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THE MONARCHS OF THE MAIN;

Or,

Adventures of the Buccaneers.

by

GEORGE W. THORNBURY, ESQ.

"One foot on sea and one on shore,
To one thing constant never."
                MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING.

In Three Volumes.

VOL. III.







London:
Hurst and Blackett, Publishers,
Successors to Henry Colburn,
13, Great Marlborough Street.
1855.

London: Sercombe and Jack, 16 Great Windmill Street.




CONTENTS OF VOL. III.


CHAPTER I.--RAVENAU DE LUSSAN.

As a young French Officer joins De Graff, at St. Domingo--Cruises round
Carthagena--Crosses the Isthmus--Hardships--Joins the Buccaneer
Fleet--Grogniet, the French Captain--Previous history of his Life--Fight
with Greek mercenaries on the island--Take La Seppa--Engagement off
Panama--Take Puebla Nueva--Separate from English--Capture Leon--Sack
Chiriquita--Burn Granada--Storm Villia--Surprised by river
ambuscade--Treachery of Greek spy--Capture vessels--Behead Spanish
prisoners--Letter of Spanish President--Burning of the
Savannahs--Quarrel between French and English--Attack on
Quayaquilla--Love adventure of De Lussan--Retreat of French Buccaneers
by land over the Isthmus of Darien--Passage from North to South
Pacific--Great danger--Pass between the mountains--Daring stratagem of
De Lussan--Escape--The river of the torrents--Rafts--Arrives at St.
Domingo                                                               1

CHAPTER II.--THE LAST OF THE BROTHERHOOD.

Sieur de Montauban--Cruises on the coast of Guinea--Captures English
man-of-war--Escape from explosion--Life with the negro king--Laurence de
Graff--His victories--Enters the French service--Treachery--Buccaneers
join in French expedition and take Carthagena--Buccaneer
marksmen--Robbed of spoil--Return and retake the city--Capture by
English and Dutch fleets, 1698--Buccaneers wrecked with
D'Estrees--Grammont takes Santiago--Captures Maracaibo, Gibraltar, and
Torilla--Lands at Cumana--Enters the French service--Lost in a farewell
cruise                                                              105

CHAPTER III.--DESTRUCTION OF THE FLOATING EMPIRE.

Peace of Ryswick--Attempts to settle the Buccaneers as planters--They
turn pirates--Blackbeard and Paul Jones--Last expedition to the Darien
mines, 1702                                                         157

CHAPTER IV.--THE PIRATES OF NEW PROVIDENCE AND THE KINGS OF MADAGASCAR.

Laws and dress--Government--Blackbeard--His enormities--Captain Avery
and the great Mogul--Davis--Lowther--Low--Roberts--Major Bonnet--Captain
Gow--The Guinea coast--Narratives of pirate prisoners--Sequel       163

List of Authorities.

Buccaneer Chiefs.




MONARCHS OF THE MAIN.




CHAPTER I.

RAVENAU DE LUSSAN.

    Joins De Graff--Cruises round Carthagena--Crosses the
    Isthmus--Hardships--Joins Buccaneer fleet--Grogniet--Previous
    history of the vessels--Fight with Greek mercenaries--Take La
    Seppa--Engagement off Panama--Take Puebla Nueva--Separate from
    English--Take Leon--Take Chiriquita--Take Granada--Capture
    Villia--Surprised by ambuscade--Treachery of Greek spy--Capture
    vessels--Behead prisoners--Burn the savannahs--Quarrel between
    French and English--Take Guayaquil--Love adventure of De
    Lussan--Retreat by land from North to South Pacific--Daring
    stratagem of De Lussan--Escape--River and torrents--Rafts--Arrive at
    St. Domingo.


For the cruises of Grogniet we are indebted to the pages of Ravenau de
Lussan, a young soldier, as brave and as sagacious as Xenophon.

On the 22nd of November, 1684, Ravenau de Lussan departed from Petit
Guaves with a crew of 120 adventurers, on board of a prize lately taken
near Carthagena by Captain Laurence de Graff. Their intention was to
join themselves to a Buccaneer fleet then cruising near Havannah. They
had hitherto acted as convoy to the Lieutenant-General and the Intendant
of the French colonies, who were afraid of being attacked by the Spanish
piraguas. Soon after descrying the mainland, they were hailed by a
French tartane, who, not believing that they were of his own nation, or
had a commission from the Count of Tholouse, the Lord High Admiral of
France, gave them two guns and commanded them to strike. The Buccaneers,
thinking they had met a Spaniard, knocked out the head of two barrels of
powder, intending to burn themselves and blow up the vessel, rather than
be cruelly tortured and hung at the yard-arm with their commissions
round their necks. A signal, however, discovered the mistake, and they
were soon after joined by the vessels they sought. One of these was the
_Mutinous_, formerly the _Peace_, commanded by Captain Michael
Landresson, and carried fifty guns. The other was the _Neptune_,
formerly the _St. Francis_, and carried forty-four guns. They had both
been Spanish armadillas, had sallied out of Carthagena to take Captain
De Graff, Michael, Quet, and Le Sage, and were themselves captured
before the very walls. The four other boats belonged to Rose Vigneron,
La Garde, and an "English traitor from Jamaica." They were then watching
for the patache of Margarita, and a squadron of Spanish ships.

At Curaçoa they sent a boat ashore to ask leave to land and remast
Laurence de Graff's vessel that had suffered in a hurricane, but were
refused, although they showed their commission, and the men who landed
were required to leave their swords at the gate. At Santa Cruz they
saluted the fort, and the governor, finding 200 of them roaming about
the town, commanded them by drum-beat to return to their ships,
offering them two shallops for two pieces of eight a man to take them to
their ships, but refusing to let them walk through the island. They
found the reason of this was that Michael and Laurence's ships had
lately taken 200,000 pieces of eight in two Dutch ships near the
Havannah. This the freebooters did not touch, being at peace with
Holland, but the sailors had stolen it and laid it to the French.

Arriving at Cape La Vella, they placed fifteen sentinels to watch for
the patache, and sent a boat to the La Hache river to obtain prisoners,
but, in spite of various stratagems, failed in the attempt. A dispute
now arose among the crews, who were weary of waiting for the patache,
such disputes invariably breaking out in all seasons of misfortune, when
union was more than usually necessary.

Laurence de Graff, whom they accused of fraud, sailed at once for St.
Domingo, followed by eighty-seven men in the prize, and Ravenau
accompanied Captain Rose and Captain Michael to Carthagena, where they
captured seven piraguas laden with maize. From the prisoners they heard
that two galleons lay in the port, that the fleet was at Porto Bello,
and that some ships were about to set out. Soon after this, finding
themselves separated from Captain Rose and Michael, Ravenau determined
to cross over the continent and get into the South Sea, as he heard a
previous expedition some months before had done.

Near Cape Matance a remarkable adventure happened. A Spanish soldier,
belonging to the galleons, who had been taken in one of the maize
vessels, although treated with every kindness, attempted to drown
himself by throwing himself into the sea; his body, however, floated on
its back, although he did all he could to drown, till at last, refusing
the tackle thrown him from very compassion, he turned himself upon his
face, and sank to the bottom. On landing at Golden Island and fixing a
flag to warn the Indians, they saw a pennon hoisted upon the shore, and
discovered it to belong to three of Captain Grogniet's men, who had
refused to follow the expedition, which had just started for the South
Sea. Some Indians soon after brought them letters left for the first
freebooters who should land, announcing that Grogniet and 170 men had
gone into the South Sea, and that 115 Englishmen had preceded them. Soon
after Michael and Rose, pursuing a Spanish vessel from Santiago to
Carthagena, came in to water, and many of the crew resolved to join
their march. 118 men left Michael, and the whole sixty-four of Rose's
crew, reimbursing the owners, burnt their vessel and joined them.
Ravenau's ship was left in the care of Captain Michael, and the united
264 men now encamped on shore.

On Sunday, March 1st, 1685, after recommending themselves to the
Almighty's protection, the expedition set out under the command of
Captains Rose, Picard, and Desmarais, with two Indian guides and forty
Indian porters.

The country proved so rugged that they could only travel three leagues a
day; it was full of mountains, precipices, and impenetrable forests.
Great rains fell, and increased the hardship of the journey, and the
weight of their arms and ammunition clogged them in ascending the
precipices. On descending into the plain, which, though pathless,
appeared smooth and level, they found they had to cross the same river
forty-four times in the space of only two leagues, and this upon
dangerous and slippery rocks. Arriving next day at an Indian
caravansery, they remained some time shooting deer, monkeys, and wild
hogs, flame-coloured birds, wild pheasants, and partridges that abounded
in the woods. At length, after six days of painful and wearisome travel,
the Buccaneers reached the Bocca del Chica river, that empties itself in
the South Sea. Here, guided by the Indians, they fell to work making
canoes, and bartered knives, needles, and hatchets, with the savages,
for maize, potatoes, and bananas. Though well assured that their march
had been impossible but for the friendliness of these savages, they
still kept on their guard, fearing treachery. "They had," says Ravenau,
with a pious sigh of pity, "no sign of religion or of the knowledge of
God amongst them, holding that they have communion with the devil," and,
indeed, as he declares, after spending solitary nights in the woods,
often foretelling events to the Frenchmen, that came true to the
minutest detail.

Just as they had finished making their canoes, Lussan heard that the
English expedition, under Captain Townley, had captured two provision
vessels from Lima, and soon after one of Grogniet's men, who had been
lost while hunting, joined them. Hearing that Grogniet awaited them at
King's Islands, before he attacked the Peru fleet, they started on the
1st of April in fourteen canoes, with twenty oars a piece, and with a
score of Indian guides, who were sanguine of plunder. On the fourth they
halted for stragglers, and mended their canoes, much injured by the
rocks and flats of the river. In some places they were even forced to
carry their boats, or to drag them over fallen trees that blocked the
deeper parts by the flood. Several men died, and many were seized with
painful diseases, produced by hard food and immersion in the water.
They were now reduced to a handful of raw maize a day.

From some Indians sent forward to meet them, they heard that provisions
awaited them at some distance, and that 1000 Spaniards had prepared an
ambuscade on the river's banks. This, however, they avoided, by stirring
only at dark, and then without noise. Surprised one night by the tide,
the canoes were driven swiftly down the river, and some of them upset
against a snag; the men were saved, but the arms and ammunition were
lost. On approaching the Indian ambuscade at Lestocada, they placed
their canoes one in the other, and telling the sentinels that they were
Indian boats, bringing salt into the South Sea, escaped unhurt. On the
12th it grew so dark that the rowers could hardly see each other, and
the heavy rain filled the boat so dangerously as to require two men to
bale perpetually. At midnight they entered shouting into the South Sea,
and found the provisions awaiting them at Bocca Chica, together with two
barks to bring them to the fleet. Resting for a day or two, they
repaired to the King's Islands to await the ships. These mountainous
islands were the stronghold of Maroon negroes.

On the 22nd, Easter Day, the fleet arrived. It consisted of ten vessels,
Captain David's frigate of thirty-six guns, Captain Samms, vice-admiral,
with sixteen guns, Captain Townley, with two ships; Captain Grogniet,
Captain Brandy, and Captain Peter Henry had also each a vessel, and the
two small barks were commanded by quartermasters. Except Grogniet, who
was a Frenchman, and David, who was a Fleming, the rest were all
Englishmen. Their total force amounted to the number of 1100.

Of the different vessels, Ravenau gives the following laudatory account.
The admiral's belonged to the English, who, at St. Domingo, had
surprised a long bark, commanded by Captain Tristan, a Frenchman, while
waiting for a wind. They took next a Dutch ship, and, changing vessels,
went and made several prizes on the coast of Guinea, and, at Castres
capturing a vessel from Hamburg, joined this expedition. They were,
Ravenau declared, little better than pirates, attacking even, their own
countrymen, which no true Buccaneer ever did. They had, a short time
before, been chastised by a frigate, who, giving them a broadside and a
volley of small shot, killed their captain and twenty men.

The vice-admiral's was a vessel they had forced to join them, and had
lately taken a ship called the _Sainte Rose_, laden with corn and wine,
bound from Truxillo to Panama, and this vessel Davis gave to the French.
The others were all prizes captured in the South seas.

The holy alliance soon after took an advice boat that was carrying
letters from Madrid to Panama, and despatches from the viceroy of Peru;
but both the captain and pilot were bound by an oath rather to die than
deliver up their packets or divulge any secret, and had thrown overboard
the rolls as well as a casket of jewels. On the same evening 500 men, in
twenty-two canoes, embarked to take La Seppa, a small town seven leagues
to windward, of Panama. The next day, early in the morning, two armed
piraguas, manned with Spanish mercenaries, seeing some of the Buccaneer
canoes and forty-six men approaching them, ran ashore on an island in
the bay and prepared to defend themselves. These troops were composed of
all nations, and had been sent to defend this coast. One of the "Greek"
boats split on the beach. The other the Buccaneers took, but the
fugitives, planting their flag of defiance on a rising ground, fought
desperately, and compelled the freebooters to land on another part of
the island and take them in the rear. After an hour's conflict they fled
into the woods, leaving thirty-five men dead round their colours and two
prisoners.

The attack upon La Seppa proved a failure, for the Sea Rovers had to row
two leagues up a river, where they were soon discovered by the
sentinels. Yet for all this they fell furiously on, and took it with the
loss of only one man; but the booty proved inconsiderable.

The fleet now anchored at the beautiful islands called the Gardens of
Panama. All the rich merchants of the city had pleasure-houses here
surrounded by rich orchards and arbours of jessamine, and watered by
rills and streams. The hungry sailors revelled in the fruits, and reaped
plentiful harvests of maize and rice, which Ravenau says "the Spaniards,
I believe, did not sow with an intention they should enjoy."

On the 8th of May they passed the old and new towns of Panama in bravado
with colours and streamers flying, anchored at Tavoga, another island of
pleasure. Having caulked their ships, they sent out a long bark as a
scout, and arranged a plan of attacking the Spanish fleet. Davis and
Grogniet were to board the admiral; Samms and Brandy the vice-admiral;
and Henry and Townley the patache; while the armed piraguas would hover
about and keep off the enemy's fire-ships. The next day they put ashore
forty prisoners at Tavoga; and the same day, the sound of cannon, which
they could not account for, announced the unobserved arrival of the
Spanish fleet at Panama. The whole Buccaneer squadron, expecting a
battle soon, took the usual oath that they would not wrong one another
to the value of a piece of eight, if God was pleased to give them the
victory over the Spaniard.

They had scarcely discovered from a Spanish prisoner that the fleet had
actually arrived, and was careening and remanning before they ventured
out, when Captain Grogniet, raising his flag seven times, gave notice to
make quickly ready. The Buccaneers doubled the point of the island where
they had anchored, and saw seven great vessels bearing down upon them
with a bloody flag to the stern and a royal one at their masts. The
Frenchmen, mad with joy at the prospect of such prizes, and thinking
them already their own, threw their hats into the sea for joy. It was
now noon. The rest of the day was spent by both fleets in trying to
obtain the weather-gauge, and at sunset they exchanged a broadside. In
the night a floating lanthorn deceived the Buccaneers, and in the
morning they found themselves all still to leeward, with the exception
of two vessels which had no guns. Although terribly mauled by the
Spanish shot, the English admiral and vice-admiral resolved to die
fighting rather than let one vessel be taken, although both being good
sailors they might have at once saved themselves. The Spaniards,
refusing to board, battered them safely at a distance, and prevented
Grogniet from joining them, while Peter Henry's ship, having received
more than 120 cannon shot, sheered off and was taken by two piraguas.

The long bark, sorely handled, was deserted by her crew, who threw their
guns overboard and left the Spanish prisoners to shift for themselves.
These wretches attempted to rejoin their countrymen; but the Spanish
admiral, mistaking them for enemies, sank them with his cannon.

Peter Henry's vessel reached the isle of St. John de Cueblo, twenty-four
leagues from Panama, with five feet of water in the hold, and having
repaired, rejoined his fleet in about a fortnight. They found that
Captain Davis had been hard plied, having received two shots in his
rudder, and six of his men were wounded, but only one killed. Captain
Samms had been no less put to it. His poop was half swept off, and he
had received several shots between wind and water. He had had three men
wounded, and his mate had had his head carried off by a cannon ball. The
smaller vessels had lost no men, but had a few wounded. The Spanish
admiral, they found, had carried 56 guns, the vice-admiral 40, the
patache 28, and the conserve 18. The fire-ships had also been mounted
with cannon to conceal their real purpose. On considering the disparity
of force, and the little loss his companions received, Ravenau seems to
have no doubt that if they could have intercepted the Spaniards before
they entered Panama, and could have got the weather-gauge of them, he
should have returned through the straits with wealth enough to have
lived all his life at ease, and have escaped three more years of danger
and fatigue.

Not the least discouraged by this repulse, the freebooters landed 300
men, from five canoes, to surprise the town of Puebla Nueva. Rowing two
leagues up a very fine river, they captured one sentinel, but another
escaped and gave the alarm. They found the place deserted, but took a
ship on their way back.

A quarrel broke out here between the French and the English. The latter,
superior in numbers, would have taken Grogniet's ship away, and given it
to Townley, had not the Frenchmen put on a determined front. Refusing to
acknowledge this assumption of dominion, 130 of them banded themselves
apart, and Grogniet's crew made them altogether 330 in number.

"Besides national animosity, one of the chief reasons," says Lussan,
"that made us disagree was their impiety against our religion, for they
made no scruple when they got into a church to cut down the arms of a
crucifix with their sabres, or to shoot them down with their fusils and
pistols, bruising and maiming the images of the saints with the same
weapons, in derision to the adoration we Frenchmen paid unto them. And
it was chiefly from these horrid disorders that the Spaniards equally
hated us all, as we came to understand by divers of their letters that
fell into our hands." We have no doubt at all that, but for these
"horrible disorders," the Spaniards would have considered the death of
their children and the loss of their money as real compliments.

Returning to the isle of St. John, both nations in separate encampments
began to cut down acajou trees to hollow into canoes in place of those
they had lost in the fight.

These trees were so large that one trunk would hold eighty men. Afraid
of the English, the Frenchmen placed a sentinel in a high tree on the
sea-shore, to watch both the camps, and also to give the signal if any
Spanish vessel approached. A Buccaneer ship putting into the harbour,
they discovered it to be commanded by Captain Willnett. Forty of his
crew left him, and joined the English, but eleven Frenchmen remained
with Grogniet. This vessel had just captured a corn ship near Sansonnat,
and hearing of other brothers being on the south coast, had set out in
search of them. The Frenchmen were now very short of food, having
little powder, and not daring to waste it upon deer and monkeys when
Spaniards were at hand, for in fifteen days the Englishmen had eaten or
driven away all the turtle. They were reduced to an allowance of two
turtle for 330 men in forty-eight hours. Many of the men wandering into
the woods ate poisonous fruits. Others were bitten by serpents, and died
enduring terrible pains, ignorant of the fruit which is an antidote to
such wounds. Several were devoured by crocodiles.

While in this strait, the English sent a quartermaster to ask the French
to join in an expedition against the town of Leon, being too weak by
themselves. The wounded vanity of the French contended with their
hunger. They knew that the English had plenty of provisions, brought in
Willnett's ship, and thirty men, weary of fasting, left Grogniet and
joined Davis. But Ravenau's party having but one ship asked for another,
in order that they might keep together, and this being refused, broke
off the treaty.

As soon as the Leon party had embarked, the French, commanded by Captain
Grogniet, also started with 120 men in five canoes, leaving 200 in the
island to build more canoes, and join them on the continent. Coming on
the mainland to a cattle station, and afterwards to a sugar plantation,
they took several prisoners whom they found ignorant of the disjunction
of the French and English. Sending back a canoe with provisions to the
island, they landed again about forty leagues to leeward of Panama, and
at cock-crowing surprised a Spanish estantia, and took fifty prisoners,
including a young man and woman of rank who promised ransom. These they
carried to the island Ignuana, and received the money after a
fortnight's delay.

On their return to St. John's they found that 100 men had been to Puebla
Nueva, and taken the place, although discovered by the sentinels, and
had remained there two days in spite of continual attacks. The commander
of the place had come with a trumpet to speak to them, and inquired why,
being English, they fought under French colours. But they, not
satisfying his curiosity, fiercely told him to be gone from whence he
came. Eight of them, having strayed from the main body, had been bravely
set on by 150 Spaniards, who killed two of them, but, with all the
advantage they had of numbers, could not hinder the other six from
recovering the main guard, who fought and retreated with extraordinary
vigour.

Once more reunited, these restless Norsemen started to the mainland in
six canoes, 140 in number, to visit the sugar plantation near St. Jago,
where they had been before. Two men were sent to the cattle station to
obtain the ransom of the master, whom they kept prisoner, and others
visited the sugar works in search of some cauldrons, which they needed;
and, fired at hearing the governor of St. Jago, with 800 men, had
visited the place since their departure, they sent to dare him to meet
them.

Careening their ships and taking in water and wood, they would at once
have sailed away, but were detained by eighteen days' rain, during which
time the sun did not once appear. This part of the South Sea was
proverbial for continual rains, and was called by the Spaniards "The
Droppings." "These rains," Ravenau says, "not only rotted their sails,
but produced dysentery among the men, and bred worms, half a finger long
and as thick as a quill, between their skin and their flesh." Soon after
leaving the island they were nearly cast away in a dreadful storm, and
were compelled to repair their shattered sails with shirts and drawers,
wherewith they were already very indifferently provided.

At Realegua, where there was a volcano burning, they landed 100 men in
four canoes, and obtained some prisoners by surprising a hatto. They
found the English had already taken Leon and burnt Realegua. In spite of
Spanish reinforcements from eight neighbouring towns, they stayed at
Leon three whole days, and challenged the Spaniards to meet them in the
Race savannah. But the Spaniards replied, they were not yet all come
together; "which means," says our friend Ravenau, "that they were not
yet six to one." While here, one of their quartermasters, a Catalonian
by birth, fled to the Spaniards, and compelled the French to abandon a
design on the town of Granada. At Realegua six men tried to swim ashore
to fill some water casks, in spite of the Spaniards on the beach, and
one of them was drowned in the attempt. They landed at the port, and
found the churches and houses and three entrenchments half burnt.
Surprising the sentinels of Leon, they discovered that in spite of a
garrison of 2000 men, the inhabitants, hearing the Buccaneers had
landed, were hiding their treasure. They soon after put to flight a
detachment of horse, and took the captain prisoner.

A few days after this 150 men left the vessels to take a small town of
Puebla Vieja, near Realegua, which they found still deserted. It had
become the custom now among the Spaniards, when the freebooters had
frequently taken the same place, for the prelate to excommunicate it,
and henceforward not even to bury their dead there. Discovered by the
sentinel, the Buccaneers found the enemy entrenched in the church of
Puebla, and about 150 horse in the market-place. A few discharges drove
the horsemen away, and the defenders of the church fled through a door
in the vestry. Staying a day and a-half in the captured town, the
freebooters carried away all the provisions they could find on horses
and on their own backs, taking with them a Spanish gentleman who
promised ransom. The next day a Spanish officer brought a letter signed
by the vicar-general of the province, written by order of the general of
Costa Rica, declaring that France and Spain were at peace and leagued to
fight the infidel, and offering them a passage to the North Sea in his
Catholic Majesty's galleons. To this they returned a threatening answer,
and, putting thirty prisoners ashore, proceeded to careen their ships,
the Spaniards lighting fires along the coast as they departed.

An expedition, with fifty men in three canoes, against the town of
Esparso failed, but the hungry men killed and ate the horses of the
sentinels whom they took prisoners, for they had now tasted hardly
anything for four days. At Caldaria they visited a bananery, and loaded
their canoes with the fruit, and at Point Borica stored their boats with
cocoa-nuts, which Ravenau takes care to describe as nuts unknown in
Europe. Laden with gold, but nevertheless, like Midas, starving for want
of food, they landed sixty men in three canoes and took some prisoners
at a hatto which they surrounded, but finding they were very near
Chiriquita, and a garrison of 600 men, retreated to their ships, forcing
their way through 400 horse who reviled them, and challenged them to
revisit the town, which they took care soon after to do.

On the 5th of January, 1686, they started 230 men in eight canoes to
revisit this place, going ashore at night without a guide, and marched
till daylight without being discovered. On the 7th they hid all day in a
wood, and as night approached again pushed forward, the 8th they spent
also hid in a covert, and then found they had gone ashore on the wrong
side of the river. Fatigued as they were, they waited till night, and
then, returning to their canoes, crossed the river. Surprising the
watch, they found the Spaniards, even on the former alarm, had removed
all their treasure. On the 9th, they reached Chiriquita two hours before
day, and found the inhabitants asleep. The townsmen had been two days
disputing with one another about the watches, and the Buccaneers
ridiculed them by telling them they had come to spare them the trouble.
The soldiers they discovered playing in the court of guard, and they
found a small frigate ashore at the mouth of the river.

About noon, five of the Buccaneers, straggling into the suburbs to
plunder a house and obtain prisoners, were set upon by an ambuscade of
120 men. Finding no hope of escape, rather than be taken alive they
resolved to sell their lives dearly, and back to back fought the enemy
for an hour and a-half, when only two remained capable of resistance.
The main body, who thought they had been simply firing at a mark, came
to their relief, upon which the enemy at once fled. Of this skirmish,
at which Lussan was present, he says--"This succour coming in so
seasonably, did infallibly save our lives; for the enemy having already
killed us two men and disabled another, it was impossible we should hold
out against such a shower of bullets as were poured in upon us from all
sides; and so I may truly say I escaped a scouring, and that without
receiving as much as one wound, but by a visible hand of protection from
heaven. The Spaniards left thirty men dead upon the spot; and thus we
defended ourselves as desperate men, and, to say all in a word, like
freebooters."

The Buccaneers having burnt all the houses in the town, fearing a night
attack, retreated into the great church, exchanging a shot now and then
with the enemy. This town was built on the savannahs, and surrounded by
hattoes, its chief trade being in tallow and leather. The men rested
here till the tenth, rejoicing in plenty of provision after nearly four
days' fast. They then removed their prisoners to an island in the river,
where the Spaniards could only approach them openly in a fleet of
shallops. The enemy, driven out of an ambuscade, sent to demand the
prisoners, saying they would recover them or perish in the attempt; but
grew pacified when Grogniet declared they should all be put to death if
a single bullet was fired. Driving off a guard of 100 men, they also
plundered the stranded vessel, and discovered by the letters that the
admiral of the Peru fleet had lately been lost with his 400 men, by his
vessel being struck by a thunderbolt. On the sixteenth, obtaining a
ransom for their prisoners, they returned to the island of St. John.

The Spaniards, from fear of the freebooters, having put a stop to their
navigation, no ships were to be captured, and having no sails, and their
ship being useless without them, the French began to cut down trees and
build piraguas. On the 27th they descried seven sail at sea, and put out
five canoes to reconnoitre, suspecting it was the vanguard of the
Peruvian fleet. Soon after discerning twelve piraguas and three long
barks coasting in the distance, they retreated to their docks in the
river, and ran their bark ashore to render it useless to the Spaniards,
placing an ambuscade of 150 men along the banks. The enemy, suspecting a
trick, disregarded the two canoes that were sent to draw them into the
snare, but commenced to furiously cannonade the grounded ship, which
contained nothing but a poor cat, and then, perceiving her empty,
bravely boarded and burnt her for the sake of the iron work, and soon
afterwards sailed away. They learnt afterwards that the Chiriquita
prisoners had reported that they had fortified the island, and the fleet
had been sent to land field-pieces and demolish the works. This alarm of
the Spaniards had been encouraged by the Buccaneers having purposely
asked at Chiriquita for masons, and obliged the prisoners to give bricks
as part of the ransom.

On the 14th of March, they left the island of St. John, in two barks, a
half galley of forty oars, ten large piraguas, and ten smaller canoes,
built of mapou wood. Taking a review of their men, fourteen of whom had
died in February, they found they had lost thirty since the departure of
the English. To prepare for a long-planned attack on Granada, a half
galley and four canoes were despatched to get provisions at Puebla
Nueva. Entering the river by moonlight, the Buccaneers approached within
pistol shot of a small frigate, a long bark, and a piragua, which they
supposed to be their old English allies, but were received by a
splashing volley of great and small shot that killed twenty men. The
ships were, in fact, a detachment of the Spanish fleet left to guard
some provision ships lading for Panama. Quickly recovering from their
surprise, the adventurers, though without cannon, fought them stiffly
for two hours, killing every man that appeared in the shrouds, and
bringing down one by one the grenadiers from the main-top. But as soon
as the moon went down, the Buccaneers sheered off with four dead men and
thirty-three wounded, waiting for daylight to have their revenge. In the
mean time, the enemy had retired under cover of an entrenchment, to
which the country people, attracted during the night by the firing, had
crowded in arms; against these odds, the Buccaneers were unwillingly
compelled to retire, and soon rejoined their canoes at St. Peter's.

Landing at a town ten leagues leeward of Chiriquita, they obtained no
provisions, and had, with the loss of two men, to force their way
through an ambuscade of 500 Spaniards. Rejoining their barks they spent
some days in hunting in the Bay of Boca del Toro, and obtaining
nourishing food for the wounded men. Their next enterprise was against
the town of Lesparso, which they found abandoned. While lying in the bay
they were joined by Captain Townley and five canoes, who, with his 115
men, begged to be allowed to join in the expedition against Granada.
Remembering the old imperious dealing of the English, the French at
first, to frighten them, boarded their canoes, and offered to take them
away. "Then," says Lussan, "we let the captain know we were _honester_
men than he (a curious dispute), and that though we had the upper hand,
yet we would not take the advantage of revenging the injuries they had
done us, and that we would put him and all his men in possession of what
we had taken from them four or five hours before." The men were then
assembled in a bananery island, in the bay, and an account taken of
their supply of powder, for fear any should expend it in hunting. Orders
were also enacted that any brother found guilty of cowardice, violence,
drunkenness, disobedience, theft, or straggling from the main body,
should lose his share of the booty of Granada.

On the 25th the French and English departed in piraguas and canoes, 345
men, and landed on a flat shore, following a good guide, who led them
for two days through a wood. They were, however, seen by some fishermen,
who alarmed the town, which had already received intelligence of their
march from Lesparso. Great fatigue obliged them to rest on the evening
of the 9th at a sugar plantation belonging to a knight of St. James,
whom they were too tired to pursue.

On the 10th they saw two ships on the distant lake of Nicaragua,
carrying off all the wealth of the town to a neighbouring island. From a
prisoner they learnt that the inhabitants were strongly entrenched in
the market-place, guarded by fourteen pieces of cannon and six
patereroes, and that six troops of horse were waiting to attack them in
the rear.

This information, which would have damped the courage of any but
Buccaneers, drove them only the faster to the charge. At two in the
afternoon they entered the town, over the dead bodies of a party that
had awaited them in ambuscade, and sent a party to reconnoitre the fort.
The skirmishers, after a few shots, returned, and reported that there
were three streets leading to the fort, so they all resolved to
concentrate in one of these.

Lussan describes the scene, of which he was an eye-witness, too
graphically to need curtailing. "After we had exhorted one another," he
says, "to fall on bravely, we advanced at a good round pace towards the
said fortification. As soon as the defendants saw us within a good
cannon-shot of them, they fired furiously upon us; but observing that at
every discharge of their great guns, we saluted them down to the ground,
in order to let their shot fly over us, they bethought themselves of
false priming them, to the end we might raise our bodies, after the sham
was over, and so to be really surprised with their true firing. As soon
as we discovered this stratagem, we ranged ourselves along the houses,
and having got upon a little ascent, which was a garden plot, we fired
upon them from thence so openly for an hour and a-half that they were
obliged to quit their ground, which our hardy boys, who were got to the
foot of their walls, contributed yet more than the other by pouring in
hand-grenades incessantly upon them, so that at last they betook
themselves to the great church or tower, but they wounded us some men.
As soon as our people, who had got upon the said eminence, perceived
that the enemy fled, they called to us to jump over the walls, which we
had no sooner done than they followed us, and thus it was that we made
ourselves masters of the town, from whence they fled, after having lost
a great many men. We had on our side but four men killed and eight
wounded, which in truth was very cheap. When we got into the fort we
found it to be a place capable of containing 6,000 fighting men; it was
encompassed with a wall the same as our prisoners gave us an account of.
It was pierced with many holes, to do execution upon the assailants, and
was well stored with arms. That part of it which looked towards the
street, through which we attacked it, was defended by two pieces of
cannon and four patereroes, to say nothing of several other places made
to open in the wall through which they thrust instruments made on
purpose to break the legs of those who should be adventurous enough to
come near it; but these, by the help of our grenadiers, we rendered
useless to them. After we had sung _Te Deum_ in the great church, and
set four sentinels in the tower, we fixed our court of guard in the
strong-built houses that are also enclosed within the place of arms, and
there gathered all the ammunition we could get, and then we went to
visit the houses, wherein we found nothing but a few goods and some
provision, which we carried into our court of guard."

The next evening 150 men were despatched to a distant sugar plantation,
to capture some ladies of rank and treasure; but on the next day a monk
came to treat about the ransom they would require to spare the town.
Unluckily the Spaniards had captured a Buccaneer straggler, who told
them that his companions never meant to burn the place, but intended to
stop there some months, and return into the North Sea, by the lake of
Nicaragua. The freebooters, being refused the ransom, set fire to the
houses in revenge. Had the French indeed had but canoes to capture the
two ships in the island and secure the treasure, they would undoubtedly
have carried out this plan. To a handful of hungry men, without food and
without ships, even the gardens of Granada appeared hateful.

On leaving the town the Buccaneers took with them one piece of cannon
and four patereroes, drawn by oxen, having to fight their way for
twenty leagues to the shore over the savannah, surrounded by 2,500
Spaniards thirsting for their blood. In every place the enemy fled at
the first discharge of their pieces. From a prisoner they learnt that a
million and a-half pieces of eight, kept for ransom, was buried in the
wall of the fort, but the men felt no disposition to return. They were
soon obliged to leave their cannon behind, the oxen choked with the
dust, worn out with the heat, and dying of thirst; but the patereroes
were still dragged on by the mules. At the little village of Massaya,
near the lake, they were received with open arms by the Indians, who
only entreated them not to burn their huts.

All the water in the village had been tainted by the Spaniards, but the
natives brought them as much as they needed. While they lay here a
Spanish monk came to them to obtain the release of a priest who had been
taken armed and with pockets filled with poisoned bullets. They refused
to surrender him but in exchange for one of their own men. The next
day, passing from the forest into a plain, they were attacked by 500
men, drawn up upon an ascent, and commanded by their Spanish deserter.
Each party displayed bloody flags, but the vanguard beat them with
wonderful bravery, and took fifty horses. The enemy fled, leaving their
arms and the wounded, and turned out to be auxiliaries from Leon. In
three days more they reached the beach, and, resting several days to
salt provisions, sailed to Realegua, where they collected provisions and
100 horses. They then burnt down the borough of Ginandego, in spite of
200 soldiers and an entrenchment, because the inhabitants had defied
them to come. Even here they were, however, much straitened for
provision, the corregidor of Leon having desired all men to burn the
provisions wherever the Buccaneers landed.

The same day at noon the sentinels rang the alarm bell in the steeple,
and gave notice that 800 men from Leon were advancing across the
savannah to fight them. The men, bustling out of their houses, marched
at once, 150 in number, under their red colours, and drove off the
enemy after a few shots.

There now arose a dissension in the Flibustier councils. 148 Frenchmen
and all the English, headed by Captain Townley, determined to go up
before Panama to see if the navigation had yet been resumed. 148
Frenchmen, under Captain Grogniet, resolved to go lower westward and
winter upon an island, waiting for some abatement of the rains and
southerly winds. The barks, canoes, and provisions were then divided,
and the chirurgeons brought in the accounts of the wounded and crippled.
There were found to be four men crippled and six hurt: to the latter
were given 600 pieces of eight a man, and to the former 1000, being
exactly all the money then in store.

Ravenau joined the Panama division, which, touching again at their old
quarters on the island of St. John, took off a prisoner who had made his
escape when they were last there, and proceeded to land and capture the
town of Villia with 160 men. Marching with great rapidity they reached
the town an hour after sunrise, and surprising the inhabitants at mass,
took 300 prisoners. They then attempted to capture three barks lying in
the river, but the Spanish sailors sank one and destroyed the rigging of
the other two. Gathering together all the merchandise of the town left
by the fleet, the invaders found it to amount to a million and a-half,
valued at 15,000 pieces of eight in good silver. Much treasure was,
however, buried, the Spaniards submitting to death rather than confess
their hiding-places.

The next day a party of fourscore men were sent to drive the pack horses
to the river side to load the booty in two Spanish canoes. They
despaired of obtaining any ransom for the town, as the alcalde major had
sent to them to say that the only ransom he should give was powder and
ball, whereof he had a great deal at their service; that as to the
prisoners, he should entrust them to the hands of God, and that his
people were getting ready as fast as they could, to have the honour of
seeing them. Upon receiving this daring answer, the Buccaneers, in a
rage, fired the town and marched to the river. As the Spanish ambuscades
prevented the boats coming up to meet them, the adventurers put nine men
on board the boats, the men marching by their side to guard them from
attack. On the other side, unknown to them and hidden by the trees,
marched 900 Spaniards. When they had proceeded about a league, an
impassable thicket compelled them to make a diversion of some 200 paces,
an accident which involved the loss of the whole plunder of Villia.

Before they left the boats, the captain ordered the crews to stop a
little higher up, where the three Spanish barks lay, and endeavour to
bring them away. On arriving there they were surprised by an ambuscade,
and as they defended themselves against the Spaniards, the current drove
them on beyond the three barks and far from the main body. Seeing them
now helpless, the enemy discharged sixty musket shots at them, and
killed four men and wounded one. The rest, abandoning the canoes, swam
to the other side of the river, while a dozen Indians wading in brought
the boat to the Spaniards; cutting off the head of a wounded man and
setting it on a pole by the shore.

The Buccaneers who did not hear the firing, were astonished on returning
to the river to see no canoes, and while waiting for them to come up,
for they supposed they were behind, the rowers, who had escaped, broke
breathless through the thicket, and told their story. Luckily in their
flight through the wood they had discovered the rudders and sails of the
three barks, in which the Buccaneers at once embarked, and sent
fifty-six men on shore to recover the fittings, agreeing that each
should fire three guns as a signal. Soon after they had landed, the
report of about 500 guns was heard, but before they could reach the
enemy the Spaniards had fled. Going ashore the next day, they found the
two canoes dashed to pieces, and the bodies of the dead much
mutilated--the head of one set upon a pole, and the body of another
burnt in the fire. These objects so enraged the Buccaneers, that they
instantly cut off four of their prisoners' heads, and set them on poles
in the same place. Their own dead they carried with them to bury by the
sea-side--the fitting burial-place for seamen. Three times they had to
land to break through ambuscades at the river's mouth, in the last
attack losing three men. With a Spaniard who came on board, they agreed
for a ransom of 10,000 pieces of eight, but threatened to kill all the
prisoners if the money was not brought in within two days. Upon the
stubborn alcalde seizing the hostages who were sent ashore to obtain
money to release their wives, the Buccaneers cut off the heads of two
prisoners and sent them to the town, declaring that if no ransom was
paid, they would serve the rest the same, and having put the women on an
island, would come and capture the alcalde. The same evening came in a
promise to pay all the ransoms, and to bring besides, every day while
they stayed, ten oxen, twenty sheep, and 200 lbs. of meal. For a
Buccaneer's fire-arms which the enemy pretended to have lost (for the
Spaniards were fond of French arms), they paid 400 pieces of eight. They
also bought one of the captured barks for 600 pieces of eight and 100
lbs. of nails, of which the adventurers stood in great need, but her
tackle and anchors were not surrendered. They obtained also a Flibustier
passport that the bark should not be retaken, although her cargo might
be confiscated. Having then obtained a parting present of 100 salted
beeves, from this long-suffering place the French set sail. Afraid to
land on the continent, which was guarded by 4,000 men, they abstained,
till, nearly dying with thirst, they made a descent with 200 sailors,
driving off the Spaniards, whom they found lying on the grass about 100
paces from the sea.

Lussan says they saw "we were a people who would hazard all for a small
matter."

Landing at midnight at a small island near Cape Pin, they were
discovered by the pearl divers, but still contrived to capture a ship at
daybreak. From their prisoners they heard that the Spaniards had lately
defeated a party of thirty-six, French and English, from Peru, who were
attempting to pass into the North Sea by the river Bocca del Chica. Two
parties of English, forty each, on their way into the South Sea, had
also been massacred all but four, who were prisoners at Panama. To
balance these ill omens, tidings of prizes reached the Buccaneers on
every hand. A bark was lying in the Bocca del Chica river, waiting for
800 lbs. of gold from the mines to bring to Panama. Two ships laden with
meal and money for the garrison of Lima were also expected; and from a
prisoner (a spy, it afterwards appeared), captured at the King's
Islands, they learnt that two merchant barks and a piragua with sixty
Indians lay in the river of Seppa, besides a frigate and scout galley
under the guns of Panama.

Much in want of vessels, and not suspecting the prisoner, four canoes
were sent at once to cut out the barks of Panama, the "Greek" soldier
going with them readily as a guide. They arrived two hours before
daylight, and the moon shining very bright they waited for a cloud to
obscure it, seeing, as they thought, the anticipated prize lying near
with her sails loose. By mere chance, the adventurers, to waste no time,
pursued a vessel just leaving the port, thinking it was the scout
galley, and took it without a shot. Upon examination, the captain
confessed their guide was the commander of a Greek piragua, and had been
promised a large reward by the governor of Panama to betray them into
his hands. The ship they saw was a mere sham of boards and sails, built
upon firm land, only a pistol shot from the port. They supposed that the
Buccaneers, eager to take her, would row up, and so drive their canoes
far on shore, and hoped to overpower them before they got off. The Greek
captain being at once identified as a spy, was, says Ringrose, "sent to
that world where he had designed to send us." The fleet then proceeded
to take the islands of Ottoqua and Tavoga, losing two men in the Greek's
second ambuscade at Seppa, but capturing in their way a bark from Nata
laden with provisions, after a few discharges of musketry, the Spanish
captain swimming to shore. From Tavoga they sent a message to the
governor of Panama, to say that if he did not at once surrender his five
English and French captives, they would at once put to death fifty
Spanish prisoners.

They then anchored again at the King's Islands, and sent a galley and
four canoes up the Bocca Chica river to see if the Indians were at peace
with Spain or not, and to destroy an ambuscade of 100 Spaniards, who
they heard were lying in wait on the banks for thirty freebooters, on
their way from the South to the North Pacific. Carried swiftly up the
river by the current, the guide, compelling them to row faster just
before daybreak, brought them, much to their astonishment, at a bend of
the river, opposite the camp fires of the enemy. The guide being hailed,
replied they were from Panama; and being asked the name of the
commander, hesitated about a fitting title, and received a volley in
return. The Buccaneers driving off the enemy with two patereroes, passed
them quickly, and, anchoring out of reach, waited for the ebb tide to
return. Putting all their men under deck, the adventurers returned about
an hour before daylight, saluting them with four paterero shots as they
passed, and receiving no injury in return. The next day, taking a small
Indian vessel, the Buccaneers landed lower down the river, intending to
take the Spanish entrenchment in the rear; but seeing the enemy putting
out a piragua to attack their galley, they returned in great haste and
landed opposite the Spanish court of guard, killing a great many men and
driving out the rest. They also shot an Indian, who, mistaking them for
Spaniards, followed them and reviled them as they were re-embarking. The
prisoners told them that the neighbouring town of Terrible was prepared
for their coming. A letter to the camp-master of Terrible was found in
the entrenchment. It concluded thus: "I have sent you 300 men to defeat
these enemies of God and goodness; be sure to keep upon your watch; be
afraid of being surprised, and your men will infallibly be gainers in
defeating of them." The prisoners also put them on their guard as to
many ambuscades and secret dangers. Having burnt the guard-house, and
carried off the piragua with some pounds of gold-dust, the Buccaneers
departed, dismissing the Indians to propitiate the nation who had
received commission from the President of Panama to arm canoes against
them. While descending the river, having put some Spanish prisoners on
deck to deceive the Indians, some natives came and brought gold-dust to
them, taking them for friends. A few days after this, forty Spanish
prisoners put ashore at the King's Islands, met accidentally with some
canoes, and escaped to Panama.

The French were now again surprised as they had been before, three of
the enemy's vessels approaching under cover of an island. By venturing a
dangerous passage between the island of Tavaguilla and a rock the
Buccaneers at last obtained the weather-gauge. The fight lasted till
noon, and the Spaniards were driven off in all attempts at boarding.
Throwing grenades into the biggest ship, one of them set fire to some
loose powder and burnt a great many men; and during this confusion, the
adventurers boarded the enemy, who rallied in the stern, and made a
vigorous resistance, but at last begged for quarter. The second was also
at the same time carried and taken. The third, a kind of galley, pursued
by three Buccaneer vessels, ran ashore and staved to pieces, few of the
crew escaping, not more than a dozen, Ringrose thinks. In the frigate
eighty men were killed and wounded out of 120 on board. The second ship
had only eighteen unhurt out of eighty. All the officers were killed and
wounded, and the captain received no less than five musket shots. He was
the soldier that had received five wounds resisting them at Puebla
Nueva, and he had also planned the ambuscade at Villia.

While busily employed in splicing the rigging and throwing the dead
overboard, two more sail were seen bearing down from Panama. The English
instantly put up Spanish colours to allure them, and placed the French
and English beneath them. As the foe drew near, they received a volley,
and, firing hurriedly, at once fled to the frigate which they supposed
still theirs. The frigate replied by some grenades, which sent one to
the bottom, and the piragua boarded the other, and, finding four packs
of halters on board, put all the crew to death in revenge. They had been
directed to spare none but the Buccaneer surgeons, and to send troops of
horse to cut off all that escaped in canoes. On the very next day they
took a shallop from Panama which the president had sent to pull up an
anchor that the adventurers had left in the bay. Only one Buccaneer was
killed in the fight, but Captain Townley and twenty men were wounded,
and most of these died, for the Spaniards poisoned their bullets. They
now sent a prisoner to the president, demanding his five captives and
medicines for the use of his own people. The messenger was also told to
complain heavily of the massacre of the three parties at Darien.

To these remonstrances the officer sent the following answer:
"Gentlemen, I wonder that you, who should understand how to make war,
should require those men of me that are in our custody. Your rashness
hath something contrary to the civility wherewith you ought to treat
those people that were in your power. If you do not use them well, God
will perhaps be on our side." To this they returned a threat of
beheading all their prisoners without mercy; and having done this,
sailed at once to the isles of Pericòs, fearing the Spanish fire-ships.
The Bishop of Panama, who, they knew, had stirred up the president to
war, sent a letter, entreating them to show mercy, saying the president
had the king's orders to restore no prisoners, and that the Englishmen,
having turned Roman Catholics, did not wish to leave Panama.

Upon this the Buccaneers sent the president twenty Spaniards' heads in a
canoe, threatening to kill all the rest, if the prisoners were not
restored by the next day. Very early the next morning came the
prisoners, four Englishmen and one Frenchman, with medicines for the
wounded, the president leaving to their honour to give as many men as
they chose in exchange. They at once sent a dozen of the most wounded on
shore, accusing the president of being the murderer of the twenty they
had killed, and threatening the death of the rest, unless 20,000 pieces
of eight were paid for their ransom. The Spaniards at first tried to
make it only 6000; but when the Buccaneers hung out their main flag,
fired a gun, and prepared to enter the port, they hung out a white flag
at a bastion, and promised the money shortly. The next day a Knight of
Malta came in a bark with the money, and received the prisoners. While
staying at Ottoqua to victual their ships, the Spaniards landed at night
and murdered their Indian guides. The day after the French chased a
provision vessel to the very guns of Panama, when the garrison hoisted
the Burgundian flag on the bastion, and by mistake fired upon their own
vessel, which the Buccaneers took. Putting nineteen prisoners on shore,
they again attempted to surprise Villia, but failed, finding all the
people in arms, and a reinforcement of 600 men newly come from Panama.
They next took the town of St. Lorenzo, and surprising it at twilight,
burnt it. They learned the Spaniards had orders to drive away the
cattle from the sea-shore, to lay ambuscades, and to obtain from women
intelligence of the Buccaneers' movements. A dreadful storm which
overtook the fleet in the Bay of Bocca del Toro induced Lussan, with a
naïve philanthropy, to tell his readers: "If you would enter into it
with safety, you must keep the whip of your rudder to starboard, because
it is dangerous to keep to the east side." While here the same writer
gives us the following trait of Flibustier manners:--"On the 25th, being
Christmas-day, after we had, according to custom, said our prayers in
the night, one of our quartermasters being gone ashore in order to take
care about our eating some victuals (for our ships being careening all
our provisions were then put out), one of our prisoners, who served us
as cook, stabbed him with a knife in six several places, wherewith
crying out, he was presently relieved, and the assassin punished with
death."

On the 1st of January, 1687, leaving their ships in the bay of Caldaira,
the Buccaneers embarked 200 men in canoes and crossed to the island of
La Cagna.

Their treacherous guide, under the pretence of hiding them in a covert,
led them into a marsh, where the mud, in the soundest places, rose above
their middles; five men sinking up to their chins were dragged out with
ropes tied to the mangrove branches. The men, anxious for escape, lifted
up their guide to the top of a tree, to discover by the moonlight where
sound land commenced. But he, once at liberty, skipped like a monkey
from tree to tree, railing at them and deriding their helplessness. They
spent the whole night in marching a hundred paces round this marsh, and
groped out at daybreak, bedaubed from head to toe, with their fire-arms
loaded with mud. "When we were in a condition," says Lussan, "to reflect
a little upon ourselves, and that we saw 200 men in the same habit, all
so curiously equipped, there was not one of us who forgot not his toil
to laugh at the posture he found both himself and the rest in.
Inveighing against their guide, they returned to their canoes, and
proceeded two leagues up a river to an entrenchment, where they found
the remains of two vessels the Spaniards had some time before burnt, at
the approach of Betsharp, an English freebooter. Guided by the barking
of dogs, they surprised the borough of Santa Catalina, and, mounting
sixty men on horses, entered Nicoya and drove out the enemy, carrying
off the governor's plate and movables. They found here some letters from
the President of Panama, describing the doings of "these new Turks," how
they had landed at places where the sea was so high that no sentinels
had been placed, and passed through the woods like wild beasts. The
letters stated how much the Spaniards had been astonished by the
Buccaneer mode of attack--"briskly falling on, singing, dancing, as if
they had been going to a feast;" they were described also as "those
enemies of God and His saints who profane His churches and destroy His
servants." In one battle, it says, being blocked up, "they became as mad
dogs. Whenever these irreligious men set their feet on land they always
win the victory."

Landing at Caldaira the sentinels set fire to the savannahs, through
which they marched to Lesparso, and towards Carthage, but retired,
hearing of 400 men and an entrenchment. Hiding five men in the grass,
they captured a Spanish trooper, who had reviled them, and putting him
to the rack, laughing at his grimaces of pain, heard that Grogniet was
in the neighbourhood, and soon after they heard cannons fired off, and
were joined by him in three canoes.

He now told them his adventures at Napalla. Three sailors, corrupted by
the Spaniards, who had taken them prisoners, persuaded him on his return
to visit a gold mine, fourteen leagues from the sea-shore. They luckily
got there before the ambuscade, and took some prisoners and a few pounds
of gold, but 450 lbs. weight had been removed an hour before. At their
return they found the traitors and prisoners all escaped. He then landed
at Puebla Vieja and attacked an ambuscade and entrenchment of 300 men.
Half of these fled, half were made prisoners, and their three colours
taken, the freebooters losing only three men. Eighty-five of his men
then determined to visit California, and he and his sixty men to return
to Panama. Grogniet now consented to join in the French expedition, and,
after taking Queaquilla, to force a way to the North Sea. They landed
and burnt Nicoya a third time, and Lussan treats us here with an amusing
piece of Buccaneer superstition. He says, "though we were _forced_ to
chastise the Spaniards in this manner, we showed ourselves very exact in
the preservation of the churches, into which we carried the pictures and
images of the saints which we found in particular houses, that they
might not be exposed to the rage and burning of the English, who were
not much pleased with these sorts of precautions; they being men that
took more satisfaction and pleasure to see one church burnt than all the
houses of America put together. But as it was our turn now to be the
stronger party, they durst do nothing that derogated from that respect
we bore to all those things." On their return the French had to force
their way through burning savannahs, but got safe to their ships,
putting next day forty prisoners on shore who were too chargeable to
keep.

A new division now arose between the English and French, and the former
insisting on the first prize taken, the two parties again separated,
Grogniet staying with the former: making in all 142 men, Ravenau's party
being 162, in a frigate and long bark. Both vessels now tried to outsail
each other and reach Queaquilla first, but the French, soon finding the
English beat them in speed, resolved to accompany them, for they had so
little food as to be obliged to eat only once in every forty-eight
hours, and but for rain water would have died of thirst. Off Santa
Helena, they gave chase to a ship, and found it to be a prize laden with
wine and corn, lately taken by Captain David's men, for they had been
making descents along the coast, at Pisca had beaten off 800 men from
Lima, and had also taken a great many ships, which they pillaged and let
go. Having got to the value of 5000 pieces of eight a man, they sailed
for Magellan, and on the way many of the men lost all they had by
gaming. Those who had won joined Willnett, and returned to the North
Sea; but the losers, sixty English and twenty French, joined David, and
determined to remain and get more spoil in the South. Henry and Samms
had gone to the East Indies. The eight men of David's crew who commanded
the prize joined them against Queaquilla. Furling their sails to prevent
being seen, they anchored off the White Cape, and at ten in the morning
embarked 260 men in their canoes. On the 15th they reached, at sunset,
the rocky island of Santa Clara, and on the 16th rested all day, weak
from long fasting, in the island of La Puna, escaping any detection from
the forty sentinels. The 17th they spent on the same island, and
arranged the attack. Captain Picard and fifty men led the forlorn hope,
another captain and eighty grenadiers formed a reserve. Captain Grogniet
and the main body were to make themselves masters of the town and port,
and the English captain, George Hewit, with fifty men, were to attack
the smaller fort; while 1000 pieces of eight were promised to the first
ensign who should plant the colours on the great fort. They left their
covert in the evening, and hoped to reach the town by dawn, but only
having three hours of favourable tide, had to remain all day at the
island, and at night rowing out, were overtaken after all by the light,
when a sentinel seeing them, set a cottage on fire and alarmed his
companions. Marching across a wood to the fire, they killed two of the
Spaniards and captured a boy. Remaining in covert all day, they thought
themselves undiscovered, because the town had not answered the fire
signal, and at night they rowed up the river, the rapid current carrying
them four leagues in two hours. All the 19th they spent under cover of
an island in the river, and at night went up with the current, not
rowing for fear of alarming the sentinels. They attempted in vain to put
in beyond the town, on the side least guarded, but the tide going out
forced them to land two hours before day, within cannon shot of the
town, where they could discern the lights burning, for the Spaniards
burnt lamps all night. They landed in a marshy place, and had to cut a
path through the bushes with their sabres. They soon met with a
sentinel, and were discovered by one of the men left to guard the canoes
striking a light, against orders, to light his pipe. The sentinel,
knowing that this was punishable by death among his countrymen,
suspected enemies and discharged a paterero, which the fort answered by
a discharge of all their cannon. The Buccaneers, overtaken by a storm,
entered a large house near to light the matches of their grenades and
wait for day, the enemy firing incessantly in defiance. On the 20th, at
daybreak, they marched out in order, with drums beating and colours, and
found 700 men waiting for them behind a wall, four feet and a-half high,
and a ditch. Killing many of the Buccaneers at the onset, the enemy
ventured to sally out, sword in hand, and were at once put to flight. In
spite of the bridge being broken down, the pursuers crossed the ditch,
and, getting to the foot of the wall, threw in grenades, and drove the
enemy to their houses. Driven also from this, they fled to a redoubt in
the Place d'Armes, and from thence, after an hour's fighting, to a third
fort, the largest of all. Here they defended themselves a long time,
firing continually at their enemies, who could not see them for the
smoke. From these palisadoes they again sallied, and wounded several
Buccaneers and took one prisoner. They at last retreated with great
loss.

The Flibustiers, weary with eleven hours' fighting, and finding their
powder nearly spent, grew desperate; but, redoubling their efforts, with
some loss made themselves masters of the place, having nine men killed
and a dozen wounded. Parties were then sent out to pursue the fugitives,
and a garrison having been put in the great fort, the Roman Catholic
part of the band went to sing _Te Deum_ in the great church.

Basil Hall describes Guayaquil as having on the one side a great marsh,
and on the other a great river, while the country, for nearly 100 miles,
is a continued level swamp, thickly covered with trees. The river is
broad and deep, but full of shoals and strange turnings, the woods
growing close to the water's edge, stand close, dark, and still, like
two vast black walls; while along the banks the land-breeze blows hot,
and breathes death, decay, and putrefaction.

The town was walled, and the forts built on an eminence. The houses were
built of boards and reared on piles, on account of the frequent
inundations. The chief trade of the place was cocoa.

The Buccaneers took 700 prisoners, including the governor and his
family. He himself was wounded, as were most of his officers, who fought
better than all the 5,000 men of the place. The place was stored with
merchandise, precious stones, silver plate, and 70,000 pieces of eight.
Upwards of three millions more had been hidden while the fort was
taking. As soon as the canoes had come up, they were sent in pursuit of
the treasure, but it was too late. They captured, however, 22,000 pieces
of eight, and a vermilion gilt eagle, weighing 66 lbs., that had served
as the tabernacle for some church. It was of rare workmanship, and the
eyes were formed of two great "rocks of emeralds." There were fourteen
barks in the port--the galleys they had fought at Puebla Nueva, and two
royal ships unfinished on the stocks. As a ransom for all these things,
the governor promised a million pieces of eight in gold, and 400 sacks
of corn, requiring the vicar-general to be released to go to Quito and
procure it.

The women of the town, who were very pretty, had been assured by their
confessors that the Buccaneers were monsters and cannibals, and had
conceived a horror and aversion to them. "They could not be dispossessed
thereof," says Lussan, "till they came to know us better. But then I can
boldly say that they entertained quite different sentiments of our
persons, and have given us frequent instances of so violent a passion as
proceeded sometimes even to a degree of folly." As a proof of the
calumnies circulated against the ruthless conquerors, Lussan tells us
the following:--"It is not from a chance story," he continues, "that I
came to know the impressions wrought in these women that we were men
that would eat them; for the next day after the taking of the town, a
young gentlewoman that waited upon the governor of the place, happened
to fall into my hands. As I was carrying her away to the place where the
rest of the prisoners were kept, and to that end made her walk before
me, she turned back, and, with tears in her eyes, told me, in her own
language--'Senor, pur l'amor di Dios ne mi como'--that is, 'Pray, sir,
for the love of God, do not eat me;' whereupon I asked her who had told
her that we were wont to eat people? She answered, 'The fathers,' who
had also assured them that we had not human shape, but that we resembled
monkeys."

On the 21st, part of the town was accidentally burnt down by some of the
men lighting a fire in a house, and leaving it unextinguished when they
returned at night to the court of guard. Afraid that it would reach the
place where they had stored their powder and merchandise, the French
removed all the plunder to their vessels, and carried the prisoners to
the fort; but not till all this was done endeavouring to save the town,
a third part of which was, by this time, destroyed. Afraid the Spaniards
might now refuse to pay the ransom, they charged them with the offence,
threatening to send some fifty prisoners' heads if they did not pay them
what they had lost by the fire. The enemy, surprised at this, attributed
the incendiarism to traitors, and promised satisfaction. The stench of
the 900 dead carcases, still lying unburied up and down the town, now
producing a pestilence, the Buccaneers dismounted and spiked the cannon,
and carried off the 500 prisoners to their ships, anchoring at Puna.
Captain Grogniet died of his wounds soon after this removal. The
Spaniards obtaining four days' further respite, and then still further
delaying the ransom, the adventurers made the prisoners throw dice for
their lives, and cutting off the heads of four, sent them to Queaquilla,
threatening further deaths. They were now joined by Captain David and a
prize he had lately taken. He was planning a descent on Paita, to obtain
refreshments for some men wounded in a fight with a Spanish ship, the
Catalina, off Lima. They fought for two days, David's men, being drunk,
constantly getting to leeward, and failing twenty times in an attempt to
board. The Spaniards, gaining courage from these failures, hoisted the
bloody flag; but the third day, David, getting sober, got his tackle and
rigging in good order, got properly to windward, and bore down with
determination. The enemy in terror ran ashore, and went to pieces in two
hours. Two men were saved by a canoe, and said that their captain had
had his thigh shot off by a cannon ball. David's ship, wanting
refitting, was employed to cruise in the bay to prevent surprises from
the Spaniards. By a letter taken from a courier, they found that the
people of Queaquilla were only endeavouring to obtain time.

The Buccaneers spent thirty days on the island of La Puna, living on the
luxurious food brought from Queaquilla, and employing the prisoners
with lutes, theorbos, harps, and guitars, to delight them by perpetual
concerts and serenades. Lussan says, "Some of our men grew very familiar
with our women prisoners, who, without offering them any violence, were
not sparing of their favours, and made appear, as I have already
remarked, that after they came once to know us, they did not retain all
the aversion for us that had been inculcated into them when we were
strangers unto them. All our people were so charmed with this way of
living that they forgot their past miseries, and thought no more of
danger from the Spaniards than if they had been in the middle of Paris."

Ravenau also treats us with his own personal love adventure, which we
insert as a curious illustration of the vicissitudes of a South Sea
adventurer's life. "Amongst the rest," he says, "myself had one pretty
adventure. Among the other prisoners we had a young gentlewoman, lately
become a widow of the treasurer of the town, who was slain when it was
taken. Now this woman appeared so far comforted for her loss, out of an
hard-heartedness they have in this country one for another, that she
proposed to hide me and herself in some corner of the island till our
people were gone, and that then she would bring me to Queaquilla to
marry her, that she would procure me her husband's office, and vest me
in his estate, which was very great. When I had returned her thanks for
such obliging offers, I gave her to understand that I was afraid her
interest had not the mastery over the Spaniards' resentments; and that
the wounds they had received from us were yet too fresh and green for
them easily to forget them. She went about to cure me of my suspicion,
by procuring secretly, from the governor and chief officers, promises
under their hands how kindly I should be used by them. I confess I was
not a little perplexed herewith, and such pressing testimonies of
goodwill and friendship towards me brought me, after a little
consultation with myself, into such a quandary, that I did not know
which side to close with; nay, I felt myself, at length, much inclined
to close with the offers made me, and I had two powerful reasons to
induce me thereunto, one of which was the miserable and languishing life
we lead in those places, where we were in perpetual hazard of losing it,
which I should be freed from by an advantageous offer of a pretty woman
and a considerable settlement: the other proceeded from the despair I
was in of ever being able to return into my own country, for want of
ships fit for that purpose. But when I began to reflect upon these
things with a little more leisure and consideration, and that I resolved
with myself how little trust was to be given to the promises and faith
of so perfidious as well as vindictive a nation as the Spaniards, and
more especially towards men in our circumstances, by whom they had been
so ill-used, this second reflection carried it against the first, and
even all the advantages offered me by this lady. But however the matter
was, I was resolved, in spite of the grief and tears of this pretty
woman, to prefer the continuance of my troubles (with a ray of hope of
seeing France again), before the perpetual suspicion I should have had
of some treachery designed against me. Thus I rejected her proposals,
but so as to assure her I should retain, even as long as I lived, a
lively remembrance of her affections and good inclinations towards me."

After some negotiation with a priest, the people of Queaquilla brought
in twenty-four sacks of meal, and 20,000 pieces of eight in gold. On
their refusing more than 22,000 pieces of eight more for ransom, a
council was held to decide upon putting all the prisoners to death, but
at last, Ravenau being in the majority, decided to spare them. They then
took fifty of the richest prisoners with them to the point of St.
Helena, and surrendered the rest on 22,000 more being paid.

While at La Puna, the Buccaneers sallied out to attack two Spanish
armadillas, but not having any piraguas to tow them to the windward,
could only cannonade at a distance. The French vessels were much
shattered, but no man killed. The next day they came to close fight,
both sides using small arms and great guns, but no Buccaneer was killed.
The Spaniards lost many men, and the blood ran out of their scupper
holes, but they still cried at parting, "A la manana, la
partida"--(to-morrow, again.) The next night the Buccaneers unrigged and
sank one of their prizes, and fitted out another, manning her with
twenty Frenchmen, who wanted to leave David. The same night four
Spaniards seized one of the prizes, and escaped to Queaquilla. Being now
within half cannon shot, the rival vessels pounded each other all day;
the French had their tackle spoiled, and sails riven, and the frigate
received five cannon-shot in the foremast, and three in the mainmast,
but had not one man killed or wounded. The next day the Spaniards
hoisted Burgundian colours, and poured in volleys of musket-shot, but
neither party boarded. The ensuing day the Buccaneer musketry was so
destructive, that the Spaniards closed their port-holes and bore up to
the wind. That day the French received sixty shots in their sides,
two-thirds between wind and water, the rigging was torn, and Ravenau and
another man were wounded. At night the Spaniards failed in an attempt to
board. We spent this night at anchor, says Lussan, to stop our cannons'
mouths, which otherwise might have sent us into the deep. To his
astonishment, the next morning the armadillas had fled. During these
successive days' fighting, the governor and officers of Queaquilla had
been brought on deck to witness the defeat of their countrymen.

They then set their prisoners ashore and divided the plunder, the whole
amounting to 500,000 pieces of eight, or 15,000,000 livres, and in
shares to 400 pieces of eight a man. The uncoined gold and the precious
stones being of uncertain value were sold by auction, that those who had
silver and had won in gambling might buy. All who expected an overland
expedition were anxious for jewels, as more portable and less heavy than
silver. They sought now in their descent for nothing but gold and
jewels, quite disregarding silver as a mean metal and heavy to carry.
They even left many things in Queaquilla, and neglected to send a canoe
for the 100 caons of coined silver (11,000 pieces of eight in all) which
had been sent to the opposite river side. Taking advantage of their
indifference, Spanish thieves mixed with the Buccaneers, and pillaged
their own countrymen. They landed at Point Mangla, and surprised a watch
of fifteen Spanish soldiers who had been placed to guard a river
abounding in emeralds. A few days after they took a vessel from Panama
going to Porto Bello to buy negroes off the point of Harina. The French
fleet was next attacked by a Spanish galley and two piraguas. From a
prisoner they heard of 300 Frenchmen, who had defeated 600 Spaniards and
killed their leader in the savannahs. While careening in the bay of
Mapalla they were joined by these men, who proved to be part of
Grogniet's men, who had left their companions on the coast of Acapulco,
refusing to go further towards California.

The adventurers next landed in the Bay of Tecoantepequa, and dispersing
a body of 300 Spaniards, drawn up upon an eminence, marched inland
towards the town, sleeping all night in the open air. Nothing but hunger
and despair could have induced this attack. The town was intersected by
a great and very rapid river, encompassed by eight suburbs, and defended
by 3000 men. The Buccaneers forded the river, the water up to their
middles, and after an hour's fighting forced the Spaniards from their
entrenchment. In two hours these men, enraged with hunger, took the
place by hand-to-hand fighting, and eighty sailors then dislodged the
enemy from the abbey of St. Francis, whose terraces commanded the town.
Finding the river overflowing and no ransom coming, the Buccaneers
departed the next day, and landing at Vatulco, took the old governor of
Merida prisoner, and obtained some provisions. They also landed at
Muemeluna and victualled, the Spaniards having strong entrenchments, but
making little resistance. They found upon the shore the musket and dead
body of a sailor of a frigate that had attempted to land a month before.
The Spaniards had not seen the body, or they would have cut in pieces
or burnt it, as they were in the habit of even digging up the Buccaneers
buried on their shores. At Sansonnat they landed in the face of 600
Spaniards to fill their water-casks, being faint from thirst. One of the
men, more impatient than the rest, and goaded by four days' drought,
swam ashore and was drowned, without any being able to help him.

They now held serious councils about the return by land. The prisoners
declared their best way was by Segovia, where they would _only_ meet
5000 or 6000 Spaniards, and that the way was easy for the sick and
wounded. The French determined to land and obtain more certain
information, and this was one of the most daring of their adventures.
They landed seventy men, and marched two days without meeting anybody,
upon which eighteen, less weary than the rest, tramped on and soon got
into a high road. Capturing three horsemen, they learnt that they were
but a quarter of a league distant from Chiloteca, a little town with
about 400 white inhabitants, besides negroes, Indians, and mulattoes,
who were not aware of their approach. Afraid to waste time in running
back after their companions, they entered the town, frightened the
Spaniards, and took the Teniente and fifty others prisoners. Had there
not been horses ready mounted, on which they made their escape, the
enemy would, every man, have submitted to be bound, being overcome with
a panic fear, and believing the enemy very numerous. They learned from
the prisoners that the Panama galley lay waiting for them at Caldaira,
and the _St. Lorenzo_, with thirty guns, at Realegua. They also said
that 600 men would be in the town by the next day. The Spaniards now
began to rally, and compelled the Buccaneers to entrench themselves in
the church. The prisoners, seeing them hurry in, and thinking them hard
pressed, ran to a pile of arms and prepared to make a resistance; but
the Buccaneers, retreating to the doors, fired at the crowd till only
four men and their wives were left alive. They then mounted horses and
retreated, carrying off four prisoners of each sex, and firing at a
herald who tried to parley. Joining their companions, whom they found
resting at a hatto, they made a stand and drove back 600 Spaniards.

The statements of the prisoners increased their fears of the overland
route, but determining rather to die sword in hand than to pine away
with hunger, they at once resolved upon their design. Running all the
vessels ashore but the galley and piraguas, which would take them from
the island to the mainland, leaving no other means of escape to the
timorous, they formed four companies of seventy men, choosing ten men
from each as a forlorn hope, to be relieved every morning. Those who
were lamed were to have, as formerly, 1000 pieces of eight, the horses
were to be kept for the crippled and wounded. The stragglers who were
wounded were to have no reward, whilst violence, cowardice, and
drunkenness were to be punished. While maturing their plans, a Spanish
vessel approached, and anchoring, began to fire at the grounded vessels,
and soon put them out of a condition to sail. Afraid of losing their
piraguas, the Buccaneers sent their prisoners and baggage to some flats
behind the island. The next day, the Frenchmen, sheltering themselves
behind the rocks that ran out to the sea, kept the vessel at a distance;
but now afraid of total destruction, the Buccaneers sent 100 men to the
continent at night to secure horses, and wait for them at a certain
port. On the next day, the Spanish ship took fire, and put out to sea to
extinguish the flames. The next day the Buccaneers escaped by a
stratagem. Having spent the whole night in hammering the vessel, as if
careening, to prevent all suspicion of their departure, they charged all
their guns, grenades, and four pieces of cannon, and tied to them pieces
of lighted matches of various lengths, in order to keep up an alarm
throughout the night. In the twilight they departed as secretly as they
could, the prisoners carrying the surgeons' medicines, the carpenters'
tools, and the wounded men.

On the 1st of January, 1688, the Buccaneers arrived on the continent. On
the evening of the same day the men joined them with sixty-eight horses
and several prisoners, all of whom dissuaded them in vain from
attempting to go by Segovia, where the Spaniards were fully alarmed. The
men, nothing deterred, packed up each his charge, and thrust their
silver and ammunition into bags. Those who had too much to carry, gave
it to those who had lost theirs by gaming, promising them half "in case
it should please God to bring them safe to the North Sea." Ravenau de
Lussan tells us his charge was lighter but not less valuable than the
others, as he had converted 30,000 pieces of eight into pearls and
precious stones. "But as the best part of this," he says, "was the
product of luck I had at play, some of those who had been losers, as
well in playing against me as others, becoming much discontented at
their losses, plotted together to the number of seventeen or eighteen,
to murder those who were richest amongst us. I was so happy as to be
timely advertised of it by some friends, which did not a little disquiet
my mind, for it was a very difficult task for a man, during so long a
journey, to be able to secure himself from being surprised by those who
were continually in the same company, and with whom we must eat, drink,
and sleep, and who could cut off whom they pleased of us in the
conflicts they might have with the Spaniards, by shooting us in the
hurry." To frustrate this scheme, Ravenau therefore divided his treasure
among several men, and by this means removed a weight both from his mind
and body.

On the 2nd of January, after having said prayers and sunk their boats,
the Buccaneers set out, resting at noon at a hatto. On the 4th they lay
on a mountain plateau, the Spaniards visible on their flanks and rear.
On the 5th the barricades began, and on the 6th, at an estantia, they
found the following letter lying on a bed in the hall: "We are very glad
that you have made choice of our province for your passage homewards,
but are sorry you are not better laden with silver; however, if you have
occasion for mules we will send them to you. We hope to have the French
General Grogniet very quickly in our power, so we will leave you to
judge what will become of his soldiers."

On the 7th the vanguard drove off an ambuscade, and lay that evening in
a hatto. The Spaniards burnt all the provisions in the way, and set fire
to the savannahs to windward, stifling the French horses with smoke and
scaring them with the blaze. While their march was thus retarded and
they waited for the fire to burn out, the enemy threw up intrenchments
and erected barricades of trees. On the 8th the French set fire to a
house at a sugar plantation, and, hiding till the Spaniards came to put
it out, captured a prisoner, who told them that 300 auxiliaries were on
the march to meet them. "These 300 men," says Lussan, "were our
continual guard, for they gave us morning and evening the diversion of
their trumpets, but it was like the _music of the enchanted palace of
Psyche_, who heard it without seeing the musicians, for ours marched on
each side of us, in places so covered with pine trees that it was
impossible to perceive them."

During this march the Buccaneers never encamped but upon high ground, or
in the open savannah, for fear of being hemmed in.

The advanced guard was now strengthened by forty men, who discharged
their muskets at the entries and avenues of woods, to dislodge the
ambuscades, but they did not shoot when the plain was open and free from
wood; although the Spaniards, who were lying on their bellies on each
side of them, opened their fire and killed two stragglers. On the 10th
they repulsed an ambuscade and captured some horses. On the 11th they
dispersed another ambuscade, and entered Segovia, but all the provisions
had been burnt, and the Spaniards fired upon them from among the pine
trees that grew on the hills around the town. Fortunately at this spot,
where the old guides grew uncertain of the way, they captured a new
prisoner, who led them twenty leagues to the river they were in search
of.

The road now grew wilder, and dangers thickened around them. They had to
creep with great danger to the tops of great mountains, or to bury
themselves in narrow and dark valleys. The cold grew intense, and the
fogs lasted for some hours after daybreak. In the plains no chill was
felt, but the same heat that prevailed on the mountains after noon.
"But," says Lussan, "the hopes of getting once more into our native
country made us endure patiently all these toils, and served as so many
wings to carry us."

On the 12th, they ascended several mountains, and had incredible trouble
to clear the road of the Spanish barricades, and all night long the
enemy fired into their camp. On the 18th, an hour before sunrise, they
ascended an eminence which seemed advantageous for an encampment, and
saw on the edge of an eminence, separated from them by a narrow valley,
what they believed to be cattle feeding.

Rejoiced at the prospect of food, forty men were sent to reconnoitre.
They returned with the dismal intelligence that the supposed oxen were
really troopers' horses ready saddled, and that the mountain on which
they stood was encircled by three intrenchments, rising one above
another, commanding a stream that ran through the valley. They had no
other way but this to pass, and there was no possibility of avoiding it.
They added, that one of the Spaniards had seen them, and shook his naked
cutlass at them from a distance. Every man's heart fell at this news,
and their pining appetite sickened at the loss of its expected meal.
There was no time for delay, for the Spaniards from the adjacent
provinces were gathering in their rear, and if any time was lost they
must be surrounded and overpowered by numbers. Ravenau de Lussan, the
Xenophon of this retreat, did not attempt to conceal the extent of the
danger. He confesses himself that they were hard put to it, and that
escape would have seemed impossible to any other men but to those who
had been hitherto successful in almost every undertaking. He addressed
his companions, and artfully persuaded them to agree to his plans, by
first elaborating the extent of their difficulties. He said that 10,000
men could not force their way through such intrenchments, guarded by so
many men as the Spaniards had, judging from the number of their horses.
Nor could they pass by the side of it, with all their horses and
baggage, seeing that the path could only be entered in single file.
Except the road, all was a thick, pathless forest, full of quagmires,
and encumbered by fallen trees; and even if these impediments were
passed, the Spaniards would have still to be fought with. The Buccaneers
agreed to these as truisms, but cried out that it was to no purpose to
talk of difficulties so apparent, without proposing some method of
surmounting them, and suggesting some means for its execution. Upon this
hint De Lussan spoke. He proposed to cross those woods, precipices,
mountains, and rocks, how inaccessible soever they seemed, and gaining
the weather-gauge of the enemy, take them at once in the rear, suddenly
and unexpectedly. The success of this plan he would answer for at the
peril of his life. The prisoners, horses, and baggage he resolved to
leave guarded by eighty men, to keep off the 300 Spaniards who hovered
around them at day and at night, encamped at a musket-shot distance.
These eighty men could answer for four times as many Spaniards. After
some deliberation, De Lussan's plan was agreed to, and the execution at
once resolved upon. Examining the mountain carefully with the keen eyes
of both hunters and sailors, they could see a road winding along the
side of the mountain, above the highest intrenchment. This they could
only trace here and there by light spots visible between the trees, but
once across this they were safe. Full of hope, and with every faculty
aroused, some of the men were sent to a spot higher than the main body,
to cover another party who had on previous occasions proved themselves
ingenious and expert, and who were sent to pick out the safest and most
direct spots by which they could get in the rear of the enemy before day
broke. As soon as these scouts returned the men made ready for their
departure, leaving their baggage guarded by eighty men. To prevent
suspicion, the officer in command had orders to make every sentinel he
set or relieved in the night-time fire his fusil and to beat his drum at
the usual hour. He was told that if God gave them the victory they would
send a party to bring him off, but that if an hour after all firing
ceased they saw no messenger, they were to provide for their own safety.

The immediate narrative of this wonderful escape we give in De Lussan's
own words:--"Things being thus disposed," he says, "we said our prayers
as low as we could, that the Spaniards might not hear us, from whom we
were separated but by the valley. At the same time, we set forward to
the number of 200 men by moonlight, it being now an hour within night;
and about one more after our departure we heard the Spaniards also at
their prayers, who, knowing we were encamped very near them, fired about
600 muskets in the air to frighten us. Besides, they also made a
discharge at all the responses of the litany which they sang. We still
pursued our march, and spent the whole night (in going down and then
getting up) to advance half a-quarter of a league, which was the
distance between them and us, through a country, as I have already said,
so full of rocks, mountains, woods, and frightful precipices, that our
posteriors and knees were of more use to us than our legs, it being
impossible for us to travel thither otherwise. On the 14th, by break of
day, as we got over the most dangerous parts of this passage, and had
already seized upon a considerable ascent of the mountain by clambering
up in great silence, and leaving the Spaniards' retrenchments to our
left, we saw their party that went the rounds, who, thanks to the fogs,
did not discover us. As soon as they were gone by, we went directly to
the place where we saw them, and found it to be exactly the road we were
minded to seize on. When we had made a halt for about half an hour to
take breath, and that we had a little daylight to facilitate our march,
we followed this road by the voice of the Spaniards, who were at their
morning prayers, and we were but just beginning our march, when,
unfortunately, we met with two out-sentinels, on whom we were forced to
fire, and this gave the Spaniards notice, who thought of nothing less
than to see us come down from above them upon their intrenchments, since
they expected us no other way than from below; so that those who had
the guard thereof, and were in number about 500 men, finding themselves
on the outside, when they thought they had been within, and consequently
open without any covert, took the alarm so hot, that falling all on them
at the same time, we made them quit the place in a moment, and make
their escape by the favour of the fog."

The sequel is soon told. The defenders of the two first lines of wall
drew up outside the lowermost, the Buccaneers firing at them for an hour
under cover of the first intrenchment. But finding they gave no ground,
and thinking the fog interfered with the aim, the French rushed forward
and fell upon them with the butt ends of their muskets, till they fled
headlong down the narrow road. Here they got entangled in their own
impediments, and the Buccaneers, commanding the road from the redoubt,
killed an enemy at every shot. Weary at last of running and killing, the
French returned to the intrenchments and drove off the 500 Spaniards,
who had now rallied, and were attacking the garrison. The pursuit ceased
only from the fatigue of the conquerors and their weariness of
slaughter. The Spaniards neither gave nor took quarter, and were saved
in spite of themselves. De Lussan says, either from pride or a natural
fierceness of temper, the Spanish soldiers, before an engagement,
frequently took an oath to their commander neither to give nor receive
quarter. The Buccaneers, struck with compassion at the quantity of blood
running into the rivulet, spared the survivors, and returned a second
time into the intrenchment with only one man killed and two wounded. The
Spaniards lost their general, a brave old Walloon officer, who had given
them the plan of their intrenchment. It was only at the solicitation of
another commander that the rounds had been set, and the sentinels placed
at the top of the mountain. The general had consented, but said there
was no danger if the French were only men. It would take them eight days
to climb up, and if they were devils, no intrenchment could keep them
out. In his pocket were found letters from the Governor of Costa Rica,
who had intended to send him 8000 men, but the Walloon asked for only
1500. He advised him to take care of his soldiers, as no glory could be
gained by such a victory. The letter concluded thus:--"Take good
measures, for those devils have a cunning and subtlety that is not in
use amongst us. When you find them advance within the shot of your
arquebuses, let not your men fire but by twenties, to the end your
firing may not be in vain; and when you find them weakened, raise a
shout to frighten them, and fall on with your swords, while Don Rodrigo
attacks them in the rear. I hope God will favour our designs, since they
are no other than for his glory, and the destruction of these new sort
of Turks. Hearten up your men, though they may have enough of that
according to your example they shall be rewarded in heaven, and if they
get the better, they will have gold and silver enough wherewith these
thieves are laden."

Having sung a _Te Deum_ of thankfulness to God, Ravenau de Lussan
mounted sixty men upon horseback, as he words it, "to give notice to our
other people of the success the Almighty was pleased to give us." They
found them about to attack the 300 Spaniards, who seeing the night-march
the main body had made, and believing them defeated at the
intrenchments, had sent an officer to parley with the residue. He told
them that the 1500 Spaniards were lying ready to surround their troops,
but promised them good terms if they surrendered; saying that, by the
intercessions of the almoner, and for the honour of the holy sacrament
and glorious Virgin, they had spared all the prisoners they had hitherto
taken. The Buccaneers, somewhat intimidated at these threats, took heart
when they saw their companions coming, and returned the following fierce
answer: "Though you had force enough to destroy two-thirds of our
number, we should not fail to fight with the remaining part; yea, though
there were but one man of us left, he should fight against you all. When
we put ashore and left the South Sea, we all resolved to pass through
your country or die in the attempt; and though there were as many
Spaniards as there are blades of grass in the savannah, we should not be
afraid, but would go on and go where we will in spite of your teeth."
The officer at Ravenau's arrival was just being dismissed, and seeing
the new allies were booted and mounted on Spanish horses, he shrugged up
his shoulders and rode back as fast as he could to his comrades, who
were not more than a musket-shot off upon a small eminence commanding
the camp, to tell them the news. As soon almost as he could get to them,
the Buccaneers advanced with pistols and cutlasses, and without firing
fell on them and cut many to pieces before they could mount, but let the
rest go, detaining their horses. They then, with the loss of one killed
and two maimed, rejoined the main body at the intrenchments.

The enemy now lit a fire upon the top of a neighbouring mountain to
collect the scattered troops, in order to defend an intrenchment six
leagues distant; but the Buccaneers lying in wait cut off their passage,
then hamstringing 900 horses, took 900 others to kill and salt when
they arrived at the river. On the 15th they passed the intrenchment
unfinished and undefended, and on the 16th day came very joyfully to the
long desired river. Immediately they entered into the woods that covered
the banks, and fell to work in good earnest to cut down trees and build
"piperies," or rafts. These were made of four or five trunks of the
mahot trees, a light buoyant wood, which they first barked and then
bound together with parasite creepers, which were tough and of great
length. Two men, generally standing upright, guided each of these frail
barks, the decks sunk two or three feet under water. They were built
purposely narrow, to be able to thread the rocky passes of the river
even then in sight. These rafts were dragged to the river-side and then
launched, the boatmen having furnished themselves with long poles to
push them off the rocks, against which they were sure the current would
drive them. De Lussan, who never exaggerates a danger, cannot find words
to express the terrors of this stream. "It springs," he says, "in the
mountains of Segovia, and discharges itself into the North Sea at Cape
Gracias à Dios, after having run a long way, in a most rapid manner,
across a vast number of rocks of a prodigious bigness, and by the most
frightful precipices that can be thought of, besides a great many falls
of water, to the number of at least a hundred of all sorts, which it is
impossible for a man to look on without trembling, and making the head
of the most fearless to turn round, when he sees and hears the waters
fall from such a height into those tremendous whirlpools."

To this dangerous river and its merciless falls, these way-worn men
trusted themselves on frail rafts, and sank up to their middles in
water. Sometimes they were hurried, in spite of all their resistance,
into boiling pools, where they were buried with their rafts in the
darkness beneath the foam, at others drifted under rocks and against
fallen trees. Some tied themselves to their barks. "As for those great
falls," says Lussan, "they had, to our good fortunes, at their entrances
and goings out, great basins of still water, which gave us the
opportunity to get upon the banks of the river, and draw our piperies
ashore to take off those things we had laid on them, which were as wet
as we were. These we carried with us, leaping from rock to rock, till we
came to the end of the fall, from whence one of us afterwards returned
to put our pipery into the water, and let her swim along to him who
waited for her below. But if he failed to catch hold (by swimming) of
those pieces of wood before they got out of the basin below, the
violence of the stream would carry them away to rights, and the men were
necessitated to go and pick out trees to make another."

The rafts at first went all together for the sake of mutual assistance;
but at the end of three days, finding this dangerous, Ravenau de Lussan
advised their going in a line apart, so that, if any were carried
against the rocks, they might get off before the next pipery arrived,
which at first occasioned many disasters. De Lussan, being himself cast
away, found much safety in this plan; for, uncording his raft, he
straddled upon one piece and his companion upon another, and floated
down, till, reaching a place less rapid, they got on land and
reconstructed the raft. By his advice, those who went first put up flags
at the end of long poles, to give notice on which side to land, not to
signal the falls, for their roar could be clearly heard a league off.

During all these dangers the men lived on the bananas that they found
growing by the river side, some of which the Indians had sown, and
others floated down and self-planted during the inundations. The
horse-flesh they had brought the water had spoiled, compelling them to
throw it away after two days; and although game abounded on the land,
they could kill none, for their arms were continually wet and their
ammunition all damaged.

It was at this crisis the conspirators we have before mentioned chose to
carry out their cruel plot. Hiding behind some rocks, they killed and
plundered five Englishmen, who were known to be rich. Lussan whose raft
came last of all, and followed the English float, found their bodies,
and thanked God he had given others his treasure to carry. When the
Buccaneers were all met together, lower down the river, Lussan told them
of the murder, of which they had not heard, but the murderers were seen
no more. On the 20th of February the river grew wider, slower, and
deeper, the falls ceased, but the stream was encumbered with trees and
bamboos, drifted together by the floods. These snags frequently
overturned the rafts, but the water being, though deeper, much slower,
none were drowned. Some leagues further, the stream became gentle and
free from all impediment, and they determined for the next sixty leagues
to the sea to build canoes. Dividing themselves into parties of sixty
men, they landed and cut down mapou trees, and, working with wonderful
diligence, built four canoes by the first of March. Leaving 140 men
still working, 120 embarked, eager for home, ease, and rest. The
English, too impatient to make canoes, had long since reached the
sea-shore in their piperies. They here met a Jamaica boat lying at
anchor, and attempted to persuade the captain to return, and obtain
leave for them to land, as they had no commission. The captain refused
to go without receiving £6000 in advance, which they could not afford,
as many of them had lost all by the upsetting of the piperies. The
sailors, therefore, resolved to remain with the friendly Mosquito
Indians, who dwelt about the mouth of this river, and to whom they had
often brought trinkets from Jamaica. The English, unable to buy the
boat, determined to send word to the French, hoping to get to St.
Domingo by their aid. Two Mosquito Indians were despatched in a canoe,
forty leagues up the river, to bring down forty Frenchmen, as the vessel
was small and short of provision, and could not hold more. But, in spite
of all this, 120, instead of forty, hurried down to get on board,
waiting five days for the ship that had gone to the Isle of Pearls.
Great was the delight of the French to pass Cape Gracias à Dios, and
enter the North Sea.

The Mulattoes that lived on this cape, Lussan says, were descended from
the crew of a negro vessel, lost on a shoal. They slept in holes dug in
the sand, to avoid the mosquitoes, which stung them till they appeared
like lepers. Lussan speaks much of the fiery darts of this mischievous
insect. He says, "It is no small pain to be attacked with them, for,
besides that they caused us to lose our rest at night, it was then that
we were forced to go naked for want of shirts, when the troublesomeness
of these animals made us run into despair and such a rage as set us
beside ourselves." At last the longed-for vessel arrived, and,
regardless of lots that had been drawn, fifty of the more vigilant,
including Lussan, crowded in, one on the top of the other, and instantly
weighed anchor, engaging the master for forty pieces of eight a head to
take them to St. Domingo, afraid of venturing to Jamaica. At Cuba they
landed, and surprising some hunters, compelled them to sell them food,
uncertain whether France and Spain were at war or peace.

On the 4th of April they rode at anchor at Petit Guaves, hoping to hear
news from France. De Lussan relates a curious instance here of the
effect of habit and instinctive imagination. "There were some of our
people," he says, "so infatuated with the long miseries we had suffered,
that they thought of nothing else but the Spaniards, insomuch that, when
from the deck they saw some horsemen riding along the sea-side, they
flew to arms to fire upon them, as imagining they were enemies, though
we assured them we were now come among those of our own nation." De
Lussan, at once going on shore, demanded of Mons. Dumas, the King's
lieutenant, in the Governor Mons. de Cussy's absence, indemnity and
protection, by favour of an amnesty granted by the French king to those
who, in remote places, had continued to make war on the Spaniards, not
hearing of the peace that had been concluded between the two nations.

De Lussan relates with much unpretending pathos the feelings of himself
and his Ulyssean friends upon once more landing in a friendly country.
"When we all were got ashore," he says, "to a people that spoke French,
we could not forbear shedding tears for joy that, after we had run so
many hazards, dangers, and perils, it had pleased the Almighty Maker of
the earth and seas to grant a deliverance, and bring us back to those of
our own nation, that at length we may return without any more ado to our
own country; whereunto I cannot but further add, that, for my own part,
I had so little hopes of ever getting back, that I could not, for the
space of fifteen days, take my return for any other than an illusion,
and it proceeded so far with me, that I shunned sleep, for fear when I
awaked I should find myself again in those countries out of which I was
now safely delivered."

From the preface to De Lussan's book, we learn that he returned to
Dieppe, with letters of introduction from De Cussy, the Governor of
Tortuga and St. Domingo, to Mons. de Lubert, Treasurer-General of Marine
in France. Of the end of this brave man we know nothing. He had many
requisites for a great general.




CHAPTER II.

THE LAST OF THE BUCCANEERS.

    Sieur de Montauban--Wonderful escape from an explosion--Life in
    Africa--Laurence de Graff--His victories--Enters French
    service--Treachery--Buccaneers join in French expedition and take
    Carthagena--Buccaneer sharpshooters--Treachery of French--Buccaneers
    return and retake the city--Captured in return by English and Dutch
    fleets--1698--Buccaneers wrecked with French--Grammont takes
    Santiago--Sacks Maracaibo, Gibraltar, and Torilla--Lands at
    Cumana--Enters French service--Lost in his last cruise.


Of all the motley characters of Buccaneer history, Montauban appears one
of the most extraordinary. His friends describe him to have been as
prudent as he was brave, blunt and sincere, relating his own adventures
with a free and generous air that convinced the hearer of their truth,
and at last consenting to write his story, not from ostentation, but
from the simple desire of giving a French minister of state a narrative
of his campaigns. He is interesting to us as the latest known Buccaneer,
and in strict parlance he can scarcely be classed as a Buccaneer at all,
attacking the English as he did more than the Spanish, and not confining
his cruises to the Spanish main.

He begins his book with great _naïveté_ thus: "Since I have so often
felt the malignant influence of those stars that preside over the seas,
and by an adverse fortune lost all that wealth which with so much care
and trouble I had amassed together, I should take no manner of pleasure
in this place to call to mind the misfortunes that befel me before the
conclusion of the last campaign, had not a desire of serving still both
the public and particular persons, as well as to let his majesty know
the affection and weddedness I have always had for his service, made me
take pen in hand to give Mons. de Phelipeaux an account of such
observations as I have made; wherein he may also find with what
eagerness I have penetrated to the remotest colonies of our enemies, in
order to destroy them and ruin their trade. I was not willing to swell
up this relation with an account of all the voyages I have made, and all
the particular adventures that have befallen me on the coasts of New
Spain, Carthagena, Mexico, Florida, and Cape Verd, which last place I
had been at twenty years ago, having begun to use the seas at the age of
sixteen." He goes on to say that he will not stop to relate how, in
1691, in a ship called the _Machine_, he ravaged the coasts of New
Guinea, and, entering the great Serelion, took a fort from the English
and split twenty-four pieces of cannon, but will confine himself simply
to his last voyage; "Some information," he says, "having been given
thereof, by the noise made in France and elsewhere of the burning my
ship, and the terrible crack it made in the air."

In the year 1694, having ravaged the coast of Caracca, he went towards
St. Croix, to watch for some merchant ships and a fleet expected from
Barbadoes and Nevis, bound for England. Sailing towards the Bermudas,
expecting good booty, he saw them coming towards him without any
apprehension of danger. He at once attacked the convoy (_The Wolf_), and
took her and two merchant ships laden with sugar, the rest escaping
during the fight. Returning with his prizes to France, he captured an
English ship of sixteen guns from Spain and bound for England, which
surrendered after a short fight. This last vessel he took to Rochelle
and sold it, the Admiralty declaring it good prize; the last he took to
Bordeaux and sold to the merchants. Here abandoning themselves to
pleasure after a long abstinence, many of his men deserted him, and he
supplied their place with youths from the town, who soon became as
expert as veterans. "I made it," he says, "my continual care and
business to teach my men to shoot, and my so frequent exercising of them
rendered them in a short time as capable of shooting and handling their
arms as the oldest sea freebooters, or the best fowlers by land."

Re-victualling his ship, that carried only thirty-four guns, he left
Bordeaux in February, 1695, to cruise on the coast of Guinea. From the
Azores he passed the Canary Islands, and sailed for fourteen days in
sight of Teneriffe, in hopes of meeting some Dutch vessels, that after
all escaped him, and at the Cape de Verd Islands he pursued two English
interlopers of thirty guns each, who left behind in the roads their
anchors and shallops. He then went in search of a Dutch guard-ship, of
thirty-four guns, along the neighbouring coast. Decoying the foe by
showing Dutch colours, he waited till he got within cannon shot,
hoisting the French flag, gave her a signal to strike, and then
exchanged broadsides. They fought from early morning till four in the
afternoon, without Montauban being able to get the weather-gauge, or
approach near enough to use his chief arms--his fusils. Taking advantage
of a favourable wind, the Dutchman then anchored under the fort of the
Cape of Three-points, where two other Dutch men-of-war lay, one of
fourteen and the other of twenty-eight guns. Thinking the three vessels
had leagued to fight him, Montauban anchored within a league of the
shore, hoping to provoke them out by continued insults, but the
guard-ship, already much mauled, would not move. This vessel, he found
afterwards, had driven away a French flute. At Cape St. John he took
with little difficulty an English ship of twenty guns, carrying 350
negroes, and much wax and elephants' teeth. The English captain had
killed some of his blacks in a mutiny, and others had escaped in the
shallop, which they stole. At Prince's Isle he took a small Bradenburg
caper (a pirate), mounted with eight pieces of cannon, and carrying
sixty men. He then put into port to careen, and sent his prize to St.
Domingo to be condemned and sold, putting the Sieur de Nave and a crew
on board, but the ship was taken by some English men-of-war before
Little Goara. To keep his men employed during the careening, Montauban
fitted up the caper, and with ninety men cruised for six weeks without
success, and, then putting into the Isle of St. Thomas, trucked the
prize for provisions, and started for the coasts of Angola, hearing
that three English men-of-war and a fire-ship were fitting out against
him at Guinea. On his way he chased a Dutch interloper, laden with 150
pounds of gold dust, but she ran ashore on the Isle of St. Omer and fell
to pieces.

When approaching the coasts of Angola, and not far from the port of
Cabinda, he saw an English vessel of fifty-four guns bearing down upon
him. To decoy her Montauban hung out Dutch colours, while the English
fired guns, as a signal of friendship. The Frenchman, pretending to
wait, sailed slow, as if heavy laden or encumbered for want of sails and
men. "We kept in this manner," writes the privateersman, "from break of
day till ten in the forenoon. He gave me a gun from time to time without
ball, to assure me of what he was, but finding at last I did not answer
him on my part in the same manner, he gave me one again with ball, which
made me presently put up French colours, and answer him with another.
Hereupon the English captain, without any more ado, gave me two
broadsides, which I received without returning him one again, though he
had killed me seven men; for I was in hopes, if I could have got
something nearer to him, to put him out of condition ever to get away
from me. I endeavoured to come within a fusil shot of him and was
desirous to give him an opportunity to show his courage in boarding me,
since I could not so well do the same by him, as being to the leeward.
At last being come by degrees nearer, and finding him within the reach
of my fusils, which for that end I kept concealed upon the deck from his
sight, they were discharged upon him, and my men continued to make so
great a fire with them, that the enemy on their part began quickly to
flag. In the mean time, as their ship's crew consisted of above 300 men
and that they saw their cannon could not do their work for them, they
resolved to board us, which they did with a great shout and terrible
threatenings of giving no quarter, if we did not surrender. Their
grappling-irons failing to catch the stern of my ship, made theirs run
in such a manner, that their stern ran upon my boltsprit and broke it.
Having observed my enemy thus encumbered, my men plied them briskly with
their small shot, and made so terrible a fire upon them for an hour and
a-half, that being unable to resist any longer, and having lost a great
many men, they left the sport and ran down between decks, and I saw them
presently after make signals with their hats of crying out for quarter.
I caused my men therefore to give over their firing, and commanded the
English to embark in their shallops and come on board of me, while I
made some of my crew at the same time leap into the enemy's ship and
seize her, and so prevent any surprise from them. I already rejoiced
within myself for the taking of such a considerable prize, and so much
the more in that I hoped that after having taken this vessel, that was
the guard-ship of Angola, and the largest the English had in those seas,
I should find myself in a condition still to take better prizes, and
attack any man-of-war I should meet with. My ship's crew were also as
joyful as myself, and did the work they were engaged in with a great
deal of pleasure; but the enemy's powder suddenly taking fire, by the
means of a match the captain had left burning on purpose, as hoping he
might escape with his two shallops, blew both the ships into the air,
_and made the most horrible crack that was ever heard_. It is impossible
to set forth this horrid spectacle to the life; the spectators
themselves were the actors of this bloody scene, _not knowing whether
they saw it or not_, and not being able to judge of that which
themselves felt. Wherefore leaving the reader to imagine the horror
which the blowing up of two ships above 200 fathoms into the air must
work in us, where there was formed as it were a mountain of water, fire,
wreck of the ships, cordages, cannon, men, and a most horrible clap
made, what with the cannon that went off in the air, and the waves of
the sea that were tossed up thither, to which we may add the cracking of
masts and boards, the rending of the sails and ropes, the cries of men,
and the breaking of bones--I say, leaving these things to the
imagination of the reader, I shall only take notice of what befell
myself, and by what good fortune it was that I escaped.

"When the fire first began I was upon the fore-deck of my own ship,
where I gave the necessary orders. Now I was carried up on part of the
said deck so high, that I fancy it was the height alone prevented my
being involved in the wreck of the ships, where I must infallibly have
perished, and been cut into a thousand pieces. I fell back into the sea
(_you may be sure giddy-headed enough_), and continued a long time under
water, without being able to get up to the surface of it. At last
falling into a debate with the water, as a person who was afraid of
being drowned, I got upon the face of it, and laid hold of a broken
piece of a mast that I found near. I called to some of my men whom I saw
swimming round about me, and exhorted them to take courage, hoping we
might yet save our lives, if we could light upon any one of our
shallops. But what afflicted me more than my very misfortune, was to see
two half bodies, who had still somewhat of life remaining in them, from
time to time mount up to the face of the water, and leave the place
where they remained all dyed with blood. It was also much the same thing
to see round about a vast number of members and scattered parts of men's
bodies, and most of them spitted upon splinters of wood. At last one of
my men, having met with a whole shallop among all the wreck, that swam
up and down upon the water, came to tell me that we must endeavour to
stop some holes therein, and to take out the canoe that lay on board
her.

"We got, to the number of fifteen or sixteen of us who had escaped, near
unto this shallop, every man upon his piece of wood, and took the pains
to loosen our canoe, which at length we effected. We went all on board
her, and after we had got in saved our chief gunner, who in the fight
had had his leg broke. We took up three or four oars, or pieces of
board, which served us to that purpose, and when we had done that we
sought out for somewhat to make a sail and a little mast, and, having
fitted up all things as well as we possibly could, committed ourselves
to the Divine Providence, who alone could give us life and deliverance.
As soon as I had done working I found myself all over besmeared with
blood, that ran from a wound I had received on my head at the time of my
fall. We made some lint out of my handkerchief, and a fillet to bind it
withal out of my shirt, after I had first washed the wound with urine.
The same thing was done to the rest that had been wounded, and our
shallop in the meanwhile sailed along without our knowing where we were
going, and, what was still more sad, without victuals, and we had
already spent three days without either eating or drinking. One of our
men, being greatly afflicted with hunger and thirst at the same time,
drank so much salt water that he died of it." Most of the men vomited
continually, Montauban's body swelled, and he was finally cured of his
dropsy by a quartan-ague. All his hair and one side of his face and body
were burnt with powder, and he bled as "bombardiers do at sea," at the
nose, ears, and mouth.

But this was no time, he says manfully, for a consultation of
physicians, while they were dying of hunger, so leaving the English,
they forced their way over the bar of Carthersna, an adverse wind
preventing their landing at the port of Cabinda. Here they found some
oysters sticking to the trees that grew round a pond, and opening them
with their clasp knives, which they lent, Montauban says, "charitably
and readily to each other," they made a lusty meal.

Having spent two days there, they divided into three small companies,
and went up the country, but could find no houses, and see nothing but
herds of buffaloes that fled from them. On reaching Cape Corsa they
found negroes assembled to furnish ships with wood and water in exchange
for brandy, knives, and hatchets.

Montauban, who had often traded in these parts, knew several of the
natives, and tried to make them believe he was the man he represented;
but disfigured as he was by his late misfortune, they considered him an
impostor. In their own language he told them he was dying of famine,
but could get nothing but a few bananas to eat.

He then desired them to carry him and his men to Prince Thomas, the son
to the king of that country, upon whom he had conferred many favours.
But the Prince refused to recognize him, till he showed him the scar of
a wound in his thigh which he had once seen when they bathed together.
On seeing this the Prince rose and embraced him; commanded victuals to
be given to his men; expressed his sorrow for their misfortunes; and
quartered them among his negro lords. Montauban he kept at his own
expense, and made him eat at his own table. In a few days he took him
some leagues up the country in a canoe, to see the king his father, who
ruled over a village of 300 huts among the marshes. The high priest was
just dead, and during the funeral ceremonies, lasting for seven days,
Montauban was regaled with elephant's flesh. The king he found
surrounded by women, and guarded by negroes armed with lances and
fusils. Flags, trumpets, and drums preceded this monarch of a realm of
hunters, who was himself clothed in a robe of white and blue striped
cotton. The black prince shook the French captain by the hand, being the
first man whose hand he had ever thus honoured. He asked many questions
about his brother of France, and when he heard that he sometimes waged
war with England and Holland singlehanded, and sometimes with Germany
and Spain, the king expressed himself pleased, and, calling for palm
wine, said he would drink the French king's health, and as he drank the
drums and trumpets sounded, just as they do in Hamlet, and the negro
guard discharged their pieces. Prince Thomas then asked the name of the
French king who was so powerful, and being told it was Louis le Grand,
declared he would give that name to his son, who was about to be
baptised, and that Montauban should be godfather. He also expressed his
hope that at some future voyage Montauban would carry the child to
France, and present him to the brother monarch, and have him brought up
in that country. "Assure him," said the same prince, "that I am his
friend, and that if he has occasion for my service, I will go myself
into France, with all the lances and fusils belonging to the king my
father." The king said, if need were he would go himself in person. At
this generous promise the guard discharged their muskets frantically,
and the men and women shouted their admiration. The drums and trumpets
went to it again, and the spearmen ran from one side to the other,
uttering horrible cries, sounding like pain, but expressive of joy. Then
the glasses went round faster, and the ceremony concluded by the negro
king presenting Montauban with two cakes of wax. The white men now rose
in public estimation. Whenever they stirred out, they were followed by
crowds of negroes bringing presents of fruits and buffalo flesh, never
having seen a white face before, and generally supposing the devil to be
of that colour. Sable philosophers begged to be allowed to scrape their
skin with knives, till the king issued an edict forbidding any one,
under pain, scraping or rubbing the strangers.

The baptism passed off with great _éclat_. There being no priest in the
town who knew how to baptize, or remembered the words of the service, a
priest was procured from a Portuguese ship lying at the Cape. The
freebooter speaks with much unction of his sponsorship. "I did it with
so much the more pleasure," quoth he, "in that I was helping to make a
Christian and sanctify a soul."

A few days after this ceremony, which afforded so much satisfaction to
Montauban's tender conscience, he determined to embark on board an
English ship lying at the Cape; but the black king would not have him
trust himself into the hands of his enemies, and soon after he set sail
in a Portuguese vessel that arrived to barter iron, arms, and brandy,
for ivory, wax, and negroes. Two of his men, who had strayed up the
country, he left behind. The Portuguese captain turned out to be an old
friend, and took him at once to St. Thomas's, and here he stayed a
month, the governor of the island showing him a thousand civilities. He
then embarked on board an English vessel, with whose captain he
contracted an intimate friendship, in spite of the governor's warnings.
He gave up his own cabin to Montauban, to use our adventurer's own
words, "with all the pleasure and diversion he could think of, for the
solacing of my spirits under the afflictions I had from time to time
endured."

A tedious sail of three months brought them to Barbadoes. During this
time, his provisions running short, the English captain began to regret
having taken up his French passengers, and reduced their daily allowance
by three-fourths. On arriving at the port, Colonel Russel blamed the
captain for having brought such visitors, and forbade him under pain of
death to land; but some Jewish physicians declaring that he must die if
he did not, the governor consented, keeping a strict watch upon the sick
man, and telling him to understand that he and his fellows were
prisoners of war. Montauban replied that he had only embarked on the
faith of the English captain, on whose friendship he relied. He
promised, if liberty were granted, them, he would be ever mindful of
the favour, and would either pay the colonel a ransom, or restore at a
future time any prisoners belonging to the island.

"No," replied the governor, "I will have neither your ransom nor your
prisoners, and you are too brave a man for me to have no compassion upon
your many misfortunes. I desire, on the contrary, that you will accept
of these forty pistoles, which I present you with to supply your present
occasions." A vessel soon after arrived from Martinique, and Montauban
went on board with two of his men, all that could be collected. The
English governor, when he thanked him at parting, prayed him to be kind
to any English that fell into his hands, and lamented the war
regulations that compelled him to severity.

On arriving at Port Royal, at Martinique, Mons. de Blenac, the governor,
who was then dying, made him stay at his house, and relate every day his
adventure with the English vessel. In the same breath, Montauban praises
De Blenac's wisdom, justice, integrity, and knowledge of all the coasts
and heights of land in America. In a few days the freebooter embarked in
the _Virgin_ for Bordeaux, and we lose sight of his stalwart figure and
scarred face among the bustling eager crowds that fill the streets of
that busy seaport. We have a shrewd suspicion that Sieur de Montauban
did not die in a bed, but with his face to the foe and his back on a
bloody plank. There is something delightfully sincere and _naïve_ in the
sort of out-loud thinking with which he concludes his simple "yarn."

"I do not know whether I have bid the sea adieu, so much has my last
misfortune terrified me, or whether I shall go out again to be revenged
on the English, who have done me so much mischief, or go and traverse
the seas with a design to get me a little wealth, or rest quiet and eat
up what my relations have left me. _There is a strange inclination in
men to undertake voyages_, as there is to gaming; whatever misfortunes
befall them, they do not believe they will be always unhappy, and
therefore will play on. Thus it is as to the sea, whatever accidents
befall us, we are in hopes to find a favourable opportunity to make us
amends for all our losses. I believe, whoever reads this account will
find it a hard task to give me counsel thereupon, or to take the same
himself."

LAURENCE DE GRAFF, our next hero, was a Dutchman by birth, and served
first in the service of Spain as a sailor and a gunner. He soon became
remarkable as a good shot, and renowned for his address and bravery, his
bearing being equally attractive and commanding. Going to America, he
carried these talents to the best market, and, being taken prisoner by
the corsairs, became a Buccaneer, and soon rose to independent command.
His name grew so terrible to the Spaniards, that the monks used to pray
God in their prayers to deliver them from "Lorençillo," and the whole
brotherhood used his name as a war-cry to strike terror. Vessels struck
their flag when they heard that shout, and the horsemen fled before it
through the savannah. Knowing that the Spaniards would not forgive him
the injuries he had inflicted on them, De Graff never fought without
strewing powder on the deck, or having a gunner with a lighted match
ready to blow up the powder magazine at the first signal. On one
occasion the people of Carthagena, knowing that he was sailing near the
port in a single small vessel, despatched two frigates to bring him
bound to land. Lorençillo, believing himself lost, had already given
orders to blow up the vessel, when, making a last desperate effort, he
captured both of his enemies. These men were never so formidable as when
surrounded by an overwhelming force. On another occasion the admiral and
vice-admiral of the galleon fleet had orders to take him at all risks,
which they should easily have done, as each of their vessels carried
sixty guns. Finding it impossible to escape, Laurence animated his crew,
and told them that in victory lay their only hope of life. The gunner
was placed as usual ready beside the magazine, and then running boldly
between the two vessels, De Graff poured in a volley of musketry and
killed forty-eight Spaniards. The action still continued, when a French
shot carried away the mainmast of the largest galleon, and her consort,
afraid to board, left Lorençillo the conqueror. The report of this
victory produced a great sensation both at Paris and Madrid. The French
sent the conqueror letters of naturalization and a pardon for the death
of Van Horn, and the court of Spain issued orders to cut off the head of
their recreant admiral.

At another time Laurence was cruising near Carthagena, in company with
the French captains, Michel Jonqué, Le Sage, and Breac. The Spaniards,
thinking to catch him alone, sent out two thirty-six gun ships and a
small craft of six guns, which overtook him in a bay to leeward of the
city. Surprised to see him well guarded, they endeavoured to escape, but
Laurence attacked them, and after an eight hours' action, having killed
400 Spaniards, took the admiral's ship, Jonqué's capturing its
companion. Laurence's prize, however, was soon after driven ashore, and
the prisoners escaped.

Captain Laurence is at this time described as a tall, fair man, with
light hair and moustachios. He was fond of music, and kept a band of
violins and trumpets on board his ship. On one occasion landing in
Jamaica, the French levelled the three intrenchments, spiked the cannon,
burnt a town, and retreated to their ships--carrying off 3000 negroes,
and much indigo and merchandise. The island was saved by the fact of the
inhabitants of one corner having fortified all their houses, and turned
each into an inaccessible and unscalable fort. In the attack of one of
these alone Captain Le Sage and fifty men were killed. The English say
that there were 7000 fugitive negroes in the mountains, anxious to join
the French, and to escape to St. Domingo, but the French, taking them
for enemies, fled at their approach.

Afraid of retaliation, Hispaniola now prepared for defence. Le Sieur de
Graff commanded at Cape François, and was to lay ambuscades and throw up
intrenchments, and dispute every inch with the Spaniards or the English.
If the enemy was too strong he was ordered to spike his cannon, blow up
his powder, and fall back to Port de Paix. In 1695 the Spaniards and
English landed with 6000 men. Contrary to all expectation, De Graff,
perhaps too old for service, wasted eight days in reconnoitring, and
abandoned post after post. His men lost all courage when they saw his
irresolution. His lieutenant, Le Chevalier de Leon, also deserted his
guns without a blow, De Graff merely remarking that it was only
twenty-eight cannon lost. A succession of disasters followed, and
nothing but climate and the quarrels of the allies saved the desolated
colony.

In 1686, De Graff was made major in the French army, and henceforward
fought with more or less fidelity for the country that had ennobled him.
Not long after this event, the termination of all his glory, being a
widower, he married Anne Dieu le Veut, a French lady of indomitable
spirit. She was one of those French women brought over by the governor,
M. D'Ogeron, to marry to the hunters of Hispaniola. "They grew," says
Charlevoix, "perfect Atalantas, and joined in the chase, using the
musket and sabre with the best." From such Amazonian mould came some of
the Buccaneer chiefs. One day before her marriage, this heroine having
received some insult from her husband, drew out a pistol and forced him
to unsay what he had uttered. Full of admiration at her courage, and
thinking such an Amazon worthy of a hero's bed, he married her. Both she
and her children were taken prisoners by the English, and not released
for a long time after the peace. De Graff's first wife was Petroline de
Guzman, a Spanish lady.

At the time De Graff's brevet arrived, he was on a reef near Carthagena,
having been wrecked while pursuing a bark in a vessel of forty-eight
guns and 400 men. With his canoe the wrecked men took the ship, and
landing in Darien, lost twenty-five adventurers in an Indian ambuscade.
His two prizes he sent to St. Domingo, but his crew obliged him to
continue privateering till the letters from De Cussy recalled him. One
of the chief reasons why this honour had been bestowed on him was, that,
by his great credit with the adventurers, he might draw them to settle
on land.

About this time, the Spaniards surprised Petit Guaves, and war
commenced. Only the year before, the same nation had seized Breac, the
Flibustier captain, and hung him, with nine or ten of his men. Soon
after this, a Spanish officer, whom De Graff, now commandant at the Isle
à la Vache, had delivered from some English corsairs, informed him that
a Spanish galleon full of treasure was lying wrecked at the Seranillas
Islands, but this prize he was obliged to relinquish to the English.

De Graff now became remarkable for his firmness and justice. He
encouraged colonization, settled differences between English and French
Buccaneers, and prohibited all privateering. His name was still so
terrible, that on one occasion 2000 Spaniards attacking Hispaniola
retreated when they heard that the old chief commanded the militia of
the island.

The Flibustiers were found bad colonists: the French could manage to
keep them at a fortified post when a Spanish invasion was expected, but
the instant the enemy retreated, the sea grew dark with Buccaneer
vessels, eager for prizes. Indocile and desperate, they seduced all the
youth of Hispaniola from their plantations. At one time the French
governor seems to have resolved on their total destruction, but their
usefulness as light troops saved them. The descents on Jamaica in search
of slaves by the French Buccaneers grew soon so numerous, that the
English island became known as "little Guinea."

In 1692, a French adventurer named Daviot, with 290 men, landed and
pillaged the north of Jamaica. His vessel being driven out to sea by a
storm, his men were compelled to remain fifteen days exposed to
incessant attacks from their enemies. While waiting for the vessel's
return, the dreadful earthquake happened that swallowed 11,000 souls,
and destroyed Port Royal. The Flibustiers, alarmed at the rocking of the
earth, embarked 115 sailors and forty prisoners in canoes, but the sea
was as convulsed as the land, and they lost all but sixty men, and were
driven again on shore. Attacked when he again put out to sea by two
English vessels, Daviot beat them off with a loss of seventy-six men,
only two of his own being killed. Boarded by the English a second time,
his vessel blew up, and he surrendered with twenty-one of his crew. Soon
after this, three French vessels, manned with Buccaneers, took an
English guarda costa of forty guns, killing eighteen men.

In 1694, De Graff commanded in a Buccaneer invasion of Jamaica, sailing
to that island with fourteen vessels and 550 men. He forced the English
intrenchments in spite of 1400 musketeers and twelve guns, slew 360 of
the defenders, and captured nine ships, losing himself only twenty-two
men. He then drove off 260 troopers from Spanish Town, after two hours'
combat. The next day De Graff despatched troops to carry off cattle.

In 1696, a process was instituted against De Graff, whom M. Du Casse
suspected of intrigues with Spain. The evidence, M. Charlevoix thinks,
showed only his extreme fear of falling into the hands of the enemy. It
is certain that the Spanish had offered to make him a vice-admiral, but
he would not trust their sincerity. The English despised him for this
supposed treachery, and when he proposed to the governor of Jamaica to
retreat to that island, if he could give him employment, the governor
replied, that he had already betrayed three nations, and would not stick
at betraying a fourth.

The Spaniards regarded him with fear till his death, and never forgave
him the injury he had done them. "During the next war between France and
Spain," says Charlevoix, "the Marquis of Cöelogon arriving at Havannah
with a French squadron that he commanded in the Mexican Gulf, having De
Graff on board, all the town ran to the shore at the news, to see the
famous Lorençillo that had so long been the terror of the West Indies,
but the Marquis would not let him land for fear of danger."

Deprived of his command, De Graff was appointed captain of a light
frigate. This situation suited him better than land service, for which
he showed no genius, and he was frequently employed on board the French
squadrons, no man knowing better the navigation of the North Pacific.
Of his death we know nothing, but it is supposed he lived to a good age.

One of the most important enterprises ever attempted by the French
Buccaneers, in conjunction with the French government, was the capture
of Carthagena in 1697. The fleet of M. de Poincy consisted of eighteen
vessels, besides ten Flibustier craft, carrying 700 adventurers, in
addition to his own 4658 men and two companies of negroes. The Buccaneer
captains were Montjoy, Godefroy, Blanc, Galet, Pierre, Pays, Sales,
Macary, and Colong. Their vessels were named _Le Pontchartrain_, _La
Ville de Glamma_, _La Serpente_, _La Gracieuse_, _La Pembrock_, _Le Cerf
Volant_, _La Mutine_, _Le Brigantin_, _Le Jersé_, and _L'Anglais_. The
whole force mustered 6500 men. The adventurers at first refused to
embark till a fit share of the booty was promised to them, being
accustomed to be deprived of their rights by the French officers.
Enraged at not being treated as equals, and finding one of their men
imprisoned at Petit Guaves, they invested the fort, and were only
appeased by ready concessions. The first scheme of the expedition was
to seek the galleons; but this was abandoned, though it appeared
afterwards that at that very time they were lying at Porto Bello richer
than they had been for fifty years, and laden with 50,000,000 crowns.
The second plan was to attack Vera Cruz, and the last to sail to
Carthagena.

That most graphic and vigorous of writers, Michael Scott, describes
Carthagena as situated on a group of sandy islands, surrounded by
shallow water. A little behind the town, on a gentle acclivity, is the
citadel of Fort St. Felipe, and on the ship-like hill beyond it the
convent of the Popa, projecting like a poop-lantern in the high stern of
a ship.

Arrived at that city, the French galliot bombarded the whole night; and
as this was the first bomb ship ever seen in the West Indies, the
splintering of shells produced a great terror in the citizens. Two days
after the fleet anchored before Bocca Chica. This fort contained
thirty-three guns; had four bastions, and was defended by a dry fosse
cut in the rocks. The ramparts were bomb proof and the walls shot
proof. Under the fire of the _St. Louis_, the galliot, and two bomb
vessels, the troops landed and advanced without opposition within a
quarter of a league of the fort. By the advice of the Buccaneers,
accustomed to such marches, 3000 men crossed through a wood by a path so
difficult that only one man could pass at a time, and, unobserved, took
possession of the road leading from Carthagena to the fort, fortifying
themselves on both sides, and cutting off the communication between the
fort and the city, taking some negroes prisoners, and losing a few men
from the shots of the enemy.

The next morning, at daybreak, the adventurers, finding some boats on
the beach, pursued and captured a Spanish piragua containing several
monks of high rank. One of the priests in vain was sent with a flag of
truce and a drummer and trumpeter to summon the governor to surrender.
The negroes clearing the road, a battery of guns and mortars opened upon
the fort, and the Buccaneer sharp-shooters shot down the enemy's
gunners, driving back some half galleys that attempted to bring
reinforcements. The Buccaneers, pursuing the boats, found shelter under
the covered way, and killed every man who showed himself on the
batteries of the fort. The governor, who saw the adventurers rushing, as
he thought, madly to destruction, began to lament that he had employed
such people. Warned that if left alone "the brothers" would give a good
account of the place, he scornfully laughed and ordered up
reinforcements. Thinking the Flibustiers had only run under the covered
way for shelter, he pursued a few who really did turn tail with his
cane, and attempted in vain to drive them to the assault. By this time
the freebooters had won the drawbridge, and, displaying their colours on
the edge of the ditch, demanded means for the escalade. Thirty ladders
were placed, and the assault had already commenced, when the Spaniards
hung out the white flag, and, shouting "_Viva el rey!_" flung their arms
and hats into the ditch. The gate being opened, 100 of the garrison were
confined in the chapel; 200 others were found wounded. The governor,
handing the keys of the fortress to M. de Poincy, said: "I deliver into
your hands the keys of all the Spanish Indies." About forty adventurers
were killed, and as many wounded, in this attack.

The next day the fleet entered the harbour, and the Spaniards burned all
their vessels to prevent capture. The governor still refusing to
surrender, saying he wanted neither men, arms, nor courage, the
adventurers embarked to attack the convent of Nuestra Senhora de la
Popa, and to occupy the heights. M. du Casse being wounded in the thigh,
the Flibustiers refused to march under the command of M. Galifet, to
whom they had a dislike; and on his striking one of them, the man took
him by the cravat. The mutineer was instantly tied to a tree and
sentenced to be shot, but pardoned at M. Galifet's intercession. M. de
Poincy, going on board Captain Pierre's ship, seized him and ordered him
to execution, and the revolt then ceased, De Poincy threatening to
decimate them on the next outbreak.

The convent stood on a mountain shaped like the poop of a ship, about a
gunshot from Carthagena. It had been abandoned by the monks, who had
stripped it of every valuable.

The army then marched by sunset to the fort Santa Cruz, suffering much
from thirst. The fort mounted sixty guns, was surrounded by a wet ditch,
and on the land side accessible only through a morass, but it
surrendered without firing a shot. The adventurers then pushed on to
within a gunshot of Fort St. Lazarus, which commanded the suburbs on the
other side of the city. The French defiled round the fort, while some of
their grenadiers carried on a pretended conference with the fort. The
next day roads were cut through a hill, and the army were placed within
pistol shot of the walls, concealed by an eminence that covered them
from the enemy's fire. The Spaniards, losing their commander, abandoned
the place in disorder, and their fort, St. Lazarus, being within musket
shot of Gezemanie (the suburbs), they opened a fire of ten guns upon the
captured batteries, the Buccaneer musketry clearing the streets. Thirty
men were killed in trying to turn a chapel into a redoubt, and the camp
removed behind St. Lazarus, De Poincy having been wounded in the breast.

The three next days several breaching batteries were completed, and the
galliot and mortars bombarded the city all night. In three days more,
the breach was pronounced practicable, and the storming commenced. M. du
Casse, although wounded, led the grenadiers, and M. Macharais the
adventurers, who set the army an example of daring. Planks were laid
over the broken drawbridge, and the troops passed over, under a
tremendous fire from the bastion of St. Catherine, one man only being
able to cross at a time. The breach and batteries were lined with
Spanish lancers, who flung their spears, nine feet long, a distance of
twelve or fifteen yards. The French had 250 men killed and wounded, and
many officers fell. Vice-admiral the Count de Cöetlogon was mortally
hurt; the commander-in-chief's nephew, le Chevalier de Poincy, a young
midshipman, had his knee broken, and many were wounded in pursuing the
Spaniards to the city.

The French gave no quarter, putting to the sword 200 Spaniards who had
thrown themselves into a church. The governor, who had ordered his
servants to carry him in his easy chair to the breach to animate his
men, fled into Carthagena. The army now advanced to the bridge which led
from Gezemanie to the city, and repulsed two sorties of the enemy.

The French threw up intrenchments and erected batteries to breach the
walls. Two days were spent in these preparations and in dressing the
wounded. There were still great difficulties to encounter. Armies of
Indians were approaching. The Spanish garrison had six months' provision
and eighty guns mounted on their ramparts. The next day, Carthagena,
terrified at the fate of Gezemanie, surrendered. The conditions were,
that the churches should not be plundered, that those who chose might
leave the city unmolested, and that the inhabitants should surrender
half their money on pain of losing all. The governor and troops were to
depart with the honours of war. The merchants were to surrender their
account books to the French commander. The adventurers instantly
occupied the bastions and gate, and the other troops seized the
ramparts. The governor, having marched out with 700 men, M. de Poincy
proceeded to the cathedral to hear the _Te Deum_, and then repaired to
his lodgings at the house where the royal treasure was deposited.

At first the soldiers and sailors were forbidden to enter any house on
pain of death, and the admiral's carpenter being caught plundering, and
confessing his guilt, had his head cut off on the spot. But a change
soon took place. The governor, assembling the heads of religious houses,
informed them that the treaty did not spare any convent that had money.
Many days were spent in receiving and weighing the crowns. De Poincy
declared, that before his arrival the monks had fled with 120 mules
laden with gold, and he had obtained barely nine million pieces. Other
accounts say he obtained forty million livres, _i.e._, twenty millions
without including merchandise. Every officer had 100,000 crowns, besides
his general share of the spoil, before he allowed his soldiers to enter
a house. Charlevoix confesses, that the honour the French won by their
bravery they lost by their cruelty. The capitulation was broken,
churches were profaned, church plate stolen, images broken, virgins
violated on the very altars, the monks tortured, and the sick in the
hospitals left to starve, or resort to the horrors of cannibalism.
Notwithstanding the inhabitants brought in their money, some to the
amount of 400,000 dollars, a general search was made throughout the
town, and much gold found. A few of the inhabitants hired guards of
adventurers, but, in general, these men also turned plunderers, the
officers only attempting to keep up appearances.

Anxious to get the adventurers out of the way while he collected the
spoil, De Poincy spread a report that 10,000 Indians were approaching,
and sent the Flibustiers to drive them back. After plundering the
country for four leagues, they returned with fifty prisoners, a drove of
cattle, and 4000 crowns. During the siege, they had been employed in
skirmishing, cutting off supplies, and foraging, and were accustomed to
laugh at the sailors, who dragged the guns and called them "white
negroes."

Disease breaking out, and carrying off 800 men in six weeks, De Poincy
embarked his plunder, and prepared to sail. Eighty-six guns he carried
off, and destroyed St. Lazarus and Bocca Chica. The Buccaneers, calling
out loudly for their share, received only 40,000 crowns. The men
instantly shouted--"Brothers, we do wrong to take anything of this dog,
our share is left at Carthagena." This proposal was received with a
ferocious gaiety, and they all swore never to return to St. Domingo.
They derided M. du Casse's promises to get them justice from the French
king, and fired at those vessels that would not follow them. The people
of Carthagena shuddered to see them return. Shutting up all the men in
the cathedral, they promised to depart on receiving five millions as a
ransom. In one day a million crowns were brought, but, this being still
inadequate, they broke open the very tombs, and goaded the citizens to
the torture, firing off guns, and pretending to put men to death in the
neighbouring rooms. Two men, guilty of cruelty, their leaders hanged.
Each man received about 1,000 crowns; and having spent four days in
collecting and dividing the gold and silver, they appointed the Isle à
la Vache as a rendezvous to divide the slaves and merchandise.

The retribution was at hand. They had not sailed thirty leagues when
they fell in with the combined English and Dutch fleets. _Le Christ_,
with 250 men, and more than a million crowns, was taken by the Dutch,
_Le Cerf Volant_ by the English, a third was driven on shore and burnt
near St. Domingo, a fourth, running on land near Carthagena, was taken,
and her crew employed in rebuilding the fortifications they had
destroyed. Of De Poincy's plunder, 120,000 livres were carried off by
an English foray on Petit Guaves. Admiral Neville, who failed to
overtake the French deep-laden and weakly manned fleet, died of a broken
heart at Virginia.

Du Casse was rewarded with the cross of St. Louis for his services, and
orders arrived from France to distribute 1,400,000 of De Poincy's spoil
among the freebooters, very little of which, however, reached them. A
curse, says Charlevoix, rested on the whole enterprise.

In 1698, a French fleet, under the command of Count d'Estrees, on its
way to attack the Dutch island of Curaçoa, was lost on the Aves Islands,
a small cluster of rocks surrounded by breakers. Attracted by the
distress-guns fired by the first ship that ran aground, its companions,
believing that it had been attacked by the enemy, hurried pell-mell to
its assistance, and, blinded by the fog, ran one by one on destruction.
Eighteen of them were lost. Of this disaster, Dampier, who visited the
island about a year afterwards, gives a very interesting account. The
Buccaneer part of the crew (for the Buccaneers took an active part in
these wars), quite accustomed to such chances, scrambled to shore, and
proceeded to save all they could from the wreck; but a few of them,
breaking into the stores of a stranded vessel, floated with her out to
sea, drinking and cursing on the poop, and holding up their flasks,
shouting and laughing to the drowning men around them. Every soul of
them perished.

Several Flibustier vessels were lost at the same time, about 800
Buccaneers having joined the expedition at Tortuga. About 300 of these
perished with the wrecks. Dampier describes the islands as strewn with
shreds of sail, broken spars, masts, and rigging. For some years, in
consequence, the Aves became the resort of Buccaneer captains, who
careened and refitted here, employing their crews in diving for plate,
and in attempts to recover guns and anchors.

To console themselves for this failure, M. de Poincy led 800 Buccaneers
to attack Santiago, first touching at Tortuga for reinforcements. They
landed unseen, taking advantage of a bright moonlight night. The
vanguard wound their way round the base of a mountain that barred their
approach to the town, and, instead of advancing, worked round till they
met their rearguard, whom they mistook for the enemy, and furiously
attacked. They discovered their mistake at last by their mutual cries of
"Tue, tue." But it was now late; all hopes of surprise were over; the
Spaniards, alarmed, put themselves on their defence, and at daybreak
drove back the freebooters to their ships with an irresistible force of
4000 men. Another party, more successful, plundered Port au Prince, St.
Thomas's, and Truxillo on the mainland.

Grammont, during this time, had been left behind on the Aves Islands, to
collect all that was valuable from the wreck, and to careen the
surviving vessels. Having completed this, and finding himself short of
provisions, and the season being favourable for an excursion to the Gulf
of Venezuela, Grammont decided upon a visit to Maracaibo. Arriving at
the fort of the bar, mounted with twelve guns and garrisoned by seventy
men, he commenced an attack. The French had opened a trench, had already
pushed it within cannon shot, and were preparing the ladders to scale,
when the governor surrendered on condition of obtaining the honours of
war. Passing on to the town, Grammont found it abandoned. Gibraltar also
made little resistance. From the lake he carried off three vessels, and
also took a prize of value, cannonading it with his guns, and at the
same time boarding it with a swarm of canoes. Being now master of the
whole lake, he visited all the places where his prisoners told him he
was likely to find gold hidden, defeating the Spaniards wherever he met
them.

Then, collecting all his scattered plunderers, Grammont prepared to
attack Torilla, making a detour of forty-five leagues in order to take
it by surprise. Arriving near the town, the Buccaneers came to the banks
of a rapid river, with only one ford, which they had the good fortune to
find, crossing over under shelter of a hot fire that the rearguard kept
up upon the Spaniards, who lay intrenched upon the opposite bank. The
moment they had crossed, their enemies fled, and Torilla was their own.
The prize, however, proved not worth the winning, for the town was
abandoned, and the treasure hid. The Buccaneer rule, indeed, was that no
place was worth sacking which was taken without a blow, as the Spaniards
always fought best when they had most to fight for. The Buccaneers
departed with little booty; their 700 men having taken three towns, and
conquered a province, with the loss of only seventy men, and these
chiefly by illness.

In 1680 Grammont made another expedition to the coast of Cumana. Having
collected twenty-five piraguas, he ascertained from some prisoners that
there were three armed vessels anchored under the forts of Gonaire, and
these he determined to cut out. He embarked all his 180 men in a single
bark, and left orders for the others to sail up to Gonaire at a given
signal. He landed with a few men at night, and surprised four watchmen,
who, however, had still time left to fire, and alarm the town, before
they could be overpowered. Gonaire leaped instantly from its sleep. The
bells rang backward; the guns fired; the musketeers hurried to the
market-place; doors were barred; and the women and children fled in
tears to the altars. Grammont, doubling his speed, arrived at the east
gate, his drums beating, trumpets sounding, and colours flying. Although
it was defended by twelve guns, he took it with the hot fierceness of a
Cæsar, pushed on at once to a fort about a hundred yards distant, and
commenced a vigorous attack. At the head of his crew he entered the
embrasures, killing twenty-six out of its thirty-eight defenders.
Planting his colours on the wall, the men shouted "_Vive le Roi!_" with
such unanimity and fierceness that at the very sound the whole garrison
of the neighbouring fort at once surrendered, and forty-two men
instantly laid down their arms. These successes were obtained with only
forty-seven men--a mere handful being able to keep up in the rapid and
headlong charge. Grammont, rallying his men, then placed garrisons in
the forts, razed the embrasures, spiked the cannon, and then proceeded
to intrench himself in a strong position. The next day he entered the
town, making several vigorous sorties on the enemy, who now began to
gather in round him on all sides. Being informed that 2000 men were
advancing to meet him from Caragua, he gave orders for embarkation, the
Buccaneers seldom fighting when no booty was to be obtained. Remaining
last upon the shore to cover the retreat of his men, withstanding for
nearly twenty-four hours the onslaught of 300 Spaniards, he was at last
dangerously wounded in the throat, and one of his officers had his
shoulder broken.

Grammont took with him the Governor of Gonaire, and 150 other prisoners,
the usual resource of the Buccaneers when a town either furnished no
booty, or gave them no time to collect it. This daring enterprise was
achieved with the loss of only eight men. On his way home to be cured of
a wound which his vexation and impatience had rendered dangerous, he
was wrecked near Petit Guaves, and his own vessel and his prize both
lost.

About the next adventure of this chivalrous corsair some doubts are
thrown, although it is related boastingly by Charlevoix, who says: "He
then took an English vessel of thirty guns, which had defied the
Governor of Tortuga, and beaten off a Buccaneer bark. This ship, armed
with fifty guns, and navigated by a crew of 300 men, Grammont is
reported to have boarded, killing every Englishman on board but the
captain, whom he reserved to carry in triumph to shore."

Grammont was born in Paris of a good family. His mother being left a
widow, her daughter was courted by an officer who treated Grammont, then
a student, as a rude boy. They fought, and the lover received three
mortal stabs. Obtaining the dying man's pardon, the young duellist
entered the marines, eventually commanded a privateer frigate, and took,
near Martinique, a Dutch flute, containing 400,000 livres. Having spent
all this in gaiety at St. Domingo, the young captain turned Buccaneer.
Charlevoix notices his manners and address, which were as fascinating as
those of De Graff. The writer describes "Sa bonne grâce, ses manières
honnêtes, et je ne sçais quoi d'aimable qui gagnoit les coeurs."

We have described already his surprise of Maracaibo, and his expedition
to Vera Cruz. His expedition to Campeachy was against the wish of the
French Governor of St. Domingo. On their way home he quarrelled and
separated from De Graff. "With all the talent that can raise man to
command, he had," says Charlevoix, "all the vices of a corsair. He drank
hard, and abandoned himself to debauchery, with a total disregard of
religion."

In 1686 Grammont, at the recommendation of M. de Cussy, Governor of St.
Domingo, was made Lieutenant de Roi, Cussy intending to make him
Protector of the south coast. But Grammont, elated at his new title, and
anxious to show that he deserved it, armed a ship, manned by 180
Buccaneers, to make a last cruise against the Spaniards, and was heard
of no more.




CHAPTER III.

FALL OF THE FLOATING EMPIRE.

    Peace of Ryswick--Attempts to settle--Buccaneers turn pirates--Last
    expedition to the Darien mines, 1702.


The English were the first to attempt to put down Buccaneering, but the
last to succeed in doing it. When the freebooters had served their
purpose, the English government would have thrown them by as a soldier
would his broken sword. In 1655, after Morgan returned from Panama, Lord
John Vaughan, the new governor of Jamaica, had strict orders to enforce
the treaty concluded with Spain in the previous year, but to proclaim
pardon, indemnity, and grants of land to all Buccaneers who would turn
planters. By royal proclamation, all cruising against Spain was
forbidden under severe penalties. To avoid this irksome imprisonment to
a plot of sugar canes, many of the English freebooters joined their
brethren at Tortuga, or turned cow-killers and logwood cutters in the
Bay of Campeachy. In the next year the war broke out between England and
Holland, and many fitted out privateers.

The unwise restrictions of France, and home interference with colonial
administration, once more fostered "the people of the coast." Annoying
prohibitions and vexatious monopolies drove the planters to sea.

In 1690 a royal proclamation granted pardon to all English Buccaneers
who should surrender themselves. The French Flibustiers continued to
flourish during the war which followed the accession of William III. to
the throne of England.

In 1698 the knell of the brotherhood was finally rung by the joy bells
that announced the peace of Ryswick. The English and Dutch made great
complaints to the Governor of St. Domingo of the French Flibustiers,
and demanded compensation, which was granted. A colony was established
at the Isle à la Vache in hopes of carrying on a trade with New Spain,
by orders of the French king the church plate brought from Carthagena
was returned, and Buccaneering prohibited.

The government advised that force should be resorted to to induce those
Flibustiers to turn planters who were not willing to avail themselves of
the amnesty. Those who had settled in Jamaica, seeing in 1702 a new war
likely to break out between England and France, and determined not to
take arms against their own country, passed over to the mainland, and
settled in Bocca Toro. As soon as the war broke out, however, a great
many French Buccaneers, persecuted at St. Domingo, joined the English
under Benbow. In 1704, M. Auger, a new governor, coming to St. Domingo,
and seeing the false step his predecessors had taken, recalled the
Flibustiers, and made peace with the Bocca Toro Indians. M. d'Herville
led 1500 of them to the Havannah, and died there. He held the Buccaneers
of Hispaniola far beyond those of Martinique, and, had he lived, would
have united them all under his flag.

In 1707 Le Comte de Choiseul Beaupré, the new governor, attempted to
revive Buccaneering as the only hope of saving French commerce in the
Indies, the English privateers carrying off every merchant ship that
approached the shores of St. Domingo. The French government approved of
all his plans, and gave him unlimited power to carry them out. He issued
an amnesty to all Flibustiers who had settled among the Indians of
Sambres and Bocca Toro. The greater part of those who had joined the
English returned; and those who had joined in the last expedition
against Carthagena received their pay. The Brothers were restored to all
their ancient privileges. The Count intended to guard the coast with
frigates while his smaller vessels harassed Jamaica, but in the midst of
these immature projects he was killed, in 1710, in a sea engagement.

The Buccaneers, gathered from every part, now turned planters. Thus,
says Charlevoix, ended the "Flibuste de Saint Domingue," which only
required discipline and leaders of ambition to have conquered both
North and South America. Undisciplined and tumultuous as it has been,
without order, plan, forethought, or subordination, it has still been
the astonishment of the whole world, and has done deeds which posterity
will not believe.

Attachment to old habits and difficulty in finding employment made many
turn pirates. Proscribed now by all nations, with no excuse for plunder,
and with no safe place of refuge, they sailed over the world, enemies to
all they met. Many frequented the Guinea coast, others cruised off the
coast of India, and New Providence island, one of the Bahama group, was
now the only sanctuary. Here the memorable Blackbeard, Martel, and his
associates, were at last hunted down, about 1717.

The last achievement related of the Flibustiers is in 1702, when a party
of Englishmen having a commission from the Governor of Jamaica, landed
on the Isthmus of Darien, near the Samballas isles, and were joined by
some old Flibustiers who had settled there, and 300 friendly Indians.
With these allies they marched to the mines, drove out the Spaniards
according to Dampier's plan, and took seventy negroes. They kept these
slaves at work twenty-one days, but obtained, after all, only eighty
pounds' weight of gold.




CHAPTER IV.

THE PIRATES OF NEW PROVIDENCE AND THE KINGS OF MADAGASCAR.

    Laws and dress--Government--Blackbeard--His enormities--Captain
    Avery and the Great Mogul--Davis--Lowther--Low--Roberts--Major
    Bonnet--Captain Gow--the Guinea coast.


The last refugee Buccaneers turned pirates, and settled in the island of
New Providence.

The African coast, and not the main, was now their cruising ground, and
Madagascar was their new Tortuga. They no longer warred merely against
the Spaniard--their hands were raised against the world. Their cruelty
was no longer the cruelty of retaliation, but arose from a thirst of
blood, never to be slaked, and still unquenchable. There was no longer
honour among the bands, and they grew as cowardly as they were
ferocious. Flocks of trading vessels were scuttled, but no town
attacked. We waste time even to detail their guilt, and only append the
terrible catalogue as a _finis_ to our narrative.

The following articles, signed by Roberts's crew, may furnish a fair
example of the ordinary rules drawn up by pirate captains:--

"Every man has a vote in affairs of moment, and an equal title to the
fresh provisions or strong liquors at any time seized; which he may use
at pleasure, unless a scarcity make it necessary for the good of all to
vote a retrenchment.

"Every man shall be called fairly in turn by list on board the prizes,
and, over and above their proper share, shall be allowed a change of
clothes. Any man who defrauds the company to the value of a dollar in
plate, jewels, or money, shall be marooned. If the robbery is by a
messmate, the thief shall have his ears and nose slit, and be set on
shore at the place the ship touches at.

"No man shall play at cards or dice for money.

"The lights and candles to be put out at eight o'clock at night. If any
of the crew, after that hour, still remain inclined for drinking, they
are to do it on the open deck.

"Every man shall keep his piece, pistols, and cutlass clean, and fit for
service.

"No woman to be allowed on board. Any man who seduces a woman, and
brings her to sea disguised, shall suffer death.

"Any one deserting the ship, or leaving his quarters during an
engagement, shall be either marooned or put to death.

"No man shall strike another on board, but the disputants shall settle
their quarrel on shore with sword or pistol.

"No man shall talk of breaking up the company till we get each £100.
Every man losing a limb, or becoming a cripple in the service, shall
have 800 dollars, and for lesser hurts proportional recompence.

"The captain and quartermaster shall receive two shares of every prize.
The master, boatswain, and gunner one share and a-half, and all other
officers one and a-quarter.

"The musicians to rest on Sundays, but on no other days without special
favour."

From another set of articles we find, that

"He that shall be found guilty of taking up any unlawful weapon on board
a prize so as to strike a comrade, shall be tried by the captain and
company, and receive due punishment.

"All men guilty of cowardice shall also be tried.

"If any gold, jewels, or silver, to the value of a piece of eight, be
found on board a prize, and the finder do not deliver it to the
quartermaster within twenty-four hours, he shall be put to his trial.

"Any one found guilty of defrauding another to the value of a shilling,
shall be tried.

"Quarter always to be given when called for.

"He that sees a sail first, to have the best pistols or small arms on
board of her."

One of the most cruel of their punishments was "sweating," an ingenuity
probably invented by the London rakes and "scourers" of Charles the
Second's reign. They first stuck up lighted candles circularly round the
mizenmast, between decks, and within this circle admitted the prisoners
one by one. Outside the candles stood the pirates armed with penknives,
tucks, forks, and compasses, and the musicians playing a lively dance,
they drove the prisoner round, pricking him as he passed. This could
seldom be borne more than ten minutes, at the end of which time the
wretch, maddened with fear and pain, generally fell senseless.

Their diversions were as strange as their cruelties. On one occasion
some pirates captured a ship laden with horses, going from Rhode Island
to St. Christopher's. The sailors mounted these beasts, and rode them
backwards and forwards, full gallop, along the decks, cursing and
shouting till the animals grew maddened. When two or three of these
rough riders were thrown, they leaped up and fell on the crew with their
sabres, declaring that they would kill them for not bringing boots and
spurs, without which no man could ride.

In dress the pirates were fantastic and extravagant. Their favourite
ornament was a broad sash slung across the breast and fastened on the
shoulder and hip with coloured ribbons. In this they slung three and
four pairs of pistols, for which, at the sales at the mast, they would
often give £40 a-pair. Gold-laced cocked hats were conspicuous features
of their costume.

For small offences, too insignificant for a jury, the quartermaster was
the arbitrator. If they disobeyed his command, except in time of battle,
when the captain was supreme, were quarrelsome or mutinous, misused
prisoners, or plundered when plundering should cease, or were negligent
of their arms, as the master he might cudgel or whip them. He was, in
fact, the manager of all duels, and the trustee of the whole company,
returning to the owners what he chose (except gold and silver), and
confiscating whatever he thought advisable. The quartermaster was, in
fact, their magistrate, the captain their king.

The captain had always the great cabin to himself, and was often voted
parcels of plate and china. Any sailor, however, might use his
punch-bowl, enter his room, swear at him, and seize his food, without
his daring to find fault, or contest his rights. The captain was
generally chosen for being "pistol proof," and in some cases had as
privy council a certain number of the elder sailors, who were called
"lords."

The captain's power was uncontrollable in time of chase or battle: he
might then strike, stab, or shoot anybody who disobeyed his orders. The
fate of the prisoner depended much upon the captain, who was oftener
inclined to mercy than his crew.

Their flags were generally intended to strike terror. Roberts's was a
black silk flag, with a white skeleton upon it, with an hour-glass in
one hand, and cross-bones in the other, underneath a dart, and a heart
dripping blood. The pennon bore a man with a flaming sword in one hand,
standing on two skulls, one inscribed A.B.H. (a Barbadian's head), and
the other, A.M.H. (a Martiniquian's head).

EDWARD TEACH, _alias_ Blackbeard, was born in Bristol, and at a seaport
town all daring youths turn sailors. He soon became distinguished for
daring and courage, but did not obtain any command till 1716, when a
Captain Benjamin Hornigold gave him the command of a sloop, and became
his partner in piracy, till he surrendered.

In the spring of 1717, the pair sailed from their haunt in New
Providence towards the Spanish main, and taking by the way a shallop
from the Havannah, laden with flour, supplied their own vessels. From a
ship of Bermuda they obtained wine, and from a craft of Madeira they got
considerable plunder.

Careening on the Virginian coast, they returned to the West Indies, and
capturing a large French Guinea-man, bound for Martinique, Teach went
aboard as captain, and started for a cruise. Hornigold, returning to New
Providence, surrendered to proclamation, and gave himself up to Governor
Rogers.

Blackbeard had in the mean time mounted his prize with forty guns, and
christened her the _Queen Anne's Revenge_. Cruising off St. Vincent, he
captured the _Great Allan_, and having plundered her, and set the men on
shore, fired the ship, and let her drift to sea.

A few days after, Teach was attacked by the _Scarborough_ man-of-war,
who, finding him well manned, retired to Barbadoes, after a cannonade of
some hours. On his way to the mainland, Teach was joined by Major
Bonnet, a gentleman planter, turned pirate, who joined with him,
commanding a sloop of ten guns. Finding he knew nothing of naval
affairs, Teach soon deposed him, and took him on board his own ship, on
pretext of relieving him from the fatigues and cares of such a post,
wishing him, as he said, to live easy and do no duty.

While taking in water near the Bay of Honduras, they surprised a sloop
from Jamaica, which surrendered without a blow, striking sail at the
first terror of the black flag. The men they took on board Teach's
vessel, and manned it for their own use.

At Honduras they found a ship and four sloops, some from Jamaica, and
some from Boston. The Americans deserted one vessel, and escaped on
shore, and the pirates burnt it in revenge. The other vessel they also
burnt, because some pirate had been lately hung at Boston. The three
sloops they allowed to depart.

Taking turtles at the Grand Caiman's islands, they sailed to the
Havannah, and from the Bahamas went to Carolina, capturing a brigantine
and two sloops. For six days they lay off the bar of Charlestown, taking
many vessels, and a brigantine laden with negroes. The people of
Carolina, who had not long before been visited by the pirate Vane, were
dumb with terror. No vessel dared put out, and the trade of the place
stood still. To add to these misfortunes, a long and expensive war with
the natives, only just concluded, had much impoverished the colony.

Teach detained all the ships and prisoners, and being in want of
medicines, sent a boat's crew of men ashore, with one of the prisoners,
to ask the governor to supply him with the drugs. The pirates were
insolent in their demands, and, swearing horribly, vowed, if any
violence was offered to them, that their captain would murder all the
prisoners, send their heads to the governor, and then fire the vessels
and slip cable. These rude ambassadors swaggered through the streets,
insulting the inhabitants, who longed to seize them, but dared not, for
fear of endangering the town. The governor did not deliberate long, for
one of his brother magistrates was in the murderer's hands, and at once
sent on board a chest, worth about £400, which the pirates returned with
in triumph. Blackbeard then released the prisoners, having first taken
about £1500 out of the ships, besides provisions.

From the bar of Charlestown the kingly villains sailed to North
Carolina, where Teach broke up the partnership, objecting to any
division of money, preferring all the risk and all the profit. Running
into an inlet to clean, he purposely grounded his ship, and Hands,
another captain, coming to his assistance, ran ashore by his side. He
then with forty men took possession of the third vessel, and marooned
seventeen other men upon a sandy island, about a league from the main,
where neither herb grew nor bird visited. Here they would have perished,
had not Major Bonnet taken them off two days after.

Teach then surrendered himself, with twenty of his men, to the Governor
of North Carolina, and received certificates and pardons from him,
having soon crept into his favour. Through the governor's permission,
the _Queen Anne's Revenge_, though avowedly the property of English
merchants, was forfeited by an Admiralty Court, as a Spaniard, and
declared the property of Teach. Before setting out again to sea
Blackbeard married his fourteenth wife, twelve more being still alive.
The governor, who seems to have been half a pirate, and wholly a rogue,
performed the ceremony.

In June, 1718, he steered towards Bermudas, and meeting several English
vessels, plundered them of provisions. He also captured two French
vessels, one of which was loaded with sugar and cocoa, and bound to
Martinico. The loaded vessel he brought home, and the governor, calling
a court, condemned it as a derelict, and divided the plunder with Teach,
receiving sixty hogsheads of sugar as his dividend, and his secretary
twenty. For fear the vessel might still be claimed, Teach declared it
was leaky, and burnt her to the water's edge.

He now spent three or four months in the river, lying at anchor in the
coves, or sailing from inlet to inlet, bartering his plunder with any
ship he met, giving presents to the friendly, and ransacking those who
resisted. His nights he spent in revelries with the planters, to whom he
made presents of rum and sugar, sometimes, when he grew moody, laying
them under contribution, and even bullying his confederate, the
villainous governor.

The plundered sloops, finding no justice could be obtained in Carolina,
determined with great secresy to send a deputation to the Governor of
Virginia, and to solicit a man-of-war to destroy the pirates.

The governor instantly complied with their request. The next Sunday a
proclamation was read in every church and chapel in Virginia, and by the
sheriffs at their country houses. For Blackbeard's head £100 was
offered, if brought in within the year, for his lieutenant's £20, for
inferior officers £10, and for the common sailors £10. The _Pearl_ and
_Lime_, men-of-war, lying in St. James's river, manned a couple of small
sloops, supplied by the governor. They had no guns mounted, but were
well supplied with small arms and ammunition. The command was given to
Lieutenant Robert Maynard, of the _Pearl_, a man of courage and
resolution.

On the 7th of November the Lieutenant sailed from Picquetan, and on the
evening of the 21st reached the mouth of the Ollereco inlet, and
sighted the pirates. Great secresy was observed: all boats and vessels
met going up the river were stopped to prevent Blackbeard knowing of
their approach. But the governor contrived to put him on his guard, and
sent back four of his men, whom he found lounging about the town.

Blackbeard, frequently alarmed by such reports, gave no credit to the
messenger, till he saw the sloops. He instantly cleared his decks,
having only twenty-five of his forty men on board. Having prepared for
battle with all the coolness of an old desperado, he spent the night in
drinking with the master of a trading sloop, who seemed to be in his
pay.

Maynard, finding the place shoal and the channel intricate, dropped
anchor, knowing there was no reaching the pirate that night. The next
morning early he weighed, sent his boat ahead to sound, and, coming
within gunshot of Teach, received his fire. The lieutenant then, boldly
hoisting the king's colours, made at him with all speed of sail and oar,
part of his men keeping up a discharge of small arms. Teach then cut
cable and made a running fight, discharging his big guns. In a little
time the pirate ran aground, and the royal vessel drawing more water
anchored within half a gunshot. The lieutenant then threw his ballast
overboard, staved all his water, and then weighed and stood in for the
enemy.

Blackbeard, loudly cursing, hailed him. "D---- you villains, who are
you? From whence come you?" The lieutenant replied, "You see by our
colours we are no pirates." Teach bade him send a boat on board that he
might know who he was. Maynard answered that he could not spare his
boat, but would soon board with his sloop. Whereupon Blackbeard,
drinking to him, cried, "Devil seize my soul if I give you quarter or
take any." Maynard at once replied, "He should neither give nor take
quarter."

By this Blackbeard's sloop floated, and the royal boats were fast
approaching.

The sloops being scarcely a foot high in the waist, the men were exposed
as they toiled at the sweeps. Hitherto few on either side had fallen.
Suddenly Blackbeard poured in a broadside of grape, and killed twenty
men on board one ship and nine on board the other; his vessel then fell
broadside to the shore to keep its one side protected, and the disabled
sloop fell astern. The Virginia men still kept to their oars, however
exposed, because otherwise, there being no wind, the pirate would
certainly have escaped.

Maynard finding his own sloop had way, and would soon be on board,
ordered his men all down below, for fear of another broadside, which
would have been his total destruction. He himself was the only man that
kept the deck, even the man at the helm lying down snug; the men in the
hold were ordered to get their pistols and cutlasses ready for close
fighting, and to come up the companion at a moment's signal. Two ladders
were placed in the hatchway ready for the word. As they boarded, Teach's
men threw in grenades made of case-bottles, filled with powder, shot,
and slugs, and fired with a quick match. Blackbeard, seeing no one on
board, cried out, "They are all knocked on the head except three or
four, and therefore I will jump on board and cut to pieces those that
are still alive."

Under smoke of one of the fire-pots he leaped over the sloop's bows,
followed by fourteen men. For a moment he was not heard, during the
explosion, nor seen for the smoke. Directly the air cleared Maynard gave
the signal, and his men, rising in an instant, attacked the pirates with
a rush and a cheer.

Blackbeard and the lieutenant fired the first pistols at each other, and
then engaged with sabres till the lieutenant's broke. Stepping back to
cock his pistol, Blackbeard was in the act of cutting him down, when one
of Maynard's men gave the pirate a terrible gash in the throat, and the
lieutenant escaped with a small cut over his fingers.

They were now hotly engaged, Blackbeard and his fourteen men--the
lieutenant and his twelve. The sea grew red round the vessel. The ball
from Maynard's first pistol shot Blackbeard in the body, but he stood
his ground, and fought with fury till he received twenty cuts and five
more shot. Having already fired several pistols (for he wore many in his
sash), he fell dead as he was cocking another. Eight of his fourteen
companions having now fallen, the rest, much wounded, leaped overboard
and called for quarter, which was granted till the gibbet could be got
ready.

The other vessel now coming up attacked the rest of the pirates, and
compelled them to surrender. So ended a man that in a good cause had
proved a Leonidas.

With great guns the lieutenant might have destroyed him with less loss,
but no large vessel would have got up the river, so shallow, that, small
as it was, the sloop grounded a hundred times. The very broadside,
although destructive, saved the lives of the survivors, for Blackbeard,
expecting to be boarded, had placed a daring fellow, a negro named
Cæsar, in the powder room, with orders to blow it up at a given signal.
It was with great difficulty that two prisoners in the hold dissuaded
him from the deed when he heard of his captain's death.

The lieutenant cutting off Blackbeard's head, hung it at his boltsprit
end, and sailed into Bath Town to get relief for his wounded men. In
rummaging the sloop, the connivance of the governor was detected; the
secretary, falling sick with fear, died in a few days, and the governor
was compelled to refund the hogsheads.

When the wounded men began to recover, the lieutenant sailed back into
James's river, with the black head still hanging from the spar, and
bringing fifteen prisoners, thirteen of whom were hung.

Of the two survivors, one was an unlucky fellow captured only the night
before the engagement, who had received no less than seventy wounds, but
was cured of them all and recovered. The other was the master of the
pirate sloop, who had been shot by Blackbeard, and put on shore at Bath
Town. His wound he received in the following way: One night, drinking in
the cabin with the mate, a pilot, and another sailor, Blackbeard,
without any provocation, drew out a small pair of pistols and cocked
them under the table. The sailor, perceiving this, said nothing, but
got up and went on deck. The pistols being ready, Blackbeard blew out
the candle, and, crossing his hands under the table, discharged the
pistols. The master fell shot through the knee, lamed for life, the
other bullet hit no one. Being asked the meaning of this cruelty,
Blackbeard answered, by swearing that if he did not kill one of them now
and then, they would forget who he was.

This man was about to be executed, when a ship arrived from England with
a proclamation prolonging the time of pardon to those who would
surrender. He pleaded this, was released, and ended his days as a beggar
in London.

It is a singular fact that many of Blackbeard's captors themselves
eventually turned pirates.

Teach derived his nickname from his long black beard, which he twisted
with ribbons into small tails, and turned about his ears. This beard was
more terrible to America than a comet, say his historians. In time of
action he wore a sling over his shoulders, with three brace of pistols
hanging to it in holsters like bandoliers. He then stuck lighted matches
under his hat, and this, with his natural fierce and wild eyes, gave him
the aspect of a demon.

His frolics were truly satanic, and only madness can furnish us with any
excuse for such crimes. Pre-eminent in wickedness, he was constantly
resorting to artifices to maintain that pre-eminence. One day at sea,
when flushed with drink, "Come," said he, "let us make a hell of our
own, and try how long we can bear it." He then, with two or three
others, went down into the hold, and, closing up all the hatches,
lighted some pots of brimstone, and continued till the men, nearly
suffocated, cried for air and pushed up the hatches. Blackbeard
triumphed in having held out longest.

The night before he was killed, as he was drinking, one of his men asked
him, if anything should happen to him, if his wife knew where he had
buried his money. He answered that nobody but himself and the devil
knew where it was, and the longest liver should have all.

These blasphemies had filled the crew with superstitious fears, and
perhaps unnerved their arms in the last struggle. The survivors declared
that, once upon a cruise, a man was found on board more than the crew,
sometimes below and sometimes above. No one knew whence he came and who
he was, but believed him to be the devil, as he disappeared shortly
before their great ship was cast away.

In Blackbeard's journal were found many entries illustrating the fear
and misery of a pirate's life. For instance--

"3rd June, all rum out; our company somewhat sober; rogues a plotting;
great talk of separation; so I looked sharp for a prize. 5th June, took
one with a great deal of liquor on board, so kept the company hot, d----
hot; then all things went well again."

Some sugar, cocoa, indigo, and cotton were found on board the pirate
sloops, and some in a tent on the shore. This, with the sloop, sold for
£2500. The whole was divided amongst the crews of the _Lime_ and
_Pearl_, the brave captors getting no more than their dividend, and that
very tardily paid, as such things usually are by English governments.

CAPTAIN ENGLAND began life as mate of a Jamaica sloop, and being taken
by a pirate named Winter, before Providence was turned into a freebooter
fortress, became master of a piratical vessel. He soon became remarkable
for his courage and generosity.

When Providence was taken by the English, England sailed to the African
coast, a hot place, but not too hot for him, like the shores of the
main. He here took several ships, among others the _Cadogan_, bound from
Bristol to Sierra Leone--Skinner, master. Some of England's crew had
formerly served in this ship, and, having proved mutinous, had been
mulcted of their wages and sent on board a man of war, from whence
deserting to a West Indian sloop, they were taken by pirates, and
eventually joined England and started for a cruise.

As soon as Skinner struck to the black flag, he was ordered on board
the pirate. The first person he saw was his old boatswain, who addressed
him with a sneer of suppressed hatred. "Ah, Captain Skinner," said he,
"is that you? the very man I wished to see. I am much in your debt, and
will pay you now in your own coin."

The brave seaman trembled, for he knew his fate, and shuddered as an ox
does when it smells the blood of a slaughter-house. The boatswain,
instantly shouting to his companions, bound the captain fast to the
windlass. They then, amidst roars of cruel laughter, pelted him with
glass bottles till he was cut and gashed in a dreadful manner. After
this, they whipped him round the deck till they were weary, in spite of
his prayers and entreaties. At last, vowing that he should have an easy
death, as he had been a good master to his men, they shot him through
the head. England then plundered the vessel and gave it to the mate and
the crew of murderers, and they sailed with it till they reached death's
door, and the port whose name is terrible.

Taking soon after a ship called the _Pearl_, England fitted her up for
his own use, and re-christened her the _Royal James_. With her they took
several vessels of various nations at the Azores and Cape de Verd
Islands.

In 1719 the rovers returned to Africa, and, beginning at the river
Gambia, sailed all down the torrid coast as far as Cape Corso. In this
trip they captured the _Eagle Pink_, six guns, the _Charlotte_, eight
guns, the _Sarah_, four guns, the _Wentworth_, twelve guns, the _Buck_,
two guns, the _Castanet_, four guns, the _Mercury_, four guns, the
_Coward_, two guns, and the _Elizabeth_ and _Catherine_, six guns. Three
of these vessels they let go, and four they burnt. Two they fitted up as
pirates, and calling them the _Queen Anne's Revenge_ and the _Flying
King_, many of the prisoners joined their bands.

These two ships sailed to the West Indies, and careening, started for
Brazil, taking several Portuguese vessels, but were finally driven off
by a Portuguese man-of-war. The _Revenge_ escaped, but soon after went
down at sea; the _Flying King_ ran ashore; twelve of the seventy men
were killed, and the rest taken prisoners. Thirty-two English, three
Dutch, and two Frenchmen of these were at once hung.

But to return to England. In going down the coast, he captured two more
vessels, and detained one, releasing the other. Two other ships, seeing
them coming, got safe under the guns of Cape Corso castle. The pirates,
turning their last prize into a fire-ship, resolved to destroy both the
fugitives, but, the castle firing hotly upon them, they retreated, and
at Whydah road found Captain la Bouche, another pirate, had forestalled
their market.

Here England fitted up a Bristol galley for his own use, calling it the
_Victory_. Committing many insolences on shore, the negroes rose upon
them and compelled them to retire to their ship, when they had fired one
village, and killed many of the natives.

They now put it to the vote what voyage to take, and, deciding for the
East Indies, arrived at Madagascar (1720), and, taking in water and
provisions, sailed for the coast of Malabar, in the Mogul's territory.
They took several Indian vessels, and one Dutch, which they exchanged
for one of their own, and then returned to Madagascar. England now sent
some men on shore, with tents, powder, and shot, to kill hogs, and
procure venison, but they searched in vain for Avery's men.

Cleaning their ships, they then set sail for Panama, falling in with two
English ships, and one Dutch, all Indiamen. Fourteen of La Bouche's crew
boarded the Englishmen in canoes, declaring that they belonged to the
_Indian Queen_, twenty-eight guns, which had been lost on that coast,
and that their captain, with forty men, was building a new vessel. The
two English captains, Mackra and Reily, were about to sink and destroy
these castaways, when England's two vessels, of thirty-four and
thirty-eight guns, stood in to the bay. In spite of all promises of aid,
the _Ostender_ and _Kirby_ deserted Mackra, a breeze admitting of their
escape, while the pirate's black and bloody flags were still flaunting
the air. Mackra, undaunted by their desertion, fought desperately for
three hours, beating off one of the pirates, striking her between wind
and water, and shooting away their oars, when they put out their sweeps
and tried to board. Mackra being wounded in the head, and most of his
officers killed, ran ashore, and England following, ran also aground,
and failed in boarding. The engagement then commenced with fresh vigour,
and, had Kirby come up, the pirates would have been driven off. England,
obtaining three boats full of fresh men, was now in the ascendant, and
soon after Kirby stood out to sea, leaving his companion in the very
jaws of death. Mackra, seeing death inevitable, lowered the boats and
escaped to land, under cover of the smoke, and the pirate, soon after
boarding, cut three of their wounded men in pieces. The survivors fled
to Kingstown, a place twenty-five miles distant.

England offered 10,000 dollars for Mackra's head, but the king and chief
people being in his interest, and a report being spread of his death, he
remained safe for ten days, then obtaining a safe conduct from the
pirate, Mackra had an interview with their chief. England and some men
who had once sailed with Mackra protected him from those who would have
cut him to pieces, with all who would not turn rovers. Finding that they
talked of burning their own ships, and refitting the English prize,
Mackra prevailed on them to give him the shattered ship, the _Fancy_, of
Dutch build, and 300 tons burden, and also to return 129 bales of the
Company's cloth.

Fitting up jury masts, Mackra sailed for Bombay, with forty-five
sailors, two passengers, and twelve soldiers, arriving after much
suffering, and a passage of forty-three days, frequently becalmed
between Arabia and Malabar. In the engagement he had thirteen men killed
and twenty-four wounded, and killed nearly a hundred of the pirates. If
Kirby had proved staunch, he might have destroyed them both, and secured
£100,000 of booty. Opposed to him were 300 whites and eighty blacks. We
are happy to record that this brave fellow was well rewarded, and
honoured with fresh command.

Nothing but despair could have driven Mackra, he said in his published
account, to throw himself upon the pirates' mercy, still wounded and
bleeding as they were. He did not either seem to know how friendly the
Guiana people were to the English, so much so, that there was a proverb,
"A Guiana man and an Englishman are all one."

When he first came on board, England took him aside and told him that
his interest was declining among his crew, that they were provoked at
his opposition to their cruelty, and that he should not be able to
protect him. He advised him, therefore, to win over Captain Taylor, a
man who had become a favourite amongst them by his superiority in
wickedness. Mackra tried to soften this wretch with a bowl of punch, and
the pirates were in a tumult whether to kill him or no, when a sailor,
stuck round with pistols, came stumping upon a wooden leg up the
quarterdeck and asked for Captain Mackra, swearing and vapouring, and
twirling a tremendous pair of whiskers. The captain, expecting he was
his executioner, called out his name. To his delight, the bravo seized
him by the hand, and, shaking it violently, swore he was d----d glad to
see him. "Show me the man," cries he, "that dares offer to hurt Captain
Mackra, for I'll stand by him; he's an honest fellow, and I know him
well."

This put an end to the dispute. Taylor consented to give the ship, and
fell asleep on the deck. Mackra put off instantly, by England's advice,
lest the monster should awake and change his mind.

This clemency soon led to England's deposition, and on a rumour that
Mackra was fitting out a force against them, he was marooned with three
more on the island of Mauritius, and making a boat of drift wood,
escaped to Madagascar.

The pirate, detaining some of Mackra's men, set sail for the Indies.
Seeing two ships which they supposed to be English, they commanded one
of their prisoners to show them the Company's private signals, or they
would cut him in pound pieces. On approaching, they proved to be Moorish
ships from Muscat, loaded with horses. They rifled the ships and put
the officers to the torture, and left them without sails and with the
masts cut through.

The next day they fell in with the Bombay fleet of eight vessels and 100
men, despatched to attack Angria, a Malabar chief. Afraid to show their
fear, the pirates attacked the fleet and destroyed two laggers,
torturing the crew and sending them adrift. The commodore of the fleet
would not fight the pirates without orders, which so enraged the
governor of Bombay, that he appointed Mackra the commander, and enjoined
him to pursue and engage England wherever he met him.

Some time after this, the same fleet, aided by the Viceroy of Goa,
landed 10,000 men at Calabar, Angria's stronghold, but were compelled to
retreat.

The next day between Goa and Carwar the pirates drove two grabs under
the guns of India-diva castle, and would have taken the island but for
the delay. At Carwar they took a ship, and sent in a prisoner to demand
water and provisions, for which they offered to surrender their prize.
Failing in this they sailed for the Laccadeva islands, and landing at
Melinda, violated the women, destroyed the cocoa trees, and burnt the
churches. At Tellechery they heard of Mackra's expedition, and cursed
his ingratitude. Some wished to hang the dogs who were left, but the
majority agreed to keep them alive to show their contempt and revenge.

At Calicut they attempted to take a large Moorish ship in the roads, but
were prevented by some guns mounted on the shore. One of Mackra's men
they obliged to tend the braces on the booms amid all the fire. When he
refused, they threatened to shoot him or loaded him with blows. His old
tormentor, Captain Taylor, being gouty, could not hold a cudgel. Some
interceded for him, but Taylor declared if he was let go he would
disclose all their plans.

They next arrived at Cochin, and, sending on shore a fishing boat with a
letter, ran into the road, saluting the fort. At night boats came off
with provisions and liquor. The governor sent a boat full of arrack and
sixty bales of sugar, and received in return a present of a table clock,
and a gold watch for his daughter. The boatmen they paid some £7000, and
threw them handfuls of ducatoons to scramble for. The fiscal brought out
cloths and piece goods for sale, but the fort opened fire when they
chased a vessel under its shelter. They were soon after chased by five
tall ships, supposed to be Mackra's, but escaped. Their Christmas for
three days they spent in a carouse, using the greater part of their
fresh provisions, so that in their voyage to the Mauritius they were
reduced to a bottle of water and two pounds of beef a day for ten men.

Fitting up at Mauritius, they sailed again in two months, leaving this
inscription on one of the walls: "Left this place the 5th of April, to
go to Madagascar for limes." At the island of Mascarius they fell upon a
great prize, finding the Viceroy of Goa in a Portuguese ship of seventy
guns, lying dismasted on the shore. Of diamonds alone she had a cargo
worth four millions of dollars. The viceroy coming calmly on board,
taking them for English, was captured with all his officers, and
ransomed for 2000 dollars. To the leeward of the island they found an
Ostend vessel, which they sent to Madagascar to prepare masts for the
prize, and followed soon after with a cargo of 2000 Mozambique negroes.
When they reached Madagascar they found that the Dutch crew had made the
pirates drunk, and sailed back to Mozambique, and from thence to Goa
with the governor.

They now divided their plunder, most of them receiving forty-two small
diamonds as their share. The madman, who obtained one large one, broke
it in a mortar, swearing he had got now a better share than any of them,
for he had forty-three sparks.

Some of the pirates now gave up their wild life and settled in
_matelotage_ at Madagascar, on the tontine principle of the longest
liver inheriting all.

The two prizes were then burnt, and Taylor sailed for Cochin to sell his
diamonds to the Dutch, and thence to the Red and China Seas, to avoid
the English men-of-war.

The pirates, about this time, had 11 sail and 1500 men in the Indian
seas, but soon separated for the coast of Brazil and Guinea, or to
settle and fortify themselves at Madagascar, Mauritius, Johanna, and
Mohilla. A pirate named Condin, in a ship called the _Dragon_, took a
vessel from Mocha with thirteen lacs of rupees (130,000 half-crowns),
and burning the ship settled at Madagascar. The commander of the English
fleet, still in pursuit of these pirates, attempted to prevail on
England to serve him as spy and pilot, but in vain.

Taylor, resolving to sail to the Indies, but hearing of the four
men-of-war, started for the African main, and put into Delagoa,
destroying a small fort of six guns. This fort belonged to the Dutch
East India Company, but its 150 men had been deserted, and left to pine
away and starve; sixteen turned pirates, but the rest, being Dutch, were
left to die. They stayed in this den of fever three months, and having
careened, paid the Dutch with bales of muslins and chintzes.

Some now left, and returned to settle in Madagascar. The rest sailed for
the West Indies, and, escaping the fangs of two English men-of-war,
surrendered themselves to the Governor of Porto Bello. Eight of them
afterwards passed to Jamaica as shipwrecked sailors, and shipped for
England. Captain Taylor entered the Spanish service, and commanded the
man-of-war that afterwards attacked the English logwood-cutters in the
bay of Honduras, and caused the Spanish war.

CAPTAIN AVERY was a more remarkable man than England, and his ambition
of a wider kind. He was a native of Plymouth, and served as mate of a
merchant vessel in several voyages. Before the peace of Ryswick, the
French of Martinique carried on a smuggling trade with the natives of
Peru, in spite of the Spanish _guarda costas_. The Spaniards, finding
their vessels too weak for the French, hired two Bristol vessels of
thirty guns and 220 men, which were to sail first to Corunna or the
Groine, and from thence to the main.

Of one of these ships, the _Duke_, Gibson was commander, and Avery first
mate. Avery, planning with the boldest and most turbulent of the crew,
plotted to run away with the vessels, and turn pirates on the Indian
coasts.

The captain, a man much addicted to drink, had gone to bed, when sixteen
conspirators from the other vessel, the _Duchess_, came on board and
joined the company. Their watchword was, "Is your drunken boatswain on
board?" Securing the hatches, they slipped their cable and put to sea,
without any disorder, although surrounded by vessels. A Dutch frigate of
forty guns refused to interrupt their progress, although offered a
reward.

The captain, awoke by the motion of the ship and the noise of working
the tackle, rang his bell, and Avery and two others entered the cabin.
The captain, frightened and thinking the ship had broken from her
anchors, asked, "What was the matter?" Avery replied coolly, "Nothing."
The captain answered, "Something has happened to the ship; does she
drive? what weather is it?" "No, no," said Avery, "we're at sea with a
fair wind and good weather." "At sea?" said the captain, "how can that
be?" Upon which Avery told him to get up and put on his clothes, and he
could tell him a secret, for he (Avery) was captain, and that was his
cabin, and that he was on his way to Madagascar to make his fortune and
that of all the brave fellows who were with him.

Avery then bade the captain not to be afraid, for if he was sober and
minded his business, he might in time make him one of his lieutenants.
At his request, however, he sent him on shore with six others.

On reaching Madagascar they found two sloops lying at anchor, which the
men had run away with from the West Indies, and who, taking his vessel
for a frigate, fled into the woods and posted themselves in a strong
place with sentinels. Discovering their mistake, after some cautious
parleying, they united together and sailed for the Arabian coast. Near
the river Indus they espied a sail and gave chase, believing they had
caught a Dutch East Indian ship, but found it to be one of the Great
Mogul's vessels, carrying his daughter with pilgrims and offerings to
Mecca. The sloops boarded her on either side, and she at once struck her
colours. The Indian ship was loaded with treasure, the slaves and
attendants richly clad and covered with jewels, and all having vessels
of gold and silver, and large sums of money to defray their expenses in
the land journey.

Taking all the treasure, they let the princess go, and the ship put back
for India. The Mogul, on learning it, threatened to drive the English
from India with fire and sword, but the Company contrived to pacify him
by promising to deliver up to him the pirate ship and her crew.

The rumours of this adventure occasioned a report at Wapping that Jack
Avery had married the Great Mogul's daughter, founded an empire, and
purchased a fleet.

Avery, having secured his prize, determined to return to Madagascar,
build a fort and magazine where he could leave a garrison to overawe
the natives when he was absent on a cruise. A fresh scheme suggesting
itself, he resolved to plunder his friends the sloops, and return to New
Providence. He began by sending a boat on board each of his allies,
desiring their captain to come and attend a general council. At this
meeting he represented to them that if they were separated in a storm
they must be taken, and the treasure would then be lost to the rest. He
therefore proposed, as his ship was so strong that it could hold its own
against any vessel they could meet with on those seas, to put the
treasure on board in his care, in a chest sealed with three seals, and
that a rendezvous should be appointed in case of separation. The two
captains at once agreed to the proposal as manifestly for the common
good.

That day and the next the weather was fair, and they all kept company.
In the mean time Avery persuaded his men to abscond with the plunder,
and escape to some country where they might spend the rest of their days
in splendour and luxury. Taking advantage of a dark night, they steered
a new course, and by morning had lost sight of the outwitted sloops.

Avery now resolved to steer for America, change his name, purchase a
settlement, and die in peace and charity with all the world--a calm,
rich Christian. They first visited New Providence, afraid that they
might be detected in New England as the deserters from the Groine
expedition. Avery, pretending that his vessel was a privateer that had
missed her mark and was sold by the owners, disposed of her to good
advantage, and bought a sloop.

In this vessel he touched at several parts of the American coast, giving
his men their dividends, and allowing those who chose to leave the ship.
The greater part of the diamonds he had concealed at the first plunder
of the vessel. Some of his men settled at Boston; but he, afraid of
selling his diamonds in New England, betook himself with a few
companions to Ireland, putting into one of the northern ports, and
avoiding St. George's Channel. The sailors now dispersed. Some went to
Dublin, and some to Cork, to obtain pardons from King William.

Avery, still afraid of being apprehended as a pirate if he offered his
diamonds for sale, passed over to England, and sent for some Bristol
friends to Bideford. They agreed, for a commission, to put the stones
into the hands of Bristol merchants who, being men of wealth and credit,
would not be suspected. The merchants, after some negotiation, visited
him at Bideford, and, after many protestations of honour and integrity,
received several packets of diamonds and some vessels of gold to dispose
of. They gave him some money for his present necessities and departed.
Changing his name Avery continued to live at Bideford, visited by those
relations to whom he confided his secret. The merchants, after many
letters and much importunity, sent him small supplies of money, scarce
sufficient to pay his debts and buy him bread. Weary of this life, he
ventured over privately to Bristol, and to his dismay, when he desired
them to come to an account with him, they threatened to proclaim him as
a pirate, for men who had been robbed by him could be found on the
'Change, in the docks, or in any street.

Afraid of their threats (for he never showed much personal courage), or
detected by some sailor, he fled to Ireland, and from thence again
solicited the merchants, but in vain, for a supply. In a short time
reduced to beggary, he resolved to throw himself upon their throats, and
obtain money or revenge, and, working his passage on board a trading
vessel to Plymouth, travelled on foot to Bideford. In a few days he fell
sick and died, and was buried at the expense of the parish.

To return to the deserted crews of the sloops. They, believing the
separation an accident, sailed at once to the rendezvous, and then
discovering the cheat, and having no more fresh provisions, resolved to
establish themselves on land. They therefore made tents of their sails,
and unloaded their vessels. On shore they were joined by the crew of a
privateer which had been despatched by the government of Bermuda to take
the French factory of Goree, in the river Gambia, and had turned
pirates by the way, Captain Tew, their captain, capturing a large
Arabian vessel in the strait of Babelmandel, in spite of its crew and
300 soldiers. By this prize his men gained £3000 a-piece, and but for
the cowardice and mutiny of the quartermaster and some others would have
captured five other ships. This leading to a quarrel, the band left off
pirating, and retired to Madagascar. Captain Tew sailed to Rhode Island,
and obtained a pardon.

The pirates lived at Madagascar like little princes, each with his
harem, and with large retinues of slaves, whom they employed in fishing,
hunting, and planting rice. The English sided with some of the negro
princes in their wars, and struck such terror in their adversaries by
their fire-arms, that whole armies fled at the sight of two or three of
the white faces. At first, these piratical chieftains waged war on each
other, but at last, alarmed by a revolt of the negroes, united in strict
union.

Before this they tied their slaves to trees, and shot them to death for
the smallest offence; and at last the negroes, uniting in a general
conspiracy, resolved to murder them all in one night. As they lived
apart, this would undoubtedly have been done, had not one of their black
concubines run nearly twenty miles in three hours to discover the plot.
They instantly, upon this alarm, flocked together in arms, and compelled
the advancing negroes to retire. This escape made them very cautious.
They therefore fomented war between the native tribes, but henceforward
remained neutral. All murderers and outlaws they took under their
protection, and turned into body-guards, whilst the vanquished they
defended. By this diplomacy, worthy of the most civilized people, they
soon grew so powerful and numerous as to be compelled to branch out in
colonies, parting into tribes, each with their wives and children.

They had now all the power and all the fears of despotism. Their houses
were citadels, and every hut a fortress. They generally chose a place
overgrown with wood, and situated near a spring or pool. Round this
spot they raised a rampart, encircled by a fosse. This wall was straight
and steep, could not be ascended without scaling ladders, and had but
one entrance. The hut was so hidden that it might not be seen at a
distance. The passage that led to it was intricate, labyrinthine, and
narrow, so that only one person could walk it abreast, and the path
wound round and round, with so many cross-paths, that any one
uninitiated might search for hours and not find the cabin. All along the
sides of the path, huge thorns peculiar to the island were stuck into
the ground, with points uppermost, like _chevaux-de-frise_, sufficient
to impale the assailant who ventured by night.

These men were found in this state by Captain Woods Rogers, when he
visited Madagascar in the _Delicia_ (40 guns), wishing to buy slaves, to
sell to the Dutch of New Holland. The men he met had been twenty-five
years on the island, and had not seen a ship for seven years. The petty
kings of the bush were covered with untanned skins, and were savage
wretches, overgrown with beard and hair. They bartered slaves for
cloths, knives, saws, powder, and ball. They went aboard the _Delicia_
and examined her with care, and, talking familiarly with the men,
invited them on shore, intending to surprise the ship by night when
there was a slender watch kept, having plenty of boats and arms. They
wanted the men to surprise the captain, and clap those who resisted
under hatches. At a given signal, the negroes were to row on board, and
then all would start as pirates and roam round the world. The captain,
observing the intimacy, would not suffer his men to even speak with the
islanders, choosing an officer to negotiate with them for slaves.

These pirate kings were all foremast men, and could read no more than
their chief secretaries could write. The chief prince of this Newgate
paradise had been a Thames waterman, who had committed a murder on the
river.

As even a few years since an old sailor at Minehead was known as the
"King of Madagascar," we suppose divine right and hereditary succession
still continue in that Eden of gaol-birds.

During the time of war the pirates diminished in number and turned
privateersmen, but increased at the peace of Utrecht, when the disbanded
privateersmen again turned thieves for want of excitement and some more
honest employment.

About 1716, Captain Martel appeared as commander of a pirate sloop of
eight guns and eighty men, that, cruising off Jamaica, captured a galley
and another small vessel, from the former of which he plundered £1000.
In their way to Cuba they took two more sloops, which they rummaged and
let go, and off Cavena hoisted the black flag, and boarded a galley of
twenty guns, called the _John and Martha_. Part of the men they put
ashore and part enrolled in the crew.

The cargo of logwood and sugar they seized, and, taking down one of the
ship's decks, mounted her with twenty-two guns and 100 men, and
proceeded to cruise off the Leeward Islands, capturing a sloop, a
brigantine, and a Newfoundland vessel of twenty guns.

They soon after plundered a Jamaica vessel, and two ships from
Barbadoes, detaining all the best men, and from a Guinea galley they
stole some gold dust, elephants' teeth, and forty slaves.

In 1717, they put into Santa Cruz to clean and refit with a small
piratical fleet of five vessels, warping up a little creek, very
shallow, but guarded by rocks and sands. They then erected a battery of
four guns on the island, and another of two guns near the road, while a
sloop with eight guns protected the mouth of the channel.

In November, 1716, the commander-in-chief of all the Leeward islands
sent a sloop to Barbadoes for the _Scarborough_, of thirty guns and 140
men, to inform her of the pirate. The captain had just buried twenty
men, and having forty sick could scarcely put out to sea. However,
putting on a bold heart, he left his sick behind and beat up for
recruits at all the islands he passed. At Antigua he took in twenty
soldiers, at Nevis ten, and the same number at St. Christopher's.

Unable to find the pirate, he was on the point of putting back, when a
boat from Santa Cruz informed him of a creek where he had seen a vessel
enter. The _Scarborough_ instantly sailed to the spot and discovered the
pirates, but the pilot refused to enter. The pirates all this while
fired red-hot shot from the shore; but at length the ship anchored
alongside the reef and cannonaded the vessels and batteries. The sloop
in the channel soon sank, and the larger vessel was much punished, but
the _Scarborough_, fearing the reef, stood off and on for a day or two
and blockaded the creek. The pirates, endeavouring to warp out and slip
away, ran aground, and, seeing the _Scarborough_ again standing in,
fired the ship and ran ashore, leaving twenty negroes to perish.
Nineteen escaped in a sloop, and the captain and twenty other negroes
fled to the woods, where it is supposed they perished, as they were
never heard of again.

Captain CHARLES VANE, our next Viking, is known as one of the men who
helped to steal the silver which the Spaniards had fished up from their
sunk galleons in the gulf of Florida.

When Captain Rogers with his two men-of-war conquered Providence, and
pardoned all the pirates who submitted, Vane slipped his cable, fired a
prize in the harbour, hoisted the black flag, and, firing a broadside at
one of the men-of-war, sailed boldly away. Capturing a Barbadoes vessel,
he manned it with twenty-five hands, and, unloading an interloper of its
pieces of eight, careened at a key, and spent some time in a revel.

In the next cruise they captured some Spanish and New England vessels,
and one laden with logwood. The crew of the latter they compelled to
throw the lading overboard, intending to turn her into a pirate vessel,
but in a fit of caprice suddenly let the men go and the ship with them.
The prize captain, offended at Vane's arrogance, left him, and
surrendered himself and 90 negroes to the governor of Charlestown,
receiving a free pardon. Vane saluted the runaway with a broadside as
he left, and lay wait for some time for him, but without success. Soon
after this two armed sloops started in pursuit of Vane, and, failing in
the capture, attacked and took another pirate vessel that was clearing
at Cape Fear.

In an inlet to the northward Vane met Blackbeard, and saluted him,
according to piratical etiquette, with a discharge of his shotted guns.
Off Long Island he attacked a vessel that proved to be a French
man-of-war, and gave chase; Vane was for flight, but many of the men, in
spite of the enemy's weight of metal and being twice their force, were
for boarding. A pirate captain in all cases but that of fighting was
controlled by a majority, but in this case had an absolute power; Vane
refused to fight, and escaped.

The next day Vane was branded by vote as a coward and deposed, and
Rackham, his officer, elected captain. Vane and the minority were turned
adrift in a sloop. Putting into the bay of Honduras, Vane captured
another sloop, and fitted it up as a pirate vessel, and soon after
captured two more. Vane was soon after shipwrecked on an island near
Honduras, and most of his men drowned; he himself being supported by the
turtle fishermen. While in this miserable state, a Jamaica vessel
arrived, commanded by a Buccaneer, an old acquaintance, to whom he
applied to help him. The man refused, declaring Vane would intrigue with
his men, murder him, and run off as a pirate. On Vane expressing
scruples about stealing a fisherman's boat from the beach, the Buccaneer
declared that if he found him still there on his return he would take
him to Jamaica and hang him.

Soon after his friend's departure a vessel put in for water, and, not
knowing Vane to be a pirate, took him on board as a sailor. On leaving
the bay the Buccaneer met them and came on board to dine. Passing to the
cabin he spied Vane working in the hold, and asked the captain if he
knew that that was Vane, the notorious pirate. The other then declared
he would not have him, and the Buccaneer, sending his mate on board with
at loaded pistol, seized Vane and took him to Jamaica, where he was
soon after hung.

Rackham, after a cruise among the Caribbee islands, spent a Christmas on
shore, and when the liquor was all gone put to sea. Their first prize
was an ominous one, a ship laden with Newgate convicts bound for the
plantations, which was soon after retaken by an English ship of war. Two
others of his prizes were also recaptured while careening at the Bahama
islands by Governor Rogers, of New Providence.

They then sailed to the back of Cuba, where Rackham had a settlement,
and there spent their plunder in debauchery. As they were fitting out
for sea, they were attacked by a Spanish guarda costa that had just
captured an English interloper. Rackham being protected by an island,
the Spaniards warped into the channel at dusk and waited for day. The
pirates, roused to despair, boarded the Spanish prize with pistols and
cutlasses in the dead of the night, and, threatening the crew with death
if they spoke, captured her almost without a blow, and slipping the
cable stood out to sea. When day broke the Spaniards opened a
tremendous fire upon the deserted pirate vessel, but soon discovered
their mistake.

1720 was spent in small cruises about Jamaica, their crew being still
short; they then swept off some fishing boats from Harbour Island, and
landing in Hispaniola, carried off some wild cattle and several French
hunters.

He then captured several more vessels, and was joined by the crew of a
sloop in Dry Harbour Bay. But their end was at hand. The governor of
Jamaica despatched a sloop in pursuit of them, who found the pirates
carousing with a boat's crew from Point Negril, and they were soon
overpowered.

A fortnight after sentence of death was passed upon nine of them at a
court of admiralty held at St. Jago de la Vega. Five of them were
executed at Gallows Point in Port Royal, and the four others the day
after at Kingston. Rackham and two more were afterwards taken down and
hung in chains, one at Plumb Point, one at Busk-key, and the other at
Gun-key. By the terrible Draconic laws of Jamaica, the nine boatmen
from Port Negril were also hung by their side. After such justice, can
we wonder at the crimes to which despair too often drove the pirates?

Among these "unfortunate brave," as Prior generously calls them, two
female pirates are not to be forgotten. The first of these, Mary Reed,
was the daughter of a sailor, whose wife having after his death given
birth to an illegitimate girl, palmed it off as a boy, in order to
excite the compassion of her husband's mother. Being reduced in
circumstances she put the girl out as a foot-boy, but she soon after ran
to sea, and entered on board a man-of-war. Quitting the sea service Mary
Reed wintered over in Flanders and obtained a cadetship in a regiment of
foot, behaving herself in many actions with a great deal of bravery, and
finally entering a regiment of horse. Here she fell in love with a
comrade, a young Fleming, whom she eventually married, and set up an
eating-house at Beda, called "The Three Horse-shoes." Her husband dying,
and the peace ruining her trade, Mary went into Holland, and joined a
regiment quartered on a frontier town, but, finding preferment slow, she
shipped herself on board a vessel bound for the West Indies.

The vessel was taken by English pirates, and the amazon, being the only
English sailor, was detained. A pardon soon afterwards being issued, the
crew surrendered themselves, but Mary Reed sailed for New Providence,
and joined a privateer squadron fitting out there against the Spaniards.
The crews, who were pardoned pirates, soon rose against their commander,
and resumed their old trade, and Mary Reed among them. Abhorring the
life of a pirate, she still was the first to board, and was as resolute
as the bravest. By chance Anne Bonny, another disguised woman, being
with the crew, discovered her sex, and soon after she fell in love with
a sailor whom they took prisoner, and was eventually married to him. Her
husband hated his new profession as much as herself, and they were about
to quit it when they were both taken prisoners.

On one occasion Mary Reed, to prevent her husband fighting a duel,
challenged his opponent to meet her on a sand island near which their
ship lay, with sword and pistol, and killed him on the spot.

At the trial she declared that her life had been always pure, and that
she had never intended to remain a pirate. When they were taken, only
she and Anne Bonny kept the deck, calling to those in the hold to come
up and fight like men, and when they refused firing at them, killing one
and wounding several. In prison she said the fear of hanging had never
driven her from piracy, for but for the dread of that there would be so
many pirates that the trade would not be worth following.

Great compassion was evinced for her in the court, but she was still
found guilty, though being near her pregnancy, her execution was
respited. She might have been pardoned, but a violent fever coming on
soon after her trial she died in prison.

Her companion, Anne Bonny, was the illegitimate daughter of a Cork
attorney. Her father, disguising the child as a boy, pretended it was a
relative's son, and bred it up for a clerk. Becoming ruined he emigrated
to Carolina, and turning merchant bought a plantation. Upon her mother's
death Anne Bonny succeeded to the housekeeping. She was of a fierce and
ungovernable temper, and was reported to have stabbed an English servant
with a case-knife. Marrying a penniless sailor, her father turned her
out of doors, and she and her husband fled to New Providence, where he
turned pirate. Here she was seduced by Captain Rackham, and ran with him
to sea, dressed as a sailor, and accompanied him in many voyages. The
day that Rackham was executed she was admitted to see him by special
favour, but she only taunted him and said that she was sorry to see him
there, but that if he had fought like a man he would not have been hung
like a dog.

Becoming pregnant in prison she was reprieved, and, we believe, finally
pardoned.

Captain HOWEL DAVIS, our next sea king, was a native of Milford, who,
being taken prisoner by England, was appointed captain of the vessel of
which he had been chief mate. At first, he declared he would rather be
shot than turn pirate, but eventually accepted sealed orders from
England, to be opened at a certain latitude. On opening them, he found
they directed him to make the ship his own, and go and trade at Brazil.
The crew, refusing to obey Davis, steered for Barbadoes, and put him in
prison, but he was soon discharged.

Starting for New Providence, the pirates' nest, he found the island had
just surrendered to Captain Woods Rogers. He here joined the ships
fitting out for the Spanish trade, and at Martinique joined in a
conspiracy, secured the masters, and started on a cruise against all the
world. At a council of war, held over a bowl of punch, Davis was
unanimously elected commander, and the articles he drew up were signed
by all the crew.

They then sailed to Coxon's-hole, at the east end of Cuba, to clean,
that being a narrow creek, where one ship could defend itself against a
hundred, and, having no carpenter, they found some difficulty in
careening. On the north side of Hispaniola, they fell in with a French
ship of twelve guns, which they took, and sent twelve men on board to
plunder, being now very short of provisions. They had scarcely leaped on
deck before another French vessel of twenty-four guns and sixty men hove
in sight. This vessel Davis proposed to attack, quite contrary to the
wish of his crew, who were afraid of her size. When Davis approached,
the Frenchmen bade him strike, but giving them a broadside, he said he
should keep them in play till his consort arrived, when they should have
but hard quarters. At this moment came up all the prisoners, having been
dressed in white shirts, and forced on deck, and a dirty tarpaulin was
hoisted for a black flag. The French captain, intimidated, instantly
struck, and was at once, with ten of his hands, put in irons.

The guns, small arms, and powder in the small ship were then removed,
and the prize crew sent on board the larger vessel. Part of the
prisoners were put in the smaller and now defenceless bark. At the end
of two days, finding the French prize a dull sailer, Davis restored her
to the captain, minus her ammunition and cargo. The Frenchman, vexed at
being so outwitted, would have destroyed himself had not his men
prevented him.

Davis then visited the Cape de Verd islands, and left some of his men as
settlers among the Portuguese. They also plundered many vessels at the
Isle of May, obtained many fresh hands, and fitted one of their prizes
with twenty-six guns, and called her the _King James_. At St. Jago the
governor accused them of being pirates, and Davis resolved to resent the
affront by surprising the fort by night. Going on shore well armed, they
found the guard negligent, and took the place, losing only three men.
The fugitives barricaded themselves in the governor's house, into which
the pirates threw grenades. By daybreak the whole country was alarmed,
and poured down upon them, but they, unwilling to stand a siege,
dismounted the fort guns and fought their way to their ships.

Mustering their hands, and finding themselves still seventy strong, they
proposed to follow Davis's advice, and attack Gambia castle, where a
great deal of money was always kept, for they had now such an opinion of
Davis's courage and prudence that they would have followed him anywhere.

Having come within sight of the place, he ordered all his men below but
such as were absolutely necessary for the working of the vessel, that
the people on shore might take her for a trader. He then ran close under
the fort, anchored, and ordering out the boat, manned her with six
plain-dressed men, himself as the master, and the rest attired as
merchants. The men were instructed what to say.

At the landing-place they were received by a file of musqueteers, and
led to the governor, who received them civilly. They said they were from
Liverpool, bound to the river of Senegal to trade for gums and ivory,
but being chased to Gambia by two French men-of-war, were willing to
trade for slaves; their cargo, they said, being all iron and plate. The
governor, promising them slaves, asked for a hamper of European liquor,
and invited them to stay and dine. Davis himself refused to stay, but
left his two companions.

On leaving he observed there was a sentry at the entrance, and a
guard-house near, with the arms of the soldiers on duty thrown in one
corner. Going on board he assured his men of success, desired them to
keep sober, and when the castle flag struck to send twenty hands
immediately ashore. He then seized a sloop that lay near, for fear the
crew should discern their preparations.

He put two pairs of loaded pistols in his pocket, and made all his crew
do the same, bidding them get into conversation with the guard, and when
he fired a pistol through the governor's window, leap up and secure the
piled arms.

While dinner was getting ready, the governor began to brew a bowl of
punch, when Davis, at a whisper of the coxswain who had been
reconnoitring the house, suddenly drew out a pistol, and, clapping it to
the governor's breast, bade him surrender the fort and all his riches,
or he was a dead man. The governor, taken by surprise, promised to be
passive. They then shut the door, and loaded the arms in the hall, while
Davis fired his piece through the window. The men, hearing this signal,
cocked their pistols, got between the soldiers and the arms, and carried
them off, locking up the men in the guard-room, and guarding it without.
Then striking the flag, the rest of the crew tumbled on shore, and the
fort was their own without the loss of a man. Davis at once harangued
the soldiers, and persuaded many to join him, and those who resisted he
sent on board the sloop, which he first unrigged. The rest of the day
they spent in salutes--ship to castle and castle to ship, and the next
day plundered. Much money had been lately sent away, so they found only
£2,000 in bar gold, and many rich effects. They then dismounted the
guns, and demolished the fortifications.

A French pirate of 14 guns, and sixty-four men, half French, half
negroes, soon joined Davis, and they sailed down the coast together.
They soon after met another pirate ship, of 24 guns, and spent several
days in carousing. They then attacked in company the fort of Sierra
Leone, and the garrison, after a stiff cannonade, surrendered the place
and fled. Here they spent seven weeks careening; and, capturing a
galley, La Bouce, the second captain, cut her half deck, and mounted her
with 24 guns. They now sailed together, and appointed Davis commodore,
but, like men of a trade, soon quarrelled, and parted company. Off Cape
Apollonia Davis took several vessels, and off Cape Points Bay attacked a
Dutch interloper, of 30 guns, and ninety men. After many hours' fighting
the Dutchman surrendered to the black flag, having killed nine of
Davis's men at one broadside. This vessel Davis called the _Rover_,
fitted with 32 guns and 27 swivels, and, sailing to Anamaboe, captured
several ships laden with ivory, gold dust, and negroes, saluting the
fort, and then started for Prince's island, a Portuguese settlement near
the same coast.

They here captured a Dutchman, a valuable prize, having the governor of
Acra and £150,000, besides merchandise, on board, and recruited their
force with thirty-five hands. The _King James_ springing a leak, they
deserted her and left her to sink. At the isle of Princes Davis passed
himself off for an English man-of-war in search of pirates, and was
received with great honours by the governor, who approved of his openly
plundering a French vessel which he accused of piracy. A few days after
Davis and fourteen of his men attempted to carry off the chief men's
wives from a small village in which they lived, but failed in the
attempt. But Davis had determined to plunder the island by means of the
following stratagem. He resolved to present the governor with a dozen
negroes in return for his civilities, and afterwards to invite him with
the friars and chief men of the island to an entertainment on board his
ship. He would then clap them in irons, and not release them under a
ransom of £40,000.

This plot proved fatal to him. A Portuguese negro, swimming ashore at
night, disclosed the whole. The governor dissembled and professed to
fall into the snare. The next day Davis went himself on shore to bring
the governor on board, and was invited to take some refreshment at the
government house. He fell at once into the trap. A prepared ambuscade
rose and fired a volley, killing every pirate but one, who, running to
the boat, got safely to the ship. Davis, though shot through the bowels,
rose, made a faint effort to run, drew out his pistols, fired at his
pursuers, and fell dead.

Upon Davis's death, Bartholomew Roberts was at once chosen commander, in
preference to many other of the _lords_ or head seamen. The sailors
said, that any captain who went beyond their laws should be deposed, but
that they must have a man of courage and a good seaman to defend their
commonwealth. One of the lords, whose father had suffered in Monmouth's
rebellion, swore Roberts was a Papist. In spite of all, Roberts, who
had been only taken prisoner six weeks before, was chosen commander. He
told them that, "since he had dipped his hands in muddy water, and must
needs be a pirate, he would rather be commander than mere seaman."

Their first thought was to avenge Davis's death, for he had been much
beloved for his affability and good nature. Thirty men were landed, and
attacked the fort in spite of the steep hill on which it was situated.
The Portuguese deserted the walls, and the pirates destroyed the guns.
Still unsatisfied, they would have burnt the town, had it not been
protected by a thick wood, which furnished a cover to the enemy. They,
however, mounted the French ship with twelve guns, running into shoal
water, battered down several houses, and then sailed out of the harbour
by the light of two ships to which they set fire. Having taken two more
vessels and burnt one of them, they started by general consent for
Brazil.

Cruising here for nine weeks and taking no prize, the pirates grew
quite discouraged, and resolved to steer for the West Indies, but soon
after fell in with forty-two sail of Portuguese ships laden for Lisbon,
and lying off the bay of los Todos Santos, waiting for two men-of-war of
seventy guns each for their convoy. Stealing amongst them, Roberts hid
his men till he had closed upon the deepest of them, threatening to give
no quarter if the master was not instantly sent on board. The
Portuguese, alarmed at the sudden flourish of cutlasses, instantly came.
Roberts told him they were gentlemen of fortune, and should put him to
death if he did not tell them which was the richest vessel of the fleet.
The trembler pointed out a ship of forty guns and 150 men, more force
than Roberts could command; but Roberts, replying "They are only
Portuguese," bore down at once upon it. Finding the enemy was aware of
their being pirates, Roberts poured in a broadside, grappled, and
boarded. The dispute was short and warm. Two of the pirates fell, and
many of the Portuguese. By this time it was pretty well seen that a fox
had got into the poultry-yard. Signals of top-gallant sheets were
flying, and guns fired to bring up the convoy that still rode at anchor.
Roberts, finding his prize sail heavy, waited for the first man-of-war,
which, basely declining the duel, lingered for its consort till Roberts
was out of sight. The prize proved exceedingly rich, being laden with
sugar, skins, tobacco, and 4000 moidors, besides many gold chains and
much jewellery. A diamond cross, which formed part of this spoil, they
afterwards gave to the governor of Caiana. Elated with this spoil, they
fixed on the Devil's Islands, in the Surinam river, as a place for a
revel, and, arriving there, found the governor ready to barter.

Much in want of provision, Roberts threw himself, with forty men, into a
prize sloop, in hopes of capturing a brigantine laden with provision
from Rhode Island, which was then in sight, and was kept at sea by
contrary winds for eight days. Their food ran short, and failing in
securing the prize, they despatched their only boat to bring up the
ship.

Landing at Dominica, Roberts took on board thirteen Englishmen, the
crews of two New England vessels that had been seized by a French guarda
costa. At this island they were nearly captured by a Martinique sloop,
but contrived to escape to the Guadanillas. Sailing for Newfoundland
they entered the harbour with their black colours flying, their drums
beating, and trumpets sounding. The crews of twenty-two vessels fled on
shore at their approach, and they proceeded to burn and sink all the
shipping and destroy the fisheries and the houses of the planters.
Mounting a Bristol galley that he found in the harbour with sixteen
guns, Roberts destroyed nine sail of French ships, and carried off for
his own use a vessel of twenty-six guns. From many other prizes they
pressed men and got plunder. The passengers on board the _Samuel_, a
rich London vessel, he tortured, threatening them with death if they did
not disclose their money. His men tore up the hatches, and, entering the
hold with axes and swords, cut and ripped open the bales and boxes.
Everything portable they seized, the rest they threw overboard, amidst
curses and discharges of guns and pistols. They carried off £9000 worth
of goods, the sails, guns, and powder. They told the captain "They
should accept of no act of grace. The king might be d---- with their act
of grace for them: they weren't going to Hope Point to be hung up
sun-drying like Kidd's and Braddish's company were; and if they were
overpowered they would set fire to the powder, and _go all merrily to
hell together_."

While debating whether to sink or burn the prize, they espied a sail,
and left the _Samuel_ tumultuously to give chase. It proved to be a
Bristol vessel, and hating Bristol men because the Martinique sloops
were commanded by one, he used him with barbarous cruelty.

Their provisions growing scarce, Roberts put into St. Christopher's,
and, being refused succours, fired on the town and burnt two ships in
the road. They then visited St. Bartholomew, where they were well
received. Sailing for Guinea, weary of even debauchery, they captured a
rich laden vessel from Martinique, and changed ships. By some
extraordinary ignorance of navigation, Roberts, in trying to reach the
Cape Verd islands, got to leeward of his port, and, obliged to go back
again with the trade wind, returned to the West Indies, steering for
Surinam, 700 leagues distant, with one hogshead of water for 124 souls.

Great suffering followed their pleasures in the islands of the Sirens;
each man obtained only one mouthful of water in twenty-four hours. Many
drank their urine or the brine and died fevered and mad; others wasted
with fluxes. The rest had but an inch or two of bread in the day, and
grew so feeble they could hardly reef and climb. They were all but
dying, when they were suddenly brought into soundings, and at night
anchored in seven fathoms water.

Thirsty in the sight of lakes and streams, and maddened with hunger,
Roberts tore up the floor of the cabin, and, patching together a canoe
with rope yarn, paddled to shore and procured water. After some days,
the boat returned with the unpleasant intelligence that the lieutenant
had absconded with the vessel.

This Lieutenant Kennedy's sail into Execution Dock we will give before
we return to Roberts. Upon leaving Caiana Roberts's treacherous crew
determined to abandon piracy. Their Portuguese prize they gave to the
master of the prize sloop, a good-natured man, whose quiet philosophy
under misfortune had astonished and pleased them. Off Barbadoes Kennedy
took a Quaker's vessel from Virginia, the captain of which allowed no
arms on board, and his equanimity so attracted the pirates that eight of
them returned with him to Virginia. These men rewarded the sailors and
gave £250 worth of gold dust and tobacco to the peaceful captain. At
Maryland the treacherous Quaker surrendered his friends, who were all
hung on the evidence of some Portuguese Jews whom they had brought from
Brazil.

Off Jamaica Kennedy captured a flour vessel from Boston, in which
himself and many others embarked. This Kennedy had been a pickpocket and
a housebreaker, could neither read nor write, and had been only elected
captain for his cruelty and courage.

His crew, at first afraid of his treachery, would have thrown him
overboard, but relented, on his taking solemn oaths of fidelity. Of all
these men only one knew anything of navigation, and he was so ignorant
that, trying to reach Ireland, he ran them ashore on Scotland. Landing
they passed at first for shipwrecked sailors; seven of them reached
London in safety, the rest were seized at Edinburgh and hung, having
attracted attention by rioting and drunken squandering. Two others were
murdered on the road.

Kennedy turned robber, and some years after was arrested as a pirate by
the mate of a ship he had plundered, turned king's evidence, but was
hung in 1721.

We must now return to Roberts, whom we left swearing and vapouring on
the coast of Newfoundland. He began by drawing up a code of laws and
establishing stricter discipline, and then steered for the West Indies,
capturing several vessels by the way, and was soon after pursued by a
Bristol galley of twenty guns and eighty men, and a sloop of ten guns
and forty men, despatched by the Governor of Barbadoes. Roberts, taking
them for traders, attempted to board, but was driven off by a broadside,
the king's men huzzaing as they fired. Roberts, crowding all sail, took
to flight and escaped, after a galling pursuit, by dint of throwing
overboard his guns and heavy goods. He was henceforward particularly
severe to Barbadian vessels, so deeply established were the principles
of justice and compensation in the mind of this great man.

In the morning, they saw land, but at a great distance, and dispatching
a boat, it returned late at night with a load of water: they had reached
Surinam. The worst blasphemer heard the words, and fell upon his knees
to thank a God whom he had so often denied. They swore that the same
Providence which had given them drink would bring them meat.

Taking provisions from several vessels, Roberts touched at Tobago, and
then sailed to Martinique to revenge himself on the governor. Adopting
the custom of the Dutch interlopers, he hoisted a jack and sailed in as
if to trade. He was soon surrounded by a swarm of sloops and smacks;
then sending all the crews on shore on board one vessel, minus their
money, he fired twenty others. His new flag bore henceforward a
representation of himself trampling on the skulls of a Barbadian and
Martinique man. At Dominica he took several vessels, and several others
at Guadaloupe, and then put into a key off Hispaniola to clean and
refit.

While here, the captains of two piratical sloops visited him, having
heard of his fame and achievements, to beg from him powder and arms.
After several nights' revel, Roberts dismissed them, hoping "the Lord
would prosper their handy works." Three of their men, who had long
excited suspicion by their reserve and sobriety, deserted, but being
recaptured were put upon their trial. The jury sat in the steerage,
before a bowl of rum punch; the judge on the bench smoked a pipe.
Sentence was already passed, when one of the jury, with a volley of
oaths, swore Glashby (one of the prisoners) should not die. "He was as
good a man as the best of them, and had never turned his back to a man
in his life. Glashby was an honest fellow in spite of his misfortune,
and he loved him. He hoped he would live and repent of what he had done;
but d---- if he must die, he would die along with him," and as he spoke
he handled a pair of loaded pistols, and presented them at two of the
judges, who, thinking the argument good, at once acquitted Glashby. The
rest, allowed to choose their executioners, were tied to the mast and
shot.

Amply stocked with provision, they now sailed for Guinea to buy gold
dust, and on their passage burnt and sank many vessels. Roberts, finding
his crew mutinous and unmanageable, assumed a rude bearing, offering to
fight on shore any one who was offended, with sword or pistol, for he
neither feared nor valued any. On their way to Africa they were deserted
by a prize, a brigantine, which they had manned. Roberts being insulted
by a drunken sailor, killed him on the spot. His messmate returning from
shore declared the captain deserved the same fate. Roberts hearing this
stabbed him with his sword, but in spite of the wound the seaman threw
him over a gun and gave him a beating. A general tumult ensued, which
was appeased by the quartermaster, and the majority agreeing that the
captain must be supported at all risks, the sailor received two lashes
from every man on board as soon as he recovered from his wound. This man
then conspired with the captain of the brigantine and his seventy hands,
and agreed to desert Roberts, as they soon after did on the first
opportunity.

Near the river of Senegal the pirates were chased by two French cruisers
of ten and sixteen guns, who mistook him for one of those interlopers
for whom they were on the look-out. The pair surrendered, however, with
little resistance on the first shot of the _Jolly Roger_, and with these
prizes they put into Sierra Leone. About thirty retired Buccaneers and
pirates lived here, one of whom, who went by the name of Crackers, kept
two cannon at his door to salute all pirate ships that arrived.

They found that the _Swallow_ and _Weymouth_ men-of-war, fifty guns, had
just been there, and would not return till Christmas; so, after six
weeks' debauch, they put out again to sea, plundering along the coast.
They exchanged one of their vessels for a French frigate-built ship,
pressing the sailors, and allowing some soldiers on board to sail with
them for a quarter share.

They found an English chaplain on board, and wanted him to go with them
to make punch and say prayers, but as he refused they let him go,
detaining nothing of the property of the church but three prayer-books
and a corkscrew. This ship they altered by pulling down the bulkheads
and making her flush. They then christened her the _Royal Fortune_, and
mounted her with forty guns.

They next proceeded to Calabar, where a shoal protected the harbour.
Enraged at the negroes refusing to trade, they landed forty men under
protection of the ships' fire, drove back a party of 2000 natives, and
then burnt their town. Still unable to obtain provisions, they returned
to Cape Apollonia. Here they took a vessel called the _King Solomon_,
boarding her from the long boat in spite of a volley from the ship, the
pirates shouting defiance. The captain would have resisted, but the
boatswain made the men lay down their arms and cry for quarter. They
then cut her cable, and rifled her of everything. They next cut the mast
of a Dutch vessel, and strung the sausages they found on board round
their necks, killing the fowls, and inviting the captain to drink from
his own but, singing obscene French and Spanish songs from his Dutch
prayer-book.

Going too near the land they alarmed the coast, and the English and
Dutch factories spread signals of danger.

Entering Whydah with St. George's ensign and a black flag flying, eleven
ships instantly surrendered without a blow; most of the crews being, in
fact, ashore. Each captain ransomed his cargo for 8 lbs. of gold dust,
upon which they gave him acquittals, signed with sham names, as
"Whiffingpin" and "Tugmutton." One vessel full of slaves refusing to
give any ransom, he set fire to it, and burnt eighty negroes who were
chained in the hold; a few leaped overboard to avoid the flames, and
were torn to pieces by the sharks that swarmed in the road.

Discovering from an intercepted letter that the _Swallow_ was after him,
Roberts put back to the island of Anna Bona, but the wind failing
steered for Cape Lopez. The cruiser had lost 100 men from sickness in a
three weeks' stay at Prince's island, and, unable to return to Sierra
Leone, turned to Cape Corso, unknown to Roberts, who was ignorant of the
causes that had led to their return. Receiving many calls for help, and
finding the trade of the whole coast disturbed, the _Swallow_ sailed for
Whydah. The crew were impatient to attack the pirates, learning that
they had an arms' chest full of gold, secured by three keys. Recruiting
thirty volunteers, English and French, the _Swallow_ reached the river
Gaboon, and soon discovered the pirates, one of whom gave them chase,
believing her a Portuguese sugar vessel, and the sugar for their punch
now ran short.

The pirates were cursing the wind and the sails that kept them from so
rich a prey, when the _Ranger_ suddenly brought to and hauled up her
lower ports, while the first broadside brought down their black flag.
Hoisting it again, they flourished their cutlasses on the poop, but
tried to escape. Some prepared to board, but, after two hours' firing,
their maintop came down with a run, and they struck, having had ten men
killed and twenty wounded. The _Swallow_ did not lose one. The _Ranger_
carried thirty-two guns, and was manned by sixteen Frenchmen,
seventy-seven English, and ten negroes. Their black colours were thrown
overboard. As the _Swallow_ was sending a boat to board, an explosion
was heard, and a smoke poured out of the great cabin. It appeared that
half a dozen of the most desperate had fired some powder, but it was too
little to do anything but burn them terribly.

The commander, a Welshman, had had his leg shot off, and had refused to
allow himself to be carried below. The rest were gay and brisk, dressed
in white shirts and silk waistcoats, and wearing watches.

An officer said to a man whom he saw with a silver whistle at his
belt--"I presume you are boatswain of this ship." "Then you presume
wrong," said the pirate, "for I am boatswain of the _Royal
Fortune_--Captain Roberts, commander." "Then, Mr. Boatswain, you'll be
hanged," said the officer. "That is as your Honour pleases," said the
man, turning away.

The officer asking about the explosion, he swore "they are all mad and
bewitched, for I have lost a good hat by it." He had been blown out of
the cabin gallery into the sea. "But what signifies a hat, friend?" said
the officer. "Not much," he answered.

As the sailors stripped off his shoes and stockings, the officer asked
him if all Robert's crew were as likely men as himself? He answered,
"There are 120 of them as clever fellows as ever trod shoe-leather;
would I were with them." "No doubt on't," said the officer. "It's naked
truth," said the man laughing, as he looked down at his bare feet.

The officer then approached another man, black and scorched, who sat
sullenly alone in a corner. He asked him how it happened. "Why," said
he, "John Morris fired a pistol into the powder, and if he had not done
it I would." The officer said he was a surgeon, and offered to dress his
wounds, which he bore without a groan. He swore it should not be done
and he would tear off the dressing, so he was then overpowered and
bandaged. At night he grew delirious and raved about "brave Roberts,"
who would soon release him. The men then lashed him down to the
forecastle, as he resisted with such violence to his burnt sore flesh
that he died next day of mortification. The other pirates they fettered,
and sent the shattered ship, scarcely worth preserving, into port.

The next day Roberts appeared in sight with a prize, and his men ran to
tell him of the cruizer as he was dining in the cabin with the prisoner
captain. Roberts declared the vessel was his own returning, or nothing
but a Portuguese or French slave ship, and laughed at the cowards who
feared danger, offering to strike the most apprehensive. As soon as he
discovered his mistake he slipped his cable, got under sail, and ordered
his men to arms, declaring it was "a bite."

He appeared on deck dressed in crimson damask, with a red feather in his
cocked hat, a gold chain and diamond cross round his neck, a sword in
his hand, and two pairs of pistols hanging pirate-fashion from a silk
sling over his shoulders. His orders were given in a loud voice and with
unhesitating boldness. Informed by a deserter that the _Swallow_ sailed
best upon a wind, he resolved to go before it, if disabled to run ashore
and escape among the negroes, or if, as many of his men were drunk,
everything else failed, to board and blow up both vessels.

Exchanging a broadside he made all sail he could crowd, but steering ill
was taken aback and overtaken. At this critical moment a grapeshot
struck him on the throat, and he sat calmly down on the tackle of a gun
and died. The man at the helm running to his assistance, and not seeing
a wound, thought his heart had failed him, and bade him stand up and
fight it out like a man, and remember the _Jolly Roger_. Discovering his
mistake the rough sailor burst into tears, and prayed the next shot
might strike him. The pirates then threw their captain overboard, with
all his arms and ornaments, as he had often requested in his life.

When Roberts fell the men deserted their quarters and fell into a
torpor, till their mainmast being shot away compelled them to surrender.
Some of the crew lit matches and tried to blow up the magazine, but the
rest prevented them. The black flag, crushed under the fallen mast, they
had no time to destroy.

The _Royal Fortune_ was found to have forty guns and 157 men, forty-five
of them being negroes. Only three were killed in the action, and the
_Swallow_ did not lose a man. She had upwards of £2000 of gold dust in
her. From the other vessel the same quantity was embezzled by an English
captain, who sailed away before the _Swallow_ arrived.

The prisoners were mutinous under restraint, and cursed and upbraided
each other for the folly that had brought them into that trap. For fear
of an outbreak they were manacled and shackled in the gun-room, which
was strongly barricaded, and officers with pistol and cutlass placed to
guard it night and day.

The pirates laughed at the short commons, and swore they should be too
light to hang. Those who read and prayed were sneered at by the others.
"Give me hell," said one blasphemer; "it is a merrier place than heaven,
and at my entrance I'll give Roberts a salute of thirteen guns." The
whole of the prisoners made a formal complaint against "the wretch with
a prayer-book," as a common disturber.

A few of the more violent conspired, having loosened their shackles, to
rise, kill the officers, and run away with the ship. A mulatto boy who
attended them, conveyed messages from one to the other, but the very
evening of the outbreak two prisoners heard the whispers, and warned
the officers. They were then treated rougher, and heavier chains put on.

The negroes and surgeon on board the other ship also contrived a
conspiracy, the surgeon knowing a little of the Ashantee language. They
were betrayed by a traitor, all re-chained, and brought to Cape Corso
castle to be tried. Here they grew chapfallen, forgot to jest, and
begged for good books. Some joined in prayers, and others sang psalms.
Brawny, sunburnt, scarred men were seen spelling out hymns, and, through
the blood-red haze of a thousand crimes, trying with moistened eyes to
look back to calm Sunday evenings when fond mothers had first taught
them the words of long since forgotten prayers.

When the ropes were fitting only one appeared dejected, and he had been
ill with a flux. A surgeon of the place was charitable enough to offer
himself as chaplain, and represented to them the urgent need of
repentance and the tender forgiveness of a Saviour. They hardly listened
to him, but some begged caps of the soldiers, for the sun was burning
on their bare heads. Others asked for a single draught of water. When
they were pressed to speak of religion, they burst into curses, and
imprecated vengeance on their judge and jury, saying they were hung as
poor rogues, but many worse escaped because they were rich.

He then implored them to be in charity with all the world, and asked
their names and ages. They said, "What is that to you? we suffer the
law, and shall give no account but to God." One cursed a woman in the
crowd for coming to see him hung, and another laughed at their tying his
hands behind him, "for he had seen many a good fellow hung, but never
that done before." A third said, the sooner the better, so he might get
out of pain.

Nine others showed much penitence. One obtained a short reprieve, and
devoted it to prayer, singing the thirty-first Psalm at the foot of the
gallows. Another (the deserter) exhorted the seamen to a good life, and
sang a psalm. The next instant a gun was fired, and he swung from the
fore-yard-arm. Bunce, the youngest of them all, made a pathetic speech,
and begged forgiveness of God and all mankind. Seeing the gallows
standing on a rock above the sea, he took a last look at the element
which he had so often braved, and saying, he stood "as a beacon on a
rock to warn mariners of danger," was turned off by the hangman.

CAPTAIN WORLY, the next adventurer, embarked in an open boat, with eight
other men, from New York in 1718, captured a shallop up the Delaware
river, and soon took many other vessels, pursuing an English cruiser
from Sandy Hook. He had now twenty-five men and six guns, and his crew
had taken an oath to receive no quarter. While careening in an inlet in
North Carolina he was attacked by two government sloops. These cruisers
boarded him on either side, and the pirates fought so desperately that
only the captain and another man were taken prisoners, and being much
wounded were hung the next day for fear they should die, and the law not
have its due.

Captain GEORGE LOWTHER was originally second mate on board a vessel
carrying soldiers to a fort of the Royal African Company's on the river
Gambia, the very one that had been destroyed by Davis. Captain Massey,
who commanded these men, offended at the arrogance of the merchants,
plotted with Lowther, who had been ill-treated by his captain, to run
away with the vessel. They then started as pirates--their vessel, the
_Delivery_, having fifty men and sixteen guns. The worthy partners soon
quarrelled, Massey knowing nothing of the sea and Lowther nothing of the
land. Massey wished to land with thirty men and attack the French in
Hispaniola, but Lowther refused his consent; and when Lowther resolved
to scuttle a ship, Massey interposed in its behalf. Massey, soon after
this, being put on board a prize with ten malcontents, gave himself up
at Jamaica, and was sent to cruise in search of his old partner. Massey
wrote to the African Company, and prayed to be forgiven, or at least
shot as a soldier, and not hung as a pirate. He then came to London,
gave himself up, and was soon after hung.

Off Hispaniola Lowther captured two vessels--one of them a Spaniard, the
crew of which, in consideration of their being also pirates, and having
just boarded an English ship, were drifted off in their own launch, but
the English sailors were enrolled in their own crew. They then put into
a key, cleaned, and spent some time in revelry. Starting again about
Christmas, at the Grand Caimanes they met with a small pirate vessel,
commanded by a captain named Low, who now became Lowther's lieutenant.
The old ship they sank, and soon after attacked a Boston vessel, the
_Greyhound_, which, though only 200 tons, refused to bring to in answer
to Lowther's gun, and held out for an hour before she struck her ensign,
seeing resistance hopeless. The pirates whipped, beat, and cut these men
cruelly, and at last set fire to their vessel, and left them to burn and
perish. They soon after burnt and sank several New England sloops; a
vessel of Jamaica they generously sent back to her master, and two
other vessels they fitted up for their own use, mounting one with eight
carriage and ten swivel guns.

With this little fleet, Admiral Lowther, in the _Happy Delivery_, went
to the gulf of Matique to careen, carrying ashore all their sails and
stores, and putting them in tents on the beach. While the ships,
however, were on the keel, and the men busy heaving, scrubbing, and
tallowing, they were attacked by a large body of the natives. Burning
the _Happy Delivery_, their largest ship, and leaving all their stores
behind, they then turned one sloop adrift, and all embarked in the
other, the _Ranger_. This disaster, and the shortness of provisions,
soon produced mutiny and mutual recrimination.

In May 1721 they went to the West Indies, capturing a brigantine, which
they plundered and sank, and then started for New England. Low and
Lowther always quarrelling, at last parted, Low taking forty-four hands
in the brigantine, and leaving the same number in the sloop to Lowther.
The latter for some time captured nothing but fishing vessels, and a
New England ship with a cargo of sugar from Barbadoes. Off the coast of
South Carolina, being pursued by an English vessel that he had
imprudently attacked, he was driven on shore in his attempts to escape.
The English captain, in attempting to board, was shot, and his mate
declined the combat. The pirate sloop soon put again to sea, but much
shattered, and with many of the crew killed and wounded. The winter Low
spent in repairing, in an inlet of North Carolina, where his men pitched
tents, and lived on the wild cattle they shot in the woods, while in
very cold nights they slept on board the ship.

After a cruise round Newfoundland the pirates sailed for the West
Indies, and put into a creek in the island of Blanco, not far from
Tortuga, to careen. Here they were attacked by the _Eagle_ sloop of
Barbadoes, belonging to the South Sea Company. She fired a gun first to
make Lowther show his colours, and then boarded. Lowther and twelve of
his crew made their escape out of a cabin window after their vessel had
struck. The master of the _Eagle_, with twenty-five men, spent five
days in search of the fugitives, and, capturing eight only of them,
returned to Cumana.

The Spanish governor applauding the _Eagle_ condemned the sloop, and
sent a small vessel with twenty-five hands to scour the patches of
_lignum vitæ_ trees that covered the low level island, and took four
pirates, but Lowther and three men and a boy still escaped. It is
supposed he then destroyed himself, as he was found soon after by some
sailors dead, beside a bush, with a burst pistol by his side. Of his
companions nine were hung at St. Christopher's, two pardoned, and five
acquitted; four the Spaniards condemned to slavery for life, three to
the galleys, and the others to the Castle of Arraria.

Captain Spriggs was another of this same gang, having been quartermaster
to Lowther. In 1723 Spriggs, with eighteen men, sailed by night from the
coast of Guinea, in the _Delight_ (a man-of-war) taken by Low, for they
had quarrelled as to the punishment of a pirate who had murdered
another. Low was for mercy and Spriggs for the yard-arm.

They then chose Spriggs captain, hoisted the black flag, and fired all
their guns to honour his inauguration. In their voyage to the West
Indies they plundered a Portuguese bark, tortured the crew, set them
adrift in a boat with a small quantity of provisions, and then burnt the
vessel. The crew of a Barbadoes sloop they cut and beat for refusing to
serve with them, and turned them off like the Portuguese. They next
rummaged a logwood ship from Jamaica, cut the cable, broke the windows,
destroyed the cabins, and when the mate refused to go with them, every
man in the vessel gave him ten lashes, which they called "writing his
discharge" in red letters flaring on his back. George the Second's
birthday they spent in roaring out healths, shouting, and drinking,
expecting that there would be an amnesty at his accession, and vowing,
if they were excepted, to murder every Englishman they met. They next
gave chase to a vessel (supposed to be a Spaniard), till the crew made a
lamentable cry for quarter, and they discovered it was the logwood
vessel they had turned off three days before, not worth a penny. Enraged
at this, fifteen of them flew at the captain and cut him down, though
his mate, who had joined the pirates, interceded for his life. It being
midnight, and nearly all, as usual at such an hour, drunk, it was
unanimously agreed to make a bonfire of the Jamaica ship. They then
called the bleeding captain down into the cabin to supper, and made him,
with a sword and pistol at his breast, eat a dish of candles, treating
all the crew in the same way. Twenty days afterwards they landed the
captain and a passenger on a desert island in the Bay of Honduras,
giving them powder, ball, and one musket. Here they supported life for
fifteen days, till two marooned sailors coming in a canoe paddled them
to another island, where they got food and water. Espying a sloop at
sea, they made a great smoke and were taken off after nineteen days'
more suffering. Spriggs, while laying wait to take his revenge on the
_Eagle_, was pursued by a French man-of-war from Martinique, and then
went to Newfoundland to obtain more men and attack Captain Harris, who
had lately taken another pirate vessel. Of their future fate we hear
nothing. Let us hope they sailed on till they reached Gallows Point and
there anchored.

JOHN GOW was one of the crew of an Amsterdam galley, who in 1724, in a
voyage to Barbary, plotted to murder the captain and seize the vessel.
Having first cut his throat they tried to throw him overboard, but as he
grappled with them Gow and the second mate and gunner shot him through
the body. They then murdered the chief mate and the clerk, who was
asleep in his hammock; the latter, handing the key of his chest, begged
for time to say his prayers, but a sailor shot him as he knelt, with a
pistol that burst as he fired.

The murders being over, one of the red-handed men came on deck, and,
striking a gun with his cutlass, cried "You are welcome, Captain Gow, to
your new command." Gow then swore that if any whispered together or
refused to obey orders, they should go the same way as those that had
just gone. They plundered a French fruit vessel and some others, but
were soon after stranded on the Orkney coast, where they had intended to
clean, were apprehended by a gentleman named Fea, and brought up to
London.

Gow obstinately refusing to plead, his thumbs were tied with whipcord
till they broke. As he still remained silent he was ordered by the
Draconic law of those days to be pressed to death. When the preparations
were completed Gow's courage failed him, he sullenly pleaded not guilty,
and was soon after, with nine of his crew at the same time, executed.

Captain WEAVER, of the _Good Fortune_, brigantine, which had taken some
sixty sail off the banks of Newfoundland, on his return from thence came
to Bristol, and passed himself off as a sailor who had escaped from
pirates, walking openly about the town. Here he was met by a captain
whom he had once plundered, and who invited him to share a bottle in a
neighbouring tavern, telling him he had been a great sufferer by the
loss of his ship, but that for four hogsheads of sugar he would never
mention the affair again. Unable to obtain this compensation he arrested
Weaver, who was soon after hung.

Captain EDWARD LOW, our last commodore, was originally a London thief,
the head of a gang of Westminster boys, and a gambler among the footmen
in the lobby of the House of Commons. One of his brothers was the first
thief who stole wigs by dressing as a porter, and carrying a boy on his
head in a covered basket. He ended his days at Tyburn.

Low was originally a logwood cutter at Honduras, but quarrelling with
his captain, and attempting his life, put off to sea with twelve
companions, and taking a sloop, hoisted a black flag, and declared war
against the world. Of his adventures with Lowther we have already made
mention. In May, 1722, while off Rhode Island, the governor ordered a
drum to beat up for volunteers, and fitted out two sloops with 140 men
to pursue him, but Low contrived to escape, and soon after running into
Port Rosemary, seized thirteen vessels at one stroke, arming a schooner
of ten guns for his own use, putting eighty men on board, and calling
her the _Fancy_. He was soon after beaten off by two armed sloops from
Boston. Low waiting too long for his consort, a brigantine, to come up,
in steering for the Leeward Islands, they were overtaken by a dreadful
storm, the same which drowned 400 people at Jamaica, and nearly
destroyed the town of Port Royal. The pirates escaped by dint of
throwing over all their plunder and six of their guns, and put into one
of the Caribbees to refit, buying provisions of the natives. In this
storm it was that forty sail of ships were cast away in Port Royal
harbour.

Once refitted, Low sailed into St. Michael's road, and took seven sail,
threatening with present death all who dared to resist. Being without
water, he sent to the governor demanding some, and declaring that if
none were sent he would burn all his prizes. On the governor's
compliance he released six, and fitted up the seventh for himself.
Another one they burnt. The crews they compelled to join them, all but
one French cook, who was so fat that they said he would fry well. They
then bound him to the mast, and allowed him to burn with the ship. The
crew of another galley they cruelly cut and mangled, and two Portuguese
friars they tied up to the yard-arm, pulling them up and down till they
were dead. A Portuguese passenger looking sorrowfully on at these
brutalities, one of the pirates cried out that he did not like his
looks, and cut open his belly with his cutlass, so that he fell down
dead. Another of the men, cutting at a prisoner, slashed Low across the
upper lip, so as to lay the teeth bare. The surgeon was called to stitch
up the wound, but the medical man being drunk, Low cursed him for his
bungling. He replied by striking Low a blow in the mouth that broke the
stitches, telling him to sew up his chops himself.

Off Madeira, they seized a fishing boat, and obtained water by a threat
of hanging the fishermen. While careening at the Cape Verd Islands,
after making many prizes, Low sent a sloop to St. Michael's in search
of two vessels, but his crew were seized and condemned to slavery for
life.

In careening his other ship, it was lost, and Low had now to fall back
on his old schooner, the _Fancy_, which he sailed in with a hundred men.
Proceeding to the West Indies, they captured, after some resistance, a
rich Portuguese vessel called the _Nostra Signora de Victoria_, bound
home from Bahia. Several of the crew they tortured till they confessed
that during the chase their captain had hung a bag of 11,000 moidors out
of the cabin window, and when the ship was taken dropped it into the
sea. The pirates, in a fury at this, cut off his lips, broiled them
before his face, and then murdered him and thirty-two of his crew. In
the next month they seized four vessels, burning all those from New
England.

In the Bay of Honduras Low boarded a Spanish sloop of six guns and
seventy men, that had that morning captured five English vessels.
Finding out this from the prisoners in the hold, these butchers
proceeded to destroy the whole crew, plunging among them with
pole-axes, swords, and pistols. Some leaped into the hold and others
into the sea. Twelve escaped to shore: the rest were knocked on the head
in the water. While the pirates were carousing on land, one wounded
wretch, fainting with his wounds, came to them and begged in God's name
for quarter, upon which a brutal sailor replied, he would give him good
quarters, and, forcing him down on his knees, ran the muzzle of his gun
down his throat, and shot him. They then burnt the vessel, and forced
the English prisoners to return to New York, and not to Jamaica.

Hating all men of New England, Low cut off the ears of a gentleman of
that nation, and tied burning matches between the fingers of some other
prisoners. The crew of a whaler he whipped naked about the deck, and
made the master eat his own ears with pepper and salt.

On one occasion, the captain of a Virginian vessel refusing to pledge
him in a bowl of punch, he cocked a pistol and compelled him to drain
the whole quart. Off South Carolina, his consort was taken by a
cruiser, but Low basely deserting him, escaped, and off Newfoundland
took eighteen ships, and in July, 1723, he fitted up a prize called the
_Merry Christmas_, with thirty-four guns, and assumed the title of
admiral, hoisting a black flag, with the figure of death in red. At St.
Michael he cut out of the road a London vessel of fourteen guns, which
the men refused to defend. The ears of the captain Low cut off, for
daring to attempt resistance, and giving him a boat to escape in, burnt
his ship.

He then visited the Canaries, Cape de Verd Islands, and lastly, the
coast of Guinea. At Sierra Leone he captured the _Delight_, of twelve
guns, which he supplied with sixteen guns, and sixty men, appointing
Spriggs, his quartermaster, as captain, who two days after deserted him,
and sailed for the West Indies.

Of the end of this detestable monster we know nothing, but if there is
any truth in old adages, he could not have well perished by a mere
storm.

The best account of a pirate's life extant is to be found in Captain
Roberts's Narrative of the Loss of his Vessel in 1721, preserved in
Astley's amusing Collection of Voyages, four dusty quartos, that contain
a mine of "auld warld" information.

This Captain Roberts, it appears, contracted with some London merchants
to go to Virginia, to fit out a sloop, named the _Dolphin_, with a cargo
"to slave with" on the coast of Guinea, and then to return to trade at
Barbadoes. Arriving at that island, in 1722, he was discharged, and upon
that bought the _Margaret_ sloop, and started again for the African
coast. At Curisal he turned up to procure a supply of wood and water,
and the next morning after his arrival, it being calm as day broke, he
looked out and espied three sail of ships off the bay, and making one of
them plain with his glass, observed that she was full built and loaded,
and supposed that she and her companions wanted water, as they first
brought to, then edged away without making any signals.

As soon as the day broke clean and they made his ship, one of them
stood right in towards her, and as the sun rose and the wind freshened,
tacked more to the eastward. As she drew nigher, Roberts found her by
his glass to be a schooner full of hands, all in white shirts; and when
he saw a whole tier of great guns grinning through the port-holes, he
began to suspect mischief. But it was now too late to escape, as it held
calm within the bay, and the three ships came crowding in as fast as the
wind, flaunting out an English ensign, jack, and pendant. Roberts then
hoisted his ensign. The first of the three that arrived had 8 guns, 6
patereroes, 70 men, and stretching ahead hailed him. Roberts said he was
of London, and came from Barbadoes. They answered, with a curse, that
they knew that, and made him send a boat on board.

The pirate captain, John Lopez, a Portuguese, who passed himself off as
John Russel, an Englishman, from the north country, asked them where
their captain was. They pointed him out Roberts, walking the deck. He
instantly called out, "You dog, you son of a gun, you speckled shirt
dog!" for Roberts had just turned out, wore a speckled Holland shirt,
and was slipshod, without stockings. Roberts, afraid if he showed
contempt by continued silence they would put a ball through him, thought
it best to answer, and cried "Holloa!" upon which Russel said, "You dog
you, why did you not come aboard with the boat? I'll drub you within an
inch of your life, and that inch too."

Roberts meekly replied that only the boat being commanded aboard, he did
not think he had been wanted, but if they would please to send the boat,
he would wait upon him. "Ay, you dog you," said the Portuguese, "I'll
teach you better manners." Upon this eight of the pirates boarded, and
took possession of the ship, and as soon as Roberts came alongside, the
pirate began again to threaten to drub him for daring to affront him;
and when he declared he meant no offence, cried out, "D--n you, you dog,
don't stand there to chatter, come aboard," and stood with a cutlass
ready drawn to receive him. While still hesitating, the gunner, who
wore a gold-laced hat, looked over the side, and said, "Come up, master,
you shan't be abused." When he got up, the pirate raised his sabre as if
to cut him down, asking what a dog deserved for not coming aboard when
the boat was first sent. Roberts replied, if he had done amiss, it was
through ignorance, as he did not know what they were. "Curse you," said
the pirate, "who do you think we are?" Roberts now trembled for fear,
for having once been captured by pirates at Newfoundland, he knew--one
wrong word and the knife was at his throat. After a short pause, he
said, "I believed you were gentlemen of fortune belonging to the sea."
At this the Portuguese, a little pacified, said, "You lie, we are
pirates."

After vapouring for some time, the pirate asked, in a sneering tone, why
Roberts had not put on his clothes to visit gentlemen. Roberts replied,
that he did not know of the visit when he dressed, and, besides, came in
such a fright on account of their threats, that he had very little
thought or stomach to change clothes, still, if it would please them to
grant him the liberty, he would go and put on better clothes, hoping it
was not yet too late. "D--n you," said the pirate, "yes, it is too late;
what clothes you took you shall keep, but your sloop and what is in her
is ours." Roberts said, he perceived it was, but hoped, as he lay at
their mercy, they would be so generous as to take only what they had
occasion for and leave him the rest.

The Portuguese said, "that was a company business, and he could say
nothing about that yet." He then bade him give an account of his cargo
and money, and of everything aboard his sloop, for if upon rummaging
they found the least article concealed, they would burn the vessel and
him in her. The pirates standing by also begged him to make a full
discovery of all money, arms, and ammunition, which were the chief
things they sought after, for it was their way to punish liars and
concealers very severely. Roberts then drew up an account from memory,
and asked to see his ship's papers that he might complete it. Russel
said, "No, he would take care of the papers, and if anything was found
missing in the inventory he must look out for squalls." During this time
the pirates were rummaging the sloop, but found nothing but a ring and a
pair of silver buckles not inserted in the list.

During the capture a Portuguese priest and six black fishermen, taken on
board at the Isle of Sal, who had been sent on shore, escaped to the
hills. Russel, seeing them, told Roberts that he had captured the
fishing sloop to which the fugitives belonged, but one of his gang had
run away with it, carrying off £800 in cash, in addition. Russel then
slipped cable and made Roberts pilot them to Paraghisi, in company with
their other vessel, the _Rose Pink_, of thirty-six guns, commanded by
Edmund Loe, their commodore. At Paraghisi they landed thirty-five men
and captured the fugitive priest, five negroes, and the old governor's
son. Russel on his return was received with great ceremony by his
commander, the gunner acting as master of the ceremonies and presenting
Roberts.

Captain Loe welcomed him aboard with the usual compliments, "It's not my
desire, captain," he said, "to meet with any of my countrymen (but
rather foreigners), excepting some few whom I want to chastise for their
roguishness; but, however, since fortune has ordered it so that you have
fallen into our hands, I would have you be of good cheer and not cast
down."

Roberts replied, "I am very sorry, sir, that I chanced to fall in your
way, but I feel I am still in the hands of gentlemen of honour and
generosity, in whose power it is still to make my capture no
misfortune."

Loe said, "It does not lie singly in my breast, for all business of this
nature is determined by a majority of votes in the whole company, and
though neither I nor, I believe, any of the rest desire to meet with any
of our nation, yet when we do it cannot well be avoided to take as our
own what Providence sends us; and, as we are gentlemen who depend
entirely on fortune, we durst not be so ungrateful to her as to despise
any of her favours, however mean, for fear that she might withdraw her
hand and leave us to perish for lack of those very things we had
slighted."

After this philosophical utterance, the great man, who sat astride on a
great gun, and not, like other potentates, in a chair of state, without
moving from his place, begged Roberts, with much condescension, to make
himself at home, requesting to know what he would drink. The
broken-spirited man, still trembling for his life, replied, "He did not
care then much for drinking, but out of a sense of the honour they did
him in asking he would drink anything he chose." Loe told him "Not to be
cast down, it was the fortune of war: d----, sir, care killed the cat,
and fretting thinned the blood and was d---- bad for the health. To
please the company he should be brisk and cheerful and he would soon
have better fortune."

He then rang the bell and bade one of the _valets de cabin_ bring in a
bowl of punch. This was brought and mixed in a rich silver bowl holding
two gallons. He then called for some wine, and two bottles of claret
being brought, Roberts sipped at the claret while Loe drained the bowl
with his usual philosophy and contentment. As he grew warm with the
fragrant draught, he told Roberts that he was a d----d good fellow, and
he would do him all the favours he could, but wished he had had the good
fortune to have been captured ten days earlier, when they had taken two
Portuguese outward bound Brazilmen, laden with cloth, woollens, hats,
silk, and iron, for he believed he could have prevailed on his company
to have loaded Roberts's ship. "But now unfortunately," he added, as he
put down the empty bowl, "they had no goods at all, having flung all the
Brazil stuffs into David Jones's locker (the sea). He did not know,
however, but he might meet Roberts again (such things did come round),
and then if it lay in his way he would make Roberts a return for his
loss, for he might depend on his readiness to serve him as far as his
power or interest could reach." To this outburst of sympathy Roberts
replied by bowing and sipping his unrelished glass of claret.

While they were talking word was brought that Quartermaster-General
Russel had arrived with the prisoners, and the commodore, ordering the
empty bowl to be removed, bade them come in. Russel, the chief officers,
and the prisoners then crowded into the cabin, and to the question of
"How goes the game?" Russel gave an account of his expedition. On
landing they had at once seized two blacks, who had been sent by the
governor as heralds, and used them as guides. Though the road was uneven
and rocky they reached the town, twelve miles distant, that night,
surprising the governor and priest. Russel told them, that hearing they
had great stores of dollars hoarded up, he had come to share it with
them, as it was one rule of his trade to keep money moving and
circulation brisk. The priest said they had none, and the island was
barren and uncultivated. Russel said he had only two senses, seeing and
feeling, which could convince him the information was false. The priest
then lit a number of consecrated wax-candles, and allowed them to
search. They found, however, nothing but twenty dollars, which he did
not think worth taking. The men then lay down to sleep, keeping their
arms loaded and their pistols slung, and setting a watch. The next
morning he carried the prisoners to the boats.

Upon this tame conclusion, Loe, who had been sitting patient and quiet
as a judge, started up and said, interrupting Russel, "Zounds! what
satisfaction is this to me or the company? We did not want these black
fools, d----n them! No, we wanted their money, and if they had none,
they might have stayed ashore or gone to the devil."

Russel, nettled at this rebuke, replied fiercely, "I have as much
interest in getting the money as any of the company, and did as much to
find it: I don't believe there was more than we saw, and that wouldn't
have been sixpence a head, a trifle not worth having our name called in
question for. For my part, I am for something that is worth taking, and
if I can't light on such, I never will give the world occasion to say
that I am a poor sneaking rogue and mean-spirited fellow. No, I will rob
for something of value, or not at all, especially among these people,
where, if our company breaks, we may look for a place of refuge; and I
boldly affirm that it is a fool's act to draw on us their odium by such
peddling thefts, that would be by all men accounted a narrow-souled,
beggarly action, and would be cursed to all futurity by this fraternity,
who might suffer for its effects."

Captain Loe, abashed by the murmur of approval that followed this
speech, said, "it was all very true, and carried a deal of reason with
it, that he was satisfied with Russel's judgment and courage in the
affair; but come," says he, "let us do nothing rashly"--and filling a
bumper, drank to Russel, wishing Roberts better success in his next
voyage.

Russel then went on shore again, and, finding the priest had escaped to
the mountains, told the governor, an old negro, that he should burn the
town to ashes if he was not brought in in three hours' time. The
governor said the thing was impossible, that he lay at their mercy, and
hoped he would not destroy the innocent for the guilty. Russel declared
the doom should not be deferred, but promised the priest should not be
killed if he surrendered himself. While parties of blacks were on the
hunt, Russel ordered an ox to be roasted for his men, and a pipe of wine
to be broached; and on the priest being captured, treated all the
natives at their Christian minister's expense, leaving him to extract it
from them again in tithes.

The priest and governor, when they heard they were to be taken on board,
to assure Loe of their poverty, prayed not to be detained as slaves.
Russel told them he was a Catholic, and no harm should be done them.
They were soon afterwards released. Loe then ordered a hammock for
Roberts, till his own and ship's fate were decreed by the company,
telling him generously, in language rather metaphorical than strictly
accurate, that everything in the ship was at his command, and begging
him not to vary his usual course of hours, drinking, or company. Next
morning about eight, as Roberts was pacing unemployed and melancholy on
the deck, three pirates came up to him, and said that they had once
sailed with him on board the _Susannah_, in 1718. They expressed sorrow
for his ill luck, and promised to do something for him. They said they
had fifty pieces of white linens, and eight of silk, and that when the
company had agreed to restore him his ship, they would make interest to
load it. Then looking about as if wishing to tell him a secret, and
seeing the deck clear, which it seldom was in pirate vessels, with much
concern they informed him that if he did not take abundance of care, he
would be forced to stay with them, for their mate had found that he knew
the coast of Brazil, whither they were bound after they had scoured that
of Guinea, and they would take him as pilot. Then enjoining him to
secresy (for their lives depended upon it), they said they had been in
close consultation as to his fate, and had almost agreed to take him as
a forced prisoner. They had praised him as kind to his men, and a good
paymaster, and, knowing the pirate law that no married man could be
forced to join their ships, swore at a hazard that he was married, and
had four children. His mate had turned informer, but he was as yet
ignorant of their articles, which they never showed till they were
signed. His only chance of escape was to keep up to their story. Russel,
one of the council, had been in favour of breaking through the law in
this special case, and keeping Roberts at all events till they could
catch another guide, but Loe was opposed to it, telling them it would be
an ill precedent and of bad consequence, for that if once they took the
liberty of breaking their articles and oath, nothing would be sure. They
added that most of the company being of Loe's opinion, Russel was vexed
and determined if possible to break the articles.

Soon after they were gone, Loe came on deck, and bidding him good
morrow, with many compliments, ordered the flag, the signal for
consultation, to be hoisted. This they called "the green trumpeter," and
was a green silk flag, with the figure of a trumpeter in yellow, and
hoisted on the mizen peak. Upon this all came on board to breakfast,
crowding both cabin and steerage.

After breakfast Loe asked Roberts, as if casually, if he was married and
had children. The latter answered he had five and perhaps six, for one
was on the stocks when he came away. He then asked him, if he had left
them well provided for. Roberts replied, he had left his wife in such
indifferent circumstances, having met with recent misfortunes, that the
greater part of his substance was in that ship and cargo, and if that
failed they would want even for bread.

Loe then turned to Russel and said, "It won't do, Russel."

"What won't do?" replied the quartermaster.

"You know what I mean," said Loe; "it must not and it shall not be,
by----"

"It must and shall be, by----" replied Russel; "'Self-preservation is
the first law of nature,' and 'Necessity knows no law,' says the adage."

"Well," says Loe, "it shall never be by my consent."

The rest of the company then declared it was a pity, and ought to be
seriously weighed and put to the vote. Loe said, indeed it ought, and
that there was no time like the present to determine the matter. The
rest all cried, "Ay, it is best to end it now." Loe then ordered all
hands upon deck, and bade Roberts stay in the cabin.

In about two hours (awful hours for Roberts, to sit listening for shouts
or cries), Loe came down, and asked him how he did. Russel said, with a
frown, "Master, your sloop is very leaky."

Roberts replied it was, wishing to depreciate its value.

"Leaky," said Russel, "I don't know what you could do with her if we
gave her you, for all your hands now belong to us." Russel then
continued to taunt him for his want of cargo and provision, as if to
give a keener edge to his misery.

At last, "Come, come," said Loe, "let us toss the bowl about, and call a
fresh course."

They then proceeded to carouse and talk of their past transactions at
Newfoundland, the Western Islands, the Canaries, &c., and at dinner
tore their food one from the other, thinking such ferocity looked
martial.

Next morning one of the three men contrived to speak to Roberts, and
apologized for his caution, as they had an article making it death to
hold any secret correspondence with a prisoner. He then informed him
that his own mate was his great enemy, and seemed likely to turn rogue
and enter with them, leaving him only a boy and a child to manage the
sloop. Both he and his companions heartily wished to join him, but found
it would be death even to mention it, as they had an article that any of
the company advising or merely speaking of separation should be shot to
death by the quartermaster's order, without even court-martial. Russel
had been Roberts' friend till the mate had told him of his captain's
knowledge of Brazil, and had even planned a gathering for him nearly
equal in value to what they had taken, for it was a custom in pirate
vessels to keep a spare stock of linen, silk, gold lace, and clothes, to
give to any prisoner whom they took a liking to or had known before.
Loe was his friend, the sailor assured him, but that he could do little
against Russel, who had really more power and sway than anyone else.

Some time after this man left him, Captain Loe turned out, and, passing
the usual compliments, sent for some rum, and discoursed on many
indifferent subjects. Upon all of these Roberts was obliged to appear
interested, dreading this sea-despot's displeasure. Perhaps a
button-holder, like this Trunnion, never had so attentive an auditor, or
so hearty an applauder of anecdotes, good or bad.

About ten o'clock Russel, the evil genius, came on board, and accosted
Roberts in an agreeable manner, trying to conciliate him into consenting
to his proposal. He said, he had been considering Roberts's scheme, and
did not see how he could carry it through. He believed Roberts was a man
of understanding, but in this case was directed by sheer desperation
rather than reason. For his part he did not think it would stand with
the credit or reputation of the company to put it into his power to
throw himself wilfully away, as he seemed determined to do. Wishing him
indeed well, he had been thinking all night upon a scheme which, without
exposing him to danger, would turn out more to his advantage than
anything he could expect by getting the sloop. (Here Roberts's eye
brightened.) He had resolved to sink or burn the sloop, and detain
Roberts as a prisoner, all the company promising to give him the first
prize they took, or to allow him to join their crew. This would be the
making of him, and enable him to soon leave off sea, and live ashore if
he were so inclined.

Roberts thanked him, but said he thought he should gather no advantage
from such a plan, for he could not dispose of a ship or cargo without a
lawful power to sell, and if the owners heard of it, he should be either
obliged to make restitution, or be thrown into prison, and run the
hazard of his own life.

Russel replied that his objections were frivolous, and could easily be
evaded. To avoid detection, they would make him a bill of sale, and
give him powers in writing that would answer any inquiry. As for the
owners, they would take care from the ship's writings, which they always
first seized, to let him know who were the owners of the cargo, and
where they lived. These writings should be made in a false name, which
Roberts could assume till all were sold.

Roberts said there was abundant address in his contrivance and much
plausibility in the whole. But were he even sure that all would turn out
well, he had a still stronger motive than any he had yet mentioned, and
that was his dread of the continual sting and accusation of his
conscience. He then with more courage than he had hitherto shown, began
to expatiate on the duty of restitution, and tried to awaken his hearers
to some sense of the sin of piracy.

Many said, with a laugh, he would do well to preach a sermon, and would
make a good chaplain. Others shouted that they wanted no preaching
there. "Pirates had no god but money, no saviour but their muskets." A
few approved of what he said, and declared that if a little goodness,
or at least rude humanity, was in practice among them, their reputation
would be a little better both with God and man.

A short silence followed, which captain Russel broke by employing some
Jesuitical sophistry, to persuade Roberts that it would be no sin for
him merely to accept what they had stolen, since he had no hand in the
theft, and was their constrained prisoner. "Suppose," he said, "we
should still resolve to sink or burn your sloop, unless you will accept
of her. Now, where I pray, is the owner's property when the ship is sunk
or burnt. I think the impossibility of his ever having her again cuts it
off to all intents and purposes, and our power was the same,
notwithstanding our giving her to you, if we had thought fit to make use
of it."

Loe and the rest here burst out laughing, declared it was as good as a
play to hear the two argue, and that Roberts was a match for Russel,
though few could generally stand up to him in a fight with mere words.

Roberts not allowing this praise to over-balance his prudence, would
not drive Russel further, seeing him vexed at their applause. He merely
said that he knew he was absolutely in their power to dispose of as they
pleased, but that having hitherto been treated so generously by them, he
could not doubt of their future goodness to him. That if they would
please to give him his sloop again, it was all he requested at their
hands, and that, he doubted not, by his honest endeavours he should be
able to retrieve his present loss.

Upon this Captain Loe said, "Gentlemen, the master, I must needs say,
has spoke nothing but what I think is very reasonable, and I think he
ought to have his sloop. What do you say, gentlemen?" The majority cried
out with one voice, "Ay, ay, by G---- let the poor man have his sloop
again, and go in God's name and seek a living in her for his family."

In the evening Russel insisted on treating Roberts on board his own
schooner before his departure. All passed off well till after supper,
when a bowl of punch and half a dozen of claret were put on the table.
The captain first took a bumper, wishing success to the undertaking, and
this toast passed round, Roberts not daring to refuse to drink. The next
health was, "Prosperity to our trade." The third, "Health to the King of
France." Russel then proposed "The King of England's health," and all
drank it, some repeating his words, others saying, "the aforesaid
health." Just before it came to Roberts, Russel poured two bottles of
claret into the punch, and his prisoner disliking this mixture, begged
to pledge the health in a bumper of claret.

At this heresy, Russel, who had laid his trap, flew into a passion,
"D----" he said, "you shall drink in your turn a full bumper of that
sort of liquor the company does." "Well then, gentlemen," said Roberts,
"rather than have words, I will drink, though it is in a manner poison
to me." "Curse you," said Russel; "if it be in a manner or out of a
manner, or really rank poison, you shall drink as much and as often as
anyone here, unless you fall down dead, dead."

Then Roberts, dreading a quarrel with his old enemy, took the glass,
which held about three-quarters of a pint, and filling a bumper, said,
"The aforesaid health." "What health is that?" said Russel. "Why,"
answered Roberts, "the health you have all drank--the King of England's
health." "Who is king of England?" said Russel. "In my opinion," said
Roberts, "he that wears the crown is certainly king of England." "Well,"
argued his opponent, "and who is that?" Upon his saying King George, he
swore at him, and said the English had no king. Roberts replied,
laughing, "He wondered he should begin and drink a health to a person
who was not in being." At this quip, Russel drew a pistol from his sash,
and would have shot his unoffending enemy dead, had not the gunner
snatched it out of his hand. At this Russel, who was a Roman Catholic
and a Jacobite, grew still more maddened, and fired another at Roberts,
saying, "The Pretender is the only lawful king." The master striking
down the barrel, the pistol went off without doing mischief.

High words then arose between Russel and the gunner, and the latter,
addressing the company, said, "Well, gentlemen, if you have a mind to
maintain these laws, made, established, and sworn to by us all, as I
think we are obligated by the strongest ties of reason and self-interest
to do, I assure you my opinion is that we ought to secure John Russel,
so as to prevent his breaking our constitution."

When Russel attempted, still in a passion, to defend his conduct, the
gunner declared, "That no man's life should be taken away in cold blood
till the company, under whose care he was, had so decreed it." Then
accusing him of hating Roberts, merely because he had been prevented
from breaking the articles by detaining him, he left the spot.

Russel's arms were next taken away, and Roberts, being guarded during
the night, was sent to the commodore in the morning, there being a law
among them to receive no boats aboard after nine o'clock at night.

About four in the afternoon Russel came to Loe, with Spriggs, the
commander of the other ship, and told him that Roberts's mate was
willing to join them as a volunteer. Loe said, in that case Roberts
would have no one but a child to help him; and he thought, in reason,
they could not give him less than the mate and two boys.

Russel said he could not help that, "the mate was a brisk lusty young
fellow, and had been upon the account before. He had declared he would
not go in the sloop unless forced; that when he first came to Barbadoes
his resolve had been to ship himself on board the first pirate he met
with." Loe replied, "That to give the master a vessel without men was
only putting him to a lingering death, and they had better knock him on
the head at once."

Russel replied, "as for that they might do as they pleased; he spoke for
the good of the company and according to articles, and he should like to
see or hear the man who dared to gainsay it. He was quartermaster, and
by the authority of that office should at once enter the mate, and had a
pistol and a brace of bullets for any who opposed him." Loe said he
would not argue against law and custom, but he thought if they kept the
mate they should substitute another man.

Russel said, with an oath, grinding his teeth, "No, the sloop's men were
enrolled already in his books, and he should rub no names out." Then
turning to Roberts, he added, "The company, master, has decreed you your
sloop, and you shall have her; you shall have your two boys, that's all:
but you shall have neither provisions nor anything else more than she
has now. And, as I hear some of the company design to make a gathering
for you, that also I forbid, by the authority of my office, because we
are not certain but we may have occasion ourselves for those very things
before we get more. And I swear by all that's good and bad, if I know
anything that's carried or left on board the sloop against my order, or
without my knowledge, I will set her on fire that very instant, and you
with her."

After a little more dispute and feeble and intimidated resistance to
this violence, Russel's stern resolution and heartless villany carried
the day, and about dusk they parted, each to his own ship, several
professing kindness to Roberts, but none giving him anything. When
Russel was ready, he sent Roberts into his boat, and bringing him to his
own ship, ordered supper for him, and bottles, and pipes and tobacco,
being set on the table, he invited Roberts and his officers into his
cabin.

His revenge was now accomplished and the wretch, now resolved to make
Roberts taste the tortures of death, by anticipation, addressed him with
a sneer worthy of the applause of hell.

"Captain Roberts," he said, "you are very welcome, and I pray you eat
and drink heartily, for you have as tedious a voyage to go through as
Elijah in his forty days' journey to Horeb, and, as far as I know,
without a miracle, it must be only by the strength of what you now eat,
for you shall have neither eatables nor drinkables with you in the
sloop." Roberts replied, "I hope not so," but Russel answered he would
find it certainly true.

Roberts then said, that rather than be put on board the sloop in that
manner, when there was no possibility of escaping but by a miracle, he
should be glad to be sent ashore on some island off the coast of Guinea,
or even to tarry on board till an opportunity occurred to land where he
pleased, for he would yield to anything else they should think fit to do
with him, except entering into their service.

Russel answered with an oath, the usual prelude of a pirate's harangue,
that it had been once in his power to have been his own friend, but as
he chose to slight their proffered favours, and had made that choice, he
must now take it, as all apologies were too late; and he thought he had
proved himself a better friend than Roberts could have expected, since
he had caused him to have more differences with his company than he had
ever had before.

Roberts pleaded the innocence of his intentions, and intreated Russel
and all the gentlemen present to consider him an object rather of pity
than vengeance. But his tormentor, more inexorable than a headsman,
said: "All your whining arguments, you dog, are now too late. You not
only refused our commiseration when it was offered, but ungratefully
despised it. Your lot is cast, and you have nothing to do but to go
through your chance with a good face. Fill your belly with victuals and
good drink, and strengthen yourself for three days or so, or have some
brandy and die drunk, and be happy. This is your last meal in this
world, so fail not to make the most of it. Yet, perhaps, such a
conscientious man as you pretend to be may have a miracle worked for
you, but for my own part I don't believe God himself, if there is one,
could help you. I pity the boys, and have a great mind, Roberts, to keep
them on board, and let the miracle be worked on you alone."

The master and governor said they heard the boys were willing to take
their chance with the master, let it be what it would. "Nay, then," said
Russel, "it is fit the young devils should, and I suppose the master has
made them as religious and conscientious as himself. However, master,"
he cried, "eat and drink heartily; this is your last supper, as the
priests call it, and don't try to change your allotted fate, or it may
provoke us to treat you worse."

"Gentlemen," said Roberts, with a resignation that would have touched
any other man, "I have done; you can do no more than God is pleased to
permit you, and I own for that reason I ought to take it patiently. God
forgive you." "Well, well," said Russel, "if it is done by God's
permission, you need not fear He will permit any harm to befall one of
his peculiar elect."

About ten at night, in order that darkness might add to his dismay, some
of Russel's partisans brought the sloop's boat. In answer to an inquiry
as to whether they had cleared the vessel as he had ordered, they
replied with an oath, "Ay, ay, she has nothing on board except ballast
and water." "Zounds," said Russel, stamping on the deck, "did I not bid
you stave all the casks that had water in them?" "So we have," was the
reply; "the water we mean is salt water leaked in, and now above the
ballast, for we have not pumped her, we don't know when." He asked if
they had brought away the sails. They said they had, all but the
mainsail that was bent, for the other old mainsail was so rotten it was
only fit to cut up for parcelling, and was so torn it could not be
brought to, and was past mending.

"Zounds," said Russel, "we must have it, for I want it to make us a
mainsail. The same miraculous Power that brings the rogue provisions
will bring him sails."

"What a devil! is he a conjuror?" said one.

"No, no!" replied Russel, "but he expects miracles to be wrought for
him, or he would never have chosen what he has."

"Nay, nay, if he be such a one, he will do well enough."

"But I doubt," cried another, "if he be such a mighty conjuror, for if
he was, how the devil was it that he did not conjure himself clear of
us?"

"Pish!" cried a third, "may be his conjuring books were all shut up."

"Ay," said a fourth, "now we have all his conjuration books over board,
I doubt he'll be hard put to it."

The gunner alone seemed to retain any trace of humanity, he bade Russel
take care he had not this to answer for some day when he would be sorry
for it. "Howsum-dever," he said, "you've got the company's assent, I
can't tell how, and, therefore, I shall say no more, only that I, and I
believe most of the gentlemen came here to get money, but not to kill,
except in fight, much less in cold blood, or for private revenge. And I
tell you, Jack Russel, if ever such cases as these be any more
practised, my endeavours will be to leave this company as soon as
convenient."

Russel made no answer, but ordered his men to fetch the mainsail from
the sloop. He then gave Roberts an old worm-eaten musket, a damp
cartridge, and two half pounds of tobacco "as a parting present." His
victim was then conducted with great ceremony over the side into his own
boat, and put on board with his two boys.

As their boat was putting away, Roberts thought he heard his mate's
voice, so he called to him and said, "Arthur! what, are you going to
leave me?" A voice replied, for it was pitch dark, "Ay." "What!" said
Roberts, "do you do it voluntarily, or are you forced?" He answered
faintly, "I am forced, I think!" Roberts answered "Very well." The mate
then called out and asked Roberts, if he ever had an opportunity, to
write and give his brother an account of him. Roberts asked where he
lived, and the mate replied at Carlingford, in Ireland. Now this mate
the captain had picked up at Barbadoes, a naked shipwrecked man, who had
served in a New England sloop. He had bought him clothes and
instruments, and treated him with sympathy and kindness. He was a rigid
Presbyterian, a great arguer on theological points, and a loud inveigher
against the Church of England. Although he had never before been heard
to utter an oath, as soon as Russel persuaded him to join the pirate
crew, he became constantly drunk, and outdid them all in blasphemy and
wickedness, but he had told his new companions so much of Roberts's
kindness, that but for Russel they would not have allowed him to join
them.

Next morning Roberts proceeded to rummage the sloop, and sweeping out
the bread lockers, he found about his hat crown full of biscuit crumbs,
some broken pipes, and a few screws of tobacco. They had left his
fore-staff, but took his bedding, although they generally lay upon deck,
or against a gun carriage. In the hold, the more merciful had left ten
gallons of rum in one hogshead, and thirty pounds of rice in another,
with three pints of water and a little flour, together with some needles
and twine, sufficient to repair his rotten sails. A day or two
afterwards they caught a shark, which they boiled for several dinners,
using the shark's liver, melted, for oil. He soon after reached Curisal,
obtained a negro crew, was wrecked, built a boat, and was eventually
taken home by an English ship.

Scarcely less interesting than this narrative of Roberts is that of
Captain William Snelgrave, who was engaged in the slave trade on the
Guinea coast in 1738. Having escaped one of the dreaded Salee rovers, he
was taken at Sierra Leone by Captain Cocklyn of the _Rising Sun_, a
pirate commanding three vessels and a gang of eighty men. He had been
marooned by a man named Moody, but had gradually collected men, and
captured, in a short time, ten English vessels. Moody's crew, soon after
Cocklyn's departure, disliking their captain's cruelty, put him and
twelve more in an open boat, which they had taken from the Spaniards off
the Canary Islands, and chose a Frenchman named Le Bouce as their
commander, who instantly put back and joined Cocklyn, whom they liked
because he was fierce and brutal, being resolved to have no more
gentlemanlike captains like Moody.

The next day Davis, the pirate, arrived with 150 well disciplined men,
the black flag flying at his mast head.

The evening Snelgrave entered the river, he observed a suspicious smoke
on land, but his mate said it was only travellers roasting oysters, and
it appeared afterwards that he was a traitor. On standing in for the
river's mouth, the pirate vessels appeared in sight. Towards dusk he
heard a boat approaching, so he ordered twenty men to get ready their
firearms and cutlasses. Lanterns being brought and the boat hailed, the
pirates fired a volley at the ship, being then within pistol shot
distance, a daring act for twelve men, who were attacking a ship of
sixteen guns and forty-five men.

When they began to near, the captain called out to fire from the
steerage port-holes. This not being done, he went below, and found his
people staring at each other, and declaring they could not find the arm
chest. The pirates instantly boarded, fired down the steerage, shooting
a sailor in the loins, and throwing hand grenades amongst them. On their
calling for "mercy," the quartermaster, who always headed the pirate
boarders, came down from the quarterdeck and inquired for the captain,
asking how he dared to fire. On Snelgrave saying it was his duty to
defend his ship, the quartermaster presented a pistol at his breast, but
he parried it, and the bullet passed under his arm. The wretch then
struck him on the head with the butt end, bringing him on his knees. On
his getting up and running to the quarterdeck, the pirate boatswain made
a blow at his head with his broad sword, swearing no quarter should be
offered to any captain who dared to defend his vessel. The blow missed
him, but the blade cut an inch deep in the quarterdeck rail, and there
broke. The pirate's pistols being all unloaded, he then struck at him
with the butt end of one of them till the crew cried out for his life,
and said they had never sailed with a better man. One of the crew,
however, had his chin cut off; another fell for dead on the deck. The
quartermaster who came up, told him he should be cut to pieces if his
men did not recover the pirate's boat that had run adrift. On recovering
this, he took him by the hand, and declared his life was safe if none of
his crew complained of him. The pirate then fired several vollies for
joy at their recovery, but forgetting to hail their companions, were
fired on by the other ships. When Snelgrave questioned the
quartermaster why he did not use his speaking trumpet, he asked him
angrily whether he was afraid of going to the devil by a great shot,
"for that he hoped to be sent to hell by a cannon ball some time or
other."

The pirates now prepared for dinner by cramming geese, turkeys, fowls,
and ducks, all unpicked, into the furnace, with some Westphalia hams,
and a large sow in pig, which they only bowelled, leaving the hair on.
Soon after this, a sailor came to Snelgrave to ask him what o'clock it
was, and on the captain's presenting him with his watch, laid it on the
deck, and kicked it about, saying it would make a good football. One of
the pirates then caught it up, and said it should go into the common
chest, and be sold at the mast.

Snelgrave was soon after carried on board the pirate ship. The commander
told him he was sorry for the bad usage he had met with, but it was the
fortune of war, and that if he did not answer truly every question he
would be cut into even ounces, but that if he told the truth they would
make it the best voyage he had ever taken. One of them asked if his ship
sailed well on wind, and on his saying, "Very well," Cocklyn threw up
his hat, saying she would make a brave pirate man-of-war. A tall fellow,
with four pistols in his belt, and a broadsword in his hand, then came
up and claimed him as an old schoolfellow, and told him secretly that he
was a forced man, having been mate in a Bristol vessel lately captured,
and was obliged to go armed. He told him also that at night, when the
pirates drank hard, was the time of most danger for prisoners.

A bowl of punch was then ordered, and the men, going into the great
cabin, sat on the floor cross-legged, for want of seats, drinking the
Pretender's health by the name of "King James the Third." At midnight
they gave Snelgrave a hammock, and his old schoolfellow kept guard over
him with a drawn sword, but he could not sleep for the songs and
cursing. About two o'clock the pirate boatswain came on board, and
hearing Snelgrave was asleep, declared he would slice his liver for
daring to fire at the boat, and refusing to give up his watch. Griffin
threatened to cleave him if he came nearer, and struck at him with his
sword. In the morning, when all were sober, the sentinel complained of
the boatswain for infringing the pirate law, "that no ill usage be
offered to prisoners when quarter has once been given." The crew
proposed the offender should be whipped, but Snelgrave prudently begged
him off. Soon after, his own first mate came to tell him that, being
badly off and having a scolding wife, he had joined the pirates. He
found out afterwards that he had hid the arm-chest, and dissuaded the
men from resistance.

The pirate then began to rummage the vessel, and, not caring for
anything but money, threw overboard, before night, about £4000 worth of
Indian bales. They broke up his escritoires, and destroyed his chests of
books, swearing there was "jaw work enough for a whole nation." Against
all religious books they exercised a strict censorship, for fear of any
of the crew being roused to qualms of conscience, or taking a dislike
to the profession. The wine too began to be passed freely round, and the
pirates grew merciful, and good-humouredly made up a bundle of clothes
for the prisoners. At this moment one of Davis's crew, a pert young
fellow of 18, broke open a chest for plunder, and on the quartermaster
complaining, replied "that they were all equal, and he thought he was in
the right." The quartermaster then struck at him with his sword, and
pursued him into Davis's cabin, where he thrust at him, and ran him
through the hand, wounding the captain as well. Davis vowed revenge,
saying that if his man had offended, no one had a right to punish him,
and especially in his presence. He then instantly went on board his own
ship, and bore down upon Cocklyn, who finally consented to make the
quartermaster beg pardon for his fault.

Snelgrave was sitting in the cabin with the carpenter and three or four
other pirates, when the boatswain came down very drunk, and beginning to
abuse him was turned out of the place. Soon after a puff of wind put
out the candle, and the boatswain returning, declared Snelgrave had put
it out, with the design of going into the powder-room and blowing up the
ship; and in spite of the carpenter declaring it was done by accident,
he drew a pistol and swore he would blow out the dog's brains. In rising
to blow in the candle Snelgrave and the carpenter had, unknown to the
boatswain, changed places. The pistol flashing in the pan, the carpenter
saw by the light that he must have been shot if it had gone off, and in
a rage ran in the dark to the boatswain, wrenched the pistol from his
hand and beat him till he was nearly dead. The noise alarmed the ship,
and the disturber was carried off to bed.

The next morning Davis's crew came on board to divide the wines and
liquors. They hoisted on deck a great many half hogsheads of claret and
French brandy, knocked out their heads and dipped out cans and bowls
full, throwing them at each other, and washing the decks with what was
left. The bottles they took no trouble to mark, but "nicked" them, as
they called it, by striking off their necks with a cutlass, spilling the
contents of about one in every three. The eatables were wasted in the
same way. Three drunken pirates coming into the cabin, and tumbling over
Snelgrave's bundles of clothes, threw three of the four overboard. A
fourth pirate, more sober than the rest, opened the remaining bundle,
and taking out a black suit and a wig, put them on and strutted on deck,
throwing them over in an hour when the crew had drenched him with
claret. When Snelgrave mildly expostulated with him on this robbery, he
struck him on the shoulder with the flat of his sword, whispering at the
same time a caution never to dispute the will of a pirate for fear he
might get his skull split for his impudence.

When night came on, Snelgrave had nothing left of four bundles of
clothes but a hat and a wig, and these were soon after put on by a
drunken man, who staggered into the cabin, saying he was "one of the
most respectable merchants on the African coast." As he was leaving the
room, a sailor came in and beat him severely for taking what he had no
right to, and thinking he was one of the crew. The interposer then
comforted Snelgrave, and promised to recover what he had lost, while
others of the crew brought him food.

Next day, Davis, ordering all the crews on the quarter-deck, made a
speech in Snelgrave's behalf, persuading them to give him a ship and
several thousand pounds' worth of miscellaneous plunder. One of the men
proposed they should take him with them down the Guinea coast, and if
they took a Portuguese vessel, to give him a cargo of slaves. Down the
coast he might sell his goods for gold dust, and then, sailing for St.
Thomas's, sell his ship and the slaves to the Danes, and return to
London a rich man. Snelgrave demurring to this, they grew angry,
thinking their gift would have been legal, but Davis kindly said, "I
know this man and can easily guess his thoughts, he thinks he would lose
his reputation. Now, I am for allowing everybody to go to the devil in
their own way, so beg you to give him the remains of his own cargo and
let him do as he thinks fit."

This they granted, but of his own adventure not more than £50 worth was
now left. The sailors had taken rolls of fine Holland and opened them to
lie down in on the deck. Then when the others came and flung buckets of
claret over them, they flung the stained parcels overboard. In loading,
the pirates always dropped the bales over, if they were not passed as
quickly as they expected. The Irish beef they threw away, Cocklyn saying
Snelgrave had horsebeans enough to last his crew six months.

Soon after this the brutal quartermaster fell sick of a fever, and sent
to Snelgrave to beg his forgiveness, for having attempted to shoot him.
He said he had been a wicked wretch, and that his conscience tormented
him, for he feared he should roll in hell fire. When Snelgrave preached
repentance he declared his heart was hardened, but he would try, and he
ordered Snelgrave to take any necessaries he wanted from his chest, but
died that night in terrible agonies and cursing God. This so affected
many of the new recruits that they begged Snelgrave to get them off, and
promised not to be guilty of murder or other cruelty. In the cabin the
pirates found some proclamations, and being unable to read asked the
prisoner to do it for them. He then read His Majesty's proclamation for
a pardon to all pirates that should surrender themselves at any of the
British plantations by the 1st of July, 1719. The next was the
declaration of war against Spain. When they heard the latter, some said
they wished they had known it before they left the West Indies, as they
might have turned privateersmen, and have enriched themselves. Snelgrave
told them it was not yet too late, there being still three months left
of the term prescribed. But when they heard the rewards offered for the
apprehension of pirates, a Buccaneer who had been guilty of murder,
treated the proclamation with contempt, and tore it in pieces. Amongst
other men that consulted Snelgrave was a sailor named Curtis, who, being
sick, walked about the deck wrapped in a silk gown. He had sailed with
Snelgrave's father. Among other spoil the three pirate captains had
found a box with three second-hand embroidered coats, which they seized
and put on. The longest falling to Cocklyn's share, who was a short man,
it reached to his ankles, but Le Bouce and Davis refused to change with
him, saying that as he was going on shore where the negro ladies knew
nothing of white men's fashions, it did not matter, and moreover, as his
coat was scarlet embroidered with silver, he would be the bravest of
them all.

These clothes being taken contrary to law, and without the
quartermaster's leave, the crew were offended, declaring that if they
suffered such things, the captains would assume a new power, and soon
take whatever they liked. The next morning when their captains returned,
the coats were taken from them, and put into the common chest; and it
having been reported that Snelgrave had advised the costume, many of the
men turned against him, one of them threatening to cut him to pieces. A
sailor who stood near told Snelgrave not to be frightened at the man's
threat, for he always spoke in that way, and advised him to call him
"captain" when he came on board, for the fellow had once been commander
of a pirate sloop, did not like the post of quartermaster, and loved to
be called by his old title. On entering the ship, Snelgrave said softly
to him, "Captain Williams, pray hear me on the point you are so offended
about." Upon this Williams gave him a playful blow on the shoulder with
the flat of his sword, and said "I have not the heart to hurt thee." He
then explained the affair, drank a glass of wine with him, and they were
friends ever after. The pirates next captured a French ship that they
had at first taken for a forty-gun ship in pursuit of them. The men
drunk and newly levied, might at this time have easily been cut off, and
the hundred sail of ships they afterwards destroyed saved. When some of
the men cried out that they had never seen a gun fired in anger, Cocklyn
caned them, telling them they should soon learn to smell gunpowder. The
French captain they hung at the yard-arm for not striking at their
first shot. When they had pulled him up and down several times till he
was almost dead, Le Bouce interfered for his countryman, protesting he
would sail no longer with such barbarous villains. They then gave him
the French ship, first destroying her cargo, cutting her masts by the
board, and running her on shore, as old and useless.

Snelgrave's ship being now fitted up by the pirates, he was invited to
its christening. The officers stood round the great cabin, holding
bumpers of punch in their hands; and on Captain Cocklyn saying, "God
bless the Wyndham galley," they drank the liquor, broke their glasses,
and the guns thundered a broadside.

The new ship being galley built with only two flush decks, the
powder-room scuttle was in the chief cabin, and at that time stood open.
One of the guns blowing at the touch-hole, set fire to some cartouch
boxes that held small arm cartridges, the shot of which flew about,
filling the room with smoke. When it was over, Davis remarked on the
great danger they had been in, the scuttle having been all the time
open, and 20,000 lb. weight of powder lying under. Cocklyn replied with
a curse, "I wish it had taken fire, for it would have been a noble blast
to have gone to hell with."

The next day the pirate captains invited Snelgrave to dinner, and during
supper a trumpeter and other musicians, who had been taken from various
prizes, played and sang. About the middle of supper there was a sudden
cry of fire, and a sailor boy, running in, with a pale face, said the
main hatchway was on fire. The crew were then nearly drunk, and many of
them leaped into the boats, leaving the officers and the fifty
prisoners. On Snelgrave remarking to Davis the danger they were in,
being left without a boat, Davis fired a great gun at the fugitives, and
brought them back. The gunner then put wet blankets on the bulk head of
the powder-room, and so saved it from destruction. This immense store of
powder had been collected from various prizes, as being an article in
great request with the negroes. Snelgrave took one of the quarterdeck
gratings and lowered it over the ship's side with a rope, in case he
should be obliged to leave the ship, and all this time the drunken
sailors were standing on the quarterdeck, to the horror of the
prisoners, shouting, "Hurrah for a quick passage to hell!"

About ten o'clock the master, a brisk and courageous man, who, with
fifteen more, had spared no pains to conquer the flames, came up
miserably burnt, and calling for a surgeon, declared the danger was now
all over. The fire had arisen from the carelessness of a negro, who
being sent to pump out some rum, held his candle so near the bung-hole
of the hogshead that a spark caught the spirit. This soon fired another
tub, and both their heads flew off with the report of a cannon; but
though there were twenty casks of rum, and as many of pitch and tar in
the store, all the rest escaped.

Before morning, the gunner's mate having spoken in favour of Snelgrave's
conduct during the fire, the crew sent for him to attend the sale of his
effects on board the Wyndham galley. Some promised to be kind to him;
and the captain offered to buy his watch. As they were talking, a mate,
half drunk, proposed that Snelgrave should be kept as a pilot till they
left the coast, but Davis caned him off the quarter deck.

Two days after this the pirates took a small vessel belonging to the
African Company. Snelgrave's first mate then told them that he had been
once very badly served by this company, and begged that they would burn
the vessel in revenge. This was about to be ordered when Stubbs, a
quick-witted sailor, stood up and said, "Pray, gentlemen, hold, and I
will prove to you that the burning of this ship will only advance the
company's interests. The vessel has been out two years; is old, crazy,
and worm-eaten; her stores are worth little, and her cargo consists only
of red wood and pepper, the loss of which will not harm the company, who
will save the men's wages, which will be three times the value of the
cargo." This convinced the crew, who at once spared the vessel, and
returned her to the captain.

A few days afterwards, Snelgrave's things were sold at the mast, many of
the men returning him their purchases, his old school-fellow in
particular begging hard on his behalf. When the fiercer men observed the
great heap of things he had collected, they swore the dog was
insatiable, and said it would be a good deed to throw them overboard.
Hearing this, Snelgrave loaded his canoe, and, by the advice of his
friends, returned to shore. Soon after he left, his watch was put up for
sale, and run to £100 in order to vex Davis, who, however, bought it at
that enormous price. One of the sailors, enraged at this, tried the case
on a touch-stone, and, seeing it looked copperish from the alloy in the
gold, swore it was bad metal. They then declared Snelgrave was a greater
rogue than any of them, since he had cheated them all. Russel laughed at
this, and then vowed to whip him when he came next. Upon the advice of
his friends, Snelgrave hid in the woods till the pirates left the river,
and soon after returned with several other ruined men to England.

Of the MADAGASCAR PIRATES some scanty record in Hamilton's Account of
the East Indies, published in 1726. He mentions the fact that the
pirates had totally destroyed the English slave trade in that island, in
spite of several squadrons of men-of-war sent against them. To use the
author's own rather ambiguous words, "A single ship, commanded by one
Millar, did more than all the chargeable fleets could do, for, with a
cargo of strong ale and brandy, which he carried to sell them in 1704,
he killed about 500 of them by carousing, though they took his ship and
cargo as a present from him, and his men entered, most of them, into the
society of the pirates." Commodore Littleton lent them blocks and
tackle-falls to careen, and, for some secret reasons, released some of
their number.

The author concludes in the following manner: "Madagascar is environed
with islands and dangerous shoals both of rocks and sand. St. Mary's, on
the east side, is the place which the pirates first chose for their
asylum, having a good harbour to defend them from the weather, though
in going in there are some difficulties. But hearing the squadrons of
English ships were come in quest of them, they removed to the main
island for more security, and there they have made themselves free
denizens by marriage." And the author is of opinion it will be no easy
matter to dispossess them. In 1722 Mr. Matthews went in search of them,
but found they had deserted St. Mary's Island, leaving behind them some
marks of their robberies, for in some places he found pepper strewed a
foot thick on the ground. The commodore went, with his squadron, over
into the main island, but the pirates had carried their ships into
rivers or creeks, out of danger of the men-of-war, and to burn them with
their boats would have been impracticable, since they could have easily
distressed the crews from the woods. The commodore had some discourse
with several of them, but they stood on their guard, ready to defend
themselves in case any violence had been offered them.

The 11th and 12th of William III., and the 8th George I., are both
statutes against piracy, and are indications of the years in which their
ravages were peculiarly felt. By the first, any natural-born subject
committing an act of hostility against any of his Majesty's subjects,
under colour of a commission from any foreign power, could be tried for
piracy. And further, any commander betraying his trust, and running away
with the ship, or yielding it up voluntarily to a pirate, or any one
confining his captain to prevent him fighting, was adjudged a pirate,
felon, and robber, and was sentenced to death.

The later acts make it piracy even to trade with known pirates.

Commanders or seamen wounded, or their widows slain in piratical
engagements, were entitled to a bounty not exceeding one-fiftieth part
of the value of the cargo, and wounded men received the pension of
Greenwich Hospital. If the commander behaved cowardly, he was to forfeit
all his wages, and suffer six months' imprisonment.

Such are a few of the facts connected with the almost unrecorded and
uncertain history of the pirates of New Providence and Madagascar, the
most loathsome wretches that perhaps, since Cain, have ever washed their
hands in human blood. Ferocious yet often cowardly, they were subtle and
cruel, with none of the frequent generosity of outlaws, and little of
the enterprise of the military adventurers. Long ago have their bones
crumbled from the dark gibbets on the lonely sand islands of the
Pacific, and they remain without monument or record, except in prison
chronicles and forgotten voyages. We have reviewed their history simply
as the natural sequel of our annals, and as an illustration of the
character of the English seaman in its most brutal and satanic aspect.




THE END.




CHIEF AUTHORITIES.

BUCCANEER WRITERS.


JOHN (JOSEPH?) ESQUEMELING'S[1] Bucaniers of America; or, an Account of
the most Remarkable Assaults committed on the Coasts of the West Indies
by the Bucaniers of Jamaica and Tortuga; with the Exploits of Sir Henry
Morgan. Translated into English from the Dutch, with a Portrait of Sir
H. Morgan, a Map and Plates, with a Table. 4to. London. 1684.

[1] Rich, in his "Bibliotheca Americana Nova," 1835, confounds
Esquemeling, the Dutchman, with Oexmelin, the Frenchman. The English
translation of 1684 speaks of Esquemeling's work as written by a
Frenchman and Dutchman together, the name being French and the language
Dutch. Rich describes it as first printed in Dutch, 1678; then
translated into Spanish; then from Spanish into English, and from
English into French; the author's name being changed in the latter
translation.

  ---- De Americanische Zee Roovers. 4to. Amsterdam. 1678.

  ---- Hisp. 12mo. Col. Ag. 1682.

  ---- Eng. 12mo. London. 1684.

  ---- 4to. Col. Ag. 1684.

  ---- 12mo. 4 vols. Maps and Plates. Trevoux.
(Augmentée de l'Histoire des Pirates Anglais depuis leur Etablissement
dans l'Isle de Providence jusqu'au Presént.): 1775.

OEXMELIN, ALEXANDRE OLIVIER--Histoire des Avanturiers qui se sont
signalés dans les Indes Occidentales depuis Vingt Ans. Traduite de
l'Anglais par le Sr. de Frontignières; avec un Traité de la Chambre de
Comptes établie dans les Indes par les Espagnols, traduit de l'Espagnol;
le tout enriché des Cartes et des Figures, avec des Tables. 2 vols.
12mo. Paris. 1688.

---- 8vo. Paris. 1688. 2 tom.


JESUIT HISTORIANS.

PIERRE FRANÇOIS XAVIER CHARLEVOIX--Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole, ou de
St. Domingue, écrite sur des Mémoires Manuscrits du P. Jean Baptiste le
Tertre, Jésuite Missionaire à St. Domingue, et sur les Pièces Originales
qui se conservent au Dépôt de la Marine; avec des Cartes, des Plans, et
des Tables. 2 vols. 4to. Paris. 1730-31.

Piratas de la America y Luz à la Defensa de las Costas de Indias
Occidentales. Traducida del Flamenco en Espanol, por el Doctor Buena
Maison, Medico Practico en la Amplissima y Magnifica Ciudad de Amsterdam
Dala à Luz esta Tercera Edicion, D.M.G.R. Madrid. 4to. 1763. 12mo. 1682.
4to. 1684.

JEAN BAPTISTE DU TERTRE, missionaire apostolique dans les
Antilles--Histoires des Antilles Habitées par les François; avec des
Figures. 4 vols. 4to. Paris. 1667-71.

JEAN BAPTISTE LABAT, Dominicain Parisien, professeur des Philosophies à
Nanci, etc.--Nouveau Voyage aux Isles de l'Amérique. 8 vols. 12mo.
Paris. 1742.

CAPTAIN WILLIAM DAMPIER'S Voyage Round the World. Illustrated with Maps
and Plates. 4 vols. in 3. 8vo. London. 1703-9.

CAPTAIN COWLEY'S Voyage Round the Globe. 8vo. London. 1679.

LIONEL WAFER'S Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America. 8vo.
London, 1699. 8vo. London, 1704.

CAPTAIN JAMES BURNEY'S Chronological History of the Discoveries in the
South Sea or Pacific Ocean. 3 vols. 4to. 1803-13-17.

CAPTAIN T. SOUTHEY'S Chronological History of the West Indies. 3 vols.
8vo. London. 1817.




LIST OF BUCCANEER CHIEFS,

FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THEIR EMPIRE TO ITS DOWNFALL.


LOUIS SCOTT. PIERRE LE GRAND. PIERRE FRANÇOIS. ROC THE BRAZILIAN.
BARTHELEMY PORTUGUES. LOLONNOIS THE CRUEL. ALEXANDRE BRAS DE FER.
MONTBARS THE EXTERMINATOR. MOSES VAN VIN. PIERRE LE PICARD. TRIBUTOR.
CAPTAIN CHAMPAGNE. LE BASQUE. SIR HENRY MORGAN. CAPTAIN SWAN. CAPTAIN
SHARP. CAPTAIN BRADLEY. CAPTAIN COXEN. CAPTAIN BETSHARP. DAMPIER.
CAPTAIN GROGNIET. CAPTAIN YANKEY. LAURENT DE GRAFF. SIEUR DE GRAMMONT.
SIEUR DE MONTAUBAN. DE LISLE. ANNE LE ROUX. VAUCLIN. OVINET. ELIAS WARD.
WILLIS. D'OGERON. CAPTAIN DAVIS. VAN HORN. CAPTAIN MICHAEL. CAPTAIN
ROSE. CAPTAIN DAVIOT.




LONDON: SERCOMBE AND JACK, 16 GREAT WINDMILL STREET.




Just Published, Illustrated with Portraits,

THE THIRD AND FOURTH VOLUMES,

COMPLETING THE WORK, OF THE

MEMOIRS OF THE COURT & CABINETS OF GEORGE III.

FROM ORIGINAL FAMILY DOCUMENTS.

BY THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM & CHANDOS, K.G.

Among the principal important and interesting subjects of these volumes
(comprising the period from 1800 to 1810) are the following:--The Union
of Great Britain and Ireland--The Catholic Question--The retirement from
office of Mr. Pitt and Lord Grenville--The Addington Administration--The
Peace of Amiens--The connection of the Prince of Wales with the
Opposition--The Coalition of Pitt, Fox, and Grenville--The Downfall of
the Addington Ministry--The conduct of the Princess of Wales--Nelson in
the Baltic and at Trafalgar--The Administration of Lord Grenville and
Mr. Fox--The Abolition of the Slave Trade--The Walcheren Expedition--The
Enquiry into the conduct of the Duke of York--The Convention of
Cintra--The Expeditions to Portugal and Spain--The Quarrel of Lord
Castlereagh and Mr. Canning--The Malady of George III.--Proceedings for
the establishment of the Regency. The Volumes also comprise the Private
Correspondence of Lord Grenville, when, Secretary of State and First
Lord of the Treasury--of the Right Hon. Thomas Grenville, when President
of the Board of Control and First Lord of the Admiralty--of the Duke of
Wellington, during his early Campaigns in the Peninsula; with numerous
confidential communications from George III., the Prince of Wales, Lords
Castlereagh, Elgin, Hobart, Camden, Essex, Carysfort, Melville, Howick,
Wellesley, Fitzwilliam, Temple, Buckingham, Mr. Fox, Mr. Wyndham, &c.
&c.

N.B.--A FEW COPIES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND VOLUMES OF THIS WORK MAY
STILL BE HAD.

    "These volumes contain much valuable matter. There are three periods
    upon which they shed a good deal of light--the formation of the
    Coalition Ministry in 1783, the illness of the King in 1788, and the
    first war with Republican France."--_Times._

    "A very remarkable and valuable publication. In these volumes the
    most secret history of many important transactions is for the first
    time given to the public."--_Herald._

HURST AND BLACKETT, PUBLISHERS,

SUCCESSORS TO HENRY COLBURN,

13, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET.




       *       *       *       *       *




Transcriber's note:

  Mismatched quotation marks in one paragraph of Chapter I
  were left as in the original.