
             't
             is
             hoped
             there
             are
             not
             hands
             enow
             in
             this
             Country
             ,
             to
             help
             a
             few
             Flatterers
             in
             the
             pulling
             down
             the
             Fences
             of
             our
             Liberties
             ,
             and
             to
             promote
             a
             design
             that
             would
             as
             well
             ruin
             the
             King
             as
             his
             People
             .
          
           
             If
             an
             Honorable
             and
             Safe
             Peace
             be
             so
             much
             in
             our
             Power
             as
             some
             Men
             imagine
             ,
             there
             will
             be
             no
             occasion
             of
             new
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             of
             supplying
             the
             Government
             .
          
           
             But
             if
             we
             are
             so
             jealous
             of
             our
             Trade
             ,
             and
             Maratime
             Interest
             ,
             as
             to
             desire
             the
             War
             may
             be
             continued
             ,
             till
             the
             Naval
             Power
             of
             France
             be
             a
             little
             humbled
             and
             broken
             ,
             then
             it
             vvill
             import
             us
             to
             think
             on
             the
             
               Ways
               and
               Means
            
             proper
             for
             the
             carrying
             on
             a
             business
             of
             difficulty
             and
             length
             .
          
           
           
             Upon
             the
             whole
             matter
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             much
             for
             the
             Honour
             and
             Safety
             of
             England
             ,
             if
             we
             could
             bring
             it
             about
             ,
             to
             answer
             the
             Years
             Expence
             ,
             with
             the
             Revenue
             that
             shall
             arise
             within
             the
             Year
             ;
             and
             not
             to
             live
             upon
             Anticipations
             ,
             which
             eat
             us
             out
             with
             Interest-Money
             ,
             and
             run
             the
             Nation
             into
             a
             long
             Debt
             .
          
           
             All
             reasonable
             Men
             must
             grant
             ,
             that
             if
             the
             Government
             could
             be
             otherways
             supplied
             ,
             it
             were
             expedient
             to
             let
             Land
             breath
             a
             little
             ,
             in
             order
             to
             give
             the
             Country
             Gentlemen
             opportunity
             to
             repair
             the
             breaches
             which
             are
             lately
             made
             in
             their
             Fortunes
             .
          
           
             And
             in
             all
             likelihood
             ,
             Excises
             might
             maintain
             the
             whole
             War
             ,
             if
             they
             can
             be
             so
             settled
             ,
             as
             the
             giving
             of
             them
             may
             not
             hazard
             the
             Constitution
             .
          
           
             But
             if
             Excises
             are
             thought
             dangerous
             to
             Liberty
             ,
             there
             seems
             good
             reason
             to
             believe
             ,
             that
             an
             Aid
             of
             
             〈…〉
             ound
             upon
             Land
             ,
             and
             Money
             ,
             join'd
             with
             a
             Quarterly
             Poll
             ,
             and
             all
             justly
             and
             fairly
             Levied
             through
             the
             whole
             Kingdom
             ,
             would
             near
             supply
             the
             present
             Necessities
             .
          
           
             If
             
               Aristides
               ,
               Cimon
            
             ,
             and
             Themistocles
             ,
             or
             any
             of
             the
             Ancient
             Worthies
             ,
             could
             rise
             from
             the
             Dead
             ,
             they
             would
             be
             astonish'd
             at
             our
             proceedings
             ,
             and
             wonder
             to
             see
             a
             Nation
             ,
             that
             fights
             for
             the
             Cause
             of
             Liberty
             ,
             Tax
             themselves
             partially
             ,
             and
             not
             with
             due
             proportion
             .
          
           
             'T
             was
             not
             by
             such
             Measures
             ,
             in
             their
             Public
             Assemblies
             ,
             that
             the
             Grecians
             so
             long
             withstood
             the
             Persian
             Monarchy
             ,
             but
             by
             observing
             ,
             among
             themselves
             ,
             mutual
             Justice
             and
             Equality
             ,
             each
             Man
             submitting
             his
             private
             Interest
             and
             Concerns
             to
             the
             Common
             Good
             of
             his
             Country
             ;
             which
             ,
             't
             is
             evident
             ,
             they
             did
             in
             the
             whole
             course
             of
             their
             Affairs
             .
          
           
             FINIS
             .