Solomons gate, or, An entrance into the church being a familiar explanation of the grounds of religion conteined in the fowr [sic] heads of catechism, viz. the Lords prayer, the Apostles creed, the Ten commandments, the sacraments / fitted to vulgar understanding by A.L. Littleton, Adam, 1627-1694. 1662 Approx. 485 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 263 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2005-03 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1). A48737 Wing L2573 ESTC R34997 14921458 ocm 14921458 102938 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A48737) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 102938) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1574:8) Solomons gate, or, An entrance into the church being a familiar explanation of the grounds of religion conteined in the fowr [sic] heads of catechism, viz. the Lords prayer, the Apostles creed, the Ten commandments, the sacraments / fitted to vulgar understanding by A.L. Littleton, Adam, 1627-1694. [32], 476, [2] p. Printed by R. Daniel, London : 1662. Half-title page reads: The grounds of religion. Errata: p. [2] at end. Imperfect: pages faded, with slight loss of print. Reproduction of original in the Cambridge University Library. Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford. Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. 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Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor. The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines. Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements). Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site . eng Christian life. Devotional literature. 2004-02 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2004-03 Aptara Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2004-10 Ben Griffin Sampled and proofread 2004-10 Ben Griffin Text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-01 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion The Grounds Of RELIGION . Perlegi hunc libellum , in quo nihil reperio orthodoxae fidei vel bonis moribus contrarium , quo minus cum publicâ utilitate imprimi possit . Ex Aed . Sabaud . Decemb. 24. 1661. GEORG . STRADLING , S. Th. Dr. Rev. in Christo Patris Gilberti Episc. Lond. Sacellanus Domesticus . SOLOMON'S GATE , or An Entrance into the Church , Being A Familiar Explanation of the Grounds of Religion conteined In the Fowr Heads of CATECHISM , viz. The Lord's Prayer . The Apostles Creed . The Ten Commandements . The Sacraments . Fitted to Vulgar Understanding . By A. L. 1 Cor. XIV . XXVI . Let all things be done to Edification . LONDON Printed by R. DANIEL , 1662. To the Most Illustrious Princess ANNE Duchess of YORK , &c. Increase of Grace Here , & the Improv'd Rewards of Glory Hereafter . MADAME , THe Design of This plain Treatise being to Infuse Notions of Peace & Obedience into the Minds of the Multitude , by a familiar Declaration of the Grounds of Christianity , I could not think how to recommend it to publick Use with fairer Advantage , then from Your Highness Hands ; who , as You are in Your Person , both for Natural Endowments and Moral Excellencies , the Miroir of Your Sex : so in Your Relations , are the Wife of a Prince , whose Heroical Vertues render'd Him the Delight & Terrour of Forreign Nations ; and the Daughter of a Statesman , whose Wisdom is the Pillar of publick Interest , and His Counsels the Buttress of our Peace . Indeed the Subject doth of it self challenge a Reverence from the Reader , & Usefulness is a just Apology for Plainness , besides that Sacred Truths shew best when they are seen in their own Light , and have that Native Beauty about them , that they stand not in need of Additional Helps of Art : Yet to secure the Authour from that Censure , & the Work from that Contempt , which the Vulgar Dress and mean Language , they appear in , is too apt to Betray them to ; the Lustre of so Great a Patronage was even to Necessity Convenient , and will beyond all Doubt be Sufficient . Your Highness Name will be Amulet against the Censorious , & Charm to the Rude . Wherefore that I have thus for the Publick sake presum'd to Address a particular Respect , will ( I hope ) be Interpreted a pardonable Ambition in Him , who is MADAME , Your Highness most Humble and Devoted Servant ADAM LITTLETON . To the REVEREND , My ever Honour'd Father , Mr. THOMAS LITTLETON , RECTOR of Suckley in the Diocese of Worcester . Honour'd Father , THat old complaint of St. Jerom , that Divinity is become every ones Trade , was never more seasonable then of late times amongst us ; when all Professions invaded the Pulpit , and God's word was rudely handled by those that were Bunglers at their own trades . To vindicate me from that imputation of unseemly meddling with sacred things , if my Education , which hath been all along in Letters , and the Imployment I am in , which requires of me sometimes to perform the place of Catechist , will not serv : yet the Relation , which I and this Treatise both have to your self , will abundantly plead a defence . For if the Church hath accepted services of this nature from several of her sons in the Laity ; then I hope , I that am not only a Son of the Church , but the Son of a Church-man too , shall escape censure ; especially , when I own my self in this small work no other then your Amanuensis , and do but copy out those notions of Truth and Duty , wherewith you by your early institutions season'd my Youth : So that in effect , the Book I present you , is as much your child , as the Writer of it , and this Explanation , what it is , is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Filia vocis , ( the veneration I owe to a Father will justifie the Allusion ; I mean ) the Echo , the rebound and report at distance of your Instructions , and those discourses you made a score of years ago , at Hales-Owen . Sir , It was then your custom constantly on Sunday-afternoons , with all familiar plainness , to set forth the Grounds of Religion , and Principles of Christianity ; an exercise ( though perform'd in the Desk ) of as great necessity , and tending as much to edification , as that other ( I was going to say ) Idoliz'd way of Preaching . Yet the sad truth is , that in this age of disorders , Preaching hath not been so much abus'd , as Catechizing ( with other holy ordinances ) hath been disused . And indeed , to this neglect we may mainly impute most other miscarriages . When the Ground-work sinks , 't is no wonder if the Building totter , and run to decay ; and if these Foundations should be shaken , it may iustly be fear'd that the whole Fabrick of Church and State will goe to ruine , and fall into confusion . An ungrounded Christian will be easily perswaded to give himself up to any wild opinion or loose practise , to turn Heretick or Rebell , and prove a fit Instrument for the managery of Satan's designs . I must confess , that much hath been writt already upon these Subjects ; so that the very Titles of those Books , which have been intended Comments , and Expositions of Catechetical Heads , and Enarrations of the Grounds of Religion , would take up more paper then this whole Discourse wasts : And I know there are many Excellent Treatises of this kind , even in our own Language ; yet I have not met with any one hitherto , that hath comprehended all the Rudiments of Christian Doctrine ( for so I think I may safely call these Heads of Catechisme ) in one Manual , or delivered the plain meaning of them in so familiar a Phrase & Method . For whilest others ingage in controversie , and spin out all School-Divinity out of these plain Truths , and fill their margin with quotations out of the Fathers , and accommodate Humane Learning to Sacred purposes ; as if they meant to print only Ad Clerum , laying out their vast abilities out of the Peoples reach : I judg'd it more suitable to publick Vse , and to the scant measures of my Skill , to give only a Grammatical account by an easie Paraphrase and exegetical interpretation of every clause , word by word , and then of the whole sentence together . Nor have I been wanting , as occasions have invited , up and down to bring in Practical considerations , nor fear'd sometimes to enter the Lists against the Romanists and ( their Proselytes ) our Sectaries ; yet not so as to fetch in strength from Authority without , but make use of those weapons only , the present place afforded me . I have been the larger in my Discant upon the Lords Prayer ; becasue indeed it is the Ground of all Liturgy . In the Creed I did not think it safe or fit to mention those old Heresies so long since exploded , for fear least a weak Confutation should teach them ; ( seeing there have been too many in our late Separations , too industrious to revive them , and bring them into Credit ; ) but contented my self with a short , and ( I hope ) Orthodox explication of the Mysteries of our Faith. When I was upon the Decalogue , I could not but make National reflections upon each Commandement , yet so as to convince the whole People , not to upbraid any one Party : For though the Act of Oblivion injoyns us to forget Injuries done to Men , yet Religion will oblige us to remember our Sins against God. The Sacraments I have handled with that brevity , that I have not there much insisted on the Rites , wherewith our Church administers them ; but elsewhere in the Book have in the general offer'd somewhat to their defence . Where I plead Admission of all to the holy Table , I would not be understood to speak for those which are under Church-censures . On every of these parts I have said little of the much which might have been said , and for ought that I know nothing that has been said by others , having had a special care all the way of the Eighth Commandement . Sir , You are the onely Author that I have consulted , and these sheets have not been the travail so much of my Invention as of my Memory ; while I have been recovering those Notices , your Institution lodg'd in my young head and heart . Wherefore what I have fail'd in Elegance of expression , or Solidity of matter , I must first here beg your Pardon for , ( seeing that contrary to the method of the Resurrection , what was sown in strength is now ra●s'd in weakness : ) And next crave your Blessing upon the Book and Me , that God would make us both serviceable to the Publick ; For I very well understand , what hazard of censure I run , by appearing thus in Print ; and what Obligations I now lay upon my self to walk carefully , and order my conversation aright ; since he that puts forth a Book of Religion , and leads an irreligious life , doth but libell himself , and scandalize his Book , Sir , As it was your great care and love to send me in my younger years to several places for my education , so 't was my no lesse happinesse that I was principled in Religion by your self , and though Scholar to sundry Masters , was your Catechumenus . I thought it then the most fitting Gratitude to return you what I receiv'd , and design your own Instructions the Memorial of my Dutie . That the God of all Consolation would crown your Old age with Honour and Ioy , and after these many years of Suffering and Persecution ( wherein you have had so large a share ) heap upon you the blessings of Peace and a long Life , that you may see and partake the prosperity of Jerusalem , shall be the dayly prayer of , Dear Father , St. Thomas-day , 1661. Your most dutifull and obedient Son Adam Littleton . Sentences out of Scrip ure . Heb. V. 12. FOr when for the time ye ought to be Teachers , ye have need that one teach you again , which be the first Principles of the oracles of God , and are become such as have need of milk , & not of strong meat . 1 Tim. I. 13. Hold fast the Form of sound Words , which thou hast heard of me , in Faith , and Love , which is in Christ Iesus . Prov. XXII . 6. Train up [ or Catechise ] a Child in the way he should go ; and when he is old , he will not depart from it . Psal. XXXIV . 11 , 12 , 13 , 14. Come , ye Children , hearken unto me : I will teach you the fear of the Lord. What man is he that desireth life , and lov●th many dayes , that he may see good ? Keep thy Tongue from evil , & thy lips from speaking guile . Depart from evil , & do good ; seek Peace ; and pursue it . Prov. IV. 23. Keep thy Heart with all diligence , [ or , above all keeping : ] for out of it are the issues of life . Psalm CXI . 10. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of Wisdom ; a good Vnderstanding [ or , good success ] have all they that do his Commandements . Eccles. XII . 13. Let us hear the Conclusion of the whole matter ; Fear God , and Keep his Commandements ; for this is THE WHOLE DUTIE OF MAN. An Explanation of the GROUNDS OF RELIGION . RELIGION is the Fear of God , i.e. the acknowledging & worshipping of God. God is known by his Works and by his Word . There was never any Nation which did not profess the worship of God. An Atheist was alwayes counted a monster . Now most Countries following Nature as their guid , have mistaken either in the matter or manner of their worship . The Heathens therefore , such as Indians , Scythians , Turks , &c. worship either a false God , or with false worship . But God's people being guided by the light of Scripture , do embrace the true Religion ; the Iewish Church in the time of the Law , the Christian Church under the Gospel . For after the coming of Christ , the Religion of the Iews hath now no longer use , since it was but a shadow and type of Christ to come . For Christ the Sun of Righteousnesse being risen , the Ceremonies like shadows are scatter'd and fled away . Christian Religion then is that Doctrine , which Christ himself taught when he was on earth , confirm'd by miracles and holinesse of Life , and sealed with his precious Blood dying on the Cross. Christian Religion is at large conteined in the holy Scriptures , i.e. in the writings of the Prophets and Apostles , who were the Pen men of the holy Ghost ; But it is chiefly compriz'd in the four Heads of Catechism , which we call the Principles of Religion . Now Catechism is a brief and plain Institution , which explains the Mysteries of Faith , and the Duties of a holy Life , in that manner , that they may be easily understood by any , even the most vulgar apprehension : Wherefore 't is call'd the Sincere milk of the Word , as being fitted to the capacity of little children , which as yet cannot bear more weighty discourses , which are compar'd to solid meat . This Doctrine then is plain that it may be receiv'd by the Understanding , and short that it may be held in Memory ; yet full too that it may instruct us in all things necessary to salvation . For it is made up of four parts , whereof the First teacheth us what we are to believe concerning God and the Church ; the Second , what duty we owe to God and man ; the Third describes a method of praying ; the Fourth delivers those Sacred seals , by which this doctrine is confirm'd . The Confession of Faith is set down in the Apostles Creed . The Law of God contein'd in the Ten Commandements is the Rule of life . The Lord's Prayer is a most absolute form and pattern of Prayer . And lastly the two Sacraments of Baptism , and the Holy Supper , are instead of Seals . These are the Pillars , upon which not onely the Church , but every faithfull soul is in the Spirit built up to perfect knowledge and blessednesse , to grace and glory . AN EXPLANATION Of the LORD'S PRAYER . The Lord's Prayer . OUr Father which art in heaven . Hallowed be thy Name . Thy kingdom come . Thy will be done in earth , as it is in heaven . Give us this day our dayly bread . And forgive us our trespasses , as we forgive them that trespass against us . And lead us not into temptation ; but deliver us from evil . For thine is the kingdome , the power , and the glory , for ever and ever . Amen . The LORDS PRAYER . PRAYER is a calling upon God in time of want or distress ; and a returning of praise for blessings receiv'd , or deliverances obtein'd : Or indeed more generally , and suitably to the nature of this holy exercise , abstracting it from our occasions ; 't is a Meditation upon God , his essence and his Attributes ; his Word and his Works ; and an acknowledgement of his power and wisdome and goodness , whereby he orders all things to his own glory and our good . It is indeed the special act of God's worship ; for Adoration is nothing else , but a praying to him , whom we adore : Whereupon a the heathen well observ'd , that 't was not he that graves the idol , but he that prayes to it , which consecrates the Deity . This is sure , that his Religion may well be question'd , who useth not to pray ; though 't is true too , that prayer may be abus'd to wrong ends , even to devour widow's houses , nay to eat up God's own House . Now the grounds of Prayer are laid in the nature of God , and the relation which he hath to us ; who , as he is our Creator and preserver , challenges this homage ; whence the Psalmist frequently invites all our fellow creatures to this duty , & brings us altogether into one quire to praise the Lord. And the very instinct of nature , hath taught ravenous beasts , b not so much to prey as to pray ; the young Lions , and the young Ravens in their hunger cry to him , and he feeds them , and fills every thing living with his blessing . Nor doth our relation so much as our want make prayer necessary ; for we depend upon him , both as to the life of nature and of grace ; nor are we able to subsist or act without his constant help . Therefore that praecept is no more , then nature dictates to us , c Pray without ceasing , or continually , that is , In every time , In every place , In every business : The main thing in Prayer being to lift up the soul , to carry God in our thoughts , and have our conversation in Heaven ; as the man after Gods own heart saith of himself , I have set the Lord alwayes before me . And in the presence of so glorious a Majesty there cannot chuse but be an humble , reverent , fervent , chearfull frame of spirit , a mind well tuned , and the affections so order'd , the thoughts so compos'd , as if one were alwayes in an actual devotion . Now God's Nature makes it as convenient for us to go to him in prayer , as our Interest makes it necessary : for , as he was pleased to call Abraham ( that had frequent intercourses with him in this kind ) his friend ; He hath all the qualities , which should be taken notice of in the choice of a friend . He wants neither will nor skill to do us all imaginable good ; He hath kindness to intend us good , wisdome to contrive it , and power to accomplish it . Nor are the other Attributes idle in our behalf ; For 't is his Mercy to promise us help , and his Iustice to perform his promise : and the like may be said of the rest . Then what a priviledge is it , that a poor creature , dust and ashes may freely speak to his maker ? That we who dwell in houses of clay may keep up a commerce with heaven ? that sinfull creatures as we are have access to the throne of Grace with boldness , and may challenge a hearing in God's Court of Chancery ? d Shall not the Iudge of all the earth ( saith he ) do right ? And any sinner may sue for his pardon with the same plea. Shall not justice acquit me , since mercy hath accepted my surety ? Is it not enough , that my debt hath been once pay'd ? Christ hath dyed for my sins , and my soul shall live . Nay , let our case be what it will , God himself hath afforded us such Arguments , as he will not stand out . Shall he that hath given me a life , deny me food ? shall he that hath given me a body , deny me raiment ? He that hath given me his Son , will not he much more give me all things else ? Thus Prayer is not only like Iacob's wrestling with God upon earth , but his scaling ladder too , to reach heaven ; whilst Prayers ascend to fetch down blessings , and blessings descend to fetch up praises . Lastly , let 's but look to the advantages that come by praying , and me thinks no body should be so ill natur'd to himself as to neglect it . What is 't , but ask and have ? and will any one be so lazy , as to refuse the pains of asking ? He deserves not bread to put in his mouth , that will not open a proud mouth to ask it . We have Gods word for 't in several places , that his kindness he rates so cheap , that it shall be had for asking . e Ask , and it shall be given you . And our Saviour passeth his word , f that whatsoever we shall ask in his name , he will do it . Can any thing be purchas'd at a lower rate , then asking ? This is the buying without mony and without price . Doth a man want wisdome , counsel , help ? Doth a sinner want grace , pardon , strength ? Doth a Saint want light , comfort , rest ? Let him but come and ask , he shall find God readier to give , then himself was to ask ; who sometimes answers prayers before they are made , and counts it one of his greatest titles , that he is a hearer of Prayer ; But some ask and have not ; Because , g as the Apostle saith , they ask amiss . Wherefore he that would pray aright , so that he may obtein , must come prepared & furnisht with those Graces , which may make him accepted . h Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in thy sight . We must not rush into so great a presence ; ( for i the foolish shall not stand before thee : ) but consider the Majesty of God , and our own vileness , being deeply affected with the sense of his goodness , and mans misery ; and premeditate before hand what we have to say , and how ; and indeed pray before we go to pray , that God will prepare our hearts for prayer . For so the Psalmist resolves the success of Prayer ; k Thou shalt prepare ( or direct ) their heart , and shalt cause thy ear to hear . And though all the graces , like a bed of spices , are upon this occasion to breath forth their sweet odours ; yet some have a more particular imployment , such as are , Reverence in our high thoughts of God , Humility in our low thoughts of our selves , Trust to rely upon his goodness , and Patience to wait his time , Knowledge that we may understand in some measure the nature of God , and Obedience that we may sincerely perform his will , Zeal which may inflame and raise our affections towards him , and Constancy which may keep us in a daily practice of this Deity . And to those , which call upon him so , God will be near , and will either do that which they ask , or something which may be better for them . Who comes irreverently puts an affront upon God , which an earthly Prince would not brook . He that is possess'd with an aw of greatness , will take heed how he demeans himself before it . Reverence then draws with it attention , which will drive away vain thoughts , as l Abraham scar'd the birds from the sacrifice . We cannot in reason exspect , that God should take notice of us , if we mind not him ; or hear those prayers , which the Speaker himself regards not . Who leaves Humility behind him doth but personate a devotion , and plays , rather then prays . He may please himself , or others it may be , with acting a pompous part ; but God resists the proud , nor doth the boasting Pharisee go home justified . Now Humility is chiefly seated in the mind , but it expresses it self too in the outward parts , and prescribes the posture of kneeling , bowing , falling flat upon the face : nor was the Publican less humbled , when he stood afar off and pray'd . Who would seek to God , if he durst not trust him , but look'd upon him , either as a down-right enemy , or an unsteady friend ? we must bring the confidence of children , if we look to have the kindness of a Father . The Apostle hath said it , that m he that prayes doubting and with wavering , shall go without ; so that who asks with distrust , bespeaks a denyall . Nor yet must this confidence be so bold , as to limit God to means how , or appoint him his time when . God's own times are best ; n our seasons are in his hand : and 't is not for us even in this sense to know the times and the seasons . Moreover he works without means as well as with means , and the unlikelier the means , the likelier for God's service ; the first cause virtuates the second : therefore the assurance that God will grant , must be attended with patience , i.e. a quiet expectation , till it please God to answer us in his own way . He that will not stay God's leasure , deserves not his answer . o He that believes , saith the Prophet , shall not make hast ; which the Apostle quotes thus , p He that believes shall not be ashamed , that is , disappointed ; And that is the next , to wit. Faith , by which we apprehend and get knowledge of God ; For he that addresseth to him q must first believe that he is , and that he is a rewarder of them that seek him . God is not pleas'd with the sacrifice of fools ; The best service we can perform , if it be not enliven'd with saith , is at the best but a carcase of duty , and like that cheat Plutarch mentions , of an oxes bones cover'd with the hide , and intended a sacrifice when the flesh and entrals were gone . Nor will a naked faith serve turn , to make this oblation acceptable ; unless it be cloth'd with good works . There must be obedience , as well as knowledge ; a sincere heart as well as an orthodox head ; nor is 't less fit , that pure hands should be lifted up to God in prayer , then devout eyes : And therefore this Prayer is accompanied by both Creed & Decalogue ; both of them having an influence upon it ; since we cannot pray as we should , without having respect to both Faith & manners ; seeing that r without Faith 't is impossible to please God , and s the desire of the wicked ( as well as their t way ) shal perish . Prayer is sometimes term'd a sacrifice ; now that can't be offer'd without fire : There must be then all the affections in a flame , For v the fervent Prayer of the righteous availeth much , and u the Prayers of the Saints are presented by Christ to his Father , mixt with the sweet odours of his intercession , in a censer . Zeal was that fiery chariot , wherein Elias rode to Heaven ; who had that great command over heaven , while he was on earth , by his praying , that he could with this key of David either open or shut it at his pleasure . Yet we must take heed of bringing strange fire , the ignis fatuus of a new Light , or the glimmering taper of an ignorant devotion , but fetch it from heaven ; nor content our selves with a flash and fit of devotion ; but keep it alive in our hearts , as the fire upon the altar , which was never to go out . There must be a constancy and a daily practice , such as Daniel's use was , who prayed three times a day with his face towards Ierusalem ; and David's , who prais'd God morning and at evening and at noon-day : And thus some expound that x Pray alwayes i.e. constantly , every day , without intermission , set aside some of your time for this duty ; alluding to the custom of the daily sacrifice . Now there are several sorts of Prayer : As to the place ; publick in the church , or private , in the family , in the closet . As to time ; ordinary , for our ordinary affairs , morning and evening , before and after meals ; and extraordinary upon extraordinary occasions , such as are designs , dangers , and deliverances , fasts and feasts , judgements and mercies ; particular sins and graces , &c. And accordingly some have to very good purpose and great benefit of the vulgar , put forth Manuals of devotion , fitted for all the business and most occurrences of life . As to the manner ; mental only , as y Hanna pray'd in silence ; or oral , utter'd by the voice , whence 't is call'd Oratio . As to the person praying ; either conceiv'd , & that either upon premeditation ; or with sudden affection , and as they say ex tempore ; ( and this may , must be allowed any Christian in his privacy , ) or set , either by publick appointment of the Church , or the civil Magistrate ; ( who being to order the matters of Religion , may well be styled in this meaning , z the Minister of God , Diaconus Dei , & Liturgus Dei , i.e. as the Greek word imports , God's common-Prayer-maker ; it being the very word , whence Liturgy is deriv'd , ) or by direction of Godly men for the use of them , who are unprovided with forms of their own . And lastly as to the subject , or the things prayed for ; a the Apostle hath divided it into four kinds : Petition for good , Deprecation of evil , Thanksgiving for the good obtein'd , or evil remov'd , and Intercession in the behalf of others . All which sorts of prayer are either exemplified or included in this most absolute form , which our Saviour himself prescrib'd , which from him is called The Lord's Prayer . There are not many things , which wear the stamp of this title , and those have a peculiar veneration due to them , as immediately appointed by Iesus himself ; the Lord's Day , the Lord's Supper , the Lord's Prayer : ( The same word , out of which the name which we give God's House is made , b Kirk or Church . ) Christ did not only make it , but appoint it too ; for when his disciples came to him with a desire that he would teach them to pray , as Iohn had done his disciples ; He bade them use this form . St. Matthew indeed , When you pray , say thus : which yet doth signify not only in this manner , but in these very words . St. Luke more peremptorily delivers the institution , c when you pray say : so that granting the adversary the advantage that he would catch at from St. Matthew ; yet he must acknowledge even from thence , that this prayer is an exact copy , and plat-form , by which we are to frame and model all our prayers ; and St. Luke will make out farther , that it is a form of prayer , to be constantly used by them , who would be taken for Christ's disciples . And no question but as it is the most ancient , and best prayer , which ever was in the Christian Church , so 't was meant for constant use and rehearsal in the sacred offices of the Church . This assertion proves Liturgy as lawfull , as the prevention of blasphemy , schism , and non-sense make it convenient if not necessary : which the opposers of set forms perceiving and fearing least the spirit ( as they term it ) should be bound , if Christ's own form should pass free , make bold not only to disuse but to abuse it too , and cry it down ; as if his words could offend God , whose very name doth so much prevail with him in prayer . Wherefore they would have Luke be understood according to Matthew's expression : which ( by their favour ) is not to be granted them ; for St. Matthew's way of speaking d is often taken in St. Luke's meaning , but on the contrary , 't will be hard for them to find an instance of their arguing . Nor will the variation of a word in the middle of it , or the omission of a clause at the end of it , stand them in much stead , as we shall see anon . This excellent form and pattern then of prayer is both for matter , and form , and order so full and compleat and comprehensive ; so well order'd , and fitly suited , and hansomly exprest ; that , were the command for the use of it laid aside , it seems to commend it self to a Christian's daily practice , as a short yet full Liturgy . This Prayer may be divided into three parts ; the Preface , the Prayer it self , and 〈◊〉 Conclusion . The Preface is a comp●●tion of him , whom the prayer is addressed to ; to wit , God , who is described , partly by a title , which shews his relation to us , and our interest in him , Our Father . partly by the place , wherein he dwels and shews forth his glory , which art in Heaven . The body of the Prayer it self contains in it a compleat sum and total of all holy desires , and a perfect breviat of things pray'd for , both spiritual and temporal , and hath six or ( as some would have it by parting the last into two ) seaven Petitions : The three former whereof concern God's glory , the three later belong to us and our necessities , both unto this life and that which is to come . So that the glory of God , and the Salvation of man , which are the two pillars , upon which the frame of providence , and work of grace do stand ; are mainly here consider'd , and run in each vein of this Prayer . The sense of all may be briefly reduced into these two 〈◊〉 verses . 1. Name . 2. Kingdom . 3. Will be done . 4. Bread. 5. Debts . 6. Temptation . The conclusion , or indeed peroration , hath in it a Doxologie , or excellent form of confession and praise , reflecting upon the three first petitions , and carrying along with it a reason of the whole prayer , thus : Thy Kingdom come , For thine is the Kingdom ; Thy will be done , For thine is the power ; and Hallowed be thy Name , For thine is the glory . That God's glory is in our prayers ( as it ought to be in all our actings ) the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the first and the last , the beginning from which all things came at first , and the end to which all things tend at last . And the Petitions themselves have a mutual respect , and seem to look to one another after this manner : That we may hallow thy name , and praise thee in the Land of the living , preserve our life by supplying us with food ; That thy Kingdom may come into us , and grace may rule in our hearts , blot out our past iniquities , and justify us by forgiving our sins ; That we may perform a due obedience to thy will , remove every offence out of the way , and suffer us not to fall into sin , by giving us up to the power of temptation , or leaving us to our selves . This in general . To come to the Prayer it self ; in the compellation , wherein we call God Father , we do not mean only the first person of the blessed Trinity , excluding the other two persons , the Son , and the Spirit , but take in all three the word Father here being not appropriated to one person , as in relation to another , ( to wit of the Father to the Son , ) but applyed to God according to his essence , i.e. to all three Persons ( for they all three are one and the self-same God ) in opposition to us , who say the prayer . The Father , Son and Spirit being each of them , one as well as the other , a Father in respect of all created things , and particularly of men , it being usual with the Heathens so to term their Jupiter , — e Father of Angels and of men . FATHER . God is the great Father of the universe , the master of the world , from whom and to whom are all things . He made all things by the word of his power , and of his ●eer goodness preserves all things & wisely orders all events , and deals with the whole world no otherwise , then a ●ather doth with his child . He is not only in himself an infinite being , as his name Iehovah shews , including in it all the differences of time Past , Present , and Future ; f who was , and is , and is to come . but the immens fountain of beings , whence every thing that is had its original● not that his very essence or substance was or could be communicated to any created thing , as man begets man ( a Father the Son ) in his own likeness ; then every thing would be God , which is the 〈◊〉 blasphemy to say . No ; the nature of God is quite of another kind then that of the creatures , and altogether incommunicable ; For how can we imagine , that his infinite essence , could have streamed forth it self into such a various and particular existence , cloathed it self with those accidents , and submitted it self to those lawes of change , which all created things lye under ? 'T was his almighty Word , which produced all things of nothing , light out of darkness , order out of confusion ; that was the womb that afforded the fruitful seed , out of which all things grew : g He spoke , and they were made ; and 't was well observ'd by the Heathen Critick , h that Moses used expressions suitable to the Majesty of a God , when he writes , God said , let there be light and there was light . ' T is true , he hath imprinted upon every creature some character of himself , that we may know by looking on the piece , by the Image and superscription , whose handy work it is . And in this sense we may say , every thing he has done is like him ; as we would of an absolute artist , whose rare pieces will at first sight show what hand they came from . Nor did he only make things , and then leave them to themselves , as some unnatural parents expose their children ; But takes care of and provides for every thing , looks after them , wears them in his thoughts , in his ●y , supplyes their wants , opens his hand and fils them with his goodness , cherishes and maintains them . And having built this goodly frame of heaven and earth doth with his h everlasting armes ( what vain story sayes of Atlas ) support and uphold it , or rather as his Vice-gerents are pictur'd with a Globe in one hand and a Scepter in the other , grasps the whole world in his hand ; and dandles it in his lap , as a tender hearted mother her playsom child . Can he that implanted so tender an affection in all mothers & dammes to their young ones , himself be without large bowels of compassion , full breasts of mercy , and a tender bosom of love ? His goodness exceeds all comparison : Though a mother should forget her child , yet ( i saith he ) I will not forget my people . Providence is that great dug , at which every creature hangs , and draws its comfort , by which all things are maintain'd , whence are issued forth daily allowances and constant provisions dealt out . For he commands k blessing and l deliverance . m Thou art my shepheard ( saith the Psalmist ) and I shall want nothing . The Spirit of God ( saith the sacred Historian ; ) mov'd upon the face of the deep , that Chaos and first matter , out of which the several kinds of creatures were afterwards to be particularly produced . A word n proper to birds that sit upon their eggs & brood them ; He flutter'd and sate upon it , and kept it in a lively warmth , and quicken'd that rude lump , that he might out of that great confused ball , wherein the seeds of things lay jumbled , ( which therefore an o ancient Philosopher call'd Natures Egg ) hatch a well order'd world . And since God hath compar'd himself in p one place to a broody eagle ; & Christ in q another himself to a hen ; the one teaching her young ones to fly and shift for themselves by carrying them on her back ; the other clucking her chickens , with great pains scraping up their subsistence , cherishing them under her wings , and with all her might protecting them from rapine ; We may from these similitudes learn , what a dear love and careful fear God hath for all his , least they come to hurt . God then may very well be styled a Father in this sense too , that he hath not only as a Father given being to all things , but as a Father of a family provides for al about him , furnishing them with convenient accommodations and seasonable supplyes . Nor is this all yet ; but he orders all things , disposes chance , & overrules events to his own ends , doing r whatsoever he pleaseth both in heaven and earth ; even as Fathers order the affairs of their family , or as magistrates ( who are the Fathers of their country ) manage the civil state , making lawes and putting them in execution , rewarding the obedient & punishing the disobedient . Indeed all government is naturally bottom'd upon this relation , and grounded in a paternal authority ; the Father at first exercising all power even to life and death over those of his own family : nor is a city or common-wealth any other then a more numerous family , subject to the same ruler and govern'd by the same laws . God then it is that gives order for every thing ▪ by whom and when and how it should be done . s Not a sparrow fals to the ground without his leave . The whole series of second causes is but that golden chain the Poets fancied , whose uppermost link is fasten'd to Iove's chair . He is the Lord of Hoasts ; such as are the stars in their courses , thunder , lightning , hail , snow , rain , wind and storm , fulfilling his word ; nay , frogs and lice , when he hath service for them , will muster into armies and the locusts gather themselves into bands ▪ He knows best what will make for our good , and his own glory , and by his wise contrivance carry's things in that nature , that they shall all work together for those ends . He is in the world as a King in his Kingdom : Where his word is there is power , and who shall say to him what dost thou ? Angels are his attendants and menials , the other creatures his utensils ; But men , though they are term'd vessels too in his great house , yet they are priviledg'd with a nearer relation to him ; They are his children , for he is our Father . OUR . This word denotes a propriety and closer interest , seeing he is not our Father alone in that general sense , in that t he made us & not we our selves ; as he is styled v the Father of rain , and u the Father of lights ; nor for the greater likeness we have to him more then our fellow creatures , which is common to us with the Angels , who are therefore call'd w the Sons of God ; But by redemption also , having purchas'd us by the Blood of his Son , and made us a peculiar people to himself , and having begotten us anew by the word and spirit , and adopted us by grace , that we who are by nature children of wrath might be made the children of God ; and to which of the Angels ever said he thus , my Son ? Oh! what a condescension of love , that God should suffer himself to be styled our Father , who have corruption for our mother ? that Christ should become our brother , whose sisters are the worms ? For x if we be sons , then are we heirs , and if heirs then coheirs with Christ : Oh infinite love , and kindness unspeakable ! how dearly obliging an expression ? that our Saviour , who is the only Son of God begotten of his substance should not permit , but command us to call God our Father too ? y my Father and your Father , sayes he . Now as Father is a word of authority , and signifies love and care bespeaking from us a reciprocal love , a filial reverence and obedience : so Our is a note of indearment , which should teach us charity , which indeed the whole prayer breaths in all the parts of it , Give us , Forgive us , and Deliver us , bringing in all mankind to partake the benefit of our prayers . And seeing it hath pleased God to own us for children , and Christ to make us partners of his relation to become brethren , it would very ill beseem the best of saints or greatest of men to disdain any of their fellow-brethren , he they never so miserable , never so wicked : Since , were there not a community of the same nature , the sense of humanity , the tyes of reason and religion , and the laws of nations to bring us to some kind of unity , and mutual affection ; God's love to us is an invincible argument , why we should love one another . WHICH ART . And there is none beside thee ; For z whom have I in heaven but thee ? and there is none upon earth , that I desire in comparison of thee . Indeed the original doth not so express it , making use of the article alone , and leaving the verb to be understood ; which as 't is elliptical , so 't is an emphatical kind of speaking ; a He or The in Heaven , which should note a superlative excellence above all others , to whom the title of Father can belong ; the Lord God , the King of glory , immortal , infinite , eternal , the greatest , the best ; in a word , the Heavenly Father . And this distinguishes him from the fathers of our flesh , our earthly parents , who are weak men dwelling in houses of clay , of a limited life & love , whose breath is in their nostrils , and when they return to the dust , all their thoughts perish : who cannot do for us as they would , and sometimes will not do us that little good they can ; short-handed and narrow-hearted ; who if they supply our outward and bodily wants , give us a handsome education ; and provide us a fashionable way of life , they do as much as is expected , more then can be requited ; but cannot bestow grace on us , nor bless us with spiritual blessings in heavenly places . And yet to these parents we are required , ( next to God ) to pay our service and thanks to the utmost , and shew all possible honour : Nor did our Saviour ( who b finds fault with the Pharisaical interpretation of that precept , and the sorry evasion of the Corban ) mean to slacken that natural bond of affection and duty , which is betwixt parents and their children , when he bids us c call no man Father upon earth . But he speaks that comparatively to heighten our reverences & dutyes to our heavenly Father ; that in comparison of him we should take no notice of our earthly relations , nor think them worthy of our least respect , as himself sayes elswhere , d He that hateth not father and mother , &c. that is , doth not infinitely less love them then he doth me , my wayes , and my concernments , he cannot be my disciple . Wherefore how great an aw ought we to bring along with us before such a glorious presence ? what distance should we stand at ? what reverence should we bear to his name , since he is in Heaven and we on earth ? what obedience should we have for his word , with what humility should we come and fall down at his feet , & kneel before the Lord our Maker ? How should every one with the prodigal cry out , e Father I have sinned against Heaven and before thee , and am no more worthy to be called thy son . IN HEAVEN . God is every where , omnipresent , fills all places , Both lands and tracts of sea , & heaven high . f Whither shall I flee from thy presence ? If I ascend up into Heaven , thou art there : if I make my bed in hell , behold thou art there . But he is said in a peculiar manner to be in heaven ; there he dwels in unapprochable light , there he displayes his glory , and scatters his goodness out of his treasures , his sun and his rain , thunder and lightning , hail & storm fulfilling his word . There are the dreadful remarks of his presence , and the brightest appearances of his Majesty : which made the very heathens place their imaginary deityes in heaven ; that though they mistook in the object of their worship , yet they hit right in the place where they were to seek God ; For heaven is his dwelling place , g but the earth hath he given to the children of men . The word is in the Heavens , not in these lower regions of the sky , where the winds bluster , and the clouds thicken , where the sun and moon and stars observing their courses carry light about the world : But in the third heaven , in the h Heaven of Heavens , whence he is called i Elion the Highest . Poor short-sighted Pagans dazled with the glories of these luminaries , which shine in the firmament , and are but the servants of nature , tapers which God has hung up in the vault and cover of the world , directed their devotions no farther , and so came short of the glory of God who dwelleth on high , far above the very light of nature , and the laws of change ; whereas things here below are subject to continual vicissitudes , roll'd about with the wheel of chance , alwayes flowing or ebbing , the world it self being but k a sea of glass , there 's a perpetuity of good , and a constant happiness , which knows neither change nor end . Besides it became the infinity of God , which cannot be bounded or coop'd up with any term of locality , to choose heaven for his mansion , whose vast circumference and compass is of that wide extent , that in the Natural Philosopher's opinion the whole globe of earth is but as a point to it , and this clod in which men make such a quarter and bustle in persuit of their interest is a sorry ant-hillock in respect of that stately arch , and spangled roof . nay the nations are as the Prophet hath it l as the small dust of the balance , and a drop of a bucket . Lastly the incorruptible God , thought fit to set his seat on high , far above the sphere of corruption , to which all sublunary things are liable , and advance himself to the greatest distance from earth , the grounds and dregs of nature , the bottom of the world , the sediment and mother of things . There he dwells in liquid and clear regions of glory and bliss , the invisible God , whose face no man can see and live , attended by millions of Angels and blessed Saints departed this life ; yet is pleased to look down from on high on the children of men and have his ears open to their prayers when they call upon him . Nor doth he only dwell in heaven , and ( as with reverence I may say ) keep house there with his courtiers and domesticks about him , but he sits there too , as a Iudge : m The Lord hath prepared his Throne in the Heavens . Heaven is his throne and earth is his foot stool . And let things run never so much at random here on earth , there is one in heaven to render to every one according to his works , whose wrath as 't is unsufferable , so his power is irresistible , and his knowledge infallible . He has girt the whole round of nature , that there is no escaping him ; the whole world is his close prisoner , and let wicked men use all their shifts ; though the mountains should fall upon them , and the hills cover them , yet God's hand shall find out his enemies , and bring them to punishment . For He is there as a spy too , upon us , he beholdeth us afar of and observes our carriage , and takes notice of all our doings , not an idle word scapes him , nor is there a thought in the heart which he knows not long before . His piercing eyes walk too and fro through the earth , and his ey-lids try the children of men . And this argument our Saviour uses where he perswades to secret good , n and ( sayes he ) thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly . What care then should we have to our wayes , to our words , who are alwayes in sight , in hearing of our heavenly Father ? with what reverence should we approach to his throne ? in what aw should we stand of his power ? How should we be struck flat to the ground , like Paul at his conversion , amazed and astonished with the considerations of a heavenly Majesty ? How should our hearts be set on fire with heavenly flames , and the desire of heavenly things ? How should we slight and trample upon earth and all earthly concernments in comparison of Heaven , where our Father hath many mansions of glory , and at whose right hand are pleasures for evermore ? How should our appetites be flatted to the relish of all sensual contents , when we think of those good things which the Father of mercies , and the God of all consolation hath laid up for us in heaven ? What a mean esteem should we have for , all the glittering vanities , the paltry preferments , deceivable riches , the guilded hopes , and pleasures ( as false as base ) of this lower world ; when we think of the glories and the joyes above ? How should these ravish our soules , and make them impatient , till they have o weighed anchor , and be with Christ ? How highly should we prize our spiritual birth-right , and heavenly inheritance ? How should we now indeavour to have our conversation already in heaven ? How should we fear the displeasure of so great , so good a Father , more then hell ? How careful should we be of disparaging our high birth , and heavenly calling , by any indecency or foul miscarriage ? How should we strive to be like our Father which is in heaven , holy as he is holy , merciful as he is merciful , perfect as he is perfect ? that we may be known by our conversation to be the children of God , children of the highest , the children of light , to whon belongs the Kingdom of Heaven . For 't is God's presence and favour makes heaven : Heaven would not be heaven unless he were there . Where ever grace is , there 's heaven ; for God dwels there , entertaining himself in an humble heart as much in the highest heavens . To make short , how should we admire him , worship him , fear him and love him , and joy in him with a holy ecstasy of affections , and heavenly reptures of devotion , that have leave to use these words , Our Father which art in Heaven ? This appellation with the other title of Father assures , and makes up our confidence compleat . For being our Father he will do us all the good he can , and being in Heaven he can do what he will ; so that the goodness of a Father , and the power of heaven stand ingaged for us , as the two pillars of our hope ; and two sureties , that all our petitions following will be granted and made good unto us . Amongst which , as 't was fit , those which belong to his own glory have the first place ; and God having made all things for himself cannot be unmindfull of providing for that . But he loves to be ask'd to do even what he means of himself to do , that man's will may be brought into a compliance with God's , and the execution of decrees become the return of prayers . Thus he delights to oblige where he can force , and that which he hath with an unchangeable purpose from all eternity resolv'd with himself , makes it the product of his creatures will ; as if he had more kindness for the desires of men then for his own resolv's , and would not perform his own eternal decrees , unless man first consent , and make it his request . And indeed it is man's concernment that is driven throughout the prayer ; for 't is not for God's sake that we pray , but for our own : What advantage gets God by our prayers , unless giving be getting ? His name is holy , his Kingdom is everlasting , and his will irresistible , whether we pray or no. But we pray that all this may be order'd for our good , and we are as much concern'd in this as in our daily bread ; God so ordering all the administrations of his providence and grace , that his glory and man's salvation go hand in hand , and that all things may work together as for his glory , so for our good , the good of those that love and fear his name . HALLOWED BE THY NAME . The name is the first thing we enquire after about any thing we desire to know ; as Moses , when he talked with God at his first appearance to him , told him the Israelites would ask him , who sent him , and p what was his name . There hath alwayes been taken great care for the imposition of names , that they might be suitable and proper to the nature of things . For things are distinguished and known from one another by their names . Wherefore God himself named the greater pieces of his work , which being of vast unruly bulk , were to be under his own immediate government , as Heaven and Earth and the Sea ; and 't is said q he calls the stars all by their names , &c. But those creatures which he meant to put under mans feet , he brought to him to name . The like care hath been constantly taken by parents and others in providing fit names for their children , that families and persons may be sufficiently distinguished ; for which purpose the day , on which the child was circumcised , amongst the Iews , which was the eighth day from his birth , and about the same time among the heathens , but amongst us Christians at the baptisme , this solemnity of naming the child is perform'd ; a thing of such concernment , that it hath been delivered sometimes by the message of Angels , other while by miracle . And that was a signal token in the r prophecie , wherein he calls his anointed Cyrus by name four hundred years before he was in being . 'T is a nice consideration , but there may be something in it , and of more then ordinary consequence , that God should take such care about names , that he should think fit to give and change them either in favour or displeasure ; as in the instance of Abraham , Conjah , Peter , &c. and that he is said to write the names of his elect in the book of life , and to give them a new name ; and to blot out the names of the wicked , and to threaten that their names , i.e. their memory shall perish . Let them take heed that forbear to Christen their children , and give them names , least they design their childrens ruin ; God finding no names they have in the church-roll , to copy into his book . f Is not he rightly named Iacob ; saith Esau , for he hath supplanted me this twice ? And Nabal was as very a churl as his name gave him for ; and very many scripture-names are thus signicant . And Melchizedeck ( whose true name if 't were Shem , was Name according to the signification of the Hebrew word ) denotes , t as the Apostle explains it , the character of the person , King of righteousness , who was also King of Salem , that is , King of peace . God out of a familiar love to mankind is pleased to dress himself as 't were , and set forth his nature by those wayes which are usual amongst men , and therefore v hath made himself a name . Now the name of God is any thing , by which God hath made himself known , and hath in the Scripture-language several acceptions ; For sometimes the name is taken for the person himself whose name it is , as in reckoning u so many names . And so we say of God , to call upon the name of the Lord , i.e. to call upon the Lord : and to give thanks unto the name of the Lord , &c. x Not unto us , but to thy name give the glory , i.e. to thy self ; for so the opposition stands not to us , but to thy self . Sometimes it is taken for fame and renown and glory , which accompanies a good name and makes it like good oyntment ; the Giants of old were y men of name , to wit , famous renowned men much talked of : z Christ's name after he had wrought some miracles was spread abroad throughout the country , i.e. he grew famous . We will make mention of thy name ( saith the Psalmist often , ) and will speak well of thy name , and sing praises to thy name , i.e. set forth thy praise in verse , and contribute the skill of my tongue and harp , ( which are a my glory ) in the celebration of the glory . Then 't is taken for those abilityes & virtues , which commend a man to fame , and raise an admiration and esteem of him ; as power , wisdom , goodness , mercy , &c. And such are the glorious attributes of God , the excellencies and perfections of his nature ; as b How excellent is thy name in all the earth , sayes David , when he meditates upon the works of creation , wherein those attributes of his doe most conspicuously shine forth , to the amazement of any serious beholder . And lastly it comprehends all the effects & atchievements of the divine attributes , whether produced by common providence in the world ; such as are , his works , daily accidents , extraordinary events ; or by special grace , such as are , his word and ordinances , the Sacraments , the Gospell , his Ministers , his Sabbaths , his Temple , his inheritance , persons , places , times and things dedicated to his service ; and whatsoever wears upon it a stamp of holiness to the Lord. Thus , c in thy name will we tread down our enemies , i.e. by thy assistance and help , and by the conduct of thy providence so ordering it , defeating the counsels , and breaking the strength of our adversaries . d In thy name we have prophecied and cast out devils , &c. by virtue of thy commission , by thy command and appointment , and the warrant of thy word ; e Baptizing them in the name of the Father , &c. to wit , into the profession of the Gospell , into the worship and service of God , faith in his promises , and obedience to his commands . Nor is the principal and usual signification to be laid aside , God having many such names given him in Scripture ; both proper , as Iehovah , Iah , Elohim , Adonai , Shaddai ; and appellative , even a full Alphabet of names as the Syric Grammarians reckon them . And so too , f Holy and reverend is his name . Our petitions here begin in God's name , a form so well liked , that it came to be taken up even up even in the civil affairs of life , wills , contracts , &c. and made use of at last as a stale to countenance the worst designs of cheat , prostituted to base self-ends , even to the infamy of a Proverb . And surely if we facing our prayers with it , make it only a vizar to our own corrupt desires , we doe it a fowl reproach , and profane it , when we pray it may be sanctified . To Sanctify hath also a doubtful meaning according to the thing it is applyed to . The Philosopher has in a moral respect rank'd things into three forms ; For there are some things absolutely and in their own nature good ; others as naturally bad ; and a third sort of indifferent things , which in their own nature are neither good nor bad , but according as they are used . His distinction may find room here and accordingly admit of a threefold Sanctification ; That which is in it self holy is sanctified , when 't is acknowledged and reverenc'd as holy ; And thus g we are bid to Sanctify the Lord of Hosts himself , the holy One. That which is by nature evill and corrupt is sanctified by being made holy , and having that nature renewed according to righteousness ; And thus h God sanctifies us by his spirit , creating us to good works in Christ Iesus ; and he bids us also i Sanctify our selves by a diligent attendance on the holy ordinances and holiness of life and conversation . That which is of a middle and indifferent nature , is sanctifyed when we set it apart from common service and apply it to holy uses . So our meat is k sanctified by the word and Prayer , so the Priest with his vests , the Temple with it's utensils , the Sabbath , &c. become sacred and inviolable ; And who offers a violence to any thing that thus belongs to God's peculium is profane and sacrilegious . Our request then in this petition is , That all things may be done to the glory of God , that he would order his own counsels , and all the dispensations of his providence and his grace to the utmost advantages of his own praise ; that he would sanctify us that we might sanctify him in our hearts ; that we may fear before him , that is dreadfull in holiness ; that we may entertain reverent thoughts of him , admire him in his infinite perfections , be astonished at his unsearchable glory , study his praises , meditate on his goodness , delight our selves in him , and speak well of his name , and set forth his noble acts ; that we may take notice of him in his out-goings , observe his providences , mark his particular supplyes and restraints , regard his mercies with thankfulness , and mend under his judgements ; that we may wait on him in his sanctuary in the use of his ordinances , go to his house in his fear , praise his name l in the assembly among those that keep holy dayes , attend to his word , keep his Sabbaths , honour his Ministers , and give due respect to every thing that belongs to him ; and that we use not any of his names or titles , but upon weighty occasions , and with great reverence . And lastly that our whole life be so holy and blameless , that we may not give occasion for God's name or his wayes to be evill spoken of , but rather that m our light may so shine before men , that they seeing our good works may glorify our Father , which is in Heaven . And this being done will promote & set forward the interests of his Kingdom , and so speed the second petition too . THY KINGDOM COME . God is n the Lord of Lords , and the King of Kings , the great Soverain of the world , who does whatsoever he pleases , and neon saith unto him what dost thou ? o who hath resisted his will , or p given him counsel ? For that the word signifies also in the q Chaldee dialect , those two things being necessary to compleat a Monarch's right , and make him absolute , to doe what he doth by a clear and full authority and power of his own , and by his own counsel and pleasure to act and determine that power . He is the great Basis and support of all societies and governments in the world ; For r the powers that are , are ordain'd of God ; s By me King's reign , and for him too , being his Vice-gerents t and sword-bearers , to be a terror to evill-doers and a praise to the good . And as he hath corwn'd all mankind with honour and dignity , giving them dominion over their fellow-creatures ; so he hath put that Majesty upon rulers , whom he hath appointed to govern their fellow-men ( who else without lawes and order would be little better then beasts , ) that they may be looked upon , and observ'd with that reverence , as if they were earthly Gods. v I have said ye are Gods , but ye shall dy like men . They are God's anointed ones ; and honour'd of him , accountable only to him , required therefore to do their homage , and u kiss the Son least he be angry . And as they must like all other men dy , so they must also appear before the judgement-seat of God. w Kings to their subjects dreadful stand O're Kings themselv's is Gods command . He hath all the royalties that belong to an Imperial Crown , a righteous Scepter , righteous lawes , loyal subjects , glorious priviledges , blessed rewards for the obedient , and great punishments for the disobedient . Not ought Kings of the earth to be impatient at mutinous and rebellious spirits , when God himself wants not those who x rise up against him ; and which may set them a copy of princely clemency to write their acts of grace after , y gives gifts to the rebellious , leaving some of them as monuments of his mercy , though too others he make trophies of his justice . I might note that sure Kingship is the best form and model of government , since God himself rules under that title ; that the Regicide is a kind of Deicide ; and when subjects dare mate their soverain , and contrive a Common-wealth to justle out the Kingdom , they do but challenge divine vengeance for that , which perhaps their injur'd princes forces cannot chastise , and call upon themselves Lucifer's fate , who z left his first estate by clambering higher , whose pride prefer'd him to the principality in Hell , where he gnashes his teeth , and curses God ; who questionless hath been that Angel of light , that hath cloak'd sedition with the name of Godliness , and taught the late teachers to a despise dominion , and speak evil of dignities , and blaspheme the name of Kings . And all nature hath by instinct followed divine example , gathering it self as much as may be into oneness ; making every sort of creature almost submit to monarchical rule , and preaching as it were the Apostle's lesson , b Be not many masters . But the sad experience of these nations in the time of tyranny , and the wonderfull providence of God in the restitution , hath sufficiently convinc'd all honest English of this truth , that That government is best , which is likest God's ; to wit a Monarchy , a Kingdom . Now God hath a twofold Kingdom , one universal at large , all the world over , the other particular and special , his Church ; For he is c King of the nations and d King of the Saints . or we may say , a threefold Kingdom in respect of the different administration of this later , according to the different condition of the church militant here on earth , or triumphant in heaven , to wit , a temporal , spiritual , and eternal Kingdom ; or the Kingdom of his power , the Kingdom of grace , and the Kingdom of glory . By his power , he governs the whole fabric of the world , disposes of all things , appoints seasons , sets bounds to human power , over-rules their purposes , stills the raging of the Sea , and the madness of the people , raises up , casts down , kills and makes alive , strikes the earth with his thunder , and darts forth his lightnings ; the winds obey him , & blow only where he lists . e All things are his servants , and f he doth what he pleaseth both in heaven and in earth . By his grace he governs his Church , sets up his throne in the hearts of his people , appoints officers , gathers the elect , and rules them by his word and spirit , conquers sin and death , kills our corruptions , subdues our lusts , and treads Satan under our feet , and breaks the powers of hell , that the gates thereof shall not prevail against the church , guids the faithfull ones in his wayes , tryes their patience , exercises their faith , teaches them his lawes , that they may observe his statutes and ordinances , defends the Saints , and is g a sun and shield to direct and protect them , that neither the Devil nor wicked men can doe them any hurt ; rewards those that doe or suffer any thing for his sake , punishes offenders , and persues the impenitent , and such as obstinately stand out his calls and tenders of grace , and go on presumptuously in their evill way , with the fury of his indignation , afflicting them with bodily plagues , temporal calamities , and spiritual judgements , as blindness of mind , hardness of heart , &c. giving them up to their own shamefull lusts , and a reprobate mind , & into the power of the divel , and either passing final sentence upon them in this life , or reserving them till the great Assises of the last judgement . In the Kingdom of glory ( as he himself is call'd h the King of glory , ) he sits on his Throne incompass'd with millions of Angels , and blessed Saints , who fall down before him , and sing praises i to him that sits upon the Throne , and to the Lamb. This is to have it's beginning when the other two end , not to be compleated till the last day , when the Angels gather the elect from the four corners of the earth , whom God shall reward with everlasting bliss ; when he shall send the ungodly to Hell , k where the worm never dyeth , and the fire never goes out . Then those who were sufferers shall be conquerers , and wear a never-fading crown . l I have fought a good fight ( saith St. Paul ) and henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness . All the Saints then shall be Kings , there shall be the glorious orders of pure Virgins that defiled not themselves , of blessed Co●●essors that were not ashamed of their profession , of holy Martyrs who lov'd not their soules to death , of Prophets the Harbingers of Christ , and Apostles the heralds of the Gospell , and all the quire of Heaven singing Halleluiahs . This is that Kingdom of Christ which he said was m not of this world , for which he despised the shame , & with which his servants that have a tast of the heavenly gift , and are afforded the earnest of their meditations , ( a sight of the heavenly Canaan , and glorified transfiguration ; as from Pisgah , and on mount Tabor ) are so ravished , and deeply affected , that they must needs cry , n come Lord Iesus come quickly ; Thy Kingdom come . COME . i.e. appear and show it self , may its interest be promoted , may it get ground and inlarge it self , may it be seen that o the Lord is King , let the people be never so unquiet ; may it come into our hearts and rule there , and beat down every proud imagination , that lifts it self up against God ; may Christ hasten his coming & illustrious presence , which the Iews Liturgy is ful of even to this day , the coming of Messias . Now there is a twofold advent or coming of Christ mentioned in Scripture ; The one was when he came in the flesh , in the form of a servant to die for us , that he might reign upon the tree as some readings have it in the Psalms : The other will be , when he shall come in the clouds with power and glory , attended with Angels to judge the world , at that great and dreadful day , when the trumpet shall summon all to appear before the tribunal . And when that 's done he shall deliver up the Kingdom to his Father ; and the time of this his coming and the end of the world , he hath left here to be the subject of our prayers , and not of our inquiries , to exercise devotion not curiosity : the uncertainty of the time being an argument to quicken our diligence in preparing for it , that we may watch and pray ; he having told us afore-hand , that he will steal upon us , p as a thief in the night . But what need we trouble our selves about the age of the world , when our own time is so uncertain , that we cannot call the next hour our own , and know not how soon the arrest of death may hurry us away to judgement ? He that dies now in the Lord q rests from his labour , & his good works follow him ; and if we cannot properly say that the Kingdom of God is come to him , we may safely say he is gone to it . At the end of the world then is Christ's great coming , and the general judgement : but at every single death there is a particular doom past , when the soul immediately after it's delivery out of the body is dispatched either into the regions of life , or lodged in the chambers of death , so that in this sense Christ may be said to come too . And there is a gracious visit , when he comes , and r knocks at the heart , and calls to his beloved by his word ; When he comes into us , to a feast and banquet of love furnished with the consolations of the spirit . The sum of this request is , that God would declare his power even to the heathen that know not his name , and make discoveries of his Majesty by his outward administrations , not leaving himself without witness , but convince profane spirits that there is a God that rules in the world ; that he would manage the affairs of the world for his peoples good , and for the advancement of the Kingdom of his Son ; that he would bless the civill societies of men ; that he would fill Soveraigns with wisdom to go in and out before the people , and people with loyalty to their rulers , and with love to one another ; That he would establish the state , wherein we live , in peace and order , preserving us on one hand from the tyranny and oppression of superiours , and on the other hand from rebellion and conspiracy of inferiors ; That he would save the King , whom he hath set ( under himself ) our supream Head and Governor , from all treasons and treacherous designs ; that he would subdue the people under him , cloath his enemies with shame , and upon himself let his crown flourish ; that he would give the King his judgements , and make our Magistrates men of courage , fearing God and hating covetousness ; That he would preserve us from all dreadfull calamities , the plague , pestilence and famine ; from wars , fires , inundations , from murder and sudden death ; That he would take a special care of his Church and his chosen ones ; that he would send labourers into his vineyard ; that he would endue his Ministers with righteousness ; that he would illuminate all Bishops and Pastours with true knowledge and understanding of his word , that both by their preaching and living , they may set it forth and shew it accordingly . That he would inlarge the tents of Japhet , remember his ancient people the Iewes , gather in the remnant of the gentiles , send forth his Gospell into the dark corners of the earth , and publish the glad tidings of salvation unto all mankind ; that he would fill up the number of his elect , and hasten the glorious appearance of Christ ; That he would confound the devices of all that have evill will to Zion , and turn the hearts of hereticks , schismaticks , and bloody tyrants ; That he would assist those that suffer for the testimony of a good conscience with strength from above , and send them the comforter ; That he would destroy the man of sin , with the breath of his mouth ; That he would s garrison our hearts with his grace ; that he would teach us his laws , that we may walk in his statutes , and keep his commands ; That he would mortify the desires and lusts of the flesh , subdue us to himself , and make us a willing people in the day of his power ; That he would open our hearts for the receiving of his word , and rule in them by his spirit ; That his Kingdom may first enter into us , that we may enter into it . Lastly that we may have our feet shod with the preparation of the Gospell , & live in a constant exspectation of our great change , that when our Lord comes he may find us doing his will on earth as it is in Heaven : And t blessed is he , whom his Lord when he comes shall find so doing . THY WILL BE DONE . The nature of God is not made up of a body and soul , nor hath he bodily parts , as eyes , hands , feet , &c. or faculties of mind , as understanding , memory , affections ; and 't is no less improper to say of God , that he knows or wills any thing , as that he walks , sees , &c. which are metaphorical expressions taken from men , God being pleased in holy writ to condescend to our capacity , and speak of himself after the manner of men : God is all understanding , all will ; nor is there any thing in God which is not infinite , i.e. himself . His will then is not a thing really distinct from his understanding or indeed from his essence , neither is it a blind power as it is in us , that needs the guidance of reason and the light of another faculty to be convey'd into it , to represent the object , and advise it to choose the good , and eschew the evil ; but is of it self most free , most wise , most good . It self is a law and rule to it self , determins it self , and is the measure and standard of all goodness , righteousness and holiness . v The Lord is righteous in all his wayes and holy in all his works ; And his pracepts are u more to be desired then gold , yea then fine gold , sweeter then hony & the hony-comb . Now there is a twofold will of God ; that of his decrees , and that of his commands . Nor do these two cross and oppose the one the other , as if God decreed one thing should be , and commanded the contrary : but they keep a sweet harmony and mutuall correspondence . God's word and his providence may seem sometimes to clash and justle one another , yet they do keep the same road of righteousness , nor does God ever contradict himself , or speak one thing and mean another . w Let God be true and every man a lyar ' that makes such interpretations of the will of God , as that his good pleasure or everlasting purposes should thwart the manifestations of his will , which he hath made in his word . For instance ; God saith that x he would not the death of a sinner , but rather that he should repent and live ; And his Apostle saith that y he would have all men be saved , and come to the knowledge of the truth . He then that shall teach that God hath absolutely predestin'd any sinner to damnation , and by irreversible decrees concluded him under an impossibility of repentance , layes an imputation upon God's veracity , and makes him if not a lyar , yet ( which is the worse of the two ) a dissembler , to say he desires their life , when he hath by an irrevocable decree prejudg'd them to unavoidable death , and with all arguments of love to invite them to come to heaven , when he hath long before they were born shut the gates against them . By his decrees he hath from the beginning set down with himself what shall be in time , foresees and orders all events to his own end ; insomuch that one tittle of his word shall not pass away , till he have accomplish'd his full will , and brought about his own purposes . Poor weak men want strength and policy to perfect designs , and many times we are cut of in the mid-way by an untimely death ; But God's counsels are laid deep , and he is of an infinite power , and lives to do what he doth to the uttermost . Nor yet does he act so absolutely as to take from second causes their freedom of acting or impose a necessity upon man's will to force it this way or that . Far be it from any sober heart to think , that God can in any sense be the authour of sin : Should this doctrine obtein in any man's mind , that all his actions are from all eternity predetermin'd by God , so that he must needs do what he doth , and cannot possibly do otherwise ; I should desire that it may onely be consider'd , what direfull consequences will naturally insue from such a persuasion , when 't is in good earnest own'd and liv'd after , and whether all the villany and mischief in the world will not find hence a ready justification . Not to say how vain and useless all reason , counsels , debates , exhortations and reproofs , all that by which we are men or Christians , the use of ministry and ordinances , and all the arguments for a virtuous and a godly life , would prove with one that were obstinately possest with this opinion , and were resolv'd to live according to it . But 't is safer for us to consult God's precepts , then tamper overboldly with his decrees ; and to study his will in his commands , with humility adoring the wisedom and righteousness of his unsearchable counsels . These he hath reserv'd to himself ; and locked up from us , as the Arcana imperii : The other he hath plainly made known unto us , and proclaim'd them in his word , and we hear the sound of them in our eares ; O that they might also sink into our hearts to doe them ! By these we shall at last be tryed , when every one shall receive according to his works : nor will the decrees of God prejudice that soul which hath duly observ'd his commands , or secure those who wilfully break them . Scripture is the plain rule which we are to walk by ; the book of decrees is that sealed book , which none but the Lamb is worthy to open . We ought to study our duty more then destiny . z Thou shalt love the Lord with all thy heart , and thy neighbour as thy self , are flat commands that require absolute obedience : But the promises and threatnings of God are under condition , and God will make righteous judgement and be found no respecter of persons , when a Not every one that saith Lord , Lord , shall enter into the Kingdom of Heaven ; but he that doth the will of our Father which is in Heaven . BE DONE . God's decrees are done upon us ; his commands are to be done by us : those require our submission , these our performance . And indeed our whole duty is made up of a passive and active obedience , whereby we willingly bear what evils God is pleased to send , and as readily doe what good he bids us . But why doe we pray that God's will may be done , since his decrees will come to pass though we pray not , and his commands 't is our part to perform ? The reason is for the first to shew our compliance with God's will ; for the second to desire God's assistance , since without the aids of his grace we are not able to doe any thing as we ought . ON EARTH AS IT IS IN HEAVEN . That men here below may as willingly submit to his good pleasure , and pay as chearfull and constant obedience to his commands , as the Saints and Angels above doe , who alwayes stand in his presence in a readiness to serve him , who never quarrel at any of his appointments , or grudge at any pains they put themselves to , praising him continually , falling down before him , and ascribing power , and dominion , and glory to him that sitteth on the throne , and to the Lamb : All the business they have to doe there , and to spend their time at , is the singing of Hallelujahs , and delighting themselves in seeing the face of God , and meditating on his goodness ; They have no other imployment but the contemplation , and enjoyment of the chiefest good , and count it their happion to be taken up alwayes with these thoughts . oh ! what a heavenly life should we lead here on earth , if we could but thus throw all our desires at God's feet , contenting our selves with his disposals , not trouble our selves with the cares of this life ; but count it our meat and drink to do his will , to obey him , and trust in him though he should kill us , to doe and suffer any thing for his sake , and think it our honour that we are thought worthy ; to breath after heaven , mind heavenly things , and whilst we are in this valley of the shadow of death prepare our selves for eternity , by doing that here in this life , which will be the whole imployment of the next . To gather up the sum of the whole petition , 't is this ; That God would give us patient and chearful spirits so far , that we may resign up our selves and our interests wholly into his hand , and submit to his good pleasure , possess our souls with patience , and count that condition best , which God out of his infinite wisdom and tender care thinks fittest for us ; as being well assured , that he doth all for the best , that he loves us better then we our selves do ; That we should thankfull acknowledge his goodness in his preservations of us , and provisions for us ; And if at any time he chastise us with wants and distresses , and exercise us with afflictions , to entertain them as messages of his love , and tokens of his kindness , not to murmur or repine under the cross , & think we are hardly dealt with ; but to account it great joy , and take up the yoke , and bear the burden quietly , and cast it upon the Lord who will bring it to pass ; That we may not boldly pry into his decrees , nor presume upon a rash confidence , or despair in distrust of his love ; but adhere to the plain rule of his word , and busy our selves in doing his will ; That we would tread carefully in the path of duty and mind the business of our general and particular calling , and trust God with the success in the use of all lawfull means ; That we may not be discontented , peevish and froward , when our humours and interests are cross'd , and when his providence answers not our desires ; but bless God , when he takes away as well as when he gives , and give him the glory whatever befalls us : That we may resign all to his blessed will , and rest fully satisfied with his determinations , that in all cases we may say with our Saviour , b Not my will but thine be done ; That he would write his laws in our hearts , and teach us his statutes , and acquaint us with his will , that we may doe it ; That he would assist us with his grace , and strength from above for the performance of his commandements ; That he would mortifie our lusts and the corrupt desires of the flesh : that we may not set up them in opposition to his Holy will , but bring every proud imagination in obedience to him ; That we may be so acted by his spirit , that we may be quickend in every good way and work , and be carried on from strength to strength till we come to perfection ; That we may have a holy emulation for the blessed spirits above , and endeavour to imitate them in yielding an obedience without delay , without murmuring , and without weariness ; That we may endeavour to the utmost to find out c what that good , that acceptable and perfect will of God is , and to perform it , and never think we can doe too much for him , or suffer too much for his sake ; That we would lay aside all worldly cares , and d serve God without fear in holiness and righteousness before him all the dayes of our life , and fit our selves for the business of eternity , by having our conversation in heaven , whilest we are here on earth . Thus the three Petitions do immediately concern God , and may also have particular reference to the three Persons of the Trinity ; That the name of the Father who is God blessed for ever may be exalted and glorified ; That the Kingdom of his Son and his glorious presence may be hastned ; That the spirit would frame our hearts to the obedience of his will. And to the three offices of Christ ; By whose name as he is our Priest we are saved , whose name is above every name holy and excellent ; who as King rules in our hearts , and will come in triumphant manner at the last day to own his faithfull subjects and be avenged of his enemies ; And who lastly as Prophet hath declared unto us the will of the Father , and came to do his will on earth as it is in Heaven , with an exact unsinning obedience . Nor is the word Thy idle , but hath a great significance , commending to us that great Gospel-duty of self-denial , which is indeed the essential character of a right Christian , who can be content to part with all , so God may have his due . For so the opposition is to be understood ; Thy name not our honour ; Thy Kingdom not our interest ; Thy will not our humour . And thus the three petitions seem to be levell'd at the world's Trinity , Honour , Riches and Pleasure . We ought not to study our own honour , but to doe all for the glory of God ; we must not strive for deceivable riches , but set the Crown upon Christ's head ; We should not follow our own pleasure and pursue our own satisfactions and contents , but submit to God's will. It is no wonder that this holy form of Prayer was so displeasing to the ambitious and factious spirits of these latter times , a generation of self-seeekers , who meant to advance their own names , and get the power of the Kingdom into their own hand , and pretended a divine authority for their own will , as if they would have prayed rather , Our will be done in heaven as it is on earth : nor did they stick to say as much , when they father'd all their mischiefs on providence , and from their successes concluded God's approbation of their wickedness . These last words , On earth as it is in Heaven , may seem to look back upon the three precedent Petitions , after this manner ; on earth , as in Heaven . Hallowed be thy Name , Thy Kingdom come , Thy will be done , May we men on earth praise and glorify thy name , adore thy power and Majesty , perform thy commands , and submit to thy holy will , even as the Angels those ministring spirits and the blessed Saints doe in Heaven , saying , e Holy , Holy , Holy , Lord God of Sabaoth . Now follow the Petitions which concern us and our necessities , which are either temporal supplyes of food , and a comfortable subsistence , and a dayly provision , and sustenance ; or spiritual wants , such as are the Pardo● of our sins , and justification by the blood of the Son of God , which was shed for the remission of sins ; and the strength of assisting grace , whereby we may resist and overcome temptation , & sanctification wrought by the spirit of God , dwelling in us , and cleansing our hearts by faith . So that these three also may have respect to the three persons , seeing that they seem particularly directed to the Father for maintenance ; to the Son , for pardon ; to the Spirit for grace . BREAD . What more natural for children to ask , or for a father to give ? Bread is the staff of life , the stay and support of nature , the chief nourishment , and that which alone will keep nature in repair , and the body in health ; but is usually taken by a Synecdoche for all manner of food whatsoever , even for f flesh , meat and drink , whence to eat bread with one was a common form of speech , meant for sitting down at table , dining or supping and being entertain'd and indeed feasted with varieties . And yet more largely sometimes , ( as here it is ) for all the provisions and accommodations of g life , not only food but raiment , habitation , health , strength , money , friends , estate , preferment , vigour of mind , soundness of body , success in our undertakings , a blessing upon our labours , comfort from our relations , with all other temporal concernments ; as seasonable weather , the early and the later rain , fruitfull fields , plenty , peace , deliverance from dangers , long life and a good old age ; with all those good things of mind , of body , and of fortune ( as we call them ) which may be the objects of a right order'd natural desire ; and all those additional advantages , which the custome of countryes hath made convenient and agreeable to people , according to their severall ranks and qualities ; which are all here comprehended under the name of Bread , to teach us frugality and contentedness , that if we have but bread , we should be there withall content , and not grudge at those who have greater variety afforded them : For we are not worthy to feed upon the crumbs that fall from the table of his bounty , and if he please to allow us a portion in the childrens bread , we ought to accept it with thanks from a fathers hand ; and that providence is never wanting to supply us with bread , David's experience hath taught us , h who never saw the righteous forsaken , nor his seed though begging their bread . Again we may learn hence a thrifty bestowing of God's gifts , not to lavish them out in riot , or spend them on our pride , as the i rich glutton , that wore gorgeous apparell and far'd sumptuously every day ; but rather to communicate God's goodness , and to distribute it amongst the poor , and let others share in our superfluities ; which are the true Christian sacrifices wherewith God is well pleased , seeing that all that we ask or can challenge for our selves is but bread , and if God give more he does it to that intent , that there may be occasions of doing good , and exercising of charity , that he that abounds may impart to him that wants . Who would grudge God , if he rightly consider'd it , the tenth sheaf , who hath so freely given him the other nine ? Who would not chearfully feed the poor with a scant almes , and make a dole of pence , when God has inrich'd him with pounds and bless'd him with a fair estate ? But such is the perversness of worldly men , that they consider none but themselves , and the more bountifully God deals with them , the more niggardly they deal with others ; not fearing to cheat God himself of his due , and defraud the Priest and the poor , whom God hath appointed his receivers of those small returns he expects from them for his large kindness to them . The covetous miser that pinches his own belly is a thief to himself , and turns his bread into stone . He that hoards his corn in a time of dearth , is a thief to society and inherits the curses of the people . He that spends all on himself , and considers not the poor , and robs the Church of her due , is sacrilegious and profane , and either saith not this prayer at all , or else sayes it not as he should ; for it teaches us to say our Bread. OUR . The covetous and ambitious person is all for himself ; He sayes in his heart , give me my Bread , and cares not what becomes of others . But this Prayer requires another kind of spirit , that we take notice of the wants of our brethren . God is not for monopolies , that any one hand should ingross the whole stock of his blessings ; He will not have one go away with all , and the rest have nothing left them ; If he give any one more then is enough to serve his private turn , what 's over and above is a trust to be laid out for the good of the community ; for estates , honours and parts , and all the other advantages of life are talents , and will be call'd for back again with usury : we are then to have a mutual compassion as fellow members of the same body , which though they differ very much in place and condition and use , yet are they all helpfull to one another , and conspire together to the good of the whole body . Nor is this all which is gathered from this word ; but it teacheth us industry too in some honest way of life , for the getting of our bread : It must not be the bread of idleness , for that would prove a temptation to lust ; and if we should pray here for that , e're we come to the end of the prayer we should unpray it again . It must be ours before it will be given us ; that which was Adam's curse proves a blessing , k In the sweat of thy brows thou shalt eat thy bread ; so the Psalmist construes it ; l Blessed is every one ( saith he ) that feareth the Lord that walketh in his wayes ; For thou shalt eat the labour of thy hands . No man hath a priviledge of being idle ; every one 's to earn his living , & make his sweat his sauce ; for the bread as well as the sleep of a labouring man is sweet . The gentleman himself hath a calling and though he be born to an estate , yet m Iob tels him , that man is born to labour too . The heathen could observe that though the Gods be bountifull , yet they set their gifts to sale and will have them purchas'd with sweat . The Apostle's command is express , n He that will not work let him not eat . And when we have thus made it ours , we cannot yet call it ours , or promise our selves it will doe us any good till God give it us . GIVE . If it be given , how is it ours ? If it be ours , how does he give it ? Till God assign it , we have no propriety ; his blessing must accompany our labour to make it ours ; o It is in vain else to rise early and sit up late , and eat the bread of carefulness . What reason is there that a piece of dry bread should do any more to my nourishment then a chip of wood , or a clod of earth ? or how comes it to pass that the meat which was e're while upon my trencher , is now turn'd into my substance , and become part of my flesh and blood , and wonderfully spreads it self over my whole body to the relief of every part , but that God conveys a blessing along with it , and hath put a strength into these creatures to nourish us , and give us suitable refreshments , and hath indued our nature with faculties and forces , by a strange kind of Chymick , to draw out that strength from them , to digest and ferment their substance , to distill and fetch from them their virtue , to throw of the refuse , to retain what 's usefull , and bestow it into so many little vessels , to be carried up and down through the whole fabrick , and make up every defect . p Man ( sayes our Saviour ) doth not live by bread alone , but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God. 'T is God's fiat that does thus virtuate and commission his creatures to serve us , and doe us good ; 'T is a giving , a particular assignment of every ones allowance out of God's exchequer ; 't is not a scramble , catch that catch can . We must not snatch his gifts but stay till he give them . The oppressor , the extortioner , the griping usurer , the couzning trades man and every one that takes an ill course of life hath not what he hath given him : he will not let providence be his pourveyour , but makes his own craft caterer for his bread ; he will not stay for God's allowance , but breaks open the exchequer , and plunders divine bounty . But such will find the bread turn gravell in their mouths , and those stoln waters bitter in the end . What God does not give , comes without a blessing , and 't will be found at last that those are worst serv'd , who serve themselves . Nor must beggers be choosers , or pass censure upon God's gifts ; Be it more or less , whatever it is , it comes from the hand of a Father , and is better then a rebellious child deserves . We must neither envy those that have more given them , nor scorn those that have less , since it pleased God so to make the distribution . q Let not thy eye be evill because thy master is good ; nor censure any one from his outward fortune . We are all children of the same Father , and if he gives one child better cloaths and better fare then another , he sees very good reason to diversifie his dispensations , and 't is reason enough to quiet our thoughts that he hath so order'd it . But if our curiosity do tempt us to look out upon the condition of others about us , let us make this use of it , and compare our selves with those above us , to learn humility , that we should not be proud for God's giving us so much , since he has given to some others more ; and with those of lower degree , to practise thankfulness , that we may not grumble at God's providence who hath done better by us , then by many our betters . Let the rich be humble , because he hath nothing but what he hath receiv'd , and let the poor be thankfull for the little which he hath receiv'd ; and God if he see it fit for him will give him more . One particular duty at our meals we may pick out here , that we presume not to feed upon those meats which God hath prepared for us , ( for so the Psalmist acknowledges . r Thou hast prepar'd a table for me and made my cup to run over ) till we have craved a blessing for them , nor rise up without a thanksgiving , our Saviours constant practice . 'T is observ'd of the swine , that he wants those nerves that should draw his eyes upward , so that when he feeds on the mast and the acorns , he ne're looks up to the tree whence they fall . He that s feeds himself thus without fear or looking upward for a blessing , sacri●ices to his belly and makes it his God ; and with him sure , as t the belly is for meats and meats for the belly , so God shall destroy both it and them . THIS DAY . Day by day , from one day to another without any carking thought for the future , for v sufficient for the day is the evill thereof . And who , that sayes this prayer , knows but this day may be his last ? we should at least live so as if it were to be . Besides it puts us in mind of a constant dependence upon God. He that hath provided for me to day , will not let me want to morrow ; we have been cast upon his care from our mother's womb , and have liv'd ever since we came into the world at his charges ; He will not therefore cast us of now , no nor u forsake us in our old age , when our strength fails us . We have had so many tryalls of God's goodness towards us , as we have liv'd dayes and hours , we may well trust him then for the time to come . 'T is true , all futurity to us is uncertain ; 't is not so to him : to morrow is all one with him as to day , and this is certain that he will never want power or love to help us , nor will he fail the expectation of those who put their trust in him , who is w the same yesterday , to day , and for ever . Let us content our selves then with present enjoyments and not care for to morrow , for the morrow will care for it self . While we have a mouth to ask , God will not want a hand to give . And this word makes the prayer as dayly as the bread it asks . Wherefore be sure be thy condition what it will , if thou sayest this Prayer every day thy dayly allowance will find thee out ; and be where thou wilt it shall be sent thee some way or other , x as the Ravens were caterers for Elias . Christ's miracles of the loaves , & his turning water into wine may assure us , that , be our provision never so scant or mean , yet if his blessing be in them , they will be sufficient for our support and comfort . DAYLY . That which thou hast apportioned for us , that which God's providence has set out in the particular distributions to be our part and portion . This Petition alludes to the Manna , Angels food , that fell every morning among the Tents of the Israelites in the wilderness , whereof y he that gather'd much had nothing over , and he that took up little had no lack ; but every one enough for his eating . 'T is so ordinarily ; and 't is little less then miracle , how so many thousand families , as are in a great city , in a nation , live by one another , and how they are provided for according to their severall rates & proportions . Thus the Syriac renders it , z The Bread of our sufficience , or of our proportion . He then that takes more then belongs to him , and exceeds his allowance , must look that the overplus shall stink and breed worms . The Greek word is indeed doubtfull , and admits of a double interpretation ; First , as 't is deriv'd from a word which signifies a the day a coming ; to morrow's or the next day's bread ; and thus it signifies an honest care to be aforehand in the world , and not ( as we say ) to live from hand to mouth . And such a care does not argue distrust , but on the contrary a man's improvidence may seem to call God's providence in question : For so the Apostle pronounces of him ; b that he 's worse then an infidel that does not provide for his family . And so before we were obliged to trust in God , because 't is to be given , and yet take care of our selves , and use the means , because we must make it ours , before he give it . Secondly as 't is compounded of c a word that signifies substance and a particle of various use , on , over , to , beside , in , &c. 't is render'd super substantial bread , added to our substance , belonging to our substance , by which we are maintain'd or kept alive , or of an excellent substance ; And so some apply it to Christ , d who was that bread that came down from heaven , of which the Mann● was a type : Whose holy Body is in the Sacrament of the Supper represented by the symbol of Bread. And what so fit to beg of our heavenly Father , as this heavenly Bread , by which our souls are fed to life everlasting , our nature repair'd and perfectly restor'd , our hearts strengthened , our spirits quickened and our graces kept alive . The meaning of this Petition is , that God would feed us with food convenient for us , that he would supply all our necessities and fill up all our wants ; That he would as a faithfull creatour preserve us in the land of the living , and give us all things that he knows convenient for us in this our pilgrimage ; That his blessing may every day fall round about our dwelling like the morning dew , and as the Manna lift amongst the tents of the Israelites ; That he would provide for us all accommodations suitable to our condition , and to that station of life , whereunto his good providence hath design'd us ; That he would give us strength of body and vigour of mind , perfect health , and all natural and moral abilities , that may fit us for the discharge of our duties , and above all a contented spirit , that we may eat our bread with chearfulness , and be satisfied with his gracious disposals of us and any condition that he shall in his wisdom cast us into , either riches or poverty ; That he would neither send us so much of the world 's good , as to tempt us to wantonness and riot ; nor so little as to make us repine : but assign us such a competent portion that we may find a comfortable subsistence , and have where with to doe good to others ; That we may be enabled to provide things honest and fashionable before all men , yet not make provision for the flesh to satisfy the lusts thereof ; That our food may be wholsome rather then delicious , so that in the strength thereof we may do him service ; That our attire may be decent and comely , to cover shame not to show pride and vanity , that we may not turn his gifts into wantonness , or ●mbezill his talents , but imploy them to his glory and others good ● and e make us friends of the unrighteous mammon ; That he would bless our labours , and give success to our honest undertakings , that we may eat the labour of our hands and it may be well with us ; That he would procure us faithfull friends , diligent servants , dutifull children , fruitfull seasons , and furnish us with all other perquisites , that may make our condition comfortable ; That he would bless the nation with righteous government , and honest magistrates , indue the nobles with courage , the commons with loyalty , bless all orders and conditions of persons from the highest to the lowest ; from him that sitteth on the throne , to him that is behind the mill , enlarge all that are in distress , send us plenty and peace in our dayes , crown the year with his goodness , and make all his steps toward us drop fatness ; that we may thankfully acknowledge his benefits , and be charitably disposed to those that are in want , that we may be tender-hearted & compassionate , not forget to communicate and distribute , and show gratitude to all those , whom he has made instruments of good to us , who have obliged us by any kindness , and pray for them that God would restore seaven-fold into their bosome ; That he would keep us in an humble constant dependance on him , and provide honest courses for us , that we may not eat the bread of idleness , or tempt his providence with the use of unlawfull means ; That he would deliver us from dangers and distresses , preserve us from rapine , and spoil , and keep us from distrusts and anxietyes about the things of this life , but that we may f seek first the Kingdom of God , and the righteousness thereof , assuring our selves that then all things else shall be added to us , and whatsoever our share be of outward things , take the Lord for our portion and our inheritance ; That he would to this end give us Christ the bread of life , and with him all things , and that he would with that bread which came down from heaven , feed our souls to life everlasting , strengthning our graces , pardoning our sins , and subduing our lusts . AND FORGIVE US OUR TRESPASSES AS WE FORGIVE THEM THAT TRESPASS AGAINST US . Pardon is as necessary for our spiritual life , as bread for our natural . For g the soul that sins shall dy . h In many things we offend all ; even i the righteous falls seven times a day . For k death came into the world by sin over all mankind , but righteousness and life came by Iesus Christ ; And we have dayly need on 't too ; for l we provoke God every day . So then we are to hunger and thirst after the righteousness of Christ that our souls may live ; And as Christ's flesh is bread indeed , so is his blood , ( which he shed for the atonement of wrath and forgiveness of sins ) drink indeed , the water out of that spiritual rock which is Christ. Oh , that m our souls might thirst for the living God as the wounded hart panteth after the water-brooks . OUR TRESPASSES . The other Evangelist useth another word debts , which comes all to one , both signifying sins , by a translated sense borrowed from dealings amongst men , betwixt creditor and debtor , the person suffering the injury , and the person doing it . For a debtor or trespasser that is not solvent , or hath not wherewith to make satisfaction , agrees with his adversary , puts it to reference , comes to composition , and by mediation of friends , takes up the business , that there may be no arrest or inditement , or other procedeur in law against him , as knowing that he should come by the worst , be cast in his fuit and be sent to prison , where he must ly by it , till he have paid the uttermost farthing ; which being utterly unable to doe , he must never hope to come out , but rot in prison . The same is the case betwixt God and us , we are bound to him by our creation to an observance of his laws , or to undergoe the penalty of the breach which is everlasting death ; But we are fallen short and are unable to discharge that debt , nor are we able to answer him one word of a thousand ; so that there are due to us all the plagues written in his book ; We have gone astray and done abominably , we have broken all his laws and commandments , we have been rebellious children from our youth up , and the imaginations of our hearts have been evill continually , we have neglected our duty in every thing , and have not harkned to him to obey his voice ; so that to us belongs shame and confusion of face for ever . Now Christ became our surety , took up the business , undertook our reconciliation and hath answer'd the law , satisfied justice , discharg'd our debts , cancell'd the obligation , and nail'd the hand writing of the law unto his cross , making a new covenant of life betwixt God and us upon Gospell-terms of grace , and new obedience ; yet still we are wanting on our part and deal treacherously in our covenant , trampling upon his blood and despising so great salvation . Nay even the best of Saints have their dayly slips and failings ; Who is he that can justify himself ? and n if any perfectist say he has no sin , he deceives himself and the truth is not in him . Our sins . All Adam's off-spring , the whole race of mankind is tainted . o Behold ( saith the holy Prophet , a man after God's own heart , ) I was brought forth in iniquity , and in sin hath my mother conceiv'd me . And p the Apostle has concluded all under sin , so that we are all guilty of original corruption , whereby all the faculties of our soul and members of our body are over-spread , as with a leprosie , from the crown of the head to the sole of the foot , beyond the cure of all humane arts and helps ; Philosophy , education , laws and punishments , shame and interest , cannot weed out this root of bitterness ; nay grace it self , though it may over top it and keep it under and hinder it's growth , yet cannot totally exstirpate it in this life ; we are bid to strive after perfection , though it be a thing impossible to attain it ; & of actual transgressions , which like impure streams flow from that filthy puddle of corruption , that 's lodg'd in our nature , into our lives , and issue forth in our thoughts , words , and deeds ; whether by omission of good or commission of evill , whether against God by impiety , against our neighbour by injustice , or against our selves by intemperance , whether wilfully and deliberately with presumption against the light of nature , dictates of conscience and plain rules , or weakly and suddenly out of ignorance , frailty , sudden surreption or surprise , or by the hurry of temptations ; whether public and notorious scandalous offences , which are loathsom to the ey of the world , and make us stink in the nostrils of those about us , or secret closet sins which ly open to God's sight , and perhaps may scape our own knowledge or be lost out of memory . From the different words the Evangelists , use some draw an argument against the formality of the whole prayer , & that therefore it is enough , if we deliver our selves according to the meaning of the prayer and not in the very self-same words , the words themselves being diversely reported . To this may be replyed , first that this is but a contention about words ; For though the two words differ a little in sound , yet they are all one in sense , and let them use which expression they like best , so they use one and observe the precept which injoyns the form . Secondly that the various reading of a word ought not to null and void the whole form so as to say that that prayer recited by St. Matthew is not the same which St. Luke rehearses : If so ; then q that Psalm of David is not the same with that which is set down in Samuel , nor would the ten Commandements , as they are repeated in Deuteronomy be the same as God spake in the xxth Chapter of Exodus , because of the alteration of some words . Indeed upon this account the whole body of Scripture might be call'd in question , there being hundreds of different readings in the very originals : now there can be but one right , and we have no means left us to know which is that right . But in most of these there being no point of faith or manners concern'd , 't will be indifferent which of the two we take , so we take one ; or we may make use of both , and that 's the third answer , That our Saviour dictating this form at two severall times , at second going over might possibly vary a word or two , which may be the reason also of most ( if not all ) the severall readings in the Hebrew and Greek Text ; the writers themselves in the several copies transcribed from them , altering here and there a word . And from this ground may have sprung that liberty which the Septuagint take in their Greek Translation , they following another copy much different from the present Hebrew : And then the command obliges us indifferently to either , or if we will to both , sometimes one , sometimes the other . Not to say in the fourth place that our Saviour spoke Syriac , & the Evangelists might allow themselves the freedom of Interpreters , to translate the same word differently , it being a r word probably that bears both the significations of debt and guilt ; Though I must confess the Syric Interpreter affords here no help , rendring it , as the Evangelists have done , by two differing words , a liberty which he often takes s and here was bound to it , because the Evangelists whose words he was to translate had done so to his hand . As we forgive them that trespass against us . This is either a condition upon which we beg forgiveness , desiring to find that favour at God's hand , as our brother doth at ours , and that God would deal with us in that very manner as we deal with one another . And thus 't is a very high obligation to charity , mutual forgiveness , and brotherly kindness : or else it may be taken as a reason of the foregoing desire , and as the other Evangelist words it , For we also forgive ; That seeing we poor and wicked creatures have so much goodness as to pardon one that offends us , the great and blessed God who is goodness and love it self , would not be hard to be intreated , but would lay aside his wrath and forgive and forget whatsoever has been amiss . And in this sense the words afford a powerfull argument to plead with God for pardon and an undeniable consequence , from the less to the greater , that God would yield to doe out of his own infinite goodness that towards us , which his grace hath enabled us to perform to others . As. This particle here denotes a likeness but not an equality ; such an As , as in those precepts of impossible duty , t Be mercifull as your heavenly Father is mercifull , &c. For who can reach infinity ? who can overtake him , whose wayes are past finding out ? as himself sayes in this very case , v As far as heaven is above the earth , so far are my thoughts above your thoughts , which there are meant his thoughts of mercy and love . Alas ! should we coop him within our narrow model and scantling , should we make that kindness , which we show to one another , the standard by which his love must be meeted out to us ; how should we dry up the breasts , and shrink the bowels of his mercy , and dwindle his bounty u out of whose fulness we receive Grace for grace , or Gift for gift ▪ Charity for charity , a vast unmeasurable love , as in exchange and return for that small love we have for him , and one another ; for those words will very well bear that sense . 'T is meant then not of an even , yet a just and fit proportion ; that as we who are mortal and finite have a charity in us , which though bounded with the measures of time and place and strength , that we can doe but little good and that but to few , and that but a little while , yet 't is so sincere that we would to our utmost doe all the good we can , and which is the greatest character of a good nature , are ready to forgive any one that offends us ; So he who is the fountain of all good , the Almighty , infinite , and everliving God , would with his infinite charity , his everlasting love , entertain and imbrace us sinners , and freely pardon all those offences which we have ever committed against him . Thus the reason may be the same of the most unequal numbers , and finite and infinite may walk together in the same proportion ; as a finite charity is to a finite offence , so an infinite charity to an infinite offence ; as man is to man , so and much more is God to man. If one man be a God to another , as charity makes him ; then what is to be exspected of God himself ? If we that are wicked forgive one another , surely God cannot choose but forgive us . WE ALSO . This carryes a great emphasis with it , and makes the request very easy , and layes a force upon God : As if one should say , will God suffer himself to be out done and out-brav'd by man ? will the divine bounty contract it self , because he sees humane kindness enlarged ? will he withdraw his own mercy , and let ours w crow over his justice ? will his love want measure , & shall ours overflow ? no ; on the contrary 't is a good evidence that he has shed his love abroad in our hearts already ; that we can thus forgive one another is a consequent of his having forgiven us first , and a fruit of justification whereby we obtein the remission of sins . For he justifies us by the blood of his son , and sanctifies us by his Spirit . Now x the fruits of the spirit are love , peace , joy , long-suffering , gentleness , meekness . God other while commands us to imitate his example , as in the Sabbath-rest , &c. And on this very subject to be mercifull as he is mercifull , and to be followers of Christ , who y when he was reviled , answer'd not again , but was led as a lamb dumb before the shearers : But here he is pleased to set himself a copy from our actions , and to take pattern of us , whereby as he does make a low condescension to draw his goodness parallel to ours , so he doth deeply oblige us to forgive one another , by putting words into our mouths by which we shall be judged if we do not ; For the uncharitable person that sayes this prayer , prayes backward , and does indeed but curse himself , and he who bears a grudging mind against his brother , puts in a caveat against himself , and prayes that he may not be heard . And to a peevish , humorous , passionate , revengefull spirited man God will retort the argument . Art thou a worm and canst not indure to be trod upon ? canst not thou who dwellest in the dust brook an affront , nor bear with an injury ? And canst expect that the living God who is a consuming fire , should tamely put up the injuries which are offer'd to his honour ? Dost think it reason for him to pardon thy talents , when thou canst not forbear to use violence for the recovery of a few pence . Our Saviour layes a great stress upon this argument , therefore he repeats and z inforces it , For if ye forgive others then will your Father also forgive you ; But if ye forgive not one another , neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive you . And at the last though infidelity & impenitency may have a main hand in shutting heaven-gates against unbelievers and sinners , yet if our Saviour give us a true account of the proceedings which shall be at those great Assises , ( as 't is Blasphemy to think he did not ) the great damning sin for which reprobates will stand arraign'd will be the want of charity . His offences then will be inexcusable who was a rigid exactor of other's duties to him ; and who knew not how to pass by others small faults , shall not have his own great ones pardon'd , he who shew'd no mercy , shall have no mercy shew'd him ; as he did by others , so shall it be done by him ; for a that measure as you mete , the same shall be meted to you again . The niggard does not take a course to thrive . Give good measure and it shall be given to you heap'd , and running over into your bosom . Forgive much and thy own pardons shall be multiplyed , and this kind of charity by which thou forgiv'st others shall hide a multitude of thine own sins . FORGIVE And alas ! what wrong is done to us which is worth revenge , which doth not deserve a forgiveness for our own sake ? The poor heathen Philosophers had that brave principle in them , that they would not disorder the quiet of their own mind by entertaining passion for another's miscarriage . Out of a generous contempt of the world they thought nothing here worth the quarrel ; or at least consulting their own ease , and being in love with their tranquillity ne're troubled themselves about what was not in their power to help . Let fools , and knaves abuse Socrates , make mouths at him , twitch him by the cloak , libell him , draw up articles against him , and at last confute his Philosophy with a draught of hemlock , he 's no more angry with them , then he is with the rain for wetting him to the skin , with the puddle for wet shodding him , with a stone he stumbles at , or a post that stands in his way . Hee 'd tell his enemy , Friend , take heed what thou dost , thou wrongst thy self , thou canst doe me no hurt ; my mind 's an invincible for t , thou canst not disturb it , nor is it concern'd in thy weak assaults . 'T is thy nature perhaps to doe ill , 't is mine to suffer it ; an iron head-piece for a box o' th' ear . If providence hath order'd thee my executioner , I can more cheerfully forgive the injury then thou canst doe it ; b Kill me thou mayst , but canst not hurt me . So high had Philosophy wrought them above the region of cloud and trouble , and the pitch of humanity , into a calm and clear serety of mind , that they liv'd beyond discontent , & mischief , that ill turns could not reach them , that passion was an utter stranger to them , that they baffled wrongs by taking no notice of them , and their dissimulation of injuries was their great art of living : In so much that c one of them layes it down for a maxim , that A good man has no enemies . Oh! how far short are we heathen Christians of those Christian heathens ? what a different temper are we of ? How ready are we to quarrel about every trifle , when a word conjures up our passion , every punctilio ingages our honour ? who are so critical in the study of our reputation , that we examin looks , censure behaviour , and let nothing pass unscan'd , that 't is dangerous even for innocence to enter our company , and our conversation is an inquisition ? We make our very tables snares , and whosoever or whatsoever we like not we judge and condemn at our pleasure , hang and draw within our selves , and spare none we catch tripping ; And if any one hath indeed deserved ill at our hands , to be sure , we let fly at him bitter words , murder him in our thoughts , and seek all opportunities for a desir'd revenge . And can such a one exspect that God should swallow his camels , who has so queasy a stomack and narrow a throat himself , that he streins at gnats ? O let no one be so desperately revengefull , so ill natured to himself , as to persue an enemy beyond the hopes of heaven , and purchase a revenge with the loss of his soul. He forfeits his own pardon that can't forgive another . Consider at what a cheap rate God sets his pardons to sale . For thou maist wipe off thy own score with thy brother's faults ; his moats will remove thy beams . As God has made the poor his receivers , so he has appointed thy debtors and trespassers his assigns . What they can't pay thee , God strikes off of thy account ; what thou forgivest them is discharg'd out of God's bill against thee . Thus our forgiveness like quit-rent or a legal cheat , stands for a hundred times it's value , and our enemies prove our greatest friends by injuring us to our happiness , and turning our shame into the advantage of our glory , by procuring us pardon of our sins , whilest we forgive THEM THAT TRESPASS AGAINST US . 'T is such an argument as the Centurion used , and shews as much charity as his did faith . d Doe but speak the word ( sayes he ) and my servant shall be healed . For I also am one in a petty authority , and have souldiers under me , and say to one , Goe and he goes , to another Come and he comes , to a third , Doe this and he doth it . So we are taught to plead this request . Forgive us our sins for we also forgive offences committed against us . We have superiours that oppress us , and we bear with patience ; equals that scorn us , and we in honour prefer them ; inferiours that neglect us and we use them kindly , we have hard masters , severe teachers , base friends , abusive companions , stubborn children , spightfull neighbours , unfaithfull servants , and yet we return not evill for evill , but give place to wrath , and according to thy command e overcome their evill with our good . We bless those that curse us , pray for those that wrongfully use us , doe all the good we can to those who doe us all manner of ill , and endeavour as much as in us lyes to keep peace with all men , and readily forgive every one that doth us any unkindness , and with our f Saviour on the cross , pray that our heavenly Father will forgive them too , and with the first g Christian Martyr , that God will not lay what they doe to their charge . And will not the Father of mercies do so by us , and much more ? will not he forgive h with whom there is forgiveness that he may be feared . God would want worshippers ; no body would fear him , were he a cruel God , and delighted in the death of a sinner , and would accept of no other sacrifice for sin but the soul that commits it . He is mercifull and gracious & long suffering , full of loving kindness , and plenteous in redemption ; i as he has express'd himself in the vision of Moses . That he may forgive us as we forgive others , let us learn of him to forgive , to be reviled and not revile again , to love our enemies , to pass by offences , to wink at great faults , not to be strict in observing what is done amiss ; ( For if God should doe so , who would be able to stand ; for who knows how oft he offends ? ) to make a candid interpretation of other mens carriage , and judge the best of their actions , to put up wrongs , at least to put them upon God's account ; as David said of Shimei , k God hath sent him to curse me this day ; and to look upon every enemy thou hast as God's scourge , and 't will become a dutifull child to submit to his father's correction , though administred by a servant's hand ; For he appoints the hand as well as the rod. God has severall wayes to chastise his children , and punishes some with a malicious tongue to blister their good name ; to some a marriage bed proves their purgatory , or an ill neighbour-hood ; To others men of violence come with a commission from heaven as God's Takers , and seize on all the comforts of their lives ; and remember amongst all these injuries of men , God doth no man wrong ; and he may take what course he please to reduce a rebell subject to his obedience . And lastly how malitious so ever the intentions of men may be , God means all this vexation for good , and would not apply this strong Physic , but that he finds it necessary for the health of thy soul. What little reason hast thou to be offended at any man ; whom God imployes in the drudgery of his chastisements ? How much reason hast thou to forgive and thank too any one , that doth thee such kind injuries , which reclaim thee from thy sins , and put thee in a capacity of God's pardon ? And shall he that is at this pains about thee to fetch thee home to thy Father , and bring thee to Heaven , be thought to doe thee ill offices , and not deserve a pardon for his courteous malice ? What good shrewd turns are these ? What friends more beneficial then such foes , whose mistaken rage meaning to kill cures by breaking an Impostume of pride or lust ; whose cruelty while it would drive us from earth , would but give us an earlier possession of heaven , and banish us into bliss ? But may one say , if this reasoning be good , to what purpose are lawes , whereby mens persons and properties are secured from wrong ? To what end courts of judicature , where injur'd persons may have right done them ? Besides that war upon this account will be as unlawfull as murder ; and if men may not be allowed to preserve their rights by laws , and where they are over-power'd to maintain them by arms , in a short time they would have nothing to loose ; for one injury will invite another till they have eaten out their patient entertainer ? To this I answer , 't is true the whole tenor of the Gospell is for self-denyall , taking up the cross , and bearing chearfully all that an injurious world can put upon us ; that the great character of a Christian is to be a sufferer , and that the scope of this very petition is in short , that we should deal with others as we will have God deal with us , which is freely to forgive all trespasses that are committed against us without any exception ; for no other pardon can serve our turn from God's hand : ( any one sin unpardon'd will damn us . ) Yet God has for the preservation of the civil societies of men , implanted principles of moral honesty in the minds of men , and hath prescribed rules of equity in his word , and hath set up his Vicegerents , Kings and Magistrates under them , to keep good order , that no person of loose principles that has debauch'd his notions , may disturb others to gratify his own lust , but may be made give account to him that l beareth not the sword in vain . And one may in some cases , nay must out of charity to the publick , prosecute notorious offenders , as traitors , murtherers , thieves , &c. least by a patient sufferance of their mischiefs we encourage them in their wickedness , and become accessary to the guilt of any other villany they shall commit afterwards . As for private wrongs , as slanders , &c. ones own ease would be argument enough to put a supersedeas to Law with an ingenuous man , who knows no ill by himself : it being generally seen , that he that 's over eager to prosecute a scandal , justifies it . To conclude , there can be no offence so hainous , no miscarriage so mischievous , wherein Christian moderation and patience hath not place ; By doing nothing to serve our own passion or interest , but all for God's glory onely and publick benefit ; And to let our hearts even bleed in pitty over those wicked wretches , who dye by the hand of Iustice , and abate rather then improve the rigour of the law any farther then is necessary for the terror of evil works . Such was Ioshuah's carriage to Achan ; m My son ( saith he ) give glory to God : who nevertheless was ston'd to death . We desire then in this petition , that God would blot out all our iniquities , and remember our sins no more ; that he would not impute our sins to us , but cover our iniquities ; that he would pardon all that we have done amiss ; that he would not deal with us according to our iniquities , nor reward us according to our sins : But that he would deal bountifully with our souls , and of his free grace pardon us ; that he would accept of what Christ his Son , our surety , hath done and suffer'd for us , to take away the sins of the world ; that he would look upon his death , as a sufficient ransome , and a perfect atonement for sin ; that he would sprinkle us with his blood for justification , and cloath us with the robes of his righteousness , that as our sins were imputed to him for a shameful and cursed death , so his righteousness may be reckon'd to us for glory and immortality . That he would nail the hand-writing of the law against us , to the Cross , and bury our sins in his grave , that they may never rise up against us , neither to shame us in this world , nor to condemn us in the next ; That he would break the rule and dominion of sin , as well as free us from the guilt and punishment of it ; That he would n create in us a clean heart , and renew a right spirit within us ; That he would o loose us from the bands of death and quicken us to newness of life , killing sin in us by the virtue of his death , and raising us by the power of his resurrection , who dyed for our sins , and rose again for our justification ; That he would sprinkle our consciences from dead works , & wash away the stains of our natures & of our lives , & though our sins be as red as crimson , make them as white as wool ; That he would p keep us from presumptuous sins , & cleanse us from our secret sins ; That he would lay the restraints of his grace upon us , that we may not break out into foul enormities ; That he would mortify our lusts , and subdue our corruptions , and earthly affections ; That the pollution of our nature and original uncleanness may be done away , by the water of Baptism in the layer of regeneration ; That he would forgive us all the evil of our doing , our neglects in duty , the sins of our youth and the sins of our riper age , the vain imaginations , and the evil concupiscence of our hearts , every idle and unsavoury word , all our wicked and ungodly deeds , whereby we have dishonour'd him , injur'd our neighbour , or abus'd our selves , our own sins and our other folks sins , our national and our personal sins , our civil & our religious sins , our rebellions & apostasyes , and our hypocrisy , our righteousness , our prayers , our charity , and our very forgiveness it self ; all the transgressions and violations of his law , and the breaches of his holy commandments , sins we have committed knowingly or ignorantly , wilfully or weakly , deliberately or upon surprise , with temptation or without ; all that we know by our selves , and that he knows by us , who knows our folly and our frailty , and how brutish we are ; that as his mercy is over all his own works , so he would stretch it over all our works ; That he would be graciously pleased to doe what he requires us to doe , to love his enemies , and bless his q persecutors ; That he would magnify his mercy in pardoning great sins , and not let the mercy of man exceed it ; that he who is abundant in loving kindness , and full of compassion , would not come short of his creatures ; that since r he has commanded us , if our brother offend seventy seven times , we should forgive him , he would take pattern from his own command , and pardon us our repeated abominations , wherewith we provoke him every day ; that he would work in us the grace of repentance and charity , and assure us of the forgiveness of our sins , by our readiness to forgive others . AND LEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION . As it was not enough , that God should give , unless he would also forgive us ; so neither will a bare forgiveness serve our turn to quit all that 's past , unless we may have his assistance to prevent faults to come : so that in the preceeding petition we desire to have our former debts struck of the score , in this we beg a stock of grace , and the supplyes of the spirit , that we may run in debt no more , nor fall into any more sin . So that we intreat God to deal with us , as a tender mother with her little one that 's yet unable to goe alone , who takes it up when it catches a fall , and holds it when 't is up that it may not fall again . There we call'd for pardon , here we ask for strength ; having been often foil'd by the tempter , we implore spiritual aid that God would enable us to resist Satan , that he may fly from us ; to withstand evil , so that having done all , we may stand . That belong'd to justification whereby we are reconciled to God , this pertains to sanctification whereby we are made like unto God , who is both all good , and s is not tempted of evil . AND. The Petitions which concern us have mutual connexion with , and dependence upon one another ; Give us , and forgive us , and Lead us not , but deliver us : whereas the others which concern God stand apart , and are not so coupled and joyn'd together ; because they are of themselves intire and compleat , and one granted naturally infers the rest , every thing that belongs to God being like himself infinite . His Name , his Kingdom , and his Will , each in a manner severally including the other two ; so that his glory is sufficiently provided for , if any of them hold good . For his name cannot be hallowed , unless his Kingdom come and his will be done too . And if his Kingdom come , his will must needs be done , and his name will be hallowed . Or if his will be done , t is a certain sign his Kingdom is come , and his name as sure will again be hallowed . But the benefits we crave for our selves are partial , and such as God often disjoins & gives apart , as 't were by piece-meals : For many times he bestows bread and an outward estate , where he doth not vouchsafe pardon and peace of conscience ; nor gives grace alway to prevent the commission of future sins , where he forgives sins past . Some men are rich to their hurt , and their fulness of bread is a curse , whilest their abundance doth but increase their debt , and their table proves their snare . Others are in God's favour though the world frown on them , and with t Lazarus are put to shift for crumbs that fall from the rich glutton's table , whose outward man is ready to perish for want , while the inward man lives by faith . Others may have their sins forgiven them , & yet be put upon worse conflict then bodily want , and the necessities of a short life , being buffetted with Satan , and winnowed , and exercis'd with strong temptations . And there may be those who , though preserved from falling into temptation , and kept from great sins by the restraints of a gracious providence , yet may not be secure as to their forgiveness , who may be damn'd for their little sins , every sin being in it's nature high treason against an infinite Majesty . For they are all three well link'd together with a copulation , seeing that any one would not doe us much good without the other two , nor make sufficient provision for our necessity . Bread is for the maintenance of our natural life , Iustification freeing us from the guilt of sin , puts us in a spiritual life , by taking out the sting of death ; and sanctification by which we are enabled to work out our salvation , instates us to the life eternal . Bread keeps us while we are on earth , Pardon rescues us from hell , and Grace conveys us to heaven ; which is here meant , as that with which we are to encounter temptation , and give it the foyl . LEAD US NOT. Man's life is often compar'd to a walk , and a pilgrimage : There are many wayes and many leaders ; we are often at a stand , and through ignorance know not well which way to take , and therefore have need of being led . Moses led the children of Israel through the wilderness , & Ioshua led them into Canaan , we seek a land of promise , and have a wilderness of temptations to pass thorough ; and as we want eyes to see our way , so we want feet to walk it : being naturally as weak as we are ignorant , our understanding dark , and our will lame and crooked : Nay , and when we are acquainted with the wayes of truth and holiness , we are apt to be misled , to goe back , or start aside , and turn to the right hand or the left . We are beset round with temptations , every step we tread is snare , and unless God order our goings , and direct us in his way , and bear us up with his grace , we should every moment fall into sin , and run into errour . The world , the flesh and the Divel , lay baits and traps for us . The instigations of Satan , the vanities of the world , the counsel and example of wicked men , and the corrupt desires of our own flesh misguid us , and put us upon dangerous occasions of ill , rocks of offence , and pits of destruction . Wherefore seeing that sin doth so easily beset us , we pray that God would not lead us into it ; that he who is the Saviour of men , and the lover of souls , would not take up the enemies trade , who is a v tempter first , and then u the accuser . That since we are ready to goe astray our selves , he would not put stumbling blocks in our way , nor countenance those evil guides and ringleaders of mischief , which seek our soul to destroy it , by leading us himself into temptation . But do not we lay an imputation upon God's goodness in praying , that he would not lead us into evil and sin ? w God tempts no man , but gives way to temptation , sometimes in mercy for the tryall of his servants , and to refine their graces ; whence himself is pleas'd to make manifestations of his presence in the fiery tryall , in the furnace of affliction , as he did with the three children , though it be heated seven times over , that their faith may be as silver , seven times purified in the fire ; Otherwhile in judgement , x he gives up a harden'd sinner to the counsel of his own will , and delivers him over to Satan as his officer to be tempted . Thus y put a lying spirit at one time into the mouth of the Prophets ; thus our Saviour bid z Iudas after the Divel had entred into his heart , doe what he meant to doe quickly . God leads us then when he lets us alone , and leaves us to our selves , when he doth not deliver or keep us from temptation ; for so the opposition stands , Lead us not but Deliver us . And sure our state must be very sad , when God withdraws , when we have nothing left about us but cunning and powerful enemies , and a false heart within , that will sooner surrender then temptation can summon . If God goe aside , we need none to lead us into temptation , wee 'll be our own tempters ; the Divel may trust us with our selvs , and not spend his artillery . We often tempt the tempter , and as if we were afraid to be led into temptation , we goe of our selves , & seek it , loving the wayes of destruction and courting our ruin ; thinking we cannot be too sure of damnation , we make our lusts Proctors for Hell , and ( as 't were ) out of kindness to Satan take his drudgery out of his hand , lead our selves into temptation and run head long into the pit . INTO TEMPTATION . All temptation is a tryal , and every thing in the world will afford materials to make temptations of . The world is Satan's forge , in which he hammers his fiery darts , and flings about his sparkles and his firebrands . Honour , riches , pleasure are the great temptations of mankind . Prosperity an inticement to ill ; Adversity a discouragement from good . He knows the severall genius and inclinations of men , studies their temper , learns their humour , and interests , and knows how to give them content and gratify their corruptions , He catches at opportunities , and nicks the temptation , and shoots his darts betwixt the joints of the h●rness ; He represents the objects at the best advantage , and fits his design to every circumstance . The forbidden fruit to tempt the woman , the woman to tempt the man. He surprises her when she is alone , that the female appetite might not have a masculine reason to rule it . The fruit was fair to look on , and sure pleasant to tast , and curiosity inhances the desire , knowledge though it be of evil being very pleasant . a Noah's vineyard tempts him to drink , b Lot's daughters set upon their aged father . In short ther 's nothing which the Divel cannot make use of to his purpose , and if need be , he will head his arrows with Scripture , as he did to our Saviour . And as every thing is thus fit for the Divel's use to be made an instrument of evil to us , so neither is he wanting in skill , ( for he has c methods and depths ) nor in his industry , ( for d he goes about seeking whom he may devour ) to shape and apply them dextrously upon all occasions . No business , no condition , no place , no season , no person secure against him , or temptation proof . His hook is alwayes hanging , he 's alwayes at our elbowes egging us to mischief . He has no other business , no other recreation to entertain himself with , but to set gins and snares to catch souls in , it being the design of his implacable spight , to see man who by his means fell from Paradise the place of bliss to an accursed earth , fall yet lower into the torments of Hell , to be a companion to the damned spirits . He 'l accompany thee to Church , and watch thee into thy closet , whatever thou art about hee 's at hand , he intermeddles in thy civil affairs , in thy religious duties hee 'l bear a part , and suggest vain thoughts ; hee 'l buy and sell with thee , nay hee 'l watch and pray with thee . e Our Saviour himself was led by the spirit into the wilderness to be tempted , where after the preparation of a forty dayes fast for the conflict , he was to enter the lists and vanquish this grand enemy of our salvation . O blessed preparatory Lent ! O happy encounter ! when the Captain of our salvation with the buckler of faith , and girt with the sword of truth , and meekness upon his thigh , was pleas'd to meet this spiritual Goliah in the field , and combate with him , that he might f tread him under our feet , g break his head ( his strength and his policy ) and h give his flesh to be mea● for his people in the wilderness ; that as the viper's flesh proves an excellent Antidot against the poyson of the viper , and is a great restorative to nature , which the creature it self would destroy ; so temptations might turn to advantages , and the malice of Satan improve our bliss . How little able should we be to resist him who made such fierce assaults on the Son of God himself ? How little hope can we have to escape being tempted to the fowlest and most horrid sins , when he had the impudence to tempt God himself ( for such was Christ ) to the fowlest Idolatry , to fall down and worship the Divel ? Oh dreadfull blasphemy ! Oh outragious confidence ! O a Divel void of all ingenuity , past all shame and fear ! All these things will I give thee , if thou fall down and worship me . All these things , all which things ? Base bold feind , hast thou any thing to give ? All too ? all at a clap , false pretender , thou hast nothing to bestow of thy own but evil , hell and death , the wages of sin . All that 's good is God's already , or if thou hast any thing to give , dost know , saucy creature who it is thou speakest to ? wilt thou offer thy maker any thing ? dost think that hee 'l take any thing at thine hand ? If he stood in need , would he pass by all his creatures , canst imagin , to accept thy kindness ? And why , feind , this unusual bounty , & so great a present to him thou hatest ? What wouldst thou have him doe for 't ? wouldst thou purchase his favour ? Hast a mind to buy thy peace and compound for pardon ? spare thy gifts , bring thy self , repent and beg that thou mayst have leave to fall down at his footstool , and worship before the mercy seat ; canst thou confess and forsake thy sins ? Thou hast i Scripture for 't , and thy former discourse shews thee well read in Scripture , thou shalt find favour . And what an opportunity hast thou ? The Saviour of the world in thy company , ( who came on purpose to reconcile sinners , and save what was lost ) will be easily intreated to intercede for thee , and get admittance for a faln Angel , nor is all his charity tyed to faln men ; thy brother Angels , whom thou left'st in heaven , trust in him and worship him . And why maist not thou hope the day of thy return is coming , now that heaven gates are set open to all that will enter , & the Kingdom of Heaven suffers violence ? And thou hast greater reasons to prevail with thee for repentance then miserable men have , as knowing the great happiness thou hast parted with , and having so long felt the torments of an evil conscience , thy own hell , and of that hell which thou art heating for others . If any man were in thy case , who yet is of a shallower understanding and sense then thou art , would he not willingly leap out of those flames in which thou fryest ? would he not gladly be freed from the wrath of God , which thou hast for so many ages lain under , and which for ever thou must lye under unless thou canst repent ? And to what end shouldst thou stand out any longer in an enmity to him that overpowers thee , to whom thy hatred can doe no hurt , who constantly baffles thy counsels & defeats thy strengths , and has bound thee with everlasting chains ? one would think this very conflict might sufficiently convince thee , how poor thy malice shows , and how successless all thy attempts ? No ; Repentance is a doctrine to be preached only to men ; as the good Angels cannot sin , so neither can the bad repent . The Divel is but enraged with the tidings of salvation , and his dispair imboldens him , and he is resolv'd to be damn'd for ever . He has an inveterate hatred , and implacable malice against God , which has call'd him forth now unto this defiance . He hates the very thoughts of being blessed , because he cannot be so out of God's company ; he hates God , as God hates sin , with a perfect hatred , and would treat with God upon no other terms then this , that God would not be . Out of hatred to God he hates himself , and is contented to foregoe his happiness rather then to acknowledge it , and buyes his spight with endless torments . If God should reinstate him ( as he is ) in heaven , and inlarge him from his bonds , he would look on the favour as a more painful imprisonment , and account heaven his worse hell ; Though he knows aforehand that nothing he doth against God shall prosper , he thinks it success enough of his plots , that he has shown a contempt ; and in this very temptation of Christ nothing pleases him so much , as the effrontery of it , that he could ( as his servant k Herod after did , ) mock him and set him at nought , when he was not suffer'd to doe him any more hurt . For what is it he tempts him to ? that which he could not have impudence to hope would be hearkned to , that which he knew was impossible for Christ in his very nature as well as in his will to doe ; to sin ; the holy one to commit a sin . Oh audacious tempter ! couldst thou offer to corrupt him who knows no sin with a bribe ? couldst thou fancy the judge of all the earth could be made doe wickedly for reward , when every upright judge scorns to have justice bought ? many an honest lawyer will not be hired to be an advocate for wrong ? But oh Divelish impudence ! what , sin ? He had tempted him before to distrust and then to tempt providence , and seeing Scripture , as he applyed it , would not prevail , is not dismayed by a double repulse ; but that he might go of with a boast , seeing he could not with conquest , shews himself right Divel , and belcheth out a blasphemy big enough to fill the wide mouth of hell . He would have his Maker and his God turn Idolater , he bids him that dwelleth on high fall down , such a fall too , as would be lower then the divel 's own fall ; for it must be below him , it must be to him ; Fall down and worship me . Oh impudent blasphemous absurdity ! what divel could put such thoughts into Satan's heart , such words into 's mouth ? that God , whom all the Gods worship , should himself worship . For he knew very well whom he had to doe with in this encounter , that he was the Son of God , having been often cast out by him , & confessing it here with an If. And whom , what wouldst thou have him worship ? an image ? an idol ? stocks and stones ? why , thou canst not perswade any men that have their reason about them to doe so ; What is 't ? some Saint or Angel ? Thou knowst his Angels have charge of him and are bid worship him : what then ? speak , Lucifer ? me . Oh diabolical pride ! oh unsufferable rudeness ! which a poor creature can hardly have patience to hear ; that God , at whose name the divels tremble , should be tempted by the divel to worship that divel that tempts him . Me thinks , one cannot read this passage without a great horrour , and an agony of fear , that God should suffer his onely Son , God equal to the Father ▪ to be tempted by the divel to the foulest of sins , Idolatry , to the worst of creatures , the divel . What care and vigilance ought we to have ? what fear and jealousy ? How should we watch and fast ; and prepare our selves for spiritual conflicts , and beg strength from above , that our hearts may be garrison'd and kept by grace ; And since Christ himself was thus brought into the clutches of Satan , what great reason have we to pray that we may not be led into temptation ? Now there is a twofold temptation : one for tryal , whereby God doth keep the graces of his Saints in exercise ; so l God searches the hearts , and tryes the raines of the children of men , as silver is tryed in a fornace . Thus Abraham's faith , Iob's patience , &c. were tryed , nay sometimes God leav's his best servants to themselves , and lets them catch falls to keep them humble , and to let them know that their strength is from him . God tempts for tryall , the divel onely tempts for sin , and sometimes too God imployes the divel in his tryals to heat the fornace , which he does with an intention to destroy , but God orders for experiment and probation . Another is for hurt , when we are tempted to sin , to presumption or dispair . Thus God tempts no man , but judicially hardens impenitent sinners that harden themselv's in their evil way , and gives them up to their lusts , and into the power of the divel . Thus we read he harden'd Pharaoh's heart , put sometimes a lying spirit into the mouth of the Prophets , let Satan tempt David to carnal confidence , and the pride of numbring his people ; and our Saviour after the divel had filled Iudas heart , bid him doe what he meant to doe quickly ; meaning that horrid treason of betraying his Master . And of this kind of sinfull temptation is this especially to be understood , though it mean also the other kind of tryals . BUT DELIVER US FROM EVILL . This infers the contrary ; that since we have so many to lead us into temptation , God would rather lead us out , and keep us from evil then lead us into it . The opposition lyes in the words Lead us not , but Deliver us , i.e. bring us not into temptation , but when we either of our selves fall into it , or are by others led into it ; do thou bring us out , and lead us forth , rescue us out of the tempter's clutches , and set us at liberty ; for so m the word properly denotes deliverance out of an evil we are already in ; though the n preposition will very well bear this sense , that God would keep us totally from it ; as the Church teaches us to pray as well in time of health & plenty , as mortality and dearth , from plague , pestilence and famine good Lord deliver us . We are kept from evil by preventing or restraining grace , we are deliver'd out of it by assisting grace . God keeps us from being tempted by the restraints of his grace and providence , by alarming conscience , by quenching lust , by denying opportunities for sin , by imploying a man , and filling all his time with duty ; For 't is the idle soul that commonly proves the tempters , prey ; Diligence in one's calling is a good preservative against vain thoughts , and checks the approach of temptation , shutting the doors & windows by which it should enter . God delivers us out of temptation by proportioning it to our strength , so that we may not faint or o grow evil under it , which he doth either by lessening the burthen or strengthning the shoulders , by supporting and bearing us up in conflict , by making our faith victorious with heavenly supplyes of grace , p by the aid & at the charge & provision of his spirit , and in fine by giving us a joyfull issue out of our temptations ; as he did with Ioseph , by making his brethrens envy an occasion of his advancement , with the Israelites , by a wonderful delivery from a cruel bondage ; with Iob , making his righteousness break forth as the Sun before his setting , after those dismal storms and clouds , which had darkned it . Thus 't is Gods usual course to heighten the rewards of his tryed servants , which q have fought a good fight , and layes up a crown of glory for them . Indeed in every temptation the tempter comes by the worst , and 't is to the divel 's disadvantage ; for if it take , 't is true 't is his hellish delight to see souls perish , yet however it increases his guilt as being accessary to anothers sin , and consequently must needs increase his punishment & improve his torments : If it meet with repulse , it cannot choose but be great torment to this spightful spirit to see that he has been instrumental in raising the happiness and furthering the salvation , and heightning the gloryes of the Saints ; every baffled temptation is a step higher into glory , and ( if I may say it ) we get up to heaven on Satan's back , by trampling him under our feet . A Saint goes triumphant with a train of conquer'd lusts and ( as Samson carried away the gates of Azza ) breaks the gates ( the powers ) of hell to force his passage . None in so high a form of glory as those who have most scarrs to shew , and who have the buckler of their faith batter'd and shatter'd with temptations . We are to fight under Christ's banner , and he will be most blessed who shall be found likest his master , and have the marks of Christ's wounds imprinted not so much upon their body as the Legend has it of St. Francis , I mean by outward sufferings , as upon his soul by the violent assaults of temptation . St. Paul indeed t sayes of himself , I wear the marks of our Lord Iesus in my body : it may be that which s in another place , we render a thorn in the flesh , a word , which doth usually signify the fork or cross upon which stigmatiz'd and branded slaves were executed . And then it may signify the mark of the cross , that opprobrious servile and accursed death . But is resolv'd by most Interpreters to be a metonymical speech , and to stand for some great carnal temptation , with which the Apostle was fiercely and frequently set upon . And so every man hath some peculiar temptation fitted to his temper , which being conquer'd adds to his glory . It is the whole duty of man , ( his life being a warfare ) to be alwayes upon his guard , to buckle & combate with the tempter . t Strive to enter in at the straight-gate sayes our Saviour ; v a word borrowed from the Olympic games , and prizes , and signifies u five kinds of exercise , leaping , running , hurling , darting and wrestling . And the whole New Testament is full of Agonistical expressions , though the reward proposed to the conqueror in those strifes were but some fading chaplet of flowers , but lusts conquer'd gain w a crown of glory which will never wither . If temptation were not , Grace would loose it's exercise , and Glory it's improvement ; Wherefore in the opposite request we desire not to be deliver'd from the temptation it self , but FROM EVILL . From the evil of temptation , for there is a good use of temptations as God orders them . We are lyable & exposed continually to temptations . But God takes out the sting and the venom of them , and whilest the wicked fall under the evil , the righteous goe free : that what is said of God's preservation in time of Epidemical infections , that though thousands fall at thy right hand it shall not come near thee , is as true in a spiritual sense . Evil here may bear the same meaning with temptation , thus . From the evil one , that is , from the tempter , that enemy . And thus 't is said , x the whole world lyes in the evil one , is at his dispose , who is the Prince of the world . And so our desires would be , that God would not himself tempt us , but rather deliver us from the tempter . But 't is best to take words in the largest sense , from evil , i.e. from all manner of evil , both bodily & ghostly , both temporal and eternal , both of sin and of punishment . And thus it will contain in it a whole Letany that God would deliver us from a hard heart , and a seared conscience , from a reprobate mind & corrupt affections , from presumptuous sins and contempt of his word , from gross miscarriages and secret wickedness ; from murder and whoredom , and every deadly sin , from pride vain glory and hypocrisy , from envy malice and all uncharitableness , from any thing that may prove an occasion of fall , from the pomps and vanities of the world , from the evil concupiscences of the flesh , and from the suggestions of Satan ; from the influence of lewd examples , and from the inticement of evil company , and from the foolish counsel of our own will ; from all opportunities and conveniences of sinning ; from fire , and sword , and pestilence , and famine ; from all those curses which are due to us for our sins , from all manner of calamities whether in body , or mind , goods , or good name ; from sudden or untimely death ; from maims , sickness or deformity ; from ignorance , folly , and mistakes ; from unruly passions and disorder'd thoughts ; from rapine , plunder and oppression ; from war and civil broyls ; from having too much or too little ; from being lifted up in prosperity , or cast down in adversity ; from honour and dishonour , from shame & reproach , from meats and drinks , from our business and recreation , from our enemies , from our friends , and from our selves ; in short , from every thing , so far forth as it may procure us evil . To sum up the meaning of the whole Petition together , which we have deliver'd by parts ; we desire of God , that he would not only pardon sins past , but would furnish us with strength from above , to resist temptations hereafter , and having had our sins forgiven we may sin no more , nor return again to folly ; that his justifying grace may be accompanied with sanctifying grace , which may keep us blameless , that we may become temples of the Holy Ghost , and he may dwell in our hearts by faith , which may quench the fiery darts of the evil one ; That he would not leave us to our selves at any time , but instruct us with his eye , and guide us in the way which he shall choose for us ; That he would not for our many provocations , in judgement , harden our hearts & deliver us up to a reprobate mind and dishonourable affections , or upon our frequent refusals of grace offer'd , conclude us under a state of impenitence , and give us into the power of Satan , to be led captive at his will , who is the God of this world who rules in the hearts of unbelievers ; That he would hedge our way about , so that the opportunity of sin may be denyed us , and that , though it easily beset us , yet we may not fall into it ; That he would keep us from presuming on his mercy , or despairing of it , that so being carried with the full sails of faith , as neither to split at that rock and make shipwrack of a good conscience , or sink in this gulf and be swallowed up in sadness , we may work out our salvation with fear and trembling ; That he would not bring us into any distress or difficulty , which might be too hard for us , but would support us in it , and give an issue out of it ; That he would be our sun and our shield , our light and our strength , to direct and secure our paths , that , though we are surrounded with temptations , yet he ordering our steps , our soul may escape as a bird from the snare of the fowler ; That he would save us from the destroyer , that walks to and fro on the earth , seeking whom he may devour ; shorten the tempter's chain , and put a hook in his nostrils , that neither the divel , nor any wicked man , or evil thing , may have power to hurt us ; That he would keep us in his wayes , least our foot should at any time dash against a stone of offence ; That he would refrain our foot from every false way and work , suffer no vanity to have dominion over us , that we may not grow worse under his judgements , or his mercies , but that all the dispensations of his providence about us may be so improv'd , that his fear and love may constrain us , and keep us in the walk of our duty ; That he would preserve us from sin , and the shame and punishment which attends it ; that he would not let the fierceness of his wrath break out upon us , nor shower down those many plagues upon our head , which our multiplyed rebellions have deserv'd ; That he would stretch out his loving kindness , renew his compassions , and never forget to be gracious , but deliver us when we call upon him that we may glorify him ; That he would save us out of the hands of our spiritual enemies , ( as y himself hath promis'd ) that we may serve him without fear ; That he would overcome the world for us , mortify the old man , and trample Satan under our feet : Finally , that he would save us to the uttermost and compleatly in our z whole man , body , soul , and spirit , from all , and all manner of evil whither of this life or of that to come , and would so contrive all events , and lay the plot of his eternal purposes , that all things may work together for our good and procure our everlasting welfare . FOR THINE IS THE KINGDOM , THE POWER , AND THE GLORY FOR EVER AND EVER . This is the Doxology , which either comes in as a Confirmation to back the foregoing petitions , or is added as a bare Confession , it being usual , that in sacred writings that particle for , or because is not alwayes brought in as a causal or rational influence , but is many times simply narrative . In this later sense the several words may be taken to mean the same thing , as in a Daniel's prophecy and the Revelation many such synonyma's are heap'd together ; and in the Psalms several in several places used indifferently , to shew that too much cannot be said , or too many expressions made use of , to set forth divine Majesty . We end our Prayer then in an adoration of his exeellencyes , and a deep acknowledgement of his greatness , represented under a three-fold term , Kingdom , Power and Glory , which are farther rais'd and lifted up beyond our conception by the infinity and eternity of them . His Kingdom has neither beginning nor end of dayes ; his power admits no bounds , knows no end ; and his glory as himself , is , and was , and is to come ; And as the Church hath worded it , which was but a pious descant upon this piece of the Lords Prayer . Glory be to the Father , to the Son , and to the Holy Ghost . As it was in the beginning , is now , and ever shall be , world without end , Amen . In the former sense 't is laid at the bottom of the Prayer , as a ground & foundation of it , as if we were pleading to be heard ; Nor doe we in these our requests , seek our selves , or study and design our own emolument and advantage , but our souls are touched with a love to thy name , and we humbly desire thee to accept these petitions in order to thy own glory , which will receive some advantage even then , when the necessityes of us thy creatures are supplyed . If thou be graciously pleas'd to hear us in these our desires , Thy Kingdom will be advanc'd , thy power made manifest , and thy Glory promoted . 'T is not for our selves we ask , nor can we think our poor concernments an argument sufficient to ground a confidence on , but for thy names sake . Alas ! should we aim at Kingdom , power or glory , what poor short-arm'd● , short-liv'd thing would it be , bound up within the measure of a transitory life of a span length ? but thine lasts to ages of ages , thy Kingdom has the same date as eternity , never commenced , never shall exspire ; thy power reaches from everlasting to everlasting , and thy glory indures from generation to generation . 'T is our earnest request that thou wouldst provide for the honour of thine own name , that thou wouldst not be wanting to thy self in the vindication of these thy glorious attributes , nor let them suffer by turning thy face away from our prayers . And thus these three words may cast back a respect to the several petitions , as has been before observ'd ; to those which concern God , in this manner . Thine is the Kingdom , therefore let thy Kingdom come , since it doth of due belong unto thee . Again thine is the power , therefore let thy will be done ; for whose will should carry but his , whose will no one can resist ? And lastly , which was propos'd first in the petitions , ( that the Prayer might begin and end alike , and God's glory might be the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of it . ) Thine is the glory , therefore h●llowed be thy name . And in subordination to these we proceed to ask in our own behalf , wherein yet those attributes seem to be no less concern'd , with some such reflection as this . Thine is the Kingdom , wherefore give us bread ; it was a b Pharaoh's care to provide bread for his subjects : how much more will our King and our God supply all our wants , and allow us necessaries ? Thine is the power , therefore forgive us our sins , for c who has power to forgive sins but God ? Oh! that it would please thee to shew this thy power in pardoning our iniquities , and not in avenging them ! and lastly again , Thine is the glory , wherefore lead us not into temptation , whereby we may bring dishonour to thy name ; but deliver us from evil , that we may glorify thee , the author of all our good . And all these requests to be granted not for the present only , for a day , or an age ; but this provision for his own glory and our wants to be for ever ; because his Kingdom and his power , which are the store , whence this provision is to be made , and his glory , which is to be provided for , are for ever ; as also our wants need a continual supply . Now these his attributes having been in ages past , and being to last for all ages to come , by former experience of those that have been before us , and our own , beget a confidence for the future , that as d our fathers trusted in him & were not ashamed , so succeeding generations shall find , 't is not in vain to seek him , and that he , whose goodness is unexhausted , will not be weary of doing good . So that the eternity of Gods perfections ingages our posterity to hope in him , and concludes this prayer fit to be used as long as the world indures . This Doxologie or Conclusion of the prayer is set down only by St. Matthew ; St. Luke mentions it not , and accordingly the Church in her offices leaves it out ; nor does this difference plead any thing against the formality of the prayer it self , or the omission of this part prove , that the whole may be omitted and laid aside . For as 't has been said before , Christ propos'd this Prayer upon two several occasions , at two several times ; one was , e when he was preaching his Sermon on the mount before a great multitude of au●ditors , wherein he delivers in a large discourse the sum of Christian institution , and the dutyes of a holy life , of which Prayer being none of the least , himself propounds a pattern for imitation and use . f The other was more private in the company only of his disciples , when after he had been at prayers by himself , they desir'd him to teach them to pray , as Iohn had done his disciples , whereupon he gives them this form for their constant use , at least upon solemn occasions , when ye pray , say , &c. Now this latter appointment of it leaving out the conclusion shews , that it is not an essential part of the Prayer , necessarily belonging to it , but an addition that may be spared , indifferent to be used or not ; wherefore whether thou say the Lord's Prayer this way or that , so thou say it one way or other , either with this addition according to St. Matthew , so as to be one of the Christian multitude ; or without it according to St. Luke , so as to be one of the disciples , we shall not quarrel ; only do not thou quarrel at his wisdom , who thought fit to vary some expressions in the self same form , on purpose to please thee , that thou mightst have a liberty of choice , there being an express command to use it , and thou left to thy freedom to take which thou wilt . One thing may yet perhaps be objected , why the Church should follow St. Luke in this omission , and take the rest from St. Matthew , whose words in expressing the fourth and fift petitions differ from St. Lukes ? To this some perhaps will answer that the Doxologie is of a questionable authority , as suppos'd to have crept in out of the scholion or margent into the text , wherefore it being without all doubt omitted in St. Luke's Gospel , & being doubted in St. Matthew's , ( the Vulgar & Arabic Translations having it not ▪ ) that the use of it might breed no scruple it was thought fit to be quite left out : But allowing it a full authority , the Church may surely be allowed the same freedom , which any private Christian hath , of using which form it shall think fittest for publick service . Wherefore seeing both the Evangelists doe agree so far as the petitions , which make up the prayer , the Church might judge it convenient to lay aside the rest , and therein follow St Luke . And again because St. Luke's language is more elegant , and difficult : St. Matthew's on the other side , according to the simplicity of the Hebrew style , being more plain and facil , might consequently be deemed fitter for popular use , especially when St. Matthew himself sayes that our Saviour did dictate it to the multitude ; which variety of style together with the custom of Interpreters , ( who are used to render the same things differently , ) being consider'd , may also evince that this prayer , though deliver'd by our Saviour upon two several occasions , might be the very same in the Syriac language , which our Saviour used , though it be diversly express'd in the Greek : St. Matthew perhaps more closely adhering to the words then St. Luke , who according to his genius , to keep an accurate propriety of the Greek tongue , might take the liberty a little to vary . And of this we might produce many instances , in several discourses of our blessed Saviour related by them both , which though variously reported by both , nay by all four , yet were plainly meant for the same , so that both the forms , though not exactly agreeing in all the words , are but the same Prayer , and he that uses either of the forms sayes the Prayer , no less then he that should say it in Latine according to Pagnin's , or Steven's or Beza's Translation , who yet may differ in the plainest sentences , ( as not using the same pen , and possibly sometimes out of the meer study of variety ) shall be thought to say his Pater Noster in Latin ; only he that would use it in Latin , would no question choose that Latin translation which he thought came nearest the Original , which is here the Churches case . AMEN . This is a word our Saviour , ( who was truth it self , & therefore call'd in the Revelation the Amen ) had in his mouth often , and seldom began any discourse of weighty moment , but he fronted it with this asseveration , many times doubled too , Amen , Amen , I say unto you , i.e. Truly , Truly ) as g St. Luke expounds it ) or Verily , Verily . But the chief use of it is at the end of our Prayers , especially in public devotion , where the Priest's blessings and services are to be attended with the peoples acclamation ; an ancient custom , as appears by the Psalm , h And let all the people say Amen . It has a double significancy in it , not only to gather up the whole Prayer which went before , and throw it out at a word , with a fervent desire , that our requests may be heard and granted ; But also to denote a confidence of obtaining , and an assured trust , that what we have been praying for , will not be denied us . It claps a Fiat to the Prayer , as the Septuagint render it , i So be it , and seems to demand performance . FINIS . THE EXPLANATION Of the APOSTLES CREED . THE APOSTLES CREED . I Believ in God , the Father Almighty , maker of heaven and earth . 2. And in Iesus Christ , his only Son , our Lord. 3. Which was conceived by the holy Ghost , born of the Virgin Mary . 4. Suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , dead , and buried . 5. He descended into hell ; The third day he rose again from the dead . 6. He ascended into heaven , and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty . 7. From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead . 8. I believ in the holy Ghost . 9. The holy Catholike Church : the communion of Saints . 10. The forgiveness of sins . 11. The resurrection of the body . 12. And the life everlasting . Amen . Of the Apostles CREED . THe Apostles ( as some deliver it ) before they went into the several quarters of the world , to preach the Gospell to all Nations according to Christ's command , met and agreed upon the common form of Doctrine , which they should teach in each Province , wherein the sum of Faith might be set down . Others are of an opinion , that some grave and pious men did , at the beginning of the primitive Church , gather the sense , if not the very words , out of the Apostles writings . Now Symbolum bears a double meaning ; for it signifies , first , a military badge , or watch word ; by which a souldier may know one of his own side from an enemy : So this distinguisheth a true Christian from an Infidel , or an Heretick . Secondly , a shot a or club , when every one payes his share towards the reckoning : Because the Apostles laid their heads together , b and every one contributed his peice . Wherefore it is also divided into twelve Articles according to their number : but it is more conveniently distributed into three main parts , that it may answer the Trinity of Persons , and their three-fold operation ; thus . The first part treats of God the Father , & the work of Creation , whereby he made the world and all things that are contained in it . The second of God the Son , and the work of redemption , whereby he restored mankind fall'n by sin ; and by his death and resurrection purchased Salvation for us . The third of God the Holy Ghost , and the work of sanctification , whereby he doth apply to the Church ( that is ) to the company of believers , the benefits purchased by Christ , to wit Pardon , Grace , and Glory . The first Article . I BELIEV . This word belongeth to all the parts of the Creed . We pray for others , we believ only for our selves . Thy Faith hath saved thee , c saith our Saviour . Faith is either taken for the Doctrine d which we believ , or the grace e by which we believ ; That is in the head , this in the heart . Again Faith is divided into Historical , Temporal , and Saving Faith. The first the Divels have f who believ and tremble . The second is of hypocrites g who believe for a time and fall off . The last doth properly belong to the elect , who are therefore called Believers , and the faithfull , who hold out to the end & h live by their Faith. Now Faith is a full perswasion of mind , and a sure confidence , by which we depend upon him , in whom we believ . IN GOD. We are said to believ i a God , when we acknowledge that there is a God , and he that is such an one , as he hath discovered himself in his word , and works : to believ k God , when we are perswaded that his word is the very truth , and that whatsoever he hath promis'd , or threatned in holy Scripture shall surely come to pass : to believ l in God , when we place all our hope and trust in his power and goodness , who both will help those that trust in him , because he is a Father , and can , because he is Almighty . God is of an infinite nature , which exceeds all bounds of time or place , much less can be comprehended by our shallow understanding . we cannot know ; but we must believ ; and this very Faith doth as much exceed reason , as reason doth sense in evidence and certainty . The Holy Trinity , by which three Persons are one God ; and the Incarnation of the Word , by which two Natures meet into one Person are high and deep mysteries , not to be reached by the eye , not to be fathom'd by the plummet , of our reason ; but Faith takes the heighth with a Iacob's staff , and humble Hope fastens her Anchor in the bottom of this depth ; and diffusive Charity embraceth the whole compass of Divine truth . THE FATHER . The Deity is distinguished into three Persons , the Father , the Son , and Holy Ghost ; and these Three are One and the same God. the Father begets the Son , the Son is begotten of the Father , the Holy Ghost proceeds from both the Father , and the Son. God is the Father also of all things ; for of m him , and to him , and through him are all things . ALMIGHTY . Who can doe all things , and doth whatsoever he pleaseth both in Heaven and in Earth : neither is there any thing too hard for him ; for n who hath resisted his will ? Yet God cannot lye , call back yesterday , or make the same thing to be , and not to be at the same time : for these are marks of extream impotence , not omnipotence , and God would not be God if he could doe them . MAKER . God's power is not idle . Even before he made , he decreed to make , and his thoughts were busy about the work of creation from eternity . He made not as workmen doe of stuff lying before them ; for he made all things of nothing : nor with pains and weariness ; for o he spake and they were made ; He did not only make the world , and then leave it to it's self , as Masons doe houses they build , but he preserves and governs too , and disposes all events to his own glory . OF HEAVEN AND EARTH . That is , of the whole world , whereof heaven and earth are the principal parts . He spred out the earth as a floor , and built up the wals , and laid the roof of heaven ; he stored the elements with several creatures ; the heaven with stars , as lamps hung out ; the aire with birds , the water with fishes , the earth with beasts . He made heaven & earth , and all things therein contained , in the space of six dayes ; but the chief of all his works were Angels the citizens of heaven , and Men the inhabitants of the earth , made after his own likeness , and indued with understanding , and excellent gifts : But some of the Angels with Lucifer by reason of pride , left their station , and turned Divels : All mankind fell in Adam by disobedience from a state of innocence and happiness into a state of sin and misery , so that by nature we are the children of wrath ; but by grace become the children of God ; and that by means of the Son of God , who became the Son of Man , that he might save the children of men . The second Article . Here begins the part of the Creed concerning Christ the second Person . Now Christ is considered either in his Person , or in his State ; which is two-fold : the state of Humiliation , and the state of Exaltation . And in Iesus Christ , his onely begotten Son our Lord. The Person of Christ consists of two natures , Divine , and Humane : for as soul and body make up man ; so God and man are one Christ. He is described here by his names & titles . The names are Iesus and Christ , by which are noted his offices . The titles which are given him , that he is the only Son of God , and our Lord , shew partly his essence , partly his dignity . AND. He who believes the Father must also believ the Son : for p he who denieth the Son , hath not the Father . IN. It must be the same saith , by which we believ Father and Son ; since both Father and Son are the same God , q I and the Father are one , saith he ; and therefore as Ye believ in the Father , believ also in me . JESUS . That is , Saviour ; for he came into the world to save sinners , that he might reconcile God and man , and recover fallen man out of the state of sin and misery , into a state of grace and glory . He saves from sin , and from the punishment due to sin , and freeth us as well from the power as guilt of sin . CHRIST . Messias in Hebrew and Christ in Greek is all one as in Latin anointed . Now three kinds of men were wont to be anointed , that is , to be consecrated to their office by powring oyl upon their heads ; to wit King , Priest , and Prophet . Christ was r anointed with the oyl of gladness above his fellows , that is , extraordinarily furnisht with gifts of the holy Spirit . Melchizedeck was King and Priest ; Samuel Priest and Prophet ; David Prophet and King , Christ alone the thrice greatest , King , Priest , and Prophet . King by subduing our enemies the world , the flesh , and the Divel , and ruling our hearts by his word and spirit . Priest by offering up a perfect sacrifice for us , satisfying divine justice for our sins , and by blessing us by a perpetual intercession . Prophet by revealing the will of the Father , and discovering to us all things which belong to salvation . HIS ONELY BEGOTTEN SON . God hath many sons , but Christ is the onely begotten . God is stiled s the Father of lights , and s the Father of spirits ; and the Angels are t called the sons of God ; Magistrates v children of the most High , because they resemble him in power and dignity ; and all Godly men are by grace made u the children of God. Now there is a vast difference betwixt Christ and these . All creatures by creation , blessed spirits by imitation , Princes and Rulers by institution , Believers by adoption ; become God's children . But Christ alone is his Son by eternall generation , of the same nature , and essence with the Father , begotten of his substance before all time , God of God , Light of Light , very God of very God , equal to him in all things , as to the God-head . Christ as the Son of God had no Mother , as the Son of the Virgin no Father , who became Man that he might in the flesh satisfy for the sins of the flesh : yet continued God that he might appeas the anger of an offended God : Man that he might suffer death , God that he might overcome it . w God and Man that he might be a perfect Mediator , and might reconcile God to Man by atoning wrath ; and man to God by destroying sin ; wherefore he took up humane nature , put not of the divine . But these two natures were united , and as it were married in the one Person of Christ. OUR LORD . In respect of God , Christ is called the Son which shews his essence ; in respect of us a Lord , which shews his dignitie . Now he is our Lord both by right of creation , because he made us ; and by right of redemption , because he hath bought us with a price , and purchased us with his blood to be a peculiar people . We are no longer then our own , that we should fulfill the lusts of the flesh ; But we are Christ's the Lord's , to doe his Will , and keep his Commands . The several Steps , by which Christ humbled himself , and Divine Love moved towards us , are his Conception , Birth , Passion , Crucifixion , Death , Burial , and Descent to Hell. The infinite is conceiv'd , the everlasting is born , the Blessed suffers , the King of Heaven is nailed to a Cross , the immortal dyes , the Immense is buried , and the King of Glory goes down to Hell. What strange contradictions have our sins put the Son of God upon , who to procure our Salvation denyed himself , and put on the form of a servant ? Which was conceived of the holy Ghost , born of the Virgin Mary . CONCEIVED . That is , cloathed with flesh , formed and fashioned into bodily parts , indued with sense , motion , and a reasonable soul inlivened , cherished , produced , preserved , increased , and in one word made man , Humane nature being taken up and joyn'd to the Divine . OF THE HOLY GHOST . Not begotten of his substance , for then the third Person should be Father too , which is contrary to Faith : but by the operation of the holy Spirit , the power of the Highest overshadowing her , the Virgin without the help of man conceived ; which is a miracle foretold by the Prophets , and fulfill'd in our Messias . x Behold a Virgin shall conceiv and bring forth a Son. now the holy Ghost did separate that most pure mass of flesh & blood , of which the Body of Christ was to be formed , from all corruption of our nature and the stain of sin , to which all other ( the Virgin her self not excepted ) are lyable , who are born after the ordinary way of generation . y Behold , saith David ( a man after God's own heart ) I was conceived in sin , and in iniquity hath my mother brought me forth . Moreover , 't was necessary that he should be born without sin , who came to die for other's sins : and the Lamb of God which was to take away the sins of the world should himself be spotless : He could not have been our surety , had he been himself a debtour , nor satisfied justice for us , could the law have charged him with any guilt of his own . BORN . Having taken upon him a true body , being in all things made like unto us , sin only excepted , flesh of our flesh , and bone of our bone , that he might truely become the Son of Man , he observed the lawes and customs of humane nature , and after he had continued in the womb the usual time , he was at length brought forth into light , laid in a manger , wrap't in swadling cloaths , and attended by the Virgin , and bred up , passed his child hood in performing z obedience to his parents , and grew in stature and wisdome . OF THE VIRGIN . It became God thus to be born , not without a miracle . Our Faith is full of miracles ; a Three-One God , a God-Man Christ , a Virgin-Mother Mary . A Virgin she was before her delivery , in her delivery , and after her delivery ; for they who are called a the brethren of the Lord are after the manner of the Hebrew speech to be understood as Kinsmen . She was indeed espoused to Ioseph but she knew no man. Her Virginitie dignifies a single life , her betrothing justifies the married state . It pleased God to choose a woman without the help of man in the business of our salvation , for the honour and comfort of that sex , that as by the disobedience of the first woman mankind fell , so it might be recovered by the birth of the Virgin ; and Mary might make amends for the miscarriage of Eve. MARY . For the greater certainty the name of the Royal Maid is expressed ; she being of the tribe of Iudah , of the linage of David the King , according to the Prophecies concerning the Messias . Yet the Mother of the Lord , this Blessed Virgin was very poor , to shew that Christ's Kingdom was not of this world , and in this were the blind Jewes offended , that they looked for outward pomp , & the glory of an earthly crown , little heeding the foretellings of the Prophets , wherein Christ is described b a man of sorrows , to suffer all the punishment due to our sins , to wit , death , and all the miseries of an afflicted life . Suffered under Pontius Pilate , was crucified , dead , and buried . We pass immediately from his birth to his Passion ; for indeed his whole life from his cradle to the Cross was nothing else , but a continual passion , being spent in hunger , thirst , fasting , watching and travelling , grief , reproach , and shame ; and he was therefore sent into the world that he might die ▪ and to this end God prepared him a body that he might lay down his life for His. SUFFERED . Having undertook our cause he satisfied divine Iustice , by undergoing those penalties , which God in his word hath threatned to the transgressors of the law ; He was by the sentence of an earthly Iudge condemned to death ; that we might be acquitted before the heavenly Father . UNDER PONTIUS PILATE . In that time , wherein Pontius Pilate was Governour of Iudea , being set over that Nation by the Roman Emperour ; when was fulfilled that Prophecie , which foretold the coming of the Messias should be , c when the Scepter was departed from Iudah , that is , when the Iews should be subject to a forreign power , having lost their own government . CRUCIFIED . Christ being betraid by Iudas , forsaken of his disciples apprehended as a malefactor , is brought to the judgement hall , and having been spit upon , and mocked by the souldiers , accused by the Priests with the charge of blasphemy , persecuted with the hatred of the people crying , d Crucifie him , Crucifie him , scourged with whips , crowned with thorns and besprinkled with large showers of his innocent blood , is at last by Pilate delivered up to the will & malice of his enemies ; who nailing his blessed hands stretched wide open to the Cross beam , and his holy feet closed together to the upright beam of the Cross , exposed him naked to publick shame , being hung betwixt two theevs , in a place without the city , at the Feast of Passeover ; and when he had given up the ghost with many pains and groans , a souldier pierced his side with a launce , that that saying might have place , e they shall look on him , whom they have pierced . DEAD . By the separation of soul and body ; for his body remain'd upon the Cross and his soul return'd immediately to God , as himself told the penitent theef . f This day shalt thou be with me in Paradise . He was not born after an ordinary manner , neither dyed he a common death : for as much as beside the extream pain he suffered , whilest he hung with the weight of his body upon the Cross , and the great shame to which he lay open , he lay under a curse , g the Law pronouncing him cursed that hangs upon the tree . AND BURIED . Taken down from the Cross , embalm'd with spices , wrapped up in fine linnen , and laid in a tomb , where none had lay'n before , by the care and cost of h Ioseph of Arimathea . And the malice of his enemies persued him beyond death , and attended him to his very grave , who , that he might not rise again as himself had promised , rolled a great stone to the mouth of the tomb , and clapping on their own seals set a guard to watch him . HE DESCENDED INTO HELL . That is , he went down into the lower-most parts of i the earth , and for the space of three dayes remain'd in the grave amongst the dead : Or , as some expound it , he suffered the pains of Hell and the wrath of God due to our sins , and underwent the curse of the law and terrours of conscience , to which we were lyable . Others take the words , as they sound , of the place : that he did coveigh himself into the regions of darkness , and discovered to the divels , and to the wicked spirits the glory of his presence , and routing the powers of Hell , leading captivity captive , and trampling Satan that old serpent the enemy of mankind under his victorious feet according to the first Prophesie of Christ , k The seed of the woman shall bruise the serpents head . And in this sense , this article is the beginning of Christ's exaltation . The other degrees are his Resurrection , his Ascension , his Sitting at the right hand of God the Father , and his Coming to judgement . THE THIRD DAY . After that he had lain three dayes in the grave , as Ionas , who ws l the type of the Son of Man , continued three days in the whale's belly ; It being observ'd that on the fourth day the body begins to corrupt , which was not to happen to Christ , David thus speaking concerning him : m My flesh shall rest in hope , because thou wilt not leave my soul in Hell , neither wilt thou suffer thy holy one to see corruption . Wherefore early in the morning on the third day , which was for that reason appointed the Christian Sabbath , HE ROSE AGAIN . Partly raising himself by his own virtue and divine power , as himself saith , n I lay down my life that I may take it up again , I have power to lay it down , and I have power to take it again ; Partly being raised by God the Father , who when his Iustice was fully satisfied , released Christ out of the prison of the grave , and to that purpose sent his Angels to roll away the stone , death having now no more dominion over him , who having finisht the work of our redemption , rose again for our justification . FROM THE DEAD . He return'd to life , appeared to his Disciples and others several times , shewed the wounds which he had received on the Cross , and o made Thomas who was hard of belief to feel his side , that he might know it was a true body ; And having for fourty dayes together conversed upon earth , and given orders to the Apostles , how they should goe into all the world and preach the Gospell and plant churches , promising them the assistance of the spirit , he took his leave of them in this manner , as followeth . HE ASCENDED . In the sight of his Apostles from the top of mount Olivet , where he had bin formerly used to spend much of his time in holy retirements and spiritual exercises , he lifted up himself from the ground , and so mounting upward through the aire was received by a cloud , and to the wonder of them all carried aloft out of sight , p two Angels telling them , as they stood gazing , that as they had seen him goe away , so he should come again . INTO HEAVEN . The seat of the blessed , where God sits on his Throne , attended by millions of Angels far above the sphear of the stars & the sky , to wit , the highest heaven : For having dispatched the business , for which he came down on earth , he return'd to the Father by whom he had bin sent , to intercede with him in our behalf , and make out to us thence the benefit of all those things , which he had done and suffer'd for us here ; And having conquer'd sin and death , and broken the power of Hell , what remains , but that he should as in triumph ride upon the wings of the wind , ascend to Heaven as the prize of his glorious conquest ? AND SITTETH . To note that he hath fully accomplished the work of our Salvation , he is said at last to sit down , that he may as it were rest from his labours : For the servant stands or goes whilest he is employ'd , and sits not down till his work be done : Now Christ put on the form of a servant , and came ( as q he saith of himself ) to wait , not to be waited on . That he sits also , is a token of that authority which the Father hath given him , having delivered unto him all power both in heaven and in earth , and put all things under his feet . So God sits in Heaven to order all things at his pleasure . Again to sit sometimes signifies stay ; he sits there not to return before the end of the world . Lastly by this word is expressed the blessed and glorious condition of the Saints in the life to come , who shall r sit down with Abraham , Isaac , and Iacob in the Kingdom of Heaven ; and therefore to shew the greatness of the dignitie , to which Christ according to his humane nature is advanced , is added ; At the right hand of God the Father Almighty . The right hand usually expresseth strength and honour ; power and glory : besides s to give the right hand is a sign of fellowship , and friendship ; wherefore God calls him the man my fellow : Now to speak properly God hath no right hand or left , nor any bodily parts ; but that he may apply himself to our capacities , he doth use to speak of himself after the manner of men . Becuse earthly Princes are wont to place those at their right hand , whom they favour , and would shew a particular honour ; as t Solomon entertained his mother . The meaning is , that God hath raised him to the highest pitch of honour , set him above Angels , principalities , and powers , and hath committed to his trust the Government of the world . FROM THENCE . To wit out of Heaven , whither he ascended , and where he now is , Christ God & Man , at the last day in the end of the world , riding upon the clouds , shall shew himself , and HE SHALL COME . Attended with innumerable Angels and Saints , with the voice of a Trumpet , in a glorious manner to the joy of his servants , and the terrour of his enemies . TO JUDGE . For all mankind shall be gathered together from the four quarters of the earth , and v we must all appear before the Iudgment-seat of Christ , to give an account of our works . Then shall the books be open'd , and every man's conscience shall witness against him , and that which hath bin done in secret shall be made known , and the thoughts of the heart shall be discovered : Then righteous sentence shall proceed from the Iudges mouth according to the Law and the Gospell : Then shall be put a difference betwixt the good and bad , the righteous and the wicked ; when God shall reward his servants with a Crown of Glory , and destroy his enemies with an everlasting destruction & endless torments . There is a twofold coming of Christ , Christ came first to be judged , the second time he will come to judge THE QUICK . Those who shall then be found alive , who u shall be suddenly changed , in the twinckling of an eye , and without death shall pass from death to life . AND THE DEAD . For the dead shall rise again , as many as from the beginning of the world , throughout all ages have lived upon the face of the earth , and though they have been mouldered into dust , or torn by wild beasts , or buried in the waves of the Sea ; yet they shall take up the very same bodies again , to which the soul may again be united ; God's power bringing this about , and his justice so requiring it ; that every man may in his body reap the fruit of those things , which he hath done in the body . I BELIEV . With the same Faith , by which I believ the Father and the Son , I believ also in the third Person of the holy and blessed Trinity : Being verily perswaded , that he is true God , and the power of the most High ; depending upon his assistance , and finding by experience that whatsoever good I either doe or have , comes all from him . IN THE SPIRIT . He is therefore called Ghost or Spirit w because he partly proceeds from the Father and the Son , by way of breathing ; partly because he breaths into us good thoughts and holy desires ; wherefore it is added HOLY . Seeing that he is not only Holy in himself , with such holiness as far exceeds all other blessed Spirits , both Angels , & Saints , but also makes us holy by an effectual working of grace in our hearts . He it is that applyes the benefits of Christ's death unto us , and makes us partakers of the salvation , which he hath purchased for us by his blood . The holy Prophets and Apostles were the penmen of the Holy Ghost , who wrote as they were inspired by him . He gathers the Church by the Preaching of the word , having furnisht the Apostles with the gifts of tongues , & provided a ministry and other holy ordinances for the propagation of the Gospell , filling up the number of the elect , and bringing souls to life . THE CHURCH . The company of believers , whom God hath ordained to life , before the foundation of the world was laid ; & whom he hath called out of a state of sin , to the profession of Faith in Christ , and a holy conversation , whom he also doth rule by his Word and Spirit . HOLY . Gathered , and guided by the Holy Ghost , distinguished from the rest of the world by holy appointments , adorning their profession with holy works . CATHOLICK , or Vniversal in respect of time , place , and persons ; being to last through all ages of the world , spread abroad over all quarters of the earth , & consisting of men of all ranks and conditions ; God having shut the gate of his Kingdom to none , but such as wilfully refuse to enter . Now the Holy Ghost bestows upon the Church , which he gathers by the word , and sanctifies by grace , these Blessings which follow . THE COMMUNION OF SAINTS . Whereby the Saints , who are the faithfull ones , the chosen , and the children of light , are united to Christ as their head , and amongst themselves as members of the same body , the Church , drawing virtue & life and efficacy from Christ , and performing to one another all offices of Charity , as being knit together with a spirit of love , and bond of peace . THE FORGIVENESS OF SINS . Which the spirit on our unfeined repentance assures us of by applying the merit of Christ , and sprinkling our consciences from dead works with his blood , which he powred forth , to be a price of souls ; neither doth he onely seal to our hearts a pardon of former offences , shewing us the favour of God reconciled in his Son ; but doth withall give us power to resist sin for the time to come , cleansing us from every defilement of the flesh and spirit , subduing our lusts , changing our wils , and renewing our natures according to righteousness . THE RESURRECTION OF THE BODY . For in the last day when Christ shall come to judgement , the trump shall sound , and the dead shall arise with the very same bodyes that they had before , and every one shall receive according to his works : For as much as the wicked shall be thrown into Hell , there to be tormented with the Divel , with the worm which never dyes , and the fire which is never quenched . But the good shall enter into LIFE EVERLASTING . Where they shall rest from their labours , and enjoy God for ever , living in abundance of joys and pleasures , x which neither eye hath seen , nor ear hath heard , nor can the heart of man conceiv . And all these things I believ not onely with an Historical Faith , but appropriate unto my self , being fully perswaded , that God made me by his power , preserves me by his goodness , and provides for me both in soul and body by his infinite wisdome . And that the Son of God , whatsoever he hath done or suffered , he performed and underwent for my sake , that I through him might live : And that the Spirit of God dwelleth in me , working in me Faith & Repentance : that I am a true member of the Church , that my sins are forgiven me , that I shall rise again , and see my Redeemer with these eyes , who shall out of his free bounty reward me , his unworthiest servant , with the Glory which shall have no end . FINIS . THE EXPLANATION OF THE TEN COMMANDEMENTS . The Ten Commandements . Exodus xx . GOD spake all these words , saying . I am the Lord thy God , which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt , out of the house of bondage . I. Thou shalt have no other gods before me . II. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image ; or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above , or that is in the earth beneath , or that is in the water under the earth . Thou shalt not bow down thy self to them , nor serve them : For I the Lord thy God am a jealous God , visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children , unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me : And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me , and keep my Commandements . III. Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain . For the Lord will not hold him guiltlesse that taketh his Name in vain . IV. Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy . Six dayes shalt thou labour and do all thy work . But the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God : In it thou shalt not do any work , thou nor thy son , nor thy daughter , thy man servant , nor thy maid servant , nor thy cattell , nor thy stranger , that is within thy gates . For in six dayes the Lord made heaven and earth , the sea , and all that in them is , and rested the seventh day : Therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day , and hallowed it . V. Honour thy father & thy mother ; that thy dayes may be long upon the land , which the Lord thy God giveth thee . VI. Thou shalt not kill . VII . Thou shalt not commit adultery . VIII . Thou shalt not steal . IX . Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour . X. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house ; thou shalt not covet thy neighbours wife , nor his man servant , nor his maid-servant , nor his ox , nor his ass , nor any thing that is thy neighbours . THE TEN COMMANDEMENTS . GOD , when he had erected the stately frame of the World , and furnished the scene of nature with various kinds of creatures , prescribed an order & course , in which every thing should move ; for his command doth as well determine the actings of his creatures , as it did produce their beings : Thus the great wheel of nature keeps an orderly and constant course ; and , as in a watch or some other curious piece of workmanship , every small parcel of his work observes the rule of it's motion , and is by that principle , the workman's hand put into it , guided to those ends for which it was made . And this is the Law of Creation , by which all creatures pay an obedience to their Creatour ; for as they depend upon his power to Be , so 't was fit they should be directed by his wisdom to Act. This is indeed the Law of Nature , which God , as supreme Soveraign and absolute Lord , and proprietour of all things , has the sole right of imposing . By this the heavenly bodyes dispense their influences , and steer their motions , which when excentrical are not irregular . The Sun knows his place of rising and setting , and it must be miracle that either stops him in his wonted rode , or puts him back . The Moon is constant to her changes , and all the stars fixt to their stations , nor doe the wandring stars rove out of those bounds which God hath set them . The very inconstancy of weather and vicissitude of seasons is order'd by this Law , and when any thing in the Elements happens extraordinary , as that fire should refuse to burn , water deny to drown , &c. 't is because a more particular warrant hath superseded the general commission , which was sign'd at first ; for the law giver has power to alter his own laws , & make what exceptions he please : which was the ground of Abraham's Faith , who though by the general precept forbidden to kill any one , yet upon special command thought himself obliged to sacrifice his own and onely Son. To this Law are subject the Sea also , ebbing and flowing , from & towards the shore ; God having appointed it its bounds , beyond which it may not go ; and the Earth with all plants and fruits which grow on the surface of it , and stones and minerals in the bowels of it , according to the rules of each kind . Of this Law a paricular branch is that , which we call natural instinct ; whereby living creatures , which are indued with sense and motion and a faculty of propagating their like , to wit , Birds , Beasts , Fishes and creeping things are regulated in the managery of their care and converse . Hence springs that tender affection , which all damms have for their young ones , the conjugal fidelity of pairs , the rules of order and government amongst societies , such as Sheep , Bees , &c. After this manner it pleas'd the faithfull Creatour to provide a Law for the well-being of his creatures ; without which the universe would have been still a meer Tohu and Bohu , void and without form . This is that ligament , which binds the jarring Elements in a league of amity , and sets every thing a work , quietly to its own ends , so as to preserve the whole ; and were it not for this , all things would run into confusion . But man being a creature of a more excellent make , and having the imprese of divinity stamp'd upon him , ( being made in the likeness of God , ) was not to be coop'd up within the same measures as his fellow-creatures , and be guided to his duty by blind instincts and a reason without him ; but had a greater latitude as of knowledge so of liberty allow'd him ; for it was thought fit , that he , who was to have dominion over the rest , and to act Soveraign among other creatures , should be intrusted with the government of himself . Wherefore he had an understanding & a will given him , whereby he might see and choose his rule , and might determine himself to a generous obedience . And these faculties of his were ( as all things else were that God made ) at first very good ; his understanding right and wise , his will holy and just , of perfect sufficience to lead him to the right , and of as perfect an indifference to leave him to the wrong ; besides , his affections pure and free from all disorder . Now that man might not pride himself in the reflection upon his own excellencies , and that God might from this his Vicegerent and Prince of the Creation have some small acknowledgment of subjection , it pleased him to make a command of tryall in a slight matter indeed ( the eating of an Apple ) but loaded with a grievous threat , In the day that thou eatest thereof , thou shalt dy the death : The breach of so easy an injunction upon so solemn a denunciation aggravating the ingratitude and the contempt of the offender . And see , how hard it was to persist in good , even for him who before never knew evill ? How slippery a State Innocence , when there is but the least temptation to debauch it ? How frail a thing the best of men , if he be left to himself ? A toy tempts Adam from his obedience and his happiness together , and from Eve's hand , which administred the sin , he took his death too . Then were forfeited all the glorious priviledges of his Creation ; then were defaced all the resemblances of divine perfections ; then was his soul as well as body left naked of all graces and virtues , & his original righteousness turn'd into original sin ; then were his dayes cut short by bringing a mortality upon himself and his posterity , so that he , not Cain , was the first murderer ; then was lost even that awe & authority , which he had over the other creatures ; who after man turn'd rebell withdrew their allegiance too ; And 't is not unlikely that by the sin of man the affections of the very brutes have been debauch'd from their natural temper ; Hence possibly those enmityes and antipathies , which some kinds of creatures have to others , that before in the golden age of innocence liv'd at peace ; hence those quarrels & animosityes , which those of the same kind exercise ; & hence perhaps those ( I may say ) vitious miscarriages and enormous misdemeanours of several indiviudal creatures , those especially which are man's domesticks , & have a more familiar acquaintance with his manners ; as dogs , swine , &c. which sure , had man continued innocent , would have kept to rules of meekness , modesty , and such other virtues , as was fit for the goodness of the supream Law-giver to prescribe for the preservation of peace and good order amongst his creatures . Thus hath the Fall of Man put whole nature into disorder , spoil'd the natural principles of honesty and justice , and by abusing the Liberty of doing good or evill , brought us all into a sad necessity of doing nothing else but evill ; that , whereas he had only a possibility of sinning , 't is impossible for us not to sin . Wherefore when God saw that those notions and inclinations , which he had implanted , were by the fall so batter'd and marr'd , that they could be no longer usefull for those great purposes of his own service & man's felicity ; & that man had now darkned his understanding , deprav'd his will , and corrupted his affections , & made himself in all his faculties and members a vassal of sin ; he was graciously pleas'd out of the rubbish of those endowments & that law which he had written in man's heart , to collect , and set down in writing , a Law , by which man might be instructed to his duty ; that humanity might not wholly degenerate into beast , and withall to show that God hath not lost his right to command , though man have lost his ability to obey . 'T is true , that all the time before the flood , and some good while after , man-kind was govern'd by an unwritten Law , by inbred notions of right and wrong , and traditions handed to them by the Patriarks from the fathers to the children ; such as was the worship of God by offering sacrifice and first fruits , by calling upon his name , and keeping the Sabbath , & those precepts which were given to Noah and his three sons : and thus some remnants of the primitive integrity were alwayes visible in the customes and usages of the most savage people , that had no positive law to walk by ; whence arose that which we call the Law of Nations , all nations agreeing in some common principles at least of publick justice , and God instructing them by his Sun and his rain , though he did not teach them by his word and messengers . Yet when the number of men was multiplyed into so many nations , ( which began to difference themselv's by manners & religions as much as by languages and countries , ) and their lives shortened so , that tradition could not be conveyed so purely to posterity as formerly ; it pleased God to choose to himself a peculiar people among all the nations of the Earth , even the family of his friend Abraham , to whom he might make more particular discoveries of his will ; and having four hundred years affliction in Egypt , and a miraculous delivery thence , prepar'd the children of Israel for the receiving of his Law , he did in open audience from the top of mount Sinai with his own Mouth pronounce aloud , and afterwards with his own Hand fairly ingrave on two Tables of stone the Ten Commandements ; which though they be in a special sense termed the Law of God , yet the whole Scripture may be and is so stiled often , in as much as the History of the Bible doth but serve to represent examples of obedience or disobedience to this Law , and the Prophetical writings are but explications and comments upon it , and the Psalms and other sacred pieces are but Meditations and pious descants . This is that we call the Moral Law , the rule of manners and the guid of life , which teaches every man how he is to behave himself both towards God and towards man , whether as he is considered barely in his person or in his relation . There is mention made also of other Laws of Gods making which were peculiar only to the Iews : the Ceremonial Law which sets down rules for sacred persons , places , times , assemblyes , vests , utensils , sacrifices , and other rites ; and for the ordering of all Ecclesiastical affairs : and the Iudicial Law , which provides for the securing of propriety and peace , for the creation of Magistrates and administration of Iustice , and all politick concerns . Now though these were indeed so proper to the lewish State and Church , that no other Nation is strictly obliged to their observance ; & although the Levitical Priesthood is ceast , and the Ceremonies , being but types and shadows of Christ which was to come , were at the rising of that Sun of righteousnesse made void and useless to the Iewes & dangerous to Christians , since the use of them would tacitely imply a denial of our Lord 's coming in the flesh , and so indeed prove down right Antichristian , he being a the Antichrist , which denies that : yet I know not why Statesmen should not think themselves obliged to respect the lawgiver's wisdome and the equity of the thing , though the law it self doth not oblige ; as in the case of thieves , a fourfold restitution would look like a more proportionable punishment then present death , no goods amounting to the value of life , and a Bridewell or Plantation be a sorer course to chastise the malefactor for his mischievous actions , & surer to recover him from his wicked habits , then the goal and gallows . Again God's Law hath given adultery it's due , punishing it with death , the honour of the sufferer being irreparable ; whereas man's law commonly is so remisly either made or executed , that all the satisfaction the injured person must expect is from his own patience , fearing least by a challenge of justice , he make himself but the object of a publick reproach . Nor do I see , why the use of any innocent Ceremony in gesture or vesture , &c. should now be deemed unlawful upon this ground , because the Levites perhaps used one not much unlike ; or why the Governours of the Christian Church may not in things indifferent order the same observances , as were used in the Iewish , and yet not lye under the scandal of Iudaisme : as to instance , shall a white vest now be less becoming , because the Levites wore linnen ? surely if this argument hold , blacks will be much more mis becoming the holy order , as being the colour by which the Idolatrous Priests b were distinguisht . But 't is not perhaps the thing so much discontents , as the imposition . They would be left at liberty , and have their obedience as indifferent , as the Ceremony . 'T is too manifest , what this means ; they can brook no superiours ; they would have no authority over their heads ; for 't is confest on all hands , that God cannot be served without form and Ceremony , of time , of place , of persons , and that a distinctive govenment , whereby we may know him that officiates from the rest of the company , is expedient . Now set pride and faction aside , and 't is easy for any indifferent man to judge , whether it be fitter to obey the grave and deliberate constitutions of the Fathers & Governours of the Church , or be led by the sudden and mutable fancy and humour of every parochial Teacher , especially such as these late times have afforded us many , whose forms it has bin unsafe to say Amen to , and whose postures and garbs have rather moved the laughter of the vulgar , and the pity of serious auditors , then their devotion . Whose discretion will it be best to trust to ? And if there be such a thing as Church-Government , where will it lye , if not in determining things of this nature ? Besides such stragling Pastours do not consider , what a sorry example they set to their flocks ; for how can they expect that obedience , which themselves refuse to pay ? or how can they hope to exercise a Pastoral authority over their hearers ( amongst whom some peradventure are men of as large abilities and as great learning & piety as themselves ) when they themselves affront the Episcopal authority which is over them ? But they resolve to be directed wholly by Scripture , and will do nothing without an express Text. I wish they would but take notice , what advantage they reach out to all schismaticks , and fanaticks , and how easy 't is to use their arguments for the overthrow of all decency and order , contrary to the Apostle's rule , c let every thing be done decently and in order . Where 's Scripture , say they , for surplice , for cross , for kneeling ? Has not the schismatick improv'd this objection to them unanswerably ? Shew me Scripture for gown , for black cloak , for capps , for pulpit , for bells , for churches , for Minister's set maintenance , for any thing , for every thing . Thus we see , if this hold , nothing wil stand . In short , some habit , some place , some posture , &c. is necessary to the worship of God ; but what particular habit or form or posture is fittest to be used , that which the wisdom of the Church prescribes , or that which the discretion of each private Pastour shall make choice of , I shall leave to the sober Reader to judge . Again 't is not the Ceremony so much troubles some , as the significancy of it ; as though any thing could be appointed , which an ordinary wit will not make significant . Our Saviour himself ( if learned men mistake not ) was not so scrupulous , who hath transcrib'd into Christian practice several usages of the Iewish Church , even to the very expression , as in the Lord's Prayer , and the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper , several passages whereof are quoted out of the Iewish Liturgies and Rituals . To conclude , it concerns us to be very wary of changing old well-laid customs , though they be but superstructures , for fear of shaking the foundations : and let some men please themselves ( as they list ) in their spiritual liberty ( as they call it ) or itch ( as d the Apostle calls it ) wofull experience has taught us , that the Church is in great danger , where she is left to the conduct of particular ministers . Not to say , that discontents and quarrels about the circumstances of religion , as they give vent to schismes and separations in Church ; so they often lead the dance to seditions and rebellions in State ; for Schisme and Rebellion likely go hand in hand , and men would be as willing to have their civil liberty as their spiritual ; and it may be observ'd , that those pens , which have travell'd most against Prelatical tyranny ( as they term it ) have bin easily incouraged to go on , and strike at civil power , as liking no Monarchy whether in Chair or Throne . Wherefore let us study peace , and if we cannot shew our selves good Christians by our self-denial , by submitting our discretion and our abilities to the rules of the Church and the wisdom of our superiours ; yet let us out of love to our Country act the part of good Subjects , and not with unreasonable discontents and unseasonable quarrels indanger the imbroiling of three Nations in the miseries of a civil war ; having found by tryall , that Discontent improves to faction , and Faction blows the Trumpet to Rebellion . The Law according to the importance of the Hebrew e word signifies doctrine and instruction , teaching us how to order our lives ; and as the Greek f word notes , to give unto every one his due ; unto God the things which are God's , and unto men the respects and offices which belong to men ; And it is attended with promises and threatnings . The promises hold forth rewards to the obedient , the favour of God and a prosperous condition , even as to outward things in this world , and everlasting life and happiness in the world to come . The Threatnings denounce the severity of God's judgements on the breakers of the law here , and an everlasting death in never dying torments hereafter . The Law is a hedge to keep us in within the bounds of duty , but it was it self to be fenced and secur'd with the proposal of rewards and punishments , that , if the love of vertue alone could not win us , the advantages of holiness might allure us , and , if the deformities of sin in its own ugly shape could not affright us , we might be startled with the dreadful apprehension of those plagues and evils , which it brings along with it . Now the Nature of God's Law is much different from the laws and institutions of men . God's Law is perfect , and has provided for every condition of men and for all their actions ; here 's no rule wanting which is necessary , nothing redundant or over much ; but the ordinances of men are but poor scantlings & consequences drawn out of a shallow reason , and inlarged by further experience , new occasions still requiring new supplements . God's Law is pure & holy , proceeding from a Holy God , & making those holy , that place their studies and indeavours in the exercising of it : but those laws , which are derived from the puddle of humane reason , carry along with them the mixture of corruption , passion and interest & ignorance , and many times down-right wickedness and injustice being interwoven in the very frame and constitution of them . And above all , where as the politick devices of men can only restrain the outward man , and lay traps for words and deeds , but cannot insnare the freedom of thinking ; God being Lord of the Conscience , his statutes reach conscience , captivate the mind , and apprehend each guilty thought : and whereas here on earth plots and conspiracies against authority are made out only by what has bin done or said , God's supremacy will arraign those that rise up against him by the evidence and verdict of their own conscience . This Law being so perfect , so pure , and so holy , 't is impossible for us , who are altogether evill , by our own natural strength to accomplish ; for we are not able of our selves so much as to think a good thought ; so that , if we stand to the tenour of the Covenant of works , whereby we are obliged to a punctual and exact obedience to the Law , in all its parts , in all our thoughts words and deeds , and God should b● stric● to obs●●ve what is done amiss , and should in judgement proceed against us accordingly , no flesh would be justified in his ●ight : for we have all sinned , and come short of the glory of God ; short of it both as the end and as the reward of our actions : we have neither lived up to it , nor can we upon our own account be made partakers of it ; Wherefore that all mankind might not faint under this intolerable yoak , and sink under the unsupportable burden of this Law , God was pleas'd out of his love to mankind to strike a New Covenant with us in the Blood of his Son , who has made the yoak easy and the burthen light , by bearing it for us . The terms of the first Covenant are , g D● this and live ; of the second , g Believe and thou shalt be saved . The Covenant of Works requires an exactness , the Covenant of Grace looks for the sincerity of obedience . Nor doth this Law of Faith void and null the Moral Law , but the terrours of the Law drive us to imbrace Gospel-terms ; for which reason the h Law is called the Scholemaster to Christ. For when a sinner is convinced , how unable he is of himself to fulfill the demands of the Law , and how his multiplyed transgressions render him lyable to the curse of the Law and the fierce wrath of God , he in the apprehension of his own guilt and insufficience flies to the Mediatour ( as to a city of refuge ) who hath fulfill'd the Law for us , and hath undergon the wrath of an offended God and the curse of a righteous Law , that he might be able to save those to the uttermost , that should put their trust in him . Neither doth the Law of works cease to be of use to those , that are in Christ , and are now under the Covenant of Grace ; for Obedience as well as Faith is required , as a condition of the new Covenant ; for it must be a Faith acted or acting by love , and , though the person is justified by faith , yet that faith must be evidenced by good works : k Shew me , saith the Apostle , thy faith by thy works . The Moral Law then remains still in force , as a rule of this obedience : as it shews our misery and drives us to Christ , so it regulates our gratitude , when we are in Christ. The Law is a glass to present us with a sight of our sin , by comparing our past actions with the rule ; and a lanthorn too to direct us in the path of our duty , by comparing our future actions with the same rule . In the one respect we see at what distance we have lived from the rule , and repent ; in the other respect we see how to keep close to it , and amend our lives . The Law indeed has lost it's damning power as to the righteous , but 't is still in force to direct ; & though they are acquitted from the curse by the merit of our Saviours death , they are not discharged from the duty , as being risen again with him to a newness of life , and created in him to good works . Nay , their obligations are heightned , and they are to have greater respect to the Law , that they may proportion the measures of their gratitude to the merits of their Redeemer : for they , who have had much forgiven , must love much , and love is the fulfilling of the Law. Christ having bought us with a price , we are no longer our own to fulfill the lusts of the flesh , but we are his ; and we shall be known to be his by loving one another , and keeping his commands . And 't is plain , that he meant not to release us from the Law , but rather to improve and inhance the observation of it ; and in those things , wherein the ties of the Law were slacken'd , either by God's indulgence , or false glosses and corrupt customes of men , to fill it up , and clear it from mistakes , and lay greater weight on it's precepts ; as appears by his Sermon on the mount , wherein he goes over most of the particulars . And what the Apostle sayes before conversion , l If it had not bi● for the Law , I had not known sin ; so we may say after conversion . Were it not for the Law , we should not know our duty . The Law is divided into ten Commandements , whence 't is called the Decalogue or ten Words , which were written upon two Tables , four on one Table , and six on the other . 'T is not amiss to take notice of the division : the Law is a rule of practice , and the hand the great instrument of action , a Table for each hand , and for every finger a Commandement . A brief survey of the method & scheme , by which the commands are distinguished , we may take thus . The first Table sets down the duties we ow to God , the second Table contains our duties to Man , our neighbours and our selves . All is but Love , but with difference of degrees ; for our love to our neighbour must be subordinate and inferiour to our love to God ; so our Saviour hath resolved the summ of all ; m Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart , with all thy mind , with all thy soul , and with all thy strength . to as high a degree , as possibly we can ; for it may be supposed that these several words signify but the same thing , that is , the highest intension of love . It would be too Critical perhaps to make a different sense of each word , that the heart should signify the will , the mind note the understanding , the soul stand for the affections , and strength imply our bodily service . It means sure the whole man. And thou shalt love thy neighbour as thy self . And that one would think should be very well , but this Law teacheth us how to love our selves too . There 's scarce any one doth that so well as he should doe . Our neighbour cannot quarrel us , if we love him as our selves ; but God will not be content with that ; he will be loved above every thing , above self it self . We must love every thing else for God's sake , and God for his own . The duties to God take up the first place , and those being discharged will à priori effect the second table duties . He that go's thorough the first table , will never boggle at the second . Religion and Knavery are inconsistent . Can he be holy that 's unjust ? fear God that honours not his King ? doth he conscientiously fear an Oath , who makes no conscience of a Lye ? a zealous professor and a cheat ? a strict Sabbath keeper and an Usurper , a Rebell ? scrupulous of idolatry , and yet delight in adultery , and indulge himself in schisme , envy , and other works of the flesh ? If these things may be reconciled , then Saint and Divel , Christ and Belial , heaven and hell may be joyned together . Such men's religion is vain . The duties to man follow in the second place , and will à posteriori demonstrate the first table duties , and he that 's thorough paced here gives a fair evidence , that either he has made or means to make his progress further . An honest man and yet an Atheist ? a charitable person and idolatrous ? a loyal subject , a good neighbour , and yet a swearer , a Sabbath-breaker ? the Morality of such men is as counterfeit , as the other's Religion was : for how can he be faithful to his Prince , who is false to his God ? or exercise charity aright towards men , who fear 's not God's displeasure ? We must not part the two tables , but take them together , spiritualize our morality , and civilize our religion . Our love to God is seen in the worship we give him ; now the worship of God is either internal , of the inward man ; and that is prescribed in the fi●st command : or external , and that is shewn forth in our gestures , directed by the second , in our words and speeches , which are the subject of the third ; and in our work all the week and our rest on the Sabbath , which is the business of the fourth commandement . Our love to our neighbour is consider'd either relatively to our superiours , &c. in the fifth ; or absolutely to all men what so ever , in the rest ; and that either externally in his body , as to hurt , in the sixth ; as to defilement , in the seaventh command ; in his goods , in the eighth ; and in his good name in the ninth ; or internally , which strikes at the root of all , evil concupiscence , in the tenth commandement . So that the first and last do more particularly restrain the inward man , the rest do more immediately order the outward man ; yet so as that the thoughts and desires also are reduced to the same heads . Having taken this brief survey , before we proceed to the commandements in particular , 't is necessary to take along with us three or four general rules , according to which they are all to be understood . One is , that every Affirmative precept includes a Negative , and on the other side where any sin is forbidden , there the contrary vertue is injoyn'd : thus the Commandements are like the flocks of Engedi , every one bears twins . The Commandements are most of them negative , there being but two , the fourth and fifth , that are set down affirmatively ; yet he that has but a negative religion , will hardly be acquitted by the Law. 'T is not enough not to kill thy neighbour , not to steal from him ; but thy charity must be imploy'd in helping him , when he is in danger and in want : nor will it serve turn , that we do not worship images , nor take God's name in vain ; but we are bound to worship God , and to make a reverent use of his name . Another is , that where any duty is commanded or any sin forbidden , there the several kinds , degrees , causes , occasions , signs , circumstances , & whatsoever else belongs to that duty or that sin , are together with it commanded or forbidden ; as murder includes in it hatred , quarrel , and all manner of hurt . The expression indeed is scant , but very comprehensive and of large sense . The third is , ( which was partly toucht at before ) that in every command not only gross acts , but together with our deeds , our words , and above all our thoughts are consider'd ; it being God's prerogative to be a searcher of hearts , and God of all parts requiring the heart , and having erected there his judicatory , even our own conscience : and this was that great advantage of God's Law beyond all humane laws , that it orders the thoughts , and divides betwixt the joints and the marrow . 'T is not sufficient then to have a demure outside like the Pharisees cups and platters , but we must keep a clean inside : for God requires truth in the inward parts . And this is indeed the perfection , that Evangelical obedience aims at , sincerity , & the right ordering of our thoughts & desires is the highest pitch of Christianity , as giving God the great glory of his omniscience . A fourth may be this , that all Virtue consisting in a mean hath two extreams , on each side one , a vicious excess and a vicious defect , which both fall under the prohibition , though but one perhaps be named . The Atheist which owns no God at all , is as much a transgressour of the first precept , as the Polytheist , who has a multitude to pay his devotions to . Fondness may be as great an errour in love , as too much severity . Prodigality transgresses the bounds of a liberal disposition , as covetousness comes short ; when we are bid not covet that which belongs to another , it is not meant we should fling away what 's our own . Wherefore we must keep a middle road , take heed of being righteous too much or too little , we must neither turn to the right hand nor to the left . The fifth and last rule is this ; That the same Grace or Sin , the same good or bad act may in several respects , be reduc'd to several commandements ; as the eating of the forbidden fruit , and the disobedience of Lot's wife , &c. Indeed the whole circle & round of virtues , is like a gold-chain , where if you break off one link , you spoil the whole chain ; whence may have proceeded that note of St. Iames , That n he who breaks one Commandement , is guilty of all ; not so much because the Authority of the Law-giver is the same in the several commands , as by reason of that mutual coherence and dependence , which the Commandements have with one another . Most sins , are made up of a complication , and are like a bed of snakes enfolded together . To this head may be brought those sins which are of a transcendent nature , and are scarcely to be lodged properly and directly in any one precept , but seem rather to include the violation of them all : such as are Pride , Hypocrisie , Ignorance , malice , profaneness , sloath , with their opposite virtues , meekness , sincerity , discretion , charity , zeal and diligence , &c. And some other Beldam sins , which are the womb and outlet of other sins ; as presumption , despair , drunkenness and covetousness , which the Apostle hath branded as o the root of all evill : and their contraries , Faith , Hope , Temperance , contentedness , &c. which all seem to be accumulated habits , and so resolve themselves into many , if not most parts of the Law. Taking these rules along with us , we shall with the more ease take the just measures of each command in its full latitude ; for God's p Commandments , as the Psalmist has observ'd , are exceeding broad : Much matter deliver'd in few words ; for so it became the Majesty of the Law-giver to use plainness and brevity , to help the understanding and ease the memory of the hearers , and he that would to purpose understand the Law of the Lord , must meditate in it day and night , that so he may time his duties aright , and be like the tree planted by the river side , which bringeth forth its fruit in due season , and thus whatsoever he does shall prosper . GOD SPAKE . Three months after the children of Israel's departure out of Egypt , when they had pitch'd their Tents in the wilderness of Sinai , when they had fresh in memory that wonderful deliverance , which God wrought for them , in their passage over the red-Sea , from Pharaoh and his hoast , besides those many dreadful miracles which he had shown in Egypt , God mindful of the Covenant which he had made with Abraham and his seed , the Israelites being now in a convenient place , in a desert retired from the observation as well as the invasion of their enemies , strikes a league with them , that , if they will obey his voice and keep his Covenant , he will own them for his peculiar people , and upon their acceptance of these terms , after two dayes solemn preparation , the Divine Majesty came down , with Thunders and Lightnings and thick Clouds , and seated himself upon the top of the Mount Sinai in the midst of fire and smoke , with the noise of Trumpet , that the Mountain and the Camp both shook with fear , and whether by the ministry of an Angel , or rather by some other more immediate way , with audible voice , face to face pronounced the tenour and conditions of the Covenant , comprehended in the words of the Law. ALL THESE WORDS . Christ the second Person is called the Word , but he is the word begotten , as the Word is the immediate and essential issue of the Mind . The whole Scripture too is God's Word , that is , was by God inspired into the holy pen-men , they writing according to the dictates of the Spirit : whence that form of speech especially among the Prophets . Thus saith the Lord , and The Word of the Lord came unto me . But these Words God himself utter'd , which therefore call for the more heedfull attention , and awfull regard . If the Lyon roares shall not the beasts of the forrest tremble ; every word should sound in our eares like a clap of Thunder , & cause an Earth-quake in our bowels ; for the Highest hath utter'd his voice , even a mighty voice . All these words too ; which requires an universal obedience . We are not to pick and choose , but receive them all with a like readiness of Faith , as the clear manifestations of God's will. God at the first creation for every dayes work spoke , and it was done : Oh! that he would so speak to our hearts , that his Spirit may accompany his Word , and help us to doe , what he commands us to doe . O Lord , give us strength to perform thy Commands , and then command what thou wilt . SAYING . The Rabbins have a tradition or fiction , that God pronounc'd the Law twice over ; the first time with that hast , as if the whole Law had been but one word ; but at the second going over , leisurely and distinctly . Whereupon they say , that in this portion of Scripture the accents are upon every word doubled , to denote that double delivery , the one a note of speed , the other of stop and pause . This ( I suppose ) they gather from the two words here used , as if he spoke them in hast , and said them at leisure ; or whether they thought it fit the Law should be delivered twice by word of mouth , as well as twice written upon tables . Whether this were so or no , matters not much ; only it should be our prayer and endeavour , that they might be spoken over twice to us , to the ear first , and then to the heart , to the inward man as well as to the outward ; & though we have not the advantages of those terrours and dreadful circumstances , wherewith the Law was at first delivered , to prepare us with a prostrate humility and a devout reverence , yet let us imagine that we hear the trumpet sound to judgement , and awaken our attention ; and let us think we see the flames of Hell , & those everlasting burnings , whither the transgressors of this Law must be dispatch'd , and possess our souls with fear , and hearken what the Lord will say to his servants . The Preface . Had God surpris'd them with this terrible appearance , they might have been swallow'd up in their fears , and been lost in those dazling amazements ; therefore he gave them two dayes time to prepare themselves ; & here before he makes known to them his Law , he acquaints them with the Lawgiver ; and that he might put their affections into a suitable temper for so solemn an occasion , he makes an Introductory Preface , wherein he lays down the arguments of their obedience , taken partly from his power & Soveraignty , in that he is the Lord ; partly from his mercy and kindness seen first generally , in that relation wherein he plac'd himself to them , as being their God ; and more particularly discover'd in a late great deliverance he wrought for them , and that both in respect of place out of a strange country ; he had brought them forth out of the Land of Egypt ; and in respect of condition , out of a slavish and toilsom drudgery ; out 〈◊〉 the House of bondage . I Who now speak to thee from the midst of fire , out of the thick cloud , the fear of thy Fathers , Abraham , Isaac , and Iacob ; I that appear'd to Moses in the burning bush , cloathed with Majesty and dread ; I who have carried thee upon Eagles wings , and have brought thee thus to my self , to shew my statutes unto thee , and to make known my laws . Hear O Israel and fear and observe to do ; for I AM THE LORD . The maker of all things , the absolute Soveraign of the World , Iehovah , the Fountain of beings ; who give being also to my word and promise : there is nothing resists my will ; for my power is infinite : wherefore stand in aw and fear before me ; the subjection and homage of all creatures being due to me by right of creation ▪ all things are my servants , for from me and to me are all things : I spake the Word , and they were , & are created ; I made all things according to my good pleasure , and for my own glory ; and men more especially for my service ; and amongst all the sons of men I have chose you for my select people , for I am THY GOD by Covenant as well as by Creation , by promise no less then by providence ; I made my self known to thy Fathers , and engag'd my loving kindness to them and to their posterity after them ; I took a particular care of you , when you were but few in number , that the Nations about you might do you no harm : I supported you under your burdens in Egypt , and multiply'd you when you were sorely oppress'd , in so much that of seventy persons you are become a great people ; I have own'd you as my charge ▪ and have done wondrous things for you in the land of Cham , and HAVE BROUGHT THEE OUT with a strong hand and stretched out arm in the sight & pursuit of Pharaoh & all his hoast , who sunk in the midst of the red Sea , which divided it self to give thee passage dry-shod ; 'T was not thy own wit , nor thy own strength , that has brought about this great deliverance for thee , but it must be confess'd even to the astonishment of the heathen roundabout , that my wisdom contriv'd , and my power hath effected it by the conduct of my faithful servant Moses , who by my appointment & by the guidance of my holy Angel , has led thee OUT OF THE LAND OF EGYPT . Where thou wast by the tyranny of Pharaoh & his task-masters , cruelly dealt with , and slavishly imployed , having neither freedom of body nor of soul , deny'd all opportunityes of serving thy self or thy God , captiv'd amongst Idolaters , straightned in a q land of straits , in so much that thy number increasing , they sought to destroy thee by cruel edicts ; hating thee out of Antipathy , as a stranger and of another religion , and out of fear , because they saw thee grow numerous : wherefore after so many years captivity in a strange and Heathen Land , I have call'd thee forth to bring thee to a countrey of peace and plenty , flowing with milk and hony ; and above all , the Land of promise , and which , if you will be a holy people , will deservedly be stiled the Holy Land OUT OF THE HOUSE OF BONDAGE . Out of that prison from whence your sighs and groanes have oft pierc'd Heaven , out of that Bridewell , where you were kept to make brick , and raise huge piles , to be la●●ing monuments of your misery and the tyrants lust , without the allowance of any thing for your labour but blowes ; not so much as stubble affoorded , & yet your full tale of bricks required at your hands . Consider now at distance , what a sad life thou hast escaped ; the day spent in toils , and the night in complaints : the Nation kept under in poverty and disgrace , and none to relieve thee so much as with their pitty , but thy God , who have brought thee aside into this solitude , that I might make my self and my laws known to thee ; a favour ; which I have not shown to any nation besides ; that I may espouse thee unto my self , and make thee a Kingdom of Priests , and a holy people , if thou wilt obey my Statutes & hearken to my Law , which I am now proclaiming in thy ears . I am the Lord , that have right to command , and power to punish , and therefore fear before me . I am thy God , who have enter'd into Covenant with thee , and will reward those that keep Covenant , wherefore I exspect thy love . I have brought thee forth of Egypt from a sad bondage , where thou wast oppress'd with slavery and want , & shall provide for thee Libertie and plenty , and therefore I look for gratitude : and let all three , thy fear , thy love , and thy gratitude tye thee fast unto me the Lord and thy God , and thy mighty deliverer , and oblige thee to an attention and obedience to my Law. Now although this historical passage concerning the delivery out of Egypt be peculiar to the children of Israel ▪ yet the obligation and the force of the argument will reach all people whatsoever ; and the Preface is by Analogie , of as large and universal an extent , as the Law it self . For at Christ's death the vail of the Temple was rent in twain , and the wall of separation which distinguished the Iews ( formerly the only people of God ) from the rest of the nations ( who had been till then heathen , and as it were excommunicate out of the pale of the Church , ) was broken down ; so that all the nations of the world , are now engaged in Covenant with God , and have undertaken , and made a stipulation in Baptism , to be his people , and He to be their God. And this History is turn●d into Allegory , and denotes the salvation purchas'd by Christ , who hath redeem'd us from a spiritual Egypt , and the slavery of sin , and hath led us forth out of the regions of darkness , and the bondage of servile fears , to the inheritance of light , and the glorious priviledges of the Gospell . Besides if we take the deliverance in a temporal sense , who is there , that , when he recounts the several passages of his life , will not acknowledge God's gracious dealings , and his wonderful mercies , in providing for him in his wants , preserving him from imminent dangers and delivering him from his fears , and the evil consequencies many times of his follies ? so that if he have any ingenuity , upon so many instances of divine favour , and particular kindness , he must needs confess , that God is the Lord his God. These words may be look'd on also more particularly to relate to the first Commandement , not only as an indication of him , whom we are to own , as our God ; but as a reason too , why we should own him . Nor will it so have the less influence upon the other Commandements , since all religous duties depend upon the knowledge and fear of God ; and Atheism is that root of bitterness , from whence all transgressions spring : for . i The fool hath said in his heart , There is no God , and then it follows , They have corrupted their way , they have done abominably . The first Commandement . THOU SHALT HAVE NO OTHER GODS . Thou shalt not follow the example of blind Pagans , and entertain a multitude of gods , nor pay that devotion to any of the creatures which is due to the creator alone ; nor set up in thy heart any thing in opposition to me , or give thy self up to the obedience of any lust , nor hearken to the suggestions of Satan , nor be rul'd by the vanity of this wicked world , nor turn Atheist and live without God in the world ; but shalt acknowledge me the only one God in three Persons , and shalt learn to know me , the Infinite , Almighty , Everlasting , and Ever blessed God ; & shalt fear before me , and have thy thoughts taken up with the meditation of my Nature and my Will , my Word and my Works : and shalt admire me in my Attributes , & obey me in my Commands ; thou shalt set me alwayes before thee , that thou mayst walk in my wayes ; thou shalt perform to me that Homage , as is due by right of creation ; thou shalt observe my providences , stand in aw of my Iudgements , and have regard to my mercies ; nor shalt thou ascribe whatever befals thee to chance or fortune , to thy own wit or strength , but look on all events as the contrivances of my wisdom , and the effects of my power ; Thou shalt bear a love to my name , and take thy delight in my Law ; Thou shalt give up thy heart to me , and serv me with truth in the inward parts ; Thy understanding shall be busily imployed in feeling after me , and finding me out , according as I have made manifestations of my self , in my word and in my works , and shall guide thee by the dictates of my holy Spirit . Thy will shall be enclin'd to a perfect compliance with my will , according to the rules of Holiness and Righteousness , and thy affections shall be wholly carried out to me as to their proper & only object ; Thou shalt believe in me , and put thy trust in me , and love me , and love those that doe love me , and hate those that hate me , and what I hate with a perfect hatred Sin ; thou shalt rejoyce in my favour , and delight thy self in me ; nor shalt thou take any occasion of sadness but from my displeasure , and let fall thy countenance when I hide mine ; thou shalt meekly submit to my disposals , and burn with zeal for my glory ; thy soul shall cleave fast unto me , and thou shalt serve me faithfully all the dayes of thy life ; Thou shalt behave thy self alwayes as in my presence , and shalt have respect to me , and be afraid of doing any thing that may offend me , in the deepest retirements of thy most private thoughts , for all things lye open and naked before me . BEFORE ME. This is added to shew God's Omnipresence , as a grievous aggravation of the sin , that the setting up another God , though never so secretly , though never so much out of the sight of men , will be a down right affront to the searcher of hearts , to God who sees in secret ; and that he will not indure the competition of any rival , for he alone is the God that made Heaven and Earth , and whatsoever else fond superstition has found out for the object of worship , is either the work of his hands , or the work of mens hands . This circumstance may justly affright us into a great circumspection and wariness , for the ordering our thoughts and composing our desires , of setling our spirits and governing the inward man , since God's all piercing eye is upon us , & he understands even our thoughts afar of . Some Interpreters render it . s Beside me . And this though it be not so Emphatical as the other particle , yet it more plainly infers the affirmative part of the precept , i.e. Thou shalt have no other Gods , but thou shalt have me for thy God. The Hebrew affords a pretty note from the Syntax , t the Verb being of a different number from the Noun , that Singular and this Plural , as if it would be a solecism and irregular construction , to own more Gods then one , since there can be but one Infinite , one first cause , one supream ; and if we should fancie a Pluralitie of Gods , in a coordination , the one would bound , and hinder and countermand the other ; and if we fancie them in a subordination 't is only the highest is God , the rest are no Gods. There are indeed ( v as the Apostle sayes ) Gods many , and Lords many , i.e. such as are called Gods , titular Gods ; yet we have but one God , the Father , of whom are all things , and we in him , and one Lord Iesus Christ , through whom are all things , and we through him ; for as he said immediately before . We know that an Idoll is nothing in the world , and that there is no God but one . If now we would but search into our selves , and make inquiry into our hearts , how little ( I fear ) should we find of God there ? How full should we see our selves of superstition & prophaneness ? Having plac'd worse things in God's stead , then any of his own creatures , which was the folly of Heathenism ; setting up self in the Throne , serving divers lusts and pleasures , preferring every vanity before him , making our Belly , our interest , our sport , our sin , our God. Setting not his fear before our eyes , nor living at all to his glory ; and in short , being by profession indeed , Christians , but in conversation , Atheists , who know that there is a God , & yet glorifie him not as God , so that we may justly make use here of the Churches Prayer , Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. The second Commandement . The first prescribes the object of our worship , and forbids a false God ; This regulates the manner and way of worship , and prohibits a false service of the true God. And herein the confidence of the Roman-Church is to be admir'd , which to defend its Idolatry , fears not to commit sacriledge , and casheirs this Commandement from being one of the ten , thinking they make good amends , by as absurdly parting the Tenth , as they have audaciously remov'd this . And what they say for themselves , that they doe not worship the Image it self , but God at , or by , or through the Image , and that the service is transient to the Idoll and terminated upon God , is no more then an ingenuous Idolater of Heathen Rome would have said ; seeing no man of understanding could be so blockish , as to pay the civility of his devotions to a log of wood , or to an Artist's phantasm , and caress a dead thing ; but they surely meant their Adoration to the Deity represented and understood by that gross resemblance . Possibly the vulgar sort lookt no farther then the Idoll it self , which may ( I suppose without breach of Charity ) be thought of a great part of the Laity amongst these Christian Idolaters , whose Ignorance is the mother of their Devotion , who if they knew God better according to the first Commandement , would not worship Images contrary to the second . This Commandement hath two parts , an Explication , and a Reason ; The explication first of the object what is meant by Idoll , set down in two terms , Graven Image , or any likeness , amplified by Induction or a particular enumeration of things in Heaven above , in the earth beneath , or in the water under the earth , which are the three great parts of the Univers , wherein all things are contained : by this means leaving no evasion for Idolatry , no thing , no place unnam'd , that might be abus'd to such a purpose . Secondly of the Act , what the making to ones self means , and that in two terms too , Bowing down to them , or Adoration , and worship or service , For so the word in the original expresses it , forbidding the Dulia the lower worship , as well as the Latria , the higher , and voiding that idle distinction of two sorts of religious worship . The Reason is fetch'd from the nature of God , represented here by four attributes , His power for he is a strong God , so the Hebrew word El signifies , and so the Septuagint render it . His jealousie ; He is a jealous God. His Iustice , demonstrated in his vengeance upon sinners ; And his mercy , that he deals kindly with the righteous ; where he aggravates the guilt of the one , and heightens the respect of the other , by the title he gives them ; Those he stiles his enemyes and haters , i.e. those which transgress his Laws , especially this : These his friends and lovers , to wit , that keep his Commandements . And he is just and merciful not only to them , but to their posterity after them also , yet with this difference that his vengeance stops at the third or fourth generation , but his kindness propagates it self to thousands . THOU SHALT NOT MAKE UNTO THEE . This do's not then simply forbid making Images or pictures , nor condemn the Art of the graving toole and the Pencil , as if carving and painting were sinfull employments . Statues and Pictures may be had for civil use , i.e. for ornament , for memorial or some historical representation ; but the religious use of them is forbidden , so as to set them up to worship , as Nebuchadnezar gave order for his Image , and as the Israelites caus'd Aaron to make them a calf , which whether they had from the Egyptians practice , or transcrib'd from the copy of the Tabernacle , where the Cherubs were in the same shape , it was so provoking a sin , that u Moses in zeal broke all the Commandements in pieces to see them break this one ; yet these Cherubs and other pictures , in all manner of curious work , were in the Tabernacle and afterwards in the Temple , without scandal ; for 't is not the Image but the Image-worship that God is offended at . ANY GRAVEN IMAGE OR ANY LIKENESS . The former word is of a limited sense , but this latter is so general as to denote all pictures , or resemblances whatsoever , whither carv'd , and cut out , in wood or stone , or cast in brass or other mettle , or limn'd and drawn in colours , or interwoven and embroider'd in cloth , or whatever other way art and fancy can find out . OF ANY THING THAT IS IN HEAVEN ABOVE . The Sun , Moon and Stars , such as the horses of the Sun , ( we read of , ) and the star of Remphan , and w Diana of the Ephesians ; or in the highest heavens , Saints and Angels , blessed spirits . OR THAT IS IN THE EARTH BENEATH . As trees , groves and high places , herbs , as those of Egypt worshipped their leeks and onions , birds and beasts it being the heathen fashion ( x as the Apostle too observes it ) to change the glory of the incorruptible God into such unworthy similitudes . Or men themselves , though a diviner creature , whether living , as Herod was ador'd ; or dead , it being a common use , to canonize those after death who deserved well in their life ; nay even the worst of Tyrants , that have liv'd the prodigies of mankind , have had a fear and reverence survive them , so far as to have their names consecrated , and get the opinion of divinity , after their deaths . OR THAT IS IN THE WATERS UNDER THE EARTH , as fishes , Sea-monsters , such as y Dagon . for the mistaken devotion of the poor Heathens fill'd all the Elements with imaginary Deities . Nor did Heaven ; Earth , and Sea , afford room enough to their busy fancy , but they have searched Hell too , for some what to worship , and the Divel himself has not escaped the base flatteries of men : The Indians to this very day worshipping him , and perswaded by those frightful apparitions he makes , to think that their devotion is not misplaced ; nor is it much wonder , when his instruments , grand Usurpers and Impostors of the world , have been own'd by abused people , into a divine esteem , and honoured with blasphemous Idolatry . THOU SHALT NOT BOW DOWN TO THEM , by prostration of thy body , falling flat on thy face , or bending thy knee , shew them any respect , as the manner was to worship Baal i.e. the image of Baal , for so z the Apostle renders it , Baal or Belus himself having been a great Prince , and for his magnificence and great atchievements , consecrated by his country-men to divine worship . NOR WORSHIP THEM or NOR SERVE THEM , for the a other word is more frequently us'd for worship ▪ thou shalt not give them any honour , nor wait upon them with any attendance , but look upon them as they are in themselves , as dead liveless things , that cannot help themselves , that have eyes and see not , &c. Thou shalt not offer to them sacrifice , nor do any other act of service as belongs to God's worship ; And 't is strange to consider how furious even the Israelites were grown , in their Idolatrous practises , when they caus'd their own children to pass through the fire to Moloch , performing that to the Divel , which Abraham was not permitted to doe to the true God. Where we see the difference betwixt true Religion and Idolatry , that God restrains his servants , from those austerities which he might require , but the Divel puts on his worshippers upon the most bloody , and unnatural cruelties . Thus Baal's priests , and b some others were instructed to cut and slash themselves , and as it were offer up themselves , an unreasonable service . Thus far the precept , now follows the reason of the precept . FOR I THE LORD THY GOD AM A STRONG GOD ; or as the Septuagint and Vulgar read it , I am the Lord thy God , repeating that double obligation which was used in the Preface , taken from the power of God , and his goodness . That he is a strong God , implyes how much he differs from any Idol , for an Idol is nothing in the world . God is El , but these Idols are Elilim , Gods of no force and of no worth , and Gelilim , dunghil gods . The Divel at best ( which is one of his dreadfullest titles ) is but Beelzebub , a god of flyes , but God is the Lord of Housts . 'T is God's usual challenge to these Idols that rob him of his worship , when he tells them that he made Heaven and Earth , and they sorry things were themselves made by the hands of men . The Prophet Isaiah has in a hansom Irony , put Idols themselves out of countenance , chap. 44. a place worth the turning to , for any one that is in danger of being tempted to sottish Idolatry . IEALOUS Who will not part with his honour to another that will be loved without a rival ; and though he despise not a broken heart , yet will not accept a divided one , but will have all or none ; and which is the effect of jealousie , when he finds the affections goe astray from him and wander after other loves , he turns his extreme love into extreme hatred , & those flames burn into rage . 'T is an Allegorie God often delights to use , comparing his Church , ( his beloved ones ) to a spouse or betrothed wife & himself to a kind but jealous husband . Idolatry he accounts disloyalty to his bed , and frequently expostulates with his people for their going a whoring after their own inventions , and their spiritual fornications , and threatens a Bill of divorce , yet so that upon the Harlot's return and amendment he will receive her again into the embraces of his love . There are two qualityes in jealousy , which render it terrible ; that 't is very watchfull , to find the offence ; and as revengeful , to punish it . And these the more dreadfull in God , in that his knowledge is infallible , his power irresistible , and his vengeance unsufferable . And if God allow'd such c cruel tryals to the bare surmises of men , to prove the fidelity of their wives ; how will the cup of his wrath rot the thighs , and the wombs , the posterity ( I mean ) of Idolatrous worshippers , that provoke him to jealousy with their abominations ? VISITING . A word taken from the manner of Magistrates dealing with offenders , who first goe with a commission to examine and enquire into the fact ; to show God's leisurely proceeding to sentence ; as in the case of Sodom , he went down to see whether the sin was according to the cry ; and so before , came down to view the tower of Babel , and take a judicial cognisance of the bold attempt of the builders , before he confounded them and their language . He visits then in judgement , when he comes to punish , and to afflict for sin : whence 't is usual to say of the plague or any grievous sickness , it is Gods visitation . THE INIQUITY . If an iniquity will not scape , what will become of gross transgressions ? And if children must smart for the iniquity of their parents , what judgements are prepar'd for an Idolatrous posterity ? what penaltyes must the parents themselves , ( who are wilfull transgressors , and Idolaters ) expect to undergoe ? Thus the words afford a gradation . OF THE FATHERS . Mens sins doe not dye with them , but survive ; and the wicked man leaves a sad legacy to his relations , and makes divine vengeance his executor . So much is posterity concern'd , in the virtues or vices of their Ancestours , that according as the fathers are good or bad , so the children are to inherit a blessing or a curse . Happy are those children , who can challenge a share in God's favour , by their interest in their Father's Covenant with God ; and as unhappy that family , which hath God's wrath intail'd upon it , by the wickedness of a progenitour . What load of judgement is to fall upon the latter ends of the world , when not only our own sins goe over our head , as a burden too heavy for us to bear but the iniquityes of former times are also added to the heap . UPON THE CHILDREN . This procedure seems to thwart the rules of Iustice ; if the fathers eat sour grapes , shall the childrens teeth be set an edge ? God himself has d other where disclaim'd this course . The son shall not bear the father's iniquity , nor the father the son's , but the soul that sins , that shall dye : it must be an extraordinary offence needs , that puts God upon such an extraordinary way , that makes him involve posterity in the calamity of their predecessour's guilt . 'T is answer'd , & the e 〈…〉 speaks it plain , that 〈…〉 is conditional , and supposes the children to tread in the steps of their fathers ; and then it will be but just that , if the sin run in a blood , the punishment should descend too , And indeed the Text affords this answer ; for though we render it of them that hate me , the f Greek is more close to the Hebrew , to them that hate me ; to intimate , that only those children shall suffer for their father's Idolatry , who practise it themselves ; And 't is commonly observed , that children rather become worse then their parents then better , by adding their own personal wickedness to that which they draw from their loyns ; besides the great advantages , which domestick examples have , powerfully to recommend any vice to childrens imitation . This then will be no more then what we doe to young wolves , whom we execute not only for the mischiefs the old 〈…〉 for a mischievous nature of their own . Thus treason to a 〈…〉 the blood of the whole family down-ward , and Idolatry is no less then high Treason to the King of Kings . Another answer is , that temporal afflictions are here meant , which many times lay hold upon innocent persons , for the guilt of their relations . For we must not suppose , that all are wicked who appear wretched , seeing that Innocence may be exercis'd with the miseries of this life , which will be acquitted from the torments hereafter ; justice so contriving it , that the fathers shall see themselves punish'd in the affliction of their children . TO THE THIRD AND FOURTH GENERATION . Gods glory is so much concern'd in this Commandement , that upon the violation of it he gives the reins to his fury , and vengeance reaks it self upon the offender , and those that belong to him so fiercely , that the children unborn shall rue it . Upon other occasions he thinks it enough , g to bring the delinquent himself to punishment ; but in this , the whole family lyes at stake , and his anger , as if he had design'd them immediately for Hell-fire , burns from generation to generation . One will not afford fewel enough for wrath , nor sacrifice sufficient for atonement ; nor will the Three Persons of the God-head , whose Majesty is wounded by Idolatrous worship , be contented with two ; but there must be a third generation to satisfy the injured Trinity ; And because the sinner may live to see his great grand-children , there shall be added a fourth , in the sight of whose miseryes he may suffer . Thrice then and four times i.e. compleatly and fully accursed , are Idolaters . The meaning may be too , that judgement may sleep a while and forbear , till one or two generations are over ; but God will awake , and pursue , and overtake the sinner , at the least in his third , or fourth generation , and account with him in his posterity . OF THEM THAT HATE ME. And who those are , the opposition will shew ; for who are those that love God ? ' ris added by way of explanation , Those that keep his Commandements , who are those that hate him then , but those that break them ? A Character which he particularly fixes upon Idolaters , as if this Commandement were most dear to him , and he had no enemyes but those that wrong him in his worship . AND SHEWING MERCY . This looks like Sun shine after a storm ; As God's justice deterrs from evil , so his mercy invites to good . The command is temper'd & mixt with threat and promise , which though it come last of the two , is not the least ; but what it wants in the hast of proposal , it has in the proportion of its extent ; for whereas justice reach'd but to three or four generations , mercy spreads it self . UNTO THOUSANDS . i.e. thousand generations ; or else it do's not answer the third and fourth of the threat . How merciful an expression this to stretch out mercy for many centuryes of years , for some hundreds of generations beyond the end of the world ; h for by computation Adam himself in strait line cannot be conceiv'd to have so many generations descending from him , when three fourteens i.e. fourty and two generations make up the whole Genealogie of Christ , up to Abraham ; and from Abraham upward are not very many . This was to shew the Infinite excess of his mercy over his Iustice , even to a boast , which will be made good too ; for if God's servant have not generations enough to be partners with him in glory , his own glory will receive the greater additions , and himself inherit the blessing , which would have been due to his posterity . OF THEM THAT LOVE ME , AND KEEP MY COMMANDEMENTS . Or as i the Hebrew has it , and the Greek renders it , To those that love me ; seeing that the children of the Godly forfeit their share in the promises , if they be not godly too , and their wickedness makes them uncapable of a blessing ; k as God himself has declar'd it : For Heaven is indeed an inheritance , as God the Father of mercyes of his free grace bestows it ; but 't is a purchase too , as we are bound to strive to enter , and to work out our salvation . Yet 't is true in a temporal sense , and observation will make it good , that the wicked children of godly parents have some what extraordinary providence attend them in this world , and 〈◊〉 much 〈…〉 for their fathers 〈…〉 God 〈…〉 tender of their concerns , 〈…〉 for his , and 〈…〉 promis'd , that it shall be well with those that fear him , and with their 〈◊〉 after them . He owns them here as friends , and will not forget them in their relations , but will shew them all the kindness , which the● are capable of . And thus the Israelites in their distresses thought it a great argument in their Prayers to plead with God , not the merits , but the memoryes of their fore-fathers , Abraham , 〈◊〉 and Iacob . What better portion can a loving father provide for his children ? what greater legacy of love leave behind him , then God's favour , and 〈◊〉 est in divine mercy ? Who are those God here calls his Lovers , his Friends ? those 〈◊〉 keep his commands , that observe his precepts . For indeed friendship consists in the union of minds , and the compliance of wills : And 't is the nature of love to seek by all means to please the party loved , and not to cross his desires or give him any offence . This is the true mark of our love to God , if we are carefull to keep his commands , to doe what he would have us doe . And who would not love God , that loves himself ? and seek his friendship , who is so ready to engage his kindness to us and our heirs for ever , and requite our love a thousand fold ? This reason , as it contains a threat and a promise , and is grounded upon the Iustice and mercy of God , is common to all the Commandements ; but is peculiarly annex'd to this , as that which God takes the greatest care of , and is most jealous of the breach ; and it may justly occasion our wonder , to consider that notwithstanding God's strictness in propounding the command , and his severity upon the breaches ; yet his own people have been ever forward to run into Idolatry , and to take example from those very nations , whom they themselves for this very sin , have by God's command rooted out of their land and country : So that it should seem there was but too great reason , why this reason should be set particularly to back this command . The meaning of the precept is this . Thou shalt not make use of any Image , whether graven of whatsoever metall , gold or silver ; or cut out of stone , or carv'd in wood , or fashion'd in wax , or what other material soever , or any picture drawn or pourtray'd in cloth , paper , &c. or any likeness and resemblance of any creature in the whole world , for a religious purpose , in the way of worship , upon any pretence . Thou shalt not worship the work of mens hands , or the work of their brains , neither Image nor imagination ; none of my creatures , much less any of thine own . Thou shalt neither worship them , nor me by them ; but shalt consult my word , and fetch thence the rules and wayes of worship ; Thou shalt not be led by the example of Heathen-people , whose ignorance of me may be some excuse to their Idolatry , to follow their practises , and turn my glory into the likeness of any corruptible thing . The Sun and Moon and Stars above thee shall not dazzle thy mind by their lustre , so as to forget me , and pay that homage to those glorious lights , which is due to me , who live in unapproachable light ; The trees and springs , bread and wine , and other blessings of life , shall not for their usefulness and for that helpful virtue , which I their Creator have put into them , win so much upon thy affections , as to asscribe that honour to them , which belongs to their Maker ; nor shall the wonders of the deep , and the prodigious secrets , which I have laid in the womb of the seas , swallow up thy admiration , so as to drown that respect which thou oughtst to have for me ; the sight of whatsoever excellency , or convenience , or dreadfulness in any of the creatures , shall but serve to give thee an occasion of magnifying my glorious perfections , and goodness and power ; not to fix thy devotion upon them ; for I commanded and they were made for my own glory , and for thy use , not for thy worship ; The Angels thou shalt respect as my messengers , and receive my errands with reverence , but shalt not by worshipping them make them my fellows ▪ The Saints who now rest from their labour , and have left thee their examples of a holy life , thou shalt remember with thanks and endeavour to imitate , and thus make them the object not of my jealousy , but of thy l emulation . The evill spirits shall not fright thee into religious observance , being able to doe no more hurt then I let them ; Thou shalt not with base flattery Idolize the persons of men , whether they be Good or Great , but carry a respect subordinate to me ; In fine , Thou shalt not set thy affections , and respects upon any thing , so as to make it an Image of jealousy . Thou shalt not fall flat on thy face before any creature , or its resemblance , nor bow thy knee nor kiss thy hand , nor make any other sign of adoration , nor pray to them , or before them , or use any other gesture of worship , however thou mayst pretend to direct thy intention ; nor shalt thou pay them any religious service or attendance , by building groves , temples and altars , by making priests , and appointing sacrifices or any other rites . But thou shalt worship me the Lord thy God , and me alone shalt thou serve , in body as well as soul ; for I am the Creatour of both ; and though I am a spirit , and am to be worshipped in spirit and in truth , yet your bodyes also shall be temples of my holy spirit , & I will be sanctified in them in the use of such holy rites and Ceremonies , as I have appointed , & shall hereafter appoint in my word and by my Church ; that all things in my service may be done decently , & in order . Thou shalt therefore worship me according to my appointments , come to my house in my fear , & behave thy self with care and reverence in the holy place , whilst thou art in my presence , in the performance of all religious acts , and shalt bow down to me , & kneel before the Lord thy Maker . Thou shalt not consult with witches , or use other unlawful means , nor shalt thou regard sorceries , or any superstitious observances . Lastly , thou shalt give thy self up wholly , both in body , soul and spirit , to my worship , and shalt dedicate thy self so to my service , that thy body also may become a Temple of the holy Ghost . And all this thou must be the more carefull of , that thou mayst not deprive me of that homage , which I expect from thee , and give away my glory to another , when thou considerst my jealousy to observe such indignityes , and my power to avenge them ; the severity of my Iustice in punishing Idolaters and their posterity after them , and the multitude of my Mercyes to them and theirs after them , who have a respect for me , and a care to keep my commands . Now if we would take notice , how full the world is of Idolatry , when neer three parts of four in the whole habitable world are Mahumetans and Pagans ; and the greatest part of Christianity is ingag'd in Image-worship ; what cause have we to fear the severest judgements of a jealous God ? How guilty has this Land of late been of the basest Idolatry , in the blasphemous addresses to usurping powers , and imputing the villanous artifices of wicked men , to the holy Spirit of God ? How have schisms , like armyes of locusts over-spred , and eat up the Churches of God in these Nations ? every one severally inventing fal●● wayes of worship , and setting up th●● abomination of desolation . How has Idolatry and Antichristian doctrine prevail'd amongst us , and been eagerly ▪ assisted by a seeming opposition ? How many Corahs , Dathans and Abirams , have been own'd & follow'd by giddy multitudes , that have offer'd strange fire , and maintain'd rebellion against the sacred orders , and institutions of the Church ? What credit hath Sorcery , and Astrology , of late years , gotten , that many have forsaken their own prudence , and God's providence too , and given themselves up to a lying spirit . How is Self and Sin made the great Idol of all our devotions , and how do we every day provoke God to jealousy with our lusts ? Sure then we have great reason to pray in the Churches words , Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. As the second gives order for the carriage of our Body , so the third sets down a rule for the chief part of the body , the Tongue ; That prescribes postures , This regulates our speech ; That takes care for Gods Worship , This for his Name . It likewise consists of two parts , the Precept it self , and the Reason of the precept . THOU SHALT NOT TAKE , to wit , into thy mouth ; thou shalt not mention & make use of God's name in thy ordinary discourse : And more particularly , thou shalt not swear , as the three m Eastern Interpretations have it exactly to the Hebrew phrase ; for to lift up God's Name , signifies to swear ; and so in the 24. Psalm , He that hath not lift up his soul to vanity , is expounded by the words immediately following , That has not sworn deceitfully . THE NAME OF THE LORD THY GOD. God's Name is here put not only for those appellations , whereby he is distinguish'd , but for the divine Attributes also , for his Word and his Works , and all other discoveries , which he makes , of his Essence , power , wisdom , goodness , as has been said before in the first Petition of the Lord's Prayer . IN VAIN . Idly , to no purpose , n rashly , upon every slight or silly occasion , in common talk , or in any frivolous matter , without due reverence and heedfulness ; or o falsly , in the defence and justification of a lye : and thus the word in its latitude includes the three qualifications of an Oath , that it be made p in judgement , in justice , and in truth . The reason follows , FOR THE LORD WILL NOT HOLD HIM GUILTLESS , THAT TAKETH HIS NAME IN VAIN . i.e. He will not q clear and acquit him , and let him scape unpunish'd , that shall dare to call the all-knowing . God to witness a lye . Two Observes that word Iehovah or Lord helps us to ; as having a double Emphasis ; One is , that however a false or a vain swearer may pass , as to the notice and penalty of humane Lawes , God will find out the offender and punish him . Another is , that it is said here only , the Lord , whereas before , 't was said the Lord thy God , to shew that perjury and rash oaths are sins of that nature , that God will not only punish his own people for , but even the Heathens and Infidels , whose Lord indeed he is , but he is not their God. And Heathen story is full of such examples , wherein the breach of oath has been constantly followed with remarkable vengeance . And that is intimated in that negative threat , which signifies more then it speaks out , He will not hold him guiltless ; meaning , that he will most certainly punish . The sense of the Command then is this ; Thou shalt not use my Name upon a design of cheat , and to cover a lye ; thou shalt not forswear thy self by calling me to witness a known falshood , and thus call some heavy vengeance upon thine own head : But thou shalt , when thou art call'd by the Magistrate thereunto , bear faithfull witness to the truth which thou knowst , and shalt make good thy promises . Thou shalt not blaspheme my Name , by rash and needless oaths , nor upon every mean & paultry occasion make mention of it ; but shew a reverence and a regard to it , and take it into thy mouth with solemn care and weighty consideration . When necessity so requires , and Authority commands , for the decision of strife , and to put an end to controversie , thou shalt swear by me , and by me alone , who onely know the secrets of hearts , and am able to avenge the falshood . Thou shalt have an awfull respect for every thing that belongs to me ; thou shalt peruse my word with diligence and attention , reading , and hearing , and meditating in it day and night ; It shall never depart out of thy mouth . Thou shalt honour my Ministers the Preachers of my Word , & the dispens●rs of my holy Ordinances . Thou shalt magnifie and praise my Name in the remembrance of all my wondrous works . Thou shalt take notice of my Iudgements and my mercyes , and in all events , speak well of my Name , and whatsoever falls out in the affairs and interests of the world to say still , the Name of the Lord be praised . And to conclude , Thou shalt walk in my fear , in thy distress call upon my Name , be frequent in Prayer , and in praise , lift up thy heart and thy voice to me who hear in Heaven , and so order thy conversation , that thou mayst not cause my Name to be evill spoken of ▪ but shalt live suitably to thy holy profession , that all that see thy good works , may glorifie me , and by thy example may be taught to love and fear my Name . Let us but take a view of our selves , and see whether we are such as the Lord will hold guiltless . Have not we taken the Lord's Name in vain , when generally it has been used as a stale to base interest , and a cloak for hypocrisie and tyranny ? when our Pulpits have prefix'd the Name of the Lord to the blackest designs , and those who would be thought strictest in prosessing the Name of the Lord , have set on foot rebellion , under the title of the Cause of God ? when there has been such breaking of Oaths , and making of Covenants , against the Laws of God and man ? In so much that for our swearing backward and forward , as the villany of these late times has taught men to doe , we may justly be term'd the perjur'd Nation ? when our orthodox teachers have been thrown into corners with indigence and contempt , that the basest of the people might fill their hands , and become Priests to a Tyrant's interest ? when prosperous villany has been bless'd in the Name of the Lord , and suffering Innocence has been impleaded as guilty ? when swearing is in so much credit & is look'd on as the Character of Greatness , and rash oaths have the reputation of Gallantry ? when we that have the Name of God call'd upon us , live unworthy of that calling , & make his Name be evill spoken of ? O! let us pray as the Church has taught us , Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. The fourth Commandement . The third was the rule of our words , the fourth of our works , and that which is consequent to them , rest . That teaches us holy talk , This instructs us in holy walking for so our Church-Catechism has resolv'd the sense of this Command , to serve God faithfully all the dayes of our life ; so that 't is not the seaventh day onely , but all seaven , that we are to serve God in . He that would serve God well on the Sabbath in a holy rest , must first serve him in his week's labour , and doing the work of the six dayes well . The second and third concern the Manner of his worship , This more especially the Time. It hath also , as the other two had , two parts ; the Precept and the Reason of the precept . The precept is attended with a large explication , what is meant by Sabbath , and what meant by Keeping it Holy. First we may take notice of the extraordinary manner , wherein it is deliver'd ; 't is usher'd in with a Memento ; Then what is to be remember'd ; the Sabbath and the Sanctification of it : Then follows the explication , What is the Sabbath ? by Opposition first to our dayes of work , the other dayes of the week ; six dayes shalt thou labour and doe all thy work , which indeed is precept too , as well as concession , no less a Command to oblige us to diligence in our calling , then a Grant to give us leave to follow it . And the injunction is twofold , that we labour , take pains in our imployment , set our selves a work ; and that we finish and make an end of our business , and doe all that we have to doe . Then secondly by Position , which punctually sets down the day , But the seaventh day is the Sabbath . What is it next to Sanctify the Sabbath or keep it holy ? To doe no work on that day , nothing of our ordinary imployment , wherein the strictness of the Command appears , that all of the family as well as the Master , all of the city as well as the Magistrate are concern'd , being set down here by name . Thou master and mistress or magistrate , or whatever governour ; and thy natural dependencies , thy son and thy daughter : and thy acquired relations , whether by Covenant or hire , thy man●servant and thy maid servant ; or by purchase and possession , thy cattle ; or by sojourning , the stranger that is within thy gates . The reason is taken from God's own example , whereof we have first the Narration , how he made all things in six dayes and rested the seaventh ; and then the Design of his so doing , that he might appoint the Sabbath , wherefore he blessed the Sabbath-day , or ( as the Septuagint have it ) the seaventh day , and hallowed it . REMEMBER . We are too apt all over to forget our duty ; wordlings especially in the pursuit of their earthly concernments , would scarce make a stop at the Sabbath , and therefore this Command summons them with a particular Alarum ; a word of much weight , in the Hebrew Idiom , where the r Verb should be twice repeated , Remember to remember ; i.e. be sure by all means to remember ; and denotes the former old custom of keeping the Sabbath , even from the beginning of the world , and therefore presents it here as an ancient institution , to be remembred . And it quickens our care , not only for the observation of the day when it comes , but for our preparation for it , before it comes ; we must think of it all the week afore hand , and provide for it , that nothing may divert us from the celebration of it . THE SABBATH-DAY . A day of rest and leisure from the works of our ordinary calling , that ceasing thus from our earthly affairs , we may have opportunity to meditate on heavenly things , and lift up our souls , from the cares of this life , to the contemplation of those joyes & gloryes , which those that serve God shall have in the world to come , where there shall be an everlasting Sabbath . TO KEEP IT HOLY . To set it aside wholly for the service of God , in publick , by Prayer , reading and hearing God's Word , serving God in the solemn assembly ; & in private , by meditation and study of God's Book , and other holy exercises . We are to remember both the day , and the keeping the day holy : some are ready enough to remember the Sabbath , as a time of leisure , out of carnal indulgence , but they are not so ready to remember the duty of the day , to keep it holy , and improve it for spiritual advantage . SIX DAYES THOU SHALT LABOUR . This as it declares the precept , so it shews the equity of it , if God allow us six , we should not grudge him the seaventh ; Besides , it has the force of a command , and is deliver'd in the same manner as the other Commandements , Thou shalt labour . He that 's idle all the week , has no right to the Sabbath-rest . He that 's careless in doing his own work on the six dayes is unfit to be imployed in God's service on the seaventh . The s word many times hath a peculiar signification , for the service of God , and thus it will inferr , that every day is a Christian's Sabbath , and he is to be doing God's work , even when he is doing his own . AND SHALT DOE ALL THAT THOU HAST TO DOE . Dispatch all thy business , and leave nothing undone against the Sabbath , that thou mayst be wholly vacant , and have thy thoughts as well as thy body at rest , and , thy mind free from all distractions of worldly cares , thou mayst have nothing else to think upon , but the worship of God. This calls upon us for diligence in our callings , that we must not doe our work by halves , but go thorough with it ; And it gives a Typical intimation too , that we would in this week of our mortality set upon and accomplish the necessary work of Repentance , Faith , and Obedience ; that we may have all our accounts clear'd e're the eternal Sabbath come upon us , when , if we have left that work undone , we shall have no time allow'd us to go on with it ; and bring it to an end . BUT THE SEAVENTH DAY . This is the Ceremonial part of the Command , but that a seaventh should be kept is Moral . For the Iews in memory of the Creation , were to observe the seaventh Day ( which with us is Saturday , ) as their Sabbath , whereon God having made all things , rested ; But Christians in memory of a greater work , of Redemption , led by Apostolical practise , have constantly observ'd the first day of the week , to wit , Sunday , as their Sabbath , whereon our Saviour rose again from the dead , and shew'd himself to his Disciples . Another difference betwixt us is , that we are not obliged to that Iudaïcal strictness , but are allow'd a chearfull freedom , yet not so as to make it a day of pastime , for it follows that it is THE SABBATH OF THE LORD THY GOD , as appointed by him ; or s To the Lord thy God , as dedicated to his especial service ; a day , wherein thou art to contemplate the works of the Lord wrought in the Creation , and the mercyes of thy God , shown forth in thy Redemption ; a time set apart not for thy business , much less for thy sport , but for God's glory , and publick worship ; to be spent wholly in performances of holy dutyes . IN IT THOU SHALT DO NO MANNER OF WORK . Nothing of common drudgery , of thy ordinary vocation , of thy weeks work ; none of thy work ; for it 't is not meant that we should sit still and doe nothing : but works of piety ; as going to Church , and the Priest's offering their Sacrifices in the Old Law , &c. are God's work ; and works of necessity , as provision of food , &c. are the works of Nature ; and works of Charity , as healing the sick , taking the oxe or ass out of the pit , &c. are works of Grace . And these must and may be done without any violation of the Sabbath . THOU . God here cals all the family to an account : so careful he is of his own day . And whereas in the other Commandements Thou is directed to every body , here it carryes a special warrant to the superiour , seeming to require of him , that he not onely keep it himself in his own person , but take care also , that all in his charge keep it too . Thou whether thou art magistrate , master or mistress of the house , father , tutor , or whatever governour , imploy thy authority , to see my Sabbath duely observ'd . Yet not so as that the superiours negligence shall be an excuse for the inferior's ; for they are all spoken too here , by name . AND THY SON . Children are naturally more apt to neglect their duty , then able to perform it , or indeed willing to understand it . They must be taught it then and kept to it . Acquaint thy son therefore with my wayes , and instruct him in my fear . Train him up in good courses , that he may not be prepossess'd with vicious customs ; Bring him to Church , let him be couversant in Scripture , and learn the principles of Religion , and seek me early , that he may grow up , as in stature so in wisedom , and grace , and favour with God and good men . AND THY DAUGHTER . No age nor sex priviledg'd from Sabbath-duty . And these two words include all inferiours , who are not in a servile condition , all children , pupils , scholars , citizens , subjects , whose respective governours are particularly to heed their observance of this day . THY MAN-SERVANT , AND THY MAID SERVANT . All thy servants whether hired or bought , all that doe thee work and receive thy wages . Neither thy Avarice , nor their own lust shall imploy them , and cause them to absent themselves from my service . Servants that day 〈◊〉 God's servants , and their master's fellow-servants ; yet to be commanded and overlook'd by their masters , that they do serve God. And indeed it is the master's great interest , to see that this day be well observ'd in his family , since he cannot well expect that his own work should prosper , if God's work be neglected ; or that those servants will be faithfull in his service , who doe not care to serve God. THY CATTLE . The Greek reads here , as 't is express'd in Deuteronomie , and thy oxe , and thy ass , and thy cattle . i.e. all labouring beasts which man makes use of , for tillage of the ground , for carriage of burdens , for going of journeys , &c. that they also may rest from their usual labour , and may have a time of refreshment ; for there is a charity too due to these brute-servants , and the good man is mercifull to his beast . But does God take care of oxen ? Though they have a share in his providence , yet what are they concern'd in his Law , which is spiritual and holy ? 'T is for man's sake whom they serve , & in whose charge they are , that they are here mention'd : And indeed should the cattle have been left out , it might have look'd like an allowance to worldly-minded men , to have set them on work ; & the attendance of that would have prov'd the imployment of men too , for that beasts will hardly work alone , without the direction & oversight of men . NOR THY STRANGER THAT IS WITHIN THY GATES . He that sojourns with thee within thy city , & so the Magistrate is concern'd ; or thy guest in thy house , and so 't is the duty of the Master of the family ; to see , that strangers of what countrey or religion soever comply with this Law , and doe not violate the Sabbath-rest , by travell , keeping market , following their merchandise , or any other worldly occasions . The Hebrew t words are sometimes taken in a special strict sense , so as that the stranger means one of another countrey , converted to the Iewish profession and observances , call'd otherwise a Proselyte ; and the Gates being the place of session or assize , where the Iudges and Magistrates met for the tryall and decision of causes , mean the civil power and jurisdiction ; But they are here questionless to be taken in the larger and more common sense . FOR IN SIX DAYES , THE LORD . This is the reason of the Command , and shews farther the equity of it , that we would not think much to doe as God himself did , and indeed the morality of it too : for this reason concerns all mankind , Heathen , as well as Iew ; wherefore to intimate the universal obligation , it hath , it sayes not the Lord thy God as before , but only the Lord. MADE HEAVEN AND EARTH , THE SEA , AND ALL THAT IN THEM IS . He finish'd the work of creation , and did all which he had to do , in that first week of the world . And it would be worth our imitation , to consider , how God takes a review of every day's work , and it would be well for us , that we could every night , before we take our natural rest , take account of our actions , and see that they are good ; and at the weeks end before we enter upon this spiritual rest , survey the work of the whole week , and say of it , not that it were exceeding good , but that at least it were not exceeding evil . Two things in the method of God's working may be worth our particular notice , that v the evening is mention'd still before the morning , as if God had taken counsel o're night , what he should doe next day ; and that God made man last on the very Sabbath-eve , as if he had made him for no other purpose , then to keep the Sabbath , in the admiration of his works , and the celebration of his praise . AND RESTED THE SEAVENTH DAY . God might have been working on still , and set forth his power , in new productions ; for Omnipotence cannot be tired , nor Infinity be exhausted ; but he was pleas'd to put a period to his own extraordinary actings , and by his own will determin the products of his boundless power . Again , if he had pleas'd , he could have dispatch'd all his works in a day , in a moment , and not have made such leisurely progress , and have done all at once ; But he chose a number of dayes to accomplish his great design in ; six dayes , that there might be an orderly proportion , and distance of time betwixt the productions of the several creatures ; and but six , that the glory of his workmanship might not receive any disparagement from a seeming delay ; Now whether these six dayes , in which the world was making , were meant to signifie the continuance of the world for so many thousand years , a thousand years being in Gods reckoning but as a day , and the seaventh day of rest to typifie another thousand years of Christ's reign , or an everlasting Sabbath in Heaven ; or whether any other mystery lye hid in the number of seaven , whence fond antiquity might appropriate the seaven Planets , each to his day ; and fonder Art divide the week according to planetary hours , may be guess'd , but cannot certainly be known . Wherefore it may suffice us , that it pleas'd God so to order his work , and so to appoint a holy rest : and he sure had very great reason for observing that order and making this appointment . THEREFORE THE LORD BLESSED THE SABBATH-DAY , AND HALLOWED IT . He stamp'd upon it a particular respect , & set it aside from common imployment , and business of life , for holy and spiritual exercises ; that it might be spent in the commemoration of his wonderful works : And if the institution were so solemn upon the account of Creation , how much more , will the memory of our Redemption heighten the solemnity , and improve the observance of this holy day , which our blessed Lord and Saviour the holy Iesus blessed by his rising again from the dead , and hallowed by his apparition and discourse with his holy Apostles ▪ who have by their example recommended to the Church of God , as the Christian Sabbath , the first day of the week , the day of our Lords Resurrection , for which reason it is also call'd the Lord's Day . Besides this weekly solemnity and day of rejoycing , it is acknowledg'd even by those who are no great friends to the Churches authority , that the Church hath power , to appoint and set aside for the publick worship of God , other peculiar dayes , as occasion shall require ; such as are Anniversary Fasts and Feasts ; nor is the commemoration of the benefits obtain'd by Christ , as his Nativity , Passion , Ascension , &c. and of the holy Apostles , and other Scripture-Saints , more ancient ( though it be handed to us , from the most ancient and the best times , ) then 't is convenient : the fundamentals of religion being thus scatter'd through the course of the year , and the Holy-dayes next to the Lords-day , being the great remarks & cognisances of Christianity . This reason drawn from the creation , which is the moral reason of the precept , is in u Deuteronomie ( which is the repetition of the Law ) omitted , and another of a politick concern brought in stead of it , as if the command were grounded upon an indulgence to servants , and that upon a reflection upon the condition of the Israelites in Egypt , where they had been made serve in a cruel bondage mention'd in the Preface . Though those words there ( I suppose ) might be added only as a reason , for the servants and the cattles rest , and an argument to inforce the equity of that , rather then to be the bottom and ground of the Sabbath it self ; and yet it seems strange , that immediately after , w Moses tells them , God spake these words and no more . The sense of the command is this , Thou shalt take great heed to the observation of my day , and shalt sanctify my Sabbath , and keep it holy with exercises of publick & private devotion ; Thou shalt wait upon me in my sanctuary , and appear before me in the great assembly ; Thou shalt come to my house in my fear , and enter my courts with due reverence ; Thou shalt attend to my word , & obey my voice , and sh●lt bestow this sacred time wholly on the meditation of my Law ; Thou shalt receive my word with faith , and wait upon me in the use of my ordinances ; Thou shalt set one day in seaven aside from all worldly concernments , and thy usual employment , and dedicate it and thy self to me ; Thou shalt prepare thy self , and forecast thy business , that no other thoughts may distract thee ; Thou shalt keep it a holy rest to the Lord , & shalt cause all that belong unto thee to keep it ; Thou shalt not do thy own works , nor speak thy own words , nor think thy own thoughts on that day , but be taken up with the study of God's word and with the consideration of his works ; Thou shalt serve me faithfully on thy six dayes of work , in a diligent attendance upon the dutyes of thy calling , that thou mayst on my day of ●est , meet with a blessing , find pardon for thy failings , and receive strength for thy performances ; Thou shalt breed up thy children in my fear , and acquaint them with my wayes ; Thou shalt instruct thy houshold , and make me known unto strangers ; Thou shalt be merciful to thy servants and thy cattle , and shalt let them injoy the benefit of the Sabbath-rest ; Thou shalt so observe this rest , as not to give thy self up to sloath and idleness , nor spend the time in sports and vain recreations , but make it a rest from sin , as well as from work ; Thou shalt more particularly imploy thy self in remembring the Lord thy Creatour , and thy Redeemer , and thankfully acknowledging his benefits . Lastly , Thou shalt so pass this weekly Sabbath in holy meditations , and a heavenly conversation , that thou mayst fit thy self for the celebration of an everlasting Sabbath , to be kept hereafter with Angels and Saints in Heaven , after thou art deliver'd from the troubles of a wicked world . How far have we come short , of the observation of the Sabbath , in these our times , who forget the day , and neglect the duty ; who neither labour on the six dayes nor rest on the seaventh as we should doe ; who profane the sanctuary , and pollute the holy place , using no reverence , and behaving our selves in Gods presence , with more rudeness then we would in the presence of men ; who have made our devotions but a lip labour , and plac'd religion in the ear , and have excluded God's word contained in the holy Bible , and the wholsome forms of the Church to make room for the bold conceits and seditious discourses of men ; who have preferred Enthusiasms before the written word ; who have preach'd up rebellion and sacriledge , and demolish'd the Churches of God in the Land , & broken down the sacred ornaments with axes and hammers ; who have multiplied sects and heresies , and dishonour'd God , in his solemn worship , and in the publick assemblyes ; who have made void God's ordinances , & refus'd to administer and receive the blessed Sacraments ; who have had no regard to the Feasts and Fasts , & other ancient usages of the Church : but have set aside dayes of our own , and have fasted for strife , and given thanks for blood ; who doe not take care that we and our houses may serve the Lord , nor make any account of this sacred time ; who spend the day in sloth and riot and vain sports , and do not sanctifie it , and keep it holy to the Lord ; who doe not improve the blessing of the Sabbath to the advantages of a holy life , but continue still in gross ignorance , and profaneness ; so that we may very well use the Churches Prayer , Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. The fifth Commandement . This is the hinge of the two Tables , the main joynt of the whole Law , & concerns the Magistrate , who is God's Vicegerent ou earth , and the keeper of both the Tables ; wherefore some assign it a place in the first Table . God having a special care of civil order , and peace in the societyes of men , has therefore set this Commandement concerning the obedience to superiours , by which peace and good order are preserv'd , immediately after those of his own worship , and in like manner back'd it with a reason ; whereas all the rest which follow are set down barely in way of Commands without the addition of any promise or threat . So then this Command is made up of two parts , the Precept it self , and the Reason of the Precept : the Precept shews the duty , Honour , and its object , thy Father and Mother : The Reason is a promise of long life , and therefore the Apostle hath call'd it , x The first Commandement with a promise ; ( for the Third contains a threat ▪ and that of the Second is more threat then promise . ) That thy dayes may be long on the Land , which the Lord thy God giveth thee . HONOUR . This shews a different degree and condition amongst men , and God's Law maintains the distinction . In all societyes there are some superiours , some inferiours ; The Law is not for levelling . Honour would not be a duty if all were equal . Now Honour implyes respect and obedience , subjection and service . THY FATHER AND MOTHER , whether thy natural parents , or civil Magistrate , or spiritual governour , or whatsoever superiour , which are all by a usual propriety of the Hebrew language styled Fathers . Father having been the first dignity of the world , and all rule and government whatsoever founded on the right of paternal Authority , which aggravates an offence done to a superiour & makes the offender as ungracious as one that dishonours his father . Here are meant then all manner of persons in relation , Parents and Children , Magistrates and Subjects , Ministers & People , Master & Scholar , Husband & wife , Master and Servants , old & young , noble and base , rich and poor , &c. Nor so onely , but here is included also , by the rule of contraryes , the duty of superiours to their inferiours , that they be kindly affected to them , rule them in God's fear according to righteousness , and faithfully mind the dutyes of their place . Now the duty of Inferiors is only mention'd , because they are the more likely to fail in their duty , & their neglect is of worse consequence ; Disobedience dissolving & unloosening order and peace , which are the bands of society , whereas oppression does but strain and gird the tyes of government too close . No Tyranny of the most wicked Prince can be so mischievous and destructive to the publick , as the Rebellion of Subjects , let them pretend never so much religion for it . The great Interest of society is to obey ; since the resisting of a lawfull governour will in the end destroy government it self , and bring all things into confusion . THAT THY DAYES MAY BE LONG . Long life is the promised reward of obedience , but the disobedient shall not live out half their time , but shall be cut off by some untimely death , and by their seditious actings , and wilfull oppositions forfeit their lives to the Law. The Hebrew y word may be rendred , that they , i.e. thy Father and Mother may prolong or lengthen thy dayes ; as if the parent's blessing could instate a dutyfull child into a long life . This is sure that parents at first , and afterwards civil Magistrates had power of life and death , in their familyes and within their own territories ; and so might justly by Capital punishment shorten the lives of the disobedient . UPON THE LAND WHICH THE LORD THY GOD GIVETH THEE . Here is meant the Land of promise , which the Israelites were now going to possess , wherefore the Septuagint call it the good Land ; Which z word is now wanting in the Hebrew copy , though possibly express'd at first : for taking that word in , there are all the Letters of the Alphabet to be found in the Decalogue , & without it there will be one wanting : And if Moses was the first Inventor of the Hebrew Letters , as some think , and it is probable , he being the most ancient writer ; 't is as probable , that there was a Specimen & essay of them given in the Commandements , the only speech , which God hath by his own mouth utter'd . This part belongs most properly to the Israelites , wherefore 't is added , that the Lord thy God gives thee , but may be extended to us all . And here are two or three notes in 't . upon the Land , that notes that the loyal and faithful shall not be turn'd out of his possessions & live an exil'd life in forreign countryes , but prolong his dayes , and live in peace at home : whereas rebels and traytors forfeit their estates , and loose their fortunes , by seeking unjustly to greaten them . The Land or the good Land , the Land of Canaan , notes the Land of thy forefathers , of ancient inheritance , and a Land abounding with all conveniences of life , to shew that obedience shall possess the ancient demeans of the family , & live in plenty , when the rebellious shall seek their bread in a strange Land. Which the Lord thy God giveth thee , notes God's particular bounty to the obedient , and that what they injoy comes with a blessing ; and is the fruit of a promise ; 't is as if he should have said , obey thy Father and Mother , and they shall give thee life , and I will give thee Land. In Deuteronomie are inserted these words , That it may be well with thee , and that thy dayes may be long ; for otherwise a long life spent in toil and hardship , exercis'd with want and misery , is a Curse rather then a Blessing : and indeed a the word , which here signifyes the lengthning of dayes , has also a signification of health ; for life of it self is not pleasant , but a burden rather , unless it be attended with those enjoyments & blessings , which make it comfortable , as Health , Peace , Plenty , Prosperity , &c. And such a life it is that is here promis'd , as the reward of obedience . But it seems in the ordinary oeconomy of Providence to fall out otherwise many times , when the dutyfull child is caught away with a hasty death , and a Loyall Subject looseth both Life and Lands for his fidelity to his Prince , &c. To this I answer , That this promise is conditional , as God sees fit , who , whatsoever he does , does it alwayes for the best , and then if he doe not perform his word , as to the Letter at present , he will be better then his word hereafter . Those , whom the arrest of death disseizes of an earthly possession , he instates into a heavenly inheritance , which is indeed the Land of the living , and the Land of promise , of which Canaan was but a type . The young Innocent is snatch'd out of the mother's lap , to be lodg'd in Father Abraham's bosom . The Loyal sufferer looses to his advantage , is sequestred into bliss , is murder'd into Immortality , and if he lay down his head , takes up a crown for it . Everlasting happiness is in the best sense b length of dayes . Besides , God may cut him short , who has not fail'd in his duty to man , for some disobedience to himself ; and he that 's guiltless , and dyes Martyr , as to the unjust tribunals of men , may in the account of God's justice dye as a malefactor : God sometimes reck'ning with the transgressors of his Law , and cutting scores as 't were with them , depriving them of the reward of one duty , for the neglect of some other , & washing the stain of a guilty life , with the blood of an Innocent death . And 't is no small comfort to a dying man , have he been never so great a sinner in his life , that he suffers with a good conscience , and is permitted in a manner to quit scores with heaven for his former offences . Proceed we now to the summ of the Precept . Thou Inferiour whoever thou art , that art under another's power , or condition , shalt give thy superiour the due respect of his place , shalt have honourable thoughts of him , shalt highly esteem him , and revear him as an Angel of God ; in thy speeches & addresses to him demean thy self with humility and meekness , and all civil demonstrations of respect , according to the customs of thy people , giving him the preeminence in every thing , bearing with and hiding his infirmities ; Thou shalt not slight his person , nor think or speak meanly of him ; Thou shalt be subject to him , and yield a ready and chearful obedience to him as to the Lord , in all things , that are just and lawful , and bear with his humors and his harshness , remembring that though he be man of like passions with thy self , yet he is in God's stead , and if he at any time swerve from his rule in commanding , yet do not thou decline thy duty in obeying ; but when he bids thee do any thing , contrary to my will , carry thy self with submission , & resolve to suffer for a good conscience rather then to resist , where thou canst not with a good conscience obey , Thou shalt hearken to his admonitions , and submit to his corrections , and shalt endeavour by all fair means to give him content ; Thou shalt not withdraw or grudge thy obedience , much less shalt thou take upon thee , to call him to account ; nor yet shalt thou basely serve him in lewd offices , and wicked designs , so as to be an instrument of his cruelty or his lust , and to flatter him in an evil way , Thou shalt pray for him , and assist him in all his just undertakings , and shalt return him all the good thou canst , for that good which thou receiv'st of him , from the influence of his Authority , or example ; Thou Superiour , shalt observe the rules of Iustice by giving every one their due , thou shalt look faithfully to thy charge , rule with diligence , lay out thy talents to the best advantage o● God's glory , and the benefit of thy Brethren ; Thou shalt be tender of the concerns of all thy Inferiors , and oblige them with courtesie and kindness , and study how thou mayst be most useful to community ; Thou shalt not be proud of thy gifts , lift thy self above thy brethren , and scorn those below thee ; Thou shalt not be insolent , injurious , nor too harsh and severe , nor yet too fond and remiss , but keep a mean , so as to gain their obedience to thy Authority , and their love to thy Person . Thou Child shalt stand in fear , and regard thy father , and forsake not the law of thy mother , and obey thy parents in the Lord ; Thou shalt not despise them , mock at their weakness , and with cursed Cham , make merry at their shame , but shalt shew them all honour , and doe them all service , and with thy virtuous behaviour , & well-doing , cause him that begat thee to rejoyce , and her that bare thee to leap for joy ; And when they are old , and their strength fails them , thou shalt provide for them , and see that nothing which they have need of , be wanting ; Thou shalt moreover shew a singular honour to their person , saluting them upon thy knee , & often craving their blessing , especially in any business of great concernment , as choice of life , marriage , &c. And thou Parent shalt love and take care of thy children , and provide fashionably for them , that they may have a lively●hood , when thou art gone ; thou shalt breed them up , in the nurture and admonition of the Lord , with sweet methods win them to my fear , and to the love of virtue ; Thou shalt not with harshness provoke them to anger , nor yet spare correction when they offend , or spoil them with indulgence ( as Heli did ) to their ruin and thy own sorrow . Thou Subject shalt honour and obey the King and his Ministers , be subject to the higher powers , for conscience sake , the Lord having set them to be for a terror to evill-doers , Thou shalt pay him tribute and other acknowledgments of thy subjection , according to the Laws and custom of the countrey , and in an especial manner make prayers and intercessions for Kings , and all in authority , that we may under them live a quiet and peaceable life in all Godliness and honesty ; Thou shalt not raise sedition , to bring an odium upon the Magistrates Person , his Authority , or his Council ; nor shew any discontent , to the disturbance of publick peace , nor take up arms against thy lawful Soveraign , nor maintain or assist rebellion , nor meddle with those that are given to change , or any way comply with them , or countenance them in their unjust usurpations ; Thou shalt not offer any violence to the King 's sacred Person , but if at any time unrighteous commands are impos'd upon thee , have recourse to thy prayers , & make thy appeals to Heaven , to God the King of Kings , to whom alone they are accountable , and who will in his due time remove the oppression , and call the oppressors to an account . And thou Magistrate , shalt govern according to the rules of my word , and the known Laws of the countrey ; Thou shalt judge the fatherless , and regard the widow , and doe every one right ; Thou shalt take care of both Tables of my Law , and promote the interests of Religion ; Thou shalt make wholsom Laws , and see them put in execution , punish transgressors , reward well-doers , preserve peace and good order amongst men , Protect thy subjects with the Scepter and the Sword , be diligent in thy office , and know that thou hast a great account to make to him , by whom Kings reign , who is no respecter of persons ; Thou shalt not abuse thy power to license thy own lusts , and become arbitrary , nor oppress thy subjects with unjust taxes , and insolent carriage ; nor yet by a fond clemencie indanger thy Authority , and lessen that reverence which is due to thy place . Ye People , shall receive my Ministers as my messengers , and Embassadors from God , and obey those that are over you , for they watch for your soul 's good ; and think them worthy of double honour and c allowance , who both govern and teach , the Bishops and overseers of the flock , and own them with all fair respect , who labour amongst you and are over you in the Lord , and admonish you , and esteem them very dearly for their works sake , and communicate freely to them in temporals , who impart to you spirituals ; ye shall not slight their sacred function with disgraceful terms , nor rent the Church with faction and schisms , and heap to your selves teachers , but submit your selves to all lawful orders & constitutions , and not be carryed about with every puff of doctrine , nor entertain new-fangled opinions , and unwarrantable practises , in the wayes of my worship , and Ecclesiastical Government . And ye Pastors shall look to your selves , and the whole flock , over which the holy Ghost has made you overseers ; ye shall preach in season , & out of season , ye shall doe all for edification , and divide the word aright ; ye shall admonish , exhort , reprove , and be burning as well as shining lights , that ye may in your lives recommend the power of Godliness ; ye shall not Lord it over your brethren , nor doe the work of the Lord carelessly . Thou Servant shalt account thy Master worthy of all honour , and shalt serve him with fear and trembling , with singleness of heart as unto Christ , and shalt doe him faithful service . And thou Master shalt shew kindness forbearing threatnings , knowing that thy Master also is in Heaven , and shalt give thy servant comfortable maintenance , and shalt not defraud the Labourer of his hire , nor keep back thy servant's wages , and thou shalt see to their carriage and govern them in my fear , that they may become my servants also . Ye Wives be subject to your Husbands , and d see that you reverence them . Ye Husbands love your wives , as Christ hath loved the Church , and cherish them as your own flesh . Ye young men , rise up before a gray-head , and have respect to the face of the aged ; Hearken to their advice , and learn by their example . And ye Old men , behave your selves with that gravity , and wisdom , that ye may gain your selves the reverence of the younger sort , and be as way-marks for the imitation of posterity . In fine , ye who have any advantage of learning , wisdom , honour , estate , &c. or any other excellence above your brethren , so imploy it and lay it out to their benefit , that you may procure honour to your selves , and God may have the glory . To conclude , whoever thou art , carry thy self with honour and respect to every one , in whom thou seest any part of God's Image , and look on him as thy superiour , who hath any gift or ability which thou hast not , preferr thy equals , pitty and help thy inferiours . This Commandement , as was said before , being plac'd in the middle has an influence both wayes , so as to secure both God's Worship and mans Propriety . The Magistrates sword must defend the faith , though it may not propagate it ; and if Authority be once trampled upon , every one will doe as they did , when there was no King in Israel , what seemeth good in their own eyes . When the hedge of Government is broken down , neither Religion nor Law shall bound us ; all opinions and practises are current , and 't will be an Usurper's interest to have the people divided . Lives and Liberties , Estates and Consciences , and all , lye open to arbit●ary force , as a Prize for him that dares be most Villan . And this has been England's case in the no less sad then wicked times of Anarchy and confusion , when damnable Heresies broke forth , numerous sects swarmed up and down , when there was an intolerable Toleration of all Religions but the right ; when we comply'd with illegal powers , and were aw'd by Courts of High Injustice ; when partyes bore rule , as false to one another , as they were injurious to the publick ; when our sins grew up and multiplyed with our calamityes , and God's judgements , and our provocations improv'd one another ; when our Oaths of Allegiance were eluded with the Solemn cousenage of a League , and sinful combination ; when we were bewilder'd with the witch-crafts of Rebellion , and knew not the things which belong'd to our peace , but pretended to reform abuses by destroying the offices ; when with tumults and Libels we drove our Dread Soveraign from his home , rais'd a war against him , chas'd him as a Partridge over the mountains , and offer'd violence to the Lord 's anointed ; when with undutyful hands we seized his Sacred Person , confin'd him to prisons , and vex'd his righteous soul ; when we ( for 't was our sins did it , and we are all Accessary ) by a villanous mockery of Iustice brought him to his tryal , & sentenced him , and ( which is more than our posterity will have the heart to believe done , though we could find hands to doe it ) barbarously murder'd our Gracious King at his own Palace-gate , adding all the direful circumstances of aggravation to that hellish impiety ; when ever since our Iosiah's death , our great sin has been our punishment , we have suffer'd in acting , and been constantly exercis'd with unconstancy of wicked changes ; when Loyalty hath been persecuted as the greatest Crime , and many have shorten'd their dayes for their faithfulness to their Prince ; and after that our Crown , & Head too , was fallen ; when the Father of our Countrey liv'd in exile , and our Mother the Church mourn'd in private , and was sed with the bread of tears ; when Sacred Orders were despised , and labourers thrust themselves into the harvest , to cut down dignityes and profits , root and branch ; when the Holy Ordinances were dispensed by the Ignorant , and Civil Offices administred by the Base ; when there was no regard had to the Ancient and the Wise , to the Noble and the Learned , but contempt was powred out upon Princes . In short , when we have thus rebell'd against King and Priest , and cast off Authority to purchase a freedom for schism and mischief ; what need have we hereafter to pray fervently with the Church ? Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. But as our Litanyes are requisite to deplore the national breach of this Commandement , and deprecate it for the future ; so are our Thanksgivings due to Almighty God , for his wonderful deliverance of us , from those great in conveniencies and sins , we labour'd under , and for the miraculous Restauration of our Dread Soveraign to his Rights , and of us to our Libertyes , which are wrapped up in his Safety : And now that the Dread Father of our Countrey , and the Reverend Fathers of the Church are return'd to execute their Offices , and to govern us with the sword of Iustice , and the sword of the Spirit , & that we have been sufficiently convinc'd , by the twenty years discipline of a Civil War , that the grand Interest of the People is Obedience ; let us seek the Peace of our Ierusalem and our Sion , and pray that God would confound the devices of all Rebels & Schismaticks , whom these late mercyes have not converted , and disappoint their expectations . The sixth Commandement . The fifth directs the offices of Relations , the rest shew the general dutyes that we ow to all men in common ; and they are all set down negatively to forbid all violence & injury , that being in it's very nature destructive to the constitution of societyes , which cannot be preserv'd and manag'd , without forbearance of wrongs ; for Iustice is in the Politick , as Health is in the Natural body , which keeps every part in its due temper , so that none have too much or too little ; but Injury diseases the civil state , and will , if effectual remedyes be not applyed , in short time bring it to dissolution . Now the greatest wrong that can be offer'd to our selves or our neighbour is in the life , that being the support of all blessings and comforts , if it be not it self one , since they are but leased out to us for life , and depart with it . Nothing survives life , and death by making an end of the person puts a period to all his contents and joyes . Wherefore the security of life is first provided for , and set immediately after the fifth Commandement , as the Magistrate's greatest care ; since , were our lives expos'd to the wild passions of men , Kings would want subjects , and God worshippers , and two or three mighty hunters would depopulate the earth . To kill a man is made therefore the greatest crime , as that which cannot be made amends for ( whereas for other losses there may be some reparation ) and as a sign of mortal hatred , which can be content with nothing but the destruction and annihilation of the thing hated , and is the greatest breach of Charity . THOU SHALT NOT KILL , or MURDER . Thou shalt endeavour by all fair and lawful means to preserve thy own and thy neighbour's life ; Thou shalt not lay violent hands on thy self , nor bring thy self rashly into danger of thy life , by tempting providence , by surfet , or any other sinful or perillous course ; Thou shalt not neglect thy self , nor deny thy body fit sustenance and refreshment , and for the preservation and recovery of thy health , take the advice of the learned , and honour the Physician ; Thou shalt defend thy self from injurious assaults , and make a stout resistance , when force is offer'd ; Thou shalt esteem and set by thy life , and not part with it upon mean and paultry terms , but act like man , and give a fair account how thou quit'st the stage , & think no sorry affront or idle abuse deserves the hazard of so precious a thing , or be so fond of thy reputation , as to clear it with thy blood ; and yet when just and honourable occasions call for thy life , such as are ●he testimony to my truth , the assistance of thy King , and defence of thy countrey , thou shalt fairly venture it , & not spare thy life to death , but lay it down for thy brethren ; nor shalt thou make self preservation an argument for thy cowardise , since the e fearful as well as the dogs , shall be excluded my Kingdom ; nor shalt thou out of self love basely sneak and withdraw thy self from thy duty ; nor favour thy self in my service , but love me with all thy strength , and keep thy body under , and practise austerityes of self-denyal , so as to mortifie the flesh , not to procure thy death ; Thou shalt in like manner doe all that lyes in thy power , to maintain thy neighbour's life , and safety ; Thou shalt not slight him and pass him by in his distress , but give him seasonable help ; Thou shalt not out of passion or thirst of revenge , with sword , or poyson , or any other instrument of death , make him away ; for he bears my image , and he that spils man's blood , by man shall his blood be spilt ; Thou shalt not beat , nor strike , or any other wayes misuse him , or doe any thing to grieve him ; Thou shalt not hate him in thy heart , or bear him any grudge , nor owe him spite ; for he that hates his brother is a murderer ; Thou shalt not vex him with reproachful words , nor jeer him with upbraiding language , or scornful behaviour , to sadden his heart , and alter his countenance ; Thou shalt be harmless in thy carriage , and meek , and gentle , and courteous , and civil , and obliging ; Thou shalt not doe or think any body any hurt , or so much as wound them with a bitter word ; Thou shalt not break out into unruly and boisterous passions , nor be angry without a cause ; Thou shalt take wrongs rather then give , nor yet be of so stupid and sheepish a patience , as to bring a contempt upon thy self , which may make thee useless , or to let my glory suffer , but on this occasion to boyl over with a generous zeal , and vindicate my name ; Thou shalt not be too ●igorous and harsh , of a fierce and cruel , of a dogged and sullen , or of a peevish and froward disposition , but be mild even in thy corrections and punishments , and pitty the person , when thou chastisest the vice ; Thou shalt not be strict in asserting thy own right , and prosecute thy interest to the utmost advantage , but yield of thy right , and be content to sit down with the loss , rather then engage in quarrel and venture the loosing of peace ; Thou shalt not only refrain injurious actions thy self , but shalt do thy best to hinder others too , in their violent attempts ; Thou shalt exercise a just severity upon capital offenders , and take heed of licensing or encouraging villany , by a fond gentleness ; Thou shalt for God's glory , and thy neighbour's safety , venture upon brave hazardous actions , and in the confidence of thy honest intentions defie danger , yet thou shalt not rashly and presumptuously cast thy self away ; nor shalt thou upon slight occasion , or a private account , give or entertain a challenge , and in the wicked folly of duelling venter thy death and damnation together ; but when the Magistrates authority has arm'd thee against a publik enemy , whether a forreign Invader or a domestick Rebel , upon just and necessary reasons , let the goodness of thy cause embolden thee , and with Christian courage dispute the Interests of Religion and thy Country , and make not power or pay , but peace and settlement , the end of thy warlike undertakings ; Lastly , thou shalt be very tender of every one's life , as of thy own , and shalt not doe any thing purposely to prejudice another's life , or his comforts , and shalt be warie of doing ought , which may indirectly , or by casualty , either deprive him of it , or imbitter it to him ; but shalt by thy mild behaviour and offices of friendship and kindness , help to make his life pleasant and lasting . And now when we do but think , how peccant the Nation hath been in this Command ; how we have murthered one another for hire , and improved the heats of a civil war , with private animosityes , with a blind zeal & the rage of a mistaken conscience , thinking we have done God good service by sacrificing one another ; How we have pretended publick justice to our ambitious designs , and pull'd all down that stood in our way to greatness ; How we entitled our selves to Saint-ship by binding Kings in chains , and their Nobles in fetters of iron , and accounted it our duty to God to kill and murder our fellow subjects , and imbrew our hands in the blood of our Soveraign ; How still we are given to quarrel , and are loath to lay down the cudgels of contention , but are ready to justifie a wicked Cause , to new troubles , and a second tryal of war , and by our discontents tempt providence to remove our peace ; How zealous and industrious we show our selves in promoting faction and making partyes ; How we sharpen our tongues and our pens , to shoot bitter words against one another ; How peevish and sullen , how easily provok'd , and how hardly reconcil'd , how eager upon slight occasion to break peace , and part with charity , and about things indifferent how not indifferent we are ; have we not very great cause to pray , as the Church teacheth us ? Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. The seaventh Commandement . The sixth secures life , This orders the preservation of chastity ; they both forbid any wicked attempt upon our neighbour's person , That by curbing anger , This by bridling lust ; That prohibits the killing , This the defiling of our neighbour ; and indeed though Life be the first considerable , yet Chastity is a greater care , seeing that the abuse of the body by uncleanness draws along with it a greater danger to the injur'd person , then murder , as that , which being commonly attended with consent , makes the sufferer accessary , and wrongs the soul no less then the body . And possibly some such reason there might be for the f transposing of these Commandements in some copyes , and placing this of adultery and that of theft before murder ; the staining or impoverishing one , being as bad as killing one out of the way , and as good have no life at all , as to live in disgrace or want . THOU SHALT NOT COMMIT ADULTERY . Thou shalt not through lust or intemperance or any wanton excess , abuse thy own , or thy neighbour's body , or break the rules of chastity , but shalt with great care keep a holy and a clean conversation , and denying all ungodliness & worldly lusts , and unlawful pleasures , preserve thy self pure from all filthy pollutions of the flesh ; Thou shalt be moderate in the use of all lawful pleasures and recreations , and order them to serious ends , to make thee more chearful in the service of me , and the performance of the dutyes of life ; Thou shalt not greedily devour the creatures I provide for thy use , and fill thy self with meats and drinks , to indispose thee for prayer or business ; Thou shalt avoid surfeting , and drunkenness , and gluttony , nor yet pinch thy self with unreasonable abstinence or sordid thrift , but allow thy self honest and suitable refection and recreation ; Thou shalt not be too nice and dainty in the choice of food , and other treatments of thy self , but content thy self with that which is wholsom , and agreeable to thy condition ; Thou shalt make a sober and a temperate use of my gifts and allowances , & be watchful and jealous over thy self at food , in company , in thy delights and pastimes , and at thy leisures , that the tempter may not take advantage of thee ; Thou shalt be careful of thy habit and attire , that it be decent and comely not garish and immodest , that it be fitted for warmth , to hide nakedness , not to shew pride ; Thou shalt in thy gesture and behaviour compose thy self to a chearful modesty , so as to shew civility and courtesie , not to discover wantonness , or invite lust ; Thou shalt shake of sloath , and take heed of idleness , as that which betrayes to such temptations , and breeds & nurses lust ; Thou shalt not too much indulge thy self to sleep , but take a competent share , which may be convenient for thy health , and employment , to repair nature not to besot her ; Thou shalt keep thy vessel in holiness , and forbear all gross uncleanness ; Thou shalt not wrong thy neighbour's bed , nor offer violence or enticement to any one ; Thou shalt not use , nor allow the use of stews , nor frequent places of ill fame ; Thou shalt not burn with unnatural lusts , nor practise secret villany , or give thy self up to dishonourable passions , and beastly sensuality , but learn from the examples of my vengeance to stand in aw of my judgements ; for whoremongers and adulterers God will judge : and thou shalt be holy as I am holy , and pure that thou mayst see God ; Thou shalt avoid filthy communication and foolish speech , and idle jesting , but have thy discourse season'd with salt of discretion , that it may not corrupt good manners , but tend to edification ; Thou shalt not look upon any one to lust , nor reach out a desire in thy heart after the appearances of beauty ; Thou shalt not be wanton in thy apparel or demeanour , but behave thy self with bashfulness and with modesty , complying with civil & fashionable customs ; Thou shalt be ware of meetings , shows , playes , sonnets , dances , and all other occasions , which may prove invitements to ill , for fear thou fall into the snare of the Divel ; Thou shalt in private have awful thoughts of my presence , and when necessity , or chance , or duty , brings thee forth into the publick and the sight of men , so behave thy self , with that circumspection , that thou mayst not get any soil from converse , nor disimprove thy self ; but better thy company , obliging them , with all civil respect , and yet with the gravity of thy carriage checking vain thoughts , and hindring the first opportunityes of ill ; it being easier , to master lust in its beginning , then to prevent it's growth ; Yet if thou canst not contain thy self in the limits of a single life , thou shalt in my fear , make use of that remedy , which I have appointed , and shalt pray to me to direct thee in thy choice , that thou mayst have a woman of understanding ; Thou shalt not rashly or for carnal satisfaction enter into the holy state of matrimony , but for my glory , and mutual comfort , & shalt look upon marriage as an honourable institution ; Thou shalt not place thy affections , where my law & rules of honesty forbid it , and shalt have a reverence for thy neer alliances , and take heed of yoaking thy self unequally ; Thou shalt faithfully perform the marriage-covenant , and have a loving and sweet respect to one anothers persons , a quiet and affectionate care for one anothers good , this society having been the blessed ordinance of Paradise & being the most solemn engagement of friendship . To conclude , in whatsoever estate of life whether single or married , let thy conversation be clean , and free from all pollution , both of body , soul and spirit , and be not fashion'd to the world , but keep thy self unspotted from it . To reflect upon our selves ; we must confess our selves very guilty of the breach of this Commandement , who are so full of uncleanness ; who serve divers lusts and pleasures , and are lovers of pleasure more then of God ; who make provision for the flesh , study our ease and carnal content , & give our selves up wholly to the lust of the eyes ; to the lust of the flesh , and the pride of life ; who pamper our bodies and starve our souls ; who drink wine to excess , and sit at it till it inflame us ; who spend our time in chambering and wantonness , in sports and playes , with that constancy , as if recreation were the duty of our life , and we had nothing else to doe in this world , but to take our pastime in it ; who follow wicked counsel and lewd practises , & boast of sins many times we do not commit , who are immodest in our attire , wanton in our carriage , filthy in our discourse , abominable & loath-some in our actions , without shame of sin or fear of judgement ; who wallow in all sensuality , and study fleshly delights ; who take up affected garbs , & imitate every foolish fashion ; who think we can never serve our selves enough ▪ nor our God little enough ; who are not asham'd of the appearances of evil , but account our shame our glory , and think it our gallantry , that we dare seem lewd ; who have forgot modesty , and know not what Temperance means ; who take marriage , for an opportunity of sinning with a greater safety , and use it as a market , rather then an institution of God's , and besides those purposes , for which it was appointed ; who would willingly have no other God but our belly , no other religion then Epicurism , no other business or study but our ease and pleasure ; so that we have too just an occasion to make use of the Churches words , Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. The eighth Commandement . The sixth and seaventh secure our persons , This our goods , and is the fence of propriety ; for estates are not to lye in common , but are bounded with Laws , that every one may know his own . The seaventh forbids the community of wives , This of other possessions : And indeed the breach of this Command is the great disorder of society , and the main drift of Laws is to secure estates to the owners , and to judge of titles , and to punish fraud and cousenage ; And the various condition of men , as it serves to set forth the wisdom of God's Providence , in contriving suitable accommodations to every family and person , so it encourages industry , seeing every one may by the labour of his hands provide for himself , and exspect a success according to his diligence ; whereas were things put in an equality , or laid up in one common stock , the idle would live upon the labours of the painful , and he that were strongest would invade other's right , and make himself master of the greatest share : Well then has this Commandement provided , that men may not think to thrive by idleness or unjust means . THOU SHALT NOT STEAL . Thou shalt doe thy neighbour no wrong in his estate , but in all worldly concernments observe such a rule of justice and equity in thy dealing , that thou neither injure him nor thy self ; Thou shalt not directly nor indirectly play the thief , by taking away that which belongs to another , either privily and without his knowledge , or openly and by force , without his consent ; Thou shalt not goe shares with thieves not consent to them ; Thou shalt restore what thou find'st to the right owner , nor conceal and keep it by thee ; Thou shalt not take bribes , nor set justice to sale ; Thou shalt not inveagle persons , nor steal goods ; Thou shalt be faithful in thy stewardship , and just in all thy accounts ; Thou shalt perform thy trusts , and be upright in thy place ; Thou shalt not meddle with any thing dedicated to my service , and the use of the Church , or think sacriledge an improvement of estate ; Thou shalt not remove the ancient bound and land mark , nor encroach upon thy neighbour's possession ; Thou shalt not defraud the labourer of his hire , nor detain his wages , which he hath earned with his sweat ; Thou shalt be true and just in all thy dealings ; in buying and selling thou shalt consider and prize things according to their worth ; Thou shalt not cheat and over-reach in bargains by putting of false wares , or using false weights and measures , by raising prices , and setting up monopolyes ; Thou shalt not borrow , or take up upon trust , without intention to pay ; Thou shalt not oppress the poor nor exact more of him , then he 's well able to part with ; Thou shalt make punctual restitution of any thing receiv'd , and be exact in the discharge of thy debts , and in all engagements use conscience ; Thou shalt not purchase preferment in the Church , nor buy or sell places of justice or publick trust , which are to be rewards of merit , not the acquists of money ; Thou shalt be grateful to thy benefactors , acknowledge their courtesies , and to thy ability make requital ; Thou shalt not study thy own gain alone , but be helpful to thy poor neighbour , and be mov'd with charity towards him , lending and not hoping for any thing back , forbearing him and sometimes forgiving , if thy condition will permit , and his require it ; Thou shalt not put thy money out to g biting usury , so as to oppress and disable the debtor ; Thou shalt honestly return any pledge or pawn , which is put into thy hand ; Thou shalt doe good with thy estate , and forget not to communicate , and to distribute ; Thou shalt be merciful as I am merciful , feeding the hungry , cloathing the naked , visiting the sick , relieving the prisoner , and shewing kindness to strangers ; Thou shalt be liberal , free hearted & open handed , in thy alms-doings , and upon occasions of p●blick necessity or design ; Thou shalt not be niggardly or sordid in thy way of life , or hard-hearted or uncharitable , nor yet unthrifty , & lavish , so as to disable thy estate ; Thou shalt not trouble thy self with unquiet thoughts , and carking cares for this life , what thou shalt eat , and wherewith all thou shalt be cloath'd ; Thou shalt not be covetous to gather wealth any how , and deny thy self those enjoyme●ts , which God hath allow'd thee ; Thou shalt know how to want , and how to abound ; Thou shalt not murmur and repine at God's disposals , but submit to his wisdom & trust his providence , and rest fully satisfied with thy present condition , assuring thy self that a contended mind , and an estate well got , ( be it never so little ) is better then much riches ; Thou shalt not be too sparing , nor too profuse , but thriftly husband thy means , that they may hold out to secure thee against want , and to enable thee for Charity ; Thou shalt not live an idle life , nor take ill courses , and follow dishonest wayes of get , as cheating , gaming , &c. but shalt take pains in some honest calling , and shalt learn to labour and get thy own living , in that state of life , wherein God shall place thee , that thou mayst eat the labour of thy hands , and it may be well with thee ; that thou mayst provide things fashionable for thy self and thy relations , and mayst have wherewith to exercise Charity toward them that are in want . Let us now take a view of our selves , how our carriage has answer'd this Command . Was ever more injustice and illegal oppression , then of late years amongst us ? Has not covetousness been the root of all our evils ? Have not the possessions of the Crown and the Church been made the spoils of War , and the reward of villany ? Have not men of quiet spirits been render'd Delinquents for their estates , and their greatest crime been their wealth ; when 't was enough to make one Malignant , to have any thing to loose , and the great art of the Usurpers was to secure their fears & jealousies , by satisfying their avarice , and make good their title to government by getting the riches of the people in their power ? What plundring and pillaging , what rifling and robberies have been practis'd ? what Sequestrations , Compositions , Decimations , Contributions , and other unheard of injuries and insolencies have been Committed upon the loyal gentry , and poor commonalty ? what havock has been made of Sacred things , and how has Sacriledge been justified by her children ? when Intruders have been bold to expostulate with God , and quarrel the Iustice of man , that they are forc'd to give place to the right owners , and restore unjust possessions ; How have the noble and the learned been turn'd out by force , of their ancient demeans , and just preferments , to seek their bread ? How have the old bounds been remov'd , and the publick coffers exhausted ? How are great estates amass'd by cheat and cou●enage , and private men swoln up with ill-got wealth ? How is charity neglected , hospitality shut out of doors , and the love to the poor grown cold ? How many idle & dishonest wayes of living are kept on foot ? How does the number of Beggers daily increase to the shame of authority , that neither imployes the able , nor relieves the weak ? How miserable and close are men upon honest designs ? How profuse and lavish upon their lusts ? How doe we murmur at the disposals of providence , and how ready are we with our private discontents to disturb the publick peace ? What need then have we to cry out with the Church , Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. The ninth Commandement . The eighth requires truth in our dealings , This in our discourse and speech ; That provided for our estate and fortune , This for our credit and reputation ; That secures our Goods , This our Good name , which is of deerer concern , then any other possession ; for a good name is better then life it self : Murder , Adultery & Theft are forbidden in the other three , This prohibits a Lye , which is the cloak and cover of all other sins , and likely accompanyes them , especially this last to a proverbial observation , A Lyar and a Thief . THOU SHALT NOT BEAR FALSE WITNESS . h Thou shalt not be a lying witness , sayes the Vulgar , i.e. Thou shalt not make or tell a lye concerning or against thy neighbour . The Greek doubles it , i Thou shalt not falsly witness a false testimony , taking in the distinction of a lye into material and formal . To speak an untruth , and say that which in it self is not so , though I perhaps may think it so , is a material Lye ; for though I am true to my own thought by speaking as I think , yet I am not right to the thing : this is a false testimony . Again , to speak contrary to my own sense , though possibly the thing I say be true , is a formal Lye ; for though I be mistaken , and the thing be otherwise then I think it is , yet , if I speak otherwise then I think , I lye , and this is to witness falsly . So then we have a double care lyes upon us , to speak according to the thing , and according to our thought , when our words agree with our thoughts , and our thoughts agree with the things themselves ; when the mind represents the object aright , and the tongue doth as truly report the mind . The Hebrew , as if it meant mainly the concerns of truth in judicial proceedings , has it thus ; k Thou shalt not answer as a witness of falshood , to wit , when the Magistrate puts a question to thee , and requires to know the truth . But the meaning of it is to be enlarg'd to all affairs ; and so in Deuteronomie 't is express'd , l a witness of vanity , which implyes rash censure , reproaches , and vain speeches , &c. AGAINST THY NEIGHBOUR , or for thy neighbour , in thy neighbour's cause and behalf , &c. for the m preposition carryes a great latitude of sense ; And 't is no less a wrong to Truth and Iustice to speak a Lye in favour , as to speak it out of malicē ; & 't is Iustice and Truth which are consider'd in Gods Commands , more then interest and benefit . Who our neighbour is , our Saviour in his Parable has told us , all mankind , all that we have or may have to doe with ; whether they live neer or far off , though God does allow in some cases , degrees of charity , according to Relation , neighbour hood , countrey , &c. The meaning of this Commandement , is this . Thou shalt in all thy discourse take heed to Truth , and speak according to thy conscience , nor shalt thou conceal what thou knowest , when my glory or the benefit of thy neighbour requires it ; Thou shalt not give in a false evidence , nor plead a wrong cause , nor favour injustice , nor tell a lye to advantage ; Thou shalt not knowingly say that , which thou thinkest to be false , with a purpose to deceive others , nor shalt thou be over confident in affirming what thou art not sure of ; Thou shalt not basely dissemble , and pretend one thing and mean another , for God is the God of truth ; Thou shalt not speak or think ill of any one in thy heart , by entertaining evil surmises , and taking up a reproach , or ill report against him ; Thou shalt not be curious to spye out his faults , nor critical and censorious , nor shalt thou slander him with thy tongue , or speak ill of him behind his back , and flatter him to his face ; but thou shalt make the best of his actions , & put the fairest interpretation upon his carriage ; Thou shalt speak all the good of him thou knowst and cover his failings , believe and hope the best , and not give ear to all thou hearest , & in all thy converse shew thy self ingenuous and open breasted , to think no evil of him , and to acknowledge what thou seest good in him , and be as tender of his reputation as of thy own ; Thou shalt not be double-minded , nor hasty in thy promises , nor false in thy purposes , but sincere and constant , that thy sayings and doings may agree ; Thou shalt bridle thy tongue , and avoid foolish speaking , and let no rotten communication come out of thy mouth , but with steady gravity weigh thy words aforehand , & speak to edification ; Thou shalt not discover secrets committed to thy trust , nor vainly babble of every thing thou know'st , nor yet conceal necessary truths , but be faithful and trusty in thy silence , and discreet in thy speech ; Thou shalt not be churlish , of difficult address , and hard to be spoke with , nor yet full of insignificant complement and artificial craft ; but shalt shew thy self courteous and affable , ready to hear and to answer ; Thou shalt not be clownish and rude in thy converse , nor yet act the buffoon by abusing Scripture , or jeering thy betters , or other foolish drollery , but use civil & chearful language , and according to thy company and occasion fit thy discourse ; Thou shalt not be over-forward and magisterial in finding faults , nor yet cowardly and fearful of displeasing , but tell thy neighbour freely of his sin , when thy duty requires it of thee , and opportunity invites ; Thou shalt not impudently proclaim thy sin , and brag of thy evil doings , nor be too confident in boasting of thy gifts , but leave it rather to a stranger to commend thee ; nor yet ( to shift duty , or out of vain glory ) speak meanly of thy self , and lessen thy endowments , but shalt put a just value upon thy self and thy parts , that they may be useful ; and be wanting in no fair and modest way to keep up thy credit , and maintain thy reputation . Above all , thou shalt by a blameless conversation indeavour to keep a good conscience before God , and a good name among men , and do those things which may make thee well spoken of ; And yet thou shalt not be over fond neither of thy reputation , so as to affect applause , but design rather to live to conscience then to same , and whilst thou dischargest thy duty , not to look on good report as thy reward , nor to be discouraged by evil report from doing good , and to mind more what thou dost , then what others say or think of thee , and refer thy self to God , who sees in secret , and will make righteous judgement . If we call our selves to an account for this Commandement , and say we have no sin , we deceive our selves , and there is no Truth in us . How has Truth fail'd amongst us ? How have our Prophets , who should have been the Ministers of truth , prophesied lyes , in the Name of the Lord , calling good bad , and bad good , and pretended the Lord sent them , when he sent them not ? How have our Courts of Iustice been fill'd with falshoods , and iniquity been enacted by a Law ? How have false witnesses and wicked Iudges rose up , and sentenced the righteous , and condemned the innocent ? How has Iustice been perverted to wrong ends , and Law been made an instrument of oppression ? How have we in this Hypocritical age lyed and dissembled to one another , and spoken with a n heart and a heart , with flattering lips and a deceitfull tongue ? How have we flatter'd the wicked , whom God hated , and slander'd the footsteps of the righteous ? How disingenuous are we ? how quick-sighted to spye moats in others eyes , and not see the beams in our own ? How apt to magnifie our selves , and think meanly of others ? How ready to believe every flying report , & to take all things that another does in the worst sense ? How little trust or honesty to be met with ? How perfidious and false , how cunning and close , how ill-natur'd and sullen have most men been ? With what starch'd gravi●y , and pretences of sanctity have we impos'd upon one another ? What vain babling and filthy talk , obscenity and scurrility , are abroad in the world ? How forward are we to censure others , to speak the worst of every body , and to find fault with our superiours , and meddle with things that concern us not ? How doe we prize the commendation of men , and yet slight conscience , and cannot endure to be spoken ill of , nor yet be at the pains to doe well ? How highly doe we esteem reputation , and value a good name , and yet care not our selves to be good , and lead a blameless life free from great offences ? Lord have mercy upon us , and incline our hearts to keep this Law. All the other Commandements doe more immediately order the outward man , the first and the tenth look inward , and regulate the thoughts and the desires . The first Commandement is the ground-work o● Religion , and the tenth the top-stone of Morality ; That injoyning the Fear of God , and This requiring Contentedness and self-denyal . Atheism affronts the Worship of God , and Covetousness disorders the Society of Men ; That will acknowledge no God , and This will have no Neighbour . Wherefore 't is well plac'd at the bottom of the second table as the Master-sin , the great enemy of Charity , and that which all the other transgressions resolve themselves into ; The other precepts indeed hold thy hand that thou mayst doe thy neighbour no wrong ; This holds thy heart that thou mayst wish him none . Here is the sin forbidden , Thou shalt not Covet : and the object particularly express'd either for profit or pleasure , Thy Neighbour's house , his wife , his man servant , his maid , his ox and his ass ; and then generally propos'd , nor any thing that is thy neighbour's . THOU SHALT NOT COVET or desire . This strikes at inordinate affections , at concupiscence , which is that root of bitterness ; Thou shalt not out of envy to thy neighbour , or out of love to thy self ( for so one of the words in Deuteronomie signifies , o Thou shalt not desire to thy self ; ) desire any thing away from him . THY NEIGHBOUR'S HOUSE , his convenience of habitation , the place of his abode , where he has pitch'd his tent for his security , and gather'd the comforts of his life about him ; be it a fairer or stronger building , seated in a better aire , encompass'd with better neighbours , and furnish'd with better commodities of life . THOU SHALT NOT COVET THY NEIGHBOUR'S WIFE . This is not a distinct command from the former , for 't is the act not the object which makes the sin ; and so the p Apostle quotes it , Thou shalt not covet ; and 't is plain , that House & Wife are not meant for several precepts , though the one be coveted out of Avarice , the other out of Lust ; for here follow other things in the former way of coveting ; as , the Ox and the ass : but for particular instances only , the enumertaion therefore ending with an &c. and all that is thy Neighbour's . The House is reckon'd first , and then the housekeeper , the Wife , to teach the man that he must first provide a livelyhood , and way of subsistence , before he think of a wife ; and to put the woman in mind , that she ought to be a Hous-wife , not to be a gadder abroad or live at random , but to be the stay of the family . In Deuteronomie the wife is mention'd first and so by the Septuagint here , as the Mistress of the House , & one that is not to be reckon'd as a part of possession , but as the man's partner in all his fortune , & governesse of his affairs . The wife then is not to be desired , for her beauty , for her portion , for her discretion , &c. The House and Wife are a mans particular choice ; the House his castle , and the Wife of his bosom , the delight of his eyes and the joy of his heart . 'T is most injurious therefore to covet these . The Samaritan here , q and the Greek make mention of his field , and the Syrick of his vineyard too , the one for bread and herbage , the other for drink , i.e. Thou shalt not covet any part of his revenue : Mens estates lying generally in houses and lands , and in former times , in cattle too & servants , wherefore they are also expressed by name , NOR HIS MAN-SERVANT , that tills his ground , that looks to his cattle , that waits upon his person , and manages his affairs , in whatsoever condition he serve him ; Thou shalt not desire him for his fidelity , for his strength , or for his wit , or any other good quality thou hearest of him ; for this would be to disable thy neighbour , and take his right hand from him . NOR HIS MAID-SERVANT , that looks to the house , that makes provision , that gives her attendance within doors , and minds the business of the family , under her Mistresses government and direction ; Thou shalt not cover her for her care , or her diligence , or her prudence , or any other good quality ; for this would take away his wives right hand , and make her cares toilsome ; much less shalt thou desire her out of lust , for this would bring an infamy and reproach upon thy Neighbours house . NOR HIS OX , which helps him in the tillage of his ground , NOR HIS ASS , which helps him in carriage of burdens : for this would be to lay a load of drudgery upon the servants , and disappoint the culture of his field and vineyard . The Greek adds , nor any of his cattle , for they are to maintain his house . NOR ANY THING THAT IS THY NEIGHBOUR'S . This includes every thing else , Moneys , Iewels , Rayment , &c. Whatsoever he has , be it of great or small concernment , whether it be for his profit or his delight ; Thou shalt not meddle with it in thy thoughts nor hanker after it in thy desires . The Summ of all may be this . Thou shalt not think it enough to doe thy neighbour no wrong in word or deed , but thou shalt love him & wish him well in thy heart ; Thou shalt not covet any thing that is his , but shalt regulate thy affections , and set bounds to thy thoughts and desires ; Thou shalt subdue all carnal lusts , and evil concupiscences , that thou mayst be sanctified throughout both in body , soul and spirit , and mayst be led by no unruly passions ; Thou shalt refrain thy appetite , and keep it within the rules of right reason , the necessityes of nature , and the appointments of God's Law , so as to be moderate in thy desires , and enjoyments of meat and drink , of ease , and sleep , and all lawful pleasures ; Thou shalt gather in thy affections , and bind them up with my fear ; Thou shalt not hate thy brother , nor yet love him with that sondness , as to honour him above me ; Thou shalt not love the world , nor the things of the world , nor ingross all thy love to thy self ; Thou shalt take heed of all unchast love , and wanton dalliance , but thou shalt love thy neighbour with unfaigned Charity , and make after whatsoever things are good , and of good report ; Thou shalt not give thy self to immoderate joy , or to over much melancholly ; Thou shalt not rejoyce at any ones misfortunes , nor be griev'd at his well-doing , or look upon him with an evil eye . But thou shalt keep an even and composed spirit , equally temper'd to joy and sadness , that thou mayst rejoyce with them that rejoyce and weep with them that weep , that v thou mayst in thy grievances pray , and in thy mirth sing Psalms ; Thou shalt not be too confident nor yet too distrustfull of thy self , neither shalt thou place thy trust in man , nor too much stand in fear of him , seeing his breath is in his nostrils : But thou shalt hold so even a balance betwixt thy hopes and fears , that thou mayst in Charity endure all things , and hope all things , and that thou mayst walk with care and circumspection , and set thy heart upon thy way ; Thou shalt not break out into passions , upon slight occasion , or study revenge , but shalt keep in thy anger , and when my glory calls for 't , imploy it in zeal and sin not ; Thou shalt cleanse thy heart , the fountain of actions , denying all ungodly lusts , mortifying the desires of the flesh , wrestling with temptations , and fighting the good fight against thy three grand enemyes , the world , the flesh , and the Divel ; Thou shalt not nuzzle thy self in carnal security , and give thy self to idleness , neglecting thy prayers and thy dutyes , and opening the door to temptation , and fatning thy heart for destruction ; Thou shalt strive against the first suggestions of thy lust , and shalt crush the cokatrice in the egg , before vanity have got the dominion over thee ; Thou shalt withstand the evil one , that he may fly from thee , that having done all thou mayst stand ; Thou shalt not entertain ill thoughts with delight ; nor roll the sweet morsel under thy tongue ; Thou shalt not give consent to the wicked enticements of thy own flesh , but arm thy self with holy resolutions ; Thou shalt do thy utmost endeavour to root out all evil concupiscence , & to keep that noisom puddle of original corruption , that body of death which thou carryest about with thee , from streaming & breaking forth , into inordinate desires , irregular words or actions , whereby God is offended , or thy neighbour injur'd ; and lastly , thou shalt so bound thy appetite , & keep it within the limits of that condition wherein providence hath placed thee , that thou mayst without envying thy neighbour or desiring any thing that is his , quietly rest satisfied with thy own estate , and carefully mind the dutyes of thy calling , knowing that contentedness with what a man hath , is both the great duty of Christian Religion , and the greatest felicity of this life . That we may inquire into our selves , it hath been plain by our actions , how full of concupiscence our hearts have been , when the Lusts of this Age have been as wild , and the practises as loose , as the Opinions ; & mens minds have been as free to covet as they have been to think ; when appetite has been boundless , and being goaded by ambition , has rambled over all Sacred & Civil Rights , & left nothing untouch'd that belong'd to God or man , which the covetousness of wicked hearts could reach at ; when we have coveted God's House as well as our neighbour's , & made conscience of nothing that might improve our estates ; when instead of Self-denyal , which is the principle of Christianity , Self-preservation has been set up , and Interest made our Idol ; when we have been so far discontented at our present condition , that we have over-run all orders , & to mend our private fortunes have ruin'd the publick ; when we walk disorderly , and are immoderate in the use of our pleasures , and are taken up with the love of the world , and impure affections , and cannot rellish the things of God ; when we cannot indure one another , and require that of others we would not allow them , and set our selves at irreconcileable distances ; when we indulge our selves in carnal joyes , and have no compassion for our suffering Brethren ; when our hopes depended on an arm of flesh , and the fear of man deterred us from our duty , so that we would not trust God for our delivery in the performance of our duty ; when every small thing puts us into passion , and in our zeal we design a revenge on the person , more then a reformation of his vice ; when we follow the guidance of a deluded conscience , and mistake both covetousness and ambition for zeal ; when we prefer publick mischief , before our own disappointments , and had rather Church & State should be indanger'd then our design should miscarry ; when we hug temptations , and make much of our lusts , and lull them on the pillows of ease and security ; when we wish for things unlawful , and take unlawful courses to get them ; when all our desires are let out for carnal satisfactions , and we make it the great business of our lives to provide for our content , and yet can never be contented ; When by our covetousness and evil concupiscences we have thus broken , not only this , but all Gods Laws and Commandements , we may very well desire God's pardon for what is past , and his assistance for the time to come , in the Churches form ; Lord have mercy upon us , and write all these thy Laws in our hearts , we beseech thee . FINIS . AN EXPLANATION Of the SACRAMENTS . The II. SACRAMENTS . Baptism . GOe ye , and teach all Nations , baptizing them in the Name of the Father , and of the Son , and of the holy Ghost . a Go ye into all the world , and preach the Gospel to every ereature . He that believeth , and is baptized , shall be saved ; but he , that believeth not , shall be damned . b The Lords SUPPER . c THe Lord Iesus the same night , in which he was betraid , took bread : And when he had given thanks , he broke it , and gave it to his disciples , and said ; Take , eat ; this is my body , which is broken [ given ] for you : this do in remembrance of me . Likewise also [ he took ] the cup after supper , and when he had given thanks , he gave it to them , saying , Drink ye all of it : For this is my bloud of the New Testament , which is shed for you [ for many ] for the remission of sinnes . This doe ye as ●ft as ye drink it in remembrance of me . Of the SACRAMENTS . THe Sacraments , That is to say , Holy Rites or Ceremonies , or mysteries used in the Church , appointed by Christ himself . Now Sacrament is a military term , and signifyes that oath , whereby souldiers were wont to engage to be true and faithfull to their General in the War against the enemyes of their countrey : And thus it is with us Christians , who have vow'd obedience to Christ , the Captain of our Salvation , and sworn to fight under his Banner , that we may by his strength overcome the world , the flesh , and the Divel . The Sacraments are but two , Holy Baptisme , and the Holy Supper : which come in the place of Circumcision , and the Iewish Passeover . By Baptism we are admitted into the bosom of the Church , and as it were entred into God's family , being by nature aliens from the Commonwealth of Israel ; and of the children of wrath become heirs of the promise . The Supper affords us a spiritual repast , and by it we grow up , and are intimately united to Christ , and are preserved and fed to life everlasting . There are two things to be considered in a Sacrament ; an outward Sign , and an inward Grace signified . Sign , in Baptisme is Water , which washeth the filth of our body ; the Thing signified is the Blood of Christ , whereby our souls are cleansed from the filth of sin . The outward Elements in the Supper are Bread and Wine , by which the strength of nature is repair'd and maintain'd : The Things signified are the Body of Iesus crucified and his Blood shed , which being partaken by Faith doe heighten our graces , and nourish the souls of believers . Baptisme d then is the laver of regeneration ; and the Supper e is the Communion of the Body and Blood of Christ. In a word the Sacraments are annexed to the Word of God , as the seals of the promise , conveyances of grace , and evidences of the Spirit , by which he doth effectually apply to believers the love of the Father , and the merits of the Son , assuring their hearts , confirming their Faith , fastning their Hope , and enlarging their Charity . Of BAPTISM . THe Institution of Baptisme was after this manner . When Christ had with his Blood sealed the truth of his Doctrine , and purchased to himself a Church , i.e. a peculiar people , the chosen ones of God , whom he fore knew from all eternitie ; ( for he was the f Lamb slain before the foundation of the world was laid ; ) and had made good this his purchase by his resurrection , in that the bands of death sell off , and he was released out of the prison of the grave , having paid the debt , for which he as our surety suffered ; it was then convenient that this Church thus purchased , should be gathered , and the chosen ones be called , and converted to the saith by the preaching of the Word , and distinguished from the rest of the world by a profession of the Gospel , and the use of holy ordinances . Wherefore being himself to depart hence & to ascend to Heaven , he leaves his Disciples with instructions , how to propagate the faith , and to order the affairs of his spiritual Kingdom to the end of the world , and to proclaim throughout all quarters of the world , the good tidings of peace and pardon to all such as should by faith and repentance come in and give up their names to Christ ; It being God's will g that all should be say'd , and come to the knowledge of the truth . Whereupon he sends the Apostles to preach , and by Baptisme i.e. by a solemn rite of washing with water , receive into the bosom of the Church as many as should profess faith in him ; giving them this commission before his departue , as it is set down by the Evangelist , Goe ye and teach all Nations baptizing them , &c. Baptism having bin formerly us'd by Iohn the forerunner of our Saviour , and honour'd by the example of our Saviour himself , who h at his Baptism was signally own'd from Heaven for the Son of God , the Spirit also in the shape of a Dove lighting upon him . Our Saviour in these words , wherein he appoints the form and use of Baptism , partly commands , partly promises . The command hath in it a mission , Goe : & a commission , teach , and Baptize . The promise is that whosoever believeth and is Baptis'd shall be saved . GOE YE INTO ALL THE WORLD . Christ himself being sent to the lost sheep of the House of Israel , confin'd his own walk within the bounds of Iewry ; but at his death the vail of the Temple being rent in twain , and the partition wall broken down , all other Nations of the world were receiv'd into the covenant of grace , and made partakers of that salvation which the Iews i put from themselves . In order to this , the Apostles were furnisht with the gift of tongues , to the end that they might discourse with all people in their own language , of which they gave a notable essay at the Feast of Pentecost ; and not long after they had meeting , and agreed amongst themselves , what quarter of the world every one should take upon him as his Province , and accordingly travell'd , some one or other of them , over all the parts ( of the known world at least ) there being yet remaining in several places of the East in Asia ( as amongst the Chineses and the Indians , ) and of the South in Africk , ( as amongst the Abyssines under the command of Prester Iohn , that is , the Apostolick Prince , &c. ) several monuments of the Apostles preaching . Nor are there wanting in America it self footsteps of the Gospel , as in the Island of the Holy Cross. AND TEACH ALL NATIONS , or preach the Gospell to every Creature . Now indeed does the Sun of rightteousness , being the light that enlightens every one that comes into the world , set forth upon his course , and makes his compass from one end of Heaven to the other , darting forth the rayes of his heavenly Doctrine to all Nations , and diffusing light and heat by the Apostles no otherwise then the Sun in the Firmament makes his passage through the twelve signs of the Zodiack . By this means Churches were planted up & down , Cities and countryes converted to the Faith , and the sound of the Gospel went throughout the world . What an excellent story would the rest of the Acts of the Apostles have made , if they had bin committed to writing , or preserved , as St. Paul's and Peter's were ? whereas we have scarce any thing of them but fable , and the variety of changes since , and ferity of the nations at present makes it almost impossible to find out the truth of their travels , acts , and strange successes . BAPTIZING . This hath a double meaning : either Teach and Baptize , or Teach by Baptizing . The former is thus ; After you have instructed people in the faith , and made known to them the Gospel of Christ , and acquainted them with the will of God touching their salvation ; receive them into the Church , and washing them with water assure them of the pardon of their sins , & engage them into a profession of the Christian Faith , and of a holy life . The later speaketh thus ; Teach by Baptizing , that is to say , preach the Gospel to all , and whomsoever you shall find willing to renounce their former error , to give up themselves to the obedience of the Gospel , make them my Disciples ( which indeed is the importance of the Greek k word ) by dipping or sprinkling them with water : by which ceremony ( as by a peculiar badge ) my Church which is the company of believers shall be distinguish'd from the rest of the world . From both we learn , that the administration of the Sacraments doth properly belong to those whose duty it is to preach the Gospel , to wit , the Ministers of God's Word ; and that they are to Baptize , who are to Teach ; the Sacraments being but the seals , and appendages of the doctrine . THEM . Men , and women , and children ; persons of all conditions , sex , age ; whole countryes , whole cities , whole families , according as your preaching shall find success . And this no question was the practise of the Apostles at first , as hath been of the Church ever since , to admit all even little ones , ( as Christ did suffer little children to come to him ) and the Infants of believers to Baptism : for so Circumcision , in place of which Baptism came , was performed upon children of eight dayes old : And why should the sign of the Covenant be denied little babes , who are in Covenant with the God of their Fathers , who hath promis'd to be our God , & the God of ours ? What an unkindness is it , that a parent should shut the gate of life against his child , and deprive it of the priviledge of a new birth : seeing that believers children are born heirs of the promise , and have as good title to the spiritual blessing of their Fathers as they have to their temporal estate ; if the word of God be good evidence . What hard-hearted person can look upon it's child no otherwise then a heathen brat , then the young one of some brute damm ; I will not say lamb , or kid , or calf , which God appointed to be offered to him , and accepted in the Iewish service . And will any one then be backward in bringing his child to the Temple , and presenting him to the Lord , or fear God's displeasure for so doing ? O rigid course to pass a sentence of excommunication upon children , till they come to years of discretion . And why so ? because they have no faith . Suppose they have not . The very Baptising a child makes him a Disciple , if thou understandest l Greek . And art afraid of making thy child a Disciple too soon ? Besides , who dares to be so peremptory , and void of charity as to deny little ones faith ; since faith though it do ordinarily come by hearing , yet it is a grace infus'd by God into the soul , capable of such infusion ; nay , holy writings have left it upon record , that some children were sanctified in the womb , and that Iohn the Baptist ●eapt in his mother's belly at the entrance of the Virgin Mother ; & layes it down for a general observe , that God hath out of the mouths of babes & suckling● ordained strength , or prepared for himself a strong and solid praise . IN THE NAME , i.e. by virtue & force of a divine command and appointment , and by that authority which is deliver'd to the Son by the Father ; and which through the Spirit , I doe also impart to you my Ministers . Or into the Name ; for so the words sound in the m Greek . i.e. into the profession of Christian Faith , and of Gospel-obedience . Now the highest point of Christian Doctrine is to believe in God , distinguished into three Persons , Father , Son , and Holy Ghost . OF THE FATHER . Who made us , and begets us a new , by his word and ordinances . OF THE SON . Who redeemed us , and washes away our stains with his Blood. AND OF THE HOLY GHOST . Who sanctifies us ; for we are born again of water , and the spirit . Each Person hath its peculiar operation , & is severally represented , in the holy rite of Baptism . For whereas by washing of water is meant the doing away of sin , the Father pardons sins , the Son purchased the pardon , the Spirit by faith applyes that purchase . So then we are sav'd by the mercy of the Father , by the merit of the Son , and by the efficacy of the Spirit . This form of Baptism is one of the clearest proofs of Trinity in all Scripture ; and indeed when our Saviour was Baptiz'd of Iohn , all Three did shew themselves present . Christ himself whom Iohn did Baptize , was the second Person ; the Spirit descended upon him in the shape of a Dove ; and the Father spoke out of the Cloud , saying , This is my beloved Son , in whom I am well pleased . In the Command is set down the rite , or outward action . i.e. the washing with water . The Promise delivers the grace signified and conveyed by the action , to wit , remission of sins . The analogie betwixt the outward sign , and the inward grace lyes in this ; that , as Water being powred , or sprinkled on the body , washes off the filth ; so the Blood of Christ , which was the Fountain open'd for the cleansing of iniquity , doth purge the conscience , and doe away sin , whether original , or actual , and present us clean without spot in the sight of the Father by the virtue of the Spirit . HE THAT BELIEVES AND IS BAPTIZED , SHALL BE SAVED . Faith is the soul's hand , by which a man receives and applyes to himself the benefits purchased by Christ. By Faith we are justified . Baptism is the laver of regeneration , the seal of the Covenant , the conveyance of Grace . They are both necessary , neither can either of them serve turn by it self ; There must be an Ordinance to ground Faith upon and there must be a Faith to make the Ordinance effectual . For every appointment ( as the just man doth ) lives by Faith. Faith without Baptism , were a bucket without water ; and Baptism void of Faith , were but a well without a bucket to draw up the waters of life . He that believes , by confessing his sins , and professing Faith resolves upon amendment of life , and gives himself up to Christ's discipline ; and then is baptiz'd , obliges himself by vow , & enters into Covenant of strict walking with God , He shall be sav'd from his sins , & the punishments due to them ; being free as well from the power , as from the guilt . His nature shall be renewed ; and by the continual supplyes of grace ( if he make good use of it ) he shall be enabled more and more to withstand temptations , & get ground of his lusts ; he shall be put into a state of salvation , and every day set forward on his way to bliss through the paths of holiness , till with Christ at last he arrive at perfection , & have his grace changed into glory . HE THAT BELIEVETH NOT SHALL BE DAMNED This is a threat annexed to the promise , which holds good by the law of contraries ; for if those that believe shall be saved , then those that believe not must expect nothing but damnation . We must observe , that , there is not added here any mention of Baptism , because unbelief it self is enough to shut the gates of Heaven against any one , and send him to Hell : wherefore it is not said he that believes not , and is not Baptiz'd ; for the unbeliever , whether he be baptiz'd or no , is lyable to this sentence ; If he hath been baptiz'd , it will be look'd upon as a formal cheat , & a cloak to disguise his hypocrisy : And if he hath not , the very neglect of Baptism serves for an open discovery of his unbelief ; so that either way he aggravates his sin , by being on one side hypocrite , on the other profane . The meaning of these words then is this . But on the contrary , whosoever doth not with true Faith entertain my Doctrine , and with sure purpose of mind resolve on the keeping my Commands , but doth either so far disbelieve Christian Truth , that he will not so much as take upon him the outward profession of it , or having been baptiz'd , is of loose opinions and practises , and disparages his profession with foul errors , or wicked manners : such an one will have no benefit by Christ , no share in the salvation wrought by him , but brings upon himself the guilt of his own sins , and continues still in a state of wrath , and perishing in his unbelief , will assuredly be cast into everlasting torments . If the One Sacrament may be termed the Bosom of the Church , by which we are entred , and have admittance into the fellowship of the Saints ; The Other may not without reason be call'd the Churches Breast , by which we are nourished to a spiritual growth , and are refreshed and fed to life everlasting . Of the Lord's SUPPER . AFter that our Saviour had sufficiently made known by his Doctrine the will of God concerning man's salvation , and proved by many miracles , that he was the Son of God that came down from Heaven , to the end that having put on our nature , he might in our stead satisfy the Law , and undergoe the punishments due to us for our sins , that we through Faith in him might live ; It pleased him ( that he might leave with us the Symbols of his presence for ever , and preserve the memory of his sufferings afresh in the mind of the faithful ) to prefigure his Death by a Sacrament , appointing Bread , & Wine , the usual supplyes of life , for the representing of his sacred Body , which was broken on the Cross , and torn with the nails and the spear : and his Blood which trickled from his sacred Head by the pricking of the thorns , gush'd out of his hands & feet when he was nail'd to the tree , and brake forth of his side when he was wounded with the launce , and plentifully stream'd forth out of every vein of his sacred Body , when he was cruelly scourged with whips . Now his Body thus broken , and his Blood thus shed , doe no less feed a believers soul , and improve the force of grace , then the body is nourished , and natures strength repaired by Bread and Wine . But this hath a spiritual meaning ; not that any one doth eat the very flesh of Christ , and drink his very blood in a gross manner , for that will be as absured to think as 't is savage to doe ; or that Christ can be receiv'd any other way then by Faith , for 't is a point of Faith that the Body of Christ did goe up to Heaven , and there is to remain till the last day ; and 't is contrary to very reason , to say , that the same Body can at the same time be in several places ; and to bring to pass contradictions , is a thing out of the power of omnipotence it self ; not to say that it is plain even to our outward senses , that the elements of bread and wine doe still remain after consecration the same in substance as well as in colour , and accidents as they were before . In fine it would indeed be no Sacrament , if the signs should change their nature , and the thing signified be it self really there ; for a Sacrament is nothing else but a figure , and representation of some thing that is absent , exhibiting to the understanding that which cannot be seen with the eye ; and by outward actions resembling the inward virtue and efficacy of that thing of which it is a sign . This sacred Rite is called the Holy Supper , either by the way of Metaphor to denote the communion , and fellowship which the Saints have with one another ( for which reason we also usually term it with the Apostle Paul , n the Communion . ) The whole family meeting together at that time , when all the business of the day is over , to refresh themselves , and take their repast . Nor is it otherwise with the houshold of Faith , who though imployed in several dwellings and dutyes of life , yet as members of one and the same body , whereof Christ is the Head , are united to one another by the same spirit , & fed with the same spiritual food . So that the Mystical body of the Church is made up of many Saints , just as the bread it self of many corns , and the wine of drops ; whence 't is frequently by the Greek Fathers called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i.e. the gathering together of the Saints , whither ( as some Interpreters would have it ) that place hath allusion , o where the car case is , that is , the crucified Body of Christ , thither shall the eagles , the quick-sighted , high-flown believers , be gathered together . Or , out of a more particular respect to the Passeover , into the place and stead whereof this Sacrament came ; as the other succeeded circumcision : for the Iews were wont by God's appointment yearly to celebrate a Feast , whereon at evening in each houshold they slew a Lamb , dressed it , and eat it together in remembrance of the deliverance from the Egyptian slavery , and from the Angel , who striking all the first born of Egypt pass'd over the houses of the Israelites , who for that purpose had according to that p command dash'd the Blood of the Lamb upon the lintel of the door . Now Christ being the substance was to put an end to all ceremonies , & came to make one perfect sacrifice once for all , who in that he dyed , dyed but once , being the Lamb of God , which taketh away the sins of the world ; and his death we are to remember in these pledges of his love , whereby he hath delivered us from a spiritual slavery , and wrought salvation for us . And indeed in that very nick of time when our Saviour had finisht the Paschal Supper with his Disciples , he appointed this as to abide for ever in the room of the other . The Lord's Supper it is styled , because appointed by the Lord Jesus , and represents him to be fed on by Faith. The words of the Scripture , wherein the Institution is set down , expresse both time when , and manner how it was performed : the manner again delilivers partly what he did , partly what he said , in consecrating the bread first , and then the cup. The Institution of this Sacrament is described by the authour , time , and manner . The Authour , the Lord Iesus . The Time , the night wherein he was betrayed . the Manner consists of two parts , shewing partly what he did , partly what he said ; and that severally of these two several signs , by which he would represent his Body and Blood. For this Holy Supper was to consist of spiritual meat and drink ; as men use both to eat and drink in their other ordinary meals . The Bread is the sign of his Body ; the Cup of his Blood. First , as to the Bread what did he ? He took it , he bless'd it , he broke it , he gave it . What said he ? Take , eat ; this is my Body . Again for the Cup , what did he ? he took it , he bless'd it , he gave it . What said he ? Drink ye all of it ; for this is my Blood , &c. Now let us goe over each part again , and explain it more fully . THE LORD JESUS . Who by the merit of his Passion , and at the price of his Blood purchased for us Salvation , and for himself glory , and a Name above every Name , that he might become Head of the Church , and to him might be given all power from the Father . He alone has authority to appoint Sacraments , and order the affairs of his Church , by his word and spirit ; whereby he hath impowerd his Ministers to act in his Name , & to dispense his ordinances even to the end of the world . IN THE NIGHT. For it was a Supper , which he intended , and 't was at supper or rather after supper ; when he had with his Disciples about him , eaten the Passeover , the type of himself , who was the Lamb slain before the foundation of the world ; when he said at the Table , One of you shall betray me , and discovered his betrayer by giving him a sop , which some think was no other then a piece of consecrated bread . Nay , the self-same night , IN WHICH HE WAS BETRAID by Iudas with a kiss , bringing a multitude along with him , arm'd with swords , and staves , the rage of the rulers , and the curses of the priests , to lay wicked hands on him , after he had sweat drops of blood in his agony , and powred out his Soul in Prayer , being sad even to death , in a garden , where he made the praeludium to his Passion . BREAD , by which the heart of man is strengthned ( which is therefore called the staff of life ) is made use of to represent the Body of Christ , who q was the bread which came down from Heaven , by which souls are fed to life everlasting . HE TOOK IT . That he might by his example shew the Ministers of his word , what they are to doe , when they invite their people to the holy Table ; himself doth in a solemn manner begin the ceremonies ; taking the bread , i.e. lifting it up , and holding it in his hand , which amongst the Iews was then the fashion observ'd by the master of the house . AND GIVING THANKS . We doe not read anywhere , that Christ ever sate down to meat without Thanksgiving ; which especially before the Holy Supper , is necessary , it being for that reason call'd the Eucharist . And surely the death of Christ , which is here set forth , was the greatest blessing , that ever befell mankind . Or Blessing it . The meaning may be , that by consecrating it , he did set it aside from common use , and praying for a special blessing upon it , that it may become an effectual means of grace , he stamp'd upon it a kind of reverence , which was not due to it before . HE BROKE IT . Whence this mystery is also call'd the breaking of bread : he divided it into several pieces , that there might be the better distribution of it amongst the company at table . AND GAVE IT , i.e. reaching out his hand he set to every one his part , and bestowed it amongst them . TO THE DISCIPLES . Who did then represent the whole Church of Christ , and society of the faithful , both men , and women , who should give up themselves to the discipline of Christ , and take upon them the profession of the Gospel ; not so much as Iudas excepted , though Christ well knew , what was in his heart . Wherefore by Christ's own example Ministers might learn , that none should be excluded , and kept from the table , where Christ himself entertained the Traitour , the Thief , and the Apostate Iudas . All are invited to this heavenly banquet , and if any one crowd in , having not on his wedding garment , he does it at his own peril . r 'T is the Apostle's rule in this case , that a man examine himself and so come . He that shall censure his brother as unworthy to share in this divine worship , to be sure by his want of charity makes himself unfit to be there , and uncapable of the blessing ; charity being as necessary a qualification as repentance ; and we are out of charity to suppose that any scandalous liver , or notorious offender , would venture upon these sacred mysteries without having repented him of his sins , since he is told aforehand , that by coming unworthily he will but eat and drink damnation to himself , delivering himself into Satan's power , filling up the measure of his sins , and hastning his own destruction , as it far'd with Iudas . AND SAID . Here follow the words of consecration ; for this too , as wel as the common s food , is sanctified by the word and Prayer . It was not enough to have broken and given it , unless he had also said , Take , eat . God is wont to instruct all our senses , as he requires s to have them all exercised in holy things . The outward Sign is propos'd to the eye , the Word to the ear , so that what the eagle-sighted Evangelist t saith of the Incarnation of Christ , may have here a peculiar place ; That which we have seen , That which we have heard , and our hands have handled of the word of life , declare we unto you : and accordingly it follows . TAKE . Stretching out the hand of Faith , lay hold on life , embrace salvation offer'd . Take , for ye have it not by nature in your selves ; it is the gift of God through Christ , who took upon him the Humane nature , that he through it might convey to men the power , & virtue of the Divine nature . He took , that he might give ; we take to enjoy . Take it , not snatch it , take it with reverence and such devotion of mind , and body , as becomes so great a mystery ; and this indeed has alwayes been the custom of the Church to use an humble posture upon this occasion , and receive kneeling . EAT . Apply to your souls the benefit of my death , feed upon me and be transformed into my likeness , that ye may be united to me , and I may live in you , no otherwise then the meat , which we dayly eat , is turn'd into juice and blood , and intimately adhering to us , becomes part of us . THIS IS MY BODY . This i.e. this bread , for though they disagree in gender , yet who is so unskil'd in Grammar , as not to know that the Relative this , may agree either with the former Antecedent , bread , or with the later , body ? or This mystery and Sacrament , This action of my breaking , and giving , of your taking and eating . IS MY BODY . Is the representation of my death , & the assurance of salvation to those that believe ; as we commonly say of a writing in Law , This is my estate . i.e. this gives me a title to such a house and land , and by a sure conveyance makes me right owner of it , as if the house , and fields , and meadows were really included in the parchment . Such a manner of speech is frequently us'd in Scripture ; as where 't is v said the rock was Christ , which to take properly and strictly , as the words sound , were absurd ; there being no more meant by it then this , that the rock was the type , and emblem of Christ. So here that the bread is Christ's Body , is not to be understood in a gross sense , as if that the substance of the bread were changed into the very flesh of Christ ; but that whosoever doth with faith receive these sacred Symbols , doth truly and to all intents partake of the benefits , which Christ hath purchas'd for us by his death , and is closely united to Christ , and grows in grace , even as our bodily food being taken in does pass into our nature , and give nourishment , and increase , to all the parts of our body . WHICH IS BROKEN , or Given . The u present Tense here is put for the future , which shortly shall be broken ; for Christ was yet not crucified , but spoke these words before his Passion . Or the whole life of Christ having been nothing else but an enduring of hardship , it may be understood not onely of the cross , and the nails ; the scourges and the thorns , wherewith his sacred Body was rent , and torn : but also of hunger and cold , fasting and watching , grief and pains , which he underwent all along from the Cradle to the Cross : or in a mystical and Sacramental sense ; which by this breaking & giving of the bread is represented & shown forth as broken and given for them . For the very actions us'd by our Saviour at this Supper have a spiritual meaning , and doe allude to some mystery . He took bread ; and so he took to himself a body , that he might become bone of our bone , and flesh of our flesh ; and suffer in the flesh the punishment due to us ; as it is w written , Burnt offerings , and sacrifices thou wouldst not ; but a body thou hast prepared for me . He blessed it , i.e. he set it aside from common use : in like manner , the mass of flesh and blood , which he would put on , he separated from the defilement of our nature , that he might after an extraordinary manner , be born of the Blessed Virgin without sin . He broke it , Iust so was that his body used , cut and mangled with cruel whips , bruised with blowes , and buffets , gash'd with a spear , pricked with the thorns , and bored with nails ; that we by his stripes might be healed . He gave it ; hanging on the Cross , with stretched armes & bowed head , he seem'd to invite all men to the well of salvation , which was open'd in his side , for the cleansing of iniquity , and the quenching of spiritual thirst ; laying down his life , like the good shepheard for the ransom of souls . And his Father gave him , so loving the world , that he gave his only begotten Son to the death , that whosoever believes in him might have everlasting life . FOR YOU . For your sake , upon your account , to your benefit ; for the appeasing God's wrath , satisfying his Iustice , and obtaining his mercy ; for the redemption of your souls , the purchase of pardon and grace , and the assurance of salvation , that you by my death may live , by my wounds you may be cured , and by receiving me thus offered unto you , may be received into favour . Or in your stead . Behold I suffer , what you should have suffered ; I as your Mediator stand betwixt you and God , betwixt your sins and his wrath , and undergoe the penalty which was due to you : my body is torn and mangled , and my soul powred out to death , not for any thing that I have done amiss ; for there hath bin no iniquity found in my hand , nor guil in my mouth : but I am that Lamb of God slain from the beginning of the world ; I am that good shepheard of souls , that lay down my life for my sheep . Thus broken and given , thus delivered for you , and to you , I seal pardon of sins to your hearts , I improve grace , supply strength , & feed your souls to life everlasting . Broken or Given , as if it were all one ; for this heavenly Bread was given , that it might be broken , 't was broken , that it might be given . Christ could not have suffered for us , had he not had a body given him for that purpose , nor could that body have done us good , or furnisht us with spiritual nourishment , had it not bin broken ; Had not Christ dyed , we could not be sure of living : As it is with the bread it self , which is the Symbol of his Body . The corn must be first cut down , and threshed , and winnowed , and grownd , and sifted , & kneaded , and baked with a hot oven , before it can become bread . THIS DOE YE . These words either have reference to the actions of the Disciples , who took the bread which Christ gave them , and eat it ; and so they belong to all Christians in general , to the whole company of believers according as the Church doth in more words deliver it ; Take , and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee , & feed on him in thy heart , with Faith and thanksgiving . And so of the Cup afterward 't is said ; This doe ye as oft as ye drink it , i.e. when ever ye drink it , drink it in remembrance of me . Or to Christ's own actions , who broke it , and gave it ; and thus they imply a special charge to the Officers of the Church , the Ministers of the Gospel , and Preachers of the Word , such as also were these Disciples ; as if he should have said , you are Apostles , with whom I leave the care of planting Churches , and preaching the Gospel , whom I trust for the management of the affairs of my Kingdom , and duly administring the Sacraments : wherefore I charge , and require of you , that in celebrating this mystery you follow my example , and doe no otherwise then you have seen me do before you ; that it may remain pure to all succeeding ages , according to this first institution . And hither St. Paul x in this case makes his appeal , where he discourses of the Holy Supper , That which I received that deliver I unto you , how the Lord Iesus , &c. This or Thus , This which I have done , or thus , as I have done now in your company , doe ye , and all from hence forward that derive authority from you , in your several assemblyes ; take bread and bless it , and break it , and give it about to those who rightly prepared come to the holy Table , and use these words of consecration , which I have done to you . The y Greek is , make this , hence it is an ordinary phrase amongst the Popish Priests , when they perform Mass to say , that they doe make the Body of the Lord ; thinking possibly that the Doctrine of Transsubstantiation is much advantaged by the word of making , which in the Greek is indifferently applyed to all manner of actions , and the other z which signifies to do would have bin very improper and not fit to be us'd in this place . THIS DOE YE . The word will also in the a Latine and Hebrew carry a sense of sacrificing ; and then 't would intimate , that our Saviour's death was our peace-offering ; whereby God's wrath conceived against sin was atoned , and his Iustice satisfied , we being cleansed by the sprinkling of his Blood. The Papists therefore call the Mass a Sacrifice without Blood , and the holy Table strictly and properly without any Metaphor , an Altar . 'T is true , we doe here represent and commemorate the death of Christ ; and when we come to partake of these Mysteries , we may use the b Psalmist's words ; What shall I render to the Lord for all his benefits towards me ? I will take the Cup of Salvation , and call upon the Name of the Lord : I will Sacrifice unto thee the Sacrifice of thanksgiving , and call upon the Name of the Lord : I will pay my vows unto the Lord , now in the presence of all his people . But he having offer'd once a perfect Sacrifice for the taking away of sin , and cry'd upon the Cross , It is finished , and in that he dyed , dyes no more : 't were absurd to think , there needed a repetition of that act , which in it self was all-sufficient , Christ's Blood being of an infinite value , as it immediately follows in the same Psalm , Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of his Saints : A c word peculiar to Christ , as in the fourth Psalm , He hath set apart the holy one for himself , and in the 16. Thou shalt not suffer thine holy one to see corruption , meaning Christ. Besides to what purpose is it to ground an unreasonable doctrine upon the nicety of a word , which in ordinary plain meaning signifies but this , doe so hereafter as ye now doe ; or do ye in your companies , what ye have seen me now do in mine . IN REMEMBRANCE OF ME. For a memorial of me , and a monument of my love , who have not spar'd my life for your sakes , and with a sense of gratitude to keep up the memory of my bitter death , which I as your surety upon your account underwent , and the benefit whereof you will receive by believing on me , by eating my flesh , and drinking my Blood , and becoming one with me . Or d for my remembrance ; appointed by me to be one of my sacred ordinances , to be kept up in the practise of the Church till my second coming in the clouds , as ye will see me goe away . Wherefore in the mean while to leave behind me a remembrance , and to bear up your hearts in Faith , that what I have suffered hath bin out of love to you , and that those who in following ages shall not see me in the flesh , yet may have some further assurance then my bare word , I have provided this to be a standing ordinance in the Church , whereby I may be remembred to the end of the world . LIKEWISE ALSO HE TOOK THE CUP . Now follows the other part of this Sacrament , to wit , the consecration of the Cup ; for it would not be a compleat meal , were there not spiritual drink as well as meat , the Blood of Christ being as necessary to quench the thirst , as his flesh to satisfie the hunger of a believing soul , that hungers and thirsts after righteousness . But first the Bread and then the Cup. Why ? because there must be a body broken , before there could be blood spilt . First bread to strengthen , and then wine to refresh the heart . Again the Cup last as of great importance ; for the flesh could have profited nothing without the blood , and God is said e to have redeem'd his Church with his Blood ; nor does he onely redeem us with the shedding of his blood , but wash us by the sprinkling of it upon our consciences from dead works ▪ and preserve his Church spotless till the great day . Nay the author to the Hebrews f observes , that in the old Law there was no attonement for sin without blood : for in the blood lay the life , & the life of the sinner was to answer for his sin : wherefore 't was not so much the flesh of the sacrifice , ( which was partly burnt into ashes , partly eaten by the Priest or congregation ) that appeas'd God's wrath , as the blood , which was sprinkled round the Altar . Nor did the eating of the Passeover ( which was the type of this Supper ) secure the Israelites from the destroying Angel , but the blood which was struck upon the lintell of the door . Nor can the Papists plead the no necessity of administring the Cup , because the children of Israel in the celebration of their Passeover , and the Priests and people in their sacrifices onely eat of the flesh of the lamb or bullock , and not drank the blood , but either spilt it , or sprinkled it up & down . For first we have here Christ's express command , Drink ye all of it ; whereas they were bid to the contrary . And then , which is the main thing . Christ's merit ( as was said before ) lay most in his blood , so that to give our selves an interest in his sufferings , we must partake of his blood as well as of his body . But why is the Symbol of his precious Blood call'd a Cup , whereas that by which his holy Body is represented is plainly termed Bread ? now bread and cup are not direct opposites , nor answer one another , but bread and wine . This by the Papists own confession must be allowed to be a figure ( call'd Metonymie ) of the vessel containing for the liquor contained , the Cup for the wine in the cup. Now therefore if the Cup be not really turn'd into the blood of Christ , neither is the bread changed into flesh . For just as it 's said of the bread , This is my Body , so he sayes of the Cup , This is my Blood. And if there be a figure in one place , why not in both ? or can we suppose , that our Saviour in a thing of so great concernment , would not have spoke properly here too , as he did before . But the truth on 't is , we should on all hands run our selves into a world of absurdities , should we take words strictly as they sound , and not allow them a fair meaning according to popular use , and custom of speaking . For by this means we should have cities with wals up to heaven , Christ would be turn'd into one rock , Peter into another , Herod would be Metamorphosed into a fox , and Ovid's fables would hardly seem more strange then Scripture . But Rhetorick teacheth us the convenience , and vulgar custom the necessity of using figures , & no question but our Saviour made use of the liberty in this sacred Institution . Now the ground of this figure whereby the Cup is put for the wine ( whereas the other part of the Sacrament is properly express'd by the name of bread ) may be this ; because bread being of a solid substance is of it self easily laid hold on , and taken up with the hands : but wine is of a fluid & liquid nature , so that it cannot be meddled with to any use , unless it be first put into some vessel , as a cup , &c. Likewise also . These two particles imply , partly that Christ did as well appoint the use of wine as of bread to make this holy Supper an entire Sacrament ; in so much that , if either should be taken away , the mystery would be maimed and imperfect ; partly that he did in like manner , and after the self same fashion , consecrate the Symbol of his precious Blood , as he did that of his holy Body , using the same actions , and almost words ; for as he took the bread , and gave thanks , and gave it to his Disciples , bidding them eat , and telling them , that is was his Body , which was broken for them , and charging them to doe it in remembrance of him : Iust so he took the Cup too , and gave thanks , and gave it amongst them and bid them drink , and told them withal , that it was his Blood , which was shed for them , and charged them to do it in remembrance of him . Some little difference we may meet with , both in the actions and in the words , either by adding or leaving out . First here is added a more special note of the time , when the cup was appointed , to wit , after Supper , which is but generally expressed in the other part to be the night in which he was betrayed : And a more punctual command , when he sayes , Drink ye all of it ; contenting himself of the bread to have said onely , Eat it . with a particular declaration of the nature of this Sacrament , where he tells them , 't was the Blood of the New Testament , which he sayes not of his Body ; and of the use and end for which it was appointed , for the remission of sins . i.e. for sealing that pardon , which he purchased by his blood . Besides a precept , at least an advice of frequent receiving , implyed in those words , As oft as ye drink it . Then here is left out the action of powring out of the wine , which answers the breaking of bread ; for he broke the breaa , but it is not said that he powred out the wine . So that it may be supposed the cup was full of wine , when he took it . Yet the words of consecration doe make out this action also ; for as he said , This is my Body which is broken for you ; so he saith , This is my Blood which is shed for you . And lastly , he sayes of the bread , Take , eat ; but of the wine onely , Drink ; which yet they could not do without taking it . Now herein perhaps lay the difference , that of the bread being broken into small pieces , every one could at once take his part , and all partake together at the same time : but the cup being not capable of such a partition , they handed it to one another , the second staying till the first had drunk , and so on to the last . The Cup , to wit , being full of wine ; for so himself sayes afterward , that he would drink no more of the fruit of the vine , till he drank it new with them in the kingdom of his Father . Now wine was the fittest to express the nature and use of the Blood of Christ , it being the noblest liquour , that which most refreshes the heart of man. Give wine ( as the Proverb g saith ) to the sad in heart , that they may forget their misery . Wine was used also in the curing of wounds , as 't is said h of the good Samaritan , that taking the man ●hat had lighted amongst thieves into his care , he powred wine and oyl into his wounds ; the wine to search and cleanse , as well as the oyl to heal and skin them : Christ's Blood hath the same virtue and efficacy to quench the spiritual thirst of a sinner , who being scorch'd with his guilt , longs for Christ's righteousness , as the hart panteth after the water-brooks ; to cheer the spirits which lye drooping under the sense of sin ; to supply new strength to a Christian believer , that he shall rejoyce to run his course as a Giant refresh'd with wine ; and lastly to wash the defiled conscience , and cleans the foul running sores of the soul , that it may be fitted for the oyl of the spirit the comforter . Besides Christ himself is often compared to a Vine , whereof all the faithfull are branches , I am the Vine ( sayes he i ) and my Father the Husbandman ; and he is said to have trod the winepress of God's wrath alone for us . Yet in case of necessity , where wine cannot be had , other drinks either natural or made ( according to the custom of the country ) may be us'd , as water , beer , &c. Now as that bread which came down from heaven was the type of his body , so was the water which came out of the rock , and follow'd the Israelites through the wilderness , an emblem of his Blood ; for k that rock was Christ. He took it . He lifted it from the table , and held it in his hand , either having first powred wine into it out of some bigger vessell or flagon , or else with an intent to power wine into it ; as the word shed forth , or powred out doth intimate ; for the sign was to represent the thing signified . AFTER SUPPER . At the end of Supper , when they had done eating , whereas the other part of this Sacrament was appointed in Supper time , as they were eating . Or else 't is not unlikely , that this particle of time may belong as well to the bread as to the cup ; that the celebration of the whole mystery was not performed , till they had made an end of the Paschal Supper , into the room and place whereof this was from thence forward to succeed and be of perpetual use in the Church . AND WHEN HE HAD GIVEN THANKS , or blessed it . For the Apostle l calls it , The Cup of blessing which we bless ; i.e. before he appointed it to be a sign of his Blood , he sanctified it by the word and prayer , and begging a blessing upon it , separated it from common use : using perhaps the ordinary grace , which amongst the Iews , the Master of the house did at meals make use of ; for no question but our Saviour here alludes to their custom , who at the end of dinner or supper , after thanks was given , drank round the whole company that was at table of the grace-cup , the Master of the house beginning to the rest . HE GAVE IT . He set it down amongst them , that they might one after another take the cup and drink ; or perhaps put it into the hand of some one , that he might give it about to his fellows . TO THEM . The Apostles , to wit , or disciples , who at that time stood for the whole Church ; and consequently to all believers whomsoever , that make profession of the Christian Faith. SAYING . Speaking almost the same words , as he used before concerning the bread , that he might declare his own purpose in the institution of this mystery , and their benefit who should partake of it . DRINK YE . With Faith receive this Sacrament of my Blood , that like your natural drink , it being taken into your souls may refresh your souls , quicken your graces , and keep you to life everlasting . ALL OF IT . Every one some : for the bread was indeed broken into severall portions , but the cup could not be so divided ; wherefore they were to part it among them , every one drinking so , that there might be left for the rest of the company . FOR. That which before was delivered in a declarative way as a bare narration , eat ; this is my Body , is here brought in as a reason . Drink , for this is my Blood. Which shews to what end and purpose the cup was appointed , and how much it concerns believers to drink of it , since by it is conveyed the forgiveness of sins , the main virtue and effect of Christ's Blood being spilt . THIS . To wit , this cup which I doe now deliver to you , this wine which you are now about to drink , or this action of my giving and your drinking the holy Cup. IS MY BLOOD . That is , doth signifie and represent my Blood ; and not only so , but gives out also and conveyes my Blood , and the benefits thereof ; so that it being receiv'd with Faith shall prove as much to your advantage , and doe your souls as much good , as if you did really drink my very Blood , even as one finds himself refresh'd with wine which he drinks . OF THE NEW TESTAMENT . Upon Gospel terms , and the account of grace ; whereas formerly in the time of the Old Testament under the Law they were us'd to make atonement for their sins with the blood of bulls and goats : now Christ the Son of God was come in the flesh , who was the substance , that all those shadows belonged to , and the truth prefigur'd by those Levitical types , all those rites of sacrificing were to have an end ; when once he had offer'd up a perfect sacrifice , blotting out the hand-writing of the Law , and sealing a New Covenant of grace in his Blood : for the word m will bear that sense too ; and we know 't was the usual custom of making and ratifying Covenants by sacrifice , as betwixt n God and Abraham , o Abraham and the King of the Philistins , when they strook a league of friendship ; and possibly that heap of stones , which was p raised by Iacob and his Father in law Laban , and was afterward called Gilead , might serve also for that purpose . Nay Homer takes notice of it , as practis'd amongst the Heathen . But the Greek does more properly denote the Testament or last will , by which a man doth before his death dispose of his estate , & bequeath legacies , which being ambulatory and uncertain as long as one lives , is never valid or of force , q till the Testator be dead : nor could we have bin the better for Christ , or have had an effectual enjoyment of his benefits , had he not dyed , and by his death sealed as well as made the purchase . By the New Testament here then is meant the will of God the Father , concerning the Salvation of mankind ; which in former time he had made his people acquainted with , by visions , and Prophesies , and other dark representations ; but in the fulness of time , by sending his own Son , made man after our own likeness ; when the wisdome of the Father dwelt amongst the children of men , and the word became flesh ; gave out a full discovery thereof in the light of the Gospel and the clear manifestations of his grace : And that Covenant of grace , which by the death of his Son ( our Mediator , who reconcil'd us with the Father ) he entred into with men , being made upon other terms then the Law required , which sayes , Doe this and live , and calls for an exact obedience , which therefore it was impossible for men to keep ; whereas the conditions we are tyed to under the Covenant of grace are repentance only and Faith ; ( by which denying our own righteousness , we depend upon the merits of a crucified Saviour , ) according as they are propos'd both in the Old Testament , r the Iust shall live by Faith. And in the New , s He that believes shall be saved ; That Covenant of Grace , I say , is not without good reason styl'd the New Covenant , according as God himself promis'd by the Prophet even in the time of the Law , that he would make a new Covenant . I will be their God ( s sayes he ) and they shall be my people . And seeing that Christ's death hath put an end to the sacrifices formerly us'd for the ratifying of that Covenant , though in substance God's Covenant both with the Iews , and with the Christians be all one , yet in respect of a different administration , and a new and clearer dispensation , This may well be call'd the New Testament , That the Old. WHICH IS SHED . Truly , yet mystically and spiritually in this Sacrament , as sure as the wine ( by which it is represented ) is now powred out into the cup for your use . For it cannot be conceived , that when he spake these words he did really bleed , it being before his Passion ; but he having taken our flesh , and our blood on no other purpose , then to break the one , and shed the other for us , he speaks of that as already done , which was in God's everlasting counsel decreed to be done , in which sense he is call'd t the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world . Which is shed then is no more , then which is to be shed , which shortly will be shed , and which partly had already bin shed ; for Christ spilt not all his Blood at once , but at several times ; as at his Circumcision , when he paid the first fruits of it to the Lord ; in his agony , when he swet clots of blood ; at his scourging , when he was cut with whips ; at his crowning , when the thorns pierc'd his sacred head , and the scoffs more his heart ; and lastly at his Passion , when the nails fastned his hands and feet to the Cross , & the launce gored his blessed side , so that there gushed out water and blood , in such streams , that his most holy Soul together with his Blood left him . FOR YOU . In your stead , and to your benefit . For I having taken upon me the office of a Mediator , betwixt God and men , am to undergoe that punishment which was due to to man for sin : wherefore because by the decree and Law of God there is no atonement without shedding of blood ; I also am ready to powr forth mine , that you being sprinkled with it , may be acquitted from the sentence of the Law , and justified in the sight of God. Seeing that it will be but just , that what I your surety have done and suffer'd in your behalf , should satisfie the Iustice of God , and discharge you from guilt and the penalty of the Law , all one as if you your selves had done and suffer'd it . One Evangelist hath it , For many , or v rather Concerning many ; and then it may be understood of things , to wit , Sins which Christ's Blood did atone ; Wrath , which it appeased ; the Law , which it satisfied ; Guilt , which it frees from ; Filth , which it washes off ; and the Ceremonies , which it put an end to . And to all these purposes was Christ's Blood shed . But if it be taken for persons , it may have the same meaning as that , For you : The Greek u word frequently importing the whole multitude , & so the Apostle w to the Romans layes the comparison betwixt the old Adam & the new ; that as by one man's disobedience , all men became sinners , so much more by Christ's obedience should many be made righteous . Now the advantage of this comparision would come to nothing , were not Christ's death of as universal influence , for the justification of mankind ; as Adam's sin , was for the condemnation , though indeed the benefit thereof doe redound to none , but those who doe with true Faith lay hold upon it , i.e. to the elect alone , and true believers ; who yet ( in respect of the rest that perish in their sins through unbelief ) cannot be call'd the many . For many are call'd but few are chosen . And no question but it was Christ's intent to tast death ( as 't is said x ) for every man , none excepted , but who would wilfully run into damnation by despising so great salvation . And that the many may thus mean the All , is clear by y other places , where a word of the largest extent is us'd , to wit , the world , which cannot in propriety of speech be applyed to signify the Church onely ; God so loved the world , that he gave his Son. and Christ is the Lamb of God that takes away the sins of the world . and is a propitiation not for our sins alone , viz. that are believers , but for the sins of the whole world also . FOR THE REMISSION OF SINS . Whereas the Law doth pronounce sentence of death upon those that transgress it ; for the soul that sinneth shall dye ; And all men are concluded under sin ; for z there is none righteous , no not one ; and a in thy sight shall no flesh be justified ; It was impossible for one that was meer man either to perform the Law , or avoid the punishment , had not Christ ( who was God as well as Man ) interposed . For no man was ever either by gifts of nature , or by the supplyes of grace , advanc'd to that pitch of perfection , that he could perform an exact obedience to all God's commands ; We have sinned all ( saith b the Apostle ) and if we say that we have no sin , we deceive our selves , and there is no truth in us . Nay , supposing one's life never so spotless ; yet cannot we make amends for that natural uncleanness of original sin , which we are born with , and which as soon as we live forfeits us to death , according to the threatning , c In the day that thou eatest thereof , thou shalt dye the death . Wherefore what was wanting in us , Christ made up with the merits of his obedience , who having fulfill'd the Law , and being in himself altogether free from guilt , became d sin for us , and was reckon'd amongst transgressours , that we might be justified by his blood , and sanctified by his spirit . Our sins then are by his death done away , so that if we lay hold on him by Faith , that we may receive the benefit of his death , we that are guilty must be acquitted , because our surety that was guiltless was condemned ; we shall live , because he dyed ; we shall escape the wrath which he underwent ; and our sins must be forforgiven , because his innocency was censur'd ; so that now God stands oblig'd by his faithfulness and justice too , to forgive us our sins , and cleanse us from all iniquity . He is but faithful when he keeps his word , and performs his part of that Covenant , which he made with us in his Son ; and he is but just , when our surety has paid the debt , to discharge us . Now this Sacrament being a seal of the Covenant doth assure us of that forgiveness ; and seals to our heart by the sprinkling of blood , and the operation of the spirit a pardon of our sins , and does withall oblige us to Faith and repentance , which are the conditions , without which we must not expect forgiveness , and to a new obedience , which is the surest sign and evidence , that we are forgiven . THIS DOE YE AS OFT AS YE DRINK IT IN REMEMBRANCE OF ME. That is , this sacred Rite I thought fit to appoint , and leave behind with you , as a memorial of me , and a monument of my love towards you , who took upon me your nature , that I might dye for you , and shall shortly powr out my soul to death , even as you have seen the wine which you now drink powred into the cup ; that your souls may live , being refresh'd with the virtue of my blood , as your bodyes are strengthned , and your hearts cheared by the use of wine . This ordinance after my departure from you ; shall serve to represent my death , and my love , ( which is as strong as death ) and the benefits thereof : wherefore I charge you , and all others , which shall profess my name ; that , if you expect to enjoy those blessings , which my death is intended to procure for mankind , and which will certainly befall those , that doe truly believe in me , they would not fail to testify their Faith in the use of this Sacrament , and apply to themselves the Salvation wrought by my death ; this mystery being appointed as a means of conveying assurance , and sealing pardon . Do you then in your assemblyes hereafter , as you have seen me doe now amongst you . And let all Christians with reverence and due preparation attend and partake of these holy mysteryes ; knowing 't is not an ordinary and slight business , but a matter of great concernment both to the honour of my name , and to their souls health : It being appointed for my remembrance , & their spiritual growth . Nor shall it be enough once , as in the other Sacrament of Baptism , or some few times , as a thing at your own choice , to partake of this holy Supper ; but it is a thing must be often done , and you are frequently in this to commemorate my death , as oft as ever occasion shall be given : that so the memory of me may be continually celebrated in the Church , and you may be drawing virtue continually from me , grow up from grace to grace , from strength to strength : And accordingly the primitive Saints communicated every day , e going about from house to house and breaking bread ; And how can we call our selves Christians , that far unlike them neglect so great Salvation and regard not the Blood of the Covenant , but to the disparagement of Christianity intermit the use of this sacred mystery ; as of late we have done in very many congregations for several years through the fondness of some , whose ill temper'd zeal had well neer eaten up the house of God. 'T is true Baptism needs not , indeed ought not to be reiterated , it being the laver of regeneration : Now it suffices once to be born : But the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ , is call'd , and is , a Supper . Now he that sups once , hungers and thirsts again . We cannot , if we have a true spiritual hunger and thirst after the righteousness of Christ , but come to his Table and present our selves before him often ; at least at the three great Festivals of the Church , wherein the Birth , the Passion , & Resurrection of Christ , & the Descent of the Holy Ghost are remembred , as the Iews custom was at their three great Feasts to come up to Hierusalem ; if not every month , nay , every week , that every Lord's day , the Lord's Supper also might be administred , and we considering our frequent relapses into sin , might be often renewing our vows . Nay it were to be wished , that our lives were so pure , and our minds so taken up with heavenly things , and our feet ( our affections , I mean ) were so shod with the preparation of the Gospel , that we might with the ancient Christians make it our every day-meal , and say that Prayer in this sense , Give us this day our dayly Bread. FINIS . Courteous Reader , THis whole Treatise having been taken by several al young pens from the Author's mouth , He doth not conceive himself oblig'd to maintain the Orthography every where : seeing 't would have been an infinite task to have corrected all over to his own judgement . Truth is , scarce any language has greater variety , or indeed irregularity , of pronouncing & spelling the same syllables , then our English hath ; which is some reason of the difficulty of it to strangers . I shall instance in some words diversly written ; School and Schole , Vertue and Virtue , Common and Commune , &c. the one being the Vulgar , the other the Scholastic Orthography : Again , a different meaning sometimes diversifies the letter , though pronounc'd alike ; as to lie down , and to tell a lye ; foul dirty , and a fowl a bird , &c. But of this He shall have occasion to discourse more largely in his Tables of the English Tongue , wherein he hopes to give satisfaction to the Critic , and the Scholar . At present he thinks it his main concern to be Vnderstood , and therefore takes no notice of any faults escaped , but such as may disturb the sense , and scandalize an Ordinanary Reader : and for the rest trusts himself to the candour of the Judicious . ERRATA . Pag. 8. l. 7. Deity r. duty . p. 14. l. 3. affection r. effusion . p , 21. l. 3. master r. maker . p. 39. l. 21. r. as much as . p. 44. l. 19. signicant r. significant . p. 48. l. 12. del . up even . p. 69. l. 10. r. their designs . p. 71. l. 18. r. our destiny . p. 97. l. 14. lift r. lighted . p. 106. l. 14. , use r. use , p. 111. l. 5. meeted r. meted . p. 118. l. 3. serety r. serenity . p. 130. l. 7. doing r. doings . p. 135. l. 18. For r. So that . p. 157. l. 10. metonymical r. metaphorical . p. 182. l. 11. he that r. that he . p. 192. l. 10. soul r. soul , p. 233. l. 8. government r. garment . p. 439. l. 19. yet not r. not yet . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A48737-e1980 a Qui singit sacros auro vel marmore vultus ▪ Non facit ille Deos ; qui rogat , ille facit . Mart. b Non tam praedari quam precari . c 1 Thess. 5. 17. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the precept ; in Cornelius his practise 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Act. 10. 2. d Gen. 18. 25. e Matt. 7. 7. f Ioh. 14. 13 , 14. g Iam. 4. 3. h Psal. 19. 14. i Psal. 5. 5. k Psal. 10. 17. l Gen. 15. 11. m Iam. 1. 6 , 7. n Psal. 31. 16. o Isa. 28. 16. p Rom. 10. 11. q Heb. 11. 6. r Heb. 11. 6. s Psal. 112. 10. t Psal. 1. 6. v Iam. 5. 16. u Rev. 8. 3. x Iugiter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 y 1 Sam. 1. 13. z Rom. 13. 4. a 1 Tim. 11. 1. b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . c Luk. 11. 2 , d Thus saith the Lord , i.e. 〈…〉 e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Hom. f Rev. 1. 4. g Psal. 148. 5. h Longin . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . h Deut. 33. 27. i Isa. 49 , 15. k Ps. 133. l Ps. 44. 4. m Ps. 2● . n 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . o vid. Gr●t . d● v●r . R●l . p Deut. ●2 . 11 ▪ 12. q Matt. 23. 37. r Psal. 135. 6. s Matt. 10. 29. t Psal. 100. 3. v Iob 3● . 2● . u Lam. 1. 17. w Iob 18. 7. x Rom. 8. 17. y Ioh. 29. 17. z Psal. 73. 25. a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . b Mar. 7. 10 , 11. c Matth. 23. 9. d Luk. 14. 26. e Luk 15. 2● ▪ f Psal. 139 , ● . g Psal. 115. 16. h Psal. 68 33. i Psal. 47. 2. k Rev. 15. 2. l Isa. 40. 15. m Psal. 103. 19. n Matth. 7. 6. o Phil. 1. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 solvere è port●● . p Exod 3. 13 , q Psal. 147. 4. r Isa. 45. 1 , 3. f Gen. 27. 36. t Heb. 7. 2. v Ier. 32. 20. u Act. ● . 15. x Ps. 115. 1. y Gen. 6. 4 ▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 z Mar. 6. 14. with E●h . 4. 14. a Ps. 16. 9. & 57. 8. b Ps. 8. 1. c Psal. 44. 5 ▪ d Matt. 7. 22. e Matt. 2● . 19. f Psal. 111. 9. g Isa. 8. 13. and 29. 23. h Lev. 20. 8. i Vers. 7. k 1 Tim. 4. 5. l Psal. 42. 4. m Matt. 5. 16. n Rev. 17. 14. o Rom. 9. 19. p Isa 40. 13. q 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 regnavit , Ch. consul . vit . r Rom. 13. 1. s Prov. 8. 15. t Rom. 13. 4 , 5. v Psal. 82. 6. 7. u Psal. 11 12. w Regum timendorum in proprios greges , Reges in ipsos imperium est Iovis . Hor. Od. l. 3. x Psal. 139. 21. y Psal. 78. 18. z Iude , v. 6. a Vers. 8. b Iam 3. c Ier. 10. 7 , 7. d Rev. 15. 3. e Psal. 119. 91. f Psal. 135 6. g Psal. 84. 11. h Psal. 24. 10. i Rev. 4. 9 , 10. k Mar. 9. 44. l 11. Tim. 4. 8. m Ioh. 18. 32. n Rev. 22. 20 ▪ o Psal. 69. 1. p 2 Pet. 3. 10. q Rev. 14. 13. r Rev. 3. 20. s Phil. 4. 7. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 t Matt. 24 16. v Psal. 145. 17. u Psal. 19. 12. w Rom. 3. 4. x Ez●k . 1● . 23. y 1. Tim. 2. 4. z Matt. 22. 37 , 39. a Matt 7. 29. b I 〈◊〉 ●2 . 42. c Rom. 12. 2. d Luk. 1. 74 , 75. e Isa. 6. 3. Rev. 4. 8. f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 caro ; and so the Hebrew word Zeph. 1. 17. g 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 q 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ad vitam . h Psal 37. 25. i Luk 16. 19. k Gen. 3. 13. l Psal. 128. 1 , 2. m Iob 5. 7. n 2 Thess. 3. 10. o Psal 127. 2. p Matt. 4. 4. q Matt. 20. 15. r Psal. 23. 5. s I●d . 12. t 1 Cor● 6. 13. v Matt. 6. 34. u Psal. 71. 9. w Heb. 13. 8. x Kin. 17. 6. y Exod. 16 18. z 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . b ●●im . 5. ● . c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . d Ioh. 6. 51. e Luk. 16. 9. f Matt. 6. 35. g Ezek. 18. 20. h Iam. 3. 2. i Prov. 24. 16. k Rom. 5. 12. l Psal. 7. 12. m Psal. 42. 2. n 1 Ioh. 1. 10. o Psal. 51. 7. p Rom. 3. 9. q Psal. 18. compar'd with 2. Sam. 22. r 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . s As in this very Prayer , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . t Luk 6. 36. v Isa. 55 ▪ 9. u Ioh. 1. 16. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . w Iam. 2. 13. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . x Gal. 5. 22. y 1. Pet. 2. 23. z Mat. 6. 1● , 15. a Matt. 7. 2. b Epictet . c Iliero●l , d Matt. 8. 8 , 9. e Rom. 12. 21. f Luk. 23. 34. g Act. 7. 60. h Psal. 130. 4. i Exod. 3 4. 6. k 11. Sam. 16. 10. l Rom. 13. 4. m Iosh. 7. 19. n Psal. 51. 11. o Dimitte . p Psal. 19. 13. q Saul , Saul , why persecutest thou me ? Act. 9. 4. r Matt. 18. 22. s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . I a m 1. 1 3. t Luk. 16. 21. v Matt 4 3. u Rev. 12. 10. w Iam. 1. 13. x 1. Tim. 1 20. y 1 Kin. 22. 23 z Ioh. 13. 27. a Gen. 9. 21. b Gen. 19. 30. c Eph. 6. 11. Rev. 11. 24. d 1. Pet. 5. 8. e Matt. 4. 1. f Rom 16. 20. g Gen. 3. 15. h Psal 74. 14. i Prov. 28. 13. k Luk. 23. 11. l Psal. 7. 10. m 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Verb more often construed with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . n 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . o 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , Eph. 3. 13. p Phil. 1. 19. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a word whence the English charge is deriv'd . q 1. Tim. 4. 7. t Gal 6. 17. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . s 2. Cor. 12. 7. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . t Luk. 13. 24. v 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . u Quinquortium . w 1. Pet. 5. 4. x 1. Ioh. 5. 19. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . y 〈◊〉 . 1. 74. z 1 Thess. 5 23. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . a Dan. 5. 31. Rev. 5. 13. b Gen. 41 56. c Mar. 11 7. d Psal. 22. 5. e Matt. 6 ▪ 9. f Luk. 11. 1. g Matt. 16. 2● . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Luk 9. 27. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . h Psal. 105. 17. i 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . a Rather Symbola , whence à Symbolis esse to meet at a club . b à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 confero . c Matt. 9. 22. d Quam , e Quâ credimus . f Iam. 11. 19. g Mar. 4. 17. h Heb. 10 38. i Deum k Deo. l In Deum . m Rom. 11. 36. n Rom 9. 19. o Psal. 148. 5. p Ioh 2. 23. q Ioh. 10. 30. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 unum & 14. 1. r Psal. 45. 8. s Iam. 1. 17. s Heb. 12. 9. t Iob 1. 6. v Psal. 82. 6. u Rom. 8. 16. w 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . x Isa 7. 14. y Psal. 51. 5. z Luk 11. 51. 52. a 1. Cor. 9 5. b Isa. 53. 3. c Gen 49 10. d Mar. 15. 13. e Ioh. 19. 37. f Luk 23 43. g Gal 3. 13. h Mar. 15. 43. i Eph 4. 5. k Gen. 9. 15. l Matth. 12. 39 , 40. m Act. 11. 27. n Ioh. 10. 17. o Ioh. 20. 27. p Act. 1. 11. q Matth 20. 28. r Matth. 8. 11. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 discumbent . s Gal 11. 9. t Kin. 11. 19. v Rom. 14. 10. u 1 Cor. 15. 52. w à Spirando . x 1. Cor. 11. 9. a 11. Ioh. 7. b Call'd thence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Kemarim , i e , Atrati . Zeph 1. 4. c 1. Cor. 14. 40. d 11. Tim. 4. 4. e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Hiph . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 docuit . f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 t●ibuo ; quòd jus suum ●uiqu● tribuat . g Luke 10. 28. g Acts 16. 31. h Gal. 3. 24. k Gal. 5. 6. ● Iames k. 1● . l Rom. 7. 7. m Matt. 22. 37. n Iam. 2. 10. o 1. Tim. 6 10. p P●alm . 119. 96. q 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 arctari . i Psal. 14. 1. s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . so the Chald. Syr. &c. t 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Non erit tibi Dii alli . v 1. Cor. 8. 5 , 6. u Exod. 2● . 1● . w Diana , Lucina , & Luna all One. x Rom. 1. 23. y from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 piscis , rather then 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 frumentum . z 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Rom. 11. 4. a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . b Corybantes , Galli , &c. c Num 5. 21 , 22. d Ezek. 18. 20. e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 qui pergunt peccare post patres suos . f 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . g As in the third . h Ramum mille sime ducis is hyperbolical . i 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . k Ezek. 18. 10. l 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Deut. is render'd by the Vulg. Deus aemulator . m Ch●ld . Syr. Arab. n Vulg in Deut. super re vanâ . o So Syr 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cum Arab. p Ier. 4. 2 q Vulg in Deut. Quia non erit impunitus . r 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ellipsis potiùs Imperativí . quàm Enallage In●in . pro Imp. Recordando re cordare . s Hence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cultus Dei ; & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the second Com. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . s 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Est a●tem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signum fere Dativi . t 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . v Gen. ch . 1. u Deut. 5. 14 , 15 ▪ w v. 22 ▪ x Eph. 6. 2. y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Hiph . Conj . transitiv● prolongent . z 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . a Ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sanitas . b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 us'd so oft . see Psal. 21. c S● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 may signify . d Eph. 5. 33. e Rev. 21. 8. f LXX . Int. Rom. ed. vid. Mar. 10. 19. Luc. 18. 20. Rom. 1● . 9. g 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 foenus à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 momo●dit . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 foenns . h Non eris testis mendax . i 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . k 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Non respondebis . l 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . m 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in , cum , per , contra , &c. n Psal. 12. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . o 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Hithp . Conj reciprocâ . p Rom. 13. 9. q 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . v Iam. 5. 13. a Matt. 18. 19. b Mar. 16. 15 , 16. c Mat. 2● . 26 , 27 , 28. 1. Cor. 11. 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , &c. d Tit. 3. 5. e 1. Cor. 10. 16. f Rev. 13. 8. g 1. Tim. 2. 4. h Ioh. 3. 16 , 17. i Act. 13. 46. k 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 disciple them . l 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , discipulos facite baptizando . m 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . n 1. Cor. 10. 16. o Mat. 24. 28. p Exod. 12. 22. q Ioh. 6. 41. r 1 Cor , 11. 18. s 1 Tim. 4. 5. s Heb. 5. 14. t 1 Ioh. 1. 1. v 1 Cor 10. 4. u Frequens Enallage ; ut 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 venturus , &c. w Heb. 10. 5. x 1 Cor. 11. 23. y 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . z 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . a Psal. 66. 15. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . quod antea . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . Si● Virg. C●m faciam vitulâ . b Psal. 116. 12. c 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . d 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in meam ( potius quàm mei ) recordationem . e Act. 20. 28. f Heb. 9. 22. g Prov. 31. 6. h Luk. 10. 34. k 1 Cor. 10. 4. l 1 Cor. 10. 16. m 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . n Gen. 15. 28. o Gen. 21. 27. p Gen. 31. 44. q Heb. 9. 17. r Hab 2. 4. s Mar. 16. 16. s Ier. 31 ▪ 33. t Rev. 13. 8. v 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . u 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . w Rom. 5. 19. x Heb. 2. 9. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . y Ioh. 3. 16. 1 , 29. 1 Ioh. 2. 2. z Rom. 3. 10. a Rom. 3. ●0 . b Rom. 3. 23. 1 Ioh. 1. 10. c Gen. 2 , 17. d Cor. 5. 21. e Act. 2. 46.