Experiments and considerations about the porosity of bodies in two essays / by the honourable Robert Boyle ...
         Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691.
      
       
         
           1684
        
      
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             Experiments and considerations about the porosity of bodies in two essays / by the honourable Robert Boyle ...
             Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691.
          
           [4], 145 p.
           
             Printed for Sam. Smith ...,
             London :
             1684.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Cambridge University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Chemistry -- Early works to 1800.
           Porosity -- Early works to 1800.
           Anatomy -- Early works to 1800.
           Physiology -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
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           EXPERIMENTS
           AND
           Considerations
           ABOUT
           THE
           Porosity
           of
           Bodies
           ,
           IN
           TWO
           ESSAYS
           .
        
         
           By
           the
           Honourable
           ROBERT
           BOYLE
           ,
           Fellow
           of
           the
           Royal
           Society
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             Sam.
             Smith
          
           at
           the
           
             Prince's
             Arms
          
           in
           S.
           Pauls
           Church-Yard
           .
           1684.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           TO
           THE
           READER
           .
        
         
           THe
           Reader
           is
           to
           be
           advertis'd
           ,
           not
           to
           expect
           in
           the
           following
           Essay
           a
           Regular
           ,
           or
           so
           much
           as
           a
           Coherent
           ,
           Discourse
           .
           For
           it
           was
           intended
           only
           as
           a
           collection
           of
           loose
           Experiments
           and
           Observations
           about
           the
           Porosity
           of
           the
           parts
           of
           Bodies
           belonging
           as
           Chymists
           speak
           )
           to
           the
           Animal
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           laid
           (
           not
           to
           say
           thrown
           (
           together
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           what
           I
           had
           thoughts
           of
           offering
           ,
           towards
           an
           Intelligible
           account
           of
           Occult
           Qualities
           .
           I
           am
           not
           ignorant
           ,
           that
           even
           one
           of
           the
           most
           ancient
           and
           famous
           of
           Physicians
           hath
           said
           ,
           that
           a
           mans
           body
           is
           
           (
           almost
           )
           every
           where
           perspirable
           .
           But
           I
           judg'd
           that
           a
           Doctrine
           of
           such
           moment
           ,
           and
           which
           diverse
           things
           in
           the
           Theory
           and
           Practice
           of
           after
           Physicians
           may
           make
           one
           think
           they
           either
           disbelieved
           or
           disregarded
           ,
           did
           not
           deserve
           to
           be
           slightly
           deliver'd
           ,
           and
           in
           general
           terms
           ,
           but
           to
           be
           more
           narrowly
           considered
           ,
           and
           likewise
           made
           out
           by
           Particular
           Instances
           ,
           whose
           applyableness
           and
           usefulness
           to
           explain
           divers
           obscure
           Phaenomena
           ,
           may
           hereafter
           appear
           much
           greater
           ,
           then
           perchance
           at
           the
           first
           sight
           they
           will
           be
           thought
           .
        
         
           And
           the
           foregoing
           advertisement
           ,
           with
           a
           light
           change
           ,
           which
           't
           is
           presum'd
           the
           Reader
           may
           easily
           make
           of
           ●imself
           ,
           is
           to
           be
           extended
           to
           the
           Essay
           tacked
           to
           this
           
             about
             the
             Pores
             of
             Solid
             Bodies
             ,
          
           and
           so
           may
           excuse
           the
           absence
           of
           a
           distinct
           Preface
           to
           it
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           An
           Essay
           of
           the
           POROUSNESS
           OF
           ANIMAL
           BODIES
           .
        
         
           AS
           the
           most
           numerous
           part
           of
           the
           Pores
           of
           Bodies
           is
           too
           minute
           to
           be
           seen
           ,
           so
           the
           Contemplation
           of
           them
           has
           been
           thought
           too
           inconsiderable
           to
           be
           regarded
           .
           But
           when
           I
           consider
           ,
           how
           much
           most
           of
           the
           Qualities
           of
           Bodies
           ,
           and
           consequently
           their
           operations
           depend
           upon
           the
           structure
           of
           their
           minute
           ,
           and
           singly
           invisible
           ,
           particles
           ,
           and
           that
           to
           this
           latent
           contexture
           ,
           thē
           bigness
           the
           figure
           and
           the
           collocation
           of
           the
           Intervals
           and
           Pores
           
           do
           necessarily
           concur
           with
           the
           Size
           ,
           Shape
           and
           Disposition
           or
           contrivance
           of
           the
           substantial
           parts
           I
           cannot
           but
           think
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           the
           small
           Pores
           of
           Bodies
           ,
           of
           no
           small
           importance
           to
           Natural
           Philosophy
           .
           And
           I
           scarce
           doubt
           ,
           but
           if
           such
           little
           things
           had
           not
           escaped
           the
           sight
           of
           our
           Illustrious
           Verulam
           ,
           he
           would
           have
           afforded
           a
           good
           Porology
           (
           if
           I
           may
           so
           call
           it
           )
           a
           place
           ,
           (
           and
           perhaps
           not
           the
           lowest
           neither
           ,
           )
           among
           his
           Desiderata
           .
        
         
           And
           ,
           though
           other
           imployments
           and
           avocations
           hinder
           me
           from
           attempting
           to
           treat
           of
           this
           subject
           as
           amply
           and
           particularly
           as
           it
           deserveth
           ,
           or
           even
           as
           I
           had
           design'd
           in
           a
           Scheme
           drawn
           diverse
           years
           since
           ,
           and
           seen
           by
           some
           
             Virtuosi
             ;
             Yet
          
           ,
           not
           to
           leave
           apart
           of
           Physicks
           ,
           that
           seems
           to
           me
           so
           curious
           and
           important
           ,
           altogether
           as
           uncultivated
           as
           I
           found
           it
           ;
           I
           shall
           present
           you
           as
           many
           of
           the
           Notes
           I
           had
           drawn
           together
           about
           this
           subject
           ,
           as
           I
           can
           conveniently
           (
           for
           I
           do
           not
           pretend
           to
           do
           it
           methodically
           )
           reduced
           to
           three
           heads
           :
           Whereof
           the
           first
           ,
           which
           
           will
           challenge
           to
           it self
           this
           present
           essay
           ,
           is
           the
           
             porosity
             of
             Animal
             Bodies
          
           ,
           about
           which
           I
           shall
           not
           be
           solicitous
           to
           marshal
           my
           observations
           ,
           since
           they
           all
           conspire
           to
           shew
           but
           this
           one
           thing
           ;
           That
           the
           parts
           of
           Animals
           ,
           especially
           whilest
           these
           are
           alive
           ,
           are
           furnished
           with
           numerous
           Pores
           .
        
         
           Those
           parts
           of
           the
           Bodies
           of
           Animals
           ,
           wherein
           their
           porosity
           may
           be
           best
           shewn
           seem
           to
           be
           their
           Membranes
           or
           Skins
           ,
           the
           Bones
           ,
           the
           Flesh
           ,
           and
           Coagmentations
           of
           Membranes
           ,
           Flesh
           and
           Juices
           .
           And
           therefore
           it
           would
           be
           proper
           enough
           to
           treat
           of
           these
           Heads
           distinctly
           ,
           and
           give
           Instances
           of
           each
           of
           them
           in
           particular
           .
           But
           yet
           I
           think
           it
           will
           be
           more
           convenient
           ,
           to
           set
           down
           in
           order
           the
           principal
           Fountains
           ,
           whence
           the
           Porousness
           of
           the
           substances
           belonging
           to
           the
           Animal
           Kingdom
           (
           as
           the
           Chymists
           speak
           )
           may
           be
           derived
           ,
           and
           to
           annex
           to
           each
           of
           these
           the
           Experiments
           and
           observations
           ,
           upon
           which
           I
           argue
           from
           it
           ,
           and
           which
           it
           will
           be
           easy
           to
           refer
           ,
           if
           
           that
           be
           thought
           fit
           ,
           to
           this
           or
           that
           of
           the
           parts
           above
           mentioned
           (
           namely
           the
           Membranes
           ,
           Bones
           ,
           &c.
           )
           whereto
           they
           shall
           (
           respectively
           )
           appear
           the
           most
           properly
           to
           belong
           .
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             
          
           
             THe
             first
             thing
             from
             which
             I
             will
             deduce
             the
             Porosity
             we
             have
             been
             speaking
             of
             ,
             is
             ,
             the
             Frame
             or
             Constitution
             of
             the
             stable
             Parts
             of
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Animals
             .
             For
             the
             Body
             of
             an
             Animal
             being
             not
             a
             rude
             and
             indigested
             lump
             of
             matter
             ,
             but
             a
             curious
             engine
             ,
             admirably
             framed
             and
             contrived
             for
             the
             exercise
             of
             several
             Functions
             as
             Nutrition
             ,
             Generation
             ,
             Sensation
             ,
             and
             many
             differing
             local
             Motions
             ,
             it
             was
             necessary
             that
             it
             should
             be
             furnished
             with
             variety
             of
             Dissimilar
             and
             Organical
             parts
             not
             only
             very
             Skilfully
             ,
             but
             very
             differingly
             ,
             contrived
             congruous
             to
             the
             several
             uses
             for
             which
             they
             were
             designed
             ,
             or
             if
             you
             please
             ,
             to
             the
             several
             Functions
             they
             
             were
             to
             perform
             .
             And
             ,
             because
             't
             will
             be
             easily
             granted
             ,
             that
             the
             Corpuscles
             ,
             that
             are
             skilfully
             brought
             together
             for
             such
             purposes
             ,
             must
             be
             so
             contexed
             as
             not
             to
             touch
             one
             another
             exactly
             every
             where
             ,
             it
             will
             readily
             follow
             that
             they
             must
             leave
             little
             Intervals
             or
             Pores
             between
             them
             ,
             and
             that
             ,
             considering
             the
             multitude
             of
             particles
             that
             must
             go
             to
             the
             making
             up
             the
             Body
             of
             the
             Animal
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             difference
             and
             variety
             in
             point
             of
             bigness
             and
             figure
             of
             the
             Corpuscles
             that
             are
             requisite
             to
             contex
             such
             differing
             parts
             ,
             as
             Membranes
             ,
             Fibres
             Bones
             ,
             Grizles
             ,
             Ligaments
             ,
             Veins
             ,
             Arterys
             ,
             Nerves
             ,
             &c.
             
             Both
             the
             number
             and
             the
             variety
             of
             the
             Pores
             cannot
             but
             be
             very
             great
             .
             This
             argument
             will
             be
             much
             confirmed
             ,
             by
             what
             there
             will
             be
             occasion
             to
             say
             further
             to
             the
             same
             purpose
             ,
             in
             the
             Essay
             touching
             the
             Porosity
             of
             even
             Solid
             Bodies
             .
             Wherefore
             I
             shall
             now
             proceed
             to
             the
             Second
             thing
             ,
             whence
             we
             may
             derive
             that
             of
             Animal
             Substances
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             
          
           
             THis
             is
             afforded
             us
             by
             considering
             the
             Nutrition
             of
             Animals
             .
             For
             there
             being
             continually
             a
             great
             waste
             made
             of
             their
             substance
             ,
             partly
             by
             the
             exclusion
             of
             visible
             excrements
             ,
             and
             partly
             by
             the
             avolation
             of
             invisibles
             steam
             ,
             this
             great
             loss
             must
             necessarily
             from
             time
             to
             time
             be
             repairpaired
             by
             the
             supplies
             afforded
             by
             Nutrition
             of
             which
             the
             best
             ,
             if
             not
             the
             only
             Intelligible
             ,
             way
             of
             giving
             an
             account
             ,
             is
             ,
             to
             conceive
             that
             the
             alimental
             Juice
             ,
             prepared
             chiefly
             in
             the
             Stomach
             is
             impelled
             or
             attracted
             (
             for
             to
             our
             present
             purpose
             it
             matters
             not
             which
             )
             to
             the
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             that
             are
             to
             be
             nourished
             by
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             the
             juice
             insinuate
             themselves
             at
             those
             Pores
             they
             find
             commensurate
             to
             their
             Bigness
             ,
             and
             Shape
             ;
             and
             those
             that
             are
             must
             congruous
             ,
             being
             assimilated
             ,
             add
             to
             the
             substance
             of
             the
             part
             wherein
             
             they
             settle
             ,
             and
             so
             make
             amends
             for
             the
             Consumption
             of
             those
             that
             were
             lost
             by
             that
             part
             before
             .
             This
             may
             be
             illustrated
             by
             what
             happens
             in
             Plants
             ,
             and
             especially
             Trees
             ,
             in
             which
             ,
             of
             the
             various
             Corpuscles
             that
             are
             to
             be
             found
             in
             the
             liquors
             ,
             that
             moisten
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             are
             agitated
             by
             the
             heat
             of
             the
             Sun
             and
             the
             Air
             ,
             those
             that
             happen
             to
             be
             commensurate
             to
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Root
             ,
             are
             by
             their
             Intervention
             impelled
             into
             it
             ,
             or
             imbibed
             by
             it
             ,
             and
             thence
             conveyed
             to
             the
             other
             parts
             of
             the
             Tree
             in
             the
             form
             of
             Sap
             which
             passing
             through
             new
             strainers
             ,
             (
             whereby
             its
             Corpuscles
             are
             separated
             ,
             and
             prepared
             or
             fitted
             to
             be
             detained
             in
             several
             parts
             )
             receives
             the
             alterations
             requisite
             to
             the
             being
             turned
             into
             Wood
             ,
             Bark
             ,
             Leaves
             ,
             Blossoms
             ,
             Fruit
             ,
             &c.
             
             But
             to
             return
             to
             Animals
             ,
             our
             argument
             from
             their
             Nutrition
             will
             be
             much
             confirmed
             ,
             by
             considering
             ,
             that
             in
             Children
             and
             in
             other
             young
             Animals
             ,
             that
             have
             not
             yet
             attained
             their
             due
             Stature
             and
             Bulk
             ,
             the
             Nutrition
             is
             so
             copious
             as
             to
             amount
             
             to
             a
             continu'd
             Augmentation
             .
             For
             ,
             as
             't
             is
             evident
             that
             Animals
             grow
             in
             all
             their
             parts
             ,
             and
             each
             part
             according
             to
             all
             its
             Dimensions
             ,
             in
             so
             much
             that
             even
             the
             cavities
             of
             Bones
             increase
             ;
             so
             we
             cannot
             well
             conceive
             how
             this
             can
             be
             done
             ,
             unless
             the
             Nutritive
             liquor
             be
             distributed
             through
             the
             whole
             Body
             of
             the
             part
             that
             is
             to
             be
             nourished
             and
             augmented
             .
             And
             to
             this
             distribution
             't
             is
             requisite
             that
             the
             Body
             abound
             with
             Pores
             into
             which
             the
             congruous
             particles
             of
             the
             Juice
             may
             be
             intimatly
             admitted
             ,
             &
             penetrating
             even
             into
             the
             innermost
             recesses
             ,
             may
             place
             or
             lodge
             themselves
             in
             the
             manner
             that
             is
             most
             convenient
             for
             the
             Natural
             Increase
             of
             the
             part
             .
             But
             the
             more
             particular
             Declaration
             of
             this
             Process
             I
             leave
             to
             Anatomists
             and
             Physicians
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             
          
           
             HAving
             premis'd
             once
             for
             all
             ,
             that
             in
             this
             Essay
             ,
             I
             often
             use
             the
             word
             Skin
             in
             the
             lax
             and
             popular
             sense
             of
             it
             ,
             
             without
             nicely
             distinguishing
             the
             Epidermis
             or
             Cuticula
             ,
             called
             in
             English
             the
             Scarf-skin
             ,
             from
             the
             Cutis
             it
             invests
             and
             sticks
             closely
             to
             ;
             I
             shall
             proceed
             to
             another
             Topic
             ,
             whence
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Animals
             may
             be
             argued
             ,
             namely
             ,
             the
             great
             plenty
             of
             matter
             that
             is
             daily
             carried
             off
             by
             Sweat
             ,
             and
             insensible
             Transpiration
             .
             For
             ,
             't
             is
             confest
             that
             Sweat
             is
             discharged
             at
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             skin
             ;
             and
             since
             there
             is
             no
             penetration
             of
             Dimensions
             ,
             we
             may
             safely
             conclude
             ,
             that
             the
             matter
             that
             is
             not
             wasted
             by
             Sweat
             ,
             or
             by
             any
             other
             sensible
             way
             of
             evacuation
             ,
             must
             have
             small
             Pores
             or
             out-lets
             in
             the
             Skin
             ,
             at
             which
             it
             may
             issue
             in
             the
             form
             of
             steams
             ;
             though
             nothing
             hinders
             but
             that
             invisible
             Effluvia
             also
             may
             evaporate
             at
             the
             same
             Pores
             with
             the
             Sweat
             ,
             though
             for
             want
             of
             plenty
             or
             grossness
             ,
             or
             a
             fit
             disposition
             in
             the
             ambient
             ,
             those
             Effluvia
             be
             not
             at
             the
             Orifices
             of
             those
             Pores
             brought
             into
             little
             Drops
             ,
             such
             as
             those
             of
             sweat
             .
          
           
             That
             therefore
             the
             Skins
             of
             a
             multitude
             of
             Animals
             ,
             though
             they
             seem
             
             close
             to
             the
             eye
             ,
             may
             be
             porous
             ,
             may
             (
             as
             we
             have
             been
             saying
             )
             be
             argued
             in
             many
             of
             them
             from
             their
             sweating
             .
             But
             because
             all
             of
             them
             have
             not
             been
             observed
             to
             sweat
             ,
             as
             is
             wont
             to
             be
             particularly
             affirmed
             of
             Dogs
             ,
             we
             shall
             add
             some
             other
             Instances
             to
             make
             it
             probable
             .
          
           
             We
             may
             sometimes
             ,
             in
             the
             smooth
             skin
             of
             a
             living
             man
             ,
             discern
             Pores
             with
             good
             Microscopes
             ,
             and
             ,
             with
             one
             that
             is
             none
             of
             the
             best
             ,
             we
             may
             easily
             on
             the
             inside
             of
             gloves
             ,
             which
             are
             made
             but
             of
             skins
             drest
             ,
             discern
             good
             store
             of
             these
             little
             out-lets
             :
             Sometimes
             orderly
             enough
             ranged
             to
             make
             the
             sight
             not
             unpleasant
             .
             And
             though
             some
             of
             them
             may
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             be
             suspected
             to
             have
             been
             made
             by
             the
             Hairs
             that
             grew
             on
             the
             skin
             before
             't
             was
             drest
             ,
             yet
             that
             greater
             numbers
             of
             them
             ,
             than
             can
             be
             supposed
             to
             come
             from
             thence
             ,
             are
             perforations
             that
             pass
             quite
             through
             the
             Leather
             ,
             may
             ,
             not
             improbably
             ,
             be
             shewn
             by
             the
             usual
             Practice
             of
             Chymists
             ,
             to
             purify
             Quick-silver
             by
             tying
             it
             up
             strictly
             
             in
             a
             piece
             of
             kids
             or
             sheeps
             Leather
             ,
             and
             then
             wringing
             it
             hard
             to
             force
             it
             out
             ;
             by
             which
             means
             the
             lower
             surface
             of
             the
             Leather
             will
             be
             covered
             with
             a
             Mercurial
             Dew
             or
             Sweat
             which
             will
             fall
             down
             and
             fly
             out
             ,
             as
             the
             Pores
             happen
             to
             open
             this
             or
             that
             way
             ,
             in
             a
             thick
             shower
             of
             globules
             ,
             leaving
             the
             dross
             behind
             in
             the
             Leather
             .
             And
             tho
             when
             a
             mans
             skin
             is
             tanned
             it
             is
             of
             a
             greater
             thickness
             then
             one
             would
             expect
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             I
             employed
             seem'd
             almost
             as
             thick
             as
             a
             Buck-skin
             Glove
             yet
             having
             had
             the
             curiosity
             to
             try
             the
             same
             Experiment
             with
             the
             skin
             of
             a
             mans
             Arm
             ,
             I
             found
             the
             Quick-Silver
             would
             be
             squeez'd
             out
             at
             the
             Pores
             of
             that
             also
             .
             'T
             is
             not
             necessary
             that
             I
             should
             here
             inquire
             ,
             whether
             the
             little
             holes
             ,
             unperceiv'd
             by
             the
             naked
             Eye
             ,
             at
             which
             the
             Sweat
             is
             discharged
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             the
             matter
             that
             the
             Body
             looses
             by
             insensible
             transpiration
             gets
             out
             ,
             be
             not
             ,
             at
             least
             most
             of
             them
             ,
             the
             Orifices
             of
             small
             excretory
             vessels
             ,
             belonging
             to
             those
             very
             numerous
             glandules
             which
             the
             excellent
             Anatomists
             
             
               Steno
               and
               Malpighi
            
             are
             said
             to
             have
             discovered
             beneath
             the
             Cuticula
             ,
             and
             which
             for
             their
             smalness
             and
             shape
             have
             been
             called
             
               Glandulae
               miliares
            
             .
             I
             need
             not
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             engage
             in
             this
             inquiry
             ,
             since
             according
             to
             this
             ingenious
             opinion
             also
             ,
             the
             Skin
             must
             be
             allow'd
             a
             multitude
             of
             small
             Perforations
             or
             Pores
             ,
             and
             that
             is
             sufficient
             for
             my
             purpose
             ,
             from
             whencesoever
             this
             Porosity
             proceeds
             in
             a
             mans
             Skin
             .
             For
             the
             next
             observation
             will
             shew
             that
             some
             membranes
             of
             Animals
             may
             give
             passage
             to
             transpir'd
             matter
             without
             being
             perforated
             by
             the
             excretou●
             Vessels
             of
             Glandules
             .
          
           
             The
             Membranes
             or
             Skins
             under
             the
             shells
             of
             Hens
             Eggs
             ,
             though
             they
             be
             very
             thin
             ,
             are
             of
             a
             Contexture
             very
             fine
             and
             close
             as
             may
             be
             confirmed
             by
             their
             resisting
             the
             sharp
             Corpuscles
             of
             Vinegar
             ;
             and
             yet
             ,
             that
             not
             only
             these
             Skins
             ,
             but
             the
             shells
             that
             cover
             them
             ,
             are
             porous
             ,
             may
             be
             inferred
             from
             the
             Experiments
             I
             made
             ,
             of
             keeping
             them
             suspended
             for
             a
             good
             while
             ,
             and
             carefully
             counterpoised
             in
             good
             scales
             ;
             
             for
             by
             these
             it
             appeared
             ,
             that
             the
             Eggs
             did
             from
             time
             to
             time
             manifestly
             lose
             in
             weight
             ;
             which
             could
             not
             reasonably
             be
             imputed
             but
             to
             an
             invisible
             Transpiration
             ,
             the
             rather
             ,
             because
             usually
             in
             eggs
             that
             have
             been
             kept
             long
             ,
             there
             will
             be
             at
             one
             end
             a
             cavity
             which
             is
             wont
             to
             increase
             with
             their
             age
             ,
             and
             is
             made
             by
             the
             shrinking
             of
             the
             Membrane
             from
             the
             Shell
             ,
             to
             accommodate
             it self
             to
             the
             diminished
             quantity
             of
             matter
             ,
             that
             remains
             to
             be
             involved
             by
             it
             .
          
           
             When
             I
             consider
             the
             plenty
             of
             matter
             ,
             that
             is
             wont
             to
             be
             discharged
             daily
             by
             insensible
             Perspiration
             ,
             especially
             in
             Healthful
             men
             that
             exercise
             themselves
             moderately
             ,
             I
             cannot
             but
             think
             it
             probable
             ,
             that
             the
             minute
             Pores
             ,
             that
             suffice
             for
             the
             carrying
             off
             so
             much
             matter
             ,
             are
             very
             numerous
             ,
             and
             are
             much
             more
             so
             than
             even
             by
             the
             multitude
             of
             drops
             of
             sweat
             ,
             that
             serve
             to
             wet
             the
             skin
             ,
             men
             are
             wont
             to
             imagine
             .
             For
             Sanctorius
             in
             his
             excellent
             little
             Tract
             
               de
               Medicina
               statica
            
             affirms
             ,
             that
             what
             is
             barely
             carryed
             
             off
             by
             insensible
             transpiration
             does
             ordinarily
             amount
             to
             more
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             diminishes
             more
             the
             weight
             of
             a
             mans
             Body
             ,
             than
             all
             the
             visible
             excrements
             (
             whether
             gross
             or
             liquid
             )
             put
             together
             .
             
               Aph.
               vi
            
             .
             He
             adds
             ,
             If
             the
             meat
             and
             Drink
             ,
             taken
             in
             one
             day
             ,
             amount
             to
             the
             weight
             of
             eight
             pound
             ,
             the
             insensible
             Transpiration
             ordinarily
             amounts
             to
             five
             pounds
             or
             thereabouts
             .
             And
             elsewhere
             says
             ,
             that
             sometimes
             in
             the
             space
             of
             24
             hours
             ,
             in
             the
             Winter
             time
             ,
             a
             healthy
             Body
             may
             exhale
             fifty
             ounces
             or
             more
             .
             And
             some
             Tryals
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             carefully
             made
             upon
             my self
             ,
             added
             to
             some
             others
             of
             a
             very
             curious
             as
             well
             as
             great
             Prince
             ,
             that
             made
             use
             of
             a
             like
             instrument
             ,
             &
             did
             me
             the
             honour
             to
             acquaint
             me
             with
             the
             events
             ,
             gave
             me
             no
             cause
             to
             reject
             Sanctorius
             observations
             ,
             considering
             the
             difference
             in
             point
             of
             heat
             ,
             between
             the
             climate
             of
             Italy
             ,
             where
             he
             writ
             ,
             and
             that
             of
             England
             ,
             where
             ours
             were
             made
             ;
             only
             I
             fear
             ,
             there
             has
             been
             committed
             an
             oversight
             by
             those
             many
             that
             ascribe
             all
             the
             decrement
             of
             
             weight
             ,
             that
             is
             not
             referrable
             to
             the
             grosser
             Excrements
             ,
             to
             what
             transpires
             at
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             visible
             parts
             of
             the
             skin
             ,
             without
             taking
             notice
             of
             that
             great
             plenty
             of
             steams
             that
             is
             in
             expirations
             discharged
             through
             the
             Wind-pipe
             by
             the
             Lungs
             ,
             and
             appear
             manifest
             to
             the
             Eye
             it self
             in
             frosty
             weather
             ;
             though
             they
             may
             be
             presumed
             to
             be
             then
             less
             copious
             than
             those
             Invisible
             ones
             that
             are
             emitted
             in
             Summer
             ,
             when
             the
             ambient
             Air
             is
             much
             warmer
             .
             But
             though
             I
             look
             upon
             the
             Wind-pipe
             as
             the
             great
             Chimney
             of
             the
             Body
             in
             comparison
             of
             those
             little
             Chimneys
             (
             if
             I
             may
             so
             call
             them
             )
             in
             the
             Skin
             ,
             at
             which
             the
             matter
             that
             is
             wasted
             by
             perspiration
             is
             emitted
             ,
             yet
             the
             number
             of
             these
             little
             vents
             is
             so
             very
             great
             ,
             that
             the
             fuliginous
             Exhalations
             that
             steal
             out
             at
             them
             ,
             cannot
             but
             be
             very
             considerable
             .
             Besides
             that
             ,
             those
             that
             are
             discharged
             at
             the
             
               Aspera
               Arteria
            
             ,
             do
             probably
             ,
             at
             least
             for
             the
             most
             part
             ,
             issue
             out
             at
             the
             latent
             Pores
             of
             the
             Membranes
             that
             invest
             the
             Lungs
             ;
             which
             membranes
             
             may
             be
             lookt
             upon
             as
             external
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             air
             ,
             tho
             not
             in
             reference
             to
             our
             sight
             .
             But
             ,
             to
             return
             to
             our
             Eggs
             ,
             we
             may
             safely
             allow
             a
             very
             great
             evacuation
             to
             be
             made
             at
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             skin
             in
             man
             ,
             who
             is
             a
             sanguineous
             and
             hot
             Animal
             ,
             since
             we
             see
             that
             even
             Eggs
             ,
             that
             are
             still
             actually
             cold
             ,
             transpire
             .
             And
             I
             elsewhere
             mention
             the
             copious
             transpiration
             even
             of
             Frogs
             ,
             that
             are
             always
             cold
             to
             the
             touch
             ;
             and
             the
             Decrement
             in
             weight
             of
             some
             Animals
             ,
             soon
             after
             they
             are
             strangled
             or
             suffocated
             ,
             when
             ,
             their
             vital
             Heat
             being
             extinct
             ,
             no
             more
             fumes
             are
             emitted
             by
             expirations
             at
             the
             wind-Pipe
             :
             To
             which
             signs
             may
             be
             added
             the
             trivial
             experiment
             of
             holding
             in
             warm
             weather
             the
             palp
             of
             ones
             Finger
             ,
             as
             near
             as
             one
             can
             without
             contact
             ,
             to
             some
             cold
             &
             solid
             smooth
             body
             ,
             as
             to
             a
             piece
             of
             polished
             Steel
             or
             Silver
             ;
             for
             you
             will
             often
             times
             see
             this
             Body
             presently
             sullyed
             or
             overcast
             ,
             with
             the
             invisible
             steams
             that
             issue
             out
             of
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Finger
             ,
             and
             are
             by
             the
             cold
             and
             smooth
             
             surface
             of
             the
             Body
             condensed
             into
             visible
             steams
             ,
             that
             do
             as
             't
             were
             cloud
             that
             surface
             ,
             but
             upon
             the
             Removal
             of
             the
             Finger
             ,
             quickly
             fly
             off
             ,
             and
             leave
             it
             bright
             again
             .
          
           
             The
             Perviousness
             of
             the
             skin
             outwards
             may
             not
             improbably
             be
             argued
             from
             the
             quickness
             wherewith
             some
             Medicines
             take
             away
             some
             black
             and
             blew
             Discolorations
             of
             the
             skin
             ,
             that
             happen
             upon
             some
             lighter
             stroke
             ,
             or
             other
             contusions
             .
             For
             ,
             since
             these
             preternatural
             and
             unsightly
             colours
             are
             wont
             by
             Physicians
             to
             be
             imputed
             to
             some
             small
             portions
             of
             blood
             ,
             that
             upon
             the
             contusion
             is
             forced
             out
             of
             the
             capillary
             vessels
             that
             lye
             beneath
             the
             surface
             of
             it
             ,
             &
             being
             extravasated
             are
             obliged
             to
             stagnate
             there
             ;
             it
             seems
             very
             likely
             ,
             that
             if
             a
             powerful
             Medicine
             do
             quickly
             remove
             the
             discoloration
             ,
             that
             work
             is
             performed
             by
             attenuating
             ,
             and
             dissolving
             ,
             and
             agitating
             the
             matter
             ,
             and
             disposing
             it
             to
             transpire
             through
             the
             cutaneous
             Pores
             ,
             though
             perhaps
             ,
             when
             't
             is
             thus
             changed
             ,
             some
             part
             of
             it
             may
             be
             imbibed
             again
             by
             
             the
             Capillary
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             so
             by
             the
             circulation
             carryed
             into
             the
             mass
             of
             Blood.
             Now
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             Medicines
             that
             will
             speedily
             work
             upon
             such
             black
             and
             blew
             marks
             ,
             the
             Books
             and
             Practice
             of
             Physicians
             and
             Chirurgeons
             will
             oblige
             us
             to
             admit
             .
             Helmont
             talks
             much
             of
             the
             great
             vertue
             of
             white
             Briony
             root
             in
             such
             cases
             .
             And
             a
             notable
             Experiment
             made
             a
             while
             ago
             by
             a
             Learned
             acquaintance
             of
             mine
             in
             an
             odd
             case
             ,
             did
             not
             give
             Helmont
             the
             Lye.
             And
             I
             know
             an
             eminent
             Person
             ,
             who
             having
             some
             while
             since
             received
             a
             stroke
             ,
             by
             a
             kick
             of
             an
             Horse
             ,
             on
             his
             Leg
             ,
             a
             very
             threatning
             contusion
             ,
             which
             made
             the
             part
             look
             black
             and
             frightful
             ,
             he
             was
             in
             a
             few
             hours
             cured
             of
             the
             pain
             of
             the
             hurt
             ,
             and
             freed
             from
             the
             black
             part
             of
             the
             Discoloration
             by
             the
             bare
             application
             of
             the
             chopt
             leaves
             of
             Hissop
             mixt
             with
             fresh
             Butter
             into
             the
             form
             of
             a
             Pultess
             .
          
           
             Nor
             is
             it
             only
             the
             Skin
             that
             covers
             the
             visible
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             that
             we
             judg
             to
             be
             thus
             porous
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             Membranes
             
             that
             invest
             the
             internal
             parts
             ,
             we
             may
             reasonably
             suppose
             both
             numerous
             and
             very
             various
             Pores
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             exigency
             of
             their
             peculiar
             and
             different
             Functions
             or
             Offices
             .
             For
             ,
             the
             two
             first
             causes
             of
             Porosity
             mention'd
             in
             this
             Essay
             ,
             are
             as
             well
             applicable
             to
             the
             Membranes
             that
             cover
             the
             internal
             parts
             ,
             as
             the
             Liver
             ,
             the
             Spleen
             ,
             &c.
             as
             to
             the
             external
             Skin
             ,
             or
             Membrane
             that
             covers
             the
             Limbs
             ;
             and
             in
             some
             respects
             the
             transpiration
             through
             such
             Pores
             seems
             more
             advantaged
             ,
             than
             that
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             surface
             of
             the
             Body
             ;
             since
             the
             parts
             that
             environ
             the
             Spleen
             ,
             Liver
             ,
             Kidneys
             ,
             &c.
             in
             man
             ,
             are
             hot
             in
             comparison
             of
             the
             ambient
             Air
             ,
             and
             being
             also
             wet
             ,
             which
             the
             Air
             is
             not
             ,
             the
             laxity
             of
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             internal
             parts
             is
             doubly
             befriended
             .
             And
             perhaps
             it
             may
             be
             allowable
             to
             conceive
             ,
             both
             the
             Skin
             that
             covers
             the
             Limbs
             ,
             and
             the
             Membranes
             that
             invest
             the
             internal
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             to
             be
             like
             worsted
             stockings
             ,
             Wast-Coats
             ,
             &c.
             
             Which
             in
             their
             
             
             
             
             
             ordinary
             state
             have
             a
             kind
             of
             continuity
             ,
             but
             upon
             occasion
             can
             have
             their
             Pores
             every
             way
             enlarged
             and
             stretched
             ,
             in
             this
             or
             that
             manner
             ,
             as
             the
             Agents
             that
             work
             on
             them
             determine
             them
             to
             be
             .
             This
             may
             be
             confirmed
             ,
             by
             what
             we
             manifestly
             see
             in
             the
             finer
             sort
             of
             leather
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             Kid
             or
             Lamb
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             latent
             Pores
             that
             may
             be
             opened
             in
             Sheeps-Leather
             ,
             and
             mans
             Leather
             ,
             by
             the
             pressure
             of
             included
             Quick-Silver
             .
          
           
             This
             Porosity
             of
             a
             living
             mans
             Skin
             and
             other
             Membranes
             ,
             though
             internal
             ones
             ,
             will
             the
             more
             easily
             be
             assented
             to
             if
             it
             appear
             that
             such
             thick
             and
             gross
             Membranes
             ,
             as
             the
             urinary
             bladders
             of
             dead
             Animals
             ,
             are
             Porous
             and
             Penetrable
             even
             by
             Water
             .
             This
             we
             tryed
             ,
             by
             putting
             some
             salt
             of
             Tartar
             in
             a
             clean
             well
             dryed
             bladder
             (
             which
             ought
             to
             be
             afterwards
             tyed
             up
             close
             in
             the
             neck
             ,
             lest
             the
             effect
             should
             be
             ascribed
             to
             the
             moist
             Air
             )
             and
             leaving
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             bladder
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Salt
             ,
             reached
             immersed
             in
             common
             Water
             ,
             whose
             particles
             
             by
             degrees
             insinuated
             themselves
             into
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             bladder
             ,
             in
             plenty
             enough
             to
             resolve
             the
             Salt
             of
             Tartar
             into
             a
             liquor
             .
             And
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             not
             be
             said
             that
             the
             Acrimony
             of
             the
             Salt
             ,
             by
             fretting
             the
             bladder
             ,
             made
             way
             for
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             the
             Water
             ,
             I
             shall
             add
             that
             the
             Experiment
             succeeded
             ,
             but
             much
             more
             slowly
             ,
             when
             we
             tryed
             it
             with
             Sugar
             instead
             of
             Salt
             of
             Tartar.
             And
             there
             are
             some
             ,
             who
             pretend
             that
             certain
             Syrups
             made
             this
             slovenly
             way
             ,
             which
             they
             would
             have
             pass
             for
             a
             secret
             ,
             are
             very
             much
             preferable
             to
             those
             made
             of
             common
             Water
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             films
             that
             line
             the
             shells
             of
             Eggs
             are
             of
             a
             very
             close
             Contexture
             seems
             probable
             ,
             as
             by
             other
             things
             ,
             so
             by
             their
             resisting
             some
             liquors
             ,
             sharp
             enough
             to
             corrode
             the
             shell
             ,
             and
             yet
             that
             such
             Membranes
             are
             pervious
             to
             Liquors
             that
             are
             none
             of
             the
             most
             subtile
             of
             all
             ,
             we
             found
             by
             the
             ensuing
             Experiment
             .
             This
             was
             made
             by
             taking
             an
             ordinary
             Hens
             Egg
             ,
             and
             keeping
             it
             for
             two
             or
             three
             days
             in
             distill'd
             Vinegar
             ,
             
             or
             in
             strong
             crude
             Vinegar
             .
             For
             then
             taking
             it
             out
             of
             the
             Liquor
             and
             wiping
             it
             well
             ,
             it
             was
             visibly
             ,
             and
             not
             inconsiderably
             ,
             swell'd
             ,
             which
             I
             concluded
             to
             be
             from
             the
             ingress
             of
             some
             particles
             of
             the
             liquors
             ,
             at
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Skins
             that
             invest
             the
             White
             of
             the
             Egg.
             For
             we
             found
             nothing
             broken
             ,
             though
             we
             made
             the
             Tryal
             more
             than
             once
             .
             And
             to
             be
             satisfied
             that
             the
             manifest
             expansion
             proceeded
             from
             some
             other
             cause
             ,
             than
             the
             meer
             dilatation
             of
             the
             White
             ,
             or
             Yolk
             ,
             or
             both
             ,
             we
             compared
             the
             weight
             of
             the
             Egg
             ,
             after
             it
             was
             taken
             out
             and
             well
             wiped
             ,
             with
             that
             which
             had
             been
             taken
             before
             't
             was
             put
             into
             the
             Menstruum
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             Egg
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             loss
             of
             the
             Shell
             ,
             to
             be
             considerably
             heavier
             than
             't
             was
             before
             its
             immersion
             .
          
           
             I
             shall
             add
             on
             this
             occasion
             that
             by
             a
             more
             unlikely
             way
             than
             that
             newly
             recited
             ,
             both
             the
             Egg
             ,
             Shell
             and
             Lining
             of
             an
             Egg
             ,
             may
             be
             penetrated
             .
             For
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             fine
             and
             close
             contexture
             of
             the
             Membranes
             that
             invest
             
             the
             Eggs
             ,
             the
             Chineses
             have
             a
             way
             of
             Salting
             them
             in
             the
             shell
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             been
             assured
             both
             by
             English
             and
             Dutch
             Merchants
             trading
             to
             the
             East
             Indies
             .
             And
             in
             one
             of
             the
             Dutch
             Journals
             sent
             by
             the
             Council
             of
             Batavia
             to
             their
             Principals
             in
             Holland
             ,
             and
             intercepted
             by
             an
             English
             man
             of
             War
             ,
             I
             met
             with
             divers
             accounts
             of
             great
             numbers
             of
             salted
             Eggs
             ,
             that
             were
             such
             or
             such
             a
             day
             of
             such
             a
             Month
             brought
             in
             by
             Sea
             to
             Batavia
             or
             other
             Ports
             .
             Long
             after
             which
             time
             ,
             meeting
             with
             an
             ingenious
             Physician
             ,
             that
             liv'd
             in
             Batavia
             ,
             I
             learned
             by
             enquiry
             from
             him
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             very
             true
             that
             such
             Eggs
             are
             frequently
             met
             with
             in
             those
             parts
             ;
             he
             having
             divers
             times
             eaten
             of
             them
             there
             :
             some
             that
             he
             judged
             to
             have
             been
             either
             boyled
             or
             roasted
             ,
             before
             they
             were
             salted
             ;
             and
             others
             that
             were
             raw
             ,
             when
             they
             came
             to
             be
             dressed
             for
             him
             ,
             but
             yet
             retained
             a
             Briny
             tast
             .
             And
             ,
             though
             the
             Merchants
             I
             enquired
             of
             could
             not
             tell
             me
             what
             way
             the
             Chineses
             employed
             to
             Salt
             their
             Eggs
             ,
             without
             making
             them
             
             unfit
             for
             common
             use
             ,
             yet
             by
             a
             tryal
             made
             with
             clay
             and
             Brine
             ,
             in
             which
             I
             kept
             the
             Eggs
             for
             a
             competent
             time
             ,
             I
             was
             perswaded
             that
             't
             was
             possible
             the
             Chineses
             should
             have
             the
             Art
             ascribed
             to
             them
             .
             For
             upon
             the
             breaking
             of
             an
             Egg
             coated
             with
             clay
             ,
             after
             it
             had
             lain
             for
             a
             competent
             time
             in
             Brine
             ,
             I
             found
             its
             Tast
             considerably
             Salt
             ,
             but
             was
             ,
             by
             I
             know
             not
             what
             accident
             ,
             hindered
             from
             prosecuting
             the
             Experiment
             ,
             and
             endeavouring
             to
             make
             it
             more
             practicable
             and
             useful
             .
          
           
             I
             knew
             a
             Physitian
             of
             more
             learning
             than
             vertue
             ,
             who
             ,
             being
             tormented
             with
             a
             violent
             and
             obstinate
             Colic
             of
             a
             peculiar
             kind
             ,
             was
             wont
             to
             relieve
             himself
             by
             Clisters
             of
             Sack
             ;
             thô
             he
             usually
             found
             that
             not
             long
             after
             he
             had
             taken
             any
             of
             them
             ,
             they
             would
             make
             him
             giddy
             ,
             and
             fuddle
             him
             ,
             as
             he
             himself
             confessed
             to
             me
             .
             But
             upon
             this
             Instance
             I
             lay
             not
             much
             weight
             ,
             and
             less
             upon
             what
             was
             answered
             me
             by
             a
             great
             Chirurgeon
             ,
             who
             having
             practised
             his
             Art
             in
             the
             West-Indies
             ,
             and
             being
             asked
             
             by
             me
             whether
             he
             had
             not
             dressed
             Wounds
             and
             Ulcers
             with
             the
             recent
             juice
             of
             Tobacco
             (
             a
             plant
             I
             use
             to
             keep
             growing
             in
             my
             Garden
             for
             its
             excellent
             vertues
             in
             cuts
             ,
             burns
             ,
             and
             tumors
             ;
             )
             and
             whether
             ,
             if
             he
             employed
             it
             ,
             he
             did
             not
             find
             it
             emetick
             ,
             he
             told
             me
             among
             other
             things
             ,
             that
             having
             Divers
             times
             dressed
             with
             this
             Juice
             a
             small
             Ulcer
             in
             a
             Womans
             leg
             ,
             the
             patient
             soon
             after
             the
             application
             would
             grow
             sick
             ,
             and
             have
             her
             stomack
             turned
             ,
             or
             actually
             vomit
             .
             But
             ,
             as
             I
             was
             saying
             ,
             on
             this
             instance
             I
             lay
             no
             stress
             ,
             because
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             the
             Tobacco
             might
             probably
             enough
             get
             in
             at
             the
             small
             Orifices
             of
             some
             corroded
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             so
             be
             conveyed
             inwards
             ,
             rather
             by
             the
             help
             of
             the
             Circulation
             of
             the
             blood
             ,
             than
             on
             the
             account
             of
             the
             Porousness
             of
             the
             Parts
             .
             And
             therefore
             I
             shall
             rather
             mention
             what
             has
             been
             related
             to
             me
             ,
             by
             an
             eminent
             Physician
             of
             the
             famous
             Colledge
             of
             London
             ,
             namely
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             divers
             times
             given
             himself
             a
             vomit
             ,
             by
             a
             certain
             application
             of
             decocted
             Tobacco
             to
             
             his
             wrists
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             external
             parts
             ;
             which
             brings
             into
             my
             mind
             ,
             what
             is
             affirmed
             to
             have
             been
             observed
             in
             some
             Children
             that
             have
             scabb'd
             Heads
             ,
             who
             have
             been
             made
             Drunk
             ,
             by
             the
             application
             of
             Clothes
             or
             spunges
             wetted
             in
             Infusion
             of
             Tobacco
             ,
             or
             of
             strong
             Liquors
             ,
             and
             applied
             to
             the
             part
             affected
             .
             Though
             in
             this
             case
             the
             inebriating
             Particles
             may
             be
             suspected
             to
             have
             got
             in
             ,
             not
             at
             the
             meer
             Pores
             ,
             but
             rather
             at
             the
             Orifices
             of
             the
             Capillary
             Vessels
             ,
             that
             were
             made
             accessible
             by
             such
             little
             solutions
             of
             Continuity
             ,
             as
             are
             seldom
             wanting
             in
             scabbed
             Heads
             .
          
           
             That
             Children
             may
             be
             purged
             by
             outward
             applications
             is
             asserted
             by
             some
             Physicians
             ;
             and
             an
             experienced
             Person
             of
             that
             number
             has
             affirmed
             to
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             can
             almost
             constantly
             do
             it
             by
             a
             Plaister
             .
             But
             't
             is
             more
             considerable
             what
             was
             related
             to
             me
             by
             an
             eminent
             Virtuoso
             ,
             who
             being
             indisposed
             to
             believe
             such
             things
             a
             while
             before
             he
             told
             me
             the
             story
             ,
             was
             desired
             by
             a
             curious
             Person
             to
             shew
             him
             
             his
             Hand
             which
             the
             Relator
             having
             done
             the
             other
             took
             it
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             which
             was
             moistened
             (
             as
             was
             afterwards
             confessed
             )
             with
             a
             kind
             of
             subtile
             Chymical
             Oil
             ,
             but
             so
             slightly
             ,
             that
             the
             Relator
             scarce
             minded
             it
             ,
             till
             some
             time
             after
             when
             he
             found
             himself
             prest
             with
             a
             motion
             ,
             like
             that
             which
             a
             purge
             would
             have
             given
             him
             ;
             for
             the
             other
             thereupon
             smiling
             ,
             my
             acquaintance
             began
             to
             suspect
             what
             the
             matter
             might
             be
             ,
             and
             was
             in
             a
             short
             time
             purged
             four
             times
             ,
             without
             griping
             ,
             or
             other
             pain
             or
             discomposure
             .
             But
             to
             return
             to
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Membranes
             ,
             it
             may
             serve
             to
             make
             way
             for
             your
             admitting
             it
             ,
             to
             observe
             ,
             that
             though
             Lute-strings
             be
             but
             Ropes
             of
             Fibres
             (
             which
             are
             at
             least
             the
             chief
             parts
             that
             Membranes
             consist
             of
             )
             dead
             ,
             cold
             and
             stiff
             ,
             yet
             when
             the
             lute
             is
             in
             tune
             they
             will
             sometimes
             in
             wet
             weather
             swell
             so
             forcibly
             as
             with
             noise
             and
             violence
             to
             break
             ,
             which
             proceeds
             from
             the
             copious
             ingress
             of
             moist
             vapors
             into
             their
             Pores
             ,
             whereby
             they
             are
             not
             only
             shortened
             ,
             but
             as
             I
             have
             tryed
             in
             
             nice
             scales
             ,
             made
             manifestly
             heavier
             .
          
           
             The
             Porosity
             of
             the
             internal
             parts
             of
             Animals
             by
             both
             the
             foremention'd
             ways
             (
             viz.
             of
             emission
             and
             reception
             of
             Corpuscles
             ,
             )
             may
             be
             confirmed
             by
             the
             things
             that
             happen
             in
             some
             of
             the
             Metastases
             or
             Translations
             (
             as
             the
             Physitians
             call
             them
             )
             of
             the
             morbifick
             matter
             in
             diseased
             Bodies
             .
             'T
             is
             known
             to
             them
             that
             are
             any
             thing
             conversant
             with
             Hospitals
             ,
             or
             the
             observations
             of
             Physicians
             ,
             that
             there
             do
             not
             seldom
             occur
             in
             Diseases
             sudden
             Removes
             of
             the
             matter
             that
             caused
             them
             ,
             from
             one
             part
             to
             another
             according
             to
             the
             nature
             and
             functions
             of
             which
             ,
             there
             may
             emerge
             a
             new
             Disease
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             dangerous
             than
             the
             former
             ,
             as
             the
             invaded
             part
             is
             more
             or
             less
             noble
             .
             Thus
             oftentimes
             the
             matter
             ,
             which
             in
             the
             sanguiferous
             Vessels
             produced
             a
             Feaver
             ,
             being
             discharged
             upon
             some
             internal
             parts
             of
             the
             Head
             ,
             produces
             a
             Delirium
             or
             Phrenitis
             ;
             in
             the
             latter
             of
             which
             I
             have
             somewhat
             wondered
             ,
             to
             see
             the
             Patients
             Water
             so
             like
             that
             of
             a
             Person
             without
             a
             Feaver
             ;
             the
             same
             
             Febrile
             matter
             either
             by
             a
             deviation
             of
             Nature
             ,
             or
             medicines
             improper
             or
             unskillfully
             given
             ,
             is
             discharged
             sometimes
             upon
             the
             Pleura
             ,
             or
             Membrane
             that
             lines
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             Chest
             ;
             sometimes
             upon
             the
             throat
             ;
             sometimes
             upon
             the
             Guts
             ;
             and
             causes
             in
             the
             first
             case
             a
             Pleurisie
             ,
             in
             the
             2d
             a
             Squinancy
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             third
             a
             Flux
             ,
             for
             the
             most
             part
             dysenterical
             .
             But
             ,
             because
             I
             suppose
             ,
             that
             many
             ,
             if
             not
             most
             ,
             of
             these
             translations
             of
             peccant
             humors
             ,
             are
             made
             by
             the
             help
             of
             the
             circulation
             of
             the
             Blood
             ,
             I
             forbore
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             this
             Section
             to
             speak
             in
             
               general
               terms
            
             ,
             when
             I
             mentioned
             them
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             Porousness
             of
             the
             internal
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             and
             contented
             my self
             to
             intimate
             ,
             that
             some
             of
             them
             may
             serve
             to
             confirm
             that
             Porosity
             .
          
           
             This
             will
             not
             perhaps
             seem
             improbable
             ,
             if
             we
             consider
             that
             't
             is
             in
             effect
             already
             proved
             ,
             by
             the
             same
             arguments
             by
             which
             we
             have
             shewn
             ,
             that
             both
             the
             Skin
             and
             the
             internal
             Membranes
             are
             furnished
             with
             Pores
             ,
             Permeable
             by
             Particles
             whose
             Shape
             and
             
             Size
             are
             correspondent
             to
             them
             .
             For
             we
             may
             thence
             probably
             deduce
             ,
             that
             when
             a
             morbifick
             matter
             ,
             whether
             in
             the
             form
             of
             Liquor
             ,
             or
             of
             exhalations
             ,
             chances
             to
             have
             Corpuscles
             suited
             to
             the
             Pores
             of
             this
             or
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             it
             may
             ,
             by
             a
             concourse
             of
             Circumstances
             ,
             be
             determined
             to
             invade
             it
             ,
             and
             so
             dislodge
             from
             its
             former
             receptacle
             ,
             and
             excite
             Disorders
             in
             the
             part
             it
             removes
             to
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             
          
           
             ANother
             thing
             whence
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Animals
             may
             be
             argued
             ▪
             is
             ,
             their
             taking
             in
             of
             Effluvia
             from
             without
             .
             For
             these
             cannot
             get
             into
             the
             internal
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             to
             perform
             their
             operations
             there
             ,
             without
             penetrating
             the
             Skin
             ,
             and
             consequently
             entring
             the
             Pores
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             Now
             ,
             That
             things
             ,
             outwardly
             applyed
             to
             the
             Body
             ,
             may
             without
             wounding
             the
             Skin
             ,
             be
             convey'd
             to
             the
             internal
             parts
             ,
             there
             are
             many
             things
             that
             argue
             .
          
           
           
             And
             first
             ,
             it
             has
             been
             observed
             in
             some
             Persons
             ,
             (
             for
             all
             are
             not
             equally
             disposed
             to
             admit
             the
             action
             of
             particular
             Poysons
             )
             that
             Cantharides
             ,
             being
             externally
             apply'd
             by
             Chyrurgions
             or
             Physicians
             ,
             may
             soon
             ,
             and
             before
             they
             break
             the
             Skin
             ,
             produce
             great
             disorders
             in
             the
             Urinary
             Passages
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             cause
             bloody
             Water
             .
             And
             I
             remember
             ,
             that
             having
             once
             had
             a
             blistering
             Plaister
             ,
             applyed
             by
             a
             skilful
             Chyrurgion
             between
             my
             shoulders
             ,
             though
             I
             knew
             not
             that
             there
             were
             any
             Cantharides
             at
             all
             mixt
             with
             the
             other
             Ingredients
             ,
             yet
             it
             gave
             me
             about
             the
             neck
             of
             my
             Bladder
             one
             of
             the
             sensiblest
             pains
             I
             had
             ever
             felt
             ,
             and
             forced
             me
             to
             send
             for
             help
             at
             a
             very
             unseasonable
             time
             of
             night
             .
          
           
             The
             Porousness
             of
             the
             Skin
             may
             be
             also
             argued
             from
             divers
             of
             the
             effects
             even
             of
             Milder
             Plaisters
             .
             For
             ,
             though
             some
             Plaisters
             may
             operate
             as
             they
             closely
             stick
             to
             the
             Skin
             ,
             and
             hinder
             Perspiration
             from
             within
             ,
             and
             fence
             the
             part
             from
             the
             external
             cold
             ;
             yet
             ,
             t
             will
             scarce
             be
             denied
             ,
             that
             
             many
             of
             them
             have
             notable
             effects
             upon
             other
             accounts
             ,
             whereof
             none
             is
             so
             likely
             and
             considerable
             as
             the
             copious
             ingress
             of
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             the
             Plaister
             ,
             that
             enter
             at
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Skin
             ,
             and
             being
             once
             got
             in
             ,
             act
             according
             to
             their
             respective
             Natures
             &
             Vertues
             .
             The
             like
             may
             be
             said
             of
             Ointments
             ,
             whose
             operations
             ,
             especially
             on
             Children
             (
             whose
             Skin
             is
             ordinarily
             more
             soft
             and
             lax
             )
             are
             sometimes
             very
             notable
             .
             And
             I
             have
             known
             considerable
             things
             performed
             by
             them
             ,
             in
             an
             internal
             Disease
             of
             grown
             men
             ,
             where
             I
             should
             scarce
             have
             expected
             a
             Vegetable
             Ointment
             should
             perform
             so
             much
             :
             I
             say
             ,
             a
             Vegetable
             Ointment
             ,
             for
             't
             is
             vulgarly
             known
             that
             by
             Mercurial
             Ointments
             Salivation
             may
             be
             excited
             ;
             and
             sometimes
             ,
             against
             the
             Physitians
             will
             ,
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             the
             Quick
             Silver
             get
             so
             far
             into
             the
             Body
             ,
             that
             he
             is
             not
             able
             to
             get
             them
             out
             again
             .
          
           
             What
             we
             lately
             said
             of
             Plaisters
             ,
             may
             be
             applyed
             to
             those
             that
             Physitians
             call
             Pericarpia
             ,
             or
             Wrist-bands
             :
             
             The
             better
             sort
             of
             which
             ,
             though
             sometimes
             ineffectual
             ,
             are
             oftentimes
             successful
             in
             stopping
             Fits
             of
             Agues
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             frequently
             found
             in
             a
             mixture
             ,
             elsewhere
             mention'd
             ,
             of
             Currans
             ,
             Hops
             ,
             Baysalt
             well
             beaten
             together
             ,
             by
             which
             ,
             by
             Gods
             blessing
             ,
             many
             ,
             and
             I
             among
             others
             ,
             have
             been
             freed
             from
             simple
             Tertians
             ,
             and
             either
             double
             Tertians
             or
             Quotidians
             .
          
           
             The
             Argument
             of
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Animals
             ,
             drawn
             from
             those
             things
             that
             get
             in
             through
             their
             skins
             ,
             without
             breaking
             or
             wounding
             them
             ,
             may
             be
             much
             strengthned
             ,
             if
             it
             can
             be
             made
             appear
             ,
             that
             those
             Physitians
             do
             not
             deceive
             us
             ,
             who
             ascribe
             sensible
             Operations
             and
             Vertues
             ,
             to
             things
             externally
             applyed
             ,
             in
             so
             loose
             a
             way
             ,
             that
             they
             do
             not
             so
             much
             as
             stick
             to
             the
             Skin
             ,
             or
             perhaps
             immediately
             touch
             it
             ;
             such
             as
             some
             call
             Periapta
             and
             Appensa
             ;
             divers
             of
             which
             are
             best
             known
             among
             us
             ,
             by
             the
             name
             of
             Amulets
             ;
             such
             as
             are
             the
             Quills
             containing
             Quick-silver
             or
             Arsenick
             ,
             that
             some
             hang
             about
             their
             necks
             ,
             and
             
             wear
             under
             their
             Shirts
             ,
             against
             the
             Plague
             and
             other
             Contagious
             Diseases
             ;
             and
             the
             Bloodstones
             that
             others
             wear
             against
             Haemorrhages
             ;
             and
             the
             stone
             which
             the
             Women
             use
             in
             the
             East-Indies
             ,
             for
             a
             quite
             contrary
             effect
             ,
             in
             
               Obstructione
               Mensium
            
             .
             That
             many
             of
             these
             external
             Medicines
             ,
             answer
             not
             the
             promises
             of
             those
             that
             extol
             them
             ,
             having
             some
             of
             them
             no
             sensible
             operation
             at
             all
             ,
             and
             others
             no
             considerable
             one
             ,
             experience
             has
             assured
             judicious
             observers
             ;
             but
             that
             some
             of
             them
             ,
             especially
             on
             some
             Patients
             ,
             may
             have
             considerable
             ,
             not
             to
             say
             admirable
             ,
             operations
             ,
             I
             confess
             my self
             by
             other
             motives
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             Authority
             ,
             to
             be
             perswaded
             .
             Having
             been
             one
             summer
             frequently
             subject
             to
             bleed
             at
             the
             Nose
             ,
             and
             reduced
             to
             imploy
             several
             remedies
             to
             check
             that
             distemper
             ;
             that
             which
             I
             found
             the
             most
             effectual
             to
             stanch
             the
             blood
             ,
             was
             some
             moss
             of
             a
             dead
             mans
             Scull
             (
             sent
             for
             a
             present
             out
             of
             Ireland
             where
             't
             is
             far
             less
             rare
             than
             in
             most
             other
             Countrys
             )
             though
             it
             did
             but
             
             touch
             my
             skin
             till
             the
             herb
             was
             a
             little
             warm'd
             by
             it
             .
             And
             though
             I
             remember
             not
             that
             I
             have
             known
             any
             great
             matter
             done
             to
             stop
             Haemorrhagies
             by
             the
             bare
             outward
             application
             of
             other
             Blood-stones
             ;
             yet
             of
             one
             that
             look'd
             almost
             like
             an
             Agate
             ,
             I
             admired
             the
             effects
             ,
             especially
             upon
             a
             young
             and
             extraordinarily
             Sanguin
             person
             .
             To
             which
             I
             shall
             add
             a
             memorable
             thing
             ,
             
             communicated
             to
             the
             experienced
             Zwelfer
             by
             the
             chief
             Physitian
             of
             the
             States
             of
             Moravia
             .
             For
             this
             learned
             man
             whom
             he
             extols
             for
             a
             great
             Physician
             and
             Philosopher
             ;
             assures
             him
             ,
             that
             having
             prepared
             some
             Trochischs
             of
             Toads
             according
             to
             Helmonts
             way
             ,
             (
             which
             I
             remember
             I
             also
             was
             solicitous
             to
             prepare
             ,
             but
             had
             not
             occasion
             to
             make
             tryal
             of
             their
             vertue
             ,
             )
             he
             not
             only
             found
             ,
             that
             being
             worn
             as
             Amulets
             they
             preserved
             him
             and
             all
             his
             Domesticks
             ,
             and
             Friends
             ,
             from
             the
             Plague
             (
             though
             he
             daily
             visited
             the
             infected
             )
             but
             that
             having
             caused
             these
             
             Trochischs
             to
             be
             put
             upon
             the
             Plague
             sores
             of
             several
             persons
             ,
             none
             of
             them
             died
             ,
             but
             the
             venom
             of
             the
             pestilential
             Carbuncles
             was
             thereby
             so
             weakened
             that
             the
             ulcers
             were
             afterward
             easily
             cured
             by
             vulgar
             remedies
             .
          
           
             And
             now
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             difficulty
             ,
             which
             I
             acknowledge
             not
             to
             be
             small
             ,
             to
             conceive
             how
             Bodies
             actually
             cold
             can
             emit
             Effluvia
             ,
             capable
             of
             penetrating
             (
             without
             moistening
             it
             )
             a
             Membrane
             of
             so
             close
             a
             Contexture
             as
             a
             mans
             Skin
             ;
             I
             suppose
             it
             will
             be
             much
             lessened
             in
             the
             objectors
             opinion
             ,
             by
             what
             he
             will
             meet
             with
             hereafter
             about
             the
             Pores
             of
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             the
             Figures
             of
             Corpuscles
             .
             For
             supposing
             these
             to
             be
             congruous
             ,
             it
             will
             not
             seem
             incredible
             ,
             that
             the
             Effluvia
             of
             Amulets
             should
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             get
             passage
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Skin
             of
             a
             Living
             Body
             .
             And
             to
             make
             this
             the
             more
             probable
             ,
             I
             will
             give
             an
             Instance
             in
             the
             Skin
             of
             a
             dead
             Animal
             .
             And
             ,
             because
             this
             requires
             a
             Liquor
             I
             much
             employ
             in
             these
             trials
             about
             Porology
             ,
             though
             I
             have
             many
             years
             since
             in
             
             another
             Tract
             taught
             how
             to
             make
             it
             for
             another
             purpose
             ;
             yet
             I
             shall
             here
             repeat
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             made
             by
             exactly
             mingling
             Flower
             of
             Brimstone
             ,
             powdered
             
               Sal
               Armoniac
            
             and
             good
             Quicklime
             in
             equal
             quantities
             ,
             save
             that
             ,
             if
             the
             Quicklime
             be
             not
             very
             dry
             and
             good
             ,
             a
             fourth
             or
             fifth
             part
             must
             be
             superadded
             ,
             for
             these
             being
             nimbly
             mixed
             ,
             and
             distilled
             by
             degrees
             of
             Fire
             in
             a
             Retort
             ,
             till
             the
             Sand
             be
             at
             length
             brought
             to
             be
             almost
             red
             hot
             ,
             there
             will
             come
             over
             a
             smoaking
             Spirit
             ,
             which
             must
             be
             kept
             very
             carefully
             stopt
             ,
             and
             which
             for
             distinctions
             sake
             ,
             I
             also
             use
             to
             call
             ,
             The
             
               Permeating
               Menstruum
               or
               Liquor
            
             ,
             and
             its
             expirations
             the
             Penetrant
             ,
             or
             Permeating
             Fumes
             .
          
           
             And
             now
             you
             will
             easily
             understand
             the
             experiment
             I
             was
             about
             to
             mention
             ,
             which
             was
             this
             ;
             We
             took
             a
             very
             clean
             piece
             of
             polish'd
             Copper
             ,
             in
             want
             of
             which
             one
             of
             silver
             will
             serve
             the
             turn
             ,
             and
             having
             lapt
             it
             up
             in
             a
             piece
             of
             either
             Lambs
             or
             sheeps
             Leather
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             was
             every
             way
             
             inclosed
             ,
             we
             then
             held
             it
             over
             the
             Orifice
             of
             the
             Vial
             that
             contained
             the
             Spirit
             ,
             at
             a
             pretty
             distance
             from
             the
             Liquor
             ,
             whose
             fumes
             nevertheless
             did
             quickly
             ,
             (
             perhaps
             in
             a
             minute
             of
             an
             hour
             or
             less
             )
             pervade
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Leather
             ,
             and
             operate
             upon
             the
             included
             metal
             as
             appeared
             by
             the
             deep
             and
             lasting
             tincture
             it
             had
             given
             to
             the
             lower
             surface
             of
             it
             ,
             though
             the
             interposed
             Leather
             it self
             was
             not
             deprived
             of
             its
             whiteness
             ,
             nor
             at
             all
             sensibly
             discoloured
             ;
             however
             it
             smelt
             of
             the
             Sulplureous
             steams
             that
             had
             invaded
             it
             .
             And
             ,
             if
             I
             misremember
             not
             ,
             the
             same
             Experiment
             succeeded
             ,
             though
             somewhat
             more
             slowly
             ,
             when
             a
             double
             Leather
             was
             interposed
             between
             the
             fumes
             and
             a
             new
             piece
             of
             Copper
             coin
             .
             This
             will
             be
             thought
             the
             less
             strange
             ,
             when
             I
             shall
             come
             to
             some
             other
             Instances
             of
             the
             Penetrancy
             of
             these
             Spirits
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             I
             leave
             it
             to
             be
             considered
             ,
             whether
             this
             may
             not
             suggest
             some
             conjecture
             at
             that
             strange
             Phoenomenon
             ,
             which
             is
             recorded
             by
             Authors
             of
             good
             repute
             ,
             
             That
             sometimes
             in
             great
             Thunders
             the
             Lightening
             ,
             among
             other
             operations
             ,
             has
             been
             found
             to
             have
             manifestly
             discoloured
             mens
             money
             ,
             without
             burning
             the
             Purses
             or
             Pockets
             wherein
             it
             lay
             .
             For
             in
             our
             experiment
             ,
             the
             steams
             that
             in
             a
             trice
             pervaded
             the
             Leather
             ,
             the
             most
             usual
             matter
             whereof
             Purses
             are
             made
             ,
             were
             sulphureous
             ,
             as
             the
             smell
             argues
             ,
             that
             those
             which
             accompany
             the
             Fulmen
             are
             wont
             to
             be
             ;
             and
             whereas
             these
             ,
             when
             they
             invade
             Bodies
             ,
             are
             usually
             very
             hot
             ,
             ours
             operated
             when
             the
             Liquor
             that
             emitted
             them
             was
             actually
             cold
             .
             And
             if
             it
             be
             said
             ,
             that
             sometimes
             their
             money
             has
             been
             found
             discolored
             in
             their
             Pockets
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             struck
             ,
             by
             the
             Fulmen
             ,
             but
             had
             it
             only
             pass
             near
             them
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             objected
             ,
             that
             tho
             the
             intire
             Body
             ,
             whether
             fluid
             or
             solid
             ,
             if
             there
             be
             any
             of
             this
             latter
             kind
             that
             is
             in
             Latine
             called
             Fulmen
             (
             for
             our
             English
             word
             ,
             Thunderbolt
             seems
             not
             so
             applicable
             to
             a
             fluid
             )
             did
             not
             touch
             them
             ,
             yet
             it
             might
             scatter
             steams
             enough
             round
             about
             it
             ,
             to
             cause
             
             the
             Phoenomenon
             .
             For
             confirmation
             of
             which
             I
             shall
             take
             notice
             ,
             that
             a
             considerable
             Person
             of
             my
             acquaintance
             ,
             having
             had
             the
             Curiosity
             to
             ascend
             a
             burning
             mountain
             in
             America
             ,
             till
             the
             sulphureous
             steams
             grew
             too
             offensive
             to
             him
             ,
             he
             told
             me
             that
             ,
             among
             other
             operations
             he
             observed
             them
             to
             have
             upon
             him
             ,
             one
             was
             ,
             that
             he
             found
             the
             money
             he
             had
             about
             him
             turned
             of
             a
             black
             and
             dirty
             colour
             ,
             such
             as
             I
             have
             observed
             our
             sulphureous
             steams
             often
             give
             both
             to
             Copper
             ,
             and
             to
             Silver
             Coins
             .
             But
             whether
             or
             no
             our
             Spirits
             will
             justify
             the
             conjecture
             ,
             they
             invited
             me
             to
             mention
             ,
             at
             least
             their
             so
             easily
             pervading
             the
             Skin
             of
             a
             dead
             Animal
             may
             make
             it
             probable
             ,
             that
             the
             Skin
             of
             a
             Living
             man
             may
             be
             easily
             penetrated
             by
             external
             steams
             whose
             approach
             the
             Eye
             does
             not
             perceive
             ,
             and
             whose
             operations
             ,
             though
             not
             inconsiderable
             ,
             may
             therefore
             be
             unsuspected
             .
             I
             leave
             to
             Physitians
             to
             consider
             ,
             what
             use
             may
             be
             made
             of
             this
             observation
             ,
             in
             reference
             to
             the
             propagation
             of
             contagious
             Diseases
             ,
             by
             the
             contact
             of
             
             infected
             Air
             ,
             distinct
             from
             the
             Respiration
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             penetration
             of
             the
             steams
             ,
             that
             issuing
             from
             divers
             Bodies
             invade
             the
             Skin
             ,
             and
             may
             perhaps
             be
             capable
             of
             operations
             ,
             either
             hurtful
             or
             friendly
             ,
             that
             are
             not
             usually
             suspected
             to
             proceed
             from
             such
             causes
             ,
             and
             are
             therefore
             misascribed
             to
             others
             .
             And
             on
             this
             occasion
             it
             will
             not
             be
             impertinent
             to
             add
             ,
             that
             by
             hanging
             up
             sheeps
             Leather
             or
             Lambs
             Leather
             in
             the
             free
             Air
             ,
             the
             vapors
             of
             it
             would
             so
             insinuate
             themselves
             into
             the
             Pores
             in
             wet
             weather
             ,
             that
             a
             moderate
             degree
             of
             moisture
             in
             the
             Air
             would
             add
             to
             it
             a
             not
             inconsiderable
             weight
             ,
             of
             which
             dry
             weather
             ,
             whether
             hot
             or
             cold
             ,
             would
             deprive
             it
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             
          
           
             I
             Must
             not
             in
             this
             place
             omit
             some
             Instances
             ,
             very
             proper
             to
             manifest
             the
             Penetrableness
             of
             Membranes
             to
             Fumes
             themselves
             ,
             if
             they
             be
             subtile
             
             enough
             for
             their
             Pores
             ,
             or
             correspondent
             enough
             to
             them
             .
          
           
             Among
             the
             observations
             published
             by
             Physicians
             I
             have
             met
             with
             some
             by
             which
             it
             appears
             that
             Cantharides
             may
             have
             great
             Effects
             upon
             the
             internal
             Parts
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             though
             they
             do
             not
             so
             much
             as
             touch
             the
             Skin
             ,
             but
             are
             placed
             at
             some
             distance
             from
             it
             ,
             
             so
             that
             their
             Effluvia
             must
             be
             transmitted
             through
             other
             Bodies
             before
             they
             can
             penetrate
             that
             .
             The
             learned
             
               Michael
               Paschalius
            
             mentions
             a
             Chyrurgion
             ,
             who
             was
             twice
             brought
             to
             void
             much
             Blood
             with
             his
             Urine
             ,
             by
             some
             Spanish
             Flies
             that
             he
             carryed
             about
             in
             a
             Purse
             or
             Bag.
             And
             another
             Doctor
             of
             note
             relates
             of
             another
             person
             that
             came
             to
             complain
             to
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             pissed
             Blood
             ,
             having
             carryed
             about
             with
             him
             Cantharides
             ,
             though
             in
             his
             Pocket
             ,
             and
             adds
             ,
             that
             a
             like
             Case
             was
             recounted
             to
             him
             by
             Helidaeus
             ,
             whom
             he
             calls
             an
             eminent
             Bolognian
             Physician
             .
          
           
             We
             see
             ,
             that
             in
             Linnen
             Cloth
             ,
             the
             
             finer
             and
             more
             slender
             the
             threads
             are
             the
             closer
             and
             less
             Porous
             ,
             
               coeteris
               paribus
            
             ,
             the
             Linnen
             is
             :
             By
             analogy
             to
             which
             one
             may
             esteem
             the
             thin
             film
             that
             lines
             the
             shell
             of
             an
             Egg
             ,
             to
             be
             of
             an
             exceeding
             close
             Contexture
             ;
             and
             yet
             that
             even
             this
             film
             is
             not
             impervious
             to
             some
             Fumes
             ,
             I
             have
             found
             by
             the
             following
             Tryal
             .
          
           
             To
             make
             this
             ,
             we
             slowly
             and
             warily
             pick'd
             off
             a
             sufficient
             part
             of
             the
             Shell
             of
             a
             Hens
             Egg
             ,
             from
             the
             Skin
             that
             lay
             just
             beneath
             it
             ,
             and
             is
             wont
             to
             stick
             so
             close
             to
             it
             ,
             that
             their
             separation
             ,
             without
             injuring
             the
             Membrane
             ,
             is
             not
             easy
             .
             In
             this
             Skin
             ,
             being
             wip'd
             ,
             we
             wrapt
             up
             a
             flat
             piece
             of
             Copper
             ,
             whose
             surface
             was
             made
             bright
             ,
             that
             the
             change
             of
             Colour
             might
             be
             the
             better
             seen
             ;
             and
             having
             kept
             this
             covered
             bit
             of
             Plate
             ,
             over
             the
             Fumes
             of
             our
             smoaking
             Liquor
             lately
             mentioned
             for
             a
             minute
             or
             two
             by
             our
             ghess
             we
             unfolded
             the
             Skin
             ,
             and
             found
             ,
             as
             we
             expected
             ,
             that
             the
             lower
             surface
             of
             the
             Copper
             which
             was
             it
             that
             had
             been
             held
             over
             the
             
             Fumes
             ,
             was
             turned
             of
             a
             very
             dark
             colour
             ,
             which
             manifested
             that
             even
             so
             fine
             and
             closely
             contexed
             a
             Membrane
             was
             not
             only
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             formerly
             shewn
             ,
             penetrable
             by
             Liquors
             ,
             but
             readily
             pervious
             to
             our
             sulphureous
             exhalations
             ,
             tho
             these
             were
             probably
             but
             faintly
             emitted
             ,
             since
             the
             Liquor
             they
             came
             from
             was
             then
             actually
             cold
             .
             But
             in
             making
             the
             Tryal
             it
             is
             fit
             to
             hold
             (
             as
             we
             did
             in
             that
             newly
             recited
             )
             the
             Membrane
             against
             the
             light
             ,
             to
             see
             if
             it
             be
             intire
             ,
             and
             have
             escaped
             all
             those
             little
             lacerations
             that
             are
             hardly
             avoidable
             in
             severing
             it
             from
             the
             Shell
             it
             sticks
             so
             close
             to
             .
             If
             this
             caution
             be
             neglected
             ,
             't
             is
             easy
             to
             be
             imposed
             on
             ,
             by
             overlooking
             some
             little
             holes
             ,
             that
             are
             not
             easily
             discerned
             when
             one
             looks
             down
             upon
             the
             Skin
             ,
             and
             yet
             may
             be
             sufficient
             to
             make
             the
             Experiment
             deceitful
             .
             But
             ,
             thô
             when
             't
             is
             well
             made
             ,
             it
             is
             a
             notable
             confirmation
             of
             the
             Doctrine
             endeavoured
             to
             be
             established
             in
             this
             Paper
             ,
             yet
             I
             shall
             now
             subjoyn
             a
             more
             considerable
             
             Instance
             to
             the
             same
             purpose
             .
          
           
             The
             Porousness
             of
             the
             Internal
             Membranes
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             will
             be
             more
             easily
             granted
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             considered
             that
             either
             the
             Liquors
             ,
             or
             the
             moist
             Exhalations
             ,
             whose
             Action
             is
             promoted
             by
             the
             Natural
             Heat
             of
             the
             Parts
             ,
             keeps
             them
             constantly
             wet
             or
             moist
             ,
             and
             thereby
             renders
             them
             more
             lax
             ,
             and
             more
             penetrable
             by
             subtle
             Spirits
             or
             other
             Corpuscles
             .
             In
             favour
             of
             this
             Reflection
             I
             made
             the
             following
             Experiment
             .
             We
             took
             a
             piece
             of
             a
             dryed
             Urinary
             Bladder
             ,
             which
             was
             judged
             to
             have
             been
             a
             Calfs
             ;
             and
             having
             lapt
             it
             about
             a
             new
             piece
             of
             Silver
             Coin
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Bladder
             was
             single
             where
             it
             covered
             the
             lower
             side
             of
             the
             Piece
             ,
             we
             kept
             it
             for
             divers
             Minutes
             ,
             by
             guess
             ,
             over
             the
             Spirituous
             Fumes
             of
             our
             often
             mentioned
             Permeating
             Liquor
             ,
             but
             could
             not
             perceive
             that
             the
             Coin
             was
             thereby
             at
             all
             affected
             or
             ternished
             .
             Whence
             we
             concluded
             that
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             dry
             Bladder
             were
             too
             close
             and
             narrow
             ▪
             to
             give
             passage
             to
             the
             Expirations
             of
             
             the
             Menstruum
             .
             But
             presuming
             that
             moisture
             would
             some
             what
             relax
             them
             with
             another
             piece
             of
             the
             same
             Bladder
             ,
             made
             limber
             by
             being
             a
             little
             wetted
             in
             common
             Water
             ,
             we
             lapt
             up
             another
             like
             peace
             of
             new
             Coin
             ,
             as
             we
             had
             done
             the
             former
             ,
             and
             kept
             it
             at
             the
             same
             distance
             as
             before
             ,
             from
             the
             Liquor
             ,
             but
             not
             for
             so
             long
             a
             time
             .
             For
             after
             about
             two
             Minutes
             ,
             by
             guess
             ,
             we
             remov'd
             and
             took
             out
             the
             Piece
             ,
             and
             ,
             as
             we
             expected
             ,
             found
             much
             of
             its
             lower
             surface
             (
             that
             regarded
             the
             Liquor
             )
             deeply
             discoloured
             .
             Which
             Experiment
             will
             not
             only
             justify
             what
             I
             lately
             said
             ,
             of
             the
             greater
             Laxity
             of
             moist
             than
             of
             dry
             Membranes
             ,
             but
             will
             be
             thought
             no
             mean
             confirmation
             of
             what
             is
             in
             this
             Essay
             delivered
             about
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Membranes
             ,
             since
             the
             Urinary
             Bladder
             does
             ,
             as
             Anatomists
             well
             know
             ,
             consist
             of
             more
             than
             one
             Membrane
             ,
             though
             they
             stick
             so
             close
             together
             ,
             as
             to
             appear
             but
             one
             to
             the
             Eye
             .
             And
             this
             Bladder
             was
             speedily
             penetrated
             by
             
             the
             Fumes
             that
             our
             Liquor
             emitted
             in
             exceeding
             Cold
             and
             Frosty
             weather
             ,
             though
             the
             Bladder
             it self
             was
             not
             in
             the
             warm
             Body
             of
             the
             live
             Animal
             ,
             but
             had
             been
             so
             long
             kept
             dryed
             and
             cold
             ,
             that
             probably
             the
             Moisture
             it
             introduced
             in
             scarce
             one
             minute
             of
             an
             Hour
             ,
             could
             not
             restore
             it
             to
             the
             Laxity
             it
             had
             ,
             whilst
             it
             was
             a
             part
             of
             the
             living
             Calf
             .
          
           
             One
             of
             the
             notablest
             Instances
             I
             ever
             met
             with
             ,
             of
             the
             Porosity
             of
             the
             Internal
             Membranes
             of
             the
             Humane
             Body
             ,
             was
             afforded
             me
             by
             that
             British
             Nobleman
             ,
             of
             whom
             our
             famous
             Harvey
             tells
             a
             memorable
             ,
             not
             to
             say
             matchless
             ,
             story
             .
             This
             Gentleman
             ,
             having
             in
             his
             youth
             ,
             by
             an
             accident
             which
             that
             Doctor
             relates
             ,
             had
             a
             great
             and
             lasting
             Perforation
             made
             in
             his
             Thorax
             ,
             at
             which
             the
             motion
             of
             his
             Heart
             could
             be
             directly
             perceiv'd
             did
             not
             only
             out
             live
             the
             accident
             ,
             but
             grew
             a
             strong
             ,
             and
             somewhat
             corpulent
             man
             ;
             and
             so
             robust
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             Gallant
             ,
             that
             he
             afterwards
             was
             a
             Souldier
             ,
             and
             had
             
             the
             honour
             to
             command
             a
             Body
             of
             an
             Army
             for
             the
             King.
             This
             Earl
             of
             Mount-Alexander
             (
             for
             that
             was
             his
             last
             Title
             having
             marryed
             one
             of
             my
             nearest
             kinswomen
             ,
             and
             having
             been
             told
             that
             I
             was
             very
             desirous
             to
             see
             ,
             what
             I
             had
             heard
             such
             strange
             things
             of
             ,
             very
             obligingly
             came
             ,
             at
             a
             fit
             time
             ,
             to
             give
             me
             that
             satisfaction
             .
             In
             order
             to
             which
             he
             removed
             that
             which
             covered
             the
             wide
             Orifice
             of
             his
             Hurt
             ,
             and
             gave
             me
             the
             opportunity
             of
             looking
             into
             his
             Thorax
             ,
             and
             of
             discerning
             there
             the
             motions
             of
             the
             Cone
             ,
             as
             they
             call
             it
             ,
             or
             Mucro
             of
             the
             Heart
             .
             But
             these
             things
             I
             mention
             but
             upon
             the
             by
             ,
             and
             because
             of
             the
             strangeness
             of
             the
             fact
             ;
             the
             thing
             I
             principally
             intended
             relates
             to
             my
             present
             argument
             .
             Having
             then
             made
             several
             inquiries
             fit
             for
             my
             purpose
             ,
             his
             Lordship
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             did
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             wont
             to
             do
             from
             time
             to
             time
             ,
             (
             though
             not
             every
             day
             )
             inject
             with
             a
             Syringe
             some
             actually
             warm
             medicated
             Liquor
             into
             his
             Thorax
             ,
             to
             cleanse
             and
             cherish
             the
             
             Parts
             ,
             he
             should
             quickly
             and
             plainly
             find
             in
             his
             Mouth
             the
             tast
             and
             smell
             of
             the
             Drugs
             ,
             wherewith
             the
             Liquor
             had
             been
             impregnated
             .
             And
             I
             further
             learned
             ,
             that
             ,
             whereas
             he
             constantly
             wore
             upon
             the
             unclosed
             part
             of
             his
             Chest
             ,
             a
             Silken
             Quilt
             ,
             stuffed
             with
             Aromatick
             and
             odoriferous
             Powders
             ,
             to
             defend
             the
             neighbouring
             Parts
             and
             keep
             them
             warm
             ;
             when
             he
             came
             ,
             as
             he
             used
             to
             do
             after
             some
             weeks
             ,
             to
             imploy
             a
             new
             Quilt
             ,
             the
             fragrant
             Effluvia
             of
             it
             would
             mingle
             with
             his
             breath
             in
             exspiration
             ,
             and
             very
             sensibly
             perfume
             it
             ,
             not
             ,
             as
             I
             declared
             I
             suspected
             ,
             upon
             the
             score
             of
             the
             pleasing
             Exhalations
             that
             might
             get
             up
             between
             his
             Clothes
             and
             his
             Body
             ,
             but
             that
             got
             into
             the
             Organs
             of
             Respiration
             ,
             and
             came
             out
             with
             his
             Breath
             at
             his
             Mouth
             ,
             as
             was
             confirmed
             to
             me
             by
             a
             grave
             &
             judicious
             Statesman
             ,
             that
             happened
             to
             be
             then
             present
             ,
             and
             knew
             this
             General
             very
             well
             .
             Other
             circumstances
             I
             might
             add
             ,
             but
             that
             I
             dare
             not
             trust
             my
             memory
             for
             them
             ,
             and
             unhappily
             lost
             the
             Paper
             ,
             
             wherein
             the
             oddness
             of
             the
             things
             invited
             me
             to
             set
             them
             down
             ,
             for
             fear
             of
             forgetting
             them
             .
          
           
             That
             part
             of
             this
             Narrative
             which
             relates
             to
             Injections
             may
             be
             much
             confirm'd
             by
             what
             is
             delivered
             by
             Galen
             himself
             ,
             who
             says
             that
             Mulsum
             or
             
               Honeyed
               Water
            
             ,
             being
             injected
             at
             the
             Orifice
             of
             Wounds
             penetrating
             into
             the
             cavity
             of
             the
             Thorax
             ,
             has
             been
             observed
             to
             be
             in
             part
             received
             into
             the
             Lungs
             ,
             and
             discharged
             out
             of
             the
             
               Aspera
               Arteria
            
             by
             coughing
             .
             And
             this
             he
             mentions
             as
             a
             known
             thing
             ,
             imploying
             it
             as
             a
             Medium
             whereby
             to
             prove
             another
             .
          
           
             The
             mention
             that
             has
             been
             made
             of
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Membranes
             ,
             brings
             into
             my
             mind
             what
             I
             once
             observed
             at
             the
             Dissection
             ,
             made
             by
             some
             Physicians
             ,
             and
             Anatomists
             ,
             of
             a
             lusty
             Souldier
             ,
             that
             was
             hanged
             for
             I
             know
             not
             what
             crime
             .
             This
             man
             ,
             though
             otherwise
             young
             and
             sound
             ,
             was
             observed
             to
             have
             been
             long
             molested
             with
             what
             they
             call
             a
             
               short
               ,
               dry
               Cough
            
             ,
             which
             made
             us
             expect
             to
             find
             something
             
             much
             amiss
             in
             his
             Lungs
             .
             But
             meeting
             with
             nothing
             there
             ,
             we
             were
             at
             a
             loss
             for
             the
             cause
             of
             this
             Cough
             ,
             till
             coming
             to
             consider
             the
             internal
             part
             of
             the
             Chest
             ,
             we
             perceived
             something
             on
             one
             of
             the
             sides
             ,
             by
             tracing
             of
             which
             we
             discovered
             ,
             that
             between
             the
             Pleura
             and
             the
             substance
             of
             the
             intercostal
             muscles
             ,
             there
             was
             lodged
             a
             certain
             matter
             ,
             of
             the
             breadth
             of
             a
             Silver
             Crown
             piece
             ,
             or
             thereabouts
             ,
             of
             a
             roundish
             figure
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             consistence
             and
             almost
             colour
             of
             new
             ,
             soft
             Cheese
             ,
             which
             odd
             stuff
             was
             concluded
             to
             have
             been
             the
             remains
             of
             some
             ill
             cured
             Pleurisy
             ,
             and
             to
             have
             transmitted
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Pleura
             ,
             though
             that
             be
             a
             very
             close
             Membrane
             ,
             some
             noxious
             Effluvia
             ,
             which
             ever
             and
             anon
             irritated
             the
             Lungs
             into
             an
             irregular
             and
             troublesom
             motion
             ,
             and
             so
             produced
             the
             Cough
             the
             Malefactor
             had
             been
             molested
             with
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             
          
           
             I
             Am
             well
             aware
             that
             't
             is
             far
             less
             difficult
             ,
             to
             prove
             the
             permeableness
             of
             single
             Membranes
             ,
             than
             that
             of
             such
             a
             Part
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             as
             seems
             to
             be
             an
             aggregate
             of
             several
             parts
             ,
             which
             in
             regard
             of
             their
             close
             adhesion
             ,
             are
             looked
             upon
             but
             as
             one
             part
             ,
             to
             which
             ,
             on
             that
             account
             ,
             men
             commonly
             give
             a
             distinct
             name
             .
             But
             yet
             there
             are
             some
             Phaenomena
             that
             seem
             to
             argue
             ,
             that
             even
             such
             compounded
             or
             resulting
             parts
             if
             I
             may
             so
             call
             them
             ,
             are
             not
             destitute
             of
             Pores
             ,
             which
             whether
             they
             be
             not
             some
             of
             them
             the
             Orifices
             of
             exceeding
             slender
             and
             therefore
             unobserved
             Capillary
             Vessels
             ,
             I
             must
             not
             now
             stay
             to
             enquire
             .
          
           
             When
             the
             cavity
             of
             the
             Abdomen
             in
             those
             Hydropical
             Persons
             that
             are
             troubled
             with
             an
             Ascites
             ,
             is
             filled
             with
             Water
             ,
             or
             rather
             with
             a
             Liquor
             that
             I
             have
             found
             to
             be
             much
             more
             viscous
             ,
             it
             justly
             appears
             strange
             ,
             that
             by
             an
             
             Hydragogue
             ,
             or
             some
             appropriated
             purging
             medicine
             ,
             great
             quantities
             of
             this
             gross
             Liquor
             should
             in
             a
             short
             time
             be
             carryed
             off
             by
             Siege
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             also
             by
             Urine
             ,
             though
             to
             get
             into
             the
             cavity
             of
             the
             Guts
             ,
             or
             that
             of
             either
             of
             the
             Kidneys
             ,
             it
             seems
             necessary
             that
             it
             Permeate
             the
             Tunicles
             ,
             and
             other
             component
             parts
             ,
             of
             the
             Viscera
             it
             gets
             into
             .
          
           
             I
             know
             not
             whether
             I
             may
             on
             this
             occasion
             take
             notice
             of
             what
             Physicians
             observe
             to
             occur
             now
             and
             then
             in
             Empyema's
             that
             follow
             ill
             conditioned
             Pleurisies
             .
             For
             it
             has
             several
             times
             been
             observed
             ,
             that
             upon
             the
             bursting
             of
             such
             imposthumes
             into
             the
             cavity
             of
             the
             Chest
             ,
             the
             Purulent
             matter
             hath
             been
             voided
             by
             Siege
             and
             Urine
             .
             I
             hesitate
             ,
             as
             I
             was
             saying
             ,
             whether
             I
             should
             alledge
             this
             Phaenomenon
             ,
             as
             a
             proof
             of
             what
             I
             now
             contend
             for
             ,
             till
             it
             be
             determined
             whether
             this
             Metastasis
             be
             made
             by
             transudation
             properly
             so
             called
             ,
             or
             by
             the
             ingress
             of
             the
             Pus
             into
             the
             imperfectly
             closed
             Orifices
             of
             the
             Vessels
             of
             the
             Lungs
             ;
             
             where
             being
             once
             admitted
             and
             mingled
             with
             the
             Blood
             they
             may
             with
             this
             circulating
             Liquor
             arrive
             at
             the
             Kidneys
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             Parts
             fitted
             to
             make
             a
             secretion
             of
             this
             Heterogeneous
             matter
             .
          
           
             But
             whatever
             be
             the
             Reason
             or
             manner
             of
             it
             ,
             we
             find
             that
             the
             Lungs
             do
             sometimes
             odly
             convey
             things
             to
             distant
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             .
             And
             if
             I
             may
             here
             mention
             a
             thing
             ,
             
               cui
               honos
               praefationis
               est
            
             ,
             I
             shall
             add
             that
             I
             have
             several
             times
             observ'd
             in
             my self
             ,
             that
             when
             I
             had
             been
             an
             actor
             or
             an
             assistant
             in
             the
             Dissection
             of
             a
             living
             Dog
             ,
             especially
             if
             his
             Blood
             or
             Body
             were
             rankly
             Scented
             ,
             I
             should
             divers
             hours
             after
             plainly
             find
             that
             odour
             in
             the
             excrements
             I
             voided
             by
             Siege
             .
          
           
             A
             famous
             Chirurgeon
             and
             Anatomist
             relates
             ,
             that
             one
             who
             was
             very
             ill
             of
             a
             dropsy
             ,
             judged
             to
             arise
             from
             a
             Scirrhus
             of
             the
             Spleen
             ,
             coming
             to
             ask
             his
             counsel
             and
             assistance
             ,
             though
             he
             judged
             the
             patients
             case
             desperate
             ,
             yet
             to
             content
             him
             ,
             he
             ordered
             him
             to
             dip
             a
             very
             large
             Sponge
             in
             good
             Quick-lime-Water
             ,
             
             and
             having
             squeezed
             out
             the
             superfluous
             Liquor
             ,
             to
             bind
             it
             upon
             the
             region
             of
             the
             Spleen
             ,
             only
             shifting
             it
             from
             time
             to
             time
             .
             He
             adds
             ,
             that
             after
             some
             months
             he
             was
             much
             surprized
             to
             receive
             a
             visit
             from
             this
             Patient
             ,
             with
             solemn
             thanks
             for
             his
             recovery
             ;
             the
             outward
             Medicine
             having
             ,
             it
             seems
             ,
             resolved
             the
             Scirrhus
             and
             concurred
             with
             nature
             to
             evacuate
             the
             hydropical
             humour
             .
             For
             the
             resolution
             of
             which
             hard
             tumour
             it
             seems
             necessary
             ,
             that
             the
             sanative
             Corpuscles
             of
             the
             external
             remedy
             should
             at
             length
             penetrate
             ,
             not
             only
             the
             Epidermis
             ,
             and
             the
             true
             Cutis
             ,
             but
             the
             Muscles
             themselves
             of
             the
             Abdomen
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             interposed
             parts
             .
          
           
             These
             instances
             may
             be
             strengthen'd
             by
             an
             eminent
             observation
             of
             Galen
             ,
             who
             takes
             notice
             that
             Bones
             being
             sometimes
             broken
             ,
             without
             piercing
             the
             Skin
             that
             covers
             the
             part
             they
             belong
             to
             ,
             when
             the
             Callus
             is
             making
             ,
             and
             the
             broken
             parts
             of
             the
             Bone
             begin
             to
             be
             conglutinated
             together
             ,
             a
             Portion
             
             of
             that
             Blood
             which
             had
             flowed
             to
             the
             part
             affected
             is
             carryed
             to
             the
             Skin
             and
             permeats
             that
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             wet
             and
             foul
             the
             Dressings
             or
             Bandages
             that
             are
             kept
             upon
             the
             limb
             affected
             by
             the
             Fracture
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
          
           
             
               BOnes
               ,
               Horns
            
             ,
             and
             parts
             of
             the
             like
             Substance
             ,
             being
             those
             that
             are
             granted
             to
             be
             the
             most
             solid
             of
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Animals
             ,
             I
             come
             in
             the
             last
             place
             to
             shew
             by
             particular
             Experiments
             that
             these
             also
             have
             their
             Pores
             .
             I
             say
             ,
             by
             particular
             Experiments
             ,
             because
             in
             a
             general
             way
             ,
             their
             Porosity
             has
             been
             already
             proved
             ,
             by
             the
             same
             Arguments
             ,
             from
             their
             original
             Texture
             ,
             Nutrition
             ,
             Augmentation
             ,
             &c.
             
             That
             have
             been
             employed
             to
             manifest
             the
             
               Porousness
               of
               Animal
               substances
               in
               general
               .
            
          
           
             That
             the
             Nails
             of
             men
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             their
             Skins
             ,
             are
             Porous
             ,
             may
             be
             gathered
             from
             their
             being
             easily
             and
             
             permanently
             tinged
             with
             divers
             metalline
             solutions
             ,
             and
             particularly
             with
             those
             of
             silver
             in
             Aquafortis
             ,
             and
             Gold
             in
             
               Aqua
               Regia
            
             ;
             the
             former
             of
             which
             solutions
             though
             cold
             ,
             will
             but
             too
             easily
             tinge
             the
             Skin
             and
             Nails
             it
             chances
             to
             touch
             ,
             and
             makes
             some
             little
             stay
             upon
             ,
             with
             a
             dark
             and
             blackish
             colour
             ;
             which
             I
             found
             not
             that
             I
             could
             wash
             out
             with
             water
             ,
             or
             ,
             even
             with
             a
             far
             more
             penetrating
             and
             abstersive
             liquor
             .
             The
             like
             durableness
             I
             found
             in
             the
             Purple
             spots
             ,
             that
             I
             sometimes
             purposely
             made
             on
             my
             Nails
             ,
             by
             letting
             some
             little
             drops
             of
             the
             solution
             of
             Gold
             in
             
               Aqua
               Regia
            
             dry
             upon
             them
             ,
             which
             I
             now
             and
             then
             did
             ,
             to
             observe
             the
             way
             of
             the
             Nails
             growth
             .
             For
             if
             the
             stain
             were
             made
             near
             the
             root
             of
             the
             nail
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             still
             ,
             though
             very
             slowly
             ,
             thrust
             on
             by
             the
             new
             matter
             ,
             till
             after
             some
             weeks
             it
             arrived
             to
             the
             further
             end
             of
             the
             Nail
             ,
             and
             was
             fit
             to
             be
             pared
             off
             with
             it
             .
             But
             this
             only
             upon
             the
             by
             .
             'T
             is
             more
             to
             our
             purpose
             to
             take
             notice
             ,
             that
             ,
             though
             the
             Menstruums
             imployed
             in
             the
             recited
             
             Experiments
             be
             of
             themselves
             very
             acid
             and
             corrosive
             ,
             yet
             they
             are
             so
             changed
             by
             the
             metals
             they
             have
             dissolved
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             Acid
             no
             more
             ,
             the
             solution
             of
             Silver
             being
             rather
             extreamly
             bitter
             ,
             and
             that
             of
             Gold
             of
             a
             kind
             of
             Stiptic
             tast
             ,
             almost
             like
             that
             which
             sloes
             ,
             growing
             in
             the
             hedges
             ,
             are
             wont
             to
             be
             of
             .
          
           
             Ivory
             is
             a
             thing
             too
             well
             known
             to
             need
             to
             be
             described
             .
             And
             ,
             since
             't
             is
             generally
             lookt
             upon
             (
             for
             I
             have
             had
             no
             opportunity
             to
             compare
             it
             with
             the
             Bones
             )
             as
             the
             solidest
             part
             of
             the
             vastest
             of
             Terestrial
             Animals
             ,
             Experiments
             proving
             its
             porosity
             ,
             will
             be
             strong
             presumptions
             for
             that
             of
             the
             hardest
             parts
             of
             other
             Animals
             .
             And
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Ivory
             may
             be
             argued
             from
             the
             several
             ways
             of
             dying
             it
             with
             permanent
             colours
             .
             For
             in
             these
             colorations
             the
             Tinctures
             that
             make
             them
             ,
             must
             penetrate
             into
             ,
             and
             be
             lodged
             in
             the
             Substance
             of
             the
             Ivory
             ,
             especially
             when
             the
             Substance
             remains
             smooth
             and
             glassy
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             divers
             times
             made
             it
             do
             ,
             when
             I
             employed
             
             fit
             Menstruums
             and
             Metalline
             Pigments
             .
             The
             solution
             I
             formerly
             mentioned
             of
             Silver
             in
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             ,
             being
             laid
             upon
             Ivory
             ,
             will
             soon
             give
             it
             a
             dark
             and
             blackish
             stain
             ,
             which
             is
             not
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             found
             ,
             to
             be
             washed
             off
             .
             I
             remember
             also
             that
             I
             many
             years
             since
             taught
             some
             ingenious
             artificers
             ,
             to
             adorn
             Ivory
             with
             a
             fine
             purple
             colour
             ,
             by
             moistening
             it
             with
             ,
             and
             suffering
             leisurely
             to
             dry
             on
             it
             ,
             a
             solution
             of
             Gold
             made
             in
             
               Aqua
               Regia
            
             .
             And
             if
             occasion
             required
             ,
             allayed
             with
             water
             ,
             nor
             needs
             either
             of
             these
             solutions
             be
             applyed
             hot
             ,
             any
             more
             than
             the
             Ivory
             needs
             to
             be
             heated
             .
             Both
             which
             circumstances
             favour
             the
             Porousness
             of
             the
             solid
             Body
             .
          
           
             Copper
             dissolved
             in
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             stains
             Ivory
             with
             a
             blewish
             colour
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             sometimes
             seen
             in
             the
             hafts
             of
             knifes
             ,
             about
             whose
             coloration
             nevertheless
             another
             way
             is
             also
             employed
             .
             But
             I
             remember
             that
             without
             making
             use
             of
             any
             Acid
             or
             Corrosive
             Menstruum
             ,
             I
             have
             even
             in
             the
             cold
             stained
             Ivory
             ,
             with
             a
             fine
             and
             permanent
             
             blew
             ,
             like
             a
             Turquois
             ,
             by
             suffering
             to
             dry
             upon
             it
             as
             deep
             a
             solution
             as
             I
             could
             make
             of
             Crude
             Copper
             ,
             in
             an
             urinous
             Spirit
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             
               Sal
               Armoniack
            
             .
          
           
             But
             now
             to
             return
             to
             Bones
             ,
             their
             growth
             in
             all
             their
             dimensions
             ,
             does
             ,
             as
             I
             lately
             noted
             ,
             argue
             their
             Porosity
             and
             the
             marrow
             that
             is
             found
             in
             the
             great
             hollow
             Bones
             ,
             whether
             it
             nourish
             them
             or
             no
             ,
             must
             it self
             be
             supplyed
             by
             some
             alimental
             juice
             ,
             that
             soaks
             or
             otherways
             penetrates
             ,
             into
             the
             cavities
             that
             contain
             it
             .
          
           
             Nor
             does
             it
             seem
             at
             all
             improbable
             ,
             that
             Blood
             it self
             may
             through
             small
             Vessels
             be
             conveyed
             into
             the
             very
             substance
             of
             the
             Bone
             ,
             so
             as
             that
             the
             Vessels
             reach
             at
             least
             a
             little
             way
             in
             it
             ,
             though
             perhaps
             the
             Liquor
             they
             carry
             may
             afterwards
             by
             Imbibition
             be
             brought
             to
             the
             more
             internal
             parts
             of
             the
             Bone.
             For
             not
             to
             urge
             that
             we
             manifestly
             see
             ,
             that
             on
             each
             side
             of
             the
             lower
             Jaw
             ,
             Nature
             has
             been
             careful
             to
             perforate
             the
             Bones
             and
             make
             a
             Channel
             in
             the
             substance
             of
             it
             ;
             which
             Channel
             
             receives
             not
             only
             a
             larger
             Nerve
             but
             a
             Vein
             ,
             &
             Artery
             to
             bring
             in
             &
             carry
             back
             Blood
             for
             the
             nourishment
             of
             the
             Teeth
             ,
             by
             distinct
             Sprigs
             sent
             from
             the
             great
             branch
             to
             the
             particular
             Teeth
             .
             Not
             to
             urge
             this
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             (
             which
             I
             mention
             but
             to
             shew
             that
             the
             opinion
             lately
             proposed
             is
             agreeable
             to
             a
             known
             practice
             of
             Nature
             )
             I
             have
             been
             assured
             by
             eminent
             Anatomists
             ,
             whom
             I
             purposely
             consulted
             ,
             that
             they
             have
             observed
             Blood-vessels
             to
             enter
             a
             great
             way
             into
             the
             substance
             of
             the
             larger
             Bones
             .
             And
             one
             of
             them
             affirmed
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             traced
             a
             Vessel
             even
             to
             the
             great
             Cavity
             of
             the
             Bone.
             Which
             I
             the
             less
             scrupled
             to
             admit
             ,
             because
             it
             has
             been
             observed
             ,
             that
             in
             younger
             Animals
             the
             Cavity
             is
             in
             great
             part
             furnished
             with
             Blood
             ▪
             as
             well
             as
             Marrow
             ,
             and
             in
             those
             larger
             Pores
             ,
             whereof
             many
             are
             found
             in
             the
             more
             Spongy
             Substance
             of
             divers
             Bones
             ,
             Blood
             has
             been
             observed
             to
             have
             been
             lodged
             ,
             as
             also
             in
             the
             spongy
             part
             of
             the
             Skull
             ,
             that
             lies
             between
             the
             two
             Tables
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             been
             assured
             by
             Skilful
             Eye-witnesses
             .
          
           
           
             The
             blackness
             also
             ,
             that
             Bones
             acquire
             when
             put
             into
             a
             competent
             heat
             ,
             and
             a
             peculiar
             kind
             of
             fatness
             which
             they
             may
             by
             heat
             be
             made
             to
             afford
             ,
             shew
             that
             they
             harbour
             ,
             even
             in
             their
             internal
             parts
             ,
             store
             of
             Unctuous
             Particles
             ,
             separable
             from
             the
             solid
             substance
             ,
             (
             which
             still
             retains
             its
             shape
             and
             continues
             solid
             )
             in
             whose
             Pores
             they
             may
             thereby
             be
             argued
             to
             have
             been
             lodged
             .
             The
             Lightness
             of
             Bones
             ,
             even
             when
             their
             Cavity
             is
             accessible
             to
             (
             Air
             and
             )
             Water
             ,
             is
             also
             a
             great
             sign
             of
             their
             Porosity
             .
             And
             so
             is
             their
             being
             corroded
             by
             tinging
             liquors
             ,
             if
             they
             be
             penetrative
             and
             well
             applyed
             .
             I
             know
             not
             whether
             I
             should
             add
             on
             this
             occasion
             ,
             that
             having
             taken
             calcined
             and
             pulverized
             Bones
             ,
             such
             as
             we
             use
             to
             make
             our
             Cupels
             of
             ,
             and
             ,
             after
             having
             given
             them
             a
             good
             heat
             ,
             kept
             them
             for
             some
             time
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             but
             in
             a
             well
             covered
             place
             ;
             I
             found
             the
             imbibed
             moisture
             of
             the
             Air
             to
             have
             manifestly
             increased
             their
             weight
             ;
             and
             that
             I
             also
             observed
             in
             a
             curious
             Skeleton
             ,
             
             where
             the
             Bones
             were
             kept
             together
             by
             wires
             ,
             instead
             of
             other
             Ligaments
             ,
             that
             though
             I
             kept
             it
             in
             a
             well
             covered
             place
             ,
             not
             far
             from
             a
             Kitchin
             Fire
             ,
             yet
             in
             very
             moist
             weather
             the
             Bones
             seemed
             to
             swell
             ,
             since
             those
             joynts
             that
             were
             easy
             to
             be
             bent
             ,
             in
             dry
             weather
             ,
             and
             that
             after
             several
             manners
             ,
             would
             grow
             stiff
             and
             refractory
             ,
             and
             indisposed
             to
             be
             put
             into
             such
             motions
             ,
             when
             the
             weather
             was
             considerably
             wet
             .
             These
             particulars
             (
             as
             I
             was
             saying
             )
             I
             am
             somewhat
             doubtful
             whether
             I
             should
             here
             insert
             ,
             because
             one
             may
             suspect
             the
             Phaenomena
             may
             proceed
             rather
             from
             somewhat
             else
             ,
             than
             the
             imbibed
             moisture
             of
             the
             Air
             ;
             and
             yet
             I
             would
             not
             omitt
             to
             mention
             these
             observations
             ,
             because
             I
             do
             not
             yet
             see
             any
             cause
             to
             which
             they
             may
             more
             probably
             (
             or
             indeed
             so
             probably
             )
             be
             assigned
             .
          
           
             And
             on
             this
             occasion
             I
             shall
             subjoyn
             some
             observations
             made
             on
             large
             and
             solid
             Ox
             Bones
             ,
             which
             in
             one
             of
             my
             Note
             Books
             I
             find
             thus
             registred
             .
             Nov.
             15.
             
             We
             weighed
             two
             [
             entire
             or
             unbroken
             ]
             
             Marrow
             Bones
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             one
             to
             weigh
             ℥
             xxix
             +
             ʒss
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             ℥
             xxiv
             +
             ʒiv
             +
             30
             gr
             .
             Nov.
             24.
             
             The
             former
             weighed
             ℥
             xxix
             +
             ʒvi
             ,
             and
             the
             latter
             ℥
             xxv
             +
             ʒi
             +
             30
             gr
             .
             Decemb.
             28.
             the
             former
             weighed
             ℥
             xxix
             +
             ʒiij
             .
             55
             gr
             .
             and
             the
             latter
             ℥
             xxiv
             +
             ʒvii
             .
             +
             39
             gr
             .
             June
             7th
             of
             the
             following
             year
             ,
             the
             former
             weigh'd
             ℥
             xxix
             +
             ʒii
             .
             And
             the
             latter
             ℥
             xxiv
             +
             ʒvii
             .
             By
             which
             observations
             purposely
             made
             at
             differing
             times
             of
             the
             year
             ,
             and
             in
             very
             good
             scales
             ,
             it
             seems
             that
             Bones
             do
             plentifully
             enough
             imbibe
             the
             Exhalations
             of
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             emit
             them
             again
             ,
             together
             with
             some
             of
             their
             own
             ,
             according
             as
             the
             ambient
             happens
             to
             be
             disposed
             .
             And
             these
             alterations
             argue
             the
             Bones
             to
             abound
             with
             Pores
             ,
             since
             the
             external
             steams
             must
             have
             Pores
             to
             receive
             them
             ,
             and
             the
             Effluvia
             must
             upon
             their
             recess
             leave
             Pores
             behind
             them
             .
          
           
             I
             confess
             that
             to
             think
             (
             as
             with
             some
             Anatomists
             I
             lately
             seemed
             to
             do
             )
             that
             Bones
             themselves
             admit
             into
             their
             substance
             ,
             Vessels
             capable
             of
             
             conveying
             a
             nutritive
             Liquor
             ,
             we
             must
             suppose
             those
             Vessels
             extreamly
             slender
             .
             But
             that
             't
             is
             not
             only
             possible
             but
             somewhat
             credible
             ,
             there
             may
             be
             such
             ,
             I
             am
             induced
             to
             think
             ,
             by
             what
             is
             known
             to
             happen
             in
             that
             disease
             ,
             which
             from
             the
             Country
             it
             most
             infests
             is
             called
             the
             
               Plica
               Polonica
            
             .
             For
             ,
             tho
             one
             would
             think
             that
             the
             hairs
             of
             men
             are
             much
             too
             slender
             ,
             to
             have
             cavities
             in
             them
             capable
             of
             visible
             Liquors
             ;
             and
             though
             I
             have
             found
             it
             very
             difficult
             ,
             even
             with
             a
             good
             Microscope
             ,
             to
             perceive
             any
             cavities
             in
             the
             hair
             of
             a
             man
             transversly
             cut
             ;
             yet
             not
             only
             some
             other
             writers
             of
             good
             note
             ,
             but
             the
             Judicious
             Sennertus
             himself
             deliver
             ,
             that
             in
             this
             disease
             (
             of
             which
             he
             particularly
             treats
             )
             it
             has
             been
             observed
             ,
             that
             if
             the
             Patients
             cause
             their
             intangled
             hair
             to
             be
             cut
             ,
             as
             they
             sometimes
             do
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             its
             nastiness
             or
             unsightliness
             ,
             they
             are
             not
             only
             thereby
             endangered
             ,
             but
             sometimes
             the
             single
             hairs
             will
             actually
             bleed
             ,
             where
             the
             ends
             have
             been
             cut
             off
             ;
             so
             that
             so
             thick
             a
             Liquor
             as
             Blood
             may
             be
             conveyed
             
             through
             Vessels
             ,
             that
             can
             at
             most
             be
             but
             in
             a
             proper
             sense
             Capillary
             and
             must
             be
             far
             less
             than
             hairs
             ,
             if
             their
             Perforations
             be
             like
             those
             by
             which
             many
             Plants
             have
             their
             nourishment
             conveyed
             to
             them
             ,
             or
             such
             as
             are
             obvious
             in
             divers
             Canes
             ,
             which
             being
             cut
             quite
             through
             transversly
             ,
             discover
             a
             multitude
             of
             distinct
             Pores
             ,
             that
             by
             some
             Experiments
             one
             may
             be
             induced
             to
             guess
             ,
             reach
             all
             along
             ,
             and
             make
             the
             Cane
             like
             a
             Cylindrical
             Bundle
             of
             Minute
             Pipes
             ;
             or
             rather
             a
             multitude
             of
             small
             cavities
             ,
             that
             perforate
             from
             end
             to
             end
             the
             Parenchyma
             ,
             or
             Substance
             analogous
             to
             it
             ,
             that
             gives
             them
             stability
             .
             And
             for
             the
             present
             this
             sort
             of
             Vessels
             seem
             to
             me
             ,
             the
             more
             likely
             to
             be
             those
             that
             convey
             the
             Blood
             to
             the
             extream
             Parts
             of
             the
             Hair
             ,
             because
             even
             in
             Horse
             hairs
             ,
             which
             yet
             are
             nourished
             and
             grow
             ,
             I
             am
             not
             yet
             sure
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             discovered
             with
             my
             Microscopes
             any
             cavity
             ,
             and
             therefore
             suspect
             there
             may
             be
             divers
             imperceptible
             ones
             ,
             for
             the
             Hair
             is
             nourished
             and
             grows
             ,
             which
             it
             is
             not
             like
             
             it
             should
             do
             if
             the
             Body
             were
             solid
             ;
             and
             if
             there
             were
             but
             a
             single
             cavity
             in
             it
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             a
             Quill
             ,
             't
             is
             like
             the
             Microscope
             I
             used
             would
             have
             discovered
             it
             ,
             since
             with
             one
             much
             inferiour
             I
             could
             easily
             see
             ,
             that
             several
             little
             short
             Hairs
             ,
             that
             grow
             upon
             the
             Animal
             that
             yields
             Musk
             ,
             had
             each
             of
             them
             a
             cavity
             in
             it
             like
             that
             of
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             a
             Quill
             .
          
           
             To
             the
             things
             that
             have
             already
             been
             said
             about
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Bones
             ,
             I
             shall
             now
             add
             an
             observation
             of
             a
             very
             learned
             Physician
             ,
             that
             is
             very
             remarkable
             to
             our
             present
             purpose
             ,
             because
             it
             argues
             ,
             that
             even
             Bodies
             not
             saline
             ,
             nor
             actually
             moist
             ,
             may
             from
             without
             get
             into
             the
             Pores
             and
             Cavities
             of
             Humane
             Bones
             .
             Divers
             Physicians
             have
             complain'd
             of
             the
             mischiefs
             done
             to
             the
             Bones
             by
             Mercury
             ,
             employ'd
             to
             salivate
             in
             Venereal
             Diseases
             .
             Whereof
             I
             remember
             I
             have
             read
             a
             very
             notable
             Instance
             ,
             in
             a
             learned
             Book
             (
             which
             I
             have
             not
             now
             by
             me
             )
             of
             an
             eminent
             Roman
             Professor
             of
             Physick
             ,
             who
             had
             the
             opportunity
             
             of
             making
             several
             curious
             observations
             in
             the
             famous
             Hospital
             of
             the
             Incurabili
             at
             Rome
             ;
             and
             is
             therefore
             the
             more
             to
             be
             credited
             ;
             where
             he
             relates
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             Cavity
             of
             at
             least
             one
             Pocky-mans
             Bones
             ,
             there
             was
             found
             real
             Quick-Silver
             that
             had
             penetrated
             thither
             .
             And
             this
             brings
             into
             my
             mind
             a
             memorable
             observation
             of
             an
             ancient
             and
             experienced
             Physician
             ,
             who
             being
             famous
             for
             the
             cure
             of
             Venereal
             Diseases
             ,
             was
             asked
             by
             me
             ,
             what
             Instances
             he
             had
             found
             of
             the
             Penetration
             of
             Quick-Silver
             ,
             either
             outwardly
             or
             inwardly
             administred
             ,
             into
             the
             Bones
             of
             men
             ?
             To
             this
             he
             answered
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             not
             say
             he
             had
             himself
             taken
             notice
             of
             any
             Quick-Silver
             ,
             in
             the
             Cavities
             of
             greater
             Bones
             ,
             but
             that
             some
             other
             Practitioners
             had
             told
             him
             ,
             that
             they
             had
             met
             with
             such
             Instances
             ,
             as
             I
             enquired
             after
             .
             But
             for
             himself
             ,
             he
             only
             remembred
             that
             a
             Patient
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             terribly
             fluxed
             with
             mercurial
             Inunctions
             ,
             coming
             afterwards
             to
             have
             one
             of
             the
             Grinders
             of
             his
             lower
             Jaw
             pulled
             out
             ,
             
             because
             of
             the
             raging
             pain
             it
             had
             long
             put
             him
             to
             ;
             my
             Relater
             had
             the
             curiosity
             to
             view
             narrowly
             this
             great
             Tooth
             ,
             and
             found
             ,
             to
             his
             wonder
             ,
             a
             little
             drop
             of
             true
             Mercury
             in
             that
             slender
             Cavity
             of
             the
             Root
             ,
             that
             admits
             the
             small
             Vessels
             which
             convey
             nourishment
             and
             sense
             to
             the
             Tooth
             ,
             in
             more
             than
             one
             of
             whose
             three
             Roots
             he
             affirmed
             to
             me
             that
             he
             found
             true
             ,
             though
             but
             exceeding
             little
             ,
             Quick-Silver
             .
             But
             a
             full
             Testimony
             to
             my
             present
             purpose
             is
             afforded
             me
             by
             the
             experienced
             Physician
             
               Eustachius
               Rudius
            
             ,
             who
             relates
             ,
             
             that
             he
             saw
             himself
             ,
             and
             that
             others
             also
             observed
             ,
             some
             Bodies
             dissected
             ,
             of
             those
             that
             had
             been
             anointed
             for
             the
             Venereal
             Pox
             ,
             in
             the
             Cavities
             of
             whose
             Bones
             no
             small
             quantity
             of
             Quick
             Silver
             was
             got
             together
             ,
             (
             which
             yet
             (
             to
             add
             that
             upon
             the
             by
             )
             he
             says
             ,
             did
             not
             hinder
             some
             of
             them
             from
             living
             many
             years
             ,
             surviving
             those
             Inunctions
             .
             )
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VIII
             .
          
           
             I
             Am
             not
             ignorant
             that
             ,
             among
             the
             Particulars
             laid
             together
             in
             the
             foregoing
             Essay
             ,
             there
             are
             some
             that
             are
             not
             absolutely
             necessary
             ,
             to
             prove
             the
             Porousness
             of
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Animals
             .
             But
             I
             thought
             it
             not
             impertinent
             to
             mention
             them
             ,
             because
             I
             hoped
             that
             they
             ,
             in
             conjunction
             with
             the
             rest
             ,
             may
             be
             of
             some
             use
             to
             Naturalists
             ,
             in
             giving
             an
             account
             of
             several
             things
             that
             pass
             in
             a
             Humane
             Body
             ,
             whether
             sound
             or
             sick
             ,
             especially
             if
             it
             be
             of
             a
             Topical
             disease
             ,
             and
             may
             remove
             ,
             or
             much
             lessen
             that
             great
             Prejudice
             ,
             that
             makes
             many
             (
             and
             some
             of
             them
             otherwise
             learned
             )
             Physicians
             despise
             the
             use
             of
             all
             
               Amulets
               ,
               Pericarpia
            
             ,
             and
             other
             external
             Medicines
             in
             Distempers
             of
             the
             Inward
             parts
             ,
             upon
             a
             confident
             ,
             but
             not
             well
             grounded
             supposition
             ,
             that
             these
             Remedies
             immediately
             touching
             but
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             Skin
             ,
             cannot
             exercise
             any
             considerable
             operations
             
             upon
             the
             internal
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             .
          
           
             But
             though
             I
             have
             thus
             acknowledged
             some
             Passages
             of
             the
             foregoing
             Essay
             to
             be
             supernumerary
             ,
             yet
             I
             must
             not
             dismiss
             it
             without
             intimating
             that
             I
             might
             from
             one
             Topick
             more
             have
             fetched
             a
             probable
             ,
             though
             not
             a
             demonstrative
             argument
             ,
             in
             favour
             of
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Animals
             .
             For
             this
             may
             be
             very
             probably
             argued
             from
             hence
             ,
             that
             even
             Inanimate
             ,
             Solid
             and
             Ponderous
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             in
             all
             likelyhood
             must
             be
             of
             a
             far
             closer
             Texture
             than
             the
             living
             Bodies
             of
             Animals
             (
             whose
             various
             Functions
             require
             a
             greater
             number
             and
             diversity
             of
             Pores
             in
             their
             differing
             Organs
             )
             are
             not
             devoid
             of
             Pores
             ,
             and
             have
             some
             of
             them
             very
             numerous
             ones
             ,
             as
             will
             be
             sufficiently
             made
             out
             in
             the
             following
             Essay
             ,
             to
             which
             I
             shall
             therefore
             hasten
             .
          
           
             
               
               
                 
                   N.
                   B.
                
                 The
                 following
                 Paper
                 is
                 that
                 which
                 is
                 refer'd
                 to
                 in
                 the
                 35th
                 Page
                 of
                 this
                 Essay
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Hujus
                 rei
                 veritatem
                 comprobat
                 Doctissimus
                 ac
                 celeberrimus
                 Medicus
                 &
                 Philosophus
                 D.
                 
                   Johannes
                   Chrysostomus
                
                 Irmbler
                 ,
                 Statuum
                 Moraviae
                 Marchionatûs
                 Protomedicus
                 ,
                 his
                 verbis
                 ad
                 me
                 scribens
                 :
                 Et
                 revera
                 paravi
                 ego
                 ,
                 Anno
                 M.
                 DCLV
                 ,
                 quo
                 tempore
                 inter
                 Infectos
                 versabar
                 quotidie
                 ,
                 Trochiscos
                 Bufonios
                 ,
                 eósque
                 ut
                 caetera
                 Helmontii
                 ,
                 indefessi
                 veritatis
                 indagandae
                 ,
                 &
                 ex
                 puteo
                 Opinionum
                 veterum
                 nostram
                 credulitatem
                 excaecantium
                 eruendae
                 ,
                 nati
                 Philosophi
                 ,
                 experimenta
                 suas
                 laudes
                 sustinere
                 comperi
                 :
                 Inter
                 ,
                 viginti
                 autem
                 Bufones
                 vix
                 unum
                 quidem
                 ,
                 jucundo
                 sane
                 spectaculo
                 ,
                 vidi
                 vermiculos
                 ,
                 per
                 nares
                 &
                 oculos
                 egressuros
                 ,
                 manu
                 repellere
                 quamdiu
                 poterat
                 ,
                 doxec
                 elanguerit
                 Bufo
                 :
                 sed
                 Trochiscos
                 ex
                 vermiculis
                 unà
                 cum
                 pulvere
                 emo●tui
                 bufonis
                 ,
                 &
                 materiâ
                 per
                 anum
                 (
                 nondum
                 
                 vidi
                 per
                 vomitum
                 ;
                 )
                 scilicet
                 alis
                 ,
                 pedibus
                 ,
                 capitibus
                 ,
                 ventribus
                 Scarabaeorum
                 viridibus
                 ,
                 auratisve
                 &
                 nigris
                 ,
                 quos
                 bufo
                 cum
                 terra
                 in
                 escam
                 venatur
                 ,
                 ejectâ
                 ,
                 cerea
                 patinâ
                 exceptis
                 ,
                 cum
                 Tragacantho
                 rosato
                 formatos
                 ,
                 pluribus
                 personis
                 super
                 anthraces
                 opponi
                 feci
                 ,
                 atque
                 nullum
                 eorum
                 mortuum
                 esse
                 dicere
                 possum
                 ,
                 sed
                 &
                 meorum
                 domesticorum
                 ,
                 ut
                 &
                 aliorum
                 ,
                 quibus
                 dedi
                 ,
                 amicorum
                 nullus
                 ,
                 quod
                 scio
                 ,
                 infectus
                 est
                 .
                 Sic
                 comperi
                 non
                 tantùm
                 hisce
                 Trochiscis
                 enervari
                 virus
                 pestilens
                 in
                 Carbunculo
                 jam
                 admissum
                 ,
                 ut
                 dein
                 vulgaribus
                 chirurgicis
                 remediis
                 ulcus
                 facili
                 negotio
                 fuerit
                 curatum
                 ,
                 sed
                 etiam
                 ad
                 sinistram
                 mammam
                 ligatos
                 ,
                 mihi
                 meísque
                 accursui
                 &
                 occursui
                 infectorum
                 expositis
                 ,
                 animositatem
                 quandam
                 indicibilem
                 conferre
                 ,
                 atque
                 ita
                 miasmata
                 &
                 effluvia
                 pestilentialia
                 abarcere
                 .
                 Hucusque
                 Excel
                 .
                 Medicus
                 Moraviae
                 .
              
            
          
        
      
       
         
         
         
           An
           Essay
           of
           the
           POROUSNESS
           OF
           SOLID
           BODIES
           .
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             I
          
           
             AS
             't
             will
             with
             far
             less
             difficulty
             be
             allowed
             ,
             that
             Animals
             and
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             such
             Bodies
             ,
             as
             have
             belonged
             to
             either
             ,
             abound
             with
             Pores
             ,
             than
             that
             Inanimate
             ,
             Solid
             ,
             and
             even
             Ponderous
             Bodies
             are
             not
             destitute
             of
             them
             :
             So
             't
             is
             far
             less
             difficult
             to
             make
             out
             the
             former
             than
             the
             latter
             of
             these
             Propositions
             .
             
             And
             therefore
             ,
             Pyrophilus
             ,
             I
             hope
             you
             will
             not
             expect
             that
             I
             should
             give
             you
             as
             many
             proofs
             of
             the
             one
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             of
             the
             other
             ;
             however
             I
             despair
             not
             ,
             that
             those
             I
             shall
             present
             you
             ,
             will
             appear
             sufficient
             for
             my
             purpose
             ,
             though
             they
             be
             not
             numerous
             enough
             to
             make
             me
             careful
             to
             marshal
             them
             in
             any
             exact
             order
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             reasons
             that
             induce
             me
             to
             think
             that
             even
             Solid
             Bodies
             are
             not
             destitute
             of
             Pores
             ,
             there
             are
             some
             that
             have
             a
             greater
             Affinity
             with
             those
             arguments
             that
             the
             Schools
             are
             wont
             to
             call
             
               à
               priori
            
             ,
             because
             they
             require
             more
             unobvious
             Ratiocinations
             upon
             Physical
             Principles
             ,
             and
             others
             which
             resemble
             ,
             and
             indeed
             are
             ,
             such
             proofs
             as
             are
             usually
             named
             
               à
               posteriori
            
             ,
             being
             suggested
             by
             the
             Phaenomena
             afforded
             us
             by
             experience
             ,
             without
             the
             help
             of
             any
             difficult
             Ratiocinations
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             First
             sort
             of
             Reasons
             I
             shall
             propose
             to
             you
             three
             ;
             and
             begin
             with
             that
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             drawn
             from
             the
             Origine
             and
             Formation
             of
             divers
             hard
             
             Bodies
             .
             
             For
             I
             have
             elsewhere
             endeavour●●
             and
             I
             hope
             not
             unsu●cessfully
             ,
             to
             shew
             ,
             both
             that
             divers
             stones
             ,
             and
             even
             Gems
             themselves
             ,
             and
             that
             several
             Metalline
             and
             other
             Mineral
             Bodies
             ,
             were
             once
             either
             visible
             Liquors
             or
             at
             least
             very
             soft
             substances
             .
             And
             I
             have
             elsewhere
             proved
             ,
             that
             both
             these
             kinds
             of
             Bodies
             do
             consist
             of
             ,
             (
             which
             is
             the
             case
             of
             Liquors
             )
             or
             abound
             in
             (
             which
             is
             the
             case
             of
             soft
             and
             moist
             Bodies
             )
             minute
             particles
             of
             determinate
             Sizes
             and
             Shapes
             ;
             from
             whence
             I
             think
             one
             may
             very
             probably
             conclude
             ,
             that
             such
             Gems
             and
             other
             Mineral
             Bodies
             ,
             notwithstanding
             any
             hardness
             they
             afterwards
             come
             to
             acquire
             ,
             are
             not
             destitute
             of
             Pores
             ,
             since
             't
             is
             no
             way
             likely
             ,
             that
             Corpuscles
             of
             various
             and
             very
             irregular
             Figures
             ,
             such
             as
             those
             of
             most
             Liquors
             of
             the
             terrestrial
             Globe
             are
             wont
             to
             be
             ,
             can
             be
             so
             brought
             together
             ,
             especially
             by
             chance
             ,
             cold
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             such
             agents
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             intercept
             little
             Intervals
             or
             Pores
             between
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             
          
           
             ANother
             thing
             which
             makes
             me
             think
             the
             Porosity
             of
             the
             most
             part
             even
             of
             Solid
             Bodies
             to
             be
             great
             ,
             is
             the
             consideration
             of
             the
             great
             disparity
             ,
             that
             may
             be
             found
             in
             the
             specifick
             Gravities
             of
             such
             Bodies
             ,
             as
             the
             Eye
             does
             not
             perceive
             to
             be
             Porous
             .
             For
             ,
             though
             Water
             be
             a
             Body
             of
             that
             kind
             ,
             and
             though
             its
             parts
             be
             so
             close
             packt
             together
             ,
             that
             the
             attempts
             of
             Ingenious
             men
             ,
             to
             make
             a
             manifest
             compression
             of
             that
             Liquor
             by
             outward
             violence
             ,
             have
             not
             hitherto
             proved
             successful
             ,
             yet
             we
             find
             ,
             that
             stones
             ,
             Clays
             ,
             metals
             ,
             and
             even
             some
             Woods
             and
             a
             multitude
             of
             other
             kinds
             of
             Solids
             ,
             will
             readily
             sink
             in
             Water
             ,
             and
             by
             consequence
             are
             specifically
             heavyer
             than
             it
             ;
             which
             greater
             gravity
             seems
             not
             any
             way
             explicable
             ,
             without
             supposing
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             so
             well
             as
             by
             supposing
             ,
             that
             the
             Corpuscles
             whereof
             
             such
             sinking
             Bodies
             consist
             ,
             do
             either
             lye
             closer
             together
             ,
             or
             are
             separately
             more
             solid
             ,
             than
             those
             of
             Water
             ;
             which
             Liquor
             must
             consequently
             be
             Porous
             ,
             though
             neither
             the
             Eye
             ,
             nor
             the
             great
             force
             that
             has
             been
             several
             ways
             employed
             to
             compress
             it
             ,
             can
             discover
             any
             Pores
             in
             it
             .
             Upon
             the
             same
             ground
             I
             further
             conclude
             ,
             that
             solid
             Stones
             themselves
             ,
             as
             Marble
             ,
             Flints
             ,
             &c.
             
             Are
             not
             free
             from
             Porosity
             .
             For
             whereas
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             several
             Tryals
             purposely
             made
             can
             inform
             me
             ,
             I
             have
             found
             ,
             that
             such
             of
             these
             as
             have
             nothing
             metalline
             in
             them
             do
             seldom
             or
             never
             reach
             to
             treble
             the
             weight
             of
             an
             equal
             bulk
             of
             Water
             ,
             they
             will
             ,
             upon
             the
             former
             grounds
             ,
             appear
             to
             be
             considerably
             Porous
             ;
             since
             the
             lightest
             metals
             ,
             which
             are
             Tin
             and
             Iron
             ,
             are
             above
             twice
             heavier
             
               in
               specie
            
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             the
             bulks
             being
             equal
             ,
             than
             Marble
             ,
             Flints
             ,
             Chrystal
             ,
             &c.
             
             And
             by
             the
             same
             reason
             I
             also
             infer
             the
             great
             Porosity
             ,
             even
             of
             the
             Solid
             Body
             of
             Iron
             ,
             which
             is
             as
             well
             heavier
             ,
             as
             very
             much
             harder
             ,
             than
             Tinn
             .
             For
             though
             
             Copper
             be
             a
             good
             deal
             more
             ponderous
             than
             Iron
             ,
             or
             Steel
             ,
             yet
             I
             have
             divers
             times
             found
             fine
             Gold
             ,
             to
             be
             more
             than
             twice
             as
             heavy
             
               in
               specie
            
             as
             Copper
             ,
             since
             ,
             whereas
             this
             Metal
             ,
             whether
             it
             be
             European
             ,
             or
             brought
             from
             Japan
             (
             for
             of
             that
             also
             I
             made
             Tryal
             )
             is
             about
             nine
             times
             as
             heavy
             as
             so
             much
             Water
             ;
             I
             found
             refined
             Gold
             to
             be
             about
             nineteen
             times
             as
             heavy
             as
             Water
             equal
             to
             it
             in
             bulk
             .
             By
             which
             it
             seems
             highly
             probable
             ,
             that
             so
             solid
             and
             heavy
             a
             Body
             ,
             as
             Iron
             or
             Steel
             it self
             ,
             may
             be
             so
             porous
             ,
             that
             Metalline
             matter
             equal
             to
             it
             in
             weight
             may
             naturally
             be
             contained
             in
             much
             less
             than
             half
             the
             Dimensions
             that
             Metal
             possesses
             .
             And
             that
             Gold
             it self
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             most
             comPact
             and
             solid
             Body
             we
             know
             of
             ,
             is
             not
             destitute
             of
             Pores
             ,
             may
             appear
             by
             the
             Dissolution
             of
             it
             in
             Quick-Silver
             ,
             of
             which
             I
             shall
             speak
             a
             little
             below
             .
             And
             if
             any
             should
             pretend
             ,
             that
             hardness
             may
             be
             a
             greater
             argument
             of
             the
             Compactness
             of
             a
             Body
             ,
             and
             its
             immunity
             from
             Pores
             ,
             than
             its
             specifick
             weight
             can
             be
             ;
             I
             
             shall
             add
             ,
             that
             though
             I
             have
             found
             that
             Emery
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Body
             employed
             to
             cut
             steel
             and
             Load-stones
             and
             Crystal
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             of
             Gems
             ,
             being
             indeed
             much
             harder
             than
             Marble
             or
             Flints
             ,
             be
             far
             heavier
             than
             thrice
             its
             bulk
             of
             Water
             ;
             yet
             that
             ponderousness
             proceeds
             ,
             as
             I
             else
             where
             intimate
             ,
             from
             the
             mixture
             of
             a
             metalline
             Substance
             ,
             which
             I
             have
             separatted
             from
             it
             .
             And
             Diamonds
             ,
             though
             much
             harder
             Bodies
             than
             Emery
             ,
             and
             indeed
             the
             hardest
             we
             know
             of
             in
             nature
             ,
             are
             so
             far
             from
             being
             ,
             as
             some
             of
             late
             have
             written
             ,
             the
             most
             ponderous
             of
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             having
             examined
             them
             hydrostatically
             ,
             by
             a
             way
             elsewhere
             mentioned
             ,
             I
             found
             them
             not
             much
             heavier
             than
             either
             Crystal
             ,
             or
             fine
             Glass
             ,
             and
             not
             half
             so
             heavy
             as
             the
             lightest
             Metals
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             
          
           
             THe
             next
             thing
             ,
             from
             which
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Solid
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             even
             those
             that
             belong
             to
             the
             Mineral
             Kingdom
             (
             as
             the
             Chymists
             speak
             )
             may
             be
             deduced
             ,
             is
             the
             same
             with
             the
             first
             of
             those
             from
             which
             we
             formerly
             argued
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Substances
             belonging
             to
             the
             Animal
             Kingdom
             ,
             namely
             ,
             the
             very
             frame
             &
             constitution
             of
             such
             Bodies
             .
             For
             the
             solidest
             Bodies
             themselves
             ,
             resulting
             from
             the
             Convention
             or
             Coalition
             of
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Particles
             of
             several
             bignesses
             and
             shapes
             ,
             we
             cannot
             reasonably
             suppose
             ,
             (
             especially
             in
             those
             concretes
             wherein
             they
             are
             not
             ranged
             by
             a
             seminal
             Principle
             )
             that
             they
             should
             be
             contexed
             so
             ,
             as
             to
             touch
             one
             another
             exactly
             every
             where
             and
             therefore
             they
             must
             of
             necessity
             leave
             some
             little
             Intervals
             and
             Pores
             between
             them
             .
          
           
           
             This
             reason
             will
             ,
             I
             hope
             ,
             appear
             clear
             enough
             of
             it self
             ,
             to
             him
             that
             shall
             attentively
             consider
             it
             ,
             especially
             if
             he
             know
             ,
             that
             it
             has
             been
             Geometrically
             demonstrated
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             but
             very
             few
             figures
             that
             will
             ,
             (
             as
             they
             speak
             )
             
               implere
               spatium
            
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             which
             being
             adjusted
             to
             one
             another
             will
             so
             exactly
             touch
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             not
             the
             least
             unfilled
             space
             within
             the
             circumference
             or
             circuit
             ,
             if
             the
             figures
             be
             plain
             ,
             or
             within
             the
             ambient
             Superficies
             ,
             if
             they
             be
             solid
             ;
             so
             that
             ,
             considering
             the
             vast
             variety
             of
             other
             Figures
             ,
             which
             made
             Epicurus
             and
             other
             Atomists
             pronounce
             it
             incomprehensible
             ,
             't
             is
             very
             obvious
             to
             conceive
             ,
             that
             Corpuscles
             of
             such
             differing
             shapes
             being
             put
             together
             ,
             will
             leave
             multitudes
             of
             little
             Pores
             intercepted
             ,
             between
             those
             parts
             that
             do
             not
             every
             where
             touch
             one
             another
             .
             And
             even
             the
             Mathematical
             Figures
             lately
             spoken
             of
             ,
             may
             be
             said
             to
             fill
             space
             rather
             in
             a
             Geometrical
             than
             a
             Physical
             sense
             .
             For
             ,
             if
             such
             Portions
             of
             matter
             as
             are
             required
             to
             constitute
             ,
             for
             instance
             ,
             a
             Cube
             ,
             
             were
             actually
             put
             together
             ,
             they
             would
             not
             exactly
             fill
             the
             space
             comprehended
             within
             the
             ambient
             surface
             of
             the
             Body
             they
             compose
             ,
             because
             the
             component
             Bodies
             ,
             being
             Physical
             ,
             consist
             of
             Corpuscles
             of
             their
             own
             particular
             shapes
             ,
             which
             we
             never
             find
             Mathematically
             exquisite
             .
             As
             if
             ,
             for
             example
             ,
             the
             Cube
             were
             of
             Marble
             ,
             no
             Art
             could
             polish
             the
             sides
             of
             a
             component
             Body
             so
             ,
             as
             that
             they
             should
             be
             perfectly
             smoothed
             since
             (
             as
             ,
             if
             I
             mistake
             not
             ,
             the
             learned
             Gassendus
             well
             observes
             )
             Emery
             ,
             Pumice-stone
             ,
             and
             even
             Puttee
             ,
             or
             other
             Powders
             that
             are
             employed
             to
             polish
             them
             ,
             do
             themselves
             consist
             of
             little
             hard
             angular
             Corpuscles
             ,
             that
             leave
             small
             scratches
             ,
             like
             so
             many
             little
             furrows
             ,
             on
             their
             surfaces
             ,
             which
             must
             needs
             hinder
             the
             perfect
             contact
             of
             the
             whole
             surfaces
             of
             two
             contiguous
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             consequently
             leave
             here
             and
             there
             Intervals
             or
             Pores
             ,
             between
             those
             surfaces
             ;
             to
             which
             I
             shall
             add
             that
             Marble
             it self
             as
             't
             is
             Marble
             ,
             abounds
             with
             internal
             Pores
             ,
             as
             will
             ere
             long
             appear
             by
             
             Experience
             ,
             and
             as
             may
             be
             rationally
             conjectured
             from
             the
             Specifick
             Levity
             of
             it
             ,
             in
             comparison
             of
             Gold
             and
             Lead
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             
          
           
             HAving
             dispatched
             the
             Arguments
             
               à
               priori
            
             ,
             that
             may
             be
             imployed
             to
             shew
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Solid
             Bodies
             ,
             't
             will
             be
             now
             seasonable
             to
             propose
             some
             Experiments
             and
             observations
             ,
             that
             may
             (
             as
             't
             were
             )
             
               à
               posteriori
            
             either
             evince
             or
             confirm
             the
             same
             Doctrine
             .
          
           
             Of
             these
             Instances
             some
             relate
             to
             Solid
             Bodies
             that
             are
             of
             less
             specifick
             gravity
             some
             to
             Fossiles
             presumed
             to
             be
             devoid
             of
             Metalline
             parts
             ,
             some
             to
             Minerals
             that
             are
             thought
             to
             participate
             of
             a
             Metalline
             nature
             ,
             some
             to
             Metals
             themselves
             ,
             and
             some
             to
             Glass
             .
          
           
             To
             begin
             with
             the
             first
             sort
             of
             these
             Instances
             ;
             That
             Wood
             is
             Porous
             ,
             there
             are
             many
             things
             that
             argue
             ;
             some
             of
             which
             are
             elsewhere
             mentioned
             .
             But
             few
             would
             suspect
             ,
             that
             Quick-Silver
             which
             is
             so
             unapt
             to
             enter
             the
             Pores
             
             of
             Bodies
             much
             less
             compact
             ,
             should
             permeate
             peices
             of
             Wood
             of
             a
             considerable
             thickness
             ;
             and
             yet
             ,
             that
             we
             have
             made
             it
             do
             by
             the
             following
             Experiment
             .
             We
             took
             a
             wooden
             Trunk
             ,
             such
             as
             is
             employed
             to
             shoot
             pellets
             at
             Birds
             ,
             with
             strength
             enough
             to
             kill
             them
             ,
             and
             having
             closely
             stopt
             one
             end
             of
             it
             ,
             we
             poured
             in
             Quick
             Silver
             at
             the
             other
             ,
             till
             it
             reached
             to
             a
             good
             height
             in
             the
             cylindrical
             Cavity
             of
             the
             Instrument
             ,
             and
             then
             the
             lower
             parts
             of
             the
             Metalline
             Liquor
             ,
             being
             assisted
             by
             the
             weight
             of
             the
             Incumbent
             ones
             ,
             (
             not
             to
             mention
             that
             of
             the
             Air
             )
             to
             press
             into
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Wood
             ,
             they
             issued
             out
             at
             them
             on
             all
             sides
             ,
             in
             great
             numbers
             of
             minute
             drops
             ,
             much
             after
             the
             manner
             of
             Quick-Silver
             strained
             through
             Leather
             ,
             out
             of
             amalgams
             ;
             which
             was
             a
             Phaenomenon
             not
             unpleasant
             to
             behold
             .
             But
             till
             I
             have
             opportunity
             to
             repeat
             this
             Experiment
             with
             differing
             circumstances
             ,
             I
             shall
             not
             think
             it
             fit
             to
             lay
             much
             stress
             upon
             it
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             knowing
             ,
             what
             interest
             the
             great
             weight
             of
             the
             Quick
             Silver
             may
             have
             had
             in
             the
             event
             .
          
           
           
             And
             this
             caution
             may
             perchance
             be
             applicable
             to
             the
             following
             Experiment
             ,
             namely
             ,
             that
             having
             ,
             by
             the
             help
             of
             my
             Pneumatical
             Engine
             ,
             withdrawn
             the
             Air
             from
             one
             side
             of
             a
             round
             peice
             of
             board
             ,
             the
             Air
             on
             the
             opposite
             side
             ,
             not
             having
             its
             pressure
             any
             longer
             resisted
             by
             that
             which
             it
             used
             to
             meet
             with
             from
             the
             withdrawn
             Air
             ,
             pressed
             so
             strongly
             against
             the
             surface
             of
             the
             Wood
             exposed
             to
             it
             ,
             as
             to
             make
             it self
             way
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             get
             copiously
             enough
             into
             the
             Cavity
             whence
             the
             other
             Air
             had
             been
             pumpt
             out
             ;
             (
             the
             weight
             of
             the
             incumbent
             Atmosphere
             doing
             on
             this
             occasion
             ,
             what
             the
             weight
             of
             the
             Quick-Silver
             did
             on
             that
             last
             recited
             :
             )
             Which
             was
             a
             surprizing
             spectacle
             to
             the
             by-standers
             because
             the
             board
             that
             was
             thus
             permeated
             ,
             was
             of
             strong
             Wood
             ,
             and
             of
             considerable
             thickness
             .
          
           
             I
             should
             here
             subjoin
             several
             other
             Arguments
             of
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Wood
             ,
             if
             I
             could
             display
             them
             without
             more
             words
             ,
             than
             I
             am
             willing
             to
             allow
             them
             ;
             
             and
             I
             presume
             it
             may
             here
             suffice
             ,
             if
             I
             let
             you
             see
             by
             some
             surprizing
             Effects
             that
             when
             Wood
             is
             reduced
             to
             that
             thinness
             ,
             that
             its
             closeness
             or
             Porosity
             may
             conveniently
             be
             examined
             ,
             it
             will
             easily
             enough
             give
             passage
             ,
             even
             unto
             visible
             ,
             odorable
             ,
             and
             tinging
             Corpuscles
             though
             they
             invade
             it
             not
             in
             the
             form
             of
             a
             Liquor
             ,
             but
             of
             dry
             Exhalations
             ,
             so
             they
             be
             not
             incommensurate
             to
             its
             Pores
             .
             This
             I
             suppose
             ,
             you
             will
             not
             scruple
             to
             infer
             from
             the
             following
             Tryals
             ,
             as
             they
             were
             long
             since
             set
             down
             in
             one
             of
             my
             Note-Books
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             The
             Fumes
             of
             our
             smoaking
             Liquor
             [
             described
             in
             the
             foregoing
             Essay
             ]
             tinged
             a
             Copper
             half
             penny
             ,
             through
             a
             broad
             thin
             shaving
             of
             Dale
             ,
             that
             did
             not
             ,
             when
             held
             against
             the
             window
             ,
             discover
             any
             perforation
             ;
             tinged
             it
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             very
             deeply
             in
             about
             a
             quarter
             of
             a
             minute
             and
             somewhat
             less
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             The
             same
             Fumes
             tinged
             manifestly
             ,
             but
             not
             so
             notably
             ,
             the
             same
             half
             penny
             first
             cleansed
             through
             two
             such
             shavings
             of
             Dale
             ,
             laid
             one
             upon
             
             another
             in
             somwhat
             less
             than
             one
             minute
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             And
             in
             about
             one
             minute
             the
             same
             Fumes
             tinged
             the
             cleansed
             half
             penny
             ,
             through
             three
             such
             shavings
             of
             Dale
             very
             visibly
             ,
             but
             not
             so
             conspicuously
             ,
             as
             through
             the
             two
             forementioned
             .
             These
             Tryals
             were
             made
             without
             the
             help
             of
             heat
             to
             promote
             the
             operation
             of
             the
             Fumes
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             
          
           
             FRom
             the
             consideration
             of
             Woods
             let
             us
             now
             proceed
             to
             give
             some
             Instances
             of
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Bodies
             made
             of
             close
             and
             compacted
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             well
             baked
             Clays
             or
             other
             Earths
             .
          
           
             That
             Earthen
             Vessels
             ,
             thô
             strong
             and
             well
             bak'd
             ,
             are
             many
             of
             them
             porous
             enough
             may
             be
             argued
             not
             only
             from
             what
             has
             been
             lately
             recited
             ,
             but
             from
             hence
             ,
             that
             some
             of
             them
             will
             suffer
             themselves
             to
             be
             
             soakt
             through
             by
             Oyl
             .
             Others
             by
             solutions
             of
             Nitre
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             Salts
             .
             And
             there
             are
             very
             few
             of
             them
             ,
             without
             excepting
             Hassian
             Crucibles
             themselves
             ,
             that
             will
             long
             keep
             Salt
             of
             Tartar
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             fixt
             Alcalies
             ,
             in
             fusion
             without
             being
             penetrated
             by
             them
             .
             I
             have
             heard
             Distillers
             complain
             ,
             that
             when
             they
             have
             distilled
             corrosive
             materials
             ,
             as
             Vitriol
             and
             Salt-Petre
             ,
             with
             strong
             fires
             ,
             in
             those
             Earthen
             Vessels
             that
             are
             commonly
             made
             use
             of
             in
             London
             (
             especially
             by
             refiners
             )
             instead
             of
             Retorts
             though
             their
             necks
             be
             strait
             and
             long
             (
             upon
             which
             account
             they
             are
             called
             long-necks
             )
             a
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             the
             finest
             Spirits
             make
             their
             escape
             quite
             thorow
             the
             Vessel
             ;
             so
             that
             in
             the
             Retort
             and
             Receiver
             many
             ounces
             are
             found
             wanting
             ,
             of
             the
             first
             weight
             of
             the
             matter
             to
             be
             distilled
             .
             And
             this
             sometimes
             ,
             when
             the
             Vitriol
             has
             been
             previously
             calcin'd
             ,
             and
             a
             reasonable
             allowance
             has
             been
             made
             ,
             for
             what
             may
             have
             escaped
             thorow
             the
             Lute
             ,
             that
             joined
             together
             the
             long
             Neck
             and
             Receiver
             .
             
             And
             though
             I
             have
             observed
             of
             our
             Bottles
             ,
             made
             of
             the
             same
             Earth
             with
             Juggs
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             hard
             enough
             to
             strike
             Fire
             with
             a
             good
             Steel
             ,
             yet
             a
             good
             Experimenter
             upon
             such
             Vessels
             of
             whom
             I
             made
             enquiry
             ,
             has
             assured
             me
             that
             these
             ,
             as
             compact
             as
             they
             are
             ,
             may
             ,
             even
             without
             external
             heat
             ,
             have
             their
             Pores
             pervaded
             by
             the
             finer
             parts
             of
             Spirituous
             Liquors
             .
          
           
             To
             this
             purpose
             I
             remember
             that
             meeting
             once
             with
             a
             Virtuoso
             ,
             that
             was
             curious
             about
             the
             ways
             of
             making
             Sider
             as
             brisk
             and
             spirituous
             a
             Liquor
             as
             he
             could
             ;
             I
             enquired
             of
             him
             ,
             whether
             he
             was
             able
             to
             keep
             in
             the
             subtil
             Spirit
             of
             this
             Skilfully
             fermented
             Liquor
             ,
             in
             those
             earthen
             Bottles
             ,
             that
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             solidity
             they
             acquire
             by
             the
             vehement
             coction
             of
             the
             Fire
             ,
             are
             commonly
             called
             
               stone
               Bottles
            
             ;
             to
             which
             he
             replyed
             .
             that
             he
             often
             found
             to
             his
             trouble
             ,
             that
             the
             Liquor
             would
             permeate
             the
             compact
             Substance
             of
             the
             Bottles
             :
             And
             when
             I
             objected
             that
             the
             Spirits
             might
             either
             escape
             out
             at
             the
             Cork
             ,
             which
             I
             have
             made
             several
             Spirits
             
             of
             divers
             kinds
             that
             would
             readily
             permeate
             ;
             he
             replyed
             ,
             that
             what
             he
             had
             said
             appeared
             by
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             Bottles
             :
             To
             which
             when
             I
             further
             objected
             ,
             that
             the
             sight
             of
             dew
             on
             the
             surface
             of
             the
             Bottles
             ,
             would
             not
             convince
             me
             ,
             without
             tasting
             whether
             it
             were
             vinous
             ,
             because
             I
             had
             divers
             times
             observed
             ,
             that
             brisk
             Liquors
             would
             produce
             a
             dew
             ,
             on
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             Vessels
             that
             contained
             them
             ,
             not
             by
             any
             transudation
             (
             for
             I
             have
             made
             Tryal
             of
             it
             in
             Glasses
             )
             but
             by
             condensing
             the
             aqueous
             vapors
             ,
             dispersed
             through
             the
             neighbouring
             part
             of
             the
             Ambient
             Air
             :
             He
             replyed
             that
             ,
             besides
             what
             his
             tast
             had
             informed
             him
             of
             the
             quality
             of
             this
             dew
             ,
             he
             found
             that
             the
             included
             Liquor
             ,
             though
             exactly
             stopt
             ,
             wasted
             in
             not
             very
             many
             Months
             so
             considerably
             ,
             as
             sometimes
             to
             lose
             a
             sixth
             ,
             or
             even
             a
             fifth
             part
             ;
             &
             this
             escape
             or
             percolation
             of
             the
             Liquor
             through
             the
             Substance
             of
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             he
             affirmed
             himself
             to
             have
             observed
             ,
             not
             only
             in
             one
             or
             two
             Bottles
             ,
             but
             in
             very
             many
             and
             the
             like
             observation
             for
             the
             
             main
             was
             confirmed
             to
             me
             ,
             upon
             his
             own
             experience
             ,
             by
             an
             eminent
             Physician
             ,
             who
             ,
             being
             a
             great
             Lover
             of
             brisk
             Sider
             ,
             used
             to
             bottle
             it
             up
             early
             and
             carefully
             .
          
           
             Though
             good
             Hassian
             Crucibles
             be
             very
             closely
             compacted
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             throughly
             baked
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             upon
             that
             account
             are
             able
             to
             keep
             Silver
             and
             divers
             other
             Metals
             long
             in
             fusion
             ,
             without
             letting
             them
             at
             all
             run
             out
             ;
             yet
             having
             dissolved
             Silver
             in
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             ,
             I
             observed
             that
             ,
             though
             the
             Salts
             were
             by
             this
             operation
             so
             chang'd
             that
             this
             horn-like
             Silver
             did
             dissolve
             neither
             in
             the
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             ,
             nor
             in
             the
             
               Aqua
               Regia
            
             that
             I
             put
             it
             into
             ;
             yet
             when
             I
             kept
             it
             a
             while
             in
             fusion
             ,
             (
             which
             't
             is
             easily
             brought
             to
             be
             )
             among
             quick
             Coals
             ,
             it
             would
             without
             cracking
             or
             perforating
             the
             Crucible
             ,
             soak
             into
             it
             ,
             and
             permeate
             the
             Pores
             of
             it
             ,
             in
             I
             know
             not
             how
             many
             places
             ,
             as
             I
             convinced
             some
             curious
             persons
             ,
             by
             shewing
             them
             on
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             Vessel
             ,
             a
             multitude
             of
             minute
             globules
             of
             pure
             Silver
             ,
             like
             so
             many
             little
             drops
             ,
             that
             
             were
             got
             thither
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             by
             transudation
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             
          
           
             FRom
             baked
             Earths
             ,
             that
             are
             designed
             in
             point
             of
             hardness
             to
             emulate
             stones
             ,
             we
             will
             proceed
             to
             give
             some
             instances
             of
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Natural
             Stones
             themselves
             .
          
           
             There
             goes
             a
             tradition
             ,
             that
             in
             some
             part
             of
             the
             West-Indies
             they
             have
             a
             Stone
             ,
             of
             which
             they
             make
             large
             Vessels
             ,
             wherein
             they
             put
             Water
             to
             percolate
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             through
             a
             strainer
             .
             Of
             these
             Vessels
             I
             had
             one
             sent
             me
             for
             a
             present
             ,
             whereof
             being
             hereafter
             to
             give
             some
             account
             in
             a
             more
             opportune
             place
             ,
             I
             shall
             now
             only
             take
             notice
             that
             I
             found
             that
             Water
             would
             (
             thô
             slowly
             )
             soak
             through
             the
             Vessel
             ,
             thô
             it
             were
             considerably
             thick
             .
          
           
             If
             ,
             as
             many
             of
             the
             Ancients
             ,
             and
             
             most
             of
             the
             modern
             Corpuscular
             Philosophers
             have
             conceived
             ,
             the
             Transparency
             and
             Opacity
             of
             Bodies
             proceeds
             from
             a
             Rectitude
             or
             Crookedness
             of
             Pores
             ,
             which
             makes
             them
             fit
             or
             unfit
             to
             transmit
             the
             Light
             ,
             that
             tends
             to
             pervade
             them
             in
             Physically
             straight
             Lines
             :
             If
             this
             Hypothesis
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             be
             allowed
             ,
             we
             may
             draw
             a
             very
             probable
             argument
             ,
             that
             Stones
             may
             be
             Porous
             ,
             from
             the
             Phaenomena
             of
             that
             odd
             Gem
             ,
             that
             is
             best
             known
             by
             the
             name
             of
             
               Oculus
               Mundi
            
             .
             For
             this
             small
             stone
             (
             at
             least
             that
             which
             I
             made
             my
             Observations
             of
             )
             when
             't
             is
             dry
             ,
             and
             is
             kept
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             is
             opacous
             ,
             almost
             like
             a
             polished
             piece
             of
             white
             Amber
             ,
             and
             so
             it
             continues
             ,
             as
             long
             as
             't
             is
             kept
             dry
             .
             But
             if
             you
             put
             it
             into
             fair
             water
             ,
             it
             will
             in
             no
             long
             time
             ,
             become
             by
             degrees
             quite
             Transparent
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             I
             made
             Tryal
             of
             looked
             then
             not
             unlike
             a
             piece
             of
             clear
             yellow
             Amber
             which
             by
             degrees
             does
             in
             the
             free
             Air
             lose
             its
             Transparency
             and
             turn
             to
             be
             opacous
             as
             before
             .
             Now
             according
             to
             the
             above
             mentioned
             
             Corpuscular
             Hypothesis
             ,
             the
             Pellucidness
             which
             the
             Stone
             acquires
             in
             Water
             ,
             may
             be
             accounted
             for
             ,
             by
             saying
             ,
             that
             the
             Liquor
             getting
             in
             at
             the
             crooked
             Pores
             of
             the
             Stone
             ,
             does
             for
             the
             time
             rectify
             them
             ,
             and
             make
             them
             pervious
             to
             the
             straight
             Beams
             of
             Light
             ;
             as
             we
             see
             that
             White
             Paper
             ,
             being
             wetted
             with
             Water
             ,
             or
             ,
             which
             does
             far
             better
             ,
             being
             made
             so
             imbide
             Oyl
             ,
             has
             its
             Pores
             so
             changed
             and
             rectified
             ,
             that
             the
             Water
             much
             lessens
             its
             Opacity
             ,
             and
             makes
             it
             almost
             Semidiaphanous
             and
             the
             Oyl
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             fine
             and
             well
             soaked
             up
             ,
             makes
             it
             Transparent
             .
             But
             upon
             the
             recess
             or
             evaporation
             of
             the
             imbibed
             Particles
             of
             Water
             ,
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             little
             Stone
             becoming
             crooked
             again
             reflect
             the
             Rays
             of
             light
             they
             should
             transmit
             .
             Which
             explication
             will
             be
             the
             better
             allowed
             of
             ,
             if
             my
             memory
             do
             not
             misinform
             me
             ,
             when
             it
             tells
             me
             ,
             that
             a
             learned
             Member
             of
             the
             Royal
             Society
             found
             the
             
               Oculus
               Mundi
            
             to
             weigh
             more
             in
             a
             nice
             ballance
             ,
             when
             it
             was
             taken
             out
             of
             the
             Water
             and
             well
             wiped
             ,
             than
             before
             
             it
             was
             put
             in
             .
             This
             Stone
             ,
             which
             very
             few
             of
             the
             writers
             about
             Gems
             take
             notice
             of
             ,
             is
             so
             rare
             and
             difficult
             to
             be
             got
             ,
             that
             I
             had
             not
             opportunity
             to
             make
             upon
             it
             all
             the
             Tryals
             I
             desired
             ;
             and
             therefore
             ,
             though
             the
             Subject
             be
             curious
             ,
             I
             may
             ,
             I
             hope
             ,
             be
             excused
             ,
             if
             I
             hasten
             from
             it
             to
             another
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             so
             much
             difference
             in
             many
             Qualities
             betwixt
             Stones
             and
             Metals
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             very
             probable
             ,
             that
             when
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             both
             come
             to
             be
             brought
             together
             into
             one
             Mass
             ,
             they
             will
             not
             touch
             one
             another
             so
             close
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             leave
             store
             of
             little
             Intervals
             or
             Pores
             between
             them
             .
             And
             upon
             this
             ground
             I
             have
             been
             apt
             to
             think
             that
             divers
             very
             hard
             Stones
             ,
             Diaphanous
             and
             Opacous
             ,
             are
             not
             devoid
             of
             Porosity
             .
             For
             I
             have
             elsewhere
             delivered
             a
             way
             by
             which
             I
             have
             obtained
             good
             store
             of
             Metalline
             parts
             ,
             both
             from
             American
             Granats
             ,
             and
             from
             Emery
             ;
             though
             this
             last
             be
             so
             exceeding
             hard
             a
             Stone
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             usually
             imployed
             by
             artificers
             to
             work
             upon
             
             Iron
             and
             Steel
             ,
             and
             to
             cut
             not
             only
             
               Rock
               Crystal
            
             ,
             but
             divers
             Gems
             that
             are
             harder
             than
             either
             that
             or
             Steel
             .
          
           
             Upon
             the
             same
             ground
             one
             may
             probably
             infer
             the
             Porosity
             of
             many
             Artificial
             Gems
             made
             by
             Fusion
             ;
             for
             to
             give
             these
             the
             colour
             of
             Sapphirs
             ,
             Topazes
             ,
             Amethysts
             ,
             &c.
             we
             are
             wont
             to
             add
             to
             the
             vitrifiable
             matter
             ,
             either
             some
             prepared
             metal
             ,
             as
             calcined
             Copper
             ,
             calx
             of
             Gold
             ,
             &c.
             or
             else
             some
             Mineral
             as
             Zaffora
             and
             Manganeze
             (
             as
             the
             Glass-men
             call
             Magnesia
             )
             that
             abounds
             in
             Metalline
             parts
             .
             Nay
             I
             remember
             ,
             I
             have
             sometimes
             given
             the
             colour
             to
             the
             vitrified
             substance
             ,
             by
             imploying
             natural
             Gems
             ,
             as
             Granats
             ;
             though
             to
             shew
             that
             the
             coloration
             which
             the
             mass
             received
             from
             these
             ,
             proceeded
             from
             the
             Metalline
             Corpuscles
             ,
             that
             lay
             hid
             in
             the
             tinging
             matter
             ,
             the
             Colour
             produced
             was
             not
             that
             which
             was
             conspicuous
             in
             the
             Gem
             it self
             ,
             but
             one
             very
             different
             from
             it
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             the
             metal
             ,
             which
             upon
             other
             accounts
             I
             supposed
             the
             Gem
             to
             partake
             of
             ,
             ought
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             
             Grounds
             I
             proceeded
             upon
             ,
             to
             produce
             in
             the
             vitrifiable
             matter
             .
             And
             this
             very
             Experiment
             makes
             it
             also
             highly
             probable
             ,
             that
             even
             natural
             transparent
             Gems
             ,
             (
             divers
             of
             which
             are
             much
             harder
             than
             Marble
             ,
             Iron
             &
             even
             Steel
             )
             are
             themselves
             Porous
             ;
             since
             ,
             notwithstanding
             their
             Transparency
             and
             seeming
             Homogeneity
             .
             They
             are
             made
             up
             of
             Ingredients
             of
             such
             differing
             natures
             as
             are
             Stony
             and
             Metalline
             Corpuscles
             .
          
           
             From
             the
             same
             Ground
             we
             may
             likewise
             deduce
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Marcasites
             ;
             many
             of
             which
             I
             have
             observed
             to
             be
             ,
             not
             only
             hard
             enough
             ,
             plentifully
             to
             strike
             fire
             by
             collision
             with
             Steel
             ,
             but
             more
             ponderous
             than
             even
             divers
             Oars
             ,
             that
             were
             rich
             enough
             in
             Metal
             ,
             to
             be
             wrought
             with
             good
             profit
             .
             And
             yet
             these
             hard
             and
             heavy
             (
             Mineral
             )
             Stones
             are
             very
             far
             from
             being
             homogeneous
             ;
             since
             I
             have
             met
             with
             few
             Inanimate
             Bodies
             ,
             produced
             by
             Nature
             her self
             ,
             so
             compounded
             as
             several
             Marcasites
             that
             I
             have
             seen
             .
             For
             these
             are
             wont
             to
             contain
             
             more
             or
             less
             Copper
             ,
             and
             Iron
             too
             :
             and
             they
             abound
             in
             Combustible
             Sulphur
             ,
             a
             Corrosive
             Salt
             ,
             and
             a
             certain
             Fixt
             Substance
             ,
             which
             I
             found
             to
             differ
             from
             true
             Earth
             ,
             but
             of
             whose
             Nature
             the
             Tryals
             I
             have
             hitherto
             made
             on
             it
             ,
             have
             but
             little
             satisfied
             me
             .
          
           
             I
             might
             here
             deduce
             the
             Porosity
             of
             the
             Load-stone
             ,
             as
             hard
             and
             solid
             a
             Body
             as
             it
             is
             ,
             partly
             from
             the
             Effluvia
             it
             emits
             and
             admits
             ,
             and
             partly
             from
             the
             Heterogeneity
             I
             have
             by
             Chymical
             Tryals
             found
             to
             be
             in
             it
             .
             But
             these
             things
             belong
             more
             properly
             to
             a
             Paper
             about
             Magnetical
             Bodies
             ,
             for
             which
             I
             the
             more
             willingly
             reserve
             them
             ,
             because
             other
             Experiments
             will
             keep
             them
             from
             being
             needful
             to
             be
             here
             insisted
             on
             .
          
           
             The
             Porosity
             of
             Marble
             ,
             and
             divers
             other
             Stones
             of
             like
             Contexture
             ,
             may
             with
             probability
             be
             deduc'd
             from
             this
             ,
             that
             they
             are
             liable
             to
             be
             dissolved
             by
             divers
             of
             the
             corrosive
             Menstruums
             of
             the
             Chymists
             ,
             such
             as
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             sp
             .
             of
             Salt
             ,
             &c.
             
             And
             some
             of
             them
             even
             by
             Vegetable
             Liquors
             ,
             of
             Natures
             own
             
             preparing
             ,
             as
             the
             juice
             of
             Limons
             ,
             and
             that
             of
             Barberries
             .
             But
             a
             more
             noble
             and
             satisfactory
             instance
             may
             be
             afforded
             ,
             by
             the
             invention
             of
             staining
             or
             colouring
             white
             Marble
             ,
             without
             imploying
             any
             fretting
             Liquor
             ,
             or
             spoiling
             the
             Texture
             of
             it
             .
             This
             way
             being
             casually
             lighted
             on
             by
             an
             ingenious
             Stone-cutter
             in
             Oxford
             ,
             who
             gained
             by
             it
             both
             credit
             and
             money
             ,
             he
             long
             since
             thought
             fit
             to
             acquaint
             me
             with
             it
             ,
             upon
             condition
             of
             secresy
             (
             which
             I
             have
             to
             this
             day
             inviolably
             kept
             )
             and
             of
             my
             assisting
             him
             to
             improve
             his
             Invention
             by
             making
             it
             practicable
             with
             other
             Colours
             than
             Red.
             These
             circumstances
             I
             mention
             ,
             to
             signify
             that
             I
             write
             not
             by
             guess
             ,
             of
             this
             matter
             ,
             having
             both
             seen
             the
             Experiment
             tried
             ,
             and
             made
             it
             my self
             .
             But
             though
             I
             found
             it
             far
             less
             improvable
             to
             other
             uses
             ,
             then
             one
             would
             expect
             ,
             yet
             ,
             as
             to
             our
             present
             purpose
             ,
             it
             is
             very
             apposite
             .
             For
             by
             this
             way
             an
             excellent
             red
             Colour
             ,
             may
             be
             made
             to
             soak
             into
             a
             piece
             of
             White
             Marble
             ,
             almost
             as
             Oyl
             will
             do
             into
             Leather
             ,
             without
             
             impairing
             ,
             that
             I
             observed
             ,
             the
             solidity
             of
             the
             stone
             ,
             which
             ,
             after
             being
             dyed
             ,
             will
             be
             capable
             of
             a
             fine
             gloss
             as
             before
             .
             Some
             other
             Colours
             (
             yet
             but
             few
             fair
             ones
             )
             would
             by
             this
             way
             be
             brought
             to
             soak
             into
             Marble
             ,
             on
             which
             one
             may
             with
             them
             so
             define
             ,
             and
             limit
             the
             Colorations
             ,
             that
             I
             remember
             the
             Artificer
             ,
             when
             I
             brought
             him
             to
             kiss
             the
             Kings
             hand
             ,
             presented
             His
             Majesty
             with
             an
             Andromeda
             ,
             whose
             Colours
             were
             so
             vivid
             ,
             that
             this
             skilful
             Judge
             of
             curious
             things
             ,
             was
             pleased
             to
             honour
             it
             with
             a
             place
             among
             his
             Rarities
             .
             And
             ,
             to
             satisfy
             his
             Majesty
             that
             the
             fine
             Red
             was
             not
             ,
             as
             some
             suspected
             ,
             a
             mere
             varnish
             ,
             I
             purposely
             broke
             a
             plate
             of
             Marble
             ,
             in
             whose
             fragments
             he
             saw
             ,
             that
             the
             Pigment
             had
             sunk
             to
             a
             considerable
             depth
             ,
             into
             the
             very
             Substance
             of
             the
             Stone
             .
             And
             I
             doubt
             not
             but
             it
             might
             have
             been
             made
             easily
             enough
             to
             sink
             much
             deeper
             ,
             if
             it
             had
             been
             thought
             necessary
             .
             A
             fine
             Plate
             of
             such
             White
             Marble
             ,
             with
             the
             penetrating
             Pictures
             of
             Coloured
             Flowers
             drawn
             upon
             it
             I
             
             yet
             keep
             by
             me
             to
             satisfy
             the
             curious
             .
             And
             some
             Utensils
             ,
             as
             Hafts
             of
             Knives
             ,
             Salt-Sellers
             ,
             &c.
             I
             have
             known
             to
             have
             lasted
             several
             years
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             an
             Experiment
             that
             seems
             much
             stronger
             for
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Solid
             Bodies
             ,
             than
             that
             it self
             (
             which
             was
             lately
             recited
             )
             of
             staining
             Marble
             .
             For
             in
             Italy
             some
             Goldsmiths
             have
             a
             way
             of
             imbuing
             Fragments
             of
             Rock-Crystal
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             Body
             much
             harder
             than
             Marble
             ,
             with
             divers
             Colours
             ;
             which
             do
             sometimes
             so
             imbellish
             them
             ,
             that
             having
             ground
             off
             those
             parts
             that
             would
             not
             receive
             the
             same
             Tincture
             ,
             they
             set
             some
             of
             them
             in
             Gold
             Rings
             ,
             and
             sell
             them
             with
             profit
             .
             When
             I
             was
             inform'd
             of
             this
             ,
             I
             thought
             of
             a
             Composition
             ,
             that
             I
             hop'd
             might
             perform
             the
             same
             thing
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             better
             than
             that
             which
             was
             employ'd
             by
             them
             ,
             who
             either
             knew
             not
             ,
             or
             for
             ought
             I
             could
             perceive
             ,
             us'd
             not
             ,
             some
             Minerals
             that
             I
             thought
             fit
             for
             the
             purpose
             .
             Upon
             this
             Presumption
             we
             carefully
             cemented
             some
             clear
             Fragments
             of
             Native
             Crystal
             with
             a
             
             Composition
             of
             some
             Volatile
             Minerals
             ,
             together
             with
             a
             Salt
             or
             two
             ,
             and
             having
             suffered
             the
             Crucibles
             to
             cool
             leisurely
             ,
             we
             had
             divers
             of
             the
             Fragments
             stain'd
             here
             and
             there
             ,
             some
             with
             one
             Colour
             and
             some
             with
             another
             ,
             as
             differing
             Fumes
             happen'd
             to
             invade
             them
             .
             And
             of
             these
             Colours
             some
             were
             dark
             or
             dull
             ,
             and
             some
             vivid
             enough
             .
             But
             having
             consider'd
             the
             stain'd
             pieces
             ,
             and
             the
             progress
             of
             the
             Operation
             ,
             more
             attentively
             ,
             I
             began
             to
             doubt
             ,
             whether
             these
             Adventitious
             Colours
             were
             really
             produced
             by
             the
             bare
             penetrating
             of
             the
             Mineral
             Fumes
             into
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Crystal
             it self
             .
             For
             I
             thought
             it
             possible
             ,
             and
             not
             very
             unprobable
             ,
             that
             the
             great
             Heat
             of
             the
             Fire
             ,
             and
             the
             Ambient
             Mixture
             ,
             might
             cleave
             or
             flaw
             in
             many
             places
             some
             of
             the
             Crystalline
             Fragments
             ;
             and
             that
             the
             finer
             parts
             of
             the
             Minerals
             being
             vehemently
             agitated
             ,
             might
             insinuate
             themselves
             into
             these
             thin
             Flaws
             ,
             which
             upon
             the
             slow
             refrigeration
             of
             the
             Stones
             ,
             shutting
             themselves
             close
             again
             ,
             might
             
             lock
             up
             the
             tinging
             Particles
             ,
             without
             appearing
             discontinued
             ,
             especially
             to
             the
             Eyes
             of
             Persons
             that
             were
             not
             made
             use
             of
             with
             a
             more
             than
             ordinary
             attention
             ,
             excited
             by
             distrust
             .
             This
             suspicion
             was
             not
             removed
             by
             the
             apparent
             entireness
             of
             each
             little
             piece
             of
             Crystal
             .
             For
             having
             taken
             more
             than
             once
             a
             Lump
             of
             that
             stone
             ,
             and
             slowly
             brought
             it
             to
             be
             red
             hot
             in
             the
             Fire
             ,
             I
             found
             that
             if
             I
             warily
             quenched
             it
             in
             Water
             ,
             though
             it
             would
             thereby
             acquire
             a
             multitude
             of
             little
             cracks
             or
             Flaws
             ,
             which
             destroyed
             its
             former
             transparency
             ,
             and
             made
             it
             look
             whitish
             ,
             yet
             it
             continued
             still
             an
             entire
             Body
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             disadvantageous
             haste
             ,
             wherewith
             the
             operation
             had
             been
             performed
             .
             And
             having
             after
             this
             suspicion
             ,
             inquired
             of
             an
             ingenious
             Lapidary
             ,
             that
             belonged
             to
             a
             great
             Prince
             whether
             in
             polishing
             of
             Gems
             upon
             the
             Wheel
             ,
             he
             had
             taken
             notice
             that
             the
             Heat
             would
             flaw
             them
             ,
             he
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             now
             and
             then
             he
             had
             observed
             that
             some
             Stones
             ,
             especially
             ▪
             if
             I
             misremember
             not
             ,
             Rubies
             ,
             when
             
             they
             were
             very
             much
             heated
             by
             the
             swift
             motion
             of
             the
             Engine
             he
             employed
             to
             polish
             them
             ,
             did
             cleave
             as
             it
             seemed
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             gape
             ,
             so
             as
             at
             first
             to
             make
             him
             fear
             the
             Stones
             were
             spoiled
             ;
             and
             yet
             afterwards
             they
             closed
             so
             perfectly
             ,
             that
             no
             Flaw
             at
             all
             could
             be
             perceived
             in
             them
             .
             I
             have
             mentioned
             the
             foregoing
             Experiment
             of
             tinging
             Crystal
             ,
             to
             comply
             with
             the
             dictates
             of
             Philosophical
             candor
             ,
             which
             forbids
             me
             to
             lay
             much
             stress
             upon
             a
             Proof
             ,
             whose
             validity
             I
             my self
             distrust
             .
             But
             perhaps
             my
             suspicion
             may
             by
             further
             Tryal
             ,
             which
             I
             have
             not
             now
             conveniency
             to
             make
             ,
             appear
             not
             to
             have
             been
             well
             grounded
             ,
             and
             in
             that
             case
             the
             tinging
             of
             Crystal
             ,
             as
             well
             inwardly
             as
             outwardly
             ,
             by
             Fumes
             will
             be
             a
             noble
             Argument
             for
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Solid
             Bodies
             ,
             Rock-Crystal
             being
             harder
             ,
             and
             probably
             closer
             ,
             not
             only
             than
             Marble
             ,
             but
             even
             than
             Glass
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
          
           
             THat
             Metals
             ,
             though
             the
             heaviest
             of
             Bodies
             ,
             are
             not
             destitute
             of
             Pores
             ,
             may
             be
             with
             probability
             proved
             in
             a
             general
             way
             by
             this
             ;
             That
             they
             are
             all
             dissoluble
             in
             their
             appropriate
             Menstruums
             ,
             as
             Gold
             in
             
               Aqua
               Regia
            
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             rest
             in
             
               Aqua
               Fortis
            
             ,
             except
             Tin
             ,
             which
             yet
             it self
             will
             be
             corroded
             by
             that
             Menstruum
             ,
             though
             not
             well
             kept
             up
             in
             a
             fluid
             form
             ,
             as
             it
             may
             be
             by
             another
             Menstruum
             ,
             which
             I
             elsewhere
             teach
             ;
             and
             sometimes
             the
             same
             Metal
             may
             be
             dissolved
             by
             very
             differing
             Menstruums
             ,
             as
             Lead
             by
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             ,
             and
             Spirit
             of
             Vinegar
             ;
             and
             Copper
             by
             
               Aqua
               fortis
               ,
               Aqua
               Regia
            
             ,
             Spirit
             of
             Vinegar
             ,
             Spirit
             of
             Salt
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             Solvents
             ,
             that
             upon
             Trial
             I
             have
             found
             sufficient
             for
             that
             purpose
             .
          
           
             But
             't
             will
             ,
             I
             presume
             ,
             be
             thought
             more
             considerable
             to
             my
             present
             argument
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             shewn
             ,
             that
             Bodies
             that
             appear
             Gross
             ,
             and
             which
             in
             their
             Natural
             state
             are
             not
             fluid
             ,
             and
             are
             
             confessed
             to
             be
             of
             a
             compounded
             nature
             ,
             will
             penetrate
             Metals
             quite
             through
             ,
             even
             without
             melting
             them
             .
          
           
             This
             we
             have
             divers
             times
             effected
             by
             a
             Cementation
             of
             Copper
             Plates
             ,
             With
             common
             🜍
             (
             much
             a
             kin
             to
             a
             way
             prescribed
             by
             some
             Alchymists
             to
             make
             
               Vitriolum
               Veneris
            
             )
             which
             we
             warily
             performed
             much
             after
             this
             manner
             .
             We
             took
             good
             Copper
             laminated
             to
             the
             thickness
             of
             a
             Shilling
             or
             thereabouts
             ,
             and
             having
             cut
             it
             into
             small
             pieces
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             the
             more
             easily
             be
             put
             into
             a
             Crucible
             or
             Cementing
             Pot
             ,
             we
             strewed
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Vessel
             some
             beaten
             🜍
             ,
             and
             then
             covered
             it
             pretty
             well
             with
             some
             of
             these
             Plates
             ,
             which
             were
             laid
             on
             flat-wise
             .
             Upon
             these
             we
             strewed
             another
             Bed
             of
             powdered
             Brimstone
             ,
             and
             cover'd
             that
             also
             with
             Plates
             ,
             upon
             which
             we
             put
             more
             Sulphur
             ,
             &
             so
             continu'd
             making
             one
             lair
             of
             Brimstone
             ,
             &
             another
             of
             Metal
             ,
             till
             we
             had
             employed
             all
             our
             Plates
             ,
             or
             filled
             the
             Crucible
             ,
             being
             careful
             that
             the
             uppermost
             Bed
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             lowest
             ,
             should
             be
             of
             Sulphur
             .
             
             This
             done
             ,
             we
             luted
             on
             an
             earthen
             Cover
             to
             the
             Vessel
             ,
             to
             keep
             the
             🜍
             from
             taking
             Fire
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             having
             placed
             the
             Pot
             amongst
             Coals
             kindled
             at
             a
             good
             distance
             from
             it
             ,
             that
             it
             might
             be
             heated
             by
             degrees
             ,
             we
             kept
             it
             for
             some
             few
             hours
             (
             perhaps
             Two
             or
             Three
             )
             in
             such
             a
             degree
             of
             Fire
             as
             was
             sufficient
             to
             keep
             the
             Sulphur
             melted
             (
             which
             is
             easily
             enough
             done
             )
             without
             bringing
             the
             Metal
             to
             fusion
             ;
             the
             Pot
             being
             cold
             ,
             we
             took
             off
             the
             cover
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             Plates
             quite
             altered
             in
             Colour
             and
             Texture
             ,
             some
             of
             them
             having
             a
             dark
             and
             dirty
             Colour
             ,
             whilst
             others
             looked
             of
             a
             fine
             Violet
             or
             Blew
             ;
             they
             were
             generally
             so
             brittle
             ,
             that
             't
             was
             very
             easy
             to
             break
             them
             with
             ones
             finger
             ,
             and
             reduce
             them
             to
             Powder
             .
             And
             (
             now
             to
             add
             such
             Circumstances
             as
             a
             Chymist
             would
             not
             take
             notice
             of
             )
             many
             of
             the
             Plates
             ,
             when
             they
             were
             broken
             ,
             appeared
             to
             have
             been
             (
             by
             the
             contiguous
             Beds
             of
             Sulphur
             above
             and
             below
             )
             horizontally
             divided
             each
             of
             them
             into
             two
             
             Plates
             ,
             divers
             of
             which
             in
             some
             places
             had
             a
             manifest
             distance
             or
             Cavity
             between
             them
             .
             And
             't
             was
             observable
             ,
             that
             when
             I
             considered
             one
             or
             other
             of
             these
             Plates
             attentively
             in
             the
             parts
             that
             had
             been
             contiguous
             before
             I
             broke
             it
             ,
             I
             could
             plainly
             discern
             a
             multitude
             as
             't
             were
             of
             Fibres
             ,
             reaching
             from
             one
             of
             the
             flat
             sides
             of
             the
             Plate
             to
             the
             other
             ,
             &
             running
             many
             of
             them
             ,
             as
             to
             sense
             ,
             parallel
             to
             one
             another
             .
             These
             Circumstances
             may
             sufficiently
             argue
             ,
             that
             the
             Plates
             were
             pierced
             quite
             through
             by
             the
             Brimstone
             ;
             but
             for
             confirmation
             of
             this
             ,
             and
             to
             shew
             too
             that
             the
             Sulphur
             does
             as
             it
             were
             soak
             into
             the
             Body
             of
             the
             Metal
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             Gross
             manner
             lodge
             it self
             there
             ;
             I
             shall
             add
             ,
             that
             not
             only
             to
             the
             Eye
             the
             Plates
             appeared
             much
             swelled
             ,
             or
             thicker
             then
             when
             they
             were
             put
             in
             ,
             but
             having
             weighed
             them
             before
             the
             operation
             was
             begun
             ,
             and
             after
             it
             was
             quite
             ended
             ,
             the
             Copper
             ,
             though
             it
             needed
             not
             to
             be
             freed
             from
             externally
             adhering
             Sulphur
             ,
             was
             found
             to
             have
             a
             considerable
             increase
             of
             weight
             by
             
             the
             accession
             of
             the
             Sulphur
             ,
             which
             (
             to
             add
             that
             circumstance
             )
             though
             it
             appeared
             not
             to
             the
             Eye
             ,
             yet
             if
             a
             Plate
             were
             laid
             upon
             quick
             Coles
             ,
             and
             blown
             ,
             would
             oftentimes
             discover
             it self
             by
             a
             Blew
             flame
             .
          
           
             By
             making
             the
             like
             Experiment
             for
             the
             main
             ,
             we
             found
             that
             refined
             Silver
             ,
             though
             a
             more
             heavy
             and
             compact
             Body
             ,
             than
             Copper
             ,
             and
             not
             dissoluble
             by
             most
             of
             the
             Menstruums
             ,
             that
             work
             on
             this
             Metal
             ,
             is
             penetrable
             by
             the
             Body
             of
             Sulphur
             ,
             which
             will
             also
             calcine
             Tin
             and
             Lead
             and
             (
             especially
             )
             Iron
             .
          
           
             Nor
             is
             Sulphur
             the
             only
             consistent
             Body
             that
             has
             this
             ingress
             into
             Metals
             ;
             for
             we
             have
             found
             them
             penetrable
             by
             prepared
             Arsenick
             .
             But
             because
             these
             operations
             are
             not
             so
             easy
             ,
             and
             the
             Subject
             is
             not
             easily
             handled
             without
             danger
             ,
             I
             forbear
             the
             mention
             of
             them
             in
             this
             place
             ,
             where
             ,
             after
             what
             has
             been
             recited
             ,
             it
             is
             not
             necessary
             .
          
           
             Another
             Experiment
             there
             is
             ,
             
             which
             does
             more
             advantageously
             than
             that
             made
             with
             Brimstone
             ,
             discover
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Copper
             .
             For
             there
             is
             a
             way
             by
             which
             ,
             without
             the
             help
             of
             Salts
             ,
             Sulphur
             or
             Arsenick
             ,
             one
             may
             make
             a
             solid
             and
             heavy
             Body
             soak
             into
             the
             Pores
             of
             that
             Metal
             ,
             and
             give
             it
             a
             durable
             Colour
             .
             I
             shall
             not
             mention
             the
             way
             ,
             because
             of
             the
             bad
             use
             that
             may
             be
             made
             of
             it
             .
             But
             having
             had
             the
             curiosity
             more
             than
             once
             to
             try
             it
             upon
             a
             new
             Copper
             Farthing
             ,
             the
             event
             was
             ,
             that
             one
             part
             of
             it
             ,
             which
             I
             purposely
             forbore
             to
             tinge
             ,
             remained
             common
             Copper
             still
             ,
             but
             the
             other
             part
             acquired
             a
             yellow
             ,
             that
             differed
             very
             little
             ,
             if
             at
             all
             ,
             from
             a
             Golden
             Colour
             ,
             the
             former
             stamp
             that
             was
             impressed
             upon
             the
             coin
             continuing
             visible
             .
             And
             to
             convince
             the
             scrupulous
             ,
             that
             the
             Pigment
             did
             really
             sink
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             were
             soak
             into
             the
             Body
             of
             the
             Metal
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             meerly
             colour
             the
             Superficies
             ,
             I
             made
             them
             take
             notice
             ,
             that
             the
             Farthing
             was
             not
             melted
             ,
             and
             yet
             by
             filing
             off
             a
             wide
             gap
             from
             the
             Edge
             of
             the
             Coin
             ,
             inwards
             ,
             it
             plainly
             
             appeared
             ,
             that
             the
             Yellow
             or
             Golden
             Colour
             had
             penetrated
             a
             pretty
             way
             beneath
             the
             surface
             of
             the
             Farthing
             ;
             so
             that
             it
             looked
             there
             as
             if
             two
             thin
             Plates
             ,
             the
             one
             Yellow
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Reddish
             ,
             did
             ,
             without
             any
             Interval
             between
             them
             ,
             lye
             upon
             one
             another
             .
          
           
             If
             Bodies
             be
             not
             to
             be
             pervaded
             ,
             or
             deeply
             pierced
             into
             ,
             by
             Corpuscles
             ,
             but
             only
             to
             have
             their
             more
             superficial
             Pores
             ,
             if
             I
             may
             so
             call
             them
             ,
             penetrated
             thereby
             ,
             't
             is
             possible
             that
             Bodies
             ,
             which
             are
             either
             much
             harder
             ,
             or
             much
             closer
             ,
             than
             Marble
             ,
             Alabaster
             or
             the
             like
             Bodies
             ,
             may
             have
             their
             Pores
             possessed
             even
             by
             odorous
             Corpuscles
             ;
             I
             say
             ,
             
               even
               by
               such
            
             ,
             because
             they
             are
             most
             of
             them
             gross
             enough
             to
             be
             kept
             from
             exhaling
             ,
             by
             Bodies
             much
             less
             compact
             then
             Earthen
             Bottles
             ;
             and
             are
             far
             from
             being
             of
             the
             finest
             particles
             that
             Nature
             affords
             .
             But
             that
             such
             odorous
             Corpuscles
             may
             lodge
             themselves
             in
             the
             exterior
             Pores
             of
             very
             close
             Bodies
             ,
             I
             have
             been
             inclined
             to
             think
             ,
             
               not
               only
            
             ,
             by
             the
             obstinately
             
             adhering
             Odour
             ,
             which
             I
             found
             by
             Tryal
             ,
             that
             some
             suttle
             and
             Spirituous
             parts
             ,
             such
             as
             the
             Chymists
             would
             perhaps
             call
             in
             their
             Aggregates
             ,
             the
             Essence
             of
             Musk
             ,
             Amber
             ,
             Amber-greece
             ,
             &c.
             notwithstanding
             the
             washing
             of
             the
             Glasses
             ,
             that
             had
             long
             contained
             such
             Liquors
             ;
             but
             by
             what
             has
             been
             assured
             me
             by
             a
             Physician
             of
             great
             Experience
             ,
             who
             travelled
             and
             lived
             much
             in
             the
             East
             .
             For
             having
             told
             him
             ,
             that
             I
             had
             been
             informed
             ,
             that
             in
             some
             places
             less
             famous
             then
             Damascus
             ,
             for
             curiosity
             in
             making
             fine
             Sword
             blades
             ,
             there
             was
             a
             way
             found
             and
             practised
             of
             making
             them
             richly
             scented
             ,
             without
             injury
             to
             their
             Gloss
             ;
             I
             desired
             to
             know
             of
             him
             ,
             if
             at
             Damascus
             ,
             or
             elsewhere
             ,
             he
             had
             seen
             any
             of
             them
             ;
             to
             which
             he
             replied
             ,
             that
             he
             did
             not
             remember
             he
             had
             ,
             but
             yet
             made
             no
             doubt
             the
             Information
             might
             be
             true
             .
             For
             he
             himself
             had
             in
             Europe
             ,
             and
             kept
             for
             divers
             years
             ,
             a
             Watch
             ,
             whose
             Metalline
             Case
             ,
             was
             richly
             perfumed
             ;
             and
             when
             I
             askt
             him
             ,
             whether
             there
             were
             not
             some
             
             thin
             varnish
             ,
             or
             some
             outward
             Case
             of
             perfumed
             Leather
             ,
             or
             Chagran
             ,
             or
             somewhat
             else
             ,
             from
             whence
             the
             odour
             proceeded
             ,
             he
             assured
             me
             ,
             that
             his
             observations
             had
             prevented
             and
             removed
             that
             and
             divers
             other
             Scruples
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             case
             being
             clean
             and
             Glossy
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             perceive
             that
             the
             Odour
             proceeded
             from
             any
             thing
             else
             ,
             than
             some
             odoriferous
             thing
             ,
             or
             other
             that
             was
             invisibly
             lodged
             in
             the
             Pores
             ,
             or
             Porous
             Substance
             of
             the
             metal
             it self
             .
             And
             indeed
             ,
             since
             both
             Arsenick
             ,
             and
             even
             common
             Sulphur
             ,
             may
             by
             Art
             be
             as
             it
             were
             incorporated
             with
             some
             Metalls
             ,
             and
             even
             with
             Silver
             ,
             I
             see
             not
             why
             it
             should
             be
             impossible
             ,
             that
             some
             pleasingly
             scented
             Substances
             should
             be
             admitted
             into
             the
             Pores
             of
             Metalline
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             be
             volatile
             enough
             to
             have
             their
             subtiler
             parts
             fly
             off
             in
             odorous
             Exhalations
             ,
             especially
             if
             they
             be
             a
             little
             excited
             ,
             as
             the
             Watch
             Case
             lately
             mentioned
             was
             ,
             by
             a
             gentle
             heat
             ,
             such
             as
             was
             that
             of
             the
             
             wearers
             pocket
             .
             And
             on
             this
             occasion
             I
             remember
             to
             have
             made
             a
             certain
             Metalline
             composition
             ,
             which
             looked
             like
             Gold
             ,
             and
             of
             which
             I
             caused
             a
             Ring
             to
             be
             cast
             ,
             and
             yet
             this
             Metal
             retained
             so
             many
             unperceived
             Mercurial
             Corpuscles
             in
             it
             ,
             that
             an
             Ingenious
             Person
             to
             whom
             I
             discovered
             the
             composition
             of
             it
             ,
             found
             after
             Tryal
             ,
             as
             he
             assured
             me
             ,
             that
             being
             worn
             as
             a
             Ring
             ,
             it
             had
             in
             some
             distempers
             ,
             particularly
             of
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             manifest
             operations
             ,
             that
             evidently
             enough
             seemed
             to
             flow
             ,
             at
             least
             in
             great
             part
             ,
             from
             its
             participation
             of
             the
             Mercury
             we
             employed
             in
             preparing
             the
             Factitious
             Metal
             .
          
           
             Since
             the
             writing
             of
             the
             former
             part
             of
             this
             Essay
             ,
             having
             met
             with
             an
             inquisitive
             Nobleman
             ,
             who
             had
             lived
             in
             several
             parts
             of
             Africk
             ,
             and
             was
             Governour
             of
             the
             best
             Town
             the
             Europeans
             have
             on
             that
             Continent
             ,
             I
             discoursed
             with
             him
             ,
             among
             other
             things
             ,
             about
             the
             Skill
             that
             some
             ascribe
             to
             the
             
               African
               Moors
            
             ,
             of
             making
             excellent
             weapons
             ,
             whereof
             I
             knew
             his
             excellency
             
             was
             very
             curious
             .
             Upon
             which
             occasion
             he
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             some
             of
             the
             Off-Spring
             of
             the
             
               Granadine
               Moors
            
             were
             indeed
             the
             best
             at
             making
             Arms
             that
             ever
             he
             met
             with
             ;
             and
             that
             he
             had
             seen
             some
             weapons
             of
             their
             forging
             and
             tempering
             ,
             that
             he
             preferred
             even
             to
             those
             of
             Damasco
             .
             And
             when
             I
             asked
             him
             whether
             any
             of
             them
             had
             the
             art
             of
             perfuming
             their
             Weapons
             ,
             he
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             some
             of
             them
             did
             it
             admirably
             well
             ,
             and
             instanced
             in
             a
             Blade
             which
             he
             kept
             for
             some
             years
             ,
             &
             found
             it
             still
             to
             retain
             the
             perfumed
             scent
             ,
             which
             he
             supposed
             to
             be
             as
             it
             were
             incorporated
             with
             the
             Steel
             whereof
             the
             Blade
             was
             made
             .
             When
             I
             told
             him
             ,
             I
             suspected
             that
             the
             scabbard
             might
             have
             been
             well
             perfumed
             ,
             and
             communicate
             its
             odour
             to
             the
             contained
             Blade
             ,
             he
             allowed
             the
             objection
             to
             be
             plausible
             ,
             but
             replyed
             ▪
             that
             it
             was
             not
             concluding
             ,
             since
             misliking
             the
             Scabbard
             ,
             as
             not
             handsom
             &
             fashionable
             enough
             ,
             he
             caused
             a
             new
             one
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             wherein
             he
             afterwards
             kept
             it
             .
             And
             the
             same
             Lord
             further
             
             told
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             also
             a
             Fowling
             Piece
             ,
             whose
             Barrel
             was
             perfumed
             .
             And
             when
             I
             objected
             that
             perhaps
             the
             odoriferous
             scent
             proceeded
             from
             the
             stock
             ,
             and
             not
             from
             the
             Metal
             ,
             he
             answered
             that
             the
             Gun
             not
             being
             ,
             when
             it
             came
             into
             his
             possession
             ,
             skilfully
             and
             handsomely
             mounted
             ,
             he
             caused
             the
             Barrel
             to
             be
             fitted
             with
             a
             new
             stock
             ,
             notwithstanding
             which
             ,
             it
             continued
             to
             smell
             fragrantly
             .
             And
             when
             I
             further
             asked
             ,
             whether
             he
             ever
             caused
             the
             Gun
             to
             be
             washed
             or
             scoured
             after
             it
             was
             grown
             foul
             by
             having
             been
             often
             shot
             in
             ,
             he
             answered
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             ,
             and
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             I
             can
             remember
             ,
             subjoyned
             ,
             that
             after
             it
             was
             made
             clean
             it
             did
             (
             notwithstanding
             the
             ill
             scent
             that
             the
             soot
             of
             the
             Powder
             had
             given
             it
             )
             retain
             a
             pleasing
             smell
             ,
             but
             fainter
             than
             before
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VIII
             .
          
           
             SInce
             the
             Subject
             of
             this
             Essay
             is
             the
             
               Porousness
               of
               Solid
               Bodies
            
             ,
             and
             since
             there
             is
             no
             Body
             that
             is
             generally
             reputed
             so
             close
             and
             compact
             as
             Glass
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             pertinent
             to
             this
             discourse
             ,
             and
             probably
             will
             be
             expected
             ,
             that
             I
             should
             here
             say
             something
             about
             the
             Question
             ,
             whether
             Glass
             be
             ,
             or
             be
             not
             ,
             devoid
             of
             Pores
             .
          
           
             But
             before
             I
             acquaint
             you
             with
             my
             Tryals
             ,
             or
             my
             thoughts
             ,
             about
             this
             Problem
             ,
             I
             think
             it
             requisite
             to
             clear
             the
             sense
             ,
             in
             which
             I
             mean
             to
             handle
             it
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             not
             ,
             as
             some
             others
             have
             done
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             distinctly
             stating
             the
             Question
             ,
             speak
             confusedly
             and
             erroneously
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             I
             shall
             then
             here
             observe
             ,
             to
             prevent
             mistakes
             ,
             that
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Glass
             may
             admit
             of
             two
             Acceptions
             .
             For
             it
             may
             be
             said
             to
             be
             quite
             pervious
             to
             
             Fluids
             ,
             as
             a
             Boot
             is
             to
             Water
             ,
             or
             only
             to
             be
             capable
             of
             having
             its
             superficial
             parts
             further
             and
             further
             dissolved
             or
             corroded
             thereby
             ,
             as
             a
             Silver
             Cup
             is
             Porous
             in
             reference
             to
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             ,
             which
             cannot
             sweat
             through
             it
             ,
             as
             Water
             does
             through
             a
             Boot
             ,
             but
             eat
             its
             way
             through
             it
             ,
             by
             dissolving
             the
             Texture
             of
             the
             Vessel
             .
          
           
             Another
             thing
             requisite
             to
             be
             premised
             ,
             to
             prevent
             Ambiguity
             ,
             is
             ,
             that
             Glass
             it self
             is
             not
             all
             of
             one
             sort
             ,
             as
             men
             unacquainted
             with
             Chymistry
             are
             wont
             to
             presume
             ,
             for
             Glass
             of
             Antimony
             ,
             for
             instance
             ,
             and
             that
             of
             Lead
             ,
             both
             of
             them
             made
             
               per
               se
            
             ,
             do
             manifestly
             differ
             ,
             usually
             in
             colour
             ,
             and
             constantly
             in
             weight
             ,
             and
             also
             in
             their
             operations
             upon
             Humane
             Bodies
             ;
             and
             both
             these
             sorts
             of
             Glass
             do
             in
             several
             points
             differ
             from
             
               common
               Glass
            
             ,
             under
             which
             name
             ,
             for
             brevities
             sake
             ,
             I
             comprehend
             both
             White
             or
             Crystalline
             Glass
             ,
             as
             't
             is
             called
             in
             the
             Shops
             ,
             and
             that
             courser
             sort
             ,
             which
             they
             usually
             call
             Green
             Glass
             ;
             both
             which
             sorts
             I
             here
             consider
             under
             one
             Notion
             ,
             because
             
             both
             are
             made
             of
             fixt
             Alcalies
             ,
             and
             other
             fit
             Ingredients
             ,
             as
             Sand
             ,
             Earth
             ,
             Ashes
             ,
             Pebbles
             ,
             or
             Flints
             ,
             Colliquated
             by
             a
             strong
             &
             lasting
             operation
             of
             the
             Fire
             :
             and
             't
             is
             of
             this
             common
             Glass
             ,
             in
             the
             sense
             now
             declared
             ,
             that
             I
             shall
             consider
             the
             Porosity
             in
             the
             remaining
             part
             of
             this
             Essay
             .
             In
             which
             to
             proceed
             with
             some
             Method
             ,
             I
             shall
             digest
             what
             I
             have
             to
             say
             into
             the
             ensuing
             Propositions
             ,
             and
             the
             observations
             annext
             to
             them
             .
          
           
             
               Prop
               1.
            
             
             'T
             is
             very
             probable
             ,
             that
             Glass
             may
             be
             pierced
             into
             to
             some
             distance
             ,
             even
             by
             visible
             and
             tangible
             Bodies
             .
          
           
             I
             know
             that
             this
             will
             seem
             a
             Paradox
             to
             many
             ,
             and
             repugnant
             to
             common
             Experience
             ,
             which
             shews
             that
             Glass
             Vessels
             will
             contain
             very
             subtile
             and
             even
             highly
             corrosive
             Liquors
             ,
             as
             the
             Spirit
             of
             Hartshorn
             ,
             of
             Urine
             ,
             and
             that
             of
             Nitre
             ;
             as
             also
             those
             potent
             Menstruums
             ,
             as
             
               Aqua
               fortis
               ,
               Aqua
               Regis
            
             ,
             and
             Oil
             of
             Vitriol
             ,
             
             which
             not
             only
             are
             not
             observed
             to
             pierce
             into
             it
             ,
             but
             are
             unable
             to
             make
             any
             sensible
             alteration
             ,
             so
             much
             as
             on
             the
             superficial
             parts
             ,
             even
             in
             those
             Vials
             wherein
             they
             have
             been
             long
             kept
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             notwithstanding
             all
             this
             ,
             I
             presume
             you
             will
             not
             condemn
             the
             lately
             proposed
             Paradox
             ,
             when
             you
             have
             considered
             what
             may
             be
             said
             to
             justifie
             it
             .
             For
             ,
             besides
             that
             it
             may
             be
             made
             probable
             
               à
               Priori
            
             ,
             by
             the
             Arguments
             whence
             we
             have
             formerly
             proved
             the
             Porousness
             of
             Solid
             Bodies
             in
             general
             ;
             there
             are
             two
             sorts
             of
             Experiments
             ,
             from
             whence
             one
             may
             argue
             ,
             that
             Glass
             in
             particular
             is
             not
             devoid
             of
             Pores
             in
             the
             sense
             wherein
             we
             are
             now
             speaking
             of
             them
             .
          
           
             And
             first
             ,
             I
             remember
             ,
             that
             ,
             having
             kept
             for
             a
             good
             while
             in
             a
             vial
             ,
             a
             quantity
             of
             a
             certain
             Spirit
             of
             Salt
             ,
             that
             I
             had
             reserved
             in
             a
             cool
             place
             ;
             I
             found
             ,
             when
             I
             came
             to
             use
             it
             ,
             that
             the
             Glass
             was
             crackt
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             the
             Liquor
             was
             run
             out
             ;
             but
             ,
             before
             this
             
             happened
             ,
             it
             had
             so
             far
             corroded
             the
             inside
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             that
             in
             some
             places
             it
             was
             eaten
             almost
             as
             thin
             as
             a
             piece
             of
             Paper
             ;
             and
             this
             part
             which
             yet
             continued
             Glass
             ,
             was
             lin'd
             with
             a
             much
             thicker
             white
             substance
             ,
             that
             stuck
             to
             the
             sides
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             looked
             and
             tasted
             like
             a
             kind
             of
             odd
             Salt
             ;
             so
             that
             it
             invited
             me
             to
             conjecture
             ,
             that
             it
             proceeded
             from
             the
             substance
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             which
             you
             know
             consists
             of
             an
             Alcali
             as
             well
             as
             of
             Sand
             corroded
             by
             the
             Saline
             Spirits
             of
             the
             Menstruum
             ,
             and
             coagulated
             with
             them
             into
             this
             odd
             kind
             of
             Concrete
             ;
             and
             't
             was
             remarkable
             in
             our
             vessel
             ,
             that
             the
             upper
             part
             of
             the
             vial
             ,
             to
             which
             the
             Menstruum
             did
             not
             reach
             ,
             was
             not
             corroded
             ,
             nor
             alter'd
             ,
             tho
             the
             operation
             of
             the
             Liquor
             reached
             as
             high
             as
             the
             Liquor
             it self
             .
             And
             I
             remember
             ,
             that
             when
             I
             related
             all
             this
             to
             some
             experienced
             Chymists
             ,
             one
             of
             them
             that
             was
             a
             more
             heedful
             observer
             ,
             assured
             me
             ,
             the
             like
             had
             once
             or
             twice
             ,
             happened
             to
             him
             ,
             as
             since
             that
             time
             it
             hath
             likewise
             done
             to
             me
             .
          
           
           
             I
             had
             also
             ,
             if
             I
             misremember
             not
             ,
             another
             Vial
             ,
             corroded
             by
             a
             distilled
             Liquor
             of
             Vitriol
             ,
             that
             had
             in
             it
             more
             of
             the
             Phlegm
             than
             of
             the
             Oil
             ;
             which
             you
             will
             somewhat
             the
             less
             wonder
             at
             ,
             if
             you
             consider
             ,
             that
             some
             Corrosive
             Menstruums
             will
             scarce
             work
             on
             some
             Bodys
             ,
             if
             they
             be
             too
             well
             dephlegmed
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             will
             not
             corrode
             them
             so
             readily
             and
             powerfully
             ,
             if
             they
             are
             very
             strong
             ,
             as
             when
             they
             are
             diluted
             with
             a
             convenient
             quantity
             of
             Water
             .
             And
             ,
             as
             to
             Oil
             of
             Vitriol
             it self
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             Menstruum
             I
             am
             speaking
             of
             ,
             when
             we
             employ
             it
             to
             make
             
               Vitriolum
               Martis
            
             ,
             we
             are
             wont
             to
             weaken
             it
             with
             Water
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             the
             better
             dissolve
             that
             Metal
             .
             And
             perhaps
             you
             will
             suspect
             ,
             that
             Vitriol
             has
             some
             peculiar
             faculty
             of
             penetrating
             and
             fretting
             Glass
             ,
             when
             to
             the
             Experiment
             newly
             recited
             I
             shall
             add
             that
             which
             follows
             ,
             as
             I
             find
             it
             registred
             among
             my
             Notes
             .
          
           
             [
             A
             pound
             of
             Dantzick
             Vitriol
             and
             a
             pound
             of
             Sea
             Salt
             ,
             after
             the
             former
             had
             been
             very
             lightly
             calcined
             ,
             and
             the
             
             latter
             decrepitated
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             not
             boil
             in
             ,
             or
             crack
             the
             Vessel
             ;
             we
             caused
             to
             be
             distilled
             in
             a
             well
             coated
             Retort
             by
             degrees
             of
             Fire
             ,
             giving
             at
             length
             a
             very
             strong
             one
             ,
             then
             taking
             off
             the
             Vessel
             ,
             we
             were
             not
             much
             surprized
             to
             find
             ,
             that
             the
             heat
             had
             here
             and
             there
             melted
             it
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             fluxed
             
               Caput
               Mortuum
            
             had
             corroded
             the
             Glass
             ,
             fetching
             off
             as
             't
             were
             films
             from
             it
             ,
             and
             those
             parts
             which
             did
             not
             appear
             to
             the
             Eye
             thus
             manifestly
             wasted
             ,
             seemed
             yet
             by
             their
             great
             brittleness
             ,
             to
             have
             been
             penetrated
             ,
             so
             that
             their
             Texture
             was
             spoiled
             by
             the
             saline
             and
             vitriolate
             Corpuscles
             .
             ]
          
           
             
               Prop
               II.
            
             Common
             Glass
             is
             not
             ordinarily
             permeable
             by
             Chymical
             Liquors
             ,
             though
             strong
             and
             subtile
             ,
             nor
             by
             the
             directly
             visible
             or
             odorable
             Expirations
             of
             Bodies
             tho
             absolutely
             speaking
             it
             be
             pervious
             to
             some
             Corporeal
             Substances
             .
          
           
             This
             Proposition
             consisting
             of
             two
             parts
             ,
             we
             shall
             allow
             each
             of
             them
             its
             distinct
             Proofs
             .
          
           
             And
             as
             for
             the
             first
             part
             ,
             't
             is
             manifestly
             
             agreeable
             to
             the
             Common
             Experience
             of
             Chymists
             ;
             who
             daily
             find
             ,
             that
             in
             well
             stopt
             Vials
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             in
             Hermetically
             seal'd
             Glasses
             ,
             they
             can
             preserve
             their
             subtilest
             and
             most
             piercing
             Menstruums
             ,
             as
             Spirit
             of
             
               Nitre
               ,
               Aqua
               Fortis
            
             ,
             Spirit
             of
             Salt
             ,
             Spirit
             of
             Vinegar
             ,
             and
             Oil
             of
             Vitriol
             .
             And
             this
             they
             find
             to
             be
             true
             ,
             not
             only
             as
             to
             Acid
             and
             Corrosive
             Liquors
             ,
             like
             those
             I
             have
             newly
             named
             ,
             but
             also
             in
             those
             Spirits
             that
             abound
             with
             Fugitive
             Salts
             ,
             as
             the
             Spirit
             of
             Urine
             ,
             of
             Blood
             ,
             and
             of
             Sal-Armoniack
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             most
             subtile
             &
             highly
             rectified
             Spirit
             of
             Wine
             ;
             as
             also
             in
             the
             Ethereal
             Oil
             ,
             or
             ,
             as
             many
             call
             it
             ,
             Spirit
             ,
             of
             Turpentine
             :
             as
             likewise
             in
             the
             Liquors
             of
             Salt
             of
             Tartar
             ,
             and
             other
             fixt
             Alcalies
             resolved
             by
             Deliquium
             .
          
           
             The
             Result
             of
             these
             Observations
             may
             be
             much
             confirmed
             by
             considering
             ,
             how
             often
             it
             happens
             in
             the
             Destillation
             of
             more
             Wild
             and
             Fugitive
             Spirits
             ,
             as
             of
             Nitre
             ,
             Tartar
             ,
             and
             Sugar
             ;
             that
             ,
             though
             they
             
             are
             much
             agitated
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             subtilized
             ,
             by
             Heat
             ,
             yet
             ,
             if
             the
             Lute
             ,
             that
             joins
             the
             Receiver
             to
             the
             Retort
             be
             very
             firm
             &
             close
             ,
             the
             Receivers
             ,
             though
             large
             ,
             are
             often
             broken
             in
             pieces
             ;
             which
             probably
             would
             not
             happen
             ,
             if
             the
             Spirits
             could
             insinuate
             &
             croud
             themselves
             ,
             through
             the
             pores
             of
             Glass
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             whereas
             it
             may
             be
             pretended
             ,
             that
             such
             Vessels
             are
             strong
             and
             thick
             ,
             I
             shall
             add
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             had
             the
             Curiosity
             to
             cause
             very
             fine
             bubbles
             to
             be
             blown
             at
             the
             flame
             of
             a
             Lamp
             ,
             purposly
             that
             they
             may
             be
             made
             extreamly
             thin
             ,
             and
             of
             but
             a
             small
             part
             of
             the
             thickness
             we
             meet
             with
             in
             the
             Vessels
             made
             at
             the
             Glass
             house
             ;
             and
             some
             of
             these
             I
             caus'd
             to
             be
             exactly
             stopt
             ,
             and
             others
             to
             be
             Hermetically
             seal'd
             ;
             but
             could
             not
             find
             ,
             that
             either
             dry
             Salt
             of
             Tartar
             would
             relent
             in
             one
             ,
             that
             was
             kept
             a
             good
             while
             under
             water
             ,
             or
             that
             strong
             Spirit
             of
             
               Sal
               Armoniack
            
             ,
             which
             is
             one
             of
             the
             subtilest
             Spirits
             that
             we
             know
             ,
             would
             penetrate
             one
             of
             these
             thin
             films
             of
             Glass
             ,
             which
             we
             kept
             
             a
             great
             while
             immersed
             in
             it
             ,
             though
             to
             discover
             whether
             it
             would
             at
             all
             penetrate
             the
             thinnest
             Glasses
             ,
             we
             employed
             some
             which
             were
             of
             that
             fine
             sort
             that
             is
             called
             
               Essence
               Vials
            
             .
          
           
             These
             and
             some
             other
             Tryals
             have
             ,
             I
             confess
             ,
             made
             me
             very
             diffident
             of
             the
             Experiments
             ,
             that
             have
             been
             delivered
             by
             some
             men
             of
             Note
             ,
             and
             built
             upon
             by
             others
             ,
             of
             the
             Permeableness
             of
             ordinary
             Glass
             Vessels
             to
             Chymical
             Liquors
             ,
             as
             ,
             that
             Mercury
             and
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             being
             digested
             together
             in
             a
             Bolt-head
             may
             ,
             by
             rubbing
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             be
             made
             visibly
             and
             palpably
             to
             transudate
             .
             Which
             Experiment
             (
             if
             my
             Memory
             do
             not
             much
             deceive
             me
             ,
             )
             I
             purposely
             tryed
             with
             care
             ,
             but
             without
             success
             .
          
           
             But
             after
             all
             this
             I
             must
             desire
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             be
             remembred
             ,
             that
             in
             wording
             the
             Proposition
             of
             the
             Imperviousness
             of
             Glass
             ,
             I
             intimated
             that
             I
             would
             have
             it
             understood
             of
             what
             Ordinarily
             happens
             .
             For
             in
             some
             Extraordinary
             cases
             ,
             which
             I
             take
             to
             be
             exceeding
             rare
             ,
             I
             do
             not
             absolutely
             
             deny
             ,
             but
             that
             the
             General
             rule
             may
             admit
             of
             Exceptions
             .
             And
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             lawful
             to
             conjecture
             ,
             these
             exceptions
             are
             likeliest
             to
             take
             place
             ,
             when
             the
             peculiar
             Texture
             of
             this
             or
             that
             Glass
             ,
             is
             more
             slight
             or
             lax
             than
             ordinary
             ;
             or
             when
             the
             Bodies
             that
             are
             to
             pervade
             it
             ,
             are
             vehemently
             agitated
             by
             heat
             ;
             or
             when
             ,
             besides
             a
             great
             subtlety
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             degree
             of
             heat
             too
             ,
             their
             particles
             chance
             to
             have
             a
             special
             congruity
             ,
             to
             the
             relaxed
             Pores
             of
             that
             particular
             Glass
             they
             are
             to
             pass
             through
             .
             I
             remember
             I
             have
             seen
             ,
             not
             without
             some
             wonder
             ,
             a
             sort
             of
             Glass
             of
             so
             soft
             and
             resoluble
             a
             Texture
             ,
             that
             Vessels
             of
             it
             of
             a
             competent
             thickness
             ,
             would
             be
             manifestly
             prejudiced
             and
             wrought
             upon
             by
             Liquors
             ,
             that
             were
             not
             considerably
             Sharp
             or
             Corrosive
             ,
             if
             they
             were
             put
             in
             very
             hot
             .
             I
             have
             also
             heard
             of
             another
             sort
             of
             Glasses
             ,
             made
             in
             a
             certain
             Forrest
             ,
             complained
             of
             by
             a
             Destiller
             ,
             as
             subject
             to
             be
             sometimes
             injured
             by
             Corrosive
             Liquors
             .
             I
             once
             knew
             a
             Doctor
             of
             Physick
             ,
             that
             by
             divers
             credulous
             Alchymists
             was
             suspected
             
             to
             have
             ,
             what
             they
             call
             the
             
               Philosophers
               Stone
            
             ,
             because
             of
             a
             certain
             Book
             ,
             Ingenious
             enough
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             supposed
             to
             have
             written
             on
             that
             subject
             .
             But
             when
             after
             some
             acquaintance
             I
             happened
             to
             debate
             his
             Principles
             freely
             with
             him
             ,
             he
             confessed
             to
             me
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             been
             mistaken
             ,
             and
             to
             invite
             me
             to
             give
             him
             my
             thoughts
             upon
             such
             like
             works
             ,
             he
             frankly
             made
             me
             an
             ingenuous
             relation
             of
             his
             Proceedings
             ,
             wherein
             the
             main
             thing
             that
             dazled
             him
             ,
             and
             kept
             him
             from
             seeing
             his
             Error
             ,
             was
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             reduced
             the
             matter
             he
             wrought
             on
             ,
             which
             was
             real
             Gold
             ,
             to
             that
             degree
             of
             Fusibleness
             and
             subtlety
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             gave
             too
             strong
             a
             Fire
             ,
             as
             mistake
             or
             curiosity
             made
             him
             several
             times
             do
             ,
             the
             finer
             part
             of
             the
             Metal
             would
             sweat
             through
             his
             Glasses
             ,
             and
             stick
             sometimes
             to
             the
             outside
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             to
             the
             Neighbouring
             Bodies
             .
             And
             ,
             when
             I
             objected
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             be
             mistaken
             in
             this
             ,
             and
             that
             what
             he
             thought
             had
             come
             forth
             by
             transudation
             ,
             rather
             issued
             out
             at
             some
             
             small
             unheeded
             crack
             ,
             he
             replyed
             that
             he
             had
             made
             the
             observation
             so
             often
             ,
             and
             with
             such
             care
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             fully
             satisfied
             it
             was
             a
             real
             penetration
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             by
             the
             attenuated
             Metal
             ,
             which
             he
             was
             to
             have
             convinced
             me
             of
             by
             Tryal
             .
             But
             ,
             before
             he
             could
             come
             to
             make
             it
             ,
             by
             an
             Errour
             of
             his
             own
             he
             unhappily
             died
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             whatever
             be
             judged
             of
             this
             penetrating
             Gold
             ,
             I
             elsewhere
             relate
             ,
             that
             I
             having
             upon
             a
             time
             destilled
             Spirit
             of
             Harts-horn
             with
             a
             very
             strong
             Fire
             ,
             into
             a
             Receiver
             that
             was
             large
             and
             thick
             enough
             ,
             but
             of
             a
             course
             kind
             of
             Glass
             ,
             it
             did
             appear
             ,
             upon
             my
             best
             examination
             ,
             that
             the
             Glass
             itself
             was
             penetrated
             by
             some
             vehemently
             agitated
             Fumes
             ,
             or
             some
             subtile
             Liquor
             ,
             that
             setled
             in
             strongly
             scented
             drops
             on
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             Receiver
             .
             But
             such
             Instances
             being
             very
             rare
             ,
             and
             happening
             but
             in
             some
             cases
             or
             conjunctures
             of
             circumstances
             ,
             that
             are
             not
             like
             to
             be
             at
             all
             frequent
             ,
             they
             cannot
             hinder
             the
             first
             part
             of
             our
             Proposition
             to
             be
             true
             ,
             in
             
             the
             sense
             wherein
             't
             is
             laid
             down
             .
          
           
             And
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             second
             part
             of
             the
             Proposition
             ,
             which
             
               asserts
               Glass
               to
               be
               pervious
               to
               some
               Corporeal
               substances
               ,
            
             it
             may
             be
             proved
             
               ad
               hominem
            
             against
             any
             Epicurean
             that
             should
             deny
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             Cartesians
             must
             not
             )
             by
             the
             free
             ingress
             and
             egress
             ,
             which
             our
             seal'd
             Thermoscopes
             shew
             ,
             that
             the
             Atoms
             or
             Corpuscles
             of
             Cold
             and
             Heat
             are
             allowed
             ,
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             that
             contains
             the
             rising
             or
             fallng
             Tincture
             ,
             or
             other
             Liquor
             .
             And
             without
             proceeding
             upon
             the
             peculiar
             Principles
             of
             the
             Epicureans
             ,
             we
             may
             give
             more
             certain
             proofs
             of
             the
             Permeableness
             of
             Glass
             by
             certain
             Bodies
             .
             For
             I
             have
             elsewhere
             manifestly
             evinced
             that
             the
             Effluvia
             of
             a
             Loadstone
             will
             attract
             and
             invigorate
             Steel
             ,
             though
             inclosed
             in
             Hermetically
             seal'd
             Glasses
             ;
             nay
             ,
             I
             have
             also
             shewn
             by
             Experiment
             ,
             that
             the
             Effluvia
             of
             so
             gross
             and
             dull
             a
             Body
             as
             the
             Earth
             ,
             are
             readily
             transmitted
             through
             Glass
             ,
             and
             will
             operate
             on
             Iron
             ,
             in
             Vessels
             hermetically
             sealed
             .
             If
             Light
             be
             ,
             as
             probably
             
             't
             is
             ,
             either
             a
             subtile
             and
             rapidly
             moving
             Body
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             require
             such
             an
             one
             for
             its
             Vehicle
             ,
             it
             must
             not
             be
             denied
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             possible
             for
             a
             Body
             without
             difficulty
             to
             pass
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             Glass
             ;
             since
             't
             is
             by
             its
             help
             that
             we
             can
             clearly
             see
             the
             Dimensions
             ,
             Shapes
             ,
             and
             Colours
             of
             Bodies
             included
             in
             Glasses
             .
             To
             this
             I
             shall
             add
             ,
             that
             far
             less
             subtile
             Bodies
             than
             those
             that
             constitute
             or
             convey
             Light
             ,
             may
             be
             made
             to
             permeate
             Glass
             ,
             if
             their
             Figures
             being
             congruous
             enough
             to
             the
             Pores
             of
             it
             ,
             their
             penetration
             be
             assisted
             by
             an
             impetuous
             motion
             ,
             or
             a
             brisk
             impulse
             ;
             as
             I
             have
             found
             by
             the
             increase
             of
             weight
             in
             some
             Metals
             ,
             exposed
             for
             divers
             hours
             in
             Hermetically
             seal'd
             Glasses
             ,
             to
             the
             action
             of
             a
             Flame
             .
             On
             which
             occasion
             I
             remember
             that
             having
             some
             years
             ago
             tryed
             the
             same
             Experiment
             with
             some
             Filings
             of
             Copper
             ,
             they
             had
             indeed
             their
             colour
             much
             alter'd
             ,
             being
             beautified
             with
             exceeding
             vivid
             Dyes
             ,
             which
             they
             yet
             retain
             ,
             but
             did
             not
             evidently
             appear
             to
             be
             increased
             in
             weight
             ,
             as
             if
             ,
             because
             
             they
             were
             not
             of
             a
             Texture
             loose
             enough
             to
             be
             melted
             ,
             the
             Igneous
             particles
             could
             not
             pierce
             them
             enough
             to
             stick
             fast
             in
             them
             ,
             at
             least
             in
             numbers
             great
             enough
             ,
             to
             amount
             to
             a
             sensible
             weight
             .
          
           
             But
             without
             the
             help
             of
             Fire
             ,
             or
             any
             sensible
             Heat
             ,
             I
             think
             it
             not
             impossible
             that
             Glass
             should
             be
             freely
             penetrated
             by
             some
             kind
             of
             Corpuscles
             ,
             (
             though
             I
             do
             not
             yet
             know
             of
             what
             sort
             they
             are
             )
             that
             sometimes
             happen
             to
             roave
             about
             in
             the
             Air.
             This
             you
             will
             probably
             be
             surprized
             to
             read
             ;
             but
             perhaps
             not
             more
             than
             I
             was
             at
             the
             Phaenomena
             that
             induce
             me
             to
             write
             it
             .
             But
             because
             these
             are
             very
             unusual
             ,
             and
             can
             scarce
             be
             discoursed
             of
             without
             some
             odd
             reflections
             hinted
             by
             them
             ,
             I
             thought
             fit
             to
             set
             down
             a
             Circumstantial
             account
             of
             them
             in
             another
             Paper
             ,
             to
             which
             it
             more
             directly
             belongs
             than
             to
             this
             Essay
             ;
             and
             therefore
             shall
             now
             only
             tell
             you
             ,
             what
             may
             be
             sufficient
             for
             my
             present
             purpose
             ,
             namely
             ,
             that
             having
             in
             two
             or
             three
             Vials
             closely
             stopt
             ,
             kept
             a
             certain
             limpid
             and
             colourless
             
             Liquor
             ,
             it
             would
             by
             fits
             acquire
             and
             lose
             a
             high
             Colour
             ,
             though
             I
             could
             not
             reasonably
             impute
             the
             Changes
             to
             any
             manifest
             ones
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             nor
             to
             any
             other
             cause
             so
             probable
             ,
             as
             the
             Ingress
             and
             Recess
             of
             some
             very
             subtle
             and
             uncommon
             particles
             ,
             which
             at
             that
             time
             happened
             to
             swim
             to
             and
             fro
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             now
             and
             then
             to
             invade
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             to
             desert
             ,
             the
             Liquor
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             another
             sort
             of
             Experiments
             relating
             to
             the
             Porosity
             of
             Glass
             ,
             to
             shew
             that
             it
             may
             be
             pierced
             into
             by
             Bodies
             that
             are
             not
             corrosive
             in
             tast
             ,
             and
             are
             not
             Liquors
             ,
             but
             only
             have
             a
             forced
             and
             temporary
             Fluidity
             ,
             if
             they
             have
             so
             much
             as
             that
             .
          
           
             These
             Experiments
             may
             be
             drawn
             from
             
               some
               of
               the
               ways
            
             of
             colouring
             Panes
             of
             Glass
             ,
             for
             the
             Windows
             of
             Churches
             and
             other
             buildings
             ;
             I
             say
             ,
             
               some
               of
               the
               ways
            
             ,
             because
             ,
             to
             deal
             candidly
             with
             you
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             and
             so
             I
             presume
             will
             you
             ere
             long
             ,
             that
             in
             divers
             of
             those
             Glasses
             ,
             the
             Colour
             doth
             not
             pierce
             at
             all
             deep
             into
             the
             Glass
             ,
             
             but
             is
             produced
             by
             the
             close
             adhesion
             of
             a
             deep
             Red
             ,
             but
             thin
             and
             transparent
             ,
             Pigment
             ,
             to
             the
             surface
             of
             a
             Glassy
             Plate
             ,
             through
             both
             which
             the
             Beams
             of
             Light
             passing
             to
             the
             Eye
             ,
             receive
             in
             their
             Passage
             the
             colour
             of
             the
             Pigment
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             as
             by
             some
             operations
             the
             Glass
             is
             rather
             Painted
             ,
             or
             externally
             enamelled
             ,
             than
             tinged
             ,
             so
             in
             some
             others
             the
             Pigment
             or
             dying
             stuff
             appears
             to
             pierce
             a
             little
             beneath
             the
             very
             superficies
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             and
             the
             Yellow
             Colour
             will
             not
             only
             go
             further
             or
             deeper
             ,
             but
             sometimes
             seems
             (
             for
             I
             do
             not
             yet
             positively
             affirm
             it
             )
             to
             penetrate
             the
             whole
             Glass
             from
             side
             to
             side
             .
          
           
             The
             Methods
             of
             Painting
             and
             staining
             Glass
             ,
             having
             been
             hitherto
             the
             Practices
             of
             a
             particular
             Trade
             that
             is
             gainful
             enough
             ,
             and
             known
             but
             to
             few
             ,
             the
             Artificers
             are
             wont
             to
             be
             shy
             of
             communicating
             their
             secrets
             ,
             thô
             we
             know
             in
             general
             that
             Glass
             is
             stained
             ,
             by
             having
             the
             Plates
             covered
             with
             Mineral
             Pigments
             ,
             laid
             on
             Beds
             of
             
             beaten
             Lime
             ,
             or
             some
             other
             convenient
             Powder
             ,
             and
             kept
             for
             divers
             Hours
             in
             a
             strong
             fire
             ,
             but
             yet
             not
             strong
             enough
             to
             make
             the
             Plates
             melt
             down
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Glass
             being
             much
             opened
             by
             the
             Heat
             ,
             and
             the
             Pigments
             being
             likewise
             agitated
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             them
             as
             it
             were
             vitrified
             with
             it
             ,
             they
             are
             made
             either
             to
             pierce
             into
             the
             Plate
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             to
             stick
             very
             closely
             and
             firmly
             to
             it
             .
             But
             because
             the
             Practices
             of
             Glass
             Painters
             require
             ,
             besides
             skill
             and
             experience
             ,
             a
             particular
             Furnace
             ,
             and
             divers
             Implements
             ,
             I
             shall
             add
             ,
             that
             to
             try
             ,
             whether
             Glass
             may
             not
             ,
             without
             so
             much
             ado
             ,
             be
             so
             stained
             ,
             as
             to
             shew
             it
             to
             be
             Porous
             ,
             we
             took
             prepared
             Silver
             ,
             (
             that
             Metal
             having
             ,
             of
             all
             the
             Minerals
             I
             have
             tryed
             ,
             the
             best
             Ingress
             into
             Glass
             )
             and
             having
             laid
             it
             upon
             a
             piece
             of
             Glass
             ,
             not
             thick
             ,
             nor
             yet
             so
             thin
             as
             to
             Melt
             very
             easily
             ,
             we
             laid
             this
             Glass
             (
             with
             the
             Pigment
             uppermost
             )
             warily
             upon
             a
             few
             Quick-coals
             ,
             and
             having
             suffered
             it
             to
             neal
             a
             while
             we
             gave
             it
             about
             such
             a
             degree
             of
             heat
             ,
             as
             might
             
             make
             and
             keep
             it
             red
             hot
             ,
             without
             bringing
             it
             to
             compleat
             fusion
             ,
             and
             then
             ,
             suffering
             it
             to
             cool
             by
             degrees
             ,
             we
             found
             ,
             as
             we
             expected
             ,
             that
             the
             Glass
             had
             acquired
             a
             Yellow
             ,
             and
             almost
             Golden
             ,
             Colour
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             to
             be
             washed
             off
             ,
             or
             to
             be
             taken
             away
             ,
             without
             such
             scraping
             as
             would
             injure
             or
             spoil
             the
             Glass
             it self
             .
             The
             way
             of
             preparing
             Silver
             for
             this
             operation
             ,
             is
             not
             always
             the
             same
             ,
             the
             Glass
             Painters
             commonly
             add
             to
             the
             calcined
             Silver
             some
             Mineral
             Bodies
             ,
             as
             Antimony
             ,
             Yellow
             Oker
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             .
             But
             I
             ,
             who
             take
             the
             penetration
             of
             the
             colour
             to
             proceed
             from
             the
             Silver
             it self
             ,
             do
             sometimes
             imploy
             only
             some
             thin
             piece
             of
             Silver
             ,
             such
             as
             an
             old
             Groat
             ,
             upon
             which
             a
             little
             Sulphur
             being
             put
             ,
             and
             kindled
             in
             the
             open
             Air
             ,
             the
             Metal
             is
             presently
             calcined
             ,
             and
             the
             Powder
             made
             use
             of
             .
             And
             this
             it self
             I
             do
             not
             so
             much
             out
             of
             necessity
             ,
             as
             because
             the
             Calcination
             reduces
             the
             Metal
             into
             small
             parts
             ,
             and
             gives
             it
             a
             form
             ,
             that
             makes
             it
             more
             easy
             be
             laid
             on
             ,
             as
             one
             thinks
             fit
             .
             For
             
             otherwise
             ,
             going
             upon
             this
             my
             supposition
             ,
             that
             the
             Silver
             was
             the
             true
             Pigment
             of
             the
             Glass
             ,
             I
             have
             more
             than
             once
             made
             Glass
             Yellow
             by
             Leaf-Silver
             laid
             flat
             on
             the
             surface
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             moistened
             ,
             to
             keep
             so
             light
             a
             Body
             from
             being
             blown
             off
             .
             And
             (
             to
             note
             that
             upon
             the
             by
             )
             't
             is
             pretty
             ,
             that
             if
             the
             Fire
             be
             made
             too
             strong
             ,
             which
             't
             is
             hard
             to
             avoid
             doing
             ,
             when
             we
             will
             make
             it
             strong
             enough
             ,
             without
             the
             help
             of
             a
             Furnace
             ,
             it
             has
             several
             times
             happened
             to
             me
             that
             the
             dyed
             Glass
             ,
             though
             when
             held
             against
             the
             Light
             it
             appeared
             of
             a
             Golden
             or
             Yellow
             Colour
             ,
             yet
             when
             held
             from
             the
             Light
             it
             appeared
             Blew
             ,
             so
             that
             here
             we
             have
             in
             a
             Mineral
             ,
             somewhat
             that
             is
             very
             like
             that
             we
             admire
             in
             the
             tincture
             of
             
               Lignum
               Nephriticum
            
             ,
             which
             shews
             almost
             the
             like
             difference
             of
             Colour
             ,
             as
             't
             is
             held
             against
             or
             from
             the
             Light
             ,
             which
             may
             serve
             for
             a
             confirmation
             of
             what
             I
             have
             elsewhere
             said
             to
             shew
             that
             colours
             may
             be
             derived
             from
             Mechanical
             Principles
             :
             But
             that
             only
             upon
             the
             by
             .
             Whether
             the
             Gold
             
             colour
             produced
             by
             Silver
             ,
             do
             favour
             the
             hopes
             of
             those
             Alchymists
             that
             work
             on
             that
             Metal
             ,
             upon
             presumption
             that
             't
             is
             but
             unripe
             Gold
             ,
             't
             is
             improper
             here
             to
             examine
             .
             But
             since
             Yellow
             is
             not
             the
             Colour
             of
             Silver
             ,
             it
             seems
             the
             Yellowness
             ,
             acquired
             by
             our
             Glass
             Plates
             ,
             argues
             ,
             that
             there
             has
             been
             some
             ingress
             of
             the
             substance
             of
             the
             particles
             of
             the
             Silver
             into
             the
             Glass
             ,
             there
             appearing
             no
             way
             so
             ready
             ,
             to
             give
             an
             account
             of
             the
             change
             of
             Colours
             ,
             as
             by
             supposing
             the
             Particles
             of
             the
             Silver
             to
             be
             wrought
             on
             by
             the
             fixt
             Salts
             ,
             and
             other
             fine
             parts
             ,
             of
             the
             Glass
             ;
             since
             we
             know
             ,
             that
             Metals
             may
             afford
             differing
             colours
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Saline
             and
             other
             Bodies
             that
             work
             upon
             them
             ,
             as
             Copper
             with
             Spirit
             of
             Urine
             ,
             which
             abounds
             in
             Volatile
             Salt
             ,
             gives
             a
             deep
             Blew
             ;
             with
             Spirit
             of
             Salt
             ,
             a
             fair
             Green
             ;
             and
             with
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             ,
             a
             Colour
             that
             participates
             of
             both
             .
             And
             in
             the
             making
             of
             Glass
             of
             Lead
             with
             Minium
             and
             White-Sand
             ,
             or
             Crystal
             ,
             the
             Glass
             ,
             it self
             if
             well
             made
             ,
             is
             usually
             of
             an
             Amethystine
             Colour
             .
             But
             
             if
             you
             put
             a
             due
             Proportion
             ,
             (
             which
             is
             a
             very
             small
             one
             ,
             )
             of
             calcined
             Copper
             to
             it
             ,
             this
             Metal
             will
             not
             communicate
             to
             the
             Glass
             it
             s
             own
             reddishness
             ,
             but
             be
             so
             changed
             by
             it
             ,
             as
             to
             give
             it
             a
             good
             green
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             so
             good
             an
             one
             ,
             that
             pieces
             of
             this
             Glass
             ,
             such
             as
             we
             have
             caused
             to
             be
             cut
             and
             set
             in
             Rings
             ,
             might
             ,
             among
             those
             that
             Judge
             of
             Stones
             but
             by
             the
             Eye
             ,
             pass
             for
             no
             bad
             Emeraulds
             .
          
           
             On
             this
             occasion
             ,
             't
             is
             likely
             't
             will
             be
             asked
             ,
             whether
             there
             be
             any
             way
             of
             tinging
             Glasses
             quite
             through
             ,
             with
             a
             true
             and
             beautiful
             red
             ,
             and
             whether
             the
             Art
             of
             dying
             Plates
             of
             Glass
             ,
             which
             the
             windows
             of
             many
             old
             Churches
             shew
             to
             have
             formerly
             been
             practised
             ,
             be
             now
             (
             as
             't
             is
             commonly
             supposed
             )
             altogether
             lost
             ?
          
           
             This
             Question
             ,
             consisting
             of
             2
             Parts
             ,
             I
             shall
             quickly
             dispatch
             ;
             the
             former
             ,
             by
             answering
             it
             without
             hesitancy
             in
             the
             affirmative
             .
             Yet
             adding
             withal
             ,
             that
             the
             red
             tincture
             being
             communicated
             to
             Glass
             ,
             not
             properly
             by
             mere
             penetration
             of
             the
             Pigment
             ,
             but
             by
             the
             incorporation
             
             of
             it
             with
             Glass
             or
             its
             Materials
             ,
             by
             the
             help
             of
             fusion
             ,
             I
             think
             the
             Experiment
             of
             no
             such
             great
             use
             in
             our
             present
             Inquiry
             ,
             as
             to
             hinder
             me
             from
             reserving
             what
             I
             have
             observed
             about
             it
             to
             a
             more
             opportune
             place
             .
             And
             as
             to
             the
             second
             Part
             of
             the
             inquiry
             ,
             it
             being
             rather
             a
             Historical
             than
             a
             Philosophical
             question
             ,
             I
             shall
             not
             here
             meddle
             with
             it
             ;
             only
             I
             shall
             wish
             the
             question
             may
             be
             cautiously
             stated
             .
             For
             ,
             upon
             the
             burning
             the
             famous
             Cathedral
             of
             St.
             Pauls
             Church
             in
             London
             ,
             many
             pieces
             of
             the
             red
             Glass
             that
             adorned
             the
             windows
             ,
             were
             found
             broken
             and
             scattered
             about
             ,
             some
             of
             which
             I
             procur'd
             from
             a
             Chymist
             ,
             that
             had
             carefully
             preserved
             them
             ,
             designing
             to
             retrieve
             the
             lost
             Invention
             of
             making
             the
             like
             .
             But
             when
             I
             came
             to
             examine
             them
             narrowly
             ,
             I
             was
             confirmed
             in
             the
             suspicion
             I
             had
             ,
             that
             the
             redness
             did
             not
             penetrate
             the
             whole
             Glass
             ,
             but
             proceeded
             from
             a
             diaphanous
             Pigment
             very
             artificially
             laid
             on
             ,
             for
             though
             in
             other
             Postures
             no
             such
             thing
             could
             be
             discerned
             ,
             yet
             
             when
             I
             so
             held
             it
             ,
             according
             to
             my
             Custom
             in
             examining
             painted
             Glasses
             ,
             that
             the
             surfaces
             of
             the
             Plate
             lay
             in
             the
             same
             level
             with
             my
             Eye
             ,
             between
             it
             and
             the
             window
             ,
             so
             that
             a
             broken
             edge
             was
             next
             my
             Eye
             ,
             I
             could
             plainly
             see
             ,
             and
             made
             the
             Chymist
             himself
             see
             ,
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Plate
             to
             be
             of
             ordinary
             uncoloured
             Glass
             ,
             upon
             which
             there
             lay
             a
             very
             thin
             Plate
             or
             Bed
             of
             a
             Diaphanous
             red
             Pigment
             ,
             which
             ,
             though
             it
             were
             not
             easily
             ,
             was
             not
             impossible
             to
             be
             here
             and
             there
             scraped
             off
             .
          
           
             But
             ,
             to
             return
             to
             those
             colorations
             that
             seem
             to
             pierce
             into
             the
             Pores
             of
             Glass
             ,
             I
             remember
             that
             I
             had
             once
             occasion
             to
             destil
             in
             a
             small
             Retort
             some
             Gold
             ,
             amalgamed
             with
             such
             a
             fine
             and
             subtile
             Mercury
             ,
             that
             being
             (
             without
             the
             addition
             of
             any
             Salt
             )
             put
             to
             the
             Gold
             in
             the
             cold
             ,
             they
             presently
             grew
             hot
             together
             .
             And
             in
             the
             destillation
             of
             this
             uncommon
             mixture
             ,
             I
             found
             the
             matter
             had
             ,
             before
             it
             flew
             a
             way
             ,
             permanently
             died
             or
             stained
             ,
             about
             an
             Inch
             in
             Diameter
             of
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             
             Glass
             ,
             with
             a
             colour
             that
             ,
             looked
             on
             from
             the
             Light
             ,
             was
             like
             that
             of
             the
             better
             sort
             of
             Turquoises
             ;
             but
             beheld
             when
             't
             was
             interposed
             between
             the
             Window
             and
             the
             Eye
             ,
             appeared
             of
             a
             somewhat
             Golden
             colour
             .
             And
             this
             Glass
             ,
             with
             some
             others
             oddly
             colored
             ,
             I
             have
             yet
             by
             me
             to
             satisfy
             the
             Curious
             ,
             though
             I
             cannot
             but
             give
             Advertisement
             ,
             that
             the
             colorations
             of
             Glass
             may
             be
             much
             better
             performed
             with
             such
             Plates
             ,
             and
             in
             such
             Furnaces
             ,
             as
             the
             Glass
             Painters
             use
             ,
             than
             without
             them
             .
          
           
             Since
             the
             Writing
             of
             the
             foregoing
             Paragraph
             ,
             I
             was
             visited
             by
             an
             industrious
             person
             ,
             much
             addicted
             to
             some
             Chymical
             Operations
             ,
             who
             had
             formerly
             advised
             with
             me
             about
             a
             Process
             ,
             of
             which
             I
             had
             had
             some
             Experience
             ,
             that
             he
             conceived
             might
             be
             useful
             to
             him
             .
             I
             then
             acquainted
             him
             with
             some
             of
             my
             thoughts
             about
             it
             ,
             and
             he
             having
             afterwards
             united
             Gold
             with
             Quick-Silver
             ,
             (
             which
             by
             its
             Effects
             will
             be
             easily
             concluded
             not
             to
             have
             been
             common
             ,
             )
             he
             kept
             them
             in
             Digestion
             
             for
             some
             Months
             ,
             &
             afterwards
             coming
             to
             me
             with
             a
             Melancholy
             look
             ,
             told
             me
             that
             the
             Fire
             having
             been
             once
             immoderately
             increased
             in
             his
             absence
             ,
             the
             sealed-Glass
             burst
             with
             an
             affrighting
             noise
             ,
             and
             the
             included
             Amalgam
             was
             so
             strangely
             dissipated
             ,
             that
             scarce
             the
             lest
             fragment
             of
             it
             could
             be
             retrieved
             .
             But
             the
             Decoction
             having
             continued
             so
             long
             a
             time
             ,
             it
             seems
             the
             matter
             was
             subtiliated
             enough
             to
             have
             a
             notable
             operation
             upon
             the
             Glass
             .
             For
             ,
             though
             the
             upper
             part
             of
             the
             Bolt-glass
             were
             blown
             of
             ,
             and
             shattered
             into
             many
             pieces
             ,
             yet
             the
             lower
             part
             scaped
             well
             enough
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             brought
             it
             me
             ,
             to
             observe
             what
             change
             had
             been
             made
             in
             it
             ,
             I
             took
             notice
             with
             much
             delight
             ,
             that
             the
             Glass
             seemed
             to
             be
             tinged
             throughout
             ,
             with
             so
             fine
             and
             glorious
             a
             Red
             colour
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             seen
             several
             Rubies
             themselves
             ,
             in
             that
             point
             ,
             inferiour
             to
             it
             .
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A28974-e150
           
             If
             one
             would
             see
             this
             passage
             at
             large
             he
             may
             find
             it
             at
             the
             end
             of
             the
             Essay
             .
          
           
             Schenkii
             Observationum
             Lib.
             7.
             
             Obs
             .
             37.
             
          
           
             Eustach
             .
             Rudius
             (
             apud
             Sennertum
             )
             lib.
             5.
             de
             morbis
             acutis
             cap.
             15.
             
          
           
             Pharmacopoeiae
             Regiae
             classis
             xiii
             .
             pa.
             614.615
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A28974-e2570
           
             See
             the
             Tract
             of
             the
             Origine
             and
             Vertues
             of
             Gems
             ,
             and
             the
             Notes
             about
             the
             Mechanical
             production
             of
             Hardness
             .