friday december, . votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale. england and wales. parliament. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (thomason .f. [ ]). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing e thomason .f. 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; : f [ ]) friday december, . votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale. england and wales. parliament. sheet ([ ] p.) printed by john field, printer to the parliament of england, london : . order to print dated: wednesday the seventeenth of december, . signed: hen: scobell, cleric. parliamenti. reproduction of the original in the british library. eng beer -- taxation -- england -- early works to . brewing industry -- england -- early works to . excise tax -- england -- early works to . a r (thomason .f. [ ]). civilwar no friday december, . votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale. england and wales. parliament. a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - elspeth healey sampled and proofread - elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion friday december , . votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale . resolved by the parliament , that from and after the five and twentieth day of december , one thousand six hundred fifty one , no beer or ale be excizable , but such as is brewed by common brewers , or else brewed to be sold by vintners , inkeepers , alehouse-keepers , cooks , chandlers , and other persons brewing in their houses , and selling again by retail , or otherwise . resolved by the parliament , that the commissioners for excize , and all sub-commissioners and other officers of excize , be and are hereby enjoyned to take notice hereof , and to take care that the same be put in execution and duly observed , and the committee of the excize are to see the same done accordingly . hen : scobell , cleric . parliamenti . wednesday the seventeenth of december , . ordered by the parliament , that the votes passed on friday last touching the excize of beer and ale , be printed and published . hen : scobell , cleric . parliamenti . london , printed by john field , printer to the parliament of england . . miscellania: or, a collection of necessary, useful, and profitable tracts on variety of subjects which for their excellency, and benefit of mankind, are compiled in one volume. by thomas tryon physiologus. tryon, thomas, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing t estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) miscellania: or, a collection of necessary, useful, and profitable tracts on variety of subjects which for their excellency, and benefit of mankind, are compiled in one volume. by thomas tryon physiologus. tryon, thomas, - . [ ], , [ ], p. printed and sold by t. sowle, in white-hart-court in grace church-street, london : . with two preliminary contents leaves. "true and natural methods, how to cure all sorts of cuts, bruises, pricks or thornes, weapon's, or any kind of wounds .." has caption title on p. . 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good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng medicine, popular -- early works to . ale -- early works to . beer -- early works to . beer -- therapeutic use -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion miscellania . or , a collection of necessary , useful , and profitable tracts on variety of subjects , which for their excellency , and benefit of mankind , are compiled in one volume . by thomas tryon physiologus . london : printed and sold by t. sowle ▪ in white-hart-court in grace-church-street , . the contents . the true and natural methods how to cure all sorts of cuts , bruises , pricks of thorns , weapons , or any kind of wounds , also old vlcers , and to prevent gangreens , and other evils whatsoever . p. . how to cure pricks in any member of the body p. . to cure old vlcers , . to cure gauls , or the skin being rubbed off by any accident , . . an excellent poultis to cure sore breasts , . a rare poultis to ●llay all swellings , or contusions in any part of the body , . another excellent poul●is to dissolve , ripen and cure any rising , swelling , or boyls in the flesh , . the best spirit of scurvy-grass is made thus , . how you may make this plain spirit of scurvy-grass into a purging spirit , . an excellent drink against the stone gravel and other obstructions , . how to purgo by herbs and foods , . another way to purg● by foods and drinks , . an excellent poultis against the headach , pain in the side , also a rare remedy against the disease called st. anthony's fire , . an excellent remedy against any wound , stab , prick or cut with a sword , or other weapon , . pythagoras's method and advice to his disciples , . an excellent remedy against all old 〈…〉 and sores occasion'd by the disease called th● kings evil , p. an vniversal f●mentation for all tumors , bruises ' hard-swelled members or parts of the body , , a famous poultis against sprains , a good method to cure sprains , if you can't have the forementioned poultis ( viz. ) an excellent wash against all old aches , and sciatica's in any part or member of the body , . an excellent method to cure the sores occasion'd by the kings evil , . a rare poultis against all inflamations , rhumes , and other sores in the eyes , . a rare poultis against the headach , . an excellent poultis against all sorts of sprains , . a brave noble poultis against all hot tumors , bruises , or swellings , or the like , . a method how any person may s●●ply the place of hop● with wormwood to all extents and purposes , and please the pallats of the drinkers ▪ for wormwood is an excellent herb , and of far greater strength , power , and vertue , than hops , provided it be gathered in its pr●●er season , and dried in the sun , and bagg'd up 〈◊〉 hops are , so keep them for use according to the directions in our way to health , long life and happiness , viz. . of brandy , rum and rack , from page . to the . what powers meats and drinks have in the body , from p. . to . what inconveniences and evils the drinking brandy and other spirits , bring upon women and their children from p. . to . of eating of flesh , and its operation on the body and senses , from p. . to . of herbs , fruits and grains , and their inward operation on the body and mind , from p. . to . of cleanness in houses ; and beds , and the great evils of stale feather-beds , from p. . to . how buggs breed , from . to . other inconveniences arising from the same cause , to p. how to prevent the generation of vermin , and preserve health , from p. . to . how the preservation of mens health resides in the wisdom and temperance of women , from p. . to . of the pain in the teeth , also from what cause , and how to prevent it , from p. . to . observations on the great frost , . from p. . to . some considerations on the keeping christmas , with remarks on the many irregularities committed therein , from p. . to p. . good news for the poor , and better for the rich ; wherein is shown how or . l. might be weekly raised for support of the poor , and no body the worse , from p. . to p. . a true and natural method of preparing gruels and paps made of flower and pease , wherein is shown the great advantage and benefit the poor may receive thereby , from p. . to . a proposal to sr. t. lane lord-mayor , and the court of alderman , and other citizens of london , for the erection of free schools for poor children , from p. . to . an excellent way to make water-gruel , or any other pottages , from . to the end. the preface . observing the tedious methods of some unskilful chyrurgeons , together with their improper compositions and unatural applycations , which do not only ruin and undo many poor necessitous people , but to the losing of their limbs and sometimes their lives too ; therefore i think it no worthless service to recommend unto the world , especially to the poor , the use of the following remedies , which are not only cheap and easily come-at-able , but certain in their operation , far beyond any things hitherto known or published . these are noble poultices , and all the ingredients do cast a friendly aspect to each other , being of a cleansing mild balsamick nature and operation , and therefore they do by their active penetrating power , strengthen and raise up the dismayed oyl or wounded spirits , by meliorating and asswaging the irritated or awakened fierce poysonous humors , by which this doth as far exceed the common and usual methods and practices of chyrurgeons , and other practitioners , as that light doth darkness . but here i shall meet with a swingeing objection , viz. why do you leave out of your poultices the great ingredient , viz. the fulsom grease of swine and other fat 's ? which all skilled in the art of curing , have for the most part advised , and for 〈◊〉 other reason as i know , then that their poultices should not offend the patient by sticking to the sore or wounded part , for their long lying on the grieved par● , if there were not some fat 's or oyles , the poultices would occasion them to become hard and stiff , and so stick to the sore , which we prevent by our often repetition ; for the spitituous vertues and qualities of fat 's , are so hid and lookt up in the oyly body , that nature cannot separate no● draw forth their fine sweet spirituous vertues to that degree , as she can from vegetations , as all men skilled in nature and chymistry do know , they being of a heavy dull flat nature and operation , very offensive to the tender spirits and blood , by which they im●ede and hinder the cure , therefore those poultices wherein fat 's are mixed , the fine spirits and vertues thereof do not so easily nor powerfully penetrate the wound as rich vegetations , whose spirit and lively vertues are as it were on the wing , and therefore poultices aptly compounded thereof , their vertues do in a moments time penetrate to the center , and incorporate with their similes , by which they strengthen and raise up the wounded spirits , and at the same time do qualify the fierce raging poysons , more especially if our method be observed ; and do effect the cure , not only in shorter time , but much safer , and with greater ease to the patient . for by this philosophical operation , of repeating it so often , it doth mightily advance and forward the cure : and note , that every fresh application of this homogenial-poultice to the grieved part , do add new and fresh supplies of vertue , for in all operations of this nature , the fine healing spirituous qualities thereof , do first impart and give themselves forth , which by a secret simpathetical power , do penetrate the whole , and incorporate with their similes , administring their sweet vertues , which gives a new life to th● wounded spirits , and dismayed oyles , and do at the same time withstand and allay the fierce raging awakned or irritated poysonous humours ; it being the way of nature for all homogenial bodies , that have passed through any preparation , digestion , or fermentation , when aptly applied or joyned to any proper subject or thing . for the fine cleansing healing qualities and good vertues , do give themselves forth and joyn or incorporate with their similes ; even as the fine sweet spirituous qualities of 〈◊〉 do imbibe or give themselves forth and incorporate with the hot water in● our mash-tub , in the method of brewing ; therefore every applycation does add new supplies of vertue and strength to the wounded spirits , and draws forth and consumes the gross humidity , and exalts the essential life of that part , and are as refreshing to the wounded spirits , as the pleasant influences and salutiferous breezes of wind in a hot season : for note , that the spirits and fine qualities of each thing , are light , volatile , ready , quick and powerful in operation , that in a moments time they penetrate even to the center ; for every particular quality in nature , has a key in it self to open the gate of its own principle ; what man in the world would believe the attractive inclination which the load-stone has upon iron , if it did not appear to his sight ; the very same simpathetical power have all other things , though in some it is more occult . and for this cause , one body works upon another , by a certain natural attraction and simpathetical inclination . thus the wise and wonderful creator , has endued every thing with an attractive and influential vertue ; it is not therefore the gross body of your poultice , that will do your business , that is full of corrupt and poysonous humours , which are awakened by the long continuation thereof , for these reasons , the long lying of poultices and plalsters , on wounds and sores , have no better effects , then the long continuation or standing of the liquor on the mault in your mash-tub , which if it continue more then two , three or four hours , it will spoil and corrupt the whole , for first , ( as i said before ) the fine sweet volatile spirituous vertues , imbibes or incorporates themselves with the hot liquor , and then if there be not a separation made in two , three or four hours , by drawing it off , but the applycation continued , then there will soon awaken another quality of a gross harsh sour ●een nature , which with a rapid motion , tinges or transmutes all the fine sweet healing vertues into their own qualities , which all brewers and good house-wifes are sensible of ; the like is to be understood in the applycations of poultices and plaisters , do not their long lying of them on the wounded or sore part , cause them to smell four and stink , when they have been continued on for twelve or twenty four hours , which do not only indanger the part , and prolongs the cure , but it puts the patient to great pain and torment , and often the limb is cut off , and sometimes the life too , which by this forementioned method might have been prevented ; for if physitions and chyrurgeons do not understand nature , then there can be no certainty in their operations or cures . also note , that during the time your poutices , plaisters , ointments , or salves , are making on the fire , that you keep them stirring , by which you keep the fine spirits and qualities living , for by this stirring , the friendly powers and thin spirits of the air do penitrate the whole mass or body , which incorporate and assist the spirits and good vertues , and keep them from being stagnated and suffocated , the air being the life of all things and where its friendly influences and circulations are prevented , the life and spirits becomes heavy , dull and gross ; for these reasons , all spoon-meats made thin , are sweeter and of a more quick penetrating operation and digection , then those made thick , therefore despise not our method , nor our plain home bread poultices , i could produce many living testimonies of its success , but it is needless , since every man's experience that tries it , will soon confirm the truth of what is here delivered , nor i am not much solicitous whether i am credited or not ; it is the consideration of the publick good it may do to many poor people , pomps me to publish it , whether you will follow the forementioned rules or not , i have done my duty in offering it , and therefore am satisfied . true and natural methods , how to cure all sorts of cuts , bruises , pricks of thornes , weapon's , or any kind of wounds . also old vlcers , and to prevent gangreans and other evils whatsoever , viz. to cure cutts , take spirit of wine , one pint , put in three ounces of double refined suger , shake it together , — with this wash your wound , or cut very well , then take some of the same spirit , and mix so much sugar as will make it as thick as a salve ; clap this into the wound , then bind it up for ten or twelve hours ; after this open it , wash it again with your sugared spirits very well , then sow it up with a small needle and silk ; then temper a little water , bread and sugar together , and lay a little on a linnen cloth , and bind it on . repeat this every five hours , always washing the outside of your wound , with your forementioned spirits : this will effect the cure in a few days , provided the humours be not too venemous , and the parties keep themselves temperate . how to cure pricks , in any member of the body . take one pint of double spirit of wine , three ounces of double refined sugar , one ounce of camphir ; mix them well-together , and if your prick or wound be deep , then take ths spirit , and with a good serringefrce it into the wound , then temper some of this camfired spirit with sugar as thick as a salve ; clap this on the mouth of the wound , then bind it up with a cloath , that the air may not penetrate the wound ; repeat this every seven hours , for five or seven times , every time cleansing the wound with your serringe , then ●ew it up , laying the forementioned poultis to it , repeat it as you did the former , and wash it every time you lay your poultis on with said spirits : — this doth likewise cure with great ease and safety . to cure old vlcers . take one pint of the best double spirits of wine , half an ounce of aloes beaten , three ounces of double refined sugar , half an ounce of mirrh , and mix them well together . use it thus , first wash your ulcer with rain water very clean , dropping some of the forementioned spirits into your ulcer , then apply this poultis following . take one quart of rain water , parsley , mint and balm of each a like quantity cut small , two ounces of good sugar , as much bread as will make it of a fit consistency for a poultis , make it boyilng hot , stirring it all the time , then put a glass of wine , sider , ale , or good beer into it , lay this poultis on every three hours , always washing it with the rain water and spirits : if this method be observed , it will cure almost to a miracle . to cure gaul's , or the skin being rubbed off by any accident . take spirit of wine and vinegar , mix it well together , wash your sore every hour , for a day or two , laying on it a diaculum plaister : this will heal and cure the most inveterate gaul in a few days time . an excellent poultis to cure sore breast's take one quart of rain or river water , some sorrel cut small , half an ounce of coriander seed beaten to powder , two ounces of good brown sugar , as much bread as will make it into a poultis , make it boyling hot , stirring it all the time , then it is done , — apply this every hour , or every two hours as warm as your blood on a linnen cloath for two or three days more or less , as you see occasion , and remember to wash your breast with good water and fresh butter beaten together , every time you apply the poultis , and you need not doubt but with god's blessing the cure will be effected in a short time . a rare poultis to allay all swellings or contusions , in any part of the body . take one quart of rain or river water , rosemary and balm cut small , two ounces of sugar , a glass of wine , sider , ale , or good beer , as much good bread as will make it into a poultis , make it boyling hot , stirring of it all the while , then it is done , — lay this pretty thick on a linnen cloath , as warm as your blood every hour , or at least every two hours , for a day two or three according to the occasion , washing of it well with spirit of wine , wherein sugar is disolved , this is a safe and secure remedy . another excellent poultis to disolve , ripen and cure any rising , swelling , or boyl in the flesh , viz. take white lilly roots , good figgs ▪ boyl them soft in river or rain water , then temper them together , add as much bread as will make it thick enough for a poultis ; add to this one ounce of white sugar , and half an ounce of carr●way seeds beaten to powder , stir them all together on the fire , till they are boyling hot , then it is done . apply this poultis every hour , washing the grieved part with ale and sugar every time you lay the poultis on , this is a noble poultis , and is likewise good to cure sore breasts , applyed as abovesaid , the best spirit of scurvygrass is made thus. take the leaves of scurvygrass , some horse-redish-roots scrapt small , put this into a glass , or earthen vessel , put to it as much strong double spirit of wine as will cover it , stop this vessel close , and let it stand three days and three nights , then pour it off into glass bottles ; when settled , you may put it into other bottles , and then it is fit for use . this is called the plain spirit of scurvygrass , and it is the best that is made ; you may take in a morning , of this spirit from to . or . drops in good water , beer , ale or wine , fasting two or three hours after it , then eat some of our gruel with bread. how you may make this plain spirit of scurvygrass into a purging spirit . take one quart of this plain spirit , put into it , one ounce of rozin of scamony , and half an ounce of rozin of jallop , both beaten to powder ; let it stand one week , and● then it will be fit for your use . take , . or . drops of this in a glass of ale , beer or wine , drink plentifully of our thin gruel after it , staying within , it will purge you very well , and not gripe , or but very little . an excellent drink against the stone , gravel , and other obstructions . take scurvygrass leaves , the seeds of dorcas , some horse-redish-scrapt , put them in an earthen vessel , and then add as much white-wine as will cover the herbs , seed and roots , let them stand five days and nights , then pour it off and keep it in glass bottles ; it will continue good four or five weeks . take a sack glass of this , and a like quantity of water every morning , fast two hours , and then drink at least a quart of our thin water-gruel , either of the cold or hot . the constant use of this , is not only a prevention and cure , but it moves most sorts of obstructions of the stomack , begets appetite , generates good blood , causing it to circulate freely . how to purge by herbs and foods . when you are minded to purge your self with both ease and safety , and to preserve your health , then observe the following method , viz. in the morning , drink a quart of our thin water-gruel , either the cold or the hot , eat a small piece of bread with it , at dinner take spinnage , lettis , onions , parsley and sage ; wash them and eat plentifully of them with your food , be it what it will , at night drink a like quantity of gruel and eat some good bread as you did in the morning ; this you must do for four or five or six days together more or less , as you see occasion ; the like method you are to observe , if you would purge your self with carrots , turnips and parsnips , as you did with herbs , with this variation , viz. drink your gruel and eat your bread mornings and nights , and at dinner , eat only carrots ; parsnips or turnips , boyled only in good water , and eat them freely with no other thing but a little salt and bread , during these several days , you may purge your self to what degree you please . another way to purge by food 's and drinks . drink in the morning at several times , three pints or two quarts of thin watergruel , at dinner drink a pint or a quart , at night drink a quart more , and eat some bread. this method will purge , or at least will keep your body open , let your foods at dinner be what it will , the body being kept open and cool doth prevent and cure various diseases in hot costive constitutions . an excellent poultis against the headach pain in the side , also a rare remedy against the disease called st. anthonies fire . take sage , parsley and balm , of each a like quantity cut small , one quart of rain or river water , one pint of whitewine , three ounces of white sugar , two ounces of coriander seed beaten , as much good bread as will make it fit for a poultis ; mix them and stir them over the fire till they are boyling hot , then it is done . spread this poultis on a linnen cloath indifferent thick , apply to the grieved part every hour or two at most , and by god's assistance it will effect the cure to your heart's desire . an excellent remedy against any wound , stab , prick , or cut with a sword , or other weapon . take spirits of wine , with some double refined sugar , or other sugar mixed with it ; wash or serringe your wound with this sugared spirit very well , then take a small quantity of the fine powder of refined sugar , and put into the said wound , and presently sow it up with a fine needle and silk , the quicker you do it , the better will the cure be performed , for the more the air is kept out of it the better : if this method be observed , it will do wonders ; the way of tenting is generally pernicious and prolongs the cures of the above mentioned hurts , keeping the parts from closing or cementing , for this prevents the flowing of the humors , and putrefaction and nature does her own work without trouble cost or pain . pithagoras's method and advice to his disciples , viz. whenever they had occasion to make any medicine , poultis , plaisters , decoctions of herbs , or any other thing , they were always to be mindful to take of those things that their genius did first dictate to them , and not only the herbs or seeds grains or other things , but likewise the number of their composition , that is , how many ingredients they were to mix together , the manner form and postures they were to observe in gathering of them , also what words , invocations and prayers they use , also naming the name of the person they operate for , expressing in words for whom they do it , for to cure such , or such a disease . and if you would know more of this , read pythagoras's , letters ( lately printed by t. sowle , in white-hârt-court ) and observe th● methods and numbers there treated off at large , and your understanding will be enlightened , if you are in good earnest , and live in the fear and under the dominion of the fountain of benignity whose signal character is plainness , simplicity and innocency . an excellent remedy against all old inveterate vlcer's and sores occasioned by the disease , called the kings evil , viz. first take rain or river water , with which wash the grieved part very clean , then take strong spirits mixed with white sugar , and wash it several times , and fill up the mouth , or cover the sore with sugar and spirits mixed thick , then apply this following poultis , viz. take two quarts of rain or river water , as much dried wormwood as the water will cover , let it lie and infuse two hours , then strain it off , and add as much good bread as will make it thick , add to it two or three ounces of white sugar , with half or a pint of good strong beer , or wine , then make it boyling hot , stirring it all the time , then it is done . apply this every two hours as warm as your blood , washing the sore every time with water , and then with the sugared spirits as is mentioned before . — remember that the water wherein the wormwood is infused two hours , must be cold , and after the ingredients are put in , made boyling hot , as in other poulises . an vniversal fomentation for all tumors , bruises , hard swelled members or parts of the body . take a good quantity of dried wormwood , put it into two , three , four or five quarts of rain or river water , make it boyling hot , then take it off the fire , and let it lie in the water one hour , then add to every quart of this wormwood liquor , half a pint of old wines , three spoonfuls of good spirit of wine , two ounces of double refined sugar , and one ounce of salt of tartar , with this wash or foment the part very well for half an hour together , or more , resting one hour , and in the interim apply this following poultis , viz. take two or three handfuls of the green leaves of sorrel , infuse them in two quarts of boyling water one hour , strain it off , and add to this water as much good mault flower as will make it thick ; to every quart put half a pint of ale , and two ounces of double refined sugar , apply it warm every hour fomenting the part as you are taught before , and you need not doubt but it will have a good effect and cure to admiration . a famous poultis against sprains . take two or three quarts of good water , and a quart of good strong beer , four ounces of refined sugar , make this just boyle , then put in it as much fresh gathered thyme as the liquor will cover , make it ready to boil again , and then strain it from the herbs , and add to it as much brown bread as will make it thick , stir this over the fire till it be boiling hot , then it is done . add to this three ounces of spirits of wine ; stirring it all well together , spread this thick on a linnen cloath and apply it every three hours as warm as your blood. a good method to cure sprains , if you cannot have the forementioned poultis , viz. so soon as you have sprained any member of your body , then presently put that part into cold water , wherein some wood-ashes are put , continue the grieved part one hour , or at least half an hour , this will give you ease , and have a good effect . an excellent wash against all old aches , and sciatica's in any part or member of the body . take rain water in march , april , may , iune , or iuly , and keep it in glass bottles open , standing either without doors or in airy rooms , wash your infirm part three times a day very well , the water must be cold , and the part or member must not be kept warmer then is usual , this do for two three or four weeks if you have occasion , but in many this method will effect the cure much sooner . an excellent method to cure the sores occasioned by the disease called the king 's evil. fist take water wherein wormwood is infused , wash the sore part very well , then take spirits of wine , mault or sider mixed with sugar , and wash it again , then apply this following poultis , viz. take three pints or two quarts of rain or river water ▪ make it boil , then put into it as much hyssop as the water will just cover , continue it on the fire till it boil , then take it off and strain it , add to this liquor as much bread as will make it thick , to every quart put two ounces of refined sugar , and half a pint of ale , spread this pretty thick on a linnen cloath , and repeat the application every hour , two or three , the oftner the better , the like is to be understood in all applications , of this nature , as we have demonstrated in our book entituled the good hous-wife made a doctor . a rare poultis against all inflamation● rhumes and other sores in the eyes , viz. first wash your eyes with rain or other good water , then apply this following poultis , viz. take one quart of water , the whites of three eggs beaten well together , with three ounces of double refined sugar , as much white bread as will make it into a poultis , then make it boiling hot , stirring it all the time , then it is done . spread this thick on a linnen cloath , apply it to your eye every hour fresh , and you will have your desire , but this course and repeated application must be continued for , , , , , or . days as you see occasion . observe that you never apply your poultis hotter then your blood , nor bind the grieved part hard , both are great evils , but more especially the last . a rare poultis against the head-ach . take one quart of rain or river water , one ounce of white sugar , as much mault flower new ground as will make it thick enough , add to it half a pint of good ale , making it boyling hot , and stirring it all the tim● , then it is done . spread this on a linnen cloath pretty thick , apply it as warm as milk from the cow , every hour , or every two hours , continue the application one , two or three days , more or less , as occasion . an excellent poultis against all sorts of sprains . take two quarts of rain or river water , make it boiling hot , or boil up , put to it as much good green sage as the water will cover , then make it just boil , take it off the fire , and let it stand one quarter of an hour , strain the water off , then add to this sage liquor as much bread as will make it thick , put to this three ounces of double refined sugar , and a quarter of a pint of red wine , and five spoonfuls of spirit of wine , sugar or mault , stir them well together , and make them boiling hot , stirring it all the time , then it is done . spread this likewise on a linnen cloath , and apply it warm as your blood , every hour or two , for one day or two resting all the time . a brave noble poultis against all hot tumors , bruises or swellings or the like . take two or three quarts of rain or river water , as much spinnage as the water will cover . but first let the water be boiling hot , then make it boil , take it off the fire , and let it stand one quarter of an hour , the vessel uncovered , strain it off , add to it as much house-hold bread as will make it thick , with two ounces of course sugar , make it boiling hot , then it is done . spread this on a linnen cloath , apply it every two hours as warm as your blood for two , three , four or five days , and you will find good effects thereof ; always observe and be careful that you do not bind the grieved part too hard , but very gently , there being nothing worse then hard binding , it often occasions great evils , even to mortification . wormwood smokt in pipes , being well dryed in the sun , and bagg'd in paper close , is far better and more a vail●ble for the help and cure of all , or most of the diseases , tobacco is taken in pipes for . a method how any person may supply the place of hops with wormwood to all intents and purposes , and please the pallats of the drinkers , for wormwood is an excellent herb , and of far greater strength , power and vertue then hops , provided it be gathered in it's proper season and dried in the sun , and bagg'd up as hops are , so keep them for use , according to the directions in our way to health long life and hppiness , viz. take what quantity you think fit of dryed wormwood , as you have occasion to keep your drink a longer or a shorter time , and put it into your hot water , in your mash-tub or vessel , and then presently put your mault in , and stir it together as is usual , and when it has stood the common time , draw it off , then you must take the wormwood out , and add some fresh to your liquor that you put up the second time , and do the like when you put up your third liquor , if you mash more than twice ; by this method or way you will only extract the thin fine saline vertues of the herb , and leave the gross churlish bitter behind , and drink thus made , doth not only drink pleasant and keep well but i● far more wholsome , and healthy than the best hopped drink and if your wormwood is well preserved , it will keep three , four or five years good , and the second and third year , it is better than the first . the very same method is to be observed in useing all other herbs . but if the forementioned way should make the grains so bitter , that cattel will not eat them . then observe the following method , viz. make of fine thin canvas baggs , both for your strong beer , ale and small beer , and put such a quantity of your wormwood as you think fit into them , and when your several sorts of drink is working in the tun , then hang these baggs in your working drink for three hours , and then take them out ; this being an approved way , which do impregnate or imbibe the fine airy spirituous vertues of the wormwood into the drink . the natural and common vertues of this drink is , it warms and strengthens the stomack , fines the blood , purgeth by urine , generates like pure spirits , and drink thus made , if not too strong nor too great a quantity drank , then it will prove a friend both to the eyes & head. — as well as to the stomach . healths grand preservative , or the womens best doctor . chap. i. of the nature and operation of bandy , rumm , and rack , which of late years are become as common drinks amongst many , as beer and ale , not only in england , but also in all the west-indies where the english inhabit , and of the evil consequences that do attend the drinkers thereof . brandy , rumm , rack , and other distilled spirits are all very pernicious and hurtful to the health of the body , if not sparingly taken on extraordinary occasions in a physical way ; for the intention of all such chymical preparations , when first invented , was for medi●inal uses , and not be used as common drink , as of late years indiscreetly they are , to the destruction of many thousands , the frequent use of them contracting such grievous and stubborn diseases , as for the most part are incurable . . all such spirits as are drawn by common distillation , though those cruel sulphurous fires , where the air hath not its free egress and regress , atheir volatile spirit and balsamick body , is as it were totally destroy'd : as for example , take the best sack ( which is the richest and most cordial of all wines , and hath the greatest body ) put it into a limbeck , or any other furnace of the like nature , and draw it off , and you shall have nothing but a strong harsh fiery spirit or brandy . the same you shall have if you distill sugar , only it yields a stronger spirit , for the more balsamick the body of any thing is , the stronger and fiercer is its spirit , when that balsamick body , and the pure volatile spirits are destroyed or separated from it . now here you will see , that the volatile spirit and sweet cordial qualities or body , both in the sack and also in the sugar , are destroved , and there doth remain , as is said before , only a fierce harsh brimstony spirit , void of all the wholsome qualities sack and sugar did contain ; for the volatile spirit or tincture , is the essential life of every thing , and its the maintainer of its colour , smell and taste . now these pure spirits will not endure any violent heat or harsh fire , but through the fiery heat , and want of the free egress and regre is of the air , they presently become suffocated , and then the sweet balsamick body is turned sour ; for this sweet balsamick body is the pleasant hab tation of the volatile spirit , and this pure spirit is the true life of that balsamick body ; they are inseparable companions , the one cannot subsist without the other ; destroy either , and both die . therefore all such spirits so drawn , do lose their balsamick body with all their cordial virtues and tinctures , put what herbs or liquors you will into such furnaces , they are presently plundered of their natural colour , and run off white , whereby it appears , that this common way of distillation destroys the pure natural virtues and tincture , for from the tincture proceeds all the variety of colours , both in vegetables , minerals , and animals , so that such spirits do only contain a harsh fierce fiery nature , and for that reason , if they be frequently drunk , do prey upon the natural heat , and by degrees weaken it , destroying the very life of nature , by way of simile : for every like works upon its likeness , whence it comes to pass , that in those who addict themselves to the drinking of these high fiery or brimstony spirit , their natural heat grows cold and feeble , and their app●tites are weakened , they destoying the power of the digestive faculty of the stomach , so that many such people after eating , are forced to drink a dram to help concoction ; all other drinks proving too cold for them , which constrains them to continue seoping of such liquor ; a sad remedy , when we go about to help a mischief by encreasing the application of the same ill means which first occacsioned it ; for these wrathful spirit , have awakened the central heat , which is the root of nature , that ought not to have been awakened or kindled , for if the central heat be stirred up by any unnatural meats or drinks , or other violence done to nature , then presently follows the consumption of the radical moisture , and the pure spirits and lively tinctures become suffocated , wherein consists the essential life of nature . and as in the before-mentioned example , the pure spirit and balsamick body in sack will not endure these cruel harsh sulphurous fires , where the air hath not its sree influence , but presently becomes suffocated , or destroy'd , & the most pleasant sweetness thereof turned into a stink , so neither will the radical spirits and pure oyl in the body , endure those sulphurous flames , and fierce spirits , without sustaining the like prejudice ; for that pure vertue or essential principle , which the lord in the creation endued every thing with ( which is the true life thereof , ) will not endure any violent motion or harsh fire to touch them ; especially if the circulation of the air be wanting , as it is in all such distillations , for these spirits are are so pure and subtle , that when any injury is offered to them , they either evaporate or become suffocated ; for this essential powder or pure life , is the moderator or friendly quality in all minerals , vegetables and animals , which doth mix and qualifie the harsh fiery dark principal , and does allay and moderate the cruel harsh nature of the dark fire , as does plainly appear in all the fore-mentioned liquors , and also in charcoal , for before the sack , or any balsamick liquor , was put in the still and drawn off , those very same fiery harsh sulphurous spirits were essentially in the wine , or whatever else it be , for it is the root of nature , and the original to every life , but being mixed or incorporated with the balsamick body and pure spirit , the fiery fierce sulphurous spirit is thereby swallowed up , and as it were hid and moderated ; for in what thing soever the pure balsamick body is predominant , there this dark furious spirit is hid or captivated ; an example whereof we have in sugar , where when the sweet balsamick body is potent , there also this fiery sulphurus spirit is strong , but not manifest ; but as soon as this essential spirit and balsamick body are separated or destroyed , this dark fiery brimstony spirit appears in its own form , and becomes like a mad furious devil in nature , its cloathing being the dark fire ; for this spirit hath lost its sweet water or friendly life in its separation , which before did qualifie its harsh fierce fire , it also loseth its pure colour , or bright native shine , because the essential oyl is consumed , in that separation , so that there doth remain no true life nor light in it , but being set on fire , its flame is of a dim brimstony colour , which demonstrates that the dark wrathful properties of saturn and mars , and their fierce fires are predominate in all such liquors or spirits . this is further manifest in charcoal ( as war hinted before ) which is made of wood , but in the making thereof the pure oyl or sweet water , which is the essential life of the wood , is suffocated or destroyed , for from that friendly quality , the wood had its bright shine or flamo , which is of a benevolent refreshing operation : now this pure oyl or balsamick body , the essential life and moderator of all harsh fiery dark fumes or qualities in the wood , being suffocated or totally destroyed in the making it , whereby the original dark sulphurous fire becomes strong and raging , giving greater and stronger heat than the fire of wood , but its flame is not bright , clear , and refreshing as that of wood , but it is of dim brimstony colour , sending forth strong fulsome fumes and va●ours very offensive to the pure spirits and health of those that are near it ; for having lost its pure spirits and oyl of life , in its making into charcoal , there does only remain in it , the fierce dark original fire , an untamable devouring spirit in nature ; for every quality in nature hath power only to kindle and awaken its likeness ; therefore all such things as have lost their pure spirits and balsamick body in the separation or preparation , must needs endanger the health , because they do awaken by simile their own , or like poysonous properties in the body ; and if it were not so , a little poyson taken into the body , would not destroy the life ; but poy●ons taken in , do by simile joyn or incorporate themselves with the internal poyson or destructive principle in the body , which before laid hid , or as a man may say , was mode●●●ted or captivated by the sweet body and pure spirits , even as the fiery spirits of brandy are in sack or sugar ; but so soon as the outward poyson that is taken in , incorporates it self with the inward poyson in the body , it does so powerfully strengthen and awaken it , that in a moment it over comes the pure oyl of life , and the pure spirits become suffocated , and then the natural life is at an end , for every property in nature ( both in the evil and also in the good ) does with highest diligence seck out its likeness , and wheresoever it findeth its simile , there it joyns forces , and mightily stirreth up its own quality ; which when it happens in the evil nature , as it does in brandy , rumm , rack , and other distilled liquors , then it endangers the health and wellfare of the body . nor is it otherwise in all sorts of food and other drinks , if the pure vertue thereof be separated or any way destroyed , for then forth with the dar● brimstony spirit is set at l●berty , which before the separation , the balsamick body and pure spirits did qualifie and hold captive , that it could not manifest its self in its own nature , but being separated from the good properties and friendly principle , this dark fiery sulphurous spirit , becomes of a furious nature and operation , endeavouring to bring all in subjection to it self ; therefore such liquors or spirits frequently taken , burn up the radical moisture and natural heat , and are grreedy devourers of the sweet oyl in the body , whence proceeds general obstructions , crude windy humours , consumptions , unnatural heats and flushings , loss of appetite , reachings to vomit , and many other disorders ; and if those of the female sex take to drink such spirits , as of late years they do too frequently , the evils are doubled unto them . . in all the before-mentioned spirits that have passed through those cruel harsh fires where the air hath not its free egress and regress , the pure spirit and sweet body is totally destroyed , which is the root of motion and fermentation ; therefore such spirits will not work or ferment as all other drinks and liquors will , even water it self ; but you may put what quantity of sugar you will to brandy , ramm , or any other distilled spirits , they will continue a strong fire , void of mo●ion or fermentation ; this doth further declare that all the good principles and vertues are destroyed by the preparation , and that there remains only a strong fixed fire , which has its uses in physick , as is mentioned before , but not otherwise . . such spirits being frequently drunk , do generate various diseases , according to each mans nature and constitution , and the climate whether hot or cold , for they do powerfully prey upon the natural heat , consuming the sweet oyl and pure spirits , for the balsamick body and pure spirits of all such liquors being destroyed , in the preparation , they become an extream , which nature in her simplicity hates , and for this cause such liquors cannot administer any proper or agreeable nourishment to the body , or to the pure spirits ; it cannot give what it hath not , it hath only power to awaken the central heat or fire , which ought not to have been kindled ; and this it doth by a sympathetical operation , for all meats and drinks have power in the body to awaken and strengthen their likeness ; for this reason all wise men skilled in the mysteries of nature , have commended simple meats and drinks , because most such things are as it were equal in their parts , having no manifest quality that does predominate violently over the other , but yet contains a sufficient noarishment for the body , and also for the spirit ; for meats and drinks ought to be equal in their parts , the spirit ought not to be separated from the body , nor the body from the spirit , but both ought to be administred together ; for the body without the spirit is of a gross heavy dull or dead nature , and the spirit without the body is too violent and fiery , but the health of mans body and mind , doth chiefly consist in the equality of both ; do not all meats and drinks wherein any quality or property of nature is ●xtream ( whether it be in vertue , or harmfulness ) if not sparingly taken , certainly discompose the harmony both of the body and mind ? for every quality begets its likeness , and so on the contrary ▪ concord and harmony are tain'd by their likenesses ; if there be not a sympathetical agreement between the stomach and the meats and drinks , both in quality and quantity , the unity and concord of the properties of nature are immediately broken , whence proceeds various diseases according to the degrees of the disorder . this every one ought to understand , or else they may unadvisedly lay heavier burdens than nature can bear ; for most diseases are generated through surplusage of nourishment . for unto weak heats there ought to be administred a proportionable food , but stronger heats will admit of stronger foods and greater quantity , which all persons might know , if they would but observe the operation of their own natures ; for no health nor harmony can be continued where the parts do disagree aniong themselves . what harmony can the most skilful master of musick make , if the strings of his instruments be some too sharp , and others too flat ; even so it is in the elements of the body , and also in the mind . . for man is the most beautiful and perfectest of all god's creation , and ●is image , called by the antients , the lesser world ; for in him is contained the true nature and properties of all elements ; numbers , weights , and measures , therefore man is both capable of and and ●lable to receive all all impressions , and to be influenced by all things he communicates with , or joyns himself unto , as all sorts of meats , drinks , imployments , communications , and whatever else he suffers his will or desires to enter into , the same things have power respectively to awaken their similes , therefore all extreams are perilous to the health : if men and women were but sensible of the danger , and terrible diseases that are contracted by the frequent eating and drinking of those things that are unequal in themselves , as brandy , rumm and other spirituous drinks and high prepared foods , they would not so eagerly desire them . do not all or most that do accustome themselves to such things , quickly spoil their their healths ? nature is simple and innocent , and the simplicity thereof cannot be continued , but by sobriety and temperance in meats and drinks that are simple and harmless , which will not only gratifie nature , but contribute both due and moist nourishment , for beyond all lushious fat , compounded dishes of the richest food , and spirituous drinks , as it appears by many hundreds of poor people , who are constrained by pure necessity , not by wisdom , to live for the most part on simple food and mean drinks , their labour hard , cloathing thin , open air , cold houses , small fires , hard beds , standing on earthen floors ; by all which means , they are not only preserv'd in better health , but also enabled to endure labour with more ease and pleasure , than the intemperately supet fl●ous can lie a bed , or sit by the fire . o then how excellent are the ways of temperance and sobriety ! they free the body from pain , and the mind from perturbations , sweetening all god's blessings , and giving the opportunity of time , which being well employ'd , affords many benefits both to the body and mind ; for what advantage is it if a man possess the whole world , if his body be full of pain through intemperance , which for the most part , no less affecteth and indisposeth the mind . . brandy , rumm , and all strong spirituous drinks are far more dangerous in hot climates and countries than they are in cold , and do sooner there destroy the health , though they be bad in both , except taken in a physical way ; i know this is contrary to the vulgar notion , but it is agreeable to truth , experience and reason ; for in hot climates the natural heat is not so strong by reason of the forcible influences of the sun , which do powerfully exhale the radical moistrue , open the pores , and too violently evaporate the spirits by continual sweatings , which dulls the edge of the appetite , weakening the digestive faculty of th●●tomach , whereby the inclination to drink is increased , for which reason many desire hot spiritual drinks , because they find a present refreshment , for all such drinks do powerfully awaken the internal spirit by simile , and make men quick , lively and brisk , during the time of their operation ; which is but for a moment , but after wards they find themselves heavy , dull , and indispesed , and their stomach seeble , cold , and raw , which does in●●ce ●●dd that do acc●sto●● themselves to such drinks , to take a hare of the same dog , ( as their phrase is ) and so they drink more , and are continually the more weakened , for all such fiery strong drinks do not only prey on the natural spirits , but also too violently do evaporate them . the very same operation have all strong drinks , as wine and the like , if temperance be wanting , but not so violently as the former . therefore in hot climates there ought to be double the care and temperance in meats , drinks and exercises , as in cold , of which the natives of most hot countries might be our examples ; for they do for the most part live very temperately , their drink being generally water , or wineallay'd with water , their food mean , or more simple than ours , whereby they are better preserv'd in health ; for the constitutions of all people in hot climates are weaker , or at leastwise not so able to endure great meals of food , and superfluous drinking of strong drinks , as they are in cold . for cold countries make men hardy , strong , and able to endure intemperance , for which cause it is observed that most of the northern climates are very intemperate in drinking and eating , and in hot they are the contrary . and therefore our english are much distemper'd , and many die when they travel into the west and east indies , because they take wrong measures , continuing the same disorder and intemperance as they did in their own country , or rather encreasing it , which nature cannot bear without manisest prejudice . . it is to be noted , that those that do accustom themselves to the frequent drinking of the forementioned fiery spiritual drinks in all the plantations in the west indies , and also the common-eating of salt-fish and flesh , which are all great extr●ams , do thereby become very obnoxious to the dry belly-ach , or griping of the guts , dropsies and the gout , for all such food and drink does violently stir up and consume the natural heat and moisture , wherethe digestive faculty of the stomach is rendered unable to concoct or make any perfect separation , either of the food or drink , which oppresses the whole body , whence are generated evil iui●es that fall into the joynts , infeebling and torturing them , and this is the original of the gout in other complexions , these disorders consume the airy flesh of the bones , taking away their natural strength and vigour , so that they languish away by degrees , and these you call consumptions , in others for want of heat and moisture , the excrement in the bowels is contracted into so hard a substance , that it cannot pass , and there is hardly a medicine found that will cure it , this is that which the learned call the illiacal passion , and the vulgar , the plague in the guts , being one of the most tormenting diseases in the world. and in other bodies the central heat being wasted by such unfit meats and drinks , so that great part of the food turns into a flux of humours , both windy and watry , which swell the lower parts of the body , and this is the generation of your dropsies ; but as god is always good , and his hand-maid nature , an indulgent mother , so they have as it were , chalk'd out the means , and prescribed a diet whereby these diseases may be prevented , would men but be so wise as to observe and follow it ; for all hot climates do furnish the natives with wonderful variety and plenty of herbs and fruits , far exceeding cold countries therein , both in quantity and quality ; for in those hot regions , the sun hath greater power to prepare all such things : and if our english would but accustom themselves to such harmless natural simple foods and moderate drinks , the forementioned distempers would hardly be known . . it is also to be noted , and much to be pitied , that of late years many english women have betaken themselves to the drinking of brandy and other spirits , and have invented the black-cherry-brandy which is in great esteem , so that she is no body that hath not a bottle of it stand at her elbow , or if ever so little qualm or disorder be on the stomach , or perhaps meerly fancied , then away to the brandy-bottle ; so that when such people come to be sick , which most of them are very subject unto , the physiciaus do not know what to adninister , they having in their health used themselves to such high fiery drinks , that their cordials seem like water to them : besides , there are many fatal inconveniencies attend the female sex , more than than the male , in drinking such drinks ; most of which are not so proper to be publickly mentioned in this place , and therefore i shall forbear , but some i cannot but instance in ; and though perhaps some women too much addicted to the delights of the bottle , may be offended with me for telling them the truth , and endeavouring to wean them from the beloved dram , yet to do them good , i shall venter the hail-shot of their tongues , and hope they will in time grow so wise , as not to indulge a foolish sottish humour , when it tends apparently to destroy , not only their own healths , and shortning of their lives , but likewise entails diseases and destruction on their poor innocent children ; for it is not only against the feminine nature to drink strong drinks , but also destructive to the generation of mankind ; it makes them masculine and robustick , filling them with fury and madness , and many other indecencies , which are no less pernicious than shameful in a woman . lt also distempers them by causing fumes and vapours to fly into the head , generating wind in abundance . therefore the wise antients did account it a crime for women to drink strong drink or wine , tho' their countries did afford wine in abundance ; and good reason they had , for the whole preservation of mankind resides chiefly in the temperance and government of the women ; if they are intemperate , the radix of men is corrupted ; are we not like to have very fine , hopeful , healthy children , when the mother by excessive pampering her unweildy carcass , has contracted more diseases than an hospital ? or when they are put out to some drunken nurse , that instead of affording them wholsome natural milk , suckles them up with the unconcocted dregs of that brandy with which she daily overcharges her filthy stomach ? the nature of women will not bear excess in meats and drinks , as mens will , without manifest danger to their healths , and also to the health of their children ; most windy diseases both in women and children , being caused by their intemperance both in quantity and quality , they overcharging their nature with food containing too much nourishment , and drinks that are too strong . this is chiefly observable amongst wanton citizens and the richer sort of people , who pay dearly for the lickerishness of their palats , by the diseases that thence arise , they being much more distempered than the ordinary pains-taking people . i confess their are hardly any women in the world so intemperate and such great lovers of there bellies as the english , nor is there any nation more subject to variety of diseases ; and therefore they are afflicted with divers distempers , which women in other countries know nothing of . and as our children are generally weak , peuling , rickety , and sickly , so the occasion thereof is too evident , since they are almost made gluttons from the very cradle , their mothers gorging and feeding them till they loath their victuals , and often cast it up again ; and when they have been cramming all day , the good woman entertains her gossips with stories , what a little stomach her child has , and that she can get it to eat nothing , and she wonders how it lives , and indeed so she may , but for a quite contrary reason , for this oppressing nature with excess in youth , is not only the cause of the death of many , but in others it sows such seeds , and lays foundations for distempers , that they can scarce out-grow them , also many women out of the like foolish fondness , give their children strong drink , which is very destructive to their health . nor is it become unfrequent , for women not only to drink brandy , but also to smoak tobacco ; which two things have a great affinity , tobacco being an herb of mars , and its poysonous fulsome attractive nature from saturn ; the common use of it in pipes is very injurious to all sorts of people , but more especially to the female bex , except it be taken very sparingly in a physical way , for some watery and windy diseases , but the usual taking of it destroys the physical vertues and operation thereof ; only the daily smoaking it may be profitable to gluttons , and those that eat and drink to superfluity of rich food and strong drink , and live idle lives , for such want evacuations , but exercise and temperance were much better for their health . tobacco and brandy are certainly utter enemies to women , and also to their children , for their spirits and balsamick body , whence their true life shines , is more volatile and tender than mens , and their natural heat is not so strong , for this cause women cannot bear or endure any extreams , either in meats , drinks , or exercises , without manifest danger to their healths , they being generally more sanguine than men , and their central heat weaker , therefare all kind of inequality makes deeper impression on them , and they are sooner moved to all kinds of passions : for women in their radix are compounded more of the sweet friendly sanguine nature , their dignifica●ion being chiefly from the element of water , but the root of mens nature is from the strong might of the fire . and for the same cause women are more chaste than men , and of colder natures , tho' many men do believe the contrary , but they are greatly mistaken in this particular , having no true understanding of nature ; they have judged thus hardly of women , because many of them are so easily drawn into inconveniencies by the pretended friendship of men , but i do affirm , that their being so easily overcome , is not from their unchaste desires , but chiefly from their friendly courteous efleminate natures , being of a yielding temper , which is essentially in the root of their lives , and when a man has once awakened in them the love-string , which is quickly done , he may command them as he pleases ; now finding them comply , they imagine that of them which they find in themselves : not but that some women are as unchaste as men ; but then such , through the power of their depraved free-wills and wanton imaginations , have forced nature out of her simple innocent ways , compelling her often to do that which she perfectly loaths . the wise antients understanding this nature and constitution of women , and considering that the whole welfare and health of mankind depended chiefly on their temperance and discreet conduct , did therefore direct them to an higher degree of temperance , and thought it requisite , and so absolutely necessary , that both the drink alotted for women in most countries , was , and is to this day pure water , and their food as innocent and natural ; they eat flesh sparingly , living much on raw and boiled herbs , fruits and greens , which is a most sublime diet. and by this means their women and children are not afflicted with such a number of cruel diseases . there is no country in the world where their children and young people are so generally subject to the small pox , kings-evil , joynt-aches , and many leperous and languishing diseases ; how many of them yearly die with convulsions and windy distempers , which generally they receive from their mothers ? how many miseries and aking hearts do women endure with their sickly children ? and what women are free from vapors and windy diseases , fainting fits , weak joynts and backs , their blood corrupted , breaking out in small spots in the flesh of several colours , their stomach cold , and their natural heat not able to digest their food without a dram , & c ? for all which evils , there is no remedy so long as our women do continue the frequent eating of fat gross flesh ( without herbs ) and other sweet high prepared food , and drinking strong liquors , as brandy , &c. and taking tobacco ; for these things do continually heat the whole body , thereby awakening the central heat , which is very injurious to women , for it presently sends fumes and vapours into the head , and the fierce fires with venemous particles do penetrate the whole body , drying up , and consuming the pleasant , moist , cool , airy vapours , suffocating the pure spirits , which otherwise would replenish the whole body and sharpen the appetite ; it also dulls the senses , and possesses the blood with a sharp fretting humour , and hinders its free circulation , causing the pure natural spirits , whose habitation is in the blood , to become impure , whence arises a general indisposition over the whole body . therefore all that love their own health , or the good of their children , ought to refrain such hurtful food , and learn to know , that brandy , tobacco , and all such things , are to be taken sparingly , and no otherwise than as people take physick . caap. ii. of flesh , and its operation in the body , and also on the senses . that the continual eating thereof , without the due distinction of proper times and seasons , does darken the spirits , and distempers nature . likewise of the exellency of herbs , fruits , and their inward operation on the body and mind . the eating of flesh was not allowed or practised in the first and purer ages , when men gave themselves to the study of wisdom , viz. to the knowledge of themselves , and were partakers of god's secrets in divine and humane things , and enjoy'd health and long life , drawn out to the age of many hundred years . for thus the holy scripiure tells us , gen. . the lord said , behold ! i have given to you every herb bearing seed , which is upon the face of all the earth , and every tree in which it the fruit of a tree yielding seed , to you it shall be for meat . and in another place it is said , flesh with the blood thereof , you shall not eat . it is not said , that the lord made all creatures for man to eat , as i have heard many affirm , but he made them for his own glory and eternal honour , and for the manifestation of his wonders , and that men should have dominion over all creatures and created things , which man hath lost by suffering his desires and imaginations to enter into the bestial nature , which does by degrees captivate the noble parts in men. but the wise ancients for divers ages of the world , did know but little of the variety of flesh and strong drinks , or of compounded dishes of twenty sorts of things , most of them of disagreeing natures : no , their food was simple and natural , easie to be procured without oppression to themselves , or to any of god's creatures , as herbs , fruits and grains , and pure water for drink , which things are endued with a most simple nature and operation , which neither dulleth the head by fumes , nor stupifies the senses by surplusage of nourishment , but being well prepared , and eaten moderately , do nourish by way of simile its like qualities in the body , being of lighter digestion , and of a more airy operation than flesh , being also void of all inclinations , senses , or passions of love or hate , whose original is more clean and nearer the unity in nature ; therefore the philosophical antients in former ages , incouraged the eating of herbs , fruits and grains , but on the contrary , made laws against the common eating of flesh without distinction . the great and most illuminated prophet moses did not admit the children of israel to eat any flesh during their forty years march through the wilderness : 't is true , when the people did murmur , the lord being provoked , gave them flesh in his wrath , and afterwards when they were admitted to eat flesh , it was with such distinctions , and with so many circumstances as could not be performed , but by abundance of labour and trouble , and other inconveniencies , by which laws and observations many of god's creatures became of little or no use in the creation , as swine and the like , if indeed they had only been made for men to eat . but the lord never commanded his people in any age to abstain from any thing , but it was always for their preservation ; for abstinence , cleanness , and sobriety in meats , drinks , exercises , and communications , do work wonderful effects , and have a sympathetical operation both in the body and senses , rendering the observers thereof healthful , with brisk powerful spirits , watchful , prndent , of good forecast , able to give council , and for matters of learning , they do easily grow to an excellency in the knowledge of themselves , and in all other things whereunto they do apply themselves . and as for prayers , meditations and contemplations , they do perform them with great facility , pleasure and spiritual delight , being always fresh in their minds , and free from diseases in their bodies . by this way of sobriety , cleanness and temeperance , many of the antients became admirable both in divine and humane wisdom ; 't is well known how scrupulously the pythagoreans ( one of the most learned and mysterious of all the sects of gentile philosophers ) abstained from flesh. the divine writer and great prophet moses , testifies that god made man in his own image ; and that he should have dominion over all things or creatures , not that he should eat all things , or hurt himself by devouring them , nor suffer his desires to enter into them , nor theirs into him , for man is a prince in this world , and in him is contained the true nature of all the inferior creatures ; for it it were not so , he could not be their prince , nor be sustained by them . and tho' man was made greater than other creature that is visible , and to be lord over all , yet nevertheless he having a simile with the nature of all things , is thereby rendered capable to be wrought on by every inferior thing he shall suffer his desires to enter into , and by degrees he is liable to become captivated unto that thing , be it either good or or evil ; for every like ( as i told you before ) works on and awakens its likeness ; this was the reason why moses commanded that unclean beasts should not be eaten , that the humane nature might not mix or incorporate in it self the beastial qualities ; for every indvidual man has essentially in him the true natures and essences of all the beasts of the field , and fishes of the sea , as also of all herbs and fruits , stones and minerals , and whasoever else can be thought of ; for it this were not so , then man would not be subject to be wrought on by all , neitheir would the various sorts of food agree with him or nourish him . the wise antients understanding this , and that every thing had power to attract unto it self such matter out of all things , as is capable to nourish its own body , therefore in those days the eating of flesh was not in such reputation as of late years it hath been ; especially as it is in england , who do make it their chief food ; all vegetables and fruits being in themselves of a clean simple nature and operation , which being well prepared and temperately eaten , have only power to waken their similies in the body and senses as foresaid . but on the contrary , all beasts , especially unclean beasts , are endu●d with all kind of beastial passions , as anger , revenge , covetousness , love and hate , which dispositions and passions of the flesh , but especially the blood , doth retain after such animals are killed ; and for that reason it was , that the blood of all sorts of beasts was so strictly forbidden , for the essential spirits dwell in the blood , and in the blood and spirits lie hid all the dispositions and inclinations the creature was endued withal , and therefore all sorts of flesh that were permitted to be eaten , were to be well purged from the blood. and also this same blood was either to be consumed by fire , or an hole made in the earth and the blood cast into it and covered , that the wrathful spirits and vapours thereof might not defile the air , which is continually breathed into our bodies ; for when any creature is killed , the great pain and agony they endure , does so powerfully awaken the center of the wrathful fire , and also the internal poysons which are the root of every life , that the said fierce poysonous spirits seize the blood on their right fountain of preservation , so that the blood does not only contain all the natural dispositions , passions and inclinations , but also the awakened poysons and irritated spirits which were violently stirred up by death's stroke . for when the natural life is in danger ( the continuation of which is so sweet unto all creatures , and they do so unwillingly part with it , especially when the creature is in perfect health , and strength ) what a strange fear and dread must needs attend the creature in this condition ? and how strongly and violently are all the centers and powers of nature stirred up ? and then are awakened the revengful spirits , which do contain the blood , for that is their habitation , which in this agonous condition does often spread it self through the whole body , and makes the flesh look red , but this is generally drawn back again by the drawing away of the blood where the wound is made . now if this blood be exposed to the open air , these fiery dark wrathful spirits do by degrees evaporate and incorporate themselves with the air , and so defiles it , and renders it pernicious . the very same is to be understood in all other uncleannesses ; and these are the chief reasons why the prophet moses commanded the blood either to be burnt on the altar , or buried in the earth , tho' there doth remain somewhat more to be said , why he commanded the blood to be consumed on the altar by fire , which i shall forbear , and speak of it in its proper place ; for those fiery wrathful spirits that do evaporate themselves into the air , being continually breathed into the body by such people as do communicate near such places , as slaughter-houses , and the like , and more especially those that are of killing imployments , those awakened wrathful spirits do enter them , and powerfully incorporate themselves with their similies ; for this cause all butchers and others , that do use such trades , are more fierce and cruel , sooner moved to wrath than others ; killing is as easie and familar to them as plowing the land is to the husbandman ; and in a word , they are far more inclined to violence than men of other imployments are . the same is to be understood in all other trades , and also in communications , as those that are brought up and have their conversasions amongst horses , are not most of them robustick , proud , bold and surly , like the creatures they communicate with ; the same is likewise to be understood in many other hard working rough trades and imployments ; are not most of them rash , head-strong , scarce endued with common humanity ? there is nothing so good , or so bad , but man is capable of being captivated to it ; from this ground it is that weak inclinations , that a man in himself is hardly sensible of , may either by imployments or communications be made strong , which is one reason why mens inclinations and their love and hate alters and changes , according to time , place , business , and communication , as some men have declared , that they did not fear being overcome with drink , women , or the like evils , becaue at that time they found no inclinations to such things , nevertheless , time , opportunity , communications , and other circumstances concurring , many of them have been overcome by those vices they so little stood in fear of , though also astrologick configurations , and influences have a share in altering and changing mens inclinations , and more especially when other causes concur : for this cause the most prudent in all ages have advised all men to avoid evil occasions , and the apostle paul saith , that evil communication corrupts good manners , the truth of which no man will or can deny . now if imployments , communications , labours , words , and all kind of outward business , have so great power of changing and altering dispositions and inclinations , increasing them , and the contrary , how can we imagine but meats and drinks received into the body , will have the same or greater power and operation , as those that feed much on unclean elesh , as on swine , and that have their conversation amongst animals , are not many of them much like those creatures , of sottish , dull , heavy , sordid dispositions , yet subtle and cunning in a bestial way ? and on the contrary , those that drink wine , and feed on the highest food , have not they spirits accordingly ? also those whose conversation is amongst men , as citizens and merchants ; have they not higher and greater spirits , being more tractable and humane , fair and ingenious in all their dealings , and conversations ? for all things have sympatheticil operation , whether it be imployments , meats , drinks or communications , every thing does secretly awaken its like property , which do often captivate the spirit of a man before he is sensible of it , being ignorant of the nature and sympathetical operation all things have with his own nature . 't is true , most men believe that evil company corrupts manner , and will acknowledge that some sorts of imployments do by degrees dispose people to inhumanity , violence and cruelty ; but if you tell them there is the same possibility and greater in meats , to vary not only mens bodies , but also their inclinations and minds , they shall laugh at it as a ridiculous dream , though in truth it is a most certain truth , and daily experience ( if we would but ●ear her voice ) bears witness unto it . why did moses prohibit his people the eating of swines flesh , seeing swine are not serviceable unto mankind any other way , but by being killed and eaten ; and besides , a swine is a creature , that being well ordered , becomes as wholesome nourishment , as some other animals that are counted clean , though there is somewhat to be said against the grossness of that sort of flesh ; but the chief thing the spirit of god in that great prophet regarded , was , no doubt , the spirit of that creature whose original and predominant quality stands in the dark wrath of nature , which is manisested by their shapes , cri●s , and tones , which spirit the humane nature ought not to joyn it self unto , lest it partakes of its nature , every thing having power to joyn its self with its likeness , and to strengthen its own property , doth not wine and strong drink precipitate men into fury and madness by simile ? that is , the spirits in wine do incorporate themselves with the natural spirits , and violently awaken them , making them burn too fierce , which sets nature into a rage , awakening the central spirits till all parts of the body burn like fire , till the oyl be consumed , and nature begins to languish , becoming dull , heavy , and stupid . the very same operation have all food in the body , and on the spirits and senses , but more slowly and hidden ; for great meals of food makes dull when first eaten , for all the time nature is a digesting , and making separation , ( which is four , five , or six hours a doing ) and then nature begins to be brisk and lightsome ; for what the stomach and natural heat do perform , as to fermentation and separation with the food , is done to natures hand by art in all sorts of strong drinks ; therefore all such fermented strong drinks have a present operation , but let drink be ever so strong , if it have not passed through fermentation and separation , it will lie heavy on the stomach , and send dark and dulling fumes into the head , if a quantity be drunk : therefore great meals of strong rich food , do endanger the health more than proportionable drinking of strong drinks , especially in hot countries , and in summer time in colder climates . that dispositions and inclinations are chang'd and alter'd by food , may further appear in all or most unclean creatures , are they not made much fiercer , if raw flesh and blood be given them , their wrathful unclean nature being thereby enraged and made stronger ? and is not the very flesh of those creatures men feed on , altered either for the better or worse , according to the nature of their food ; what a vast difference shall there be as to the goodness or badness , wholesomness , or unwholesomeness of the milk of the very same cow , when she feeds upon fresh delicate grass , herbs , and flowers , and when she is kept on course brewers grains , or the like ? the elements of man's body and natural spirits are compounded of the same matter as other creatures , are , and in respects , subject to the same or like alterations ; only the holy light and grace of god , which enlighteneth every man that cometh into the world , if obeyed , is sufficient to subdue most natural inclinations , and to keep them within the bounds of temperance ; indeed this gift is the only power by which a man may overcome the evil and deny himself . . flesh is not so clean a food as herbs , seeds and fruits , for all forts of animals are subject to various passions , but on the contrary , all or most vegetables have a more simple and innocent original , therefore their operation on the body and senses is as simple , having no power to awaken any property in the body , but what is like themselves . furthermore we see that no creatures that are clean will eat flesh , except they be taught it , and brought to it by degrees ; on the other side , all such animals as naturally will eat flesh , are by all means counted unclean , as dogs , cats , bears , wolves , foxes , and many others , both in the sea and land , and most men will avoid the eating of such creatures , as being unclean in the root of their natures . therefore they desire such food as hath affinity with them , for every creature rejoyceth in its likeness . the prophet moses well understood this , when he commanded that unclean creatures and blood should not be eaten , because the blood ( as is mentioned before ) doth not only contain the spirits , but the very humour , dispositions and inclinations of the creature , therefore it was to be killed and dressed after such a manner , by which the blood and superfluous matter was extinguished , and if flesh should now be prepared after their way , we should not account it to have half the vertue as it hath in our way of preparation . indeed the way of killing and preparing of flesh and fish , that the law-giver prescribed to his people , was to cleanse the flesh from all blood in which stand the spirits , and all the dispositions and inclinations of the creature lie hid . by this means the uniting of the bestial nature with the human , was in a great measure prevented ; and for no other reason all unclean beasts , fowls and fishes were so severely forbidden . all created things have but one only ground and original . every particular creature contains the true nature and properties of the whole , only the qualities are in several degrees , one having one quality strong , and another the center , for in every creature one of the forms or properties do carry the upward dominion , and other qualities lye as it were hid , but some times do manifest themselves , but that property which is weakest may be awakened and made strong by its simile , as often comes to pass . from this very ground proceeds all sympathy and antipathy , concord and discord in this world. for all those whose predominate qualities stand nearest , and have affinity to each other , such are friendly one to another , but those whose predominate properties have antipathy each to other , such slight one another , and if the grace and holy light of god do not restrain them , they are very apt to speak evil and backbite one another . the same is to be understood in the divine principle of god's love , those that through the blessing and favour of the lord have , obtained the holy gifts of the spirit , be it more or less , all such people have affinity and bear good will each to other ; except the false prophet's opinion get in amongst them , which is a ravening wolf. every thing rejoyceth in its likeness , and the contrary in its death , therefore it is highly convenient , for every man to consider the variety and the possibility of its own nature , and that in himself is contained the true nature of every thing in the visible and invisible world , and that he bears a simile with all things , and is both capable and liable to be drawn either to vice or vertue by every thing he joyns himself to , whether meats , drinks , communications , or whatever else a man suffers his will or desires to run out after , or enter into , the same thing hath power to awaken its likeness , and for this cause all the wise men and prophets have advised to cleanness and sobriety , and to the reading of good mens books , which do stir up the good faculties in the soul , for all books do bear the image and spirits of him that wrote them , and so by simile do awaken the like spirit and desire ; and so on the contrary , if young or old give themselves to the reading of plays or books of romances , they will powerfully awaken by simile the vain wanton nature , which before lay as it were hid : therefore it was said in the revelations , come out from amongst them , and be ye separated , lest you partake of their evils . . the reason why most people love and so much desire flesh more than either herbs , fruits or grains , is not because it doth afford either better nourishment , or is pleasanter to the pallate or stomach , but it chiefly is because man is departed in his mind and desires from the innocent ways of god and nature , and through his free-will hath awakened the dark wrathful powers in himself , which have more affinity with the beastial nature , than with herbs or fruits : for the beasts are endued with the very same passions in all respects as men ; if it had not been so , the commandment had not been so strict against eating of flesh ; for the radix of beasts and men have a greater affinity : and the more ignorant and sottish people are , the more they desire to eat flesh , and the more flesh they eat , the more sottish , ignorant , and brutish they become . also , the more the dark poysonous wrath of god and nature is stir●ed up , and the more it does predominate in man , the more doth man desire food that hath a proportionable nature . from this very ground it is that some sorts of creatures esteem'd unclean ( whose predominant quality stands in the wrath of nature ) do so much desire unclean food , because it hath unity with their natures ; the very same is to be understood of those creatures which we call clean , they do as much on the contrary desire clean food , viz. fruits and herb , because such things have the nearest affinity with their natures ; and if men had not departed from the innocent ways of god and nature , and suffer their wills to enter into the wrath and beastial nature , they would not so much desire flesh ; for flesh cannot be eaten without violence done to nature , for the lives of all beasts are as sweet to them , and they as much desire to continue them , as men do , and as unwillingly part with them . and the groanings of these creatures that suffer oppression and pain , do awaken the wrath in them that do it , which is a certain retaliation or reward ; for all kind of cruelty does stir up and awaken the wrath of god in nature , and so on the contrary , all love and concord does powerfully beget its likeness . doth not every evil word , which does proceed and is formed from the principle of wrath and p●ssio● , carry the power of its principle with it , and awaken its simile in those to whom such words are directed ? on the contrary , do not soft and pleasant words pacifie wrath by awakening their simile ? every principle and property in nature must have its own food , or else it loseth its power and strength . mens coveting to eat so much flesh , is too plain a sign , that they are departed from that innocent and simple life for which they were made , and entered into the contrary ; for if the wrath of god in nature were not awakened beyond its proper degree , and did not predominate over the simple innocent life , then people would no more desire flesh than our holy ancestors in the first ages of the world. it is a token we are in aegypt , when we hanker so much after the flesh pots . as long as men were partakers of , and followers of the true knowledge of god's works , and lived in the simple path of nature , which led to health and long life , herbs and fruits were in as great esteem as flesh is now : it was a shame in former ages ; for a man to be seen to buy flesh , or to have carried it openly in the streets of cities , but now the best citizens count it the contrary , and make nothing to go openly to the flesh-markets in their plush-coats , and load a porter two or three time a week , with the spoils of their slaughtered fellow-creatures ; and if a man comes to their houses after dinner , there he may behold a very unpleasant sight , viz. greasy-platters , bloody-bones , and pieces of fat flesh lie up and down the kitchin , thereby rendered next door to a slaughter-house . and this trade is drove every day in the week , but more ●specially on the day they call their sabbath , tho'in truth they do not make it so , but rather a day of feasting , a day wherein they bury the dead bodies of slaughtered beasts , and a day on which our english belly-slaves and gluttons , make their servants do more work than any other day of the week , as to dressing of food . and day likewise whereon most people cloath themselves in all their bravery , and the women go to church to take notice who has the finest cloathes and the newest fashions , &c. but why do i blame the women , the men have been the occasion of all this and much more . if those of each sex did hearken to the voice of god and nature , they would forsake such sinful vanities , and not thus seek death in the error of their lives ; i have drawn the curtain , and given them a brief view of natures school , wherein the sons of wisdom learn to obey her dictates , and by their prudent conduct and temperance , avoid those many torturing diseases of body , and distracting perturbations of mind , to which the rest of the world necessarily enslave themselves 〈◊〉 their perverse folly . what i have delivered , is the very doctrine of nature , approved by religion , justified by reason , and confirmed by experience : those that wilfully slight so many monitors , will scarce deserve pity in their misery . chap. iii. i. of cleanness in food . what is more profitable for all lovers of health and wisdom , than food that is radically clean ? and as bread hath deservedly the first place , together with herbs , and various sorts of excellent fruits ; so the next is milk , which of it self is a brave , mild , and most friendly food to nature , very fit and profitable for all ages and complexions ; and if it do not agree with some people , it is because their stomachs are made sharp and sowred by superfluity of dainty food , and the continual use of strong drink . also milk being altered , it makes many sorts of wholesom healthy food . next to these , are various sorts of flesh , which being killed in their proper times and seasons , and when they are free from their uncleannesses , surfeits , and other inconveniences , which most beasts are subject to ; and if care be taken also that they be well and moderately seasoned with salt , and boyled in plenty of river of spring-water ( which is the best of all waters , except rain-water ) they become wholesom nourish●●nt . for , river-water hath the advantage of running through various sorts of earth , by which it sucks into it self a fat , oyly , and saline quality , which the surface of the earth does plentifully afford ; which also is the cause of all vegitation , and the lovely green colour , which all vegetables are cloth'd with , does arise from this saline quality . for these reasons , river-water will brew , boil , and wash , and it is more profitable in all uses in houswifery , than spring or pump-water , and far wholesomer for men and beasts to drink . also your vessel in which your food is boiled , ought to be uncovered all the time it boils ; for if the air have not its free egress and regress , the pure spirits in the food become as it were suffocated , and then the food so prepared becomes dull and heavy ; for the air is the essential life of the spirit ; and all food that hath not plenty of water , and the free influences of the air , in its preparation , does certainly lose its natural colour , with the pure smell and taste : for if those three qualities be not preserved in all preparations of food , then the genuine vertue and lively tinctutes are in part lost . the same is to be observed in all physical operations . and if the above-mentioned order be not observed , then the food is not so pleasant to the palate , nor so easie of concoction ; it lies heavy in the stomach , dulling and stupifying the senses ; it generates a gross nourishment , and bad blood , whence does proceed many diseases : whereas if the above-mentioned rules be observed , and your fire quick , that your food do not stand still , or cease from boiling , till it be sufficiently done , the effects are contrary . it is also much better the food should be a little under-prepared , than too much : for when the gross phlegmatick body of any food is by preparation digested , then presently the lively spirituous quality is set at liberty , whence does proceed a most pleasant smell and taste ; which pleasant quality , before the preparation , lay hid or captivated in the body of phlegm ; but so soon as this phlegmatick body is in part d●troye● , the spirit becomes volatile ; and then , if the preparation be continued , those pure spirits do either become suffocated , or evaporate ; and then the sweet balsamick body turns as it were sowr . for these reasons , all sorts of food , either over-prepared , or twice prepared , are of a strong fulsome taste and smell ; as all meats heat again , and also pottages , and all such things , do obstruct nature , and generate many diseases . but if the forementioned rules be observed , the food so prepared is not only more pleasant to the palate , but far lighter of digestion , and breeds better blood. for that universal distemper ( the scurvy ) which reigns so much in england , is chiefly caused by food ill prepared , and the eating of too much flesh , and fat things , especially in the improper seasons of the year , viz. from iuly to the last of november . in this season the sun , which is the true life and power of all things , declines ; and all sorts of herbage ▪ which is the food of all beasts that are generally eaten , doth the same : the grass all this season is fraught with a gross phlegmatick matter ; besides , it is a fainty hot time ; the air , which is the cherishing life of all things , is more gross , and full of humidity , than all other times of the year ; the spirits of all sorts of creatures are also weak , and on any accidents are quickly wounded , or evaporated , more especially those beasts that come from remote parts to great cities . besides , it is then the principal time of their generating , which renders them unclean . are not the people tenfold as sickly in this season , and double the number die , than they do at other times ? also you may observe , that the rots amongst sheep , and murrains that attend other beasts , are all or most of them in this season : therefore all sorts of people ought to be more careful of their health , both in exercises , meats , and drink , that they do not exceed either in quantity , nor eat things that are improper in quality . this is the time that all shepherds , and also those that are drivers of horses , and indeed all that have the government of cattel , ought to have and use double the prudence in the management of them , than at other seasons of the year , as i have more largely discoursed in a small treatise , of the ●●●servation of sheep from the rot , and horses from surfeits . there are three marks by which every one may know whether the flesh be good . the first is by its pure white and brisk red colour , when raw. the second is by its continuing its firmness , being plump or swelled when boiled , having a brisk and lively taste , and that after eating it feels easie and pleasant in the stomach . the third is , by its taking salt well ; for if your flesh be free from heat and surfeits , and not over-fed , which charge● the body with gross phlegm ; as also , if it be not kept longer after it is killed ( as indeed it ought not ) than it be thought to be cold , before it is salted ; all such flesh will take salt greedily , and it will not only keep longer from putrifaction , but it will eat much sweeter , and breed better nourishment . for , if any sort of cattel be over-fed , surfeited , or any other inconveniency attends them , and they be killed before they have recovered themselves of those injuries ; or if it le in august , september , or october , this flesh will not take salt so well as the former , neither will the saltpreserve it half so long from corruption . also as it is before-mentioned , if flesh 〈◊〉 kept too long after it be killed , such flesh will not receive salt into it , as other will , which is salted as soon as it is cold : for by keeping it does certainly lose its pure spirituous quality , so that the body becomes heavy , gross , and dull . does not the life and spirits of most sorts of food waste and evapor●te by keeping , if there be not a proper way of preservation used ? if flesh , by any inconveniences , have lost its pure lively spirits and vertue , salt then hath no power to preserve such flesh from putrifaction : for salt cannot preserve the body from corruption , but by vertue of the pure subtil spirits , which are a pleasant habitation for the salt to incorporate it self with : for salt will not preserve flesh from putrifaction , any longer than the vertue and power of the spirit does continue , as it does appear by all salted flesh and fish : for through length of time the spirits become either suffocated , or evaporated , and then it presently falls into purtifaction : and yet this same flesh does still contine salt ; for salt does not destroy and p●●ge the flesh from its corruption , but incorporates it self with the essential spirits , and those two do as it were tye or hold the corrupt part captive , till the spirit and life of the flesh be spent or wasted , and then the flesh falls into putrifaction , which cannot be recovered , either by salting , or any other art , to its first state : but if the salt had purged or destroyed the humidity and gross part , then there would have been no room nor matter for putrifaction , and then it would have continued firm and found , as many other things do , which are freed from that gross humid matter from which putrifaction does proceed . therefore flesh is naturally the most unclean of all food , is being of a gross phlegmatick nature ; and if care be 〈◊〉 taken , order and temperance observed in the eater , it generates ab●ndance of crude and noxious humours . . cleanness in houses , especially in beds , is a great preserver of health . now beds for the most part stand in corners of chambers , and being ponderous close substances , the refreshing influences of the air have no power to penetrate or destroy the gross humidity that all such places contract , where the air hath not its free egress and regress . in these shady dull places beds are continued for many years , and hardly see the sun or elements . besides , beds suck in and receive all sorts of pernicious exc●ements that are breathed forth by the sweating of various sorts of people , which have leprous and languishing diseases , which lie and die on them : the beds , i say , receive all these several vapours and spirits , and the same beds are often continued for several generations , without changing the feathers , until the ticks be rotten . besides , we have many feathers that are imported from several countries , which are the drivings of old beds , the uncleanness whereof is not considered . as to the nature of feathers , they are of a strong , hot , fulsom quality : for , fowls , of all creatures , are for the most part the hottest ; and their feathers contain the fame nature : therefore the constant lying on soft feather-beds , does not only over-heat the back and reins , weakning the joints and nerves ; but they have power also not only to receive but retain all evil vapours and excrements that proceed from , and are breathed forth by various diseased people . hence it comes to pass , that sundry distempers are transferred from one to another , by lying upon or in such beds , which distempers do secretly steal on a man by degrees , so that he cannot imagine whence the disorder proceeds , or what the cause thereof should be . but i would not have the reader mistake me ; all people are not subject to get diseases this way ; there are some whose constitutions are strong , and their natural heat and spirits are vigorous and lively , by the power and vertue whereof they withstand and repel all such evil vapours and scents as do proceed from such beds when a man is hot and sweats in them , that they have no power to seize the spirit : but , on the contrary , when such people shall lie on such beds , whose natural heat is weak , their spirits few , and whose central heat is not able to withstand or repel those vapours and scents which such beds send forth when a man is hot in them , this last sort of people are subject to receive injuries , and contract diseases : for those evil vapours do powerfully penetrate the whole body ; and if they are not withstood by the central heat and power of the spirits , then these evil vapours do seize the spirits , and incorporate themselves with their likenesses : for every particular thing does sensibly and powerfully seek out its likeness , and wheresoever it find , its simile , it hath power to incorporate , and become essential . these are the chief reasons why one man gets diseases by lying with diseased persons , and in unclean beds , and others not . it is a general custom , when men go abroad or travel , to desire clean sheets , imagining them to be a sufficient bulwark to defend them from the pernicious fumes and vapours of old stale beds ; but it is too short . for , it is certain , that most or all beds do perfectly stink , not only those in inns and houses of entertainment , but others : not but that every ones bed does smell indifferent well to himself ; but when he lies in a strange bed , let a man but put his nose into the bed when he is thoroughly hot , and hardly any common vault is like it . now this sort of uncleanness , which does proceed from old beds , is not only the greatest , but also the most injurious to the health and preservation of mankind , and the least care is taken to prevent it : every one that can , will have plentiful changes both of linne● and woollen garments ; for if they have not , experience does shaw , that the excrements and breathings of the body will generate vermin . also do not most people take care that their furnitures are daily br●shed and rubbed , and their very floors washed , as though they were to eat their food on them ▪ but all this while they lie on beds that have not been changed , or hardly aired , in several years . let any indifferent person judge , which is most pleasu●able and healthful , to have a clean floor to tread on , which c●sts many hard days labour to keep so , and is dirtied in a moments time ; or to have a clean sweet bed to lie on . there is no comparison to be made , the difference is so great ; the one being essential either to health or sickness , the other an indifferent thing . if there was but the tenth part of the care taken to keep beds clean and sweet , as there is of cloathing and furniture , then there would be no matter for the getting of diseases , nor for the generation of bugs . i would have all housewifes , and others , consider the reasons of these things . are not lice , that troublesome vermin , bred from the breathings of the body , for want of often change both of linnen and woolen ? and will not fleas breed from the very dust of chambers where people lie ? also any woollen that hath been used about beds , although the cold winter hath destroyed them , yet if these clothes lie in any close place , where the air hath not its free egress and regress , these very garments will generate fleas the summer following : but if these clothes had been used about men and women , they would never have bred fleas : for there is no matter of element in wooll or cloth for the generation of such creatures ; but wooll , cloth , furs , and hair , are chiefly the element of moths , and sometimes of small worms ; that is , if such things are kept in places where the refreshing influences of the air have not their free egress : for all such places do contract great store of moisture , which , when hot weather comes , causeth putrifaction , whence all such vermin do proceed . but if those things be in daily use , and exposed to the open element , they never breed any vermin : so that the generation of those things are generally caused by acciden●s ; not but that there is matter in the radixes of such things for the generation of such vermin . . from the pernicous smells and putrified vapours that do proceed from old beds , are generated the vermin called bugs , ( of which , neither the ancients , nor the modern writers of this age , have taken any notice ) according to the degrees of uncleanness , nature of the excrements , and the closeness of places where beds stand : for some peoples excrements are not so unclean as others : also in all close places , especially in cities and great towns , the spirits and thin vapours of the air are suffocated , which makes the same air sulphurous and humid , whence does pro●●ed putrifaction . therefore it is not to be thought a general rule , that all old beds should breed bugs , as some ( who are ignorant of the operations of nature ) will be apt to say , if one bed do breed them , why not all ? no , it is according to the nature of the uncleanness , and other accidents that do happen ; for where ( as is said before ) the thin pure air , with the refreshing influences of the sun and elements , have their free egress and regress , all such matter is destroyed whence such vermin is produced . the original of these creatures called bugs is from putrifaction , occasioned by stinking scents and vapours which do proceed from the bodies and nature of men and women , and the mixing or incorporating of these vapours with moist and sulphurous airs : for where there is no heat nor humidity , there can begin no putrifaction . therefore all that have attributed the generation of this vermin to wood , as bedsteads , and the like , are grosly mistaken in the productions of nature ; for there is no matter in wood that can generate such a vermin , it being productive only , or chiefly of two creatures in england , viz. of wood-lice and a small worm . these wood-lice , are never generated but in places where the sun and air have not their free influences , so that there is store of humidity contracted ; and when the sun comes to such degrees of the zodiack , this creature is generated , which is of as different a nature from bugs , as sweet wood is from a stinking bed. also wood does breed a certain small worm , but never till , the salts nature and power is decayed through length of time ; then the air enters it , which does presently cause it to contract a h●mid quality , from whence proceeds putrifaction , whereof , when the sun is powerful , this worm is bred , but so long as wood continues sound , and is kept dry , the air having its free influences on it , i affirm , that no sort of wood ever breeds any kind of vermin . . there are many also that attribute the generation of this creature to hogs hair , which being mixed with lime , and houses plaistered with it , does occasion ( say they ) the generation of bugs . now it is most certain , that there is no possibility in nature for this production ; for no kind of hair ever breeds any living creature , except it be put into water or mud when the sun is powerful , and then this creature , thus generated , retains its first species , viz. a hair , with a live head , which was its element from whence it proceeded ; but if you take it out of the water , it presently dies : so also it doth when the sun declines in heat , as most ●orts of vermin that are bred through heat and moisture do . but hair being mixed with lime , all matter of generation is thereby totally destroyed : for lime does chiefly contain a harsh , fiery , keen , sharp , coroding quality ; it is so sharp , that it does destroy all life , and is as contrary to it , as light is to darkness ; the predominant quality in it is the salts nature , from which no living creature can be produced . besides , if there were never so much mater in hair for the generation of such vermin , lime would destroy it ; for in lime there is only a sal-nitral fiery vertue . . if the reasons before-mentioned be not sufficient to convince the ignorant of their erroneous opinions in this particular , then i hope the following one will , which is more familiar to every one . it hath never been krown , that this troublesome vermin was ever seen in ware-houses , kitchins , parlors , dining rooms , or any places were beds have never been , except they have by accident been brought into such rooms or ware-houses , by furniture of chambers that have been troubled with them , though all such places have the same funiture as chambers , except beds . . from the same substance or matter whence bugs are bred , is also occasioned the generation of many nasty diseases in the blood ; so that the destruction of the matter that breeds them , is of greater consequence than most people are sensible of ; and if these following rules be observed , i dare affirm , that the generation of bugs will cease , and also many other inconveniencies and distempers , that are got by this sort of uncleanness , will be avoided . first , you are to destroy all press-bedsteads which stand in corners of rooms , being made up with boards so close , that the air cannot penctrate or dry up and consume the moist sulphurous vapours that are contracted . these sorts of beds that stand so , are apt to have them more than others . also you are to set your other sorts of beds as near as you can in the most airy places of your rooms , exposing them to the air the most part of the day , with your chamber-windows open , that the air may freely pass , which is the most excellent element , that does sweeten all things , and prevents putrifaction . in the night also you ought not to have your window-curtains drawn , nor your curtains that are about your beds ; for it hinders the sweet refreshing influences of the air , so that the air of all close places becomes of a hot sulphurous nature and operation ; the thin pure vapours , which do wonderfully refesh nature , are as it were suffocated : and this preventing the influences of the air , is in an especial manner observable , when people are sick , or out of order ; as though the sweet pleasant air had been the cause of their disease ; such rooms being so very close , with great fires in them , that if a healthy person do but continue three or four hours in them , the fulsom steams and thick vapours will much disorder him , and take away the edge of his appetite : and if so , what will the operation be on those spirits who are weak and disordered with distempers . what is more pleasant and healthful than good air ? it chears and comforts the spirits , it opens the passages of the joynts and nerves ; it purifies the blood , creates an appetite , increasing strength and vigour : but , on the contrary , hot , thick , sulphurous airs do not only obstruct the passages of the spirits , but suffocate them , loading the joynts and nerves with evil juices , whereby the limbs and members become full of pain , causing a general tenderness to possess the whole body , and destroying the appetite , and the power of the digestive faculty in the stomach . also , do not all houses and places grow musty , and contract too great store of moisture , if the air be any way prevented , by window-shutters , or the like , that it cannot have its free egress and regress ? therefore moderate cloathing , hard beds , houses that stand so as that the pleasant b●iezes of wind may air and refresh them , and also houses that are full of windows , are to be preferr'd ; for where the air hath not its free influences , the spirit becomes dull and heav● , this being the true life of the spirit in everything . . now the certain means and way not only to prevent the generation of this vermin , but also to preserve health and strength , are straw , or rather chaff-beds , with ticks of canvas , and quilts made of wooll or flocks , to lay on them ; which certainly is the most easie and pleasant lodging that can be invented : and a little custom will make it appear friendly to nature , and in every respect far beyond the softest feather-beds , on which , when a man lies down , he sinks into them , as into an hole , with banks rising on each side of him ; especially if two lie together , when first they go to bed they lie close , and after a little time , when they begin to be hot or sweat , they are generally willing to lie a little further off , that they may cool themselves , but cannot do it without great difficulty and trouble , by reason of the softness of the bed , and those banks that rise on each side . besides , such soft fea●her-beds do over-heat the reins and back , making all the parts tender , and causing sweatings and many other inconveniencies to attend the body . feather-beds also are nothing so easie as quil●s , after a little time being accustomed to them ; they are also extream fulsom , and by their heat they do powerfully dry up the radical moisture , causing a general faintness to attend the whole body . but , on the contrary , hard , even beds that lie smooth , are not only easie through custom , as is mentioned before ; but a man may turn freely , both sleeping and waking : they harden and strengthen the whole body , especially the back and reins , make the nerves and sinews strong , preventing the immoderate evacuat●ons by sweating , and keeping the body in a temperate heat . b●sides , such beds may be often changed , with but little trouble , and less cost , they send forth no stinking fumes or steams , as feather-beds do ; but are sweet and clean . certainly nothing is more healthy , nex● to temperance in meat and drink , than clean hard beds . . all sorts of beds , especially feather-beds , ought to be changed , driven , or washed , at the least three or four times in a year ; or else it is impossible to keep them sweet and clean , and to prevent the generation of vermin , or the other inconveniences before mentioned . would not every one condemn a man , if he should wear a shirt a year , and lie in sheets seven years ? which if any should do , it would not either endanger his heal●h , or bring half the inconveniencies on his body , as old stinking feather-beds do ; which possibly stunk before ever they were lain on , by reason of the fulsom excrements that the quills of the feathers co●●ain . also feathers do c●●tainly contain an unclean putrified matter , that hath a near affinity with the nature of bugs ; and therefore feather-beds are more apt to bre●d them , than wool , or flocks ; though both will do it , if the forementioned rules be not observed . but if you are not willing , or so lowly-minded , to have straw or chaff-beds under your quilts , then you may have flock - beds , with canvas-tickings , which may be both aired and washed as often as you please , with little trouble and charge . if any shall question the truth of what i have alledged concerning beds , i desire they would please but to try the experiment , by filling a bed with the freshess and cleanest straw or chas● , which will smell very pleasant ; and having so done , let them lie on it half a year , in a corner of a room , as beds generally stand , and then smell to it ; and instead of sending forth a pleasant , scent , as it did at first , it will send sorth a strong , fulsom , musty steam or fume . and if this will do so , what will feathers do , that in the root of nature are unclean fulfom excrements , of a hot strong quality ? therefore they have the greater power not only to attract and suck in to themselves the fulsom excrements that are breathed forth of the body by sweatings , and the like ; but they have also power to retain such evil vapours : and when others come to lie on them , and are throughly hot , it awakens those p●●●icious steams , which often b●ing many inconveniencies on the body . besides , it is very unpleasant to lie in such beds ; a man must always be forced to keep his nose above-board . indeed each man 's own bed does not stink or smell strong to himself , because he is accustomed to it ; neither does a tallow-chandler smell those horrible scents and pernicious fumes that old tallow sends forth when it is melted : but let any other person , that is not accustomed to it , be near such things , and it will be very offensive to him . even so it is in all other stinking trades , and things of this nature : so that the greatest slut in the world does hardly smell her own house or bed stin● : for in man is contained the true nature and property of all things , both of good and evil ; therefore he is both liable and also apt to receive all impressio●s , and to be wrought on by all things he shall either communicate with , or joyn himself to , whether it be cleanness , or the contrary . also by meats , drinks , and communication , all things have power , by a sympathetical operation , to work on man , because he is like unto all , bearing a proportionable nature unto all things . if people did understand this , they would prefer , sobriety and temperance , with cleanness , far beyond what they do ; and then men would not be subject to so many diseases as now they are . . heat and moisture is the root of all putrifaction ; and therefore bugs are bred in summer ; but they live all the winter , though they are not then so troublesome . they harbour in bedsteads , holes , and hangings , nitting and breeding as lice do in clothes : but all men know , that woollen and linnen are not the element of ●ice , but they are bred from the fulsom scents and exrements that are breathed forth from the body . the very same radix have bugs ; and if there be any difference , they are from a higher putrifaction , and therefore they are a more noisom stinking creature . . the whole preservation , of mens health and strength does chiefly reside in the wisdom and temperance of women . therefore the ancient wise men in former ages , did direct and accustom their women to a higher degree of temperance than the men. which customs of sobriety the women of several countries do maintain to this day , as in spain , great part of france , italy , and many great countries under the dominion of the grand seignior . their women do always drink water , their food being for the most part of a mean and simple quality ; and for this reason neither they nor their children are subject to several diseases , which our women and children are . wine and strong drink should be sparingly drunk by women , till they are past child-bearing ; because the frequent and common drinking of strong drinks , does generate various distempers in the female sex , such as are notfit●o be discoursed of in this place , which their children often bring with them into the world. if the seed be good , yet if the ground be bad , it seldom brings forth good fruit. also women are our nurses for fifteen or sixteen years ; and they do not only suffer us to be gluttons , by letting us eat and drink often , of their ill-prepared food , beyond the power of the digestive faculty , and more than the stomach can bear ; but many of them will intice us to gluttony , and some will force their children to eat even against their stomachs , till they cast it up again . now if it be a difficult point for a man of age and experience to observe the necessary rules of temperance , how careful then ought mothers and nurses to be in ordering their children ? a great part of the children that die , especially in towns and cities , is occasioned either by the intemperance of their mothers , during the time they go with child , or afterwards by their unnatural and badly prepared food , and suffering them to eat to excess ; also by their keeping of them too warm , and too close from the air , and lapping of them up in several double clothes and swathes , so tight , that a man may write on them , and then puting them into warm beds , and covering them up close . if a strong man was so bound up , he could not endure it , without great injury unto his health . besides , the window-curtains are drawn , and also the curtains about the bed ; by which means the air becomes so hot , and sulphurous , that it causes great disorders to attend both the mothers and the children . this ill kind of management does also cause such a tenderness both in the mother and the child , that on every small occasion they are liable and apt to get colds , and divers other distempers . also women have the entire management of all things that concern our healths , during the whole time of our lives ; they prepare and dress our food , and order all things in our houses , both for bed and board . there is not one man of a hundred that understands or takes any notice whether his food be well prepared or not ; and if his bed stinks , he is used to it , and so counts it all well . mens time and study is chiefly taken up about getting a livelihood , and providing things necessary for themselves and families ; so that there is not one among a thousand that understands any thing what belongs to the preservation of his health : whatever the women do and say touching the preparation of food , and other ordering of families for health , most men believe , not making the least scruple or question of the truth thereof . and well they may : for the chiefest doctors of our times do bow before them , and are altogether as subject to the rules and directions of women , as other men. where are your doctors that teach men sobriety in their lives , or the proper and natural way of preparing meats fit for the stomach ? which of them adviseth against the evil custom of keeping their chambers so over hot , when people are sick , and in the time of womens lying in child-bed ? why do they not advise them not to have their curtains so close drawn , both before their windows an● beds , insomuch that they are often times in a manner suffocated for want of the fresh air ? for , i affirm , that all sorts of people that do keep their beds , let the occasion be what it will , have ten-fold more need of the refreshing influences of the air , than others that are up : for , the bed being much hotter than a man's garments are when he is up , the thin , refreshing , moist vap●urs , that do penetrate the whole body more powerfully when a man is up , are thereby hindered . this is one chief reason why a man cannot digest a supper so well in bed , as if he sits up . all men know , that the bed destroys app●tice , if a man go to bed a● eight a clock , and lies till eight in the morning , he shall not be hungry ; but it he goes to bed at the same time , and rises at four in the morning , though he s●s still without action , yet by eight he shall have a good stomach to eat and drink ; so great is the power of the air : for when a man is up , his body is cool , and the pure spir●s and thin moist vapours of the air have power to penetrate the body ; which element the body sucks in like a spunge thorow the pores ; and this doe not only cool and refresh ●he spirits and the whole body , but also powerfully strengthens the action of the stomach . but i pity the young children most , who are so tender , and of so delicate a nature , both in their body and spirits , that every disorder does wound them to the very heart . nothing is more grateful and refreshing to them , than the pleasant air : it comforts their spirits , and cau●eth a free circulation of the blood and radical moisture , begets appetite , and makes them grow in strength : but , on the contrary , hot sulphurous airs , with great fires , and warm clothing , do not only hinder the circulation of the blood , but suffocate the spirits , and destroy the appetite , causing an unnatural heat to possess the whole body ; whence does proceed various disorders and diseases , making them to cry , and be very froward . also close bindings , and over-warm clothings , and thick hot airs , do oft in weak-spirited children cause convulsions , vapours , and fumes to fly into the head , sometimes occasioning vomitting , which people call windy diseases . again , the food of most children , of late years , is so enriched with west and east-india ingredients , that is , with sugar and spices , that thereby their food becomes so hot in operation , that it does not only breed too much nourishment , which generates obstructions and stoppages , but it heats the body , drying up and consuming the radical moisture , and infecting the blood with a sharp fretting humour , which in some complexions and constitutions causeth languishing diseases , contracting the breast and vessels of the stomach , and hindering the passages of the spirits , so that the joynts and nerves become weak and feeble ; in others , with the help of bad diet , and other uncleanliness , does cause botches , boils , and various sorts of leprous diseases . also many that have wherewithal , will frequently give their children sack , strong drinks , and fat meats , as long as they will eat , which is abominable , and absolutely contrary to the nature of children . there are a hundred other disorders and intemperances that many mothers and ignorant nurses affect their children with , which i have no room in this place to discourse of : therefore i commend unto the women milk that is raw , only made so hot as the mothers or nurses milk is when the child socks it ; and sometimes milk and flower boyled together , giving it the ch●ld about t●e warmness of breast-milk ; and indeed , neither children nor others others ought to eat any food hotter . also no children ought to drink any kind of strong drink : i could commend water , as the most wholesom ; but it being contrary to our custom , ordinary beer may do well , or rather small ale. if women did understand but the hundredth part of the evils and diseases those indulging and intemperate ways do bring both to themselves and children , they would quickly be of my mind ; which i never expect ; they are too wise . chap. iii. a short discourse of th● pain in the teeth , shewing from what cause it does chiefly proceed , and also how to pr●v●nt it . the terrible pains and diseases of the teeth do chiefly proceed from two causes . the first is from certain filthy phlegmy matter which the stomach and vessels do continually breathe and send forth , which does lodge or center in the mouth , especially b●tween the teeth , and on the gums , and some people having fouler stomachs than others , such do breathe forth very sowr , stinky , phlegmy matter , which does not only increase the pain , but causeth the teeth to b●come loose and rotten : and for what of continual cleansing and washing , those breathings and this phlegmy matter turns to purifaction , which does eat away the gums , as though worms had eaten them : and this de●ect is generally attributed to the disease called the scurvey : but it is a mistake : the cause is chiefly , as is mentioned before , from the stomach , or for want of cleansings . . this distemper of the teeth and gums does also proceed from the various sorts of meats and drinks , and more especially from the continual eating of flesh , and fat sweet things , compounded of various things of disagreeing natures , which do not only obstruct the stomach , but fur and fo●l the mouth , part thereof remaining upon the gums , and between the teeth . for all such things do quickly turn to putrifaction , which does by degrees corrupt both the teeth and gums . besides , our beds take up near half the time of our lives , which time the body is not only without motion , butt he bed and coverings do keep it much hotter than the day-garments , especially of those that draw the curtains of their windows & beds so close , that the pure spirits and thin refreshing vapours of the air , are hindered of having their free egress and regress , which does dull & flatten the action of the stomach ; and this is the chief cause why suppers lie hard in the stomach , and require more than double the time for perfect concoction , than the same food does when a man is up , and in the open air : for this element , if it hath its free influences , is sucked in , as by spunges , through all the pores of the body , and does wonderfully refresh , comfort , open , and cleanse all the parts , having power to assist and help concoction : but hot , dull , thick airs do destroy the action of the stomach , and as it were suffocate the pure spirits , drying up and consuming the radical moisture . therefore the night does foul the mouth more than the day , furring it with a gross slimy matter , especially those that have foul stomachs , are in years , which ought to be well cleansed every morning . . whatsoever are the disorders in the body , the mouth doth always partake of them , besides the evils that the variety of food , and the improper mixtures of flesh and fish , and many other things , which do foul and hurt both the teeth and gums . when any person is disordered with inward diseases , does not the mouth quickly complain of the evils thereof ? this very few do consider in time . . it is to be noted , that most people do attribute the diseases of the teeth to colds , and rheumes , and other outward accidents . it is true , outward accidents will further thi●disease , but then there must be matter before hand , otherwise outward colds can have no power to cause this pain . the same is to be understood in all stoppages of the breast , and other obstructions , as coughs , and the like . for , if any part be obstructed , or there be matter for distemper , then , on every small occasion of outward colds , or the like accidents , nature complains . if your teeth and gums be sound , and free from this ma●ter , take what colds you will , and your teeth will never complain , as daily experience doth shew . for all outward colds , and o●her accidents of the like nature , have no power to seise any part of the body , except first there be some inward defect or i●fi●mity : suppose the teeth be defective , then the disease falls on that part ; or if it be the head , eyes , breast , back , or any other part or member of the body , that is obstructed , the evil is felt in that part. therefore if the mouth be kept clean by continual washings , it will prevent all matter which may cause putrifaction ; and then colds , and the like accidents , will have no power to seise this part , or cause this terrible pain . even so it is in all other parts of the b●dy . if temperance and sobriety be observed in meats , drinks , and exercises , with other circumstances belonging to health , then stoppages , coughs , colds , and other obstructions , would not be so frequent on every small occasion : for temperance has an inward power and operation , and does as it were cut off diseases in the very bud , preventing the generation of matter whence distempers do proceed , increasing the radical moisture , and making the spirits lively , brisk and powerful , able to withstand all outward colds , and other casualties of the like nature . . there are many various things , of divers natures , prescribed by physicians , and others , as washes to preserve the teeth and gums ; but most of them , if not all , to little or no purpose , as daily experience teaches : for all high , sharp salts , and things of a sowr or keen nature , do rather cause the teeth to perish , than the contrary ; as do all hot spirits , be they what they will : many have destroyed their teeth by the frequent use of such things , and it hath hardly ever been known that any such things have ever cured or prevented the aking pains of the teeth , but water only . many examples i could mention , if it were convenient . physicians , and other , do daily prescribe such things for the cure and prevention of this disease of the teeth , which most of them do know by experience can do no good , but rather the contrary : but when people come to them , they must give them something for their money ; for interest and ignorance have more affinity with this sort of people , than virtue and the true knowledge of the nature of things . most certain it is , that the shepherd and husbandman do know far better how to prepare their meat for their cattel , and also how to preserve them from disorders , than many physicians do their food or physick : and a man shall understand more by conversing with some of this sort of people , than with the learned : for the shepherd and husbandman understand something of nature ; but most of the learned are departed from the simple ways of god in nature , putting out their own eyes , and then boasting what wonders they can see with other mens : they have invented many words to hide the truth for the unearned , that they may get the greater esteem . this has chiefly been done to advance pride and interest ; so that the divine eye is departed from many of them , who never make any inspection into the true nature of things , being contented to take other mens words , let it be right or wrong , as long as they have authority and law on their sides , wherefore should they trouble their weak heads ? . the best and most sure way to prevent the diseases and pains in the teeth and gums , is every morning to wash your mouth with a● the least ten or twelve mouthfuls of pure water , cold from the spring or river , and so again after dinner and supper , swallowing down a mouthful of water after each washing : for there is no sort of liquor in the world to pure & clean as water ; and nothing doth cleanse and free the teeth and gums from that foul matter which does proceed from the breathings and purgings of the stomach , and from the various sorts of food , so well as water : the use of other washes is to little or no purpose ; but whosoever do constantly wash their mouths wi●h water , as is before mentioned , shall find an essential remedy . all hard rubbing and picking of the teeth ought by any means to be avoided , for that is injurious to them . also whensoever you find your mouth foul , or subject to be slimy , as sometimes it will more than an at others , according to the good or evil state of the stomach , though it be not after eating ; at all such times you ought to wash your mouth . this rule all mothers and nurses ought to observe , washing the mouths of their c●ildren two or three times a day ; and also to cause their children to swallow down a little water , which will be very refreshing to their stomachs : for milk does naturally foul and ●ur the mouth and teeth ; and if they be not kept clean by continual washing , it causes the breeding of childrens teeth to be the more painful to t●em . . to keep your teeth white , one of the best things is a iece of a china dish , or a piece of a fine dutch earthen dish , made into fine power , and the teeth rubbed with it . . few there be that understand or consider the excellent vertues of water , it being an e●ement of a mild and cleansing nature and operation friendly unto all things , and of universal use : but because it is so common , and so easily procured , i am afraid that many people will be like naaman the syrian , when the prophet elisha advised him to wash seven times in the river of jordan to cure his leprosie ; it being the ignorance and folly of most people , to admire those things they do not know ; and , on the other side , to despise and trample under foot thos● things and mysteries they do know ; which the learned in all ages have taken notice of : for , should some people know what apothecaries and other give them , they would depise the physick , and have but little respect for their doctor . all housewives do know , that no sort of liquor , be it what it will , will cleanse and sweeten their vessels , but only water ; all other liquors leaving a sowr stinking quality bekind them , which will quickly cause putrifaction : but water in its own nature is clean and pure , not only for all uses in housewifery , and the preservation of health ; but the saints and holy men of god have highly esteemed this element , by using it in the exterior acts of divine worship , as having a simile with the eternal water of life , that does puri●i●s and cleanse the soul from sin . chap. iv. observations on the frost , an. . the present wonderful frost , which is the general theme of discourse , and under the ●ad effects whereof so many thousands of poor creatures shiver and pine , and ●anguish ; began about the midst of december , . at first by mean and ordinary degrees , but towards christmas became very sharp ; the week of ianuary , the river of thames was so frozen , that people began to walk over ; on monday ianuary the th , on the change of the moon in aquary , there were expectations , and some likelihood of a thaw ; but presently after it froze more violently , and on the th and th in the morning , a coach plyed between the temple and the old barge-house ; yet towards night the th ( the moon having been in opposition to iupiter ) it thaw'd a little ; and the th and th was fine gentle weather , yet not much thawing ; the wind continuing still at north east : on the th it froze again briskly , till the th , when a great snow fell ; the th high , most sharp , and piercing winds , and on d the air was more severely piercing than ever , and more snow fell ; and being the first day of the term , coaches ply'd at the temple-stairs , and carry'd the lawyers to westminster on the ice ; and thence forwards the same continued , and whole streets of sheds every where built on the thames , thousands passing , buying , selling , drinking , and revelling , ( i wish i could not say on the lord's day too ) and most sorts of trades-shops on the ice , ( and amongst the rest a printing-house there erected ) balls baited , and thousands of spectators ; all which still continues at the writing hereof , being ianuary the th ●● . nay , below the bridge , hundreds dal●y pass ; the river humber ( as i am credibly informed ) where 't is several miles broad , is frozen over , and vast flakes of ice are seen floating in the downs , of divers miles in length , and proportionable breadth . as for coelestial causes of this unusual coldness , though undoubtedly they were not wanting ( for god generally governs inferiors by superiors ) yet i find not that any of our common pretenders had the least apprehension , or gave any hints thereof . not that i wholly explode astrology ; i b●lieve there is something in it , and that it may not be unfit for a wi●e and modest. man to s●udy : but our annual prognosticators are generally men of little learning , and less philosophy , and ( what is worse ) many times very irregular in their lives ; the god of purity , who communicates his secrets to those that fear him , illuminates not debauchees , sordid flatterers , and time-servers , ( whose whole end is to make a noise , and cheat people of their money ) with the knowledge of supernal mysteries ; nor can it be expected , that those who neither know things past , by history , nor take notice of things present , by any steady judicious observation , should yet fore●ee things to come . whether from any of the late tripple conjunctions of the two superior planets , saturn and iupiter , or from some of the late unusual frequent comets , particularly the last in august , . which in twenty days with a rapid motion , making its appearance in leo , hurried through all the signs virgo and libra , and disappear'd in scorpio . a sagacious artist might not have given some items of this strange weather , i will not determine : but if comets be only ( according to aristotles notion , which i question ) hot and dry exhalations drawn up from the earth , it would not be difficult to judge that severe colds should ensue here below : for extreams in nature , if they are not causes , are at least fore-runners of their contraries ; nor have there wanted grand configurations of the superior bodies ; during the time of this violent frost , as a trine of the sun and iupiter , an opposition of saturn and mars . but leaving the disquisition of these to the curious , having not room to inlarge here , upon them ; i hasten to satisfie the common reader with an historical review of former occurrences of this kind ; which may check that vulgar cry of ignorance , that never , o never was known the like . livy in his fifth book tells us of a winter so hard , that the river tyber was frozen over , a matter very strange in such a climate as italy . in the year . the adriatick sea was so frozen , that the venetians went over the ice thereof with carts . zon●rus assures us that in the reign of that emperor constantine ( who for a nasty reason in his christning , was called copronimus ) about the year . the pontick sea was so congealed , that people for many miles travelled it on foot : and horses and carts loaden , passed over the fretum , or narrow part of it ; but withal he adds , that the summer following was so excessive hot and dry , that great rivers and most fountains were wholly dry'd up , and people and cattel perished for want of water . in the year . the greatest rivers of europe , as the rhine , the danubius , the elb , and the sein , were so incrusted with ice , that for the space of above days , carriages freely passed along on them , as on the land. but to look nearer home — in the year of our lord . and th year of k. edward the d , a frost lasted from the midst of september to the month of april ; but though so tedious , the cold was nothing so intense or violent as now . in the th year of the reign of k. henry the eighth , after great rains and winds , there followed so sore a frost , that many died for cold , and some lost fingers , some toes , and many their nails : ( i follow the very words of sir r. baker , fol. . ) the same author tells us . that in the seventh year of q. elizabeth , on the . of december , began a frost so extream , that on new-years-day even , people passed over the thames on foot , some plaid at foot-ball , some shot at pricks , as if it had been firm ground ; yet this great frost , the third of ianuary at night , began to thaw ; and by the fifth day , there was no ice to be seen , but great inundations followed . in the year . ( which 't is not impossible , but some living might remember , being but years ago ) a frost began in december , which continued till april following , with such violence , that the thames was so frozen , that carts loaden were frequently driven over it , most fowls and birds were destroyed . in the year . was another frost , which rendred the thames passable ; so in the year . immediately followed by the great sickness ; and the like towards the latter end of the year , . some of the consequences of these extream frosts , i have mentioned , more i might , all are not convenient ; those that consult chronology , may ea●ily satisfie themselves , ; a man may soon err in assigning effects to such or such particular causes , or adapting events to signnificators ; modesty is the first lesson in wisdoms school . therefore as we have been studious in matter of fact , past ; but sparing as to sequels ; so we shall retain the same becoming tenderness as to futures ; wherein we shall steer our course rather by the guidance of nature in her usual operations here below , than by curious researches into remoter influential causes above ; though not neglecting them neither , for the universe is intire , harmonical , and sympath●tical ; and he that does not competently understand the right tone of the whole , and the true key of every part , will make but bad musick wherever he lays his clumsy fingers . first then i say , this extremity of cold presages many calamities and evils to attend mankind , and the rest of their fellow-creatures ; for as the innocent inhabitants of the air , or expanded suburbs of heaven , viz. birds and fowls , are endangered by the elements denying their usual benefits and provisions ( wherein another fourth part of the creation , viz. fishes , are somewhat concern'd ) so degraded man , taking advantage of this cruel weather , does for profit , or pleasure , or vanity , destroy many thousands of them : now this great destruction of them , is but a forerunner of mortality amongst creatures of greater value , and even of men themselves . would you know the reason ? i told you but now , universal nature is sympathetical . dly . this immoderate cold locks up the pores of mens bodies , and drives the natural heat more central , which occasions great appetite and draught , whence follows much and excessive eating and drinking of gross , fat , succulent foods , and strong drinks ; in all that have wherewithal to procure them ; which the voracious desires do at present seem able to bear and digest , yet really nature is not able to do it , and so by degrees there are seeds sown and foundations laid for diseases . on the other hand , amongst the poor , necessity of feeding on unfit and unusual viands , for their support at present , or defect of due nourishment , must to them do as much mischief ; for want is as great ( though i think not so common ) an enemy to nature , as superfluity ; the way to prevent these mischiefs , is , for the rich to observe sobriety and temperance , and for the poor to use discretion in their diet , for a pint of milk with a quarter of a pint of water , thickened with one spoonful of flower , and heated just to boyling , and then putting into it a few crums of bread , ( all which will not cost above a penny ) shall give any person as nourishing a meal as the best surloyn of beef or capon . i mention not this to prevent benevolences towards the poor , which all that are able are bound to afford , but only to advise them how to supply themselves when they meet not with other accomodations , but find rich mens charity more frozen than the thames . dly . this excessive frost condenses the air , and renders it sulphurous and unhealthy , especially in such cities as london , where sea-coals are generally used for firing , and most people ( especially women ) creep close to those fulsom fires , without using themselves to proper exercises , whereby their blood stagnates , and becomes thick and foul , whence are generated the scurvey , stoppages of the breast , coughs and shortness of breath ; the ill effects whereof will more manifest themselves next spring and summer . thly . this disharmony and inequality of the elements , portends a dry hot summer to ensue , for all extreams ( as before observed ) produce their contraries , which will not only encrease distempers , but i fear some epidemical disease , and it is also a forerunner of dearth and scarcity , and the latter , is the more to be apprehended , because we have had several plentiful and fruit. ful years , and very few of us ( scarce any ) have improved them to that end , for which they were given us by the lord , and his hand-maid nature ; but most that abound in plenty , have gratified their lusts and passions , and such as have not had wherewith to commit the same intemperances in act , have done it in their wills and desires ; and shall not our god visit us for these and other crying abominations , daily exhaled from our polluted streets and dwellings ? i will not take upon me to aver a plague or scarcity shall be the next year , iehov●h the all-wise , is the limiter of times and seasons for extraordinary judgments : but i may say , that probably , according to the prospect of natural causes , such calamities seem not far off , and 't will concern every man living to prepare for it . qui sapit ille animum fortunae preparat omni , — praevisumque potest , arte ▪ levare malum iuvare bonum . a wise man sits his mind for every chance , and whilst he doth in virtues paths advance , each promis'd good encreaseth by his skill , and kindly lessens every threatned ill , but to proceed . great and no less just are the cries of the poor , in such a sharp and pinching season as this ; for few of them have the opportnity , or at least the prudence and fore-sight , to lay up any thing to support them in necessitous times , how many thousands of very many trades about this populous cities , and elsewhere , cannot now possibly follow their callings , or get any thing whereby to sustain themselves and perishing families with bread ? and can you , whom god has but intrusted with plentiful estates , gorge your selves with over-charged tables even to a surfeit , and riot with excessive bottles of wine , whilst your brethren thus languish and die for want of necessaries ? can you but think that god at such a juncture calls upon you for his quit-rent , out of those vast revenu●s which you hold meerly by the tenure of his free and undeserved gift ? great and truly royal has our gracious soveraigns bounty and charity shew'd it self on this occasion , as well by bestowing a considerable summ himself , as commanding the officers of every parish to importune the charity of all able inhabitants . pursuant to this great and generous example , methinks all you that are loyal subjects , and would be thought good christians , should be forward to contribute to the common necessities ; and what if you should resolve for one day in a week , ( at least during such a hard time ) to restrain your selves from large eating and set meals , and wholly on that day forbear bibbing of wine and strong liquors ( i dare promise you , it shall be never the worse for your health , but the better , as also for your business ) and imploy what you so save , in charitable uses to the relief of the poor ? such a thing has been done on a worse occasion within our memory , and therefore is not impracticable . by this only means within londons bills of mortality , might easily be raised twenty thousand pounds a week for the poor ; and no man a farthing the worse , but even in his estate the better ( and much more in his health , which is more valuable than the greatest estate in christendom ) for without dispute there are within that circuit more than an hundred thousand families , whose dinners each day cost them ( one with another ) more than three shillings each , i mean e●tra●agantly , in flesh , fowls or fish , when a little bread and cheese , milk or the like , might as well ( nay i am sure would better ) for once at least in a week , supply nature : now one hundred thousand three shillings is fifteen thousand pound ; and then 't is not to be doubted ( since in this age generally more is spent in drink , than victuals ) but that there are above one hundred thousand persons that daily lavish away above twelve pence a day in wine , brandy , ale , or some strong liquors , which they forbearing but for one day in a week , and bestowing as aforesaid , thereby might be raised 〈◊〉 thousand pounds more , and so in the whole twenty thousand pounds a week , which justly distributed , would bravely supply fourscore thousand families , at five shillings a week a piece , or afford an hundred and threescore thousand poor people half a crown a piece every week . and will you suffer such a number of souls to perish , for want , rather than abridge your wanton palates , and insatia●e paunches of unnecessary , nay pernicious danties , one only day in a week ? look up , thou so●tish epicure , that denyest it ; and call thy self christian hence forward , if thou darest . chap. v. christmas-contemplations : or , some considerations touching the due keeping of that solemn festival . as likewise of several irregularities therein too frequently practised . at this time when most people supersede themselves from the common drudgery of business ; and yet too many are far worse imployed than in the ordinary duties of their callings ; i thought i could scarce better spend a few 〈◊〉 hours , than in serious 〈◊〉 on that subject , and drawing up some 〈◊〉 remarks that may 〈…〉 of such 〈…〉 them to repentance and amendment , who have already ( perhaps rather through inadvertency , and compliance with vain custom , than any wilful depravity ) been guilty thereof . in this disquisition my thoughts have chiefly centered on three particulars . . the grounds and proper end of keeping this festival . . the abuses and prophanations thereof . . some directions how better to observe it for the future . though i do not find any express precept in the evangelical or apostol●●●l writings , for the observation of this , or any other stated festivals ; yet since in the old testament , the like were instituted by god himself , and since great deliverances require expressions of more than ordinary gratitude , and signal mercies deserve to be celebrated with perpetual commemorations , i am far from that narrow morose humour of condemning simply , the setting apart this time to the happy remembrance of the most unspeakable loving kindness that god ever did , or indeed could do the sinful world ; but since 't is requir'd that all things be done to edification , and that he that keepeth a day , should keep it to the lord , i would wish it might be kept in some respect suitable to the dignity of the occasion . it is taken for granted by most professing the christian name , that at , or about this season of the year , the ever blessed creator of all things , of his infinite goodness and clemency , in pursuance of that gracious promise , that the seed of the woman should●break the serpents head , was pleased to send his well beloved son , the principle of light and love , into the world , to be manifested in the humane nature ; that thereby , and by his excellent doctrine and perfect example , and especially his most meritorious passion , that he might put the sons and daughters of men into a capacity of escaping that fierce wrath and condemnation , which they had justly rendred themselves obnoxious unto . now if we would rightly commemorate this mighty mercy and glorious work , ( so profound and abstruse , that the very angels are said to be desirous to pry and penetrate thereinto , as a matter of the greatest wisdom and wonder , how can it be more fitly done , than by serious reflections on the woful d●genera●y of man , whereby he that was made little lower than the angels , had by transgression depressed himself far below the beasts that perish ? how better , than by admiring infinite divine love in sending of christ , and his exceeding readiness for the loss of man , to undertake that blessed work ; so as to descend from the regions of glory , and cloath himself in our vile flesh , and suffer all kind of indignities ? and particularly should not we be affected with the mean and lowly manner of his appearance , the meekness , temperance , purity , and patience of his whole life and death ; and heartily endeavour to imitate him therein . for , tho' he was the maker , and consequently the owner and sovereign lord of the world , yet he came into it in the form of a servant . not according to the vain expectations of the iews , or fashions of haughty princes . his blessed mother and reputed father were persons but of mean condition , as to outward splendor ; nor could they , after a weary journey , get room in the inn. the grandeur of this apostumated world did not agree with the humble regenerating power and son of god ; for man had much more estranged himself from his ancient state , than the beasts had done from theirs ; for they continued still under the guidance of their original law , and therefore void of offence ; but man , who was made to live in and under the son 's holy innocent power , entered with his harsh will into wrath , fierceness , oppression , cruelty , violence , and all kinds of intemperance and devilishness , far beyond any thing of beastiality ; therefore divine goodness was pleased to be as it were at first an inmate with , or companion to the innocent bruits ; and that the poor carpenter's spouse , his blessed virgin mother , should be delivered of the king of glory in a stall or stable , where she had no stately rooms hung with arras , or cloth of tissue ; no damask curtains , nor gaudy quilts , nor down beds , nor delicate fine linnen ; nor a confectioners shop of variety of sweet meats ; nor was she accommodated with a multitude of nurses , rockers , or tenders ; or furnisht with wines or costly cordials , the inventions of splendid luxury , rather than assistants of natural necessity . this blessed amongst women , had in all probability , no better bed than might be made of hay or straw , since her sacred babe was contented with a manger for his cradle ; how mean and poor and despicable does this appear to eyes meerly humane , when compar'd with the gallantry , magnificence , vast preparations , numerous attendants , and all kind of excess , now commonly practis'd on such occasions ! yet will all or most men confess with their mouths , that this meek and humble president was used by the lord to draw man back out of pride , wrath and vanity , into regeneration , self denial , and his antient innocent estate ; but notwithstanding all such verbal acknowledgments , i must , ( if we may judge of trees by their fruits ) take leave to tell them , that they do utter lyes in hypocrisy ; and that they do not in their hearts believe it , because all their practises are diametrically opposite thereunto ; as was manifest by king herod , who was a prince in the wrath , and all such ever did , do , and will use all their utmost subtilty and diligence to destroy and kill the humble , lowly , meek child of love and light , which is the true regenerating power of god. again , the declaration or manifestation of this blessed birth was made by troops of angels to certain shepherds , as they were tending their flocks in the field ; who are a sort of people regarded by the pride and grandeur of the world , as mean , base and contemptible , unmeet for the conversation of persons of quality . and why to such is the happy news first communicated ? was it not because such persons do live nearer to , and more under the government of the holy power and divine light ? for have not all the great and wonderful overt res and gled tidings of salvation been principally made to , and in poor lowly minded men and women ? therefore our lord gives his father thanks , that he had hid the holy mysteries from the high and the learned , and had revealed them unto babes . and suitable to such objects , all the manifestations of god , and teachings of good men , have been in an humble child-like way , both their doctrine and practice being to lead people into humility , temperance , cleanness , self-denial , and resignation , which are true paths of regeneration . consider these things , o all you that vainly live in the outward observation of days and times , and yet neglect and despite the true ends and offices of such celebrations , lest you be ●ound like those hypocrites of old , who pretended to honour the sepulchres of the holy antients , but were ready to stone all such as lived in the spirit and practise of their virtues . for in the second place , let us consider after what sort this solemnity is kept now a days by the generallity of those that profess themselves christians : is it not become a matter of meer formality amongst such as would be countted the best , and of debanchery amongst the most of them ? rather as a feast to b●●chus , or some gluttonous pagan idol ; than as a sober religious commemoration of the incarnation of the holy and blessed iesus ? as if to honour christ's birth , were to renounce all the fundamental rules of christianity ? for what exc●ss of riot , un●leanness , prophaneness , intemperancies in meats , drinks , words and works , with all kind of superfluity of naughtiness , do the greater number of people not commit in these days ▪ which yet they call holy ) to the ruine of their souls , bodies and estates , without so much as giving themselves the leisure once to think or consider why the pious ant●ents thought it convenient they should be celebrated ? since no doubt it was , in the beginning , performed with great devotion , sobriety , prayer , and works of mercy , not of riot and superfluity . whereas now how few are there amongst us , who esteem our selves good christians , yet do not at this very season , more than any other time , let loose the reins to all licentiousness ? pampering our bodies to the s●arving of our souls , ●ating to superfluity , if not to sur●eit ; and drinking to ex●ess , if not down-right drunkenness ? entaining our selves ( like the rich glutton in the gospel ) with tables not only full-spread , but over-charg'd with heaps of high rich compounded foods , and variety of strong cordial drinks ; whilst multitudes of our poor neighbours want bread , and almost all the necessaries of humane life . we may flatter our selves with hospitality and charity , but generally it is either misplac'd or ill measur'd ; bestow'd on objects that need it not , or in such a vast profusion at once , as altogether abates its value , and renders it much more a crime than a virtue , and rather a temptation than a relief . is it not a frequent custom to invite the rich , and such as can invite you again ; which he for whose sake you keep this time , does expresly forbid ? and if a great man , or one you hope to get by , comes to your house to trifle away precious time in vain discourses , play , or lewd games , will you not treat him in a courteous manner , with the choifest foods and liquors you can get , and think you have not made him welcome , or discharg'd the part of a free house●keeper , if you do not persuade him to eat and drink beyond the power , as well as necessities of nature ? but when the poor neighbours , ( whom christ came to save as well as the others ) knock at the door , you either pretend you have nothing for them , or else assign them the worst and coursest fare ; ( a sorry pittance of bull-beef , or a little parboil'd meat , out of which you have extracted all the nutritive virtue to inrich your plum pottage ) even such as the proud wives and miniking daughters would scarce offer to their negro nos'd dogs , that are their table and lap companions , tho' one of the most ravenous and uncleanest creatures in nature . and indeed since man's degeneration , he delights much in the converse and company of the worst and vilest of animals , especially of such as are capable of being made , by his wicked industry , his butchers to hunt , tear , worry and torment the other creatures of greater value and innocency ; which is accasioned by simile , because himself is departed from innocence into wrath and fierceness . for the same reason , the rich and proud cannot endure the cries , or conversation of the poor and humble , and therefore rarely visit , or willingly admit them into their presence ; and when they crave an alms , will presently , like churlish nabals , reproach them as idle persons , that spend their money and time in ale-houses or drinking of brandy ; when in truth this reproof is not so much for admonishment , as to excuse your felves from giving them relief , and so at once saveboth your mon●y and your credit , as the proverb hath it ; tho' at the same time you your selves set them the worst examples , by wallowing in all kind of excess , intemperance , and waste of the good creatures of god ; and what is all this but vile hypocrisy ? if idle expence of time , and unnecessary tippling be so great a crime as renders men unworthy of common mercies , why do you practice it ? if you indulge your selves therein , why do you upbraid these poor creatures , that have far greater temptations thereunto ? it may reasonably be supposed , that scarce less than an hundred thousand pounds has excused the city of london and suburhs , in unjustifiable expences and superfluity this very christmas ; and if so , what vast sums may have been consumed in the nation ? how common is it at such times , especially , for a man to be almost jostled down , or otherwise abused by drunken men and boys , and to have his ears bor'd , and the air infected , and the streets polluted , with vollies of horrid oaths curses , execrations and blasphemies . o foolish people ! bethink your selves , & turn from these and the like ungodly vanities and abominations , and observe this time , and all other the short moments of your fleeting lives , to the ends for which the one was instituted , and the other lent you ; consider how uneasie and dreadfully prejudicial these courses will prove both to soul and body at the last audit ; how incapable they render you of answering the great ends for which you were created and sent into the world. let every one remember that he is but a steward here , and if god has given him a benjamin's portion , more than is needful for himself and family ( as many thousands have ) then it is his duty to improve the same by shewing mercy ●o all , and to distribute to the needy , the fatherless , and the widow in special manner , for with such sacrifices is our heavenly father well pleased ; nothing being capable of rendring us so like our maker as mercifulness , and deeds of charity ; for he makes his sun to shine on the just and unjust , and the fructifying dews of his upper chambers to fall with equality ; and affords his great and noble elements , viz , the earth , the water , and the air , with all their numberless productions , to all creatures , without respect of persons or things . therefore we are not to think our selves excused from doing good , and relieving necessitous persons , though pehhaps they have not improved their time and talents to the best advantage ; but rather from thence reflect what vain and unprofitable servants we have been our selves , and how unworthy of any of those mercies we enjoy . and the better to accomplish and render us capable of discharging these necessary duties , let all that would be good christians in earnest , betake themselves to the good and wholsome rules of sobri●ty , temperance , cleanness and order , in meats and drinks , which will not only make them more able to contribute to the necessities of their poor neighbours , but preserve their bodies and spirits sound , vigorous , healthful , and prompt to all good actions ; a sober , or irregular diet , having far greater power , not only on the corporeal parts , but also on the mind it self , to improve or weaken it , than most in our days imagine . did not our fore-fathers live to wonderful ages in perfect health , whilst their foods were simple and innocent , consisting chiefly ( if not wholly , as before the flood ) of herbs , fruits and grains , with pure water for drink , which of a●l other is most natural ; those holy patriarchs did not live by slaughter and violence , nor make their stomachs the burial places of dead bodies ; nor did they ransack the furthest corners of the earth for dainties . their provision was innocent and simple , cheap and ready at hand , whereby they became able ( as fire is quencht by withdrawing of fuel ) to check and regulate the extravagant motions of the mind and insurrections of the flesh. hence some of the antients have delivered it as a maxime , that none could understand god and his wonderful works , or enjoy health and long life , but those that abstain from flesh , wine , and vices ; bounding their desires according to the ends and necessities of nature ; not for insatiate appetite , or vain customs ; for were uncleanness and intemperance reigns , the soul is so subjected to a gross unweildy and polluted body , that it cannot discern things coelestial ; but sobriety and purity renders it the temple of god , wherein his blessed spirit delights to dwell and communicate his gifts and graces , so that where we see temperance and abstinence , we may justly expect a concatenation of all other virtues ; because there no superfluous matter is bred that may clog the organs of the body , or render them indisposed for the operations of the soul ; nor can the manifold benefits and advantages thereby acrewing , be conceived or understood by any but those only , that have abandon'd riot and superfluity ; for nothing but personal practise and perseverance therein , can make a man a competent judge in this matter , which i seriously recommended to all that would enjoy health of body or mind . for the power of temperance and sobriety proceeds from an inward principle , and they endow their observers with the riches both of time and eternity , making us truly sensible of god's blessings . the full stomach loaths ho - ( figuratively put for the choicest and most delicate foods ) but to the hungry every bitter ▪ thing is sweet , saith the wise king. how pleasant , how relishing , how refreshing is every man's dish of food , to the sober mind , and well prepared stomach ! and how ready are such men to give the lord thanks and humble acknowledgments for the least of his mercies , because they see , feel , and taste the most pleasant operation of the divine hand in all things ; their bodies are both sustained and delighted with the coursest fare , their minds satisfied , their beds easie , their sleep sound ; they are not tortured with gouts , nor drowned with dropsies , nor burnt up with feavers ; their heads are not dulled with fumes , nor their stomachs oppressed with fainting fits , nor windy griping humours ; but they rise fresh as the morning-sun , and chearful as the early lark , soaring aloft towards heaven ; and on the wings of love and gratitude , chaunt forth anthems of praise to their adorable creator . for they are equally fit for exercises either corporeal or spiritual ; their fountain of life , natures balsamick oyl , the radical moisture flows freely thro' every part , like a pleasant breeze of wind that moderates the central fires , that they burn not too violently . for these reasons the wise and prudent in all ages have zealously courted temperance , abstinence , and cleanness , as their best guides and companions ; they abate extravagant desires , because a small matter will suffice a regular appetite ; they resist pride , covetousness , and vain-glory , and are the only friends or proper nurses to charity . they punish not the body with excessive labour , and at the same time ease the mind of distracting cares ; for what need they scrape , contend , or take thought for much , when they know how little will fully and comfortably supply all their real wants ? to do good and communicate of those gifts which god has intrusted us with , is one of the most fundamental precepts in the gospel , since nothing renders us more like our maker ; for he gives all things freely , and receives nothing , and likewise the same does naturally and by simpathy attract the sweet influences of the coelestial bodies , the vertues all elements , with the well-wishes and hearty prayers not only of the poor and needy , but of all good men ; which have a secret yet powerful influence on the souls and spirits of people so well disposed , and to obtain blessing on their persons and families . . therefore , let all that would observe solemn times , or feasts , observe them to the lord , viz. with serious pious meditations , holy conferences , humility , temperance , and alms-deeds ; and at such seasons especially , to avoid gluttony , riot , drunkenness , excess , superfluity , and prophaneness ; and not to sacrifice so many thousands of innocent creatures to their inordinate lusts , or ravenous desires , as now commonly they do ; which perhaps ought the rather to be regarded and avoided , since god's manifestation of his holy son of light , seems to have been in love and mercy to the whole world ; not only unto man , but likewise in some respects , to the rest of the under-graduated creatures ; for the everlasting gospel ( or divine power of god in his son ) was and is to be preached unto every creature under heaven , as the angel has it in the revelations ; for this act of grace , though some obtain greater priviledges by it than others , was universal ; and though the creatures were become subject unto vanity by man's degeneration and fall , yet they shall again receive that state of vnity and pleasure , which they should have enjoyed , if man had continued in his first estate ; and therefore the apostle aith , the whole creation groans to be delivered into the glorious liberty of the sons of god. that is , to be freed from those oppressions , violences and miseries , they now suffer under man's fierceness and tyranny ; for so far as man is truly redeemed from the wrathful fierce spirit , so far he freeth all creatures under his government . and therefore the scripture saith , the righterous man is merciful to his beast . and let us flatter our selves as we please , these extravagancies and violences to innocent creatures ▪ the spilling of their blood , and eating so continually of their carcasses ; does both awaken and strengthen the fountain of wrath within us , and will certainly in due time draw down a retaliation of vengeance . this we see every day in part fulfilled ; for are not our helioga●alus's , our mighty devourers , that continually gorge their paunches with the flesh of their fellow animals , severely punisht for their gluttony and cruelty , by a multitude of torturing diseases , as gouts , dropsies , consumptions , &c. and not only so , but when the evil grows generally predominant , it is chastized by some epidemical judgment , or pestilence . i pretend not to prophecy , nor would amuse people with vain threats ; but this i may modestly say , that if we look back into history , we shall rarely find but the plague hath visited the city of london , more or less in the circle of every twenty years . and if it hath now been free twenty two years , we may perhaps assign the nature causs thereof to the great fire , which purged its stench and pollutions , and that noble open way of rebuilding , whereby the whole city is become much more sweet and delightsome , and the particular houses more airy and pleasant , rendring the whole much more wholsome to the inhabitants ; this may defer , but will not i fear , be able altogether to prevent the returns of sweeping sicknesses ; and if we regard the course of nature , and especially the sins and provocations of people stirring up the divine wrath , i am very apt to fear some such terrible visitation within these two , three , or four years next at farthest ; but in this i am not positive , for god draws his destroying sword at his own appointed times ; however the caution can do no hurt , to admonish all persons of each sex , age , and condition , to repent and amend their lives , lest they be snatcht away suddenly , and there be none to deliver . which that they may do , and lay up treasures in heaven , by being liberal to the poor on earth ; i do again with all earnestness exhort them to sobriety , temperance , and works of mercy : and that this may be the more regularly performed , i shall propose an easie method , which each person may encrease or diminish as to the proportion of alms set down , according to their respective circumstances , provided they bestow freely , as in the presence of god , what they can spare , without any real injury to their family . since 't is a custom amongst most men , especially traders in cities and towns , at this time to cast up their stocks , to see how god has blessed them for the year past , as to their profits or losses , it would be highly convenient , if for every pound , it shall upon the ballance appear that they have gain'd , to give at least six pence to the poor , or other good uses ( as towards the education of poor children , which is the foundation of good government and order ) and as for gentlemen and persons of great estates , whose revenues come in without labour of their own , to allow , for every hundred pounds per annum , one shilling in the pound ; and farmers or renters of land , to give three pence for every pound they have gained in the foregoing year . and other men of great real or personal estates , which have been partly gotten by oppression or violence , or after great hazards at sea , where others have deeply suffered , but more especially in cases of estates acquir'd by man-slaughter ( though priviledg'd by worldly custom and laws ) for every hundred pounds per annum , or its equivalent in money or goods , to give fifteen pounds per cent , that is , three shillings in the pound . for though i cannot allow that uncharitable proverb , that every very rich man is either an unjust man himself , or the son of one . yet i must joyn with that other , estates that evil gotten are , seldom descends to the third heir . and i know no better conveyance or security to intail them , than by works of mercy , and alms● giving , which are the likeliest expedients to antidote against the secret canker , and give your posterity a lasting title , and obtain a blessing thereon , and upon all other your lawful endeavours , for want of which , how often do we see vast estates blasted , and suddenly transferred to new owners , and the most moyling industry defeated . nor would it be of small advantage both to the health of the body , and the good of the soul , for persons of estates , at least such whose callings are not laborious , to set apart a fasting-day once a weeek , or at least to eat meaner foods then , than ordinary ; and to appropriate the expences thereby saved , to charitable uses , viz. to the relief of the poor ( to whom he that giveth , lendeth to the lord , a debtor that will never prove bankrupt ) as likewise towards the maintaining of useful● schools , hospitals for the aged , lame , or diseased ; for the amendment of publick bridges , or high-ways ; or the planting of common walks of fruit , or other trees ; and many other accommodations ( especially in the country ) that would be both ornamental , delightful , and profitable ; and of far more advantage and honour , than what is now profusely squandred away in wanton superfluity , that opposes all christianity and moral vertue . this is somewhat of that which i thought fit to remind the stupid world of , on this occasion ; wherein let my good will at least be accepted , though some of my notions should happen not to be approved ; for he that contradicts inveterate customs , though never so unreasonable or impious , may justly expect to meet with censure , opposition , and perhaps derision . but i am long since arm'd against such rude attacques , being conscious of no other aim than the discharge of my duty , and to persuade men to be really , what they nominally profess themselves , viz. disciples and followers of iesvs christ ; in whose service i am , your well-wishing friend , t. t. ianuary , / . chap. vi. good news for the poor , and better for the rich , &c. war is ever at the best , even to those that are most successful , a very disastrous calamity . and what through the judgment of god , the misfortune of our publick affairs , and the present discouragement of trade , the cries of the poor are exceedingly raised in this nation , and are like to be a great deal more , without the the interposition of some preventing relief . i would not say any thing that should give offence ; but it cannot be unknown that many hundred of families in and about this city , suffer extreamly upon that account . 't is therefore that i propose this easie and convenient method of raising fifteen or twenty thousand pounds per week towards the supplying those that really want : retrenching the luxurious superstuities of those that abound : and teaching those whose extravagance would carry their inclinations beyond their ability , the art of good husbandry . which things effectually pursued and practised , would be unconceivably beneficial as well to the rich as the poor , and in a great measure engage a blessing from god almighty upon our publick and private undertakings . 't is the best use we can make of heavens liberality , and will assuredly stand us instead , if providence should be pleas'd to turn up the reverse of our condition . 't is making the lord of the whole earth our debtor , and laying an obligation upon him of seeing us repaid , since he that gives to the poor , lends to the lord. this indeed is laying up for a wet day , and securing a treasure that no body can rob us of . no man alive is exempt from accidents and casualties , whereby it becomes of important concernment to be prepared for them . a wise man fits his mind for every chance , and whilst he doth in vertues paths advance , each promis'd good increaseth by his skill , and kindly lessens every threatned ill. there are at this time thousands of very many trades in and about this populous city , that have little or no work at their callings , whereby to support themselves , and supply their perishing families with bread. and can those whom god hath intrusted with plentiful estates , gorge themselves with overcharged tables , even to a surfeit , and riot in excess of wine , forgetting the afflictions of ioseph , whilst their brethren languish , and almost die for want of necessaries ? do they not think that god at such a time calls upon them for his quit-rent , out of those vast revenues that they hold meerly by the tenure of his bounty ? shall the heavenly magnificence be so extensive towards them , and theirs contracted towards their brethren ? his majesty has already shewn us the way , and as i am informed , given large demonstrations of his charity and compassion . how honourable would it be then for such who would be esteemed good christians and loyal subjects , to follow a generous and royal example ? one would think this should encourage them to be willing to contribute freely to the relieving the common necessity , and succouring those who labour under the burden of insupportable distress and want. which they might do with the greatest ease and least dammage imaginable . as for example , let us resolve , one day in the week at least , during the deadness of trade , and dearness of corn , to refrain from large eating , retrench the superfluous exorbitance of our tables , abstain from our customary excess , of wine and strong drinks ( i dare promise it would be never the worse for our health , but much the better , and likewise for our business ) and what we so save , employ in charitable uses for the service of the poor . by this only means , within the bills of mortality , might easily be raised twenty thousand pounds per week , and no man a farthing the worse , but infinitely the better both in his estate and his health , which is more valuable than the greatest estate in christendom . there are without dispute , within the above-mentioned circuit , near an hundred thousand families , whose dinners one with another cost them three shillings a day , i mean extravagantly in fish , flesh , fowl , strong beer , ale , wine , &c. when a little pap , pulp or grewel would do much better . or if they like not that , bread , butter , cheese , milk , &c. i am sure will supply natures wants in all things needful , if people would be so wise as not suffer false opinion , and that grand tyrant custom , to enslave both their souls and bodies . now an hundred thousand shillings is fifteen thousand pounds : and then it is not to be doubted , but generally more is spent in drink than victuals . there are more than an hundred thousand persons that lavish away daily above twelve pence in wine , brandy , and other strong liquors ; which expence if forborn but one day in a week , and bestow'd as aforesaid , would amount to five thousand pounds more , which makes in the whole , twenty thousand pounds per week , and this justly distributed , would supply eighty thousand families at five shillings per week a piece . or otherwise the one half might be imploy'd in the maintenance of threescore thousand families , and the other half to build schools and hospitals for the education of the poor children and orphans , and other miserable people , thousands being destroyed yearly for want of food and other conveniencies of life . and can we now suffer such a number of poor souls to perish for want , rather than abridge and deny our palates and insatiate paunches , some unnecessary , nay pernicious danties , only one day in a week ? let us then no longer make a god of our bellies , but endeavour to deserve our saviour's eulogy , i was an hungry , and you gave me meat . now considering the great scarcity and dearness of corn , and other provisions , whereby the families of poor people , especially those out of imployment , are become very pressing and deplorable : i count it no worthless service to the publick , to inform the world of the benefit and cheapness of dressing and eating of corn food , with the variety of their preparations , as they are very wholsom and salutiferously used in many countries , where they they have very little of any sort of other diet. for this is to be noted , that the flower of wheat , bar●ey , oats , or any other grain , made into paps or gruels , by a little boyling , doth not only advance them in quantity and strength , but it renders them more agreeable to the stomach , their digestion is more easie and more nutrimental . and a man may live as well , if not better , with a half , or third quantity of flower so prepared , than even with baked bread : that is , with half a pound of wheat or oa●meal flower made into pap with water , than with a pound of like flower made into bread. and this pap will support both health and strength to a higher degree , making a man more brisk and lively , free from drought and heat , or any other obstructions , eating a small quantity of bread with the pap , or between whiles . for the first invention of bread was not intended to be ea●en alone , but with fat foods as a good sauce or ingredient to mix with , drink up , or allay the oyliness of such things , and to render them more apt for separation and digestion . for all fat or oyly bodies furr the passages , and obstruct the stomach , and are extream heavy and hard to be divided . by which means , in all countries where people feed much on fat succulent foods , the common distempers are feavers , gout , stone , gravel and wind , all which are occasion'd by the oyliness and greasiness of their foods , and too great a quantity , which naturally generates thick cloddy blood , dull and impure spirits , which hinder the circulation of them both : and experience teaches that in the eastern country , where people live much on corn food , those cruel distempers are hardly known . now it is to be observed , that all flowe●s in their own nature , if eaten ●ry are very stopping , but when they are diluted and prepared with a proper quantity of water , they become of ano●ther operation and nature , as is manifest in all gruels , paps and spoonmea●s made thereof . when the flower of any corn is made into a strong paste or dough , wi●h a small quan●ity of water , and bak'd in the sulphurous fierce heat of the oven , the moisture being too small in quantity for the sal-nitral vertues or oyly spirituous qualities to soak or imbib● themselves in , the strong nutritive powers , or gellius glewy qualities , which is the band of nature , are by the predominancy of the heat broken as a man would break a stick in sunder . therefore bread will not thicken when put into milk , water , &c. and boyled , but easily separate , and not at all incorporate and become one body with the water , as flower will , before it is baked . so that the making flower into bread , by baking of it , doth not consume the quantity , but the natural quality of corn also : and too frequently eaten alone will obstruct the stomach and all the subservient vessels . 't is true indeed , bread as it is generally eaten , is a very good thing , and of great use , tho' in it self but of little nourishment , however being eaten with fat food it mightily helps concoction : but flower when dress'd after the forementioned method , affords the most nourishment , especially if there be good pot herbs added . but if you would divert and gratifie the stomach with a dryer and harder sort of food , which nature sometimes loves , make the flower into small dumplins , so called , but little bigger than crown pieces , put them into boyling water , and let them boyl quick ; they will presently be done . this sort of boyled bread does not only afford more and better nourishment , but is pleasanter to the palate , and more satisfactory to the stomach . this may be called boyled bread , and is best without salt , or any other ingredient . therefore flower properly diluted and prepared , best agrees with the eaters ; if it be the most part of your food , then thick is best : however thin is very healthful between whiles . but such as live upon solid fat food , their gruels ought to be thin , which will better cleanse the vessels of the stomach and ureters , preserve nature , and prevent the generation of the stone , &c. and rickets in children . now fish , flesh , &c. are loaded with a gross phlegmatick body , and the frequent eating thereof cannot but affect the eater with the like qualities . as is manifest from those cattle that feed on green food , as grass , &c. are not such beasts less able to travel and labour , and is not their flesh more gross , apter to putrifie , and salt it self will not preserve it from corruption ? on the contrary , such beasts as feed on corn , hay , &c. which are dry , they are not only strong and able to endure labour and travel , but their flesh is more firm and substantial , and durable when salted , than the former . we deceive our selves if we judge that flesh hath much nourishment , because it hath much juice or matter : by the same reason , grass would have more good nourishment and strength in it than corn : but the more gross matter and phlegmatick juices any thing is loaded with , the weaker and fainter that thing is , and consequently more subject to decay , and distemper the spirits , being but few , and those that are dull , cloudy and impure . so that upon the whole matter , flesh , fish , and fowl , &c. cannot have the preheminence of foods : neither are they indued with so much , nor so good nourishment as corn foods . but here we must give way to the prevailing tyrant custom , which is the champion i am to make war against ; and as the foods of beasts are better or worse● clean or substantial , their health , strength and ability are according . the like is to be understood of the food men live on , for it is not , as is said before , the gross juices that affords the true nourishment , but the fine , light , volatile spirituous vertues ; for this cause most are greatly mistaken , that attribute so great and good nourishment to flesh and fish. indeed they are full of gross matters and juices , which do serve chiefly to cloud the finer vertues and true life , which do also add weight and not spirit , so that the great eaters thereof , become dull and heavy , loading nature with too great quantities of phlegmatick juices and humours , which do not only oppress nature in all her operations , but is the root of many diseases both of the body and mind . green corn and grass are endued with more substance and juices than either hay or corn ; but it is earthly and gross , and affords a nourishment of a like nature : the more any thing is loaded or endued with gross or corrupt matter , the sooner it falls into putrifaction . but on the contrary , the dryer , firmer , and more spirituous any thing is , the longer it will endure and be preserved from corruption . but of all things men eat , flesh and fish do s●oner decay , because of the abundance of gross matter it does contain , which does as it were in a moments time cloud and suffocate the fine sal-nitral vertues . i am sure that a man may make a better meal with half a penny-worth of wheat-flower made into pap , and half a penny-worth of bread to eat with it , and a little salt , and be as strong , brisk , and able to perform any labour , as he that makes the best meal he can with either flesh or fish. so great is the ignorance , folly , blindness , false opinion and custom , of those that call themselves the learned . pray tell me what kind of ignorance and madness does possess the poor labouring man that hath but six pence , or one shilling to buy food for his whole family , and to lay it out in a sheeps head and gethers , or an oxes liver , which is his whole stock ; and the best food that can be expected from it , is a little corrupt broth or putrified pottage ; when with five times less charge in flower , he might have procured a far better meal , being made into pap or gruel , with a little bread and salt. it is also to be noted , that those that live on corn food , have not occasion to drink strong or cordial drinks , as those that eat flesh and fish ; the first being more spiri●uous and warming , the last cold , phlegmatick and gross , and harder of concoction . 't is likewise observable , that half the quantity of wine or strong drink will exhillerate a man that lives on cornfood to as high a degree as double the quantity will those that feed on flesh , &c. which is a good argument that corn food affords the cleanest and finest nourishment , and breeds the best blood and humours , the spirits being as it were always upon the wing , and consequently apter to be moved . the complexion of fish and flesh is cold and phlegmatick , ( but whilst living ) they are for the most part of a hot , lively-brisk temperament , each according to its nature and the food they live on . but when the great powers of life are destroyed by the baneful stroak of the butcher , all the airy brisk vertues bid the corp● adue , and the whole mass becomes a lump of a sad melancholick nature and operation ; what notions soever some have to the contrary . the true and most natural method of preparing the forementioned pottage , gruels and paps , made of flower , pease , &c. take one ounce of wheat● flower , which is a small spoonful , make a point of water near boyling hot , temper your flower with or spoonfuls of cold water , then stir it into your hot water , keep it stirring on your fire till it boyls up , then it is at the thickest , and is compleatly prepared , add some salt , and a few crums of bread , letting it stand till it be almost cold , this makes an excellent meal for any child , from five or six years of age to ten or twelve . or you may make it thus ; take an onion , cut it 〈◊〉 boyl it in your water a few minutes , then add your temper'd flower as before , seasoning it with salt and some crums of bread ; this eats very pleasant , and is very satisfactory to the stomach . onions are very wholsom in pottages and gruels , they naturally warm and open the obstructions of the brest and ureters , and are not prejudicial to the head nor eyes , when temperately used . another . take two ounces of flower beaten or mixed with cold water , stir this into one pint and a half of hot water till it boyls up , adding salt and a little bread , and those that have no bread may boyl an onion , in the water before the flower is put in , this eaten , makes a brave noble exhillerating meal for a man , which costs little more than one farthing , notwithstanding corn is at such a high price ; after this manner you may make what quantity you please thicker or thinner , as it agrees best with you , thick is best for strong healthy people , and for such as labour ; thin is more advantagious for sick people , or such as are troubled with foul stomachs , and obstructed ureters ; a mean or middle sort is most proper for those that are of a soft imployment , or live a sedentary life . oatmeal pottage . take a quart of water , make it boyling hot , then take a large spoonful of small , or ground oatmeal , or somewhat better than a spoonful , temper it with cold water , then set it on your fire till it begins to boyl up , then brew it again and it is done , add salt and a little bread , letting of it stand till it be almost cold ; with this alone a man may make as good a meal as with all the varities the four elements afford , for it renders the common eater thereof strong , lively and healthful . or you make it thus , if it be for a meal without other things , make your water boyling hot , then take an onion and some pot-herbs , let your herbs and onions boyl a little time in your water before you brew or stir the tempered oatmeal , after which you must stir your oatmeal in till it boyl up , or begins to boyl , then it is done , adding salt and bread ; this a most pleasant and wholsome pottage , and very nourishing ; but such as loves it plain , may have it so , and others that will have it with pot-herbs , without an onion , may please themselves , it 's a brave food , whether with or without herbs . but give me leave to tell you , that for such as live only on such flowered or corn foods , onions and pot-herbs are best and most pleasing both to the palate and stomach ; for variety of preparations are most acceptable to nature . of pease pottage . take one pint of pease , put them in three or four quarts of water , on a very gentle fire , where they may heat gradually , let them stand simpering or near a boyling heat for three or four hours , then let them boyl very gently , and when they are soft and incorporated into pottage , then take either dry'd sage that is well preserved in its proper season , give it a little drying by the fire , and then rub it into powder , add this and an onion , let it boyl a little , and then it is done : but if you have not dried sage , then take green and cut it small , and use it as you would the dryed , with an onion or without . but it is further to be observed , that after your onion and sage have boyled a little , then you must take a large spoonful of wheat-flower made into batter with cold water , and stir it into your pottage , and so soon as it boyls up it is done . this pint of pease will make near two quarts of brave pleasant pottage , which will serve a working man a day , and all the cost thereof will not be much more than one penny. if the poor were so prudent to observe the forementioned methods , they might live most happy and healthful , and would not be compelled to undergo so many troubles and great necessities as they are . besides , want is the mother of many great evils . chap. vi. a humble proposal to the honourable sir thomas lane , lord major , the court of aldermen , merchants , citizens , &c. of the city of london , for the erecting of twenty free schools in the poor parishes in and about the said city , for the education of poor children , whose parents are not able to pay for their schooling . may it please your lordship , and the rest of the honourable gentlemen , to whom this proposal is addressed , to take into your serious consideration , the deplorable ▪ estate and condition of many poor children , that for want of means to give them timely and proper education , in order to their being instructed in the methods of vertue and true religion , are suffered to play away about the streets the only seasons of their lives for knowledge and improvement , in idle , vain , & sinful sports and pastimes . in vain do your lordship , and the other magistates , so strenuously and commendably labour to reform mankind , by suppressing and correcting grown and addult wickedness , while by the connivance and toleration of this ungodly practise , the seeds of vice , like so many hydra's heads , grow upon your hands , still furnishing you with new matters of hopeless and unsuccessful toyl and vexation : for by this idle squandering away their time , they learn all kind of lewdness , swearing , lying , stealing , impudence , and dissimulation , which being then so timely and deeply imprinted upon their souls , all the punishment in the world can hardly ever return them afterwards : good manners , temperance , order , and proper learning , are the stays and supports of all good government , which ( if due care were taken ) might as easily and cheaply be planted , as the forementioned vices ; whereby in short time the world would be much better in general , and the magistracy in particular be discharged of abundance of ungratefulness and trouble . now since the laying a sure and lasting foundation of vertue and honesty is the noblest and most extensive charity imaginable , we cannot allow our selves to doubt of your lordships concurrence with the incouragement of so lawful and beneficial a proposal : and we are bold to affirm , that your lordship cannot begin your government , from whence the whole city justly expects so much happiness and advantage , under the influences of a more blessed and auspicious omen . it is therefore humbly proposed , that twenty schools , viz. ten for boys and ten for girls , be erected , which will require a hundred and twenty pound per annum one with another , for their maintenance , with their proper tutors , masters , &c. each parish or p●ecinct , building their school-houses at their own proper charge , low houses , all one floor , fifty foot in length , and twenty five in breadth , with chimneys , and other necessary convenienc●es . now twenty schools at a hundred and twenty pound per annum each , must have a settlement of land of two thousand five hundred pound per annum , which might easily be raised by a voluntary contribution ; for it is not to be doubted , but there are within the circuit of the bills of mortality , more than a hundred thousand persons that are able , without prejudice , to give ten shillings each ( that is ) one with another , which would amount to fifty thousand pound sterling , which being well laid out , would purchase in land two thousand five hundred pound per annum , and better ; but if any alledge they cannot conveniently spare such a sum as ten shillings it is proposed that there be a general fasting day for six weeks , from all sorts of costly foods , and strong drinks , one day only in each week , which by a modest computation , would raise ten thousand pound per week ; that is , in the whole sixty thousand pound , and no particular person or family one penny the worse , which also without doubt would be mightily increased every year by the gifts and liberality of charitable people , that d●op off the stage of this world into eternity . as an enforcement of what is proposed , give me leave to tell you , that this charity is not given to strangers , but to preserve and maintain our own posterity or off spring , even our own children , two thirds whereof , if no● more , within the compass and revolution of thirty or fourty years , by some private misfortunes , or publick calamities and alterations of state , come to extream poverty and straits . for it is reasonably supposed , that thirty years s●nce there were then in and about london , forty thousand gentlemen , merchants , shopkeepers and tradesmen , worth in estates from five hundred to ten thousand pounds , and these might possibly have three children each , one with another , which is a hundred and twenty thousand , so that at this time it is not to be questioned , if an exact scrutiny be made , and account given of each man's off-spring , but that there are now half , or two thirds of these that really want such a piece of charity as is here preposed . now if we will but look forward , we may rationally conclude , that thirty or forty years hence , our children or grand-children may be in the like poor condition ; so that money thus disposed of , as we have proposed , is a far better security to our posterity than the free land of any particular person can purchace for them : besides , you have the great god's word , and our saviour christ's promise , to indempnifie and save you harmless ; for he that gives to the poor , lends to the lord , and there shall be manifold restitutions made , with the blessings of this world , and with life eternal in the world to come , which is both personal and real security . neither do i believe there is any firmer or better way of conveying or intailing estates on our children and posterity , than by works of mercy and almsgiving , being assured according to the word of god , that they are the likeliest expedients and antidotes against the secret canker , and give our children a sure and lasting title to their inheritance : for retaliation of rewards and punishments is the indispensible law of god , which will have its execution either in this world or that which is to come . this our saviour further exemplifies in the parable between the sheep and the goats , when he says to the sheep on his right hand , come , ye blessed , into the kingdom prepared for you ; for i was hungry , and you fed me ; naked , and ye cloathed me ; sick , and in prison , and ye administred unto me : but to the goats he says , go ye cursed into everlasting darkness , prepared for the devil and his angles ; for you have neither fed , cloathed , nor administred to me . and further , when they expostulated with him , saying , lord , when did we see thee hungry , naked , sick , or in prison ? his answer was , insomuch as ye did it not to one of these little ones , ye did it not to me . hence it is evident , in so many plain words , what christ's sheep were justified for ; and for what the goats were condemned ; the first had charity , the latter not ; therefore to do good , and communicate those gifts the lord hath intrusted us with , is one of the most binding and fundamental precepts in the christian religion . charity being therefore the first true step to all vertue ; that we may obtain the blessing of the almighty upon the publick undertakings , and all our private lawful endeavours , let us resolve to go on chearfully , and lay up a treasure in heaven , by being liberal to the poor and needy upon earth . and for the better and more singular performance of these duties , our holy religion and interests obliges every one in his station , avoiding covetousness and expensive sensuality , to betake our selves to sobriety and temperance , which are the great promoters and encouragers of charity , with proper and due fasting , which is none of the least vertues , for they all proceed from the fountain of god's grace , and an inward ground or divine principle in the soul. this is what i have given my mind to think of , and do believe it my duty to recommend the same to my fellow citizens , wherein i humbly pray , that my good will , at least , may be accepted , though it should happen that some of my notions are not altogether approved of ; for i am conscious to my self of no other aim than the discharge of my duty , to persuade men to be really what they profess themselves nominally , viz. disciples and followers of jesus christ , in whose service i am , gentlemen , your well wishing friend , thomas tryon . the vse and vertues of several sorts of gruels and pottages ; viz. water-gruel and milk-pottage , have the first place , not only for their excellent qualities , and friendly agreement they have with the stomach , but also they are easy come at able by the poor and meanest of people ; next in rank do follow many other sorts of brave exhilerating pottages ; viz. pap , made with wheat-flower and water , or with milk , water , and flower ; barley-gruel , herb-pottage , pease-pottage , furmity , buttered wheat , possets , bonny-clabber , flummery , caudles made of beer , wine , cider , or other liquors , with oat-meal , also with eggs , and chocolate ; all which are the most agreeable , friendly foods to nature ; being easie of concoction , and do afford greater strength , and generates better blood and finer spirits , than most do imagine , which are the sinews of health ; and they may be eaten freely , without any danger of surfeits , either with bread or without ; for these liquid regions , do as it were contain the sominary vertues , both of dry and moist aliment , contributing a more sublime nourishment than strong , hard , salt foods , being tempered with such equality of parts , whence do proceed such an innocent power , and ravishing balsamick vertue , that the frequent eating thereof , do fortify , strengthen , and refresh nature to the highest degree , being endued with a certain innate power and vertue , not only to help to digest harder foods , but they cleanse and open all the passages , and are a powerful prevention of obstructions , and gross phlegmy humors , and at the same time supplying nature with a substantial , brisk nourishment , and sweet , friendly moisture , provided they are mixed and prepared with judgment ; and all that love their health , ought to eat them , at all times of the year , but more especially in summer , and hot seasons ; they make no noise , nor cause any insurrection in the body , so that after a meal of such foods , there is felt no inequality or indisposition , the body doth not burn with an unatural flame , nor the crown is not pestered with fumes and vapours ; in a word , they are endued with all the good united vertues , both of the vegetable and animals kingdoms ; besides these pottages have such a sympathetical agreement with the digesting liquor of the stomach , called the menstruum , whose office is to fit , qualifie , and prepare the food for separation and digestion , being of a mild , gentle nature and operation , imitating the dew of heaven , which doth bow , apply ▪ and incorporate , its sweet dews and moist vapours to all its off-spring , whence all things become impregnated with life , power and vertue : for this cause all pottages do not only strengthen the appetite , and the a●tractive facultie● and powers of nature , but they are easily melted into chyle , without any manifest trouble or molestation to the stomach ; for the nearer affinity the foods have to the menstruum , the easier they are digested , and sharper is the appetite , because the sweet vertues of such things are drawn forth into all the members and parts of the body , gently and mildly supplying them with a fit and proper nourishment , with far more ease and pleasure to nature , than from hard , strong , salt foods ; neither doth our friendly , homogenial pottages heat , consume , or dry up the menstruum , or radical moisture , as gross flesh , fish , and cheese do , from whence do proceed , after the eating thereof , indisposition , and an unatural drought , which renders the whole uneasie , and unfit , either for the business of the body or mind ; therefore it is observable , that in the eastern and southern parts of the world , where the natives drink water , their foods being most , or all , made into pottages , where they never , or very seldom , eat any flesh , fish , old cheese , salt butter , and but little bread in gross , as the custom is in the northern parts of the world , therefore the gout , stone , scurvy , and many other cruel diseases are not known ; which distempers do for the most part proceed , and are generated by the constant feeding on strong , hard , salt , crude foods , and the drinking of strong , harsh , sharp drinks , being all of a disagreeing nature to the menstruum of the stomach ; and therefore they do mightily obstruct nature , stop the passages , begetting sharp , windy humours , thick blood , dull and heavy spirits , which are the original causes of the gout , wind , stone , scurvy , and many other diseases : for this cause when any languish under those forementioned distempers , the learned advise them to live on some of the above-mentioned gruels and pottages ; for if such foods recover lost health , pars ratione , consequently it must maintain and promote it . thomas tryon . finis . by andrew fraser (design'd) of kinmundie, sheriff-deput of aberdeen advertisement for collecting his maiesties revenew of inland excyse, within the sheriffdooms of kincardine, aberdeen and bamff. fraser, andrew, of kinmundie. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing f estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) by andrew fraser (design'd) of kinmundie, sheriff-deput of aberdeen advertisement for collecting his maiesties revenew of inland excyse, within the sheriffdooms of kincardine, aberdeen and bamff. fraser, andrew, of kinmundie. sheet ([ ] p.) john forbes], [aberdeen : . signed and dated at end: given under my hand at aberdeen, the twenty eight day of october, years. andrew fraser. imprint from wing. reproduction of the original in the aberdeen city charter room, aberdeen. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng ale -- early works to . tax collection -- england -- early works to . beer -- taxation -- england -- early works to . excise tax -- england -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion by andrew fraser ( design'd ) of kinmundie , sheriff-deput of aberdeen . advertisement for collecting his maiesties revenew of inland excyse , within the sheriffdooms of kincardine , aberdeen and bamff . whereas the high and potent ( his grace the duke of queensburry ) lord high thesaurer of scotland , by his warrant of date the tenth day of october instant , hath commissionat me to regulat and appoint the manner of collecting the in-land excyse of aile , beer , brandie and strong waters to be browen and vented after the last of this instant within the shyres of kincardine , aberdeen and bamff , and to give advertisement that no brewer presume to leave off their brewing and venting upon any pretext whatsomever : and also that i should appoint collectors and overseers , and give them reasonable allowance in each shyre or parts thereof as i shall find needfull , for taking notice of the quantities browen and vented , and in-bringing the excyse thereof to the cass-keeper , not exceeding two merks for each boll of malt browen and vented conforme to the acts of parliament thereanent , and with power to call the present collectors or tacksmen of excyse and others concerned to give a clear account of the condition and state of the current excyse , and that i send parties ( if need be ) for ordering these matters , as in the said commission at more length is expressed : in obedience to which , these are intimating to all brewers and ventners within the said shyres , that they continue their trade of brewing and venting as they will be answerable , wherein if they failie they will be punished to the outmost rigour that law will allow , and to be looked upon as disaffected and seditious persons , and imbaselers of his maiesties revenew : and to the effect they may be incouraged in their brewing , these are signifying that discreet and understanding collectors will be immediatly appointed in each presbytrie , and these collectors will receive such instructions as may be most conduceable for the orderly in-bringing of the excyse , and with most ease to , and equalitie amongst the brewers , who may in this expect as much favour and fair dealing as any others within the kingdom , and judicious persons will be appointed to hear and redress their just complaints if any be : and therefore , seeing that such equal and fair wayes will be taken for stenting and collecting the said excyse in these shyres , and that there is no impediment why the brewers may not take such competens pryces for their aile , beer , and strong waters as may answer the value of the malt , with the excyse and reasonable profit , they can pretend no just excuse for not continuing to brew and vent these liquors , which if they fail to do , it will be inquyred into , and looked upon as contempt of authority in those that give over brewing , or yet shall advyse any so to do : and further , to the effect his grace my lord high thesaurer may be truely informed of the present state of the current excyse , and the manner of collecting thereof at any time thir three years last by past ; therefore these are requyring all magistrats of burghs , all collectors or tacksmen of excyse within the said shyres , that they immediatly bring in to me subscrived lists of all brewers within their bounds , whether those that be ordinarie brewers , or those that be extraordinarie brewers at mercats , weddings , or other publick occasions , and the quota that each brewer payes weeklie , or in set , and after what manner , and to whom , whether it be to the collectors or tacksmen , or to their masters in whose land they dwell , or others appointed for that end , where the excyse is laid upon the land-rent ; and that the lists be so exact as that they may make faith thereon , and that if their books be not clear thereanent they may yet take pains thereon , by calling for lists of their respective parishes within their bounds , and all heritors and others concerned are requyred to give concurse , and that either by themselves or chamberlanes they give up the names of the brewers , and quota of their payments when ever they shall be requyred by the tacksmen and collectors thereanent , and that the whole tacksmen and collectors give account of their diligence to me at my house in aberdeen , betwixt and the twelfth day of november next as they will be answerable , or else parties will be direct for that effect . and that none pretend ignorance thir presents are furthwith to be printed , and published at the mercat cross of the head burghs of the respective shyres , and copies sent to each parish kirk thereof , direct to the conveener and reader of these parishes to be publickly read the next lords day immediatly after divine-service , and that the conveener or reader returne executions of the publications thereof to the nearest collectors of excyse , to be transmitted to me within eight dayes thereafter , as they will be answerable to authority . given under my hand at aberdeen , the twenty eight day of october , years . andrew fraser . a new art of brewing beer, ale, and other sorts of liquors so as to render them more healthfull to the body and agreeable to nature, and to keep them longer from souring, with less trouble and charge then generally practised, which will be a means to prevent those torturing distempers of the stone, gravel, gout, and dropsie : together with easie experiments for making excellent drinks with apples, currans, goodberries, cherries, herbs, seeds, and hay &c., and the way to preserve eggs five or six months from being musty or rotten : wih an appendix how to make fruit trees constantly fruitful : also a way how every one may purge themselves with common salad herbs and roots, and a method how to prevent constiveness in the body / by the author of the way to long life, health, and happiness &c. tryon, thomas, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing t estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a new art of brewing beer, ale, and other sorts of liquors so as to render them more healthfull to the body and agreeable to nature, and to keep them longer from souring, with less trouble and charge then generally practised, which will be a means to prevent those torturing distempers of the stone, gravel, gout, and dropsie : together with easie experiments for making excellent drinks with apples, currans, goodberries, cherries, herbs, seeds, and hay &c., and the way to preserve eggs five or six months from being musty or rotten : wih an appendix how to make fruit trees constantly fruitful : also a way how every one may purge themselves with common salad herbs and roots, and a method how to prevent constiveness in the body / by the author of the way to long life, health, and happiness &c. tryon, thomas, - . [ ], p. printed for tho. salusbury, london : . "recommended to all brewers, gentlemen, and others that brew their own drink." reproduction of original in the harvard university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng brewing. beer. ale. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a new art of brewing beer , ale , and other sorts of liquors , so as to render them more healthful to the body , and agreeable to nature , and to keep them longer from souring , with less trouble and charge then generally practised , which will be a means to prevent those torturing distempers of the stone , gravel , gout and dropsie . together with easie experiments for making excellent drinks with apples , currans , goosberries , cherries , herbs , seeds , and hay , &c. and the way to preserve eggs five or six months from being musty or rotten . with an appendix how to make fruit-trees constantly fruitful . also a way how every one may purge them-themselves with common salad herbs and roots . and a method how to prevent costiveness in the body . recommended to all brewers , gentlemen , and others that brew their own drink . by the author of the way to long life , health , and happiness , &c. licensed , and entred according to order . london , printed for tho. salusbury at the sign of the temple near temple-bar in fleetstreet , . the contents of this book . the design of the author in publishing this treatise . page the office of the stomach , and several digestions described . the evil effects of excess in eating and drinking , as to quantity and quality . concerning the generating the stone and gravel , gout , consumption , &c. the boiling of hops , wort , bear , &c. very injurious . firmented drinks much better new than stale . rules for the well-brewing and making good wholsom bear and ale. an experiment demonstrating the prejudice that water receives by boiling . the mischief of making drink by a third infusion of the malt with hot liquor . the quantity of hops proposed for brewing . about ordering your brewing vessels . circumstances to be observed in cooling and firmenting your beer or ale of the nature of hops . an objection against unboiled bear and ale , answered . many herbs and vegitations that will serve in b●ewing , as well or better than hops . the best drinks to prevent the generation of the stone . of cold gruel . the way of infusing herbs or seeds , &c. to the best advantage . cautions against certain foods that generate the stone and gravel , &c. a good drink against the stone and other stoppages . a good , profitable , and wholsom way to make wine of cherries , goosberries , &c. an appendix shewing the natural causes why fruit-trees do so frequently fail bearing , and offering expedients to make orchards almost constantly fruitful . , vvith a new experiment of preserving eggs sweet and good for several months . the natural way how every one may in the spring and fall purge themselves , with ease and pleasure , to considerable advantage a new art of brewing , &c. tho' i have no other design , in respect of brewers , then only to save them a great deal of pains , and no small part of their daily charge , and towards the rest of mankind , but an honest and most charitable intention of advertizing them what may conduce , both to the health of their bodies , tranquility of their minds , and advantage of their estates ; yet i am not so ignorant of the worlds common usage , as not to expect , that offering to disswade from certain inveteral ( but mischievous ) customs , i am like to meet with no less than hate or reproach , or at least scorn and contempt , from the greatest part of those , whose welfare i would gladly promote . however , as the conscience of my own innocence , and certain experience and knowledge of the truth , of what i recommend will be a sufficient buckler against all the darts of envy , ingratitude , noise and folly : so i do not despair , but this small treatise may have the happiness to meet with some few , so little wedded to tradition and their own humours , as to be willing to hearken to the dictates of wisdom , reason , and nature , wherever they meet them , or though communicated in an homely manner , by a very weak and imperfect instrument . methinks there should scarce be any man that hath ever entertained his thoughts for one half hour , in a serious consideration of his own structure , and how and by what natural means he doth subsist in this world , but must have taken notice , that as the substance of our bodies suffers a daily expence , decay , or wasting , as well by the action of our own innate ( or inbread heat ) prespiration of spirits , and the more pure parts of the humours thorow the pores of the skin , impressions of the ambient air , as by the common and more gross evacuations ; so there is required a daily supply of nourishment to repair and make good whatsoever is thus spent of the store which is provided to support and preserve the microcosm . to this end , as outwardly the all-wise and most bountiful creator has prepared variety of excellent foods and liquors ; so inwardly he has both given us reason , wisdom , and knowledge ( if we will hearken to and exert it ) to distinguish which of them are at all times best and most requisite for us ; as also fixed the members and organs of our bodies , in their several places and offices , to be assisting and subservient to each other , in order to the effecting of this admirable work. of these the stomach is the first and principal agent , which as it were a kitchin , serves to dress and prepare all meats that are brought into it , and by its concocting faculty reduses them into a white milky substance , which is called chyle , which passing thence throughout the lower orifice of the stomach into the intrails , having there but a slow passage ( by reason of many turnings and windings , by which the guts are mutually inclosed and united to the mesentery ) it is further digested and seperated , and the purer part by the mesoraick veins ( called the hands of the liver ) is thorough the veins ( from the office called vena porta ) carried into the hollow parts of the liver , whereby a higher and more elaborate concoction is turned into that admirable balsamick liquor , called blood. this blood passes from thence into the vena cava , or great hollow vein , whose trunk divides it self into two large branches , the one tending downwards to carry blood to the lower parts ; the other upwards , and mounteth even to the throat , dividing again by the way into other branches , one of which fasteneth it self to the right ventricle of the heart , by which the blood is brought thither from the liver , where being yet higher elaborated and inriched , 't is transmuted or carried over to the left ventricle , where the arteries takes their original , which contains the vital blood and spirits , whose office it is to enliven and exercise the faculties of the body . by other branches it ariseth into the brain , where the animal spirits are made , being the seat of phansie , reason , judgment , and memory ( which noble faculties by those spirits are exercised ) as also of all sense and motion ; for from the brain are all the nerves ( or sinews ) divided into all the parts , which cause a voluntary motion in the body , by which it walks , stands , lyes down , labours , rises , or useth any other exercise , according to the dictates of the will , which cannot be done without the ministry of the nerves . thus you see the whole oeconomy of nature , how , what is received at the mouth is turned into chyle by the stomach , that chyle into blood by the liver . of the purer parts of the blood are made vital spirits by the heart , and animal spirits by the brain , all which being thorow the veins and arteries ( like so many channels or conduict pipes ) conveyed to the principal member , and from thence by abundance of smaller vessels into every part of the body , growth and vigour at least , a continual and suitable supply ought to be thereby communicated to the whole . but if what is taken into the body , that is , our meats and drinks , be either improper in quality , or too great in quantity , it does in either case disturb this curious oeconomy , and frustrate natures intentions and operations ; for as unwholsom meats and drinks must needs give an unwholsom nourishment ( the effects always precipitating quality consentaneous to its causes ) and every thing delighteth to produce its simile's , so if the errors be only in quantity ( which tho' too frequent , yet rarely happens without the other ) the consequence is still worse , excess in eating and drinking laying the foundations of almost all diseases ; for scarce could the starry influences , injuries of insalubrious air , various seasons of the year , and the like external accidents , have power to beget diseases , unless the body were predisposed to receive their effects by ill humours , is the result of indigestions , and originally caused from the faculties of the stomach being abased and perverted ; for when the stomach is nautiated with disagreable food or drink , or over-charged with excess , it cannot conceal and turn such matters into good chyle ( but not being able to contain it long ) thorow ill crude , as it is into the intrails , which being also oppressed , cannot so speedily conveigh thorow them the indigested load , but it receiveth there an imperfect alteration , and so is by the veins of the mesentery drawn away to the liver , which being likewise indisposed at the receipt of such unprepared matter , is as unable to convert the unequal mass into good blood , but thrusts it out into the larger veins , mixed and infected with evil humours , and from thence to the heart the seat of life , ( which like a lamp almost drown'd with oyl ) is even stifled and overcome ; thence also it is carried to the brain ( the fountain of sense and motion ) which being clouded with vapors and superfluous humours , its faculties are interrupted , the brisk and active phansie clogged and dulled , reason mudled , and judgment vitiated , and all the admirable store-house of memory oppressed and confounded ; from these nobler parts and larger vessels , it is throghout the small ones spread all over the body , every part taking its unhappy share , and by reason of the want of its due concoction in the principal members , cannot give due nourishment to those parts remote ; but by these errors often repeated , the harmony of nature is every where disturbed , and the whole body made a magazin of corrupt humours , which ( like home-bred traitors in a city ) are continually ready to let in fierce and cruel diseases upon the least external attack , or ( if that be wanting ) will from their own malignity ( as domestick rebellions and insurrections are caused in ill govern'd states ) creates disturbances within , endangering the peace both of body and mind , and even threatning subversion to the throne of life . by what has been said , it appears of what vast importance , due consideration , and caution in our meats and drinks is , not only for the securing health of body , prevention of diseases , but also in order to the obtaining serenity of mind and calm affections , and the improving all our intellectual faculties , 't is an old rule , the passions of the mind follow the temperatement of the body ; for such diet as you use , such will be your blood ; and as your blood is pure , or impure , such will be your spirits , natural , vital , and animal , and consequently all functions and operations of body and mind shall suitably be altered . take a man never so modest , just and peaceble , let him over-charge himself with strong liquor , what a strange metamorphize , altogether incredible , did not the lamentable frequency convince us , shall it make , as if some body had stoln away the man , and left a beast , or rather a devil in his shape ; so do we not daily fee , that those who addict themselves to gluttony ( tho' not so soon , yet in time as certainly as the other ) lose their parts , and of sharp , witty , judicious persons , become fools and stupid sots : but of the inconveniences of improper foods , and excess even in the most innocent , i have even at large treated in other of my writings ; not omitting , as occasionally , to say something thereof here ; but the main scope of this present treatise shall relate to drink , and some particular foods , that may be proper for such as are afflicted with the stone and gravel , and also the sorts they ought to forbear ( not so much to shew the odiousness of that swinish sin , drunkenness , nor in admonishing those who think themselves , and are by others numbred amongst the most sober , that even they are guilty of great excess in the quantity of liquor , as well as in the quality , which through ill customs they swallow down beyond the necessity of nature ) but especially to take notice of the ill quality of those liquors that are used by most people , arising from their undue preparations , and to shew both the reasons how and why the same do breed diseases in human bodies ; as also to offer remedies whereby the same may be prevented , and drink truly refreshing , exhilerated , and friendly to nature , made and accommodated to general use. the first step towards the generation of the stone and gravel , as also the gout , consumption , and various other diseases of the like nature , is the frequent drinking of strong , hot , sharp , intoxicating stale liquors , and fiery prepared drinks , as beer high boyled with hops , brandy , rum , old wines , especially claret and whitewine , which for the most part tend towards a spirit , ( viz. ) heat and sharpness , becoming its predominating quality , all such drinks do , in such constitutions by simile , contract and generate in the passages and ureters a hard gretty substance , and of a mixt saturnine martial nature , which is the first principle and beginning of the disease called the stone , and all its symptoms and attendances . nor is that the only evil thereby occasioned in the human nature , for such liquors do too violently stir up and evaporate the pure essential spirits , and as it were burn up the sweet oyl or humour radicallis , the balsom of life , whereby the blood becomes infected with a sharp hot quality , and its free circulation is obstructed , which causes unnatural or burdensom heat in all the external parts , and lays the seeds of various distempers , according to the nature of each constitution , country , and clymate , as consumptions , palsies , fevers , gout , stone , and the like . secondly , it is also to be noted and considered , the boyling of hops two , three , or four hours in beer , is a thing of a pernicious consequence , tho' it be unadvised , and ignorantly practised , they falsly imagine that there drink will become the better thereby , whereas indeed they do by that error , in a great measure , evaporate or suffocate the pure spirits , which are the preservers of the sweet friendly balsamick body , in all things whence the amiable , meek , or mild opening quality do exist , which whilst any thing remain intire or unviolated , is the moderater and qualifier , or the harsh , bitter , astringent nature ; therefore hops and beer so boyled do prove very injurious to several constitutions ; for after drink is thus prepared , the predominant quality in it is , hot , fulsom , strong , and bitter , and of a restringent nature and operation , prejudicial to health , especially to all such persons , who by their constitutions are subject or inclinable unto the stone or gravel . thirdly , it is further to be considered , that the boyling of wort , or any spirituous liquor that is drawn or extracted from things , whose body is opened by firmentation , as mault is in a very high degree , does not only destroy and evaporate the fine , thin , subtle spirits and quality , which are only capable of penetration , but it does , as it were , fix or stagnate the whole , by which it becomes of a grosser , fuller , or stronger taste in the mouth , which through use , custom , and ignorance is esteemed a vertue or strength ; but the contrary is to be understood ; for thereby it becomes of a heavier operation , lies longer in the stomach , sending gross fumes and vapours , into the crown , and seldom fails to obstruct the passages , because it hath lost great part of those fine penetrating properties , which is easily demonstrated to your senses ; ( viz. ) unboyled wort hath a fine pleasant sweetness in taste , and it is of an opening , cleansing quality and operation ; and then taste or drink some of the same wort boyled with or without hops , and you will find that this last hath not only lost its pleasant taste and sweetness , but also its opening penetrating virtues , by which it becomes of another nature and operation ; which fermentation does in some degree help , but it cannot regain those fine , thin , penetrating virtues and spirits , that it hath lost in the boyling , the fierce heat of the fire , being an utter enemy to all spirituous drinks , liquors , or cordials . it is also to be noted , that unboyled beer or ale do generally drink smaller in the mouth then that which is boyled , because its spirituous , sweet qualities are not so much destroyed , suffocated , or stagnated by the fiery heat of the fire , as the other , but it most naturally warms the stomach , and not so subject to send fumes into the head , and runs quicker thorow the body , purges more powerfully by urine , which are naturally testimonies of its virtues , and that the better parts are preserved in the preparation . also it is further to be considered , that all sorts of drinks made without fire , altho' with raw , crude fruits , apples , grapes , and the like , as wine , syder , and many other sorts , are not only more spirituous and brisker in operation , but also more cleansing and penetrating , if order and temperance be observed . but note that all sorts of fermented drinks are much better and greater preservers of health when new , then old or stale , for age does naturally consume and turn the mild , soft , sweet , opening , healing virtues , into a hard , keen property ; for this cause all stale beer , old wine , and sider , are far hotter in operation than new , and consequently more prejudicial to health , especially to all such as are naturally subject to the stone , gravel , gout , or consumption , for it over-heats the blood , and consumes the radical moisture ; not but that the new wine , syder , beer or ale , are endued with as great a quantity of spirits as the old , as is manifest in distillation : but so long as the mild , sweet , opening virtues remain intire , strong , and powerful , this harsh fire , keen or sharp spirit , is thereby moderated , qualified , or allayed by the sweet imbraces of those friendly virtues ; which friendly quality , age turns into heat , sharpness , and keneness , as is most clearly manifested in the firmenting of all sweet bodies , which no art can cure or bring back , it being easie by the help of the fiery art to destroy all the mild , opening , friendly properties of each thing , and turn or transmute them into their original , viz. into a hot , strong spirit , but when this is done , there is no further progress to be made , for it then stands in its original qualities , and will admit of no cure ; therefore it is easie to destroy , but hard to make alive , especially in all fire operations ; and remember this , that whensoever any violence is offered to any thing , more especially to things that has passed thorough firmentation , that the best and friendly virtues do first suffer injury , or prejudice , which every one ought to understand , first in themselves , and secondly in all other things , more especially in all preparations by fire ; therefore such as would drink beer or ale more wholsom , may , unless they be too old to learn , and too obstinate to be taught , observe the rules following , which will make your drink wholsomer , and save you both trouble and charge ; and if neither profit nor regard to health can wean you from the slavery of silly old custom , your understandings are certainly miserable already , and no wonder if your bodies prove so in a little time . first , make your water or liquor neer boyling hot , then put just so much into your mash-tub as will wet your mault , stir it , and let it stand half an hour , which will dispose the mault the better to give forth its virtues and sweetness into the liquor ; then add your whole quantity of water or liquor to your mault that you purpose to put up the first time , then let it stand one hour and a half , but if you would have your first wort very strong then two hours , if the season be not hot ; then put what a quantity of hops you think convenient into your receiver , and let your wort run to them , and after your hops have infused an hour and half in your wort , then strain it off in your coolers ; you have done with your first wort. then put upon your mault your second liquor near the same heat as the first , rather cooler if any difference ; but this must stand on your mault but one hour at most ; then take what quantity you please of fresh hops and put into your receiver as before , and let your second wort run to them ; then take both second wort and hops together , and put up into your copper , there let them infuse till your wort is near boyling , but not boyl ; then strain this also into your coolers , which you have done with also . now if you would inlarge your quantity , which is not proper , which in its due place i shall demonstrate , then put up what quantity you think convenient of cold water , and let it stand , not more then half an hour , and then run it off to some fresh hops , and then put this third wort , and also hops , into the copper , as you did the second , and let the hops infuse till they are near boyling , then strain it off into your coolers , and you have done ; but you must remember that your liquor or water do not boyl , for boyling of water does irritate and evaporate the subtle fine penetrating spirits , whence the more friendly , mild , opening qualities do exist , which do make such water or liquor more harsh , hard and fixed , which do render it not so capable to draw forth or extract the sweet virtues of the mault ; for boyling of water does open its body , and sets the spirit on the wing ; for this cause all water that hath been boyled becomes of a colder , harsher , and harder nature then that which hath never been fired , and therefore it will not prepare any foods and drinks so natural , not to that advantage as that which hath not been boyled . and that you may be convinced of this truth , boyl a quantity of good river water , and put it into a good clear vessel , and let it stand a while , and then take a like quantity and put into another vessel , and let that stand the same time as the other , and you will find the boyled water to stink , and never be sweet again ; but your water which remains intire , not touched with the fire , will also stink , or rather firment , but then it will be sweet and good as for any use as before ; the reason thereof is this , for the fire doth force forth and evaporate the essential spirits and good preserving virtues , which do render of a dead , dull , phlegmatick , gross nature and operation , as we have more largely discoursed in our way to health . secondly , it is a general custom to put up hot liquor a third time on your mault , or rather grains , and to let it stand an hour or more , which makes a very ill sort of drink ; for the first and second liquors have extracted or drawn forth all the brisk , lively , sweet qualities of the mault , so that this third hot liquor hath nothing to work on , or draw forth , but only a gross substance , stinking , harsh , bitter , or keen quality , void of all the seminal or sweet virtues . now if there be any goodness left in the mault or grains , it is weak and fainty , and the gross , fulsom , martial , saturnine properties are strong , and have obtained the ascendant , and therefore they do in a moment swallow up the fading virtue , and transmute it into its own property ; for these fiery qualities do , with open jaws , devour the friendly virtues , and turn them into their own nature , ( viz. ) into a fiery keen quality , a meer caput mortuum phlegm ; for all things when they have attained their highest degree , limit , or perfection , do by degrees , as it were , go backwards , and sink towards their original or root whence they proceeded . thirdly , by what hath been said it appears , and ought to be considered . that the same beer that is made of the third putting up of the liquor on the mault or grains , is generally pernicious to health : for as is mentioned before , the first and second liquors , have before drawn forth all or most of the good , sweet , friendly virtues , and there remains nothing but a dull , heavy , gross phlegm of a tart , sour nature , which incorporates with the liquor , and is of a very unpleasing taste ; and small , and then the common custom is to take this third wort , ( indeed not fit for hoggs-wash ) and boyl it stoutly with the dregs of the hops which hath been boyled several hours before in the first and second wort , which still doth more increase the mischief ; for the boyling of hops totally suffocates , evaporates , and destroys all the volatile spirits and soft friendly virtues , and there does nothing remain in them after such boyling , but an harsh , bitter , astringent , sour property , which such small wort in the boyling draws forth . for this cause most small beer , especially that which is made after ale or strong beer , is injurious to health , and the common drinking thereof does generate various diseases , but more especially the scurvy in the blood ; therefore all that do regard their health , ought to forbear drinking such ill prepared liquors . the best small , or table beer , is to be made by adding a large proportion of liquor to your mault ( according as you would have it ) and then mix the first and second wort equally together , for the reasons before mentioned , for all preparations were intended to open the crude body by firmentation , or some other way , which do not only awaken , and set the fine spirits and friendly virtues on the wing , but also in some degree excite the harsh , ●itter , sour , astringent properties , but still the balsamick virtues are most volatile , and readiest to give forth themselves , when communicated to a proper minstrim , as appears not only in the art of brewing , but also in common chymistry the spirits and good properties gives forth themselves , and runs off first , and afterwards the bitter , astringent , four , harsh ones follows . fourthly , the quantity of hops for beer , if you propose to keep it half a year , or a year , ought to be six or seven pound to eight bushels of mault , and so proportionable ; but for beer or ale that is to be spent presently , two , three , or four to eight bushels will suffice . also note , that all sorts of beer or ale are best new , and much more agreeable to nature , as i have mentioned before ; for the longer any firmented drinks are kept , the more they tend towards harshness , keneness , and sharpness , and the saturnine , martial properties are thereby advanced , and the mild , friendly qualities debilitated , for which reason all stale beer does heat the body , and much more disorder it then new . fifthly , another thing is in a most special manner to be noted , ( viz ) that your vessels in which you cool your wort , ought to be well cleansed ; and also your mash-tub ( viz. ) washed well with cold water , which is better than hot ; for boyling water does , as it were , fright or drive back into the wood a certain , four , fulsom quality that the former wort left behind , and which the wood of the coolers had suckt in ; for the humidity or sweet quality that the wood receives from the wort , do presently turn very sharp , four , and keen , especially in hot seasons of the year , so that when the fresh , new , sweet wort comes into such coolers , it does most eagerly and powerfully attract and draw forth that lurking keen , sharp , sour quality that the wood had received and retained , which will occasion the whole to become of a sharp quality , which is called ( pricks , ) but hardly perceivable to the palate ; but when it is firmented , this evil quality gets the ascendent over the whole , which is the principal occasion why brewers ale in hot seasons will not keep above four , five , or six days , or there abouts . now the best way to prevent this evil is , that your coolers are still washed well in cold water , wherein some bitter herbs or seeds are infused hours , as wormwood gathered and dried , as we have taught in our way to health ; and after they are well cleansed with this bitter water , then expose your vessels to the open air as much as possible you can , for nothing sweetens and cleanseth so much as air ; also avoid putting your vessels into cellars , or any close places where the air hath not its free influences . the like is to be done in the cleansing your tun in which you work your drink in . the like is to be understood in ovens ; for if you bake spicy foods , as pies , and the like , and afterwards heat the oven for small bread , such bread will be tinged , and smell strong of the former things , that is , if the oven be heat presently ; but if the oven stands open two or three days , in which time those spicy qualities will evaporate ; for the spirits of things are so quick , powerful , and subtile , that they penetrate even the hardest of bodies , which neither fire nor water can presently extinguish , but they remain as it were intire and fixed , until a sutable subject matter be offered , into which , as by simile , they retreat , and therewith readily incorporate , and therefore remember your friend the air ; and to prevent this and many other inconveniences , expose your vessels to its free influences ; for no element hath so great power to cleanse , sweeten , and to give true life to every thing , according to the nature of each , as air ; and where it has its free circulation and influence , it destroys all putrification , vermine , and evil scents . but because brewing is become a trade , and such must brew three or four days in a week , therefore they have not sufficient time to expose their vessels to this cleansing element , as houswives , and others , that brew only for their own private families , it will therefore be convenient for them to copper , lead , or tin their coolers over , as also the mash-tub or tun they firment or work there drink in , but copper and tin is best , which will in a great degree prevent the souring or pricking of their ale in summer , and their beer will have the same advantage , for the sweet spirits cannot so easily penetrate those hard metaline bodies , nor will so great a quantity of humidity enter , and that which does will not become sharp , nor sour , as in wood , having no such subject matter to work on . it is also to be noted , that your wort ought to stand very thin or shallow in your coolers , for that will preserve it from fretting and growing sharp or keen , if the other circumstances before-mentioned be observed . moreover , your wort ought to be , as it were , quite cold , before it be put together to work● for if it be set together too hot , it will firment so violently , and in a moments time irritate and awaken the hot , sharp , fiery spirit , which should not be stirred up , which spends and destroys the pure fine spirit and sweet body , and consequently cause your beer or ale to grow stale to fast . nor ought you when your beer or ale is in the tun , to beat your yest or balm into it , as the custom of some brewers is , especially in and about london , which is very prejudicial to health , and ought to be restrained by some law ; for this beating of the yest into the drink does so mix , and as it were incorporate them together , and flatten or suffocate the fine penetrating virtues , that in its firmentation the gross excrementitious matter cannot seperate from the finer parts , by which means it does retain a strong , gross , and fulsom sweetness , which too many ignorant people admire , and count good and nourishing ; but in truth such liquors fail not to fur , foul , and obstruct the stomach and passages , sending dark dulling fumes and vapors into the head , and also generate an hard , gritty quality in people subject to the stone and gravel : also such drinks are of evil consequence to women who are of tender natures , and weaker spirits and heats than men , therefore let them refrain the same , if they have any respect to their own and their childrens healths . the usual course in brewing , is to let your drink work in the tun till it begins to fall or firment more gently , and then to tun it up into your casks , which new motion and agitation puts the drink upon a fresh firmentation , and causes it oftentimes to work again as fierce and eagerly as it did at first , or more , which is apt to make it fret or spend it self , for much or fierce working makes all drinks to grow keen and stale , sooner then when its firmentation is moderate . it will indeed in such case become fine somewhat sooner , because the volatile spirits and sweet body is wasted , or rather turned into sharpness by the two long and fierce firmentation . therefore , those that have a mind to avoid this inconveniency , ought to tun or put up their drink young , as the brewers calls it , that is , before it hath firmented too much , ( viz. ) so soon as your drink works you ought to tun it into the barrels or vessels , and you need not doubt but it will work sufficiently ; nay , you may when your wort is thorough cold , mix your yest well with your wort , and put it into your vessels presently , and it will do extraordinary well . now if any think that so short a time of infusion as i have prescribed will not get out the virtue and goodness of the hops without boyling of them stoutly , i answer , that all the mild , friendly virtues of hops lyes as it were outward and ready , which with the least violence are drawn forth , as appears by that delicate scent and odor which they cast abroad ; nay , so free and tender they are , that if they be not close ram'd or stuffed into baggs , the very air shall steal away most of their excellency , and if so , what will the fierce heat and violent boyling do , which every considerate wise man ought to consider . now as to the nature of hops , there is in them a most excellent glance or friendly opening quality , more especially if they were dried in the sun , which is to be preferred before the host or kill ; for the spirituous parts of this plant is so nice , that it cannot indure any violent heat without prejudice to its fine virtues , and you might almost as rationally make your hay that way , which if you should be so dull as not to perceive your folly , i doubt not but your bruit beasts would upbraid you of indiscretion , and teach you the difference . hops naturally purges powerfully by urine , if prepared and used with understanding , so that they are unjustly charged to breed the stone ; for , on the contrary , they are a special remedy against it , if orderdered with judgment , and as they ought to be ; but as every thing consists of contraries , they may and do occasion the stone , and other diseases by accident ; but it is only when they are abused , and after their good virtues are drawn off or evaporated by the force of fire , as boyling , and the like , which is done in a trice ; for no herbs that have been dried as they ought , will endure the fire or boyling without manifest prejudice to the best virtues ; but it is a gentle infusion that will naturally , and without violence to nature extract or draw forth all that is desired in hops , or any other dried or prepared herbs ; but 't is true , it will not rouze nor infect your liquor with their original harsh , bitter , sulsom , keen , hot properties , which too many , for want of distinguishing the principles of nature , call virtue and strength ; indeed strength and fierceness it is , but far from virtue in respect of human bodies , nothing scarce being more inimical and injurious thereunto , which evil properties in every thing are the more drawn forth and increased by over much boyling , especially in herbs and vegitations which have been already firmented and digested by the influences of the sun and elements , whereby the gross phlemy parts are opened , and the spirits set upon the wing ready to come forth upon any gentle summons . but the swinging objection is yet behind ; you undertake ( cries the professed brewers , and the good dames ) to teach us to brew , yet have out the principal verb ; you say the liquor , before it be put to the mault , must only be moderately hot , not boyled : well , suppose we should yield to this , still you forget to tell us , how long it ought to be boyled after 't is drawn off the mault : sure you would not have us brew without boyling at all , and make raw ale and beer , and take or s. per barrel only for a little water bewitcht , the rincings of a parcel of mault and a few hops in a little warm water , with a small doze of yest to make it bubble in the barrel , is like to make excellent humming liquor . you complain of our ale not keeping above a week ; is it possible ( if unboyled ) it should keep at all ? nay , can absurdity call it beer or ale ? he is like to have customers , who should write over his sign , here 's beer and ale to be sold that never was boyled . when the great fault that all the world finds with the common brewers drink , is , that they do not boyl it half enough ; and yet they boyl it double the time as most housewives do . but if you could make good your words , that good ale and beer might be made without boyling away a great quantity of what they put up , the company of brewers might well afford you five hundred pounds a year for the invention ; for they could save almost as much as their excise comes to . answer . this i confess is the common leiry , but it affects me no more than the buzzing of flies about my nose in autumn . the objection consists of several parts , i will endeavour to answer them in order . first , as to the boyling of wort after drawn from the mault , i do aver that it is not only unnecessary , but mischievous , for the reasons before mentioned , and also by what follows . 't is not boyling , but a due firmentation that makes excellent generous liquor . wine and sider are not boyled ( at least not commonly ) yet few people scruples , or think them ever the worse : what 's the reason ? because they will say , the grapes and apples have passed through as much digestion as they ought , or need to have , by the ripening influences of the sun and elements . well then , and what 's the matter but ripe barly , which has not only received a far higher digestion by the same sun and elements , and will thereby remain good and sound several years , which the best grapes and apples will not continue good a tenth part of the time ; and though it be harder and more tenatious in its kind , has yet undergone a second by its being made into mault , and a third afterwards by our way of infusion in water , fitted to a due warmth to extract its spirituous virtues and sweet body , should need a fourth of boyling so long as you talk of . is water ( seeing it is originally designed by god , and his hand-maid nature , the common drink for all creatures ) of such an ill nature or quality , that it requires so much boyling ? no certainly ; for boyl a gallon of water to three quarts , and let the remainder stand eight or ten days , and you 'l find all its brisk pleasantness ( before to any accustomed or undepraved pallat as relishing as any liquor whatsoever ) wholly lost , so that you , or any beast , will nautiate to drink it . the reasons why we heat water in brewing to such a competent degree , is not so much to correct its rawness , as they falsly call it , as to qualifie it to open and draw forth and imbibe the good virtues of the mault , and so likewise of the hops , which being once effected , all our pains in boyling is superfluous , and not only so , but detrimental too ; for henceforwards , if you proceed in your boyling , you do but raise and induce those fierce bitter spirits in each thing or ingredient , which tho' fitly planted in them by nature , for their own particular conversation , were yet never intended for the use of man , as being injurious to his own nature when unduly seperated from the friendly qualities or light of nature . if then neither the water , nor the mault , nor the hops require this tedious boyling , why is it practised ? or rather is it not a demonstration , that the same is detrimental ; since in all nature's ways unnecessaries are hurtful , and over-doing there ( as well as in morals ) is a badge of vice. you talk of rawness , 't is but raw that is indigested ( argument ) but the drink i recommend is not such , since it has passed through all the digestions and firmentations that it ought to do ; and if people will not be willing to give or s. per barrel for wholsom drink , as for unwholsom , i can neither help nor hinder it , any more than perswade an ignorant irish-man to quit his stinking butter ( of as many colours as the rain-bow ) for wholsom , sweet english butter , which he counts hath no taste in it ; all this is but the effects of custom . but add further , that this unboyled drink will not keep ; i answer ( better for all good intents ) then your parboiled geare . the best way to prove a thing feasible is to do it : now i have more than once made excellent beer that never boiled , and yet has kept good , in your sense , a twelve-month , and he that keeps any longer , has kept it six months too long . as for what is intended for long sea voyages , 't is a particular business , and so the boyling of it with hops a great while may , together with excessive salt meats , notably help the seamen to the scurvey , and yet both the one and the other might easily be avoided . but still you urge , the only fault all the world finds with brewers of common ale and beer , that 't is not boyled half enough , yet , and with as much judgment , as once an honest tubman , whose imployment was to carry beer and ale from brew-houses to his masters , whom i imployed to carry my ale , who would needs be tasting : ay marry master , quoth he , this is good ale indeed , a man may taste this is well boyled ; if brewers would but boyl theirs so , we should not have such filthy unwholsom drink in every ale-house ; whilst all the while the ale he drank never boyled one wallop . but if i could make my words good , the brewers might give me five hundred pounds per annum , and get mony by the bargain . i have made good my words , but i dare not undertake to rectifie at once all the debauched palats and depraved judgments throughout the kingdom . if abundance of people will love fulsom ale , with yest thwackt into it , to make it as they think strong and mighty , or the rueful juices of parboyl'd hops , and will court the stone , the scurvey , the consumption , and the like , to make work for the sexton and the flanel weavers , i can no more help it then the self-murther of above a year , by the use of that alamode liquor , brandy . and as for a pension from the brewers , i am as far from seeking it , or ( bless god ) from needing it , as ( i fear ) they will be from following my well intended advice ; for it is no new thing for men , over whom custom and tradition hath got the ascendant , to act not only against reason , but even contrary to their own true interest to . much more i could say , but i think this enough for such a vulgar objection . here give me leave to tell you , that there are a great number of brave herbs and vegitations that will do the business in brewing , as well as hops , and for many constitutions much better ; for 't is custom more than their real virtues that renders hops of general use and esteem ; they are an excellent herb , and would be much better , if they were or could be dried in the sun. some other herbs i shall here mention , fit to be made use of in drinks . peny royal and balm are noble herbs , and of excellent use in beer or ale ; they naturally raise and cheer the drooping spirits , and open and cleanse the passages after a friendly way , and with a mild operation . and also they add great strength and fragrancy , and makes brave , well tasted drink , good to prevent and cure all , or most of those diseases which the wise ancients have appropriated that herb unto . the like is to be understood of mint , tansie , wormwood , broom , cardias , centuary , eye-bright , betony , sage , dandelion , and good hay ; also many others , according to their natures and qualities , and for those diseases to which they are respectively appropriated . but note , that all and every of these herbs ought to be gathered in their proper seasons , and dry and preserved as we have given directions in our way to health ; for you ought not to use any herb or vegitation in beer or ale whilst they are green , except there be a necessity . secondly , when you infuse in your beer or ale wormwood , broom , tansey , cardis , or any other herb that exceeds in bitterness , you ought not to let them lye in your wort above half an hour , or if you put in a good quantity , a quarter of an hour will be enough ; for in all such bitter herbs the martial and saturnine harsh properties are near at hand , and the warw wort will quickly stir up and awaken their harsh , bitter , strong , astringent qualities , which will presently devour , suffocate , and destroy the fine spirituous virtues and opening cleansing properties ; and then such drinks becomes of an hard , harsh , constringent nature , and are apt to obstruct the stomach , and send fumes into the head , heating the body and blood too violently ; therefore all , or most infusions of herbs , made after this common way , more especially of bitter herbs , are naughty and injurious to health . as for example ; they put a quantity of wormwood , or some other bitter herb , into their beer or ale , at or after it hath done working , and there let it lye infusing ( or rather rotting ) two , three , four , five , or six weeks , and in ale-houses so many months , until the cask be out , whereby all the good , opening , penetrating , brisk spirits , and fine virtues of such herbs are totally destroyed , and instead thereof the drink impregnated with their contraries , ( viz. ) with the harsh , bitter , churlish , inimical properties , especially when such infusions are made of wormwood ; for this reason common wormwood beer and ale does not only hurt , but by degrees weaken the natural heat of the stomach , but sends dulling fumes and vapors into the head , and does prejudice the eyes . 't is certain , infusion of herbs , if due order be observed , is the best and most profitablest way yet found out to obtain their virtues , both for common use and physick , far beyond waters and spirits drawn from them by distillation , for thereby a burning , fierce , brimstony spirit is extracted , void of all the mild , cleansing , opening qualities or mild virtues , which in firmentation are turned into a degree of anasidity , which fits it , and renders it capable of separation . as for example , take sugar ( which is the most balsamick and highest sweet of any thing in the world ) firmentation will in a little time turn the whole sweet body into a sour , or a degree of sharpness , then distil it , and you shall have a hot , burning spirit , and for every pound of sugar you will have near a pound of spirit . here you see the whole , sweet , pleasant body is turned into a fierce , strong , burning spirit , which has its uses in physick , but otherwise pernicious if commonly drunk , as too many do . the very same is to be understood in the firmenting and distilling of any sorts of herbs ; as in the spirit of scurvy-grass , so much of late cried up for its wonderful virtues against the scurvy , when in truth there is nothing in it ; for if you take scurvy-grass , and infuse it in brandy , or any other minstrum , for a certain time , till it firments to such a degree , and then draw it off , or distil it , and instead then of obtaining the friendly , mild , cleansing virtues , and middle qualities , you have a strong , fiery , brimstony spirit , which is not so good as rectified spirit of wine , and it hath no manner of force to cure or prevent the scurvy in the blood , for in good earnest , the frequent use of such spirits do heat the blood , obstruct the stomach , and increase scorbutick diseases . the greatest virtues it hath , it being put into ale , beer , or wine , in a morning fasting , it quickens the stomach , as spirits do , and seems to purge by urine , as most mixed drinks do , especially when spirits are mixed with other liquors , but it is the order and time , and the liquor it is put into , that is the principal point why it purges by urine , being generally drunk in a morning fasting , when the stomach is free from food , and the passages least obstructed , then a glass or two of any sort of liquor or drink will quickly run thorough a man , and purge much more by urine , then at any other time of the day . and i do affirm , that if any one take brandy , or other good spirits , and in a morning fasting , drop sixty or seventy drops into a glass of ale , and fast two or three hours after it , and it shall purge by urine , and also quicken the stomach , and have as good effects on the scurvy as the best distilled scurvy-grass , let it either be drawn off with brandy , or of its self . and also the mornings draught the good dame teaches her husband to drink , ( viz. ) ale and brandy mixed together , which will prove as beneficial . the like is to be understood of other things called medicines , if once the multitude cries them up , tho' they be never so heterogene and improper , they must do wonders , but leaving them to their own humours , i shall proceed to teach you several good drinks against the stone and gravel , and other diseases . the best drinks to prevent the generation , and cure the stone and gravel , are such drinks which god and his handmaid nature have prepared to our hands , and is ready every where to be had ( viz. ) good river water ; for the stone and gravel is hardly known in those countreys where the natives common drink is water , for that of all others is the most friendly , mild , and cleansing : but on the contrary , all firmented spirituous drinks , let them be as wisely handled as they can , nevertheless they heat the blood , and a little time does naturally cause them to tend towards heat , sharpness and keneness , which qualities are great enemies to the human nature , and breaks the harmony of the humours , especially in such that are apt in constitution to generate gravel or the stone ; also such drinks causes the distempers called heart-burnings , fevers , and unnatural heats throughout the whole body ; therefore such as have a mind to preserve their healths , and be friends to their own natures , let them follow these directions , viz. of cold gruel . take one spoonful of good oatmeal , temper it with a little water , then take a quart of the same cold water , and brew the mixed water and oatmeal well together with the other quart , in two pots that are for that purpose , and then it is done . remember that your oatmeal must be ground . the oatmeal , if good , will mix or incorporate with the water . of this sort you may drink a pint or a quart , or more , at a time : this is a most excellent drink to be drunk mornings , and at meals , or at any time of the day , and season of the year , for all sorts of people , both for the healthy and unhealthy , especially in hot seasons , and for such who are subject to the stone , gravel , or any other obstructions of the passages ; and for young people , the frequent and common use thereof does wonderfully strengthen the whole body , it is so friendly and homogeneal , that it always quenches thirst the best of any others , by refreshing the spirits , bedewing the body with a more pleasant and more natural moisture , than either beer , ale , syder , or any other firmented drinks . it begets a natural cheerfulness , extinguisheth all kinds of natural flushings and vapors that comes for want of a strong , natural health , and large passages . it opens and frees the stomach and passages from gross matter that obstruct the digestive faculties , and powerfully purges by urine , especially if a quart or two be drank in a morning fasting . it mightily assists nature in all her operations ; and it is not only profitable against the stone and gravel , but also against griping pains of the bowels , helps concoction , disburthening the stomach of superfluous juices , and cleanseth the vessels which are generally stopt and furr'd by intemperance ; and it does naturally prevent fumes and vapors , by carrying the offending windy matter into the bowels , causing it to pass with ease its proper way . also the common use thereof is an excellent remedy against shortness of breath , or other ill habits of the stomach , and against all sharp windy humors and juices that falls into the joints . and nothing is a surer and more powerful remedy against the scurvy and dropsie , by opening the obstructions of the liver and spleen ; begets appetite to admiration , cheers and comforts the spirits , and is in every repect friendly to nature , and assists her in all her operations . and whosoever shall accustom themselves to the frequent drinking of this cold gruel , shall find by experience greater benefit than i have here set down . in all cold seasons you may warm your water as you commonly do ale or beer , to that degree of heat which do rather better it then the contrary . it is also to be noted , that firmentation , not only in liquors , but also in herbs and vegitations , do destroy or transmute the opening , mild , friendly , cleansing and purging qualities , by which they become of another nature and operation , for it changeth sweetness into the highest degree of keneness and sharpness , opening the body , and set the spirits at liberty or on the wing , as is most manifest in wort drawn from mault , which is of an opening purging quality , but when firmented or worked , and of ten or fourteen days old , fit to drink , then it is become another thing , for firmentation hath changed or transmuted those soft , mild , opening , friendly qualities into a brisk , lively , spiritual property , tending to heat , sharpness , and keeness . the like is to be understood in the infusion of all opening herbs in wort , or the boyling them in wort , and firmenting them afterward , therefore all sorts of opening liquors and infusions are most profitable against the stone , gravel , and obstruction of the uritors before they be firmented of all , which our friendly cold gruel hath the first place ; but for such that have been accustomed to beer , ale , wine , and syder , and are not willing to venter on our friendly gruel , ought to drink all their firmented liquors , new ale a week , beer twelve or fourteen days , and syder and wine new ; and if they will use any opening seeds or herbs , then let them infuse them in a pint of your beer , ale , syder , or wine one quarter of an hour before you drink , and warm it a little , so much as you do ale or beer when you drink it , which is a commendable way , far better then putting or infusing the herbs or seeds in the barrel , or working of them in the wort. and you must remember that in all your infusions that you use , infuse but one herb or seed at a time , make no mixtures , least instead of advancing , you quite destroy the natural and simple operations of that from which you expect help , for few men do understand the genuine nature and operation of two or three several herbs or seeds , when mixed or infused together , much less when four , five , six , seven , eight , nine , ten , or twenty are jumbled together , as i have elsewhere demonstrated . those that desire a more friendly ale then is generally drunk , may infuse what quantity they please in there warm wort , as you do hops : also use the herb ale-hoof , fennel seeds , caroways , and coriander , all which are notable purges by urine ; but they purge by urine more powerful when infused in either new ale or beer , that is already firmented , as is mentioned before ; so you may do it in small quantities , as you have occasion : but if you infuse those , or any other herbs in water , ( viz. ) in cold water , for ten or twelve hours , and then drink a pint , or what you please , which have a far more powerful operation against the forementioned distempers , then in any firmented liquor . it is further to be considered , that strong , stale beer , syder , wine , or any other firmented liquors , the frequent drinking thereof do not only generate the stone and gravel , but they do as often occasion the gout , consumptions , dropsies , and many other diseases , all according to the nature of each mans constitution , and what properly hath got the ascendant in the humors of the body , as is manifest in great eaters and drinkers ; one man drinks and eats himself into the gout , another into a consumption , another into a dropsie , or some other distemper ; the evil effects are as various as their natures and constitutions are contrary . be therefore reconciled to water , that generous element which without doubt was , and is the only drink ordained for all creatures by our creator , therefore he that first firmented the juices of the grape , and made strong drink thereof , did drink and was drunk , and therefore was cursed with the greatest of curses , which ought to be considered by all wise and good men ; but water is so friendly , and does contain many secret and admirable virtues , which the creator hath indued this element with , as in all ages hath been manifest ; for it being pure and clear in its own nature ; and is it not the only , and alone thing , by which all external things are purified , purged and cleansed ? and though it be a vulgar proverb , as weak as water , yet i must tell you , water is more strong and sublime then most imagine , for it contains a most ravishing and excellent sweet virtue , whence proceeds the pure , friendly , refreshing quality , whereby it hath power , by its innate virtue , to delight and purifie all sorts of food . also in preparations it is so innocent and friendly , that it dissipates the gross phlemy body , and preserves the more essential parts and virtues , and keeps them living . what shall i say , words cannot declare its excellency ; it is not only the most plentiful and truly pleasant of all drinks , but it supplies nature with its friendly moisture , and relieves thirst beyond all other liquors or juices , it is so simple , and indued with such equality , that it insinuates its mild opening virtues into all parts of the body in an insensible way ; it makes no noise , nor causes any tumults in the brain , nor awakens any inequality in the body ; but it imparts its meek life as it were in silence ; and as bread hath the first place of all food , and may justly be called concord , as being the foundation of all good nourishment , the like is to be understood of water , that being the radix of all moist nourishment , and renders all things fit and profitable for mankind , of which there are great variety , all according to the natures and salniteral virtues of the earth it proceeds from ; but for general use , rain , river , and spring-water are the best , and that of these sorts that will wash , brew , and perform all preparations in houswifery is the best , ( viz. ) that water that will wash lining to advantage is the best , which generally river-water will do , far better than most springs , as i have demonstrated in our way to health . cautions against certain foods that generate the stone and gravel . first , such as are naturally subject to these diseases ought to refrain from all over-salt fish and flesh , for such things are not only hard of concoction , furring the passages , but they do heat the whole body , and infect the blood with a salt , sharp , scorbutick humour , occasioning crudities and evil juices , obstructing the passages of the whole body , and especially the uriters . thirdly , let them refrain all spicy foods , for they naturally heat the blood , hurt the natural heat , and produce the same effects , especially in youth . thirdly , let them refrain all or most sorts of food made sweet with sugar , for the frequent use of such meats and drinks do prove very prejudicial to most peoples health , but more especially to such as are subject to the forementioned diseases ; for over-sweetness in foods and drinks , does not only thicken the blood , and hinder its free circulation , but it indues it with a watery phlegmatick quality , and turns the humours to the highest degree of souerness , more especially if fats and sweetness be compounded together , as they are for the most part ( as the sweetest wines makes the sharpest vinegar ) which immediately tends towards putrifaction , whence proceeds various diseases , according to each mans constitution and complexion , viz. scabs , boyls , leprosies , consumptions , gout , and stone , all stoppages of the breast , ill digestion , nautiousness , rotten teeth , offensive breath , all which distempers have of late years been more brief and frequent , since the common eating of sugered foods and drinks . and indeed most mothers and nurses , through an ignorant fondness , do lay the foundations for these , and the like diseases in children , from their very infancy , by the continued use of sweetned milks , and other compounded foods ; for sugar , tho' it be the king of all vegitations , and the sublimest salt the vegitative kingdom affords , as being more highly graduated in the almost paradisical quality the sweet ; nevertheless , that too frequent or over-much eating of it proves baneful to health , especially to young people and children ; for when it comes into the stomach , and is there firmented , it presently tends to keneness , sharpness , and souerness , which in many people proves of evil consequence , and does generate a hard gretty stone , making substance as it finds matter capable , and disposed to receive and joyn forces with it . fourthly , also let those that are subject to the forementioned diseases , forbear as much as in them lies , the frequent eating of fat succulant foods ; for you must note , that all fat bodies are nothing so easily dissolvable , neither can the natural minstrum or heat of the stomach , so well digest or make separation thereof , as it can on vegitation ; neither do such things generate so good blood , or fine brisk lively spirits ; for this cause fat foods lye long in the stomach , and seem to satisfie it , not that they afford more or better nourishment , but the reason thereof is their oyliness , as is manifest in all external operations , for what menstrum will easily separate and dissolve fat oyly things . the like is to be understood of the stomach ; for this cause a man may eat double the quantity of lean foods as he can of fat , and yet be more brisk , lightsom , and airy , and sooner an hungry again , especially when used thereunto . besides , fat foods do not only fur the passages of the uretors , and generate evil juices there , but in all or most phlegmetick constitutions , obstructs the stomach , causing coughs , and great increase of phlegmatick matter , whence grosness and fatness in such people does proceed ; and the only and most principal foods to prevent such inconveniences are simple vegitations . fifthly , improper mixtures and compositions are to be avoided , as also baked , fryed , and stewed foods , and not to eat any thing hotter than your blood , and in summer let all your foods be quite cold , only spoon meats may be eaten as hot as milk from the cow ; for whatsoever food is taken hot , as the general custom is , the same is contrary to nature , and does generate bad blood , viz. makes it hot , sharp , and saltish , which will manifest it self by breaking out in various spots on the flesh and skin , commonly called symptoms of the scurvy ; therefore consider the great and most wonderful work and mystery of nature in generation , and making of all creatures , which is performed by a due heat and moisture , the heat not exceeding that of our well tempered blood , which we have treated on more fully in our way to health . the truth of these things , i think , no wise man can deny , the same being sensibly demonstrated by the natives of those countreys , where they live for the most part on simple foods , and innocent drinks , viz. water , which makes them strangers to the stone , gout , consumption , and to many other distempers that we are most generally afflicted with ; therefore those that would enjoy health and long life ( which , amongst all wise men , was , and is esteemed a great blessing from the lord ) and prevent and cure themselves of these diseases , let them , i say , apply themselves to simple meats , and such drinks as are before prescribed , viz. to eat freely of bread , herbs , gruels , both of oatmeal and wheat-flower , and all foods made of vegitations , which are of various sorts , and yet natural and innocent , and every one may by practise learn how to apply them . a good drink against the stone and other stoppages . take good chalk , infuse it in either river or spring-water two , three , four , or six days in open vessels in the air , this is of excellent use , and very profitable against all stoppages and assid sharp juices that are subject to gripe the stomach and bowels ; also it purges by urine , and brings away gravel and slimy offensive matter ; for chalk does naturally indue or impregnate the water with a fine , mild , soft , friendly , or milky quality , very good against obstructions and sharp sour juices ; it 's taste is pleasant and grateful . the good houswife may brew with this chalky water to great advantage , for it makes excellent , mild , soft ale , friendly to nature . this water also will wash to great advantage , for it will save them both labour and soap . the truth is , chalk is a brave , noble , virgins earth , of a venerial balsamick nature and operation , of admirable use and profit in the manuring of all cold , stiff , claiey ground , it is to be preferred before lime , for one manuring with chalk will continue its virtues several years , but the salniteral virtue of lime will not hold so long , because in the burning of lime the violent harsh fire of the kill does totally destroy the mild , soft , friendly quality , and there does only remain the original salt , which is of an hot tart nature and operation , drying , and astringent ; which qualities are very profitable and useful in several trades and arts , especially in refining and making white sugar , and indeed all sorts of sugar , it gives it body and life , causes a coagulation . but chalk , being intire and simple , retains a most sweet , allaying , mild , friendly virtue , which also is one of the best things for manuring fruit-trees that stand in wet , cold ground , to render them fruitful . so chalk being powdered , and put into vinegar or lime-juice , it will presently set it into a firmentation , and in a very little time it will allay or drink up the sharpness or assidity thereof , so that it will become almost mild ; also being put into the fierce , corroding , keen spirit of salt , it will in some measure allay its fiery sharpness . likewise , if the powder of chalk be put into hard stale beer , syder , or mum , and stir or brew it together , and then let it stand two or three minutes , and it will presently settle ; it will drink new , mild and pleasant , and also very wholsom and palatable , so wonderful is its qualifying , friendly , mild nature , and without doubt it does contain many great secrets ( the discovering of which is not suitable to this place ) what is said being sufficient to insinuate the usefulness thereof , both in husbandry and housewifery , and physick , in which last respect , for the preservation of health , i recommend it to all people , especially to those that are subject by nature or accident to those terrible distempers the stone and gout . furthermore , 't is a common experiment when people are troubled with the distemper , vulgarly called the heart-burnt , to beat or powder a little chalk , and put it to water , and drink it , which gives them ease ; but the reason of the cure few considers . i conceive that that distemper does not so properly afflict the heart , as resides about the orifice of the stomach , arising from a sharp , keen , sour , burning humor or firment , occasioned by excess and ill digestion , which seems to inflame those parts ; now the drinking of water , in which chalk is infused , does by its mild balsamick virtues , allay or mitigate that short severeness or violence , and thereby gives the party ease ; for if it hath such a power , when only outwardly infused in stale beer , syder , mum , wine , of vinegar and other eager liquors , 't is but reasonable to believe it will have no less signal operation , when taken in a proper quantity inwardly , where the friendly powers of nature are ready to assist , and help advance to the highest mergie , for removing and subduing that which before afflicted and oppressed them . a good and profitable way for the poor , and wholsom for the rich , to make cherry-wine , or drink of goosberries , currans , apricocks and plumbs , being easie and wholsom , pleasant and cheap . there being but one way and manner in the making and operation , therefore one example will serve for all . take ripe cherries , goosebearies , plumbs , currans , or any of the like fruits , bruise them in a convenient vessel , then put them in a tub , such a one as you mash your mault in when you brew , with a tap in it , then put what quantity of good water ( viz. cold ) as you please , as you would have your drink , small or strong ; let these cherries infuse twelve , fourteen , sixteen , or eighteen hours , then draw it off , and if it be to keep , infuse some bitter herbs or seeds in it three hours ; but if it be for present drinking , then balm , or any other good herb : after this , add to every gallon two or three pound of treakle , or two or three pound of sugar or hony , but if you would have it very strong , then add more sweetning ; then take some yest or barm , and put it a working , as you do beer or ale. the same method you may observe in all other fruits , as goosberries , currans , and the like . this sort of drink or wine is to be preferred before that which is made of the whole juice , especially if your sugar be good ; it drinks finer , and is lighter on the stomach , and more warm , not so apt to send fumes into the head , and will digest any sort of food much better than that which is commonly made . there is another way of making this sort of drink , ( viz. ) take good water , and make it scalding hot , put it into your mash-tub to your bruised fruits , and let them infuse one hour , then draw it off , infuse your herbs or seeds in it , if they be bitter half an hour , if not , then an hour , then put it a cooling as you do wort , and then put your sugar , treakle , or hony , what quantity you think fit , or as you would have it in strength , then add some yest , stir it well together , and it will firment or work , and so barrel it ; but cold water from the fountain is to be preferred before hot , and is much a brisker wine . these are easie , cheap , familiar ways , and makes most excellent drink . if your fruits be of your own growth , it will then stand you but in a small matter , very little more than ordinary beer , and be much stronger . this sort of drink every poor man may have ; and indeed it is a better , and more wholsomer drink or wine then the common sort made by pressing ; for water is the homogenial menstrum in the world , and most familiar to human nature ; and by this way of operation , it mildly and sweetly draws forth all the good virtues of the fruit without force and violence , and leaves the harsh , bitter astringency of the stones and skins behind , whereas pressing doth by its violence force forth the bitter harshness , both of the stones and skins , and is very hurtful , as is clearly seen in syder and wine , for the stones and skins are of a harsh , bitter astringent nature and operation ; for hard bruising , and violent pressing of tender fruits , do not only extract and force forth the harshness of the stones and skins , but it does as it were suffocate or dismay the fine , lively , spirituous qualities , which your sense of tasting will tell you . taste the fruit before it be bruised or pressed , and then the juice that proceedeth from them , the juice drawn out by our mouth , is fine , brisk , and penetrating ; but the juices pressed out are dull , heavy , and gross to the palate and stomach . the same is manifest in the juices pressed out of green herbs ; for example , take what sort , or sorts , of sallad herbs , bruise them to mash , then take them and dish them into a sallad , and they will be so gross , dull , heavy , and fulsom to both palate and stomach ; but those same herbs that are dished up into a sallad , which are not bruised , will be moist , pleasant , and grateful . now here you see that this hard bruising and pressing , hath as it were wholly destroyed the brisk lively virtues , and indeed all that is desirable or delightful both to the senses , as well as to the stomach . note that the forementioned drinks that are made of water , herbs , fruit , sugar , treakle , or hony , are best with cold water , as i have told you before , especially in hot countries , for fiered drinks are no friends to nature , except wisely handled ; therefore the natives of those climates , where they drink water , are not known to have the stone , and where their foods are simple , which all wise men ought to consider . lastly , note that all sorts of syder would keep much better , and be far wholsomer , especially for ancient people , and such are more or less subject to the stone or gravel , if when it is new made you infused in part of it , some bitter herbs , gathered and prepared as we have taught in our way to health , viz. wormwood , hops , cardis , centuary , sage , betiny , dandelion , or the like , for the bitter quality does naturally hold the sweet body and volatile spirits , as it were , captive , for mars loves venus , also bitterness does mightily withstand and moderate the keen , astringent , hard , harsh properties , that they cannot advance nor devour the sweet , mild qualities ; for this cause all bitter herbs do preserve all sorts of drinks , and keep them from sharp hardness and astringency , longer then otherwise they would . besides , they are wholsom , pleasant , and healthful when people are used to them . also good store of such herbs , whose predominant quality stands in bitterness , ought to be infused in all drinks made of sugar , mallas , treakle , or hony , because such liquors or drinks tends to a sharp keneness sooner then drinks made of mault , which our english , and others , ought to consider that inhabits the west-indies , and other hot climates , where they frequently make various sorts of drinks with sugar , mallas , and fruits , and where also they are terribly afflicted with the stone , gout , and gravel , viz. which all or most drinks made of sugar or mallas are apt to generate ; for the highest sweets , when firmented , either in liquors , or in the stomach , quickly tends to the highest sharpness and keen harshness , especially in some constitutions , if the sweet quality be not some degrees alaid or captivated by the bitter , which do also moderate or withstand the astringent band . having had experience and certain knowledge of the virtues of these preparations , i thought it my duty to communicate to the world , for the benefit of such as shall please to make use of them , and for such as scorn and deride them , they shall , though they slight my poor advice , injoy my cordial , pity . an appendix , shewing the natural causes why fruit-trees do so frequently fail bearing , and offering expediments to make orchards almost constantly fruitful . with a new experiment of preserving of eggs sweet and good for several months . having in our other writings occasionally discoursed of syder , and how advantagiously the same might be made , especially to farmers and poor country people , i shall here take leave to add a few considerations touching fruit-trees . 't is certain , that planting of orchards , as it is a thing of great delight , and but of little labour , and that most natural and agreeable unto the first commandment of our creator , so it might be as profitable an imployment of ground as any whatsoever . the only thing , i conceive , that discourages many people , is , that fruit-trees , especially old planted , seldom brings any considerable crop ; for if they bear full one year , its odds but the next they miss , nay often till the third and fourth year after , they yield not any considerable quantity of fruit , the reason of which is commonly attributed to great frosts , sharp winds , uncouth seasons , blasts , and blithes from unwholsom air , and such like external accidents . but i conceive the true reason is more natural , constant , and settled , and being once known , might without much difficulty be remedied from things known , we by an equality of reason , may probably guess at like things , tho' unknown . now methinks , in the husbandry of corn , we have every day instances , very probable to this of trees , only what is constantly practised in one case , is not regarded in the other . it is a rule in husbandry , not to sow one sort of grain or corn two , three , or four years on one piece of ground . for example ; break up ground , if it be good , strong , loomy earth , they will sow beans ; if weaker or light , oats ; after the beans or oats , wheat ; after wheat , barly ; after barly , peas or rye . but if the land be dunged every year , or e-every other year , then you may sow barly or wheat , beans or peas two years together , because the fresh dunging of it does add or strengthen the salniteral properties or virtues , which was much spent or weakned , or drawn forth by the former years crop. nor does any discreet husbandman expect a good crop of any grain , if he sows it several years together on the same field , except he dung it ; nor will that do , if he persist in sowing one and the same sort two , three , or four years one after another ; for the dung cannot replenish such land with a sufficient quantity of that natural salniteral virtue , fat or juices that is proper for the nourishment and augmentation of the same kind of grain so often repeated . thus 't is plain that each sort of grain ( and consequently every other vegitation , of what species soever it be ) does by simile attract and draw unto its self , out of the bowels of the adjacent ground wherein they grow , such a particular nutrative virtue or juice , as is proper and natural for the nourishment and propagation of its own body : and tho' every sort of corn , and other things , has , and is indued with all the sevenfold forms and properties of nature , yet in each thing there is some one quality or property that is chief , or most predominant , and which does draw from the earth what is agreeable to its self , and so leaves the contigious ground barren or poor , as to the particular juice , tho' yet still by a general salniteral fatness , may be in very good heart , strong and apt to produce vegitations of another kind , if one and the same corn be continued , it will prove thin , poor , weak , and dwindling , answering neither the hope nor charge and toyl of the husbandman , but if another corn ( tho' such as naturally requires a richer mould then the other ) be sowed there , it shall flourish ; nay , tho' you dung your land frequently , yet if you sow the same grain more than one year , if the season prove not extream kind , such corn will be apt to fail , and come to little , as often happens near london , where they dung their ground much , because they till it every year , and many times twice a year : so that if husbandmen should continue one sort of grain for several years together on the same land , there would be as great , or greater scarcity and want of corn , as there happens to be of apples and other fruits . for what we have observed in the tilling and manuring land for corn , and the method of making the ground constantly fruitful , by changing the species of the grain committed to it , holds good ( as to the former part ) in all kind of fruit-trees , but the same method ( as to the latter part ) for the remedy cannot be observed in the management of them , as in land for corn , and therefore they often miss , and much the oftner for not being so well ordered and manured as they might , and ought to be . in husbandry you change your grain , and often dung your land , whereby it is in some measure furnisht with a recruit of every sort of juice ; but trees cannot be every year or two transplanted out of one ground into another , nay , scarce at all when they grow big , but are commonly continued thirty , forty , or sixty years , or more , in the self same place or ground . now trees being generally planted near together ( which by the way is a very great error in planting of orchards , robbing each other , not only of nourishment from above ) and being of great bulk and substance , large roots and spreading branches , they must needs require great store and quantity of nourishment to support their life , growth and fruit , even much more then most sorts of earth can administer , for every tree doth powerfully draw forth of the earth such a salniteral virtue or juice , as is proper to maintain and nourish its own body , which no earth can continually afford , except it be much helped by art ; for as we have shewed in the management of land for corn , so the ground , where fruit-trees grow , will in process of time become poor , sour , and hungry , as to the virtue that is proper for the nourishment and support of trees , and therefore they are not able to bring forth or bear fruit every year . the very same inconveniences would happen to corn , if the land were not often dunged , limed , or the like , and the grain changed frequently ; therefore the principal cause why fruit-trees do so often blight or miss bearing , is not so much from external cold sharp airs ( tho' they may sometimes do mischief , or at least help forward the evil ) as internally , for want of sufficicient nourishment ; for if land cannot bring forth good crops for several years , one after another , of the same corn , ( which is inconsiderable , as to substance and bulk , in respect of fruit-trees ) how then can it be expected that an orchard should bear plentifully every year , where there is neither change , nor tillage , nor dunging , it may be for the space of thirty or forty years ; and many times the trees planted too thick , that the sun beams can hardly influence the earth . 't is true , some trees will bear every year , others every other , and some every third year , according to the nature of the earth and fruit , for that year or two that they bear not , is as it were a sabbath unto the earth and trees ; or like land when it lies fallow , in which time they get heat , and replenish themselves with strength and virtue , which inward virtue does withstand all sharp and pinching keen airs , that they hurt not ; for if the internal salniteral virtue or radical moisture be strong , whence all vegitations hath its vigorous birth , then there is little or no danger of outward accidents ; but on the contrary , when the inward oyl and nourishing juices are weak and impotent , then every outward small accident , as frosts , cold sharp winds , and the like , do take place , and help forward the evil. the like is to be understood in the human nature , and animal kingdom : if a man be of a crasie , impotent constitution or nature , then every cold air or little accident will wound his health ; or if any particular member or limb be weakned or disordered , that same part , upon any outward heat or cold , or other accident , will suck in the injury , and be easily made more weak and impotent , which does hold good in all things , whether vegitations or animals , according to the nature of each ; for this cause it often happens , when we have very warm , mild springs , little or no frosts , or sharp easterly winds , ( which of all are esteemed the most pernicious to fruit ) that there is but little fruit the following summer : on the contrary , other years , when there happens cold north , and north-east winds , and severe frosts , great store of most sorts of fruits , the truth of this every country man does know ; and yet for all this , all their cry is , all our fruit is blasted in one frosty cold night , or a sharp wind , never so much as considering , that other years they have had great store of all sorts of fruit , and yet far colder and sharper springs ; but most people do in this , as they do by themselves , every disorder that happens to them , they attribute to outward cold and accident that comes that way , and hardly think of the inward causes , intemperances and other violences they offer to nature , whence most or all obstructions does arise and proceed , as we have largely demonstrated in our other writings . the truth of what we have before declared , is further manifested by this , viz. if you cut down an old orchard , and cleanse the ground as well as you can from the roots , and then plant young trees in the old ones places , neither the one nor the other will thrive , nor come to any maturity , but are very scrubs , and often dye , and come to nothing , at least not thrive , or grow so much in ten years as those in new ground will in three or four ; the chief reason thereof is , because the ground in which old orchards stood , is as it were destitute of , or contain very little of that radical juices or salniteral virtues , that is proper for the nourishment of such fruit-trees ( since the foregoing trees ) but all new ground , especially such as is proper for fruit-trees , does abound , and is impregnated with that salniteral juice and virtue , as is clear by the thriving and proving of trees there planted . moreover , most or all old orchards , the boughs , limbs , and branches of the trees are covered with a certain moss , of a dry , husky , harsh , astringent substance , which does arise for want of a proper quantity of nourishment , that stops the passages and pores , hindering the true circulation of the radical moisture , and then the essential juices becomes tough , and as it were stagnated , which presently destroys the lively complexion and beauty of that thing ; and whensoever this happens in trees , presently a mossy scurf grows on the limbs and boughs , like unto scurf or a mangy disease in animals ; for when the ground , by the long standing of trees , grows poor , hungry , and barren , as to the virtue that trees delight in , then that nourishment that they do draw forth is not good , neither doth it generate good juices , and the trees begins to languish and become consumptive , which is the true cause of moss , cankers , blithes , and the like ; and yet that same ground , if manured for other things , as beans , peas , and the like , will bear great crops , for it was rich enough in that salniteral quality that was proper and natural for the nourishment of such grain , but poor and out of heart in respect of trees , but if you cut down an old orchard , and manure the ground for various sorts of corn , and dung it as other land for eight or twelve years ( the longer the better ) then plant a young orchard , the trees will thrive pretty well , for in this time the earth hath recovered , and strengthened the weak and fading salniteral virtues proper for trees , but not so strong and vigorous as that ground that never had fruit-trees planted in it . but here some will object , why should not fruit-trees thrive and bear without manuring and dunging , as well as other trees , viz. oaks , elms , hazels , and the like , which will grow in one sort of ground without any dunging or manuring for , many score years . i answer ; 't is to be understood that all such ground in which oaks , hazels , and the like , grow , is principally indued with such a quality as is proper to bring forth and nourish such trees , and consists chiefly thereof , and therefore such woods will grow naturally there without planting , as well as without manuring . so all good ground will always bring forth grass , more or less , as the season is kind , or the contrary . but our apples , pears , and most fort of wall-fruit , does not so naturally grow in our climate , any more then several sorts of our garden herbs , which , both trees and herbs , are all managed by art , and great industry , or else they will dwindle away and come to nothing , tho' field herbs are plenty enough naturally , so that every thing must be managed according to its kind , and there is no parity between fruit-trees and other common trees , both for the reason just now given , as especially because the latter does not bare any annual crop as the former , but if the trunk and branches live and grow it 's enough , whereas you expect much more from your orchards , and therefore must be at more pains with it . sometimes you shall see in the spring a tree bravely blossomed , and yet at autumn no fruit ; the reason is commonly ascribed to blasting or frosts ; but i believe it may most times be referred to the cause before-mentioned ; for in the early spring the sun giving every thing vigor , the soyl made shift to supply the tree with radical moisture enough to make that show , but not being able to continue its recruits , the poor tree could not perform its promise , nor nature accomplish its intentions . but you 'l say , what remedy for all this ? can you shew a natural way to keep and render trees capable of bearing every year , or for the most part . i answer you , and it is thus : digg three , four , five , or six yards about each tree , to the root , carry away most of the earth , and supply the place with fresh earth mixed with a little dung , alike quantity to which you carried away , and this you ought to do every three , four , or five years , or as often as the farmer dungs his land for corn , which will give such life , power , and virtue to your trees , that you need not much doubt of a crop every year , or at leastwise it will seldom miss , and your fruit will be large and fair ; but if this be too much trouble and charge , then digg or trench your orchard , and dung it well once in two , three , or four years , which may serve indifferent well . the very same management ought to be observed in all sorts of wall-fruit-trees , and others . it is also to be noted , that when you plant orchards or walls in poor , hungry gravel , or hot sandy ground , then you ought to trench your ground very deep , and at the bottom to lay store of good black mould , or earth mixed with dung , and then turn in the uppermost or surface of the earth , and carry away the undermost gravel or stony earth , for that is so hungry , hot , and lean , that if it be mixed with the good earth , it will , as it were , eat out or destroy the good virtues thereof ; but if you will not be at the trouble and charge of digging up , and trenching all your ground , then digg large deep holes , and carry away the undermost gravel , sand , or clay , and supply the place with good earth , or dung and earth mixed together , and then plant your tree in it a proper depth , viz ▪ so deep as your tree did naturally grow , for deeper is injurious to the plant ; and when you have filled your earth in about your tree , within a little , then put a little good dung round your tree near the surface , and cover it with earth , which will keep the roots of your tree cool in the summer , and warm in the winter . it is also to be noted , that if your ground be hot and sandy , then mix or manure your trees with good loom , dung , and black earth ; if gravelly , hungry ground , then good mold and dung mixed together ; if cold , clayie ground , then mix chalk and earth together ; which , if this order be observed , it will mightily advance and cause your trees , not only to thrive , but bear more and larger fruit. it is also to be noted , that the old custom of opening the earth , and laying bear the roots of fruit-trees in the winter season , is an error in husbandry , except there be immediately the old earth taken away , and the place thereof supplied with good fresh earth , or earth and dung well mixed , such as trees have never grown in , as is mentioned before , for that earth that covers the roots are their natural cloathing , which do secure them from the injury of the element , keeping them warm in the winter , and cool and moist in the summer , the earth being many degrees warmer in the winter then the common air , but in the summer as many cooler ; therefore the uncovering of the roots , and exposing them for two or three months to the cold pinching airs , viz. frost , snow , rains , and violent winds , must needs be unnatural , and consequently prove prejudicial by weakning the inward power and salniteral virtues of such trees , rendring them the more uncapable of bearing the following summer . consult nature , and she will teach you the truth of what we have here declared . will not all gardeners , when they dig up a small tree , as goosberries , currans , and the like , if they cannot conveniently plant them presently , cover the root in earth so deep as they did naturally grow , which are inconsiderable trees in comparison of large fruit-trees , and most of them will as naturally grow as weeds . note , that the most natural and proper time for planting most or all fruit-trees , is from the middle of october to the last of december , for by early planting the earth and the roots do not only settle well together , and unite , but the roots do draw and grow , and thereby they are not only more forward then late planted trees , but also they will the better indure any hot , dry season that may happen the following summer . the same time or season is to be observed in pruning and cutting superfluous branches , the earlier in the year it is done the better ; for every branch or limb that is cut off from the body is a certain wound , and the tree cannot recover that injury till it has passed a spring and summer ; the truth of this is demonstrated by their not bearing so plentifully the following summer ; therefore the earlier they are pruned , the more time they have to recover such inconveniences ; and if you do cut off any eminent limb or branch , then you ought to take the same composition of earth you use in grafting , which is generally done with good loomy earth , mixed with a little cow-dung tempered well , then cover or plaister the cut limb or branch , which will keep the wound or place warm , and heal and preserve it from the injury of a severe winter ▪ as cold , sharp , pinching airs , frost and winds , penetrating rottenness and rankness , and other distempers that often happens to such wounded parts . the like is to be understood of the laying of the roots of trees open , as is mentioned before , and exposing them bare faced to a severe winter , and injury of the elements , as extream cold , wet , and winds , for under the surface of the earth the natural heat is not only greater and stronger , but more constant than the common air in winter seasons , which is varied and changed according as the eye of the world increases or decreases , and from what quarter of the heavens the wind blows ; which is further manifested by most or all fountains and springs , which in summer or hot seasons , the waters proceeding out of the earth , at the head thereof are many degrees colder than the common air ; or the waters of other rivers that runs on the surface of the earth ; but in winter , or in cold seasons , at the head of the same springs or fountains , the water thereof is as many degrees warmer then either the common air , or the waters of rivers that runs on the source of the earth ; for this cause , in cold seasons or in winter , we can see them send forth fumes and vapors , which is chiefly occasioned by the contrarieties of the two qualities , viz. heat and cold ; not but all or most fountains , springs , rivers , and other waters , and also the whole earth , do continually and at all times , more or less , breathe forth fumes and vapors , the degree thereof is according to the nature and constitution of the elements , season of the year , and celestial influences ; though these vapors and fumes which the sun and celestial bodies do continually exhale , cannot be seen but only when the air is colder than the earth , which cold keen air does immediately condense those vapors , that they become visible ; but when the earth and air are of an equal temperature , then you cannot see those fumes no more than you can see your own breath in a warm season ; but you must not conclude that you do not breathe because you do not see it ; and it is as natural for the earth and water to breathe and send forth fumes and vapors as for animals , and they do arise and proceed from the centeral life of nature , and are the living powers of the elements , for without motion nothing could subsist , neither could the earth , waters , or any of the elements generate or bring forth any living creatures , if they had not this natural motion , there being a continual sympathetical operation and mixion of all qualities and elements . but it is to be noted , that some sorts of grounds and waters , and also in some seasons of the year , those fumes and vapors are more plentifully sent forth then in other ; as after an hot summer , in august , september , and october , the elements then being moist and full of humidity , occasioned by the declination of the sun , the days warm , the nights cold , which do condense those warm vapors that the earth and waters breathes and sends forth : now these streams or breathes , which are nothing else but the natural motions of innate life and operations of nature , are better or worse , good , or bad , healthy or unhealthy , according to the nature and quality of the waters , and situation of the ground , which they proceed from . now these steems or vapors that arises and proceeds from clear fountains and springs , or from running rivers , especially such as have flux and reflux , as the river of thames , and many others have , are fine , moist , thin , and penetrating , and are powerful openers of obstructions , and great preservers of nature , and begets appetite , and are good against astmatical distempers of the breast , especially if the quality and quantity of meats and drinks be carefully observed ; but the contrary is to be understood of those steems and vapors that arises and proceeds from low boggy grounds , pools , standing waters , and the like , which do agree but with few constitutions , except such as are born and bred in such places ; and tho' good airs are great preservers of health , yet temperance and order hath the first place , and ought to be regarded above all other circumstances , and if that be wanting , other things and observations signifies little . it is also to be noted , that all waters do more plentifully breathe forth steems and vapors than the earth , as being more penetrable , thin , and transparent , and therefore more capable of receiving the light and sweet influences of the celestial than the earth , which is a close , firm , compacted , dark body in comparison of the element of water ; therefore the vapors proceeding from the earth are heavier , duller , and fewer in quantity , but not so thin nor penetrating in quality as these from the water ; for this cause those persons , whose imployments are in and about waters , have for the most part greater appetites than others , and are more lively , brisk and strong . therefore it is very good for all people that are afflicted with shortness of breath , stoppages at the stomach , or over-fatness , to imploy themselves on waters , or use themselves to walk by rivers sides , as much as they can , in all seasons of the year , but more especially in spring and summer ; for those fine , thin , cool , penetrating vapors , are as it were suckt in on all sides of the body , which do render those , whose imployments are abroad , brisk , lively , and healthful , more especially in moderate seasons , and when the air and elements are a little inclinable to humidity , which do mightily rarifie the air , and make it more penetrating , and all men and beasts are not so subject to heat and drought , and other indispositions , as in hot , dry seasons ; for heat and drought do not only , as it were , close up the poors of the earth , but it thickens and stagnates the air , consuming the fine , thin , moist , penetrating vapors and spirits , making them thick , hot , and sulpherous , and hinders the natural motions and circulations of the elements , and their salniteral virtues . now this motion , circulation , and continual sympathatical mixtion of the elements , is further manifested by the sea , which is the center of the element of water , the moon being the governess thereof , she having a certain , secret influence , according to her increase , decrease , and configurations she hath with the celestial bodies ; for if there were not a continual motion in this great fountain , tides , flux and reflux , there could be no creature generated ; or should there be a cessation from motion but a few hours , the whole would immediately become a stinking lake , and all her inhabitants would be destroyed ; for that which we call tides , is nothing else but the natural motion and circulation that proceeds from the center or heart , and animals can as well subsist and continue there , being without motion and circulation of the blood , and breathing , as the great fountains of waters or other elements , can live or give being to their children , without motion and continual circulation , which arises and proceeds from an innate power of the elements ; for these elements are the great body and wonderful powers of god , and by his centeral word and innate virtue , all things , both in the animal , vegitable , and mineral kingdoms , have been , and are made , generated , and preserved ; for the whole globe of earth , water , fire and air , are the living powers of god , in which his holy word do continually create and bring to manifestation the hidden mysteries and wonders both of time and eternity , to his eternal praise and glory , and his work goes alway on in exact number , weight and measure ; for in god , nor in his handmaid nature , there is no such thing as standing still or idleness ; for should the primum mobile cease from its natural motion and circulation , but a few minutes , the whole mundam sistime would be ready to sink into confusion ; for standing still , or idleness , have no sympathy either with god or nature ; for the heavens , stars , and elements , with the wonderful and amazing varieties of beasts , fishes , vegitation and minerals , wherewith the lower worlds are indued and furnished , are the living powers and works of the lord , and are still continued by his alwise providence and divine word , which is never idle ; for idleness , as is said before , is allowed no being , either in the internal or external worlds ; all in the beginning was brought into a being through labour and motion , as the learned moses saith , the lord moved himself on the face of the waters , and they are still sustained to this day by the same active and working power of the creator . consider the daily motions and circulations of the celestials , viz. sun , moon , and wonderful company of stars , their rising , setting , continual motion , courses , and various configurations , and all in exact order : behold the fountains , springs , and rivers labouring continually in a long progress to pay their tributary streams to the ocean ; and the ocean by industrious tides , flux and refluxes , striving as it were to supply the land from its innate or central power . do not the great eye of the world , by a sympathatical power and universal motion of all elements , exhale moysture from the fountains of waters , and bottle it up in the clouds or powers of god till an appointed time , and then return it with plenteous usury , to water and make fat the earth with the dew of heaven ? and are not the like circular motions and variety of powers understood in man ? and is not he a little world out of the great ? in him is contained the true nature and operation of all elements ; and yet , what great matters can he do or perform without motion and action ? are not all these necessary things , that serves for the support and accommodation of human life , are not , nor cannot be procured without labour and motion ? nay , life it self cannot otherwise be maintained , the blood must always be circulating , the pulse , natures clock , continually striking , the stomach must labour hard in her kitchin to dress , and prepare , and separate aliment ; for the other parts , the lungs be busie in transpiration , the heart sending forth reserves and new supplies of spirits to all the frontier garisons and remote limbs of the body , whilst the brain is no less solicitous to give the necessary orders from the grand councel , held between the understanding , the will , and the judgment , whereunto intelligence every minute arrives from the five sally ports , called the senses , and all their results are carefully registred , and treasured up by the recorder , memory ; nay , should the hands grow sluggish , and neglect the supplying the stomach with food , the mouth would soon be open to upbraid their laziness ; from all which , 't is a parent , as if written with the sun-beams , that standing still or idleness hath no being in god , nor in his works , but all the elements , and other numerous off-springs , do labour with highest diligence for to manifest the wonderful mysteries of their beings , which all mankind ought seriously to consider , and by industrious courses of life , in the ways of virtue by which he may advance and bring to light the treasures of his soul , and good talants the lord hath indued him with ; idleness being a greater evil then most imagines ; it breaks the first command of god , and contradicts the whole course of nature , and is the mother of oppression and violence ; a sin that never goes alone , but attended with a black train of vices , always subject to the gross inferiour powers and evil demons , which continually prompt him on to commit all kinds of outrages against god and his law in nature , and is the first to all evils . there is a reserved opinion amongst , not only both ignorant country-men , but even those that pretend to learning , that at the latter end of summer , about michaelmass , that the sap or essential virtue in trees , does fall down or retreat into the root , and at the return of the sun in the spring it ascends again , and replenishes the tree , and all its branches . but this is a very fond , tho' almost general error ; for if this were true , the roots of all trees would be be indued with a far greater quantity of juice or radical moisture in the winter than in the summer , whereas the contrary is most evident , viz. that there is nothing near so much juice , moisture , or sap in the roots of trees in the winter as there is in summer , or at leastwise not so much manifested . the like is to be understood in the body and branches : i refer to any artist , and let him separate the parts . besides , there is a great argument to confute this error , ( viz. ) if the sap that is the radical moisture or essential oyley property , whence life , growth , light and good complexion of all trees arise , and takes being , should thus descend into the root , and there inhabit all the cold winter , then it were impossible that any of the rest of the tree should live ; for when that essential virtue or sap is withdrawn from any tree , or part of a tree , the same will immediately wither , rot and perish ; animals can as well live and subsist without blood , as a tree without sap , or any part thereof , or of this oyley moisture : but most true it is , that at the declining or retreat of the sun , and approach of winter , this essential oyl or sap doth every where retreat into the main body , or the root , but absconds it self inwardly in e-every branch or twig , and when it is strong and vigorous , the cold and fierceness of the elements cannot hurt it or the tree ; but if it be weak or indisposed , for want of sufficient or due nourishment from the earth in the summer before , then the severity of the season prevails upon it , and extinguishes it , and forthwith such twigs , branches , or tree dies , and no ascending sap they talk of from the root can revive it ; but if it withstands the winter rigor by virtue of its internal virtue or radical moisture , then as soon as the glorious eye of the world , and natural parent of life , returns towards our zenith , with his cherishing beams and sweet influences , the same is set at liberty , and opens natures prisoners ; unlocks the doors , and opens the passages , and chases away the cold saturnine air , and warms every thing , and makes it buxom , jocond and active , and by simile kindles and awakens all the chill , sleeping , good qualities , and incorporating its own virtues , invites abroad the sap or oyley moisture from the center , and mildly draws it forth to the outermost parts and extremities of every bough , and so 't is pusht on to a further growth , and spruces it self up in leaves , and blossoms , and fruits according to its kind . an experiment for keeping of eggs . tho' it may seem forreign to the matter , yet i shall ( ●●ving this opportunity ) adventure to communicate to the world another notion , which i perswade my self is not commonly known . that eggs are an excellent sort of food , both by themselves raw , eaten with good bread , being the best way , and to the greatest advantage ; and also they serve to make up several sorts of spoon-meats and dishes , no body can deny ; and great improvement might be made of them by persons that go long voyages to sea , were it not that they have been told they will not keep . the truth is , we find most of the eggs that are brought from scotland or ireland are musty by that time they arrive here . but i must crave leave to say , that it is not the time , but the ill keeping of them that makes them naught , i mean , because they are crowded up in holes and close vessels , and debarred from the air ; for i have kept eggs three , four , or five months lying open upon a shelf , or the like , in an open airy room , and proved as good as if but new laid ; and , as i doubt not but any body may do the like , so i am apt to think , they may hold good at sea , tho' in hot climates , if you afford them air enough , full as long , nay perhaps for six or seven months , which might easily be done by contriving wicker baskets with several stories or frames one above the other , and open between , on which the eggs might lye one by one , without danger of breaking , and so might many times be exposed to the brisk air on the decks , and at other times set in cabbins . thus any man that loves not salt ; sea diet ( most apt to breed the scurvy ) may victual himself with two or three hundred of eggs for a voyage . thus eggs might be brought out of scotland ( not to be sold as now they are cried , twelve a groat , when they are good for nothing , and you cannot have above half so many good ones for that mony ) but at a good rate , and prove a profitable commodity . these also , poor house-keepers , might about harvest send into the country , when eggs are twelve a groat , and lay in three or four hundred of them for all the winter , as good husbands do butter and cheese . i am sure , if you let them have air , they will keep good four , five , or six months , and probably longer . i shall insist no further on this matter , the ingenious open trial will be able to judge whether it may not prove of considerable advantage to divers persons . the natural way how every one may in the spring and fall purge themselves with ease and pleasure to considerable advantage , with the common sallad herbs that are generally eaten in these seasons , and also with roots . one example will serve for all . take as much spinage as will go into a two gallon vessel , unto which add one pint of water , then stew it with the said vessel uncovered , when it is almost prepared , add only salt to it , then dish it up , and drink the broth , and eat the herbs freely with bread , without either butter or other fat 's ; make your dinner of these herbs two or three days together , as you shall find them more or less operate or purge . the very same method you may use with other herbs , either simple or compound , and also with roots , viz. take turneps , cut them small , then stew or boyl them as you do the herbs , drink the broth , and eat the roots with bread and salt , without any other addition , and they will have the same operation ; but you must observe to eat watergruel morning and night , into which you must not add any ingredient , only bread and salt , and made according as we have taught in our monthly observations for health ; and those that do not like stewed herbs or roots , may boyl them , observing the same method of eating them , and drinking the broth , and so they will in all respects answer your desires , and purge you both by urine and stool , to your great satisfaction , far better than most of the potions and purges prescribed by the learned , which for the most part are not only forreign , but compounded of things of a disagreeing nature ; but our own herbs and roots , thus prepared and eaten , are excellent , as well in preserving of health , as preventing diseases , viz. by assisting nature to throw them off , when they have invaded the body ; in particular , they are profitable against the stone or gravel , and griping pains of the bowels , by disburthening nature of such superfluous matter , and keen sharp juices that cramp the body , they also cleanseth the stomach and vessels thereof , which are generally stopt and furr'd by the frequent eating of fat , succulant foods , and strong drinks , but the use of these herbs does cool and remove the obstructions that lies in the passages , preventing fumes and vapors from flying into the head , cleanseth the blood , causing it to circulate freely , and chears the spirits , making the body brisk and lively , being also profitable against shortness of breath , phlegm , and all watery or dropsical humours , more especially if order and temperance be observed ; for the best means or medicines cannot but prove ineffectual when disorders , and the same intemperances are continued , which were the first originals of the disease , most distempers being contracted thorough excess and innordinate living , nor doth any thing preserve the body , and also the mind in health , so much as sobriety and temperance in meats , drinks , and exercises , and not to heap together superfluity of various sorts of rich compounded foods and strong drinks of disagreeing natures , beyond the necessity , or truly the digestive power of nature . the ancient wisemen that lived to great ages in perfect health , were contented with simple food and mean drink , and it would be our happiness to imitate them . i wish i might be an instrument to perswade my country-men to such moderation ; and in order thereunto i do recommend the use of the fore-mentioned herbs and roots , and also to these following observations . a method how every one may with ease and pleasure keep their body open , and prevent costiveness , and being too much bound in their bodies . take spinage , sorrel , or any other herbs usually eaten in raw sallads , eat them freely every day at dinner , or every other day raw with your bread and butter , and bread and cheese , or bread and flesh , and they will certainly keep your body open , and in a brave , brisk , lightsom condition , but remember that you eat them as they come from the garden , without either salt , vinegar , or oyl , for this composition fixes them , that their genuine nature , or friendly opening , mild qualities are not felt ; few are sensible of the power of compositions , and how it alters and changes most things for the worse , more especially when the ingredients are of contrary natures . and those that desire to understand more of this , may read our way to health , long life , and happiness , where they may have satisfaction . also herbs thus eaten , do not only keep the body in a due temperature , but they mightily help concoction , making all sorts of hard food , easie in the stomach , preventing fumes and vapors , especially if a glass of our thin cold gruel be drunk , so soon as you have dined , which you may find taught in our monthly observations for health . finis . two proposals, humbly offer'd to the honourable house of commons, now assembled in parliament i. that a duty be laid on malt, in the stead of the present duty on beer and ale, and likewise, that the several engagements that revenue lies under, be transferr'd on that of malt, ii. that a duty be laid on malt, and the present duty on beer and ale be continued : to which is annex'd an accompt, what in all probability the frauds of brewers do amount to, and wherin such frauds are prejudicial to the king, to the subject, and to the trade itself : likewise by what means such grievances are most properly redress'd / by a. burnaby ... burnaby, a. (anthony) approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing b wing t estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : or : ) two proposals, humbly offer'd to the honourable house of commons, now assembled in parliament i. that a duty be laid on malt, in the stead of the present duty on beer and ale, and likewise, that the several engagements that revenue lies under, be transferr'd on that of malt, ii. that a duty be laid on malt, and the present duty on beer and ale be continued : to which is annex'd an accompt, what in all probability the frauds of brewers do amount to, and wherin such frauds are prejudicial to the king, to the subject, and to the trade itself : likewise by what means such grievances are most properly redress'd / by a. burnaby ... burnaby, a. (anthony) [ ], p. ; cm. [s.n.], london : printed in the year . this item appears at reel : as wing b , and at reel : as wing t (number cancelled in wing nd ed.). reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng malt -- taxation. beer -- taxation. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion two proposals , humbly offer'd to the honourable house of commons , now assembled in parliament . i. that a duty be laid on malt , in the stead of the present duty on beer and ale ; and likewise , that the several engagements that revenue lies under , be transferr'd on that of malt. ii. that a duty be laid on malt , and the present duty on beer and ale be continued . to which is annex'd an accompt , what in all probability the frauds of brewers do amount to , and wherein such frauds are prejudicial to the king , to the subject , and to the trade it self : likewise by what means such grievances are most properly redress'd . by a. burnaby of the middle-temple , gent. london , printed in the year , . a proposal humbly offer'd to lay a duty upon malt , instead of the present duty on beer and ale ; and likewise , that the several engagements the present revenue lies under , be transferr'd on that of malt. it is propos'd , that s. per quarter be laid on all malt made , and to be made , to be paid by the maker thereof monthly , and the duty to be received by the maltsters from their customers , before they deliver their malt , so that the credit they give may be the same , and not other than now it is : besides , that brewer or retailer that cannot pay the duty down , is not a fit person to be trusted with the other ; and thereby in some measure the maltster will be the better able to judge who is , or who is not fit to be trusted with his commodity . it is humbly presumed , that there can be no tax levied that will be more easie and satisfactory to his majesty's subjects , that carries with it such a visible advantage to his majesty , as this does ; as is hoped will appear by the following reasons . first , such a tax will be less felt than usually taxes are , by reason every person will pay proportionable in the price of malt. the more universal any tax is , it is to be supposed ( unless in some particular cases ) to be the more equal ; and i presume , no person will deny that such a tax will prove so universal , that not any person will escape paying his proportion according to his consumption ; ergo , no person can complain ; who consumes little , will have but little to pay . secondly , no tax has yet been levied that can so speedily , and with so little difficulty , be collected , as that on malt ; by reason the maltsters are few in number . thirdly , it is to be hoped there will not be such arrears as usually are of taxes , by reason the maltsters are most , if not all of them , very rich men , besides ( as is said before ) few in number . fourthly , the present stock of malt that lies in the maltsters and brewers hands , will amount to a large and present sum of money ; i hope i need say nothing to evince the truth of this asfertion . fifthly , those people that buy their drink from the common brewer , will have their drink cheaper than now they have , by reason the s. proposed to be levied , does not amount to so much as the excise of a quarter of malt does by s. when put into drink ; for every brewer makes at least two barrels and three fourths of ale or strong beer of each quarter of malt , when malt is at a moderate price , and so more according as it rises in price ; and two barrels and three fourths , according to the present duty , will appear to be s. or thereabouts . by this it does appear , the brewer will get s. per each quarter of malt more than now he does under the present duty ; and by the same rule those persons that buy of the common brewer will have their drink cheaper than now they have : and likewise i may add this further , ( viz. ) the considering housewives will tell you , that according to the present duty on ale and beer , there is very little , if any at all , between buying their drink of the brewers , and making it themselves ; whether it be that the quantity they brew is not great , so that they waste as much coals as if the quantity were as much more , servants time the same , or the want of skill in making the most of their malt , or the want of judgment in chusing what is fittest for their purpose , i will not pretend to dedermine . but i have some reason to believe all what i have named have in their several circumstances an equal share ; however , i leave this matter to those who have made more experiment than i have ; but , if this position be true , then i may venture to fay , there will very few or none feel this tax , but , instead thereof , may prove both a conveniency and an advantage to almost all persons ; however it may be a sufficient encouragement that such a tax be levied , since likewise it is to be feared there will be a necessity of levying of some sort of tax or other ; therefore may presume this will not be left destitute of hope of success . sixthly , it will put a mighty equality on the brewing trade , even to the preservation of a great number of brewers , that are at this time almost at the brink of ruine , and have strugled under the disease for several years last past , by reason of the great brewers , who by their great trades having a mighty opportunity of defrauding more than the lesser ones have , to keep up and advance their trades , do sell better or stronger drink , more measure and cheaper than the lesser brewers ( who , by reason of the smalness of their trades , have not such advantage by frauds ) can afford to do : and by this means it does appear , they cannot have any customers that can be supposed to make good payment for what they buy of them ; for if they could , most certainly they would apply themselves to the great brewers , where they will receive such visible advantages , different from what the lesser brewers can afford to let them have , and consequently those few good customers the lesser brewers have , they get nothing by , perhaps lose ; since then , the only customers the lesser brewers have , that they can hope to get by , are bad , it may be concluded , such an employment must end in destruction . seventhly , every l. so collected , is better by l. or l. per cent. ( according to the interest his majesty pays for money ) than any tax that has yet appear'd , by reason malt cannot be made in the summer ; so that the maltsters are forced to make the quantity of the whole year in the winter season , and consequently the whole tax will be received in less than seven months . eightly , the charge of bringing this tax into the exchequer , will not be above one third part so much as that of the excise on ale and beer now is . every person that knows a malt-house , and a brewhouse , knows the tediousness of the first , and the nimbleness of the latter ; insomuch , that one officer may serve one malt-kiln ( by the way , it is reasonable to believe there are twenty brewhouses to one kiln ) better three officers can one brewhouse , according to the present laws and management of the excise : besides , the proposer humbly presumes he hath framed such a method , that it shall be morally impossible , that the maker of malt can defraud the tax or any part thereof . how much this will advance beyond what now it does , i will not pretend to say ; because i think no just or certain estimation can be made thereof ; but when once we reflect on the great quantities of stout or double-ales , and stout or double-beer , that the several and almost all the counties in england , nay , that pass by the names of each county or town , that is consumed in this town , not to mention what every town or county consumes it self of those sorts of liquors , even london and middlesex not exempted , which pay , as it is laid on the drink , no more duty than the common ale and strong beer the common brewers brew , which consumes five times the malt in proportion , to every barrel of those sorts of liquors that the common ale and beer does ; and perhaps 't is not very difficult to prove , were it necessary , that it was the chiefest cause ( the humour of this town , as well as the country , running more of late upon these very strong liquors than heretofore ) that the excise on ale and beer , when doubled , did not amount to twice the value of the excise , when single , together with the difficulty of detecting the frauds of brewers , which they were encourag'd to , so much the more , by so much the greater the duty was ; nay , the commissioners of excise can , if they please , tell you , it did not amount to much more than one third part more than when single ; but when likewise we come to reflect what great quantities necessarily must be used by all the private families that brew their own drink , together with the yearly large quantities that are exported beyond the seas , i say , when we once come to reflect on the several ways that necessarily must be , of the consumption of that sort of grain , together with these visible advantages , that this will be managed with less than one third part of the charge that the other is ; the prevention of the brewer's frauds , and the money all brought into the exchequer in seven months ; when i come and tell you likewise , that the frauds of brewer's , together with the many bad debts the victuallers and kettle brewers do make , and unavoidable too , will , in all probability , amount , with the two thirds saved in the difference of management , to at least l. per annum , which bad debts cannot be supposed to be contracted with the maltsters , who , ( as is hinted before , ) are all rich men , which i hope i have sufficiently proved in my proposals , now before the right honourable the lords commissioners of his majesty's treasury , intituled , proposals for the better management of the brewery ; there needs nothing more , in my humble opinion , to induce a compliance with such a proposal ; however , to give it yet a greater credit , let us but look what effects the coffee-berry has had ; which will appear visible to any capacity , ( comparing the one with the other ) to be a very parallel case ; nay , even in this ; that the coffee-houses contracted a great many bad debts that are not yet , and 't is to be feared never will be paid , now upon the berry quite the contrary : i think no person a stranger to the effects of that act , especially not any of the honourable house of commons to whom this is chiefly intended , because there scarce ever yet was any thing of this kind that had not its enemies , though it were but for argument sake over a dish of coffee in a coffee-house ; therefore i cannot hope this should escape , were it much better than what it is , i take the liberty of laying down what i humbly conceive are the most material or probable objections that can be made to it . the enemies of this proposal will be apt to make these three following objections , which , according to my apprehension , are all the thing can be supposed to bear . objection i. it is not so equal as the proposer would have the world believe , by reason the tax will fall intirely upon one sort of grain , and consequently upon one sort of land that bears such grain . to which i make answer ; the difference of affecting the land or grain more by this duty , than it is affected , by that of the excise on beer and ale , is only , it pays the duty in one when malt , in the other , when that very mault is made into drink ; and malt is of little or no other use , or at least 't is not put to any other than the making of drink in this nation ; besides , there is this general argument to back it , that the seller always commands the buyer ; consequently , the farmer and maltster will get more than now they do , and this encouragement given to other people as well as the brewers , of having their drink cheaper than now they have , as i hope i have already before made it plainly appear , and the brewer to have the visible encouragement of s. per quarter , i say both these must necessarily cause the greater consumption of that sort of grain . it is to be hoped from these considerations , that malt will be one of the chiefest and most advantageous grain the farmers will imploy themselves in ; consequently , that sort of land will bear to the landlord a greater price . objection ii. that private families , and those strangers that carry this sort of grain beyond the seas , will be subject to a duty in this , that were not by that of the excise on beer and ale. to which i make this answer ; i hope i have made it appear , that private families will rather be gainers ; especially , all those that buy their drink from the common brewer , and those that do not , the difference so little , i believe will ( according to what i have hinted of this matter before ) be scare discernable ; unless it be to some few that cannot have the conveniency of a common brew-house to supply them ; and as for what corn is exported beyond the seas , i must own 't will intirely fall upon them ; but in a thing of this nature it cannot be expected , a shoe should be made that can fit every person 's foot , but in my humble opinion , if a shoe be made that fits the generality of mankind , 't is sufficient . objection iii. how the present engagements on the revenue of excise on beer and ale , can be transferred on malt to the satisfaction of the king and subject ; which in truth is rather a question , and the lawyers are the fittest persons to reconcile that . however ! i beg leave humbly to offer something on the king's behalf , that his subjects security on this of malt , will be much greater and the duty much quicker brought into the exchequer , though they will not have the same security for their money , as they had when they lent their moneys ; yet if they have instead thereof a much greater , and a quicker return , there is very little danger of their receiving any prejudice thereby ; but 't is plain they will receive an advantage from both ( viz. ) the moneys coming into the exchequer quicker , and the securities being much greater . it this honourable house shall not think it adviseable to make so great an alteration of so weighty a concern , without first making experiment on some part . it is further humbly proposed , that s. per quarter be laid on all malt , as by former proposals , and the present duty of excise be continued : by such a proposal ( were it but to continue till the next session of parliament ) a sufficient experiment in all probability would by that time be made thereof , by which this honourable house would be the better able to make judgment , whether there really were such advantages to the king and subject , as i have in the former proposal mentioned , and consequently , whether it were for the advantage of both , that such an alteration were made , and the engagements ▪ that should then happen to be , be transferred . it is humbly hoped 't will appear , that even this proposal is not wholly destitute of reasons to justifie it , from the following considerations . first , it is humbly presumed the s. thus levied , will be as universal as any tax that has yet been levied . now if the universality of a tax proves its equality , as indeed it seems ( at least to me ) so to do , ( unless in some very few particular cases ) this position allow'd , i may venture to say it will be as equal as universal , by reason every person will pay his proportion according to his consumption . secondly , that the common brewers , notwithstanding the s. thus levied , will not be so high taxed by s. d. per quarter or thereabout , as they were when the double duty was laid on the excise ; for at s. d. per barrel ( which was the double duty ) two barrels and three fourths amounts to s. d. / . at s. d. per barrel ( which is the present duty ; ) two barrels and three fourths amounts to s. / which deducted from s. d. / . remains s. d. / . two shillings deducted , which is the present . proposed tax on each quarter of malt , still there will remain s. d. / . this , i humbly presume , is a demonstration sufficient , ( viz. ) to prove the brewers have been more taxed , than what they will be by this proposal , and i presume likewise 't will scarce be denied , the present affairs seem to want as great supplies this year , as any since the revolution , and this is not proposed for a longer time . thirdly , those that brew double drinks will be in some measure by this : tax ( which they are not as it lies on the drink ) equally charged with the common brewers , which they at this time seem to have got the upper hand of , by taking advantage of the laws of excise , which makes no other distinction in the strength of drink , than thus generally , ( viz. ) for all drink worth above s. per barrel to pay as strong , and all under s. as small . to prove this assertion , i need say no more than what every persons knows , that the one consumes at least five times the quantity in proportion to every barrel brewed , more than the other . fourthly , the distillers that brew drink from malt , on purpose to make spirits or strong waters , will also be charged equally with the other brewers in this ; there needs nothing i presume ▪ to evince the truth of this assertion . i humbly beg leave to take notice of those sort of gentletlemen the distillers in this place , though altogether foreign to this present subject , but ought to have been in the former proposal ; that is , ( viz. ) they consume great quantities of malt ; likewise , they commit great frauds , many bad debts contracted , and a great charge to his majesty for the management of it : all which would be prevented , if the whole tax was laid on malt , and the few other materials the distillers use in their business , which are not very many . fifthly , that there ought to be a difference between private families brewing their own drink , and drink , brewed by the common brewers , or retailers for sale , does appear by the first institution of this tax ; for by the acts of parliaments relating to those matters , none ought to pay that duty but such as was supposed to make profit by what they brewed ; ergo , a difference is just , especially if made , by an authority too great to be questioned ( at least by me , or any private person ) an act of parliament . if this honourable house shall not think either of the former proposals worthy of being complied with , i humbly beg leave to inform this honourable house , what in all probability the present frauds of the brewers do amount to , being such , as it 's to be feared , if this honourable house does not take some care to prevent them , will mightily encrease , even beyond one third part of that revenue , notwithstanding the great charge ( not to mention the great trouble ) his majesty is at , at present , and the greater perhaps ( under the present laws of excise ) he must be at hereafter , to keep it at the ebb it 's now at , viz. that only one third part be defrauded . to prove which , 't is but looking back to what former years has produced , and comparing them with the latter , when they had not such temptations to defraud as now they have ; by reason the duty even at this time is almost double to what then it was , and has been almost treble since his present majesty's reign , which will not be denied , i presume , ( viz. ) that they have a much greater temptation to put them upon the contrivance of frauds more now than formerly ; for the penalties are the same now as then , which is all the check the brewers have . the trouble and charge they are at in committing their frauds are the same , and not other than heretofore . the excise when at s. d. per barrel strong , and d. per barrel small , did amount to about l. per annum , now at s. d. per barrel strong , and s. d. per barrel small , does amount to about l. per annum , according to the additional duty , that is ( from s. d. strong and d. small , to s. d. strong and to s. d. small , which is almost double ; the excise ought to come to at least l. per annum ; according to this computation it comes short l. per annum : suppose an allowance of l. per annum be made for the humour of this town as well as the country , running more of late ( as is hinted in the first proposal ) upon the very strong or double ales than formerly , when the excise amounted to the above-mentioned sum of l. per annum . suppose likewise an allowance of l. per annum be made , for the declension of the brewing trade of late years ; though i should think it no very great task to prove , were it necessary , that that trade of late is not in the least declined . but i shall have room to make large allowances ; therefore , lest that objection should arise , that also ismade here out . suppose likewise an allowance of l. per annum , be made in the stead of excise on the retailers of coffee , which is more than ever was received by that duty , when the excise did amount to l. per annum , that duty helped to make up the aforesaid sum , which at this time is on the berry , and the duty received at the custom-house . suppose likewise the distillery be the same now as then , according to the additional duty on it , though in fact it is considerably advanced even according to the additional duty . all these deductions amount to but l. per annum , which deducted from l. there will still remain l. 't is to be supposed that even then ( when the excise was at but s. d. per barrel strong , and d. per barrel small ) the brewers were not all puritans ; but suppose an allowance be made for the then suppos'd frauds of l. ( though upon a nicer examination , there would be good reason to suspect twice that sum did not serve their turns ) then the brewers frauds will amount to four hundred thousand pound per annum , which is considerably above one third part. there might be much more said to swell the aforesaid l. per annum , to a much greater sum ; but it is to be fear'd that even that 's much too great to be well spared at this time . i humbly beg leave to shew this honourable house , wherein in my humble opinion , the frauds of brewers are prejudicial to the king , to the subjects in general , and to the trade it self . first , these frauds are a disappointment to the king , by reason that thereby the excife does not answer the sum it was given for ; consequently , the fund to the lender of monies is not so good or large , as if it did fully answer . secondly , they are prejudicial to the publick in general , by reason that if the brewers paid for all they brew'd ( as in conscience and truth they ought ) the less taxes would serve turn , consequently , are prejudicial to the subject . thirdly , these frauds are prejudicial to the brewing trade ; every person that knows the brewing trade , knows the greater the trade , the greater opportunity they have to defraud ; insomuch , that the very small brewers can scarce defraud any , the great brewers having such advantage , do sell stronger or better drink , more measure , and cheaper than the lesser ones can , who by reason of the want of such great trades , have not such great advantages by frauds ; the lesser brewers by this means ( as is said in the first proposal ) cannot be supposed to have any customers that can make good payment for what they buy of them , for if they could , no doubt they would apply themselves to the great brewers , where they will receive such visible advantages , different from what the lesser brewers can afford them , so that what few good customers the lesser brewers can be supposed to have , they get nothing by , perhaps lose ; since then , the only customers the lesser brewers have that they can hope to get by are bad , it will not be denied , i presume , that the trade thereby is greatly prejudiced ; there will also this consequence necessarily follow ( if the trade it self be thus prejudiced ) the publick will be yet further prejudiced , who will be obliged to bear some tax levied on them to make good such deficiency , as may accrue therefrom . the prevention of which , in my humble opinion , lies most properly and intirely in the breast of this honourable house , that it may be prevented without any other laws than what already are made , there is no doubt ; but what 's the consequence ? perhaps it will cost as much to have it done , as will be saved , which is the same thing , almost , as if it were permitted ; it cannot be imagined such an abuse wou'd have been permitted so long , did it lie in the power of art , with a reasonable charge to have prevented it ; but when we come to reflect under whose management this affair has been for this many years past , and at present is , namely that honourable person who is at the head of the treasury , there will not be the least hope left us to believe any judgment or art hath been wanting , or can be improved , but what must necessarily owe its birth to this honourable house , and where those grievances can best be redress'd . now suppose there were a penalty inflicted , that every brewer that should erect and make use of a private back , a private tun , or a private store-house , should pay l. that every brewer that should conceal the quantity of a barrel of strong beer , ale , or small beer from the sight of the gager , should pay l. for each barrel ; that every brewer that should mix small beer to strong beer or ale , after the gager has taken his morning gage , unless it be in the presence of a gager , to pay for every barrel so mix'd l. for denial of entry l. and the other penalties in proportion , and a plentiful reward out thereof to the informer . i say , did this honorable house think it adviseable , that some such penalties were inflicted , not any brewer of them all would dare attempt committing the least kind of fraud ; by which , 't is plain , the great grievance before spoken of , would be redress'd by such penalties , for the brewer has even under the present penalties these considerations , ( viz. ) what advantage he is like to reap ; the hazard he runs ; which are three sorts , ( viz. ) the penalty , the charge he is to be at , and the confidence he is necessitated to repose in his servants , which , to say the truth , are not persons of the greatest faith ; suppose the master would commit a fraud , and run the hazard of the supposed penalties , he would not dare to intrust his servants therewith , and without their privity the master cannot commit the fraud ; besides , by such penalties ( as is before spoken of ) his majesty would save at least l. per annum , in the management ; for where there is a necessity now to imploy four officers , two would serve turn , and so in proportion in most of the other imployments . i humbly hope it will appear by these following reasons , that such penalties are not only of use to the king , to the publick in general , by redressing the great grievances that fall out in the matter of the excise , and the equality and preservation of the trade it self which i humbly presume have before sufficiently prov'd ) but also , that every brewer will be left destitute of the least ground to complain thereof , consequently , will be presumed to be just and reasonable . as thus , every brewer that shews the gagers all he hath brewed , and does not conceal or defraud any , is not subject to the penalties ; consequently , he will have no cause to complain , if he defrauds not , he will not have 〈◊〉 thing to pay , i mean of the penalties ; he that will by day-light burn his fingers , cannot expect less than to feel the smart thereof . all the objection that be rais'd against it ; in my humble opinion , is this , ( viz. ) if the brewers servants should defraud any without the master's privity , ( supposed to do it on purpose to get the reward proposed to the informer ) it would be a hardship upon the masters . true , i say so too ; but there is this remedy provided by the present laws of excise , ( for that very purpose ) that it doth lie in the breast of the commissioners , to mitigate any penalty to any degree they please , taking nothing less than the double duty and the charge the officer is at in finding out the fraud ; it will not be suppos'd , i presume , any thing that has but a countenance like that , would be inflicted by the commissioners , that make no profit thereby , but set to deal equally between the king and the brewer . i humbly presume , what is said before , is sufficient to convince any person , at least this unbyass'd honourable house , that the objection is fully answer'd ; and i defy the brewers themselves , i mean the great ones that have made large estates solely out of frauds , to make any other objection ; and for the lesser brewers , ( the greater number of the two ) i will take the liberty to answer for them , that they shall ( if requir'd ) petition this honourable house that such an act should pass for the preservation of their trade . note , that upon a modest computation , every brewer that makes use of a private back , a private tun , or private store-house , of but a moderate size or bigness , makes at least l. per week , which used but six months will make l. which will almost answer the penalties proposed . this , in my humble opinion , shews , the penalties proposed are not extravagant . if any part of the foregoing matter shall happen to prove advantageous either to the king or to the subject , i shall obtain my ends : the whole is humbly submitted to that great and honourable house the house of commons their great wisdom . finis . act made at ellon the third day of april years scotland. convention of estates. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; 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(eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) act made at ellon the third day of april years scotland. convention of estates. foullerton, john. sheet ([ ] p.). forbes, younger], [aberdeen : signed: iohn foullerton, i.p.c. place and publisher suggested by wing ( nd ed.) reproduction of original in the aberdeen city charter room, (aberdeen, scotland). created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng beer -- taxation -- scotland. ale -- taxation -- scotland. malt liquors -- taxation. broadsides -- aberdeen (scotland) -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion act made at ellon the third day of april years . forasmuch as the act of his majesties privie councill , dated the seventh day of december last , did settle the prices of ale and drinking beer : so as there might be a due proportion betwixt the same and the pryces of rough-bear , and appointed the said act to be put in execution , be the commissioners of excyse in the severall shires and burghs : and the brewers and maltmen within the same , to finde caution for their due observance thereof : likeas the brewers within the shires of edinburgh and haddington , having made application and offer to the said privie councill , and given bond to pay no less then seven pounds scots the boll , for all the bear they shall buy of the cropt . the lords of his majesties said privie councill , have given licence and allowance to the saids brewers , to sell the ale and drinking-beer at twenty pennies the pynt besids the excyse ; as also , to sell double or three shilling ale , and have authorised the saids commissioners of excyse of the severall shires and burghs , to allow the same latitude to all such as will make the like offer : and the earle marischall , the earle of aboyne , and sir iohn keith , three of the lords of the said privie councill , being appointed to see the saids acts receive due execution within the shire of aberdeen , and to procure the due observance thereof from the saids commissioners , malt men and brewers ; the said privie councill , be two severall letters direct to them , have authorised them and the saids commissioners of excyse , to take that same course as to the brewers and malt-men , within the shire of aberdeen , and burghs royall of the same . and in case the saids brewers and malt-men , do not make offer of the price , and give bond to that effect as aforesaid , have ordained the certification contained in the said act of councill , and proclamation following thereon to be put in execution . in pursuance whereof , and obedience to an print advertisement published through the whole shire , the saids three lords of privie councill , and severall commissioners of excyse , barrons , and heritors of the shire , having conveened here this day , and having read and perused the said act of councill , and other acts made in reference thereto , with the saids letters and commissions from the privie councill , and strict order therein contained , for putting the same to full execution ; considering that they are strictly commanded and obliedged to put the said acts to all due execution , alse well for any transgression thereof bypast , as what may be in tyme comeing : have resolved , ( as in dutie they are tyed ) to use their utmost endeavoures thereanent ; and for that effect , have ordained their next meeting to be at aberdeen , the eighteenth day of april instant requyring the whole commissioners of excyse of the said shyre , to be present at that meeting , for giving their concurrance therein : and ordaines the whole heritors of the shyre , betwixt and that tyme , to take notice of the brewers within their respective lands and heritages , who have transgressed the saids acts of councill , and to report faithfully thereanent to the said next meeting at aberdeen : and withall recommends to the saids severall heritors , within whose lands any brewers are , to be ready against that tyme , to become bound as cautioners for their saids brewers , that they shall observe the saids acts for the future : and in case , the heritors and masters of the saids brewers , be unwilling to binde for them , ordaines the brewers themselves to be present at the said meeting , with other sufficient caution , declaring that all those who shall be absent , shall be repute and holden breakers , and contumacious contemners of the said act of councill ; and that thir presens shall extend alsewell to malt-men as brewers , and these within burghs royall , as without the same . and in respect , the lords of his majesties privie councill , have been so carefull for the good of his majesties subjects , it is expected , that both commissioners and heritors will to their uttermost power endeavour the prosecution of the saids acts , under the certifications contained in the samen acts and proclamations , and power granted by the said privie councill : lykeas , the lords and commissioners foresaids , continues any thing relating to the excyse , to that said meeting at aberdeen , the said eighteenth day of april instant , at which tyme they intend to settle the said excyse for one year after the first day of may next . and that none may pretend ignorance , the collector is appoynted to cause print and publish thir presents , at the severall parish kirkes of the shyre , the ensuing lords-dayes . sic subscribitur , iohn foullerton i. p. c. given under the hand of collonell iohn foullerton of dudwick , preses to the said meeting . <?xml-stylesheet href='xml htm.xsl' type='text/xsl'?> <?xml version=' . 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been fully proofread</resp> <name/> </respstmt> </editionstmt> <publicationstmt> <publisher>earlyprint project</publisher> <pubplace>evanston il, notre dame in, st.louis, washington mo</pubplace> <date> </date> <availability> <licence target="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/ . /deed.en_us">distributed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial . unported license</licence> </availability> <idno type="shc">a .xml</idno> </publicationstmt> <sourcedesc> <biblfull n="tcp source"> <titlestmt> <title type="_ ">vvine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority. a dialogue.</title> <author>gallobelgicus.</author> </titlestmt> <extent> dpi tiff g page images</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>university of michigan, digital library production service</publisher> <pubplace>ann arbor, michigan</pubplace> <date> march (tcp phase )</date> <idno type="marc"> </idno> <idno type="stc">stc ( nd ed.) .</idno> <idno type="stc">greg, ii, (b).</idno> <idno type="vid"> </idno> <idno type="dlps">a </idno> <availability> <p>this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. searching, reading, printing, or downloading eebo-tcp texts is reserved for the authorized users of these project partner institutions. permission must be granted for subsequent distribution, in print or electronically, of this text, in whole or in part. please contact project staff at eebotcp-info@umich.edu for further information or permissions.</p> </availability> </publicationstmt> </biblfull> <biblfull n="printed source"> <titlestmt> <title type="_ ">vvine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority. a dialogue.</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, ale, and tobacco</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, and ale, together by the eares</title> <title type="alt">wine, beere, ale, and tobacco. contending for superiority.</title> <author>gallobelgicus.</author> </titlestmt> <editionstmt> <edition>this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text s in the <ref target="http://estc.bl.uk">english short title catalog</ref> (stc ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with <ref target="http://morphadorner.northwestern.edu/morphadorner/">morphadorner</ref>. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.</edition> <respstmt> <resp>this text has not been fully proofread</resp> <name/> </respstmt> </editionstmt> <extent>[ ] p.</extent> <publicationstmt> <publisher>by t[homas] c[otes] for iohn groue, and are to be sold at his shop at furniuals inne gate in holborne,</publisher> <pubplace>printed at london :</pubplace> <date type="publication_date"> .</date> <date type="creation_date"> </date> </publicationstmt> <notesstmt> <note> <p>a revision of "wine, beere, and ale, together by the eares", which was attributed to gallobelgicus.</p> </note> <note> <p>printer's name from stc.</p> </note> <note> <p>signatures: a-c d .</p> </note> <note> <p>the first leaf is blank.</p> </note> <note> <p>reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery.</p> </note> </notesstmt> </biblfull> </sourcedesc> </filedesc> <profiledesc> <textclass> <keywords scheme="lcsh"> <term>wine -- early works to .</term> <term>beer -- early works to .</term> <term>ale -- early works to .</term> <term>tobacco -- early works to .</term> <term>smoking -- great britain -- early works to .</term> </keywords> </textclass> </profiledesc> <xenodata 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-a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>no</seg> <corr>,</corr> <seg>tis your old acquaintance sugar .</seg> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>would bring whole sheets for me to lie in</seg> <corr>.</corr> <seg/> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>by the gallants , kist by the gentlewomen</seg> <corr>:</corr> <seg>i am their life , their genius , the poeticall</seg> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>â�ª</sic> <seg>ale</seg> <corr>.</corr> <seg/> </note> <note target="a - -a- " xml:id="a - -a- -n"> <label>a - -a- </label> <sic>repuration</sic> <seg>carry it away , i will not loose a drop of my</seg> <corr>reputation</corr> <seg>, and by your fauour , if you stand so much</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>suaile</sic> <seg>purpose retirement and grauitie , that with the</seg> <corr>snaile</corr> <seg>carries the cares of a house and family</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>gine</sic> <seg>vnderstanding is not sufficiently lighted yet</seg> <corr>giue</corr> <seg>him leaue i pray .</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>solidier</sic> <seg>, i remember i haue heard him reported a</seg> <corr>soldier</corr> <seg>, and once being in company with a knap-sack</seg> </note> <note target="a - -b- " xml:id="a - -b- -n"> <label>a - -b- </label> <sic>knap-iack</sic> <seg>soldier , and once being in company with a</seg> <corr>knap-sack</corr> <seg>man a companion of his , i obtained a coppy</seg> </note> </div> </back> </text> </tei> an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco and for continuing unto his majesty, an aid, or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes : and also for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale, and other liquors, till the twenty fifth day of december, one thousand, seaven hundred and two. ireland. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing i estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco and for continuing unto his majesty, an aid, or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes : and also for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale, and other liquors, till the twenty fifth day of december, one thousand, seaven hundred and two. ireland. p. printed by andrew crook ..., dublin : mdcxcvii [ ] reproduction of original in the huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng tobacco -- taxation -- ireland. beer -- taxation -- ireland. ireland -- history -- - ireland -- politics and government -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - paul schaffner sampled and proofread - paul schaffner text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco , and for continuing unto his majesty , an aid , or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes . and also for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale , and other liquors , till the twenty fifth day of december , one thousand , seaven hundred and two. dvblin : printed by andrew crook , printer to the king 's most excellent majesty , on cork-hill , near copper-alley . mdcxcvii . an act for granting an additional duty on tobacco ; and for continuing unto his majesty an aid , or additional custom on several goods and merchandizes . and also , for continuing the additional duty on beer and ale , and other liquors , till the twenty fifth day of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two. anno regni nono guilielmi tertii . chap. xxix . we your majesty's obedient and faithful subjects , the commons of ireland , in parliament assembled , being by duty obliged , and always ready to the utmost of our abilities , to supply and furnish your majesty with such summs of money , as may defray the necessary charge of the government of this kingdom , and to provide for such publick works , as may tend to the quiet and good of the same ; do with all gratitude and humility , express our thankfulness to your majesty , for having upon the address of commons in parliament assembled , given orders to grant respites from time to time , to the collecting of quit-rents , crown-rents , and composition-rents , due to your majesty , out of the houses and lands , which through the calamites of the late rebellion , have beén waste from the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , and thereby have beén disabled to pay the same ; and also for giving orders and directions for the due regulation and government of the army in this kingdom , by which means the soldiers have beén less grievous and burthensome to the same then formerly , in their respective garrisons and quarters . but forasmuch as it is found to be absolutely necessary ; as well for the good discipline and order of your majesty's army , as for the wellfare of your majesty's liege people of this realm ; that the said army should be disposed of , and lodged , and quartered in barracks , whereby they will not only be kept together , under the eye and care of their several officers , but your majesty 's other subjects of this kingdom , will thereby be eased of quartering in their houses , to which they have formerly , for the necessity of affairs submitted : therefore , as a further supply to your majesty , and also towards the building and erecting barracks , in such convenient and necessary parts of this kingdom , for the use of the army , as to your majesty shall seém most proper for the same ; and that the said respited arrears of quit-rent , crown-rent , and composition-rent , due out of waste houses and lands , from the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the five and twentieth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , may be effectually answered unto your majesty's exchequer , and to answer the other uses hereafter in this act provided for , in addition to the supplies already granted to your majesty this session of parliament ; we humbly beseéch your majesty , that it may be enacted . and be it enacted by the king 's most excellent majesty , by , and with the advice and consent of the lords spiritual and temporal , and commons in this present parliament assembled , and by the authority of the same , that an additional duty of one penny per pound , be raised and levyed upon all tobacco that shall be found to be , or to have beén in this kingdom , in the hands of any merchant or other person whatsover , the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , whensoever the same was imported : also upon all tobacco that shall be imported into this kingdom after the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , until the five and twentieth of december , which shall be in the year of our lord , one thousand six hundred ninety nine . and whereas it is found necessary to answer the ends aforesaid , that the additional custom granted to his majesty , on several goods and merchandizes , by several acts made in this session of parliament , shall be continued till the five and twentieth of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that all tobacco , muslin , callicoes , and all sorts of liunen , scotch-cloth , and wines , except wines of the growth of spain , and of the dominions thereunto belonging , that shall be imported into this kingdom at any time , from and after the four and twentieth day of december , one thousand six hundred ninety nine , unto the five and twentieth day of december , which shall be in the year one seaven hundred and two , and no longer , shall answer and pay unto his majesty , his heirs and successors , over and above all rates and duties due or payable for , or out of the same , by uertue of any former , or other law in force in this kingdom ( except only the several statutes formerly made in this present session of parliament , which laid several additional duties on the said goods , until the said five and twentieth day of december , which will be in the year one thousand six hundred ninety nine ) the several rates and duties hereafter mentioned . ( that is to say ) for every pound weight of tobacco to be imported within the time aforesaid , two pence half-penny , sterling , for every ell of muslin , callicoe , and of all and every other sorts of linnen , imported within the time aforesaid ( scotch-cloth excepted ) six pence sterling , and for every yard of scotch-cloth imported within the aforesaid time , six pence sterling ; for every tunn of wine ( except wines of the growth of spain , and the dominions thereunto belonging ) imported within the time aforesaid , threé pounds sterling , and so proportionably for a greater , or lesser quantity : which several duties shall , and may be raised , collected and levyed , and paid unto his majesty , his heirs and successors , during the time aforesaid , at the same times , and in the same manner and place , and by such rules , and ways , and means , and under such penalties and forfeitures , as are mentioned and expressed in one act of parliament , made in a session of parliament , which began the eighth day of may in the thirteénth year of the reign of the late king charles the second , intituled , an act for settling the excise , or new impost , upon the said late king charles the second , his heirs and successors , the same to be paid upon merchandizes imported and exported into , or out of the kingdom of ireland , according to the book of rates to the said act annexed . provided always , and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the merchant , or other importer , of any tobacco , so charged , as aforesaid , which the said additional duty of one penny per pound weight , until the twenty fifth of december , one thousand six hundred and ninety nine , and with the additional duty of two pence half-penny , per pound , from that time till the fifth of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two , shall have like time for payment of such additional duty and duties , as they had , or ought to have by vertue of the above-named act of excise , or new impost ; any thing herein contained to the contrary , notwithstanding . and be it further enacted , that from and after the twenty fourth day of december , which will be in the year one thousand six hundred ninety eight , there shall be throughout this his majesty's kingdom of ireland , raised , levyed . collected and paid unto his majesty , his heirs and successors , unto the twenty fifth day of december , which shall be in the year of our lord god , one thousand seaven hundred and two , for beér , ale , and other liquors hereafter expressed , by way of excise , over and above all other duties , charges , and impositions thereout , then payable , the excise , or duty hereafter following : ( that is to say ) for every thirty two gallons of beér , or ale , above six shillings the barrel price , brewed within his kingdom , by the common brewer , or in his uessels , or by any other person or persons who doth , or shall sell beér or ale publickly , or privately to be paid by the common brewer , or by such other person or persons respectively , one shilling and six pence , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity , over and above the duties payable for the same , if this act had not beén made . and for every thirty two gallons of beér , or ale of six shillings the barrel , price , or under , brewed by the common brewer , or other person or persons who doth or shall sell beér , or ale publickly , or privately , to be paid by the common brewer , or by such other person or persons respectively , for a greater or lesser quantity , threé pence , over and above what would be payable for the same , if this act had not beén made . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that from and after the twenty fourth day of december , in the year of our lord god one thousand six hundred and ninety eight there shall be throughout this his majesty's kingdom of ireland , raised , levyed , collected , and paid unto his majesty , during the aforesaid space and term of four years , ending on the twenty fourth day of december , one thousand seaven hundred and two , an additional duty , or excise of threé pence upon every gallon of aquavitae , strong-waters , and balcan , or other potable spirits , made or distilled in this realm for sale . whether of foreign , or domestick spirits , or materialls ; the same to be paid by the first maker or distiler thereof , and so proportionably for a greater or lesser quantity , over and above all other the duties , that would have beén payable for the same , if this act had not beén made . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the several rates and duties of excise , hereby granted on the several liquors aforesaid , shall be raised , levyed , collected , recovered and paid unto his majesty in the same manner and form , and by such ways and means , and under such penalty and penalties , and forfeitures , as are mentioned and expressed , and directed for the collecting , gathering , and recovering of the several duties of excise , in , and by the said act of excise , or new impost , made in the fourteénth year of the late king charles the second , intituled , an act for settleing of the excise , or new impost , upon his majesty , his heirs and successors , according to the book of rates therein incerted , or by any other law now in force , with the like liberty of appeal to , and for the parties grieved , as in , and by the said former act is respectively provided . and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that no inkeéper , uictualler , or other re-tailer of beér or ale , at any time hereafter , during the continuance of the aforesaid additional duties on beér and ale , by this act imposed , shall be sued , impleaded , or molested by indictments , informations , action , or otherwise , for selling and uttering of beér and ale , at any other , and higher prices , then the prices heretofore limitted and appointed ; but that all officers and other persons , concerned in assizeing of beér and ale throughout this kingdom , shall take care to assize the same , with regard to the additional charge or duty aforesaid . and be it further enacted and ordained by the authority aforesaid , that all , and every merchant , importer , shop-keéper , re-tailer , or other person or persons , inhabiting or tradeing within the city of dublin , and all other towns corporate , ports , and all other places of this kingdom , do within the several times herein-after mentioned ( that is to say ) in the city and suburbs of dublin , within four days after the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven ; and in all other places , within ten days after the first day of november , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , make and deliver under his , or their hands , to the commissioners of excise for the time being , their sub-commissioners , collectors , or other chief officers of excise , of the district , in which he or they live or inhabit ; a true and perfect account , of all tobacco remaining in the possession of every such merchant , shop-keeper , re-tailer , or other person whatsoever ; or in the possession of any other , to his or their use , at the respective times aforesaid ; and shall likewise make oath before the said commissioners , sub-commissioners , collectors , or other chief officer as aforesaid , who , or any of them , hereby are authorized to administer the same , that the account by him or them given , is a true , iust , and perfect account , of all the tobacco in his possession or in the possession of any other in trust for him or them ; and the said commissioners of excise , or their said sub-commissioners , collectors , or other chief officer , respectively , are hereby charged and required , to send one , or more officer or officers , to enter into the cellar , uault , store-celler , store-house , ware-house , or other place , or places whatsoever , to any merchant , or other person in this kingdom belonging , to search , seé , and try , whether the quantity of tobacco do not exceéd such account given under hand , as aforesaid ; and if the same shall be found to agreé , that then the duty of one penny , per pound , shall be immediately paid down at the usual allowance of imported excise , or bonds with sufficient security , be immediately passed to his majesty , for payment of the same in threé months time ; and in case any merchant , or other person lyable to give an account , as aforesaid , shall neglect , omit , or refuse to make and deliver in such an account at the time aforesaid , or else making and delivering in such account , shall not upon demand thereof , by such officer or officers as shall be thereunto appointed , suffer him or them to enter into his or their house or houses , ware-house , store-cellar , store-house , ualts , or any place or places , to him or them belonging , or admitting them , as aforesaid ; shall hide , conceal , or not shew all , and every , his and their uaults , store-house , ware-houses , and other places ; or shall make a short return of any tobacco to him or them belonging ; or conceal it from uiew of the officer or officers , appointed to search for , and uiew the same , shall for every such offence , forfeit five pounds sterling , over and above such quantity or quantities of tobacco , as shall be found to exceéd such his account , returned under his or their hand or hands , the one moyety to his , majesty , his heirs and successors , and the other moyety to the informer ; the said penalties and , forfeitures , to be prosecuted , recovered , and condemned in the same manner , and according to the methods prescribed in the said act , for settleing the new excise , or impost , upon the said late king charles the second . and be it further enacted , that whatsoever summ or summs of money , the said aid , or additional duty shall yeild unto his majesty , over and above the summ of fifty thousand pounds , sterling ; immediatly , and in the first place payable unto his majesty , be , and shall be paid and applied to the several uses following , and to no other use whatsoever ( that is to say ) the summ of twenty five thousand pounds , which shall be first raised , levyed and received out of the aid aforesaid , over and above the said summ of fifty thousand pounds , shall be imployed in , and applyed to the building of barracks , for soldiers , in the most useful , convenient and necessary parts and places in this kingdom , according to the directions of the chief governor , or governors , for the time being ; which barracks , shall be forthwith begun , and carried on from time to time , as fast as any part of the said summ of twenty five thousand pounds allotted for the building thereof , shall come in and be received , out of the said additional duties , or aid , granted to his majesty by this present act. and we humbly beseéch your majesty , that your majesty will be graciously pleased , to accept of the further summ of twenty one thousand , and twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings , and six pence half-penny , to be raised and levyed out of the said additional customs , or duties , by this present act , granted unto your majesty , in full discharge of the arrears of quit-rent , crown-rent , and composition-rent , due to your majesty out of the houses and lands that were returned to be waste , from the five and twentieth day of march , one thousand six hundred and ninety two , to the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five ; the collection whereof , was respited upon the humble application of your majesty's subjects , the commons of ireland in parliament assembled . and be it further enacted , that the several lands , tenements , and hereditaments , returned to have beén waste , from the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , and respited as aforesaid , shall be , and always hereafter shall be taken , deémed , and adjudged to be freé and discharged of , and from all quit-rents , crown-rents , and composition-rents , and of , and from all arrears thereof contracted , incurred , or become due , between the said twenty fifth day of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , to the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , inclusive ; and that no person or persons whatsoever , hereafter shall be distrained , or otherwise sued , uexed , processed or impleaded for , or on account for the same , or any part whatsoever thereof ; and that no officer or other person whatsoever do distrain , or issue any process for the same , or any part thereof , under the pain and penalty of paying to the person grieved thereby , double costs , and double damages , for such unjust sute , molestation , or uexation . and to the end the arrears of quit-rents , crown-rents , and composition-rents , hereby intended to be discharged , may be ascertained . be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid , that the commissioners of his majesty's revenues , from the books and other papers which have beén transmitted to them , from the collectors and other officers of his majesty's revenues , before the one and twentieth day of august , one thousand six hundred ninety seaven , wherein any such rents are mentioned to be respited , as being charged upon any houses or lands that are wasted , shall make a particular account in writing , of all such arrears so respited for the time aforesaid , in case they do not exceed twenty one thousand twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings and six pence half-penny ; and if they do exceéd twenty one thousand twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings and six pence half-penny , then an apportionment shall be made of the said rents , so that the said account shall not exceéd in the whole , twenty one thousand twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings and six pence half-penny ; and that the said commissioners shall deliver the said account into the office of the auditor-general , before the twenty fifth day of march , one thousand six hundred ninety eight , to which all persons concern'd , shall have freé access without feé or charge . and it is hereby provided and enacted , that nothing in this act contained , shall extend to discharge any arrears of quit-rents , crown-rents , or composition-rents , charged on any houses or lands for being wasted , unless such particular arrear be contained in the said account of arrears to be discharged as aforesaid . and in case the said commissioners shall refuse , or neglect to make , and deliver into the auditor's office , the said account within the time aforesaid , they , and every of them , shall forfeit treble damages to every person who shall be grieved by such neglect , or refusal , to be recovered by action of debt , bill , plaint , or information , in any of his majesty's courts of record at dublin , in which no essoyn , protection , wager of law , or more then one imparlance shall be allowed , any thing herein contained to the contrary notwithstanding . and if any person or persons shall be hereafter impleaded , or molested , contrary to the scope or intent of this act , that such person , or persons , shall not be obliged to discharge himself by plea , or record , from such charge , but shall be admitted to discharge himself by motion , in his majesty's court of exchequer , without any charge , feé , or reward , and by shewing unto the said court this present act , and making it appear by affidavit , and certificate of the auditor-general , that the quit-rent , crown-rent or composition-rent , for which he is distrained , sued , or impleaded , become due , betweén the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety two , and the twenty fifth of march , one thousand six hundred ninety five , inclusive , out of houses , or lands returned waste , as aforesaid , before mentioned , and are mentioned , and comprehended in such account , transmitted to the auditor-general , to be charged upon waste lands , and for that reason respited as aforesaid ; which certificate , the auditor-general shall be obliged to give on demand , to the person requiring the same , without feé or reward . and be it further enacted , that from and after the time that the said summs of fifty thousand pounds , and twenty five thousand pounds , and twenty one thousand pounds , and twenty seaven pounds , threé shilling and six pence half-penny shall have beén levyed and paid unto his majesty out of the present aid , or additional custom , granted unto his majesty by this present act , that what other or further summs , shall , and may be levyed and collected , by vertue thereof , shall and may be paid , and applyed to the use following : that is to say . whereas sir audley mervin , knight , prime serjeant to his majesty king charles the second , was in his life-time speaker of the house of commons , in the parliament which began in this kingdom , in the year , one thousand six hundred and sixty one , and continued so till the disolution of the said parliament , in the year one thousand six hundred and sixty six ; during which time , the said sir audley mervin not only spent great part of his fortune supporting the state and dignity of that honourable imployment , but wholly declined his practice at the bar , which was very considerable . and whereas the said house of commons , humbly addressed themselves to the government , in behalf of the said sir audley mervin , for the summ of six thousand pounds , sterling , to be bestowed on him , for his great services done to his majesty , and the english interest of this kingdom , in that station , of which summ , however , he never received any part , so as the said sir audley mervin , was forced to charge his real estate with great summs of money , for portions and otherwise , and the same hath beén and still is greatly incumbred with debts : that the summs that shall be levyed , as aforesaid , after the payment of the said summs of fifty thousand pounds , twenty five thousand pounds , and twenty one thousand , twenty seaven pounds , threé shillings , six pence half-penny , be applyed and paid as followeth , viz. threé thousand pounds thereof to audley mervin , esquire , eldest son of henry mervin , esquire , son and heir of the said sir audley mervin , and the other threé thousand pounds to be equally divided betweén hugh mervin , and george mervin , esquires , younger sons of the said sir audley mervin . and also , that after the payment of the said summ of six thousand pounds , that the further summ of six hundred pounds sterling , shall , and may be levyed , collected and paid , over out of the said aid , or additional custom , or duties , unto richard warburton of garryhinch , in the queens-county , esquire , being a summ due to the said richard warburton , for services by the said richard warburton performed , during the said parliament , which began in this kingdom in the year of our lord god , one thousand six hundred sixty and one . finis . a proclamation, regulating the price of the weigh of bear [sic] proportionally to the prices of the drink scotland. privy council. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). b wing s estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. b ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a proclamation, regulating the price of the weigh of bear [sic] proportionally to the prices of the drink scotland. privy council. scotland. sovereign ( - : charles ii) sheet ([ ] p.) printed by the heir of andrew anderson, printer to his most sacred majesty, edinburgh : anno . caption title. royal arms at head of text; initial letter. intentional blank spaces in text. dated at end: given under our signet at edinburgh, the tenth day of august, one thousand six hundred and eighty, and of our reign the thirty two year. signed: will. paterson, cl. sti. concilii. imperfect: stained with some loss of text. reproduction of the original in the national library of scotland. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng brewing industry -- prices -- law and legislation -- scotland -- early works to . beer -- prices -- scotland -- early works to . broadsides -- scotland -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - mona logarbo sampled and proofread - mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion c r royal blazon or coat of arms a proclamation , regulating the price of the weigh of beer proportionally to the prices of the drink . charles by the grace of god , king of great britain , france and ireland , defender of the faith : to macers , or messengers at arms , our sheriffs in that part , conjunctly and severally , specially constitute , greeting : forasmuch as our privy council , in consideration of the exorbitant price taken by brewers and vintners , for ale and drinking beer , without observing any just proportion betwixt the same and the price of bear whereof they are made ; did , conform to the power and warrand granted to them by the fifteenth act of the first session of our second parliament , emit several proclamations , appointing just and equal proportions betwixt the bear and drink : notwithstanding whereof , thorow the default of the commissioners of excise , the same is neglected in many shires , to the great laesion and detriment of our subjects . therefore we , with advice of our privy council , do hereby declare , that these following proportions are , and shall be constantly observed thorow the whole kingdom ; viz. that when the weigh of barley consisting of fifteen stone trois weight , ( which is now in place of the boll , ) is at seven merks , and the weigh of rough bear is at six merks , sufficient ale and drinking beer shall be sold at fourteen penies the pynt : when barley is sold at eight merks , and rough bear at seven merks , the pynt of sufficient drink is to be sold at sixteen penies : when the barley is sold at nine merks , and the rough bear at eight merks , the pynt of sufficient drink is to be sold at eighteen penies : when the barley is sold at ten merks , and the rough bear at nine merks , the pynt of sufficient ale is to be sold at two shilling scots : when barley is sold at eleven merks , and rough bear at ten merks , the pynt of drink is to be sold at two shilling two penies : when the barley is sold at twelve merks , and rough bear at eleven merks , the pynt of drink is to be sold at two shilling four penies : when the barley is sold at thirteen merks , and the rough bear at twelve merks , the drink is to be sold at two shilling six penies scots : and for every merk of price more , two penies to be added to the pynt of drink ; and the prices foresaids and to be both for the drink and excise : and these prices are appointed to be observed , under the pains pe 〈…〉 es exprest in our acts of parliament , and former proclamations relating thereto . and we do hereby grant full power , authority and commission , to all 〈◊〉 privy counsellours in each shire , together with the sheriffs , commissioners of excise , ( secluding the commissioners of excise of royal burrows ) ba 〈…〉 regalities , stewarts of stewartries , or so many of them as shall happen to meet , to put this our proclamation to due execution ; with full power to them to call before the whole brewers or malt-men within burgh or landwart , in their respective shires and jurisdictions , and to proceed against , and punish the d 〈…〉 by fining , or imprisonment , as they shall see cause , conform to the laws and acts of parliament : and ordains the persons underwritten to be convee●●●● of the commissioners of excise and others foresaids , intrusted in the several shires : and appoints their first meeting for this year , to be at the head burgh of the shire , upon the first tuesday of october next ; and that yearly thereafter they meet peremptorly in april and september , as they will be answerable at their peril ; and thereafter to conveen them at such other dyets as they shall think fit , viz. for the town and shire of edinburgh , the lord thesaurer depute , and the lord collingtoun . for the shire of linlithgow , the earl of linlithgow . for the shire of haddingtoun , the earl of wintoun , the earl of haddingtoun , sir john nisbet of dirletoun , sir william sharp , john wedderburn of gossford . for the shires of fife and kinross , the duke of rothes , lord high chancellor of this kingdom , the lord burnt-island , the laird of lundin . for the shire of perth , the marquess of athol lord privy seal , the earl of perth , the earl of caithness , sir george kinnaird of rossie . for the shire of forfar , the earl of southesk , the earl of strathmore , richard maitland of dudop lord justice-clerk , the said sir george kinnaird . for the shire of kincardine , the earl marischal , the viscount of arbuthnet . for the shire of aberd●ne , the earl of errol , the earl marischal , the earl of dumfermling , the earl of kintore , the laird of meldrum . for the shire of bamff , the earl marischal , the earl of airlie . for the shire of elgine , the earl of murray , the lord d●ffus the lord d●●●us . for the shire of innerness and nairn , the earl of murray , the lord doun , sir george m ckenzie of tarbet . for the shire of ross and cromarty , sir george m ckenzie of rose●●●ch our advocat , sir george m ckenzie of tarbet , sir george monro . for the shire of sutherland , the earl of sutherland , the lord duffus . for the shire of caithness , the earl of caithness , the laird of dunbeth . for the shire of orkney , captain dick , stewart of oraney , commissary m ckenzie . for the 〈◊〉 of argyle , the earl of the argyle . for the shire of striviling , the earl of murray , the earl of marr , the lord elphingstoun . for the shire of berwick , the laird of langtoun , the laird of cockburn , sir william sharp . for the shire of renfrew , the earl of dundonald , the lord ross . for the upper-ward of clidd●●●●●● , the marquess of douglas , the earl of carnwath . for the nether-ward of cliddisdale , the duke of hamiltoun , the lord ross . for the shire of air , the 〈…〉 dumfr●●s for the shire of dumbarton , the marquess of montrose , the earl of glencairn , the earl of wigtoun . for the shire of wigtoun , the lord p 〈…〉 〈…〉 ion sir john dalrymple . for the 〈…〉 try of kirkcudbright ▪ the earl of nithisdale , the laird of baldoon , the laird of bruchton . for the shi●● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈…〉 berry . for the shire of s 〈…〉 walter s●●t of h 〈…〉 l for the shire of peebles , the earl of tweeddale . for the shire of 〈…〉 , the earl of marr , the laird of clackmanan . for the shire of ro●●●●●● the e●●● of 〈…〉 h , and earl of haddingtoun , and for the w 〈…〉 within the same : who are hereby appointed to r 〈…〉 an account of their 〈…〉 e and the procedor of the saids commissioners in the premisses 〈…〉 the year , viz. once in november , and 〈◊〉 in june yearly , under the penalty of being called before our council , and punished for their neglect . and w● 〈◊〉 hereby require and command the magistrates of the several burghs - royal , to have their weights for weighs in readiness , as is prescribed in our former ●●●clamation , betwixt and the first council day of october next ; with certification to them , if they failȝie , they shall be called before our council , and 〈…〉 ilk burgh in the sum of one thousand merks scots money . it is hereby declared , that our former proclamations stands in full force , as to the weighing of bear and meal , as to the quantity of the casks ; a 〈…〉 ting tasters and cunsters allowance for vintners and malt-men , and rules to be observed by 〈…〉 all points . and ordains these presents to be printed , and published at the mercat cross of edinburgh , and other places needful , that none 〈…〉 nd ig 〈…〉 〈…〉 given under our signet at edinburgh , the tenth day of august , one thousand six hundred and eighty , and of our reign the thirty two year . will. paterson , cls. sti. concilii . god save the king. edinburgh , printed by the heir of andrew anderson , printer to his most sacred majesty . 〈…〉 act continuing the importation of irish meal & oats, and allowing bear to be imported until the fifteen day of may next. edinburgh, february th. . scotland. privy council. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). b wing s estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. b ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) act continuing the importation of irish meal & oats, and allowing bear to be imported until the fifteen day of may next. edinburgh, february th. . scotland. privy council. sheet ([ ] p.) printed by the heirs and successors of andrew anderson, printer to his most excellent majesty, edinburgh : anno dom. . caption title. initial letter. signed: gilb. eliot, cls. sti. concilii. imperfect: cropped with slight loss of text. reproduction of the original in the national library of scotland. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng grain trade -- law and legislation -- ireland -- early works to . grain trade -- law and legislation -- scotland -- early works to . beer industry -- scotland -- early works to . foreign trade regulation -- early works to . broadsides -- scotland -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - megan marion sampled and proofread - megan marion text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion act continuing the importation of irish meal & oats , and allowing bear to be imported until the fifteen day of may next . edinburgh , february th . . the lords of his majesties privy council , being informed that the prices of meal , oats and bear in the western shires of this kingdom , does still continue above the rates set down in the act of parliament one thousand six hundred and seventy two : do therefore according to the power given to them by the foresaid act , allow the importation of meal , oats and bear ( but of no other grain ) from ireland , to any port or part betwixt the mouth of annand , and the head of kintyre , and that until the fifteen day of may next to come inclusivè : and therefore , do hereby suspend all proclamations and commissions made for restraining the said importation during the said time and space of permission , but prejudice always to the prohibition contained in the foresaid act , after the said fifteen day of may next inclusivè and like ways , as to all the other ports and parts of this kingdom not hereby priviledged , as if this allowance had not been granted ; and ordains these presents to be published and printed , extracted by me gilb . eliot , cls. sti. concilii . edinburgh , printed by the heirs and successors of andrew anderson , printer to his most excellent majesty 〈…〉 votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale. laws, etc. england and wales. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing e a). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing e a estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale. laws, etc. england and wales. england and wales. parliament. sheet ([ ] p.). printed by iohn field, printer to the parliament of england, london, : . reproduction of original in the henry e. huntington library. eng beer -- taxation -- great britain. ale -- taxation -- great britain. excise tax -- great britain. broadsides -- england -- th century. a r (wing e a). civilwar no friday december, . votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale. england and wales. parliament a this text has no known defects that were recorded as gap elements at the time of transcription. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - elspeth healey sampled and proofread - elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion friday december , . votes of parliament touching the excize of beer and ale . resolved by the parliament , that from and after the five and twentieth day of december , one thousand six hundred fifty one , no beer or ale be excizable , but such as is brewed by common brewers , or else brewed to be sold by vintners , inkeepers , alehouse-keepers , cooks , chandlers , and other persons brewing in their houses , and selling again by retail , or otherwise . resolved by the parliament , that the commissioners for excize , and all sub-commssioners and other officers of excize , be and are hereby enjoyned to take notice hereof , and to take care that the same be put in execution and duly observed , and the committee of the excize are to see the same done accordingly . hen : scobell , cleric . parliamenti . wednesday the seventeenth of december , . ordered by the parliament , that the votes passed on friday last touching the excize of beer and ale , be printed and pnblished . hen : scobell , cleric . parliamenti . london , printed by iohn field , printer to the parliament of england , . warm beere, or, a treatise wherein is declared by many reasons that beere so qualified is farre more wholsome then that which is drunke cold with a confutation of such objections that are made against it, published for the preservation of health. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a of text r in the english short title catalog (wing w ). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo a wing w estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) warm beere, or, a treatise wherein is declared by many reasons that beere so qualified is farre more wholsome then that which is drunke cold with a confutation of such objections that are made against it, published for the preservation of health. f. w. [ ], p. printed by r.d. for henry overton, and are to be sold at his shop ..., cambridge : . editor's preface signed: f.w. reproduction of original in bodleian library. eng beer -- therapeutic use -- early works to . a r (wing w ). civilwar no warme beere, or a treatise wherein is declared by many reasons, that beere so qualified is farre more wholsome then that which is drunke col [no entry] c the rate of defects per , words puts this text in the c category of texts with between and defects per , words. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - jonathan blaney sampled and proofread - jonathan blaney text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion warme beere , or a treatise wherein is declared by many reasons , that beere so qualified is farre more wholsome then that which is drunke cold . with a confutation of such objections that are made against it ; published for the preservation of health . cambridge , printed by r. d. for henry overton , and are to be sold at his shop entring into popes-head alley out of lumbard-street in london , . to the reader . galen hath a saying in his second book de facultat . naturali , in the end of his . chapter , and that is this ; studium eorum laudandum est qui vel explanant rectè dicta à sapientibus , vel supplent si quid omissum sit ab eis : the which i hope , gentle reader , will be a protection for this my book against such as think nothing well done which they do not themselves , for that i endeavour to do both these things which galen commendeth , that is , explain some points heretofore writ by our learned masters and not regarded ; and also to adde some things before not thought upon by them . and although i have no great hope by this my writing to work a generall good , because errours long used make us both blind and deaf , be the truth never so apparent , not unlike the owl , as aristotle saith , whose sight the sun-beams dull ; yet i doubt not but some will take it thankfully , and making use will take benefit thereby , assuring themselves i write nothing here , which i hold not for the truth , and have made long experience of , both by self , and divers of my friends . i have therefore published it in our native tongue , respecting a generall good , referring the commendations of the thing to the proof , and us all to the almighty . amen . the preface of the publisher to the reader . christian and beloved reader , hearing of this ensuing treatise of warm beer lying in the hand of a worthy gentleman and friend of mine , i made bold to send to him for it ; who hearing of my practice according , did very kindly send it to me : the which , after i had read the same , and considered the arguments brought for the proof thereof , and weighed them together with mine own experience in the use of it , i was thereby exceedingly strengthened in my judgement , and abundantly confirmed in my custome . then speaking of this treatise and the subject matter thereof to some of mine acquaintance and friends , and what benefit i found by the use thereof , they desired to see the same ; and when they had read it , they intreated me that it might be printed , and that i would declare mine own experience which i had found by constant use of the said warm drink , that it might be published for the generall good : to whose request i could not but consent . and therefore i shall not speak any thing by way of commendations of this book , but will leave it rather to the judicious reader and true practicer thereof ; and will onely relate unto you what i have found true by long experience . first , heretofore when i did alwayes drink cold beer , and now and then a cup of wine , i was very often troubled with exceeding pain in the head , which did much distemper me ; also with stomach-ach , tooth-ach , cough , cold , and many other rheumatick diseases : but since my drinking my beer ( small or strong ) actually hot as bloud , i have never been troubled with any of the former diseases , but have alwayes continued in very good health constantly ( blessed be god ) yet i use not to drink wine , because i find that hot beer ( without wine ) keepeth the stomach in a continuall moderate concoction : but wine and hot beer doth over-heat the stomach , and inflameth the liver , ( especially in cold stomachs which have hot livers ) and men oftentimes drinking wine to heat their cold stomachs , they thereby also inflame their livers , and so the helping of the cold stomach is the means of the destruction of the liver : but hot beer doth prevent this evil , for it heateth the stomach and causeth good digestion , and nourisheth and strengtheneth the liver . and that hot beer , actually made hot doth cause good concoction , you may conceive it by this comparison : the stomach is compared to a pot boyling over the fire with meat ; now if you put cold water therein it ceaseth the boyling , till the fire can overcome the coldnesse of the water , and the more water you put in , the longer it will be before it boyl again , and so long time you hinder the meat from being boyled : so it is with the stomach . if you drink cold beer , you hinder the digestion of the meat in the stomach ; and the more cold you drink , the more you hinder it . also , cold water doth not onely hinder the boyling of the meat in the pot , but also causeth the meat to be hard , so that if it should boyl six houres longer then ordinary , yet still the meat will be hard and never tender and soft : right so it is with the stomach . cold beer doth not onely hinder concoction , but also harden the meat in the stomach , as you may see by them which drink over much cold beer at or after dinner or supper ; six houres after they will vomit up the same meat again , as raw and undigested as if it were but even then eaten : which they could not have done , if they had not cooled their stomachs so much with cold beer : because nature would have digested the meat before that time . but on the contrary , hot water put in a boyling pot with meat , hindereth not the boyling thereof , neither doth make the meat hard , but continueth the boyling thereof , nourishing the meat with sufficiency of liquour , and maketh it soft and tender fit to be eaten : so in like manner doth hot beer to the stomach : it hindereth not concoction , nor hardeneth the meat in the stomach , but contrariwise , it continueth its concoction , and maketh it fit for the nourishment of the whole body . again in the second place , as this hot beer is excellent good for the keeping of the stomach in good order for concoction , and consequently good health ; so it is most excellent for the quenching of thirst . for i have not known thirst since i have used hot beer : let the weather be never so hot , and my work great , yet have i not felt thirst as formerly . nay although i have eaten fish or flesh never so salt , which ordinarily do cause thirst and drinesse , yet i have been freed from it by the use of hot beer , and have been no more thirstie after the eating of salt meat then i have after fresh . and the reasons make it manifest being confirmed by experience , if we consider when a man is thirstie , there are two master-qualities which do predominate in the stomach , namely heat and drinesse , over their contraries , cold and moisture . when a man drinketh cold beer to quench his thirst , he setteth all foure qualities together by the ears in the stomach , which do with all violence oppose one another , and cause a great combustion in the stomach , breeding many distempers therein . for if heat get the mastery , it causeth inflammation through the whole body ; but if cold , it surfeteth the body , and bringeth a man into fluxes and other diseases : but hot beer prevents all these dangers , and maketh friendship between all these enemies , viz. hot and cold , wet and drie , in the stomach ; because when the coldnesse of the beer is taken away by actuall heat , and made as hot as the stomach , then heat hath no opposite , his enemie cold being taken away , & there onely remains these two enemies , dry and wet in the stomach : which heat laboureth to make friends , as you may see in this example . in fire there is heat and drinesse : and in water there is cold and moisture , which are opposite to the qualities in the fire : now if you throw the cold water upon the fire , you set these opposites together by the ears , but if you would quickly quench the fire , take hot water and throw thereon , and one bucket full of hot water will quench more fire then foure buckets of cold . the reason is , because of the extreme opposition between hot and cold : but when the coldnesse of the water is taken away and it made actually hot , then hot water to hot fire agreeth as like to like , and peace being made between hot and cold , the heat maketh friendship between wet and dry . also you may see wet and dry easily reconciled by heat , in another example : take a dry piece of wollen cloth , and throw it upon cold water , and you shall see how wet and dry will oppose one another : the water will not let the cloth sink into it , and the dry cloth will not let the water enter into it ; but the cold water will slide off from the dry cloth , and the cloth will swim upon the water : but if the water be made hot , and the cloth thrown thereon , they will immediately embrace one another without any opposition . so likewise , if you put cold water upon dust , wet and dry will so oppose each other , that the dust will not suffer the water to sink into it , but the water will trull up and down on the dust like quick-silver : but if the water be hot , and put never so lightly upon the dust , it will incontinently sink into it without opposition . and thus you see by these examples how heat is as it were a means to make friendship between wet and dry . even so it doth in the stomach : when one is exceeding thirstie , the beer being made hot and then drunk into the dry stomach , it immediately quencheth the thirst , moistening and refreshing nature abundantly . but some will say , cold beer is very pleasant to one that is thirstie : i answer it is true : but pleasant things for the most part are very dangerous . cold beer is pleasant when extreme thirst is in the stomach , but what more dangerous to the health ? how many have you known & heard of , who by drinking of a cup of cold beer in extreme thirst , have taken a surfet and killed themselves ? what more pleasant then for one that hath gone up a hill in summer time and is exceeding hot , to sit down and open his breast that the cool aire may blow therein ? and yet how dangerous is it ? for a man in very short time , for getting himself , taketh a sudden cold , and surfets thereon , which costeth his precious life for his pleasant aire . therefore we must not drink cold beer , because it is pleasant ; but hot beer , because it is profitable , especially in the citie for such as have cold stomachs , and inclining to a consumption . i have known some that have been so farre gone in a consumption , that none would think in reason they could live a week to an end : their breath was short , their stomach was gone , and their strength failed , so that they were not able to walk about the room without resting , panting and blowing : they drank many hot drinks and wines to heat their cold stomachs , and cure their diseases , especially sweet wines , but all in vain : for the more wine they drank to warm their stomachs , the more they inflamed their livers , by which means they grew worse and worse increasing their disease : but when they did leave drinking all wine , and betook themselves onely to the drinking of hot beer so hot as bloud , within a moneth their breath stomach and strength was so increased , that they could walk about their garden with ease , and within two moneths could walk . miles , and within three moneths were perfectly made well as ever they were in their lives . and i doubt not but many that have practiced this thing can witnesse the truth of these as well as my self : so having performed the request of my friends to set down my experience and the reasons moving me , i leave it now to the practice of such as by themselves or their physicians are satisfied of what use it may be to them , desiring the lord to adde his blessing , for his glory and for their comfort . amen . f. w. in commendations of warm beer . we care not what stern grandfires now can say , since reason doth and ought to bear the sway , vain grandames say saws ne'r shall make me think , that rotten teeth come most by warmed drink . no grandfire , not , if you had us'd to warm your mornings draughts , as i do , farre lesse harm your raggie lungs had felt ; not half so soon , for want of teeth to chew , you'd us'd the spoon . grandame , be silent now , if you be wise , lest i betray your ●●●●ing niggardize : i wot well you no physick ken , nor yet the name and nature of the vitall heat . 't was more to save your fire , and fear that i your pewter cups should melt or smokifie then skill or care of me , which made you 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and stamp to see me warm my beer . though grandsire growl , though grandame 〈◊〉 , i hold that man unwise that drinks his liquour cold . w. b. a treatise of warm drink . chap. i. the use and necessitie of drink . not without great judgement have the poets feigned prometheus to have entred into the heavens , and by pallas help to have brought from thence celestiall fire , naming one thing and intimating another : nor with lesse dexteritie of wit doth homer in his eighth book of iliads call a method in writing {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} a golden chain , seeing that it is as impossible without it to declare any thing orderly , as to search through all the secret places of the labyrinth without ariadnes clue of yarn . and seeing a method doth require his definitions , divisions , subdivisions , and such like , in a brief yet ample manner , so as nothing be superfluous or wanting , i will do my good will to speak all , yet in as few words as i may , fitting my speech agreeably to the multitude for whom it is written , not affecting curiositie as a thing onely meet for the learned . you shall understand then that the whole contents of this book depend onely upon this question ; which is more wholesome in the regiment of health , drink made actually hot by the fire , or ( as it is now used ) actually cold , and sometimes made cold . first therefore i think it necessary to shew the occasion why provident nature hath imposed a kind of necessitie of drinking upon us . secondly to shew and make manifest whether drink made hot doth as well or better supply those necessities , as drink being actually cold or made cold ? thirdly to examine the reasons and confute the objections which are given for the maintenance of actuall cold drink . fourthly to set down all such discommodities as do and may arise from the use thereof . fifthly to shew the good and profit that redounds to the body by the use of actuall hot drink . lastly to make it manifest , that it is no new device , but a thing which hath been in common use amongst the romanes and grecians , and is and hath been used alwaies among whole nations and religions . understand then that according to the rules of physick , drink is used for three purposes . first to allay our thirst ; secondly to intermingle with our food ; thirdly to be the vehiculum and carrier of the nourishment into the universall bodie . which three are comprehended under two , according to galen , lib. . de usu partium , that is , under the allaying our desire of drinking , and being the instrument and means to boil the meat in the stomach . the allaying then of thirst being the first cause why we are constrained to drink , let us begin with it , and examine the reasons which may be made for the profit of the one , and the offence of the other . the which we shall more easily do , if we first call to remembrance what thirst is . this word sitis , which in english signifieth thirst or drought , according unto plato is nothing else but a desire of drink , for these be his words , sitis verò est concupiscentia potionis , thirst is a desire of drink ; although aristotle in his book de republica cited by athenaeus , saith , drought is a desire of hot or cold drink , and in his book de anima defineth it to be the desire of cold and moisture : his words are these , sunt autem fames & sitis appetitus : quorum fames quidem appetitus est rerum calidarum & siccarum ; sitis verò , humorem & frigus efficientium , hunger is an appetite after hot and drying , but thirst of things effecting moisture and cold . which opinion of aristotle , being clean opposite unto our argument handled in this treatise , doth seem at the first blush so fully to manifest the matter , as that it may seem great folly to apprehend any thing which is so merely contradictory , and no little impudencie to oppose my self as of my self against so great a philosopher : and therefore it concerneth me either to prove that drink actually hot doth better cool and moisten the body then cold , or else aristotles meaning is not directly as his words do seem literally to pretend : the which i think may easily be apprehended and collected , if we will weigh the tenth section in his problemes ; where inquiring what the cause should be why other creatures do sooner prey of and eat dry meat then moist ; but man more often moist then dry : he answereth thus , because man is most hot , which causeth him to desire to be cooled . whereby it is to be noted , that he onely maketh mention of moisture to cool him , the which agreeth with galen in his book of unequall temperatures where he doth prove the occasion of thirst to be drought , which is remedied per humidum , not per frigidum , that is , by moisture , not by cold . for although it cannot be denied but that heat doth procure thirst , yet look into the reason , and you shall find it is propter inopiam humiditatis , because it hath not his just proportion of moisture ; which causeth us in the hot time , if we labour much whereby we excessively sweat , to desire to drink , for the cause above alledged . but to enter into further consideration of the matter , let us examine the reasons why cold should be necessary in allaying thirst . it appeareth to me , that it is either to the end to extinguish it , or to mitigate it . but extinguish it by any means it cannot . for let any man that is exceeding dry , eat any thing that is never so cold , not having any moisture joyned with it , and he shall find by experience that it may well choke him , but in no sort allay his drought . and for mitigating his drought how dissonant it is to reason that drought joyned to drought , be it never so cold , can work that effect , let the reader judge , being clean against the principles of learning ; nam omne tale additum tali , facit id ipsum magìs tale , for every like joined to its like intends more the ground of its likenesse , that is , the quality wherein they are alike . then if it be alledged that the drought having heat joyned with it , requireth cold , in respect of his heat , as drinesse doth moisture , and so cold joyned with moisture doth best remedy both , because contraria contrariis curantur , contraries are cured by their contraries ; yet it seemeth to me a matter farre unfit for two causes : the one , although that be galens ground , yet it is not so to be taken literally , but as it stands with that ground likewise , which is , that omne repentinum naturae inimicissimum est , all sudden alterations are contrary to nature : and therefore cold being added to heat , unlesse it were in a farre more remisse degree then the heat , doth work great inconveniences , or endanger the life ; as it is to be seen in those who drinking cold drink being hot fall sick to the death . the other reason is , for that it is not possible that every man , woman or child , who being hot desire drink , can upon every motion so proportion the cold that it shall just fit the degree of heat ; and then if it be too small by his antiperistasis it hurteth where it should help : if greater then the heat requires , in stead of allaying the heat it utterly killeth it . for the testimony whereof , besides our daily experience , there be infinite histories extant ; as for example , paulus jovius writeth that candella scala prince of verona being hot in his armour drank out of a fountain cold water , and presently died . he writeth also that the dolphin of france sonne to francis the french king , then in his time being , although he were a lustie strong gentleman , yet he being hot at tennis , and drinking cold drink fell sick and died . the like happened to pompeius columna who was vice-roy in naples for charles the fifth . amatus lusitanus an excellent physician in his time , in his centurie reherseth three histories of young men who died drinking cold water and wine , in their heat . chap. ii. that actuall hot drink doth quench the thirst as well as cold drink , or better . but because i may observe a method , now we have found what thirst is to be termed according to the ancient philosophers minds , let us according to the second point pretended to be handled in this place , shew that hot drink doth better satisfie all circumstances necessarily required , then actuall cold drink . you have therefore heard that nature hath enforced a necessitie of drinking uopn us for two causes : the one for allaying our thirst , the other to be a means to boil , and being boiled to carry and spread our nourishment universally in our bodies . as touching the first point , thirst being drinesse requireth his contrary , as plato saith in his aforenamed book , which is moisture for his antidote and help . but to prove that hot drink doth soonest perform that , i will use two arguments . . whatsoever doth most speedily carry and disperse moisture into the bodie , doth best and soonest cure drinesse . but heat doth speediliest carrie and effectualliest distribute moisture ; therefore it doth best help drinesse . my minor i prove out of aristotle , where he saith , in caliditate est vis aperiendi fortissima , in heat is a most strong force of opening . again galen in his book de facultatibus , knowing that heat joyned with liquour doth enforce the quicker passage , prescribing a draught of water in the disease of the stone , commandeth that it be drunk hot : which also is one of the reasons why we make our potions to purge , to be taken hot of our patients . our second argument is this . whatsoever moisture being come to the place destinated for it doth best unite , and effectualliest enter in , doth soonest work according to his nature and qualitie : but heat doth best unite it self with heat , and so conduct the moisture in : therefore it doth most effectually allay our thirst . my minor i prove out of aristotle , where he saith , similia similibus gaudent , that is , like rejoyce in their like : and in his second book de generat . & interitu , where he sheweth that the liker things be the sooner they passe into one another and unite : for saith he , quae inter secognatione continentur corum transitus admodum velox est ; quâ quidem si caruerint est tardus : propterea quòd faciliùs unum quàm multa commutatur , things agreeing in qualitie , their passage from one to another is swift ; which agreement if they want it is slow : because the more like the things be the sooner they do passe into one another . by which it is apparent my minor is true , that heat doth soonest unite with heat , and so by consequence hot drink best allayeth thirst . and in another place he hath this saying , quaecunque ex uno in unum recedunt , eadem uno tantùm consumpto gigni ; quaecunque ex duobus ad unum pluribus labefactatis , things passing into one another by one contrariety are united , one being onely consumed ; but things passing into one another by two or more , are united after the corruption of more contrarieties . which plainly demonstrateth that drink being already made warm doth sooner passe , enter , and allay thirst . as concerning the second point , that is , that it doth best boil the meat in the stomach , and from thence serve for a generall vehiculum , i reason in this sort . that liquour is more fit to be used for boiling the meat in the stomach , that is more aiding to good concoction : but drink actually hot is more assisting to good concoction then cold : therefore more fit to be used . my minor i prove in this sort : concoction is nothing else but alteratio nutrientis in propriam qualitatem ejus quod nutritur , the alteration of the nourisher into the quality of the thing nourished : as galen doth shew in his second book de facultat . natur . cap. . and in his book de facultat . natural . cap. . which alteration groweth by putrefaction : for ex corruptione unius fit generatio alterius , by the corruption of one thing another is generated : but this putrefaction is soonest and most naturally performed by heat and moisture , which both are supplied in warm drink : therefore drink made actually hot , is more assisting then cold . but understand by the way that this putrefaction is meant , not as galen in some places taketh putredo to be mutatio substantiae putrescentis corporis ad interitum ab aliena caliditate , a change of the substance of the body putrifying to its own destruction by the heat of another , but it doth corrumpere , manente semper substantiâ rei eâdem , mutatis solummodo accidentibus , corrupt , the substance remaining ever the same , the accidents onely changed : but to the proof of our minor which is , that putrefaction is soonest performed per humidum & calidum , and so consequently better assisted by warm drink then by cold , galen saith that concoction is performed by naturall heat : which naturall heat is nothing but a temperate heat proportioned with moisture : therefore my minor is , proved . and that naturall heat is a temperate heat rightly proportioned , as i have alledged , although it be so manifest as it needs no proof , yet i will prove it by galens authoritie where he saith , naturalis calor est recta & mensurata caliditas quae in humido sibi proportionato consistit , naturall heat is an equall and well measured heat consisting in moisture proportionable unto it : and in his second book de ratione victùs , describing what a fever is he saith , that an ague is mutatio caloris nativi in ignem , which is as much to say , as the altering of a temperate moist heat into a fiery drie burning : and trincavell in his epistle de medicina treating of concoction of the stomach saith , that primum & proximum internum ejus instrumentum quo ille utitur in concoquendo est suus naturalis calor , qui non est res aliqua diversa & aliena à natura & ejus substantia : & is calor est temperatus non excedens rationem naturae illius , rei its first immediate internall instrument , which it useth in digestion , is its own naturall heat , which is not a thing different and alien from his nature and substance ; and this heat naturall is temperate , not exceeding the nature of the thing it self . then as concerning the other branch of the proposition , which is , that it is a fitter vehiculum , i this way prove it . cold drink is apt to stop and stay long in the stomach , and therefore not so fit to be a vehiculum and carrier , as that which doth with more facilitie passe : and that it doth so , i prove it out of trincavell in his . book of his consilia , where giving advise with other physicians to one that had a windie stomach , he forbad cold water to drink , because saith he , being actually cold it doth tarry long in the stomach before it passeth away . but because some perchance will say , it may be cold water doth so , but cold drink doth not , therefore heare what scola salerni saith of our beer . they say it doth inflare & obstruere , breed wind and stoppe , and therefore unfit for a vehiculum : and so much for the point . chap. . the reasons and objections for the use of actuall cold drink are examined . now as touching the third thing promised to be handled in this book , let us examine the reasons which are given for the use of actuall cold drink , and first let us alledge such authorities ( if there be any ) as do make any way for it . i remember plinie in is . book of histories , his . chap. affirmeth that it is against nature for us to drink hot drink , because , saith he , no other creature doth use it , nor is there any beast but desires cold drink . again bernardino gomes a spanish physician in his enchiridion amongst other remedies alloweth cold drink , & made cold with snow , for a wholesome remedie against the gout , and morbus arthriticus , which he would not have done if it had been hurtfull , or a weakner of the stomach . monardus also in a treatise he writeth of drugs that came from the west indians , commends cold drink , and affirmeth hot drink dest roieth the liver . it is alledged that it better quencheth thirst , that it helps concoction , whereas hot destroieth it . it is alledged cold drink is good and pleasing unto the tast of man , and so is not hot . it is alledged the finest spirits fly away in the heating , whereby it nourisheth not so much . that plinie so writeth i cannot denie , but with how little consideration of the matter let the reader judge ; he useth no argument to maintain his opinion but onely this , it is not fit nor good for us , because bruit beasts love it not , which onely imitate their naturall instinct ; and so doth thereby as it were inferre , that it is not naturall unto us . but how ridiculous & how unworthy a reason it is to be answered , let any man judge : for it is as much as to say because bruit beasts eat their food raw , therefore it is against nature for us to have ours rosted or sodden : but if i should so say , i doubt not but i should not be believed . and therefore as small cause is there to believe plinie in the other ; for it is one and the self same reason . secondly , whereas bernardino gomes the spaniard in the aforenamed place , not alledging any reason for his opinion , might very well be answered without reason ; yet because it shall be seen how little credit his authority ought to carry , and of how small worth it is to be esteemed , i will endeavour to give the reason , why it is a mere senselesse thing either so to affirm or write , unlesse onely for the avoiding of a further inconvenience , as i will hereafter declare . first gouts and all diseases of that kind depend on and grow most especially from the weaknesse and crudity of the stomach , which trincavell in his . counsel doth make manifest . these be his words , nulla particula majorē vim habet podagram & id genus dolores procreandi quàm ventriculus , qui vel suapte naturâ fit crudior & imbecillior quàm ut possit rectè conficere cibum ingestum , vel ex incongrua victûs ratione , no part conferres more influence to the breeding of the gout and diseases of that kind then the stomack : which either of its own nature is too crude and weak for to digest the meat , or else because of its incongruous power and virtue . now to prove that the stomach is said to be rawer when as it wants heat , and that we use to call that raw which wants concoction by heat , heare what johannes langius fol. . writes : these be his words , quicquid à calore nativo & congenita viscerum caloris temperatura non fuerit concoctum & elaboratum , id cùm in corporis alimentum converti nequeat , crudum appellare solet hippocrates , whatsoever is not well concocted by the naturall and connate temperature of heat in the bowells , seeing it cannot be changed into the nourishment of the body , hippocrates useth to call it crude . consider then , gentle reader , if the gout be especially bred through the weaknes of the stomach for want of heat , how unfit a generall medicine cold water is , and what warrant gomes his authoritie is for us : for although galen giveth two reasons how the gout is bred , which are imbecillitas articulorum , & affluxus materiei , imbecillitie of the joynts , and abundance of grosse humours ; yet the principall is a bad stomach . but because i will not judge that a man in any sort learned will so much passe himself in writing , but upon some great reason moving him thereunto , i conceive he calling to mind galens words , where he saith , vinum potens nervosis particulis nocet , strong wine hurteth the sinewy parts ; or peradventure mesues where he saith , vinum per se nocet articulis & nervis , wine of it self hurteth the joynts and nerves ; giving this reason , because fundendo & attenuando maximo calore suo excitat fluxiones , by running through and attenuating it doth with its most powerfull heat provoke fluxes ; and living in a place where there was nothing but strong sack , thought of two evils the least was to be chosen , and knowing water could not so vehemently pierce and carry fluxes , as those strong wines , advised water . but if this or some such like reason moved him not , i think it very absurd for any man of learning to write , and too foolish for us to believe : and therefore you may understand that upon what occasion soever gomes wrote , it is no warrant for us . thirdly , that monardus writes hot drink destroies the liver , and cold contrarily helps , i cannot deny ; but yet i will shew that in so saying he playeth the right spaniard , who meaneth least the matter that he seemeth to speak plainest . for whereas in generall words he affirmeth hot drink to destroy the liver , he afterwards makes such an exception , as i think few at this day live who be not comprehended within some one branch thereof : so that he either saith nothing in his generall position , or else so little that few there be that it concerns . and that this is true you may judge by his exception following , where he saith that these here under excepted may best drink their drink actually hot , viz. old men , idle persons , whether it be in body or mind , and that have weak stomachs , or abound with raw and crude humours , all that have infirmities in their lungs or pipes of respiration , all that have weak backs or weak kidneys , all that be subject to windinesse , all youth and young children . judge now , indifferent reader , how many live in this age , who have not some touch of this exception . and although he seems to make it currant ( yea made cold with snow ) for them which have hot livers , i pray you how many be there of those that have not cold stomachs ? and whereas he saith that cold drink cools the liver , i absolutely deny it , unlesse he means killing for cooling . and for proof i produce galen upon one of hippocrates aphorismes , where he saith , aquae frigidae occursus aut vincit nativum calorem aut colligit ; whereas hot drink by deoppilating doth eventilate it naturally , and so preserve it in temper : for i dare affirm where one hath his liver hotter then naturally fitteth without obstructions , thousands have not ; which that common disease at this day flatus hypochondriacus doth plainly prove : and therefore to what small purpose monardus authority is , let every one judge . now for the fourth objection , where it is alledged that cold drink doth better quench the thirst , i have in the beginning of this treatise so fully handled that point , that it were a frivolous thing to trouble the reader with any thing more concerning that matter ; and therefore i will recite the fifth objection . which is , cold beer helps concoction in the stomach . how untrue this is , i will plainly shew : all cold is an enemy to concoction : but drink not actually made hot is cold : therefore drink not actually hot but cold is an enemy to concoction , and therefore helpeth it not . my minor i prove out of aristotle in the fourth book of his meteors . these be his words , frigus quatenus frigus est cuicunque calori concoctioníque adversarium , est & cruditatis parens , cold in its own nature is an adversary to whatsoever heat and concoction , and is the parent of crudities : and galen primo technic . saith , frigidi est officium bene appetere , malè autem digerere , it is the nature of cold to affect powerfully , but to digest poorely : and further seeing concoction is performed by warmth , it must needs be decayed by often working upon cold : for mark but this infallible argument and you shall easily see the truth : every agent doth also suffer it self something in the action , so as naturall heat daily and almost hourely expugning the cold drink taken into the body doth every time suffer something , and so in small time doth wax weaker and weaker . how true this is daily proof doth make manifest : for how many men do you see after they come to five or six and fourty years , or at the most fifty , troubled with the stone and gout , who were not before ? which happeneth upon no other cause but ob debilitatem stomachi , by reason of the imperfectnesse of their stomach , which having long suffered in his daily action with the cold , is now become infirm . sixthly it is alledged , cold drink is pleasing to the tast , and so is not the other : which truly if it were true might seem a reasonable cause why we should ( if imminent danger of inevitable hurts did not depend on the use of it ) addict our selves to take it cold . but how false this is let aristotle witnesse in his . book de anima , the . chap. who disputing of tasting saith est ipse sapor qui gustu percipitur : atqui nihil absque humiditate saporis efficit sensum , it is favour which is perceived by the tast , but nothing without humidity makes any sense of favour : and in another place , omne quod ipsius efficit sensum humiditatem aut actu aut potentiâ habet , every thing that maketh it self sensible hath humidity in it actually or potentially : and in another place , at verò cùm gustabile sit humidum , necesse est & instrumentum sensûs ipsius neque humidum esse actu , neque etiam tale ut humectari non possit humidúmque evadere , but seeing every tastible thing is moist , it is necessary that the instrument of that sense be neither actually moist , neither yet such as cannot be made moist : whereby is plainly proved that tast consists not in coldnesse but in moisture : and therefore it is said lapides & gemmae carent sapore , stones and pearls have no tast , quia carent humiditate : indeed cold rather diminisheth , then addeth any thing to taste as may be seen in winter either in wine or beer being very cold : for according to aristotle cold is rather qualitas tangibilis quàm gustabilis , a tangible then gustable quality : but if any at the first do not like the tast of hot drink , it is onely for want of use , and that by experience i find , having used it almost a year and a quarter before the writing hereof . but as concerning the seventh objection , which is , that cold drink nourisheth best , in respect that heating of the beer passeth away its finest spirits ; i thus answer : beer having sustained a great boyling , those spirits which remain in it after that boyling , will not part with so small a heating : and of that i have made this experience ; i have taken a kettle with a broad mouth and therein put three pottles of beer , & have boyled it half an houre to a gallon , and then i have set it in a pot with a limbech , and i have drawn from it as much aqua vitae as i could from a gallon , which was immediately put out of the barrel into the pot : which absolutely overthrows that objection . yet if it had not been so , our drink could not have received any blemish : for first it is not in any open vessel , and secondly it never boyls . but seeing it holds in the greater , of necessitie it is not to be doubted in the lesser ; for à majore ad minus is a good argument . but now to the eighth and last objection : which is , that it opens the pores too much and maketh one catch cold : although there be little sense or reason to maintain this objection ( neither indeed can i conceive any colour of reason ) yet i will reason something against it . nothing joyned to his like can make an extreme , but where the thing joyned is in greater degree then the thing to which it is joyned , nor can it make it greater unles it be in quantity . therefore if naturall heat which is in the stomach do not by too much opening of the pores cause one to catch cold , the heat of hot drink as we drink it cannot : because it is as little or lesse then the heat to which it joyneth . for were it in extreme or hotter then naturally the stomach should be , we could not drink it . for otherwise why could we not drink any thing scalding hot ? therefore it diminisheth none and addeth little , but preserving all naturall warmth it can give no occasion of offence ; for if this were otherwise , wherefore do we commend hot broth , or eat hot meat , which in respect of his grossenesse keeps longer hot , and likewise advise exercise , but because naturall heat should purge animam per poros cutis & ductus convenientes , that is , the bloud through the pores of the skin and convenient passages : but leave off before you heat your self violently , and you shall never catch cold : for it is a violent heat doth extenuate and make way for cold . and therefore it is most evident that it suggests not the least cause in the world of that inconvenience . and so much for this point . chap. iiii. the hurt that ariseth from the use of actuall cold drink . now it remains that we do shew the hurt that cold drink doth procure , as the sixth position by order to be intreated of doth require . that it helps not the body , before is proved , but that it hurteth all and every principall part shall now be shewed . we will divide the body of man into three parts or sections , the head and that therein contained ; the breast and all therein contained above the diaphragma ; and all that is contained in the ventre inferiore : but cold drink hurts all these , therefore my first position is true , viz. that it hurts all the principall parts . and because i will make it more manifest , i will particularly speak of every severall thing , first beginning with the head , and the least offences : and because the teeth are the first instruments we use in receiving our food , i will first speak of them . to prove that cold is an enemy to them , i produce hippocrates in his first book and . aphorisme , where he saith , frigidum dentibus inimicum , that is , cold is an enemy to the teeth ; where although he addes not the reason , yet it seemeth to be for two causes : the one , because it taketh away their nourishment , as extinguishing their spirits ; the other , because it alters from their nature the nerves inserted in the roots of the teeth : which aristotle in his problems doth seem to intimate , when he saith that they contain but little heat propter tenuitatem meatuum by reason of the narrownesse of the passages , and therefore are easily overcome with the coldnesse of the bier : for you must understand that into the hollownesse of the teeth there come sinews à tertia conjugatione , and also that divers small veins and hairy arteries do branch in the inward part of the teeth , whereupon divers times the teeth being bored bloud issueth out . there is also inwardly a thin film or membrane , which in no sort can indure cold , and yet will be cut or filed without feeling ; because the one is imparted to the uttermost part , the other to the root and hollownesse . if then bier in respect of actuall coldnesse be such an enemy to the teeth , which nature hath provided for so many good purposes , as first , to divide our meat and to prepare it for our stomach ; secondly , to be a means to articulate and grace our speech , whereby it comes to passe that those that want their teeth cannot bring forth r nor s ; thirdly , to be an ornament and beauty to our face and countenance : for want of the teeth causeth the mouth to fall in with an undecent relapse of the lips into the hollownesse of the mouth . if i say there were no more but this , it were sufficient to think it too-too unfit for a man to use . but to go further , i will prove it is hurtfull to the tongue , to the jaws , to the passage which we call oesophagus , the high way unto the stomach , and so by that means to the brain it self : not taking this position for my defence , that cold is , and so it may be interpreted outward cold , but that the actuall cold of drink taken into the body . and this way i prove it : the tongue is made first of flesh proper and peculiar to it self , and also of a thin membrane or skin , common to the rest of the mouth , three pair of sinews , and many veins , ten muscles , and a most strong ligament : these sinews come from the third and fourth and seventh conjugation . oesophagus , which is the passage between the mouth and the stomach , is formed and made of two membranes proper to it self , and covered with a third outwardly , ligaments vertebratum prognata , sprung from the ligament of the back-bone , of divers veins and branches coming from vena cava & coronaria ventriculi , of divers arteries coming from aorta , the noble artery which feeds all the body rising out of the midst of the heart , and of sinews from the sixth conjugation called stomachici ; glandules likewise it hath , and two muscles . now hippocrates saith frigidum esse inimicum nervis , cold is an enemy to the sinews , and to the marrow of the back , and generally to all spermatick parts , of which condition and state the brains are : if then cold be an enemy to the sinews , and the tongue , and the high way to the stomach formed of sinews ; and if without the action which is performed by those sinews , there can be no perfect working , who can deny but drink taken actually cold , hurting and being an enemy to the sinews , is offensive to the tongue and those other parts compounded of them ? for although it cannot be denied but the muscles strike a stroke also in their motion , yet they being made ex nervis , sibris , tendinibus , carne , vena , & arteria , and the sinews which are divaricated into the muscles being partes sine quibus fieri non potest motus , that is , parts without which these can be no motion , any offense committed to them must needs be hurtfull to all the rest . but some will say , grant that this is so , which way do you make good that the brain suffereth by this ? even this way , setting all controversies aside , and not allowing aristotles opinion in his . book de historia animalium , nor in his book de somno & vigilia , nor de respiratione , nor alexanders opinion in his book de anima , nor averroes in his second colledge , nor avicens doubtfull opinion which he holds tertio de animal . pag. prima primi ; but affirming with hippocrates and galen that all sinews take their beginning in the brain ( whether in the forepart or the hinder-part , is not here a matter pertinent ) i say that offence being done to them in the mouth , so near to their root , is imparted ad radicem , and so consequently to the brain : for i acknowledge two sensible feelings & impartments , as i may term them , in the sinews : the one , peculiar to the part to which it doth serve ; the other , common , and spread through the whole body : and by it is the brain hurt , between whom is such affinitie , that the inward part of the sinews is white and soft , almost like unto that of the brains . and therefore divers times biasro de villa franca doth affirm it the occasion of the apoplexie . again , it may be proved it breedeth a frenzy , both proper and improper , by stopping the passages of choler , whereas striking up ad septum transversum per nervos in ipso dispersos , as paulus aegineta affirms , it inflames it , & so causeth phrenitis spuria ; and divers times striking up to the head per venas & arterias , it inflames the meninges of the brains , and so causeth an exquisite phrensi . which plainly is proved by hippocrates , where he saith in his . book and . aphor . white vrines be dangerous ; the reason whereof is , because choler in respect of those obstructions is ascended to the head , which otherwise would descend into the passages thereunto destinated by nature . and of this i know many examples , and not long since in sussex ( where i dwell ) at a place called marfield , an hammerman coming in hot and drinking cold drink fell mad , and within short space so died . furthermore although it be a sufficient argument to prove it hurteth the eye-sight and the hearing , because it hurteth the brains ; yet i will more particularly prove it . for although the body of the eye be compounded of many parts , as of six muscles , six films or skins , three humours ; yet it is also compounded of sinews , veins , and arteries , which come à juguribus & carotidibus , and by these both the visible animal and vitall spirits are carried to the eyes , as may well be proved by their defect in those that be dying or use women too much : then thus i reason . whatsoever decayeth concoction destroyeth all those , and so consequently the eye-sight and hearing : for depravata concoctio in stomacho , as galen saith , nunquam corrigitur in hepate neque in aliis : stomachus enim est materia omnium aegritudinum , bad concoction in the stomach is never mended in the liver , nor in any other part : for the stomach is the cause of all diseases . but that cold drink doth spoil and destroy concoction , shall be proved as it cometh by order to be handled . the hearing also it must needs offend ; so as although some that have no great dulnesse think it cannot be , for that they heare well ; yet no doubt if from their infancy they had used the other , they might heare better . for compare his hearing that heareth best , and you shall find other creatures hear better then he . but to our purpose ; seeing it is before proved that it hurteth the organa vocalia , that is , the mouth , the tongue , and oesophagus , in respect of the sinews ; it must needs follow that it also hurt the hearing . for the sinews of the first conjugation do spread into many branches : the greater whereof go into the eare , and the membrane of the exquisite sense , & carrie all sounds to the brain ; the lesser , to the tongue and larynx , in respect whereof , by reason of the sympathy , the hurt of the sinews of the tongue is imparted to the ears . hereupon it comes to passe that those that be dumb be also deaf ; and those which naturally be deaf , be alwaies dumb ; and he that cannot heare by any outward sound , let him hold a thing in his teeth and he will heare . which is used for a proof amongst excellent physicians , to try whether the fault be in nervo auditorio : though i am not ignorant that there is altera causa societatis veteribus incognita , nempe canaliculus cartilagineus velut aquae-ductus , qui à secundo auris meatu ad os & palatum fertur , another cause of society or sympathie between them unknown to the ancients , to wit , a little gristly cane , as it were a water spout , which stretcheth from the second passage of the care unto the mouth and palate , acknowledged by all anatomie-masters . now to passe downward along the throat , it is one of the greatest occasions that is of a most dangerous disease proper to that part , and that is the squinancy . for aetius fol. . reckoning divers causes of that disease , useth these words , maximè autem frigiditas & frigidi potio magìs quàm ardores plagae , & ossa , &c. especially cold , and cold drink be the occasions of that disease above all other . where although aetius giveth not the reason , yet i conjecture it is for two causes : the one , ob constructionem , and the other , because it hurts and distempers the nerves serving for that part : which caused archigines to say occultae anguinae causam esse in quibusdam nervis qui ad stomachum deferuntur dum malè assiciuntur , that the cause of a secret squinancy is in the nerves which are carried unto the stomach , they being ill affected . but to passe further , let us examine what hurt it doth to the lungs : arnoldus de villa nova in his regimine sanitatis , hath this saying , generaliter malum est sanis bibere multam aquam frigidam , quia extinguit calorem innatum & pectus offendit , generally it is evil for sound bodies to drink much water cold , because it doth extinguish the naturall heat , and offend the stomach . again , in another place he saith , pro canna pulmonis caveant à potibus actualiter frigidis , which is as much to say as , in respect of the pipe of the lungs beware of drinking any thing cold . again paulus aegineta saith , frigida actu nocent pulmonibus , things drunk cold hurt the lungs : and galen saith it is such an enemy to the lungs and breast as many die thereby . but peradventure some will object , that galen meant of the coldnesse of the aire , and not of the coldnesse of drink . but to reclaim all men out of that errour , i will make it manifest that it was meant of things actually cold taken inwardly . and therefore hippocrates , speaking of yee and snow used to cool wine , saith , it breaks veins and procures coughs ; and galen in his book of good and bad nourishment doth shew that he meaneth cold drink taken into the body , because he doth seem with a certain distinction to grant it to some ; yet to drink it , saith he , over-cold or cooled with snow breedeth infinite sorts of hurt . and although strong bodies do not feel it presently in the heat of youth , yet when youth declines they begin to feel it in their joynts and other parts of their bodie when there is no help . but because , as the saying is amongst lawyers , lex plùs laudatur , quando ratione probatur , that is , the law is most praise-worthy when it is proved by reason , so is physick ; and therefore i will shew how the drink passeth to the lungs , and how passing thither it hurts and offends ; not taking any notice of hippocrates in his . book de morbis , where he useth many reasons against it , nor yet of aristotle who contends for the contrary . but hippocrates well understood doth not contradict the truth , as in many other places he shews , and all other ancient philosophers , as plato , philoponus , locrus , plutarch , and experience it self confirms . understand then when i say drink goeth to the lungs , i mean not all the drink we take into our mouth , but some portion thereof : and because i am to shew which way it passeth thither , therefore i think it not amisse to recite a place of galens de simplicium medicinarum facultatibus , where he denieth not but some part of our drink doth passe by the rough arterie into the lungs : and in his methodus medendi he commands that in ulcers of the rough arterie we should lye along on our backs , and hold the medicine in our mouthes , whereby it might by little and little go into the rough artery . hippocrates in his book {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} {non-roman} doth in plain words teach that some portion of our drink doth passe that way . these be his words , homo , inquit , maximam partem in ventrem bibit : gula enim sive stomachus velut infundibulum potûs copiam & quaecunque volumus excipit : bibit autem & in guttur ac arteriam ; minûs verò , & quantum latere possit per primum illapsum : operculum enim exactum operit , ut nè permiserit quidem aliquid amplioris potûs penetrare , for the weasand or the stomach as a tunnel receives plenty of liquour or what else we will ; whence it comes to passe that a man doth drink the most part into his belly : but he doth also drink into his lung-pipe or rough artery , lesse indeed and so much as can slide in , in the swallowing ; for so exact a lidde doth cover it that it will not suffer any great quantity to enter . by these authorities now you do not onely learn that part of our drink doth passe to our lungs , but also by what passages , to wit , per asperam arteriam , being taken in per rimam epiglotidis . it is therefore to be understood that our wind-pipe pipe , being called aspera arteria in latine , hath joyning to the toppe of it , next to the mouth , a certain stopple , as it were , formed of divers muscles , sinews , veins and arteries , called larynx of our anatomy-masters , whose uppermost part hath a covering formed like a little tongue , which stoppeth it that nothing we eat can descend into the wind-pipe ; for when we offer to swallow any food it bears upon that , and so stops it the closer : but when we drink , some little quantity of liquour slides in between the chink . it may be some unlearned will say , what is this to the lungs ? i answer , from thence it goes to the lungs : for to omit that aspera arteria is cartilaginea semicirculariter , as not appertaining to this treatise , i am to shew you how it is clothed duabus tunicis , quarum altera interior est oesophago , linguae , palato , & ori communis ; altera exterior magìs tenuis : haec arteria ubi ad jugulum pervenit , bivio distracta in pulmonem , numerosâ serie spargitur inter venam arteriosam , & arteriam venosam media , that from that it may draw bloud , and into this transmit aire : and by this means doth the drink taken into the rough artery enter the lungs . neverthelesse peradventure some will say , grant all this be true , yet why doth cold drink hurt the lungs ? i answer , for divers causes : but one effectuall cause here to be mentioned is , because it is contrary to the temper of the lungs ; for the lungs be hot , although hippocrates in his book de corde seemeth to affirm the contrary : for it is but comparativè in respect of the heart . nor do i respect some other places both of galen and hippocrates touching that point , and therefore here i omit them , as not appertaining to this place , affirming with some of our late writers the lungs to be hot , being nourished with the most aeriall and spirituall bloud elaborated in the right concave of the heart . furthermore cold drink hurts in another respect , for that the lungs be easily affected with obstructions and phlegmatick humours : which all come à frigida temperatura , that is , of cold . by this may the reader see how cold drink doth hurt to the lungs , that he needs not rest satisfied onely because galen so saith , but because reason perswades . now it follows to prove it an enemy to the stomach ; which if we do , considering the stomach is radix corporis , which nourisheth the whole body , as hippocrates saith , i hope there is none so obstinate but will adjudge it worthy the forbearing . therefore concerning this ( because it falls out here in course to be spoken of ) i will adde something not spoken of before . understand then that drink actually drunk cold , is not hurtfull to the stomach in one respect onely , but in divers . first , in respect of the composition of it ; secondly , in respect of the temper ; thirdly , in respect of the parts that depend upon it ; fourthly , in respect of of our life it self . in respect of its composition ; because it is compounded ex tunicis , venis , arteriis , & nervis , to which cold drink is the greatest enemy : witnesse trincavell , in his first book of his counsels , his xxxix . counsel , where he hath this saying , a cervisia frigida prorsus abstineto , quia maximè nocet nervis . . in respect of its temper , because naturally it should be warm ; as may be seen by the provident care of nature , placing it sub diaphragmate , which not onely by his own proper heat , but also with a forrein heat borrowed from the heart , doth warm it . it hath also on the right side , the liver ; on the left side , the spleen ; in the lower part , omentum & colon intestinum having plentie of fat ; and in the fore part epiploon , with the help of peritonaeum , and the muscles abdominis , & vena umbilicalis are to it a covering : in the hinder part there are the muscles of the back , and last of all a great branch of vena cava and the great artery : which all shew that nature hath incompassed it round about , like a caldron , with fire . how fond a thing is it then to cool that which nature would have warm , and how contrary to the health of man ? thirdly , in respect of the parts that depend upon it , it is very prejudiciall , as shall be shewed . and first to begin with the head ; the stomach never suffereth in any small degree , but the head beareth his part also ; so the offence done to the one is committed to the other . which happeneth in respect of the great community of those great sinews which come à sexto conjugio , from the brain unto it . that this is true , although it be so well known to men of learning that there needeth no proof , yet for the better satisfaction of the unlearned , let them but weigh these instances following . first , the stomach being but troubled with melancholy you shall see the brains participate of the same : so the stomach never suffereth hunger , but it doth lacessere cerebrum vibratis nervis ; yea , such is the communion between them , that neither the one nor the other doth hardly suffer , but conjunctivè , together . for let the head be wounded , and the scull be broken , whereby dura mater is but exposed to the aire , or let any thing but presse it or the brain , and presently the stomach will vomit aut flava aut aeruginosa ; because the stomach jure societatis is drawn in sympathiam per similitudinem & vasorum communionem : which be the chiefest causes of sympathy , as galen in his comment ad sect. . lib. . epid. doth well note . the heart suffereth likewise by communion , as may be seen in cardiaca passione , that is , swounding , syncope , and the utter exclusion of all strength ; which cometh diverse times , the mouth of the stomach being ill affected , as if the heart it self were . the meseraick vains also suffer , being by cold stopped , and so made unable to draw as naturally they should ; and thereby is nourishment hindered . it doth for the like respect and cause hurt the liver : for , as galen . de symptomatum causis , doth excellently shew , and andreas laurentius doth notably explain , exhaustus partium is chiefly necessary to nourishment , and then their sucking and drawing . for the parts that be exhausted still draw from the next , untill they come to the last , which is the stomach : so that the meseraicks being stopt , the order of the whole body is perverted , and there either remaineth no appetite , or a preposterous one , for want of just feeling : et hujus insensibilitatis causa , as laurentius saith , est refrigeratio nervi , obstructio ejusdem , exsolutio facultatis appetentis . but some will say , let this be so ; how prove you drink drunk actually cold doth stop ? to make this clear heare what arnoldus de villa nova saith in the treatise he wrote to the king of aragon for the preservation of his health ; to whom upon some respects he granted both actuall and potentiall cold drink in the canicular dayes , having ( as it seemeth ) a strong hot stomach , but adviseth him to adde to it a little vineger : because , saith he , to those that have strait meseraicks , it is necessary : the reason was , because without vineger it would stop . and in another drunk when it hath them all , à multò fortiori , not to be drunk when they be gone . to demonstrate that it is bereft of them in the boyling , weigh but this : take water boyled , and water never boyled , and set them out in the frosty weather , and that which hath been boyled will first freeze : which is because its warmest parts are exhaled out of it . but it may be objected , that although water will do so , yet the composition of beer hath taken that away ; and therefore beer is freed from that fault . i answer , set beer and water out , & beer will freez as soon as water . but let us look into the composition of beer : it is made of barley , water , and hops . barley is cold in the first degree , hops hot in the second : now a thing hot in the second degree , put to double so much of a thing cold in the first degree , maketh but a temper : but if it did , this is nothing to the actuall cold , although it were something to the potentiall : for it is the actuall cold we stand on . and therefore water , beer , or whatsoever it be , if it have but the positive degree of cold , all is one . to our purpose : arnoldus in his regiment of health , hath these words , omnis cervisia ex grano est grossior quàm vinum , & multùm difficile ad digerendum place he findeth fault with drinking of cold water ; because , saith he , it is sluggish , & impedit omnem cursum , and stoppeth all passages . trincavellius also saith , cold drink hurteth all that have obstructions and impostumes . again , galen de locis affectis saith cold doth spirituum vias & cursus impedire ; and aristotle saith , it doth congelare . avicen . cautic . tract. . cap. . saith , est etiam vitandus potus aquae in mensa , water is to be eschewed at the table . whereof averroes expoundeth the reason to be , because , priusquam stomachus calefecerit , infrigidat & incrudat , before the stomach can warm the meat , by cold water it is cooled and crudified . and galen , knowing that cold water was stopping , caused it therefore for the stone to be made hot ( where he would have it to deoppilate ) as before is alledged . but it may be objected ; grant all this you write is true , what is this to our beer which hath endured a boyling ? i answer , it is more vehement against our beer then water unboyled : and this is the reason . water which never was boyled hath in it all its aeriall parts , which be both his warmest and finest parts , and most penetrable ; and therefore if not to be drunk when it hath them all , à multò fortiori , not to be drunk when they be gone . to demonstrate that it is bereft of them in the boyling , weigh but this : take water boyled , and water never boyled , and set them out in the frosty weather , and that which hath been boyled will first freeze : which is because its warmest parts are exhaled out of it . but it may be objected , that although water will do so , yet the composition of beer hath taken that away ; and therefore beer is freed from that fault . i answer , set beer and water out , & beer will freez as soon as water . but let us look into the composition of beer : it is made of barley , water , and hops . barley is cold in the first degree , hops hot in the second : now a thing hot in the second degree , put to double so much of a thing cold in the first degree , maketh but a temper : but if it did , this is nothing to the actuall cold , although it were something to the potentiall : for it is the actuall cold we stand on . and therefore water , beer , or whatsoever it be , if it have but the positive degree of cold , all is one . to our purpose : arnoldus in his regiment of health , hath these words , omnis cervisia ex grano est grossior quàm vinum , & multùm difficile ad digerendum facit oppilationes in visceribus , &c. all beer , saith he , made of grain is thicker then wine , and being hard to digest it maketh obstructions in the intrals : what can be more plainly spoken to our purpose ? schola salerni saith , it doth inflare & obstruere , break wind and stop ; which is as much as we endeavour for this point to prove . and because it shall be known that howsoever you make your beer , yet it is stopping of it self , and therefore much the more drunk cold , note these diversities , that beer made of barley onely is most cold ; that that which is made of barley and oats lesse nourisheth and lesse stoppeth ; and that that which is made with much wheat is more nourishing , and most stopping . but to the last point , which is , drink taken cold into the stomach indamageth our life ; which i prove in this sort : whatsoever is a decay or downfall to our spirits , indamageth our life : but cold drink taken into the stomach doth so : therefore cold drink taken into our stomach , indamageth our life . my minor i prove in this sort : life , according to paracelsus , in his book de vita rerum , is nothing else but spiritus : these be his words , vita rerum nihil aliud est quàm essentia spiritualis , invisibilis ignis , impalpabilis res , spiritus , & spiritualis res , life is nothing else then a spirituall essence , an invisible fire , an impalpable thing , a spirit , and a spirituall thing : and death is no more then inversio virium & virtutum , the altering and overthrow of our strength : seeing then our life is a spirituall thing , and spirits be the food and nourishment of spirits , as ficinus in his book de sanitate tuenda doth well observe , my major must necessarily follow , that to be a decay to the spirits is to abbreviate our life . my minor , viz. that cold drink taken into the stomach doth decay the spirits , i prove thus . the spirits are ingendred of the bloud ( and that montanus in his counsels doth take notice of , where he saith in this sort , spiritus sunt semper proportionati sanguini ; nihil enim aliud sunt quàm vapor sanguinens bene concoctus , the spirits be proportioned to the bloud ; for they are nothing else but the vapour of the bloud well digested ) whatsoever then maketh ill bloud , maketh ill spirits ; and whatsoever doth so , shorteneth our life : but cold drink worketh that , therefore it shortneth our life . my major is averred by montanus in the place before cited : my minor i prove in this manner . god bloud is made by good concoction : but the actuall cold in the stomach breedeth crudity and not concoction , and that crudity consequently ill bloud : therefore cold breeds ill bloud . my minor i prove in this sort out of aristotle , lib. . de partibus animalium , where he saith , calor vim habet concoquendi , heat hath the force to concot ; and in his second book de generatione animalium , where he also saith , frigus est privatio caloris , cold is the privation of heat : what hindereth then but the conclusion is good , that actuall cold drink breeding ill bloud causeth a defect of the spirits , and so consequently abreviateth our life ? for galen in his first book de humoribus , saith , virium robur adesse nequit ubi crudorum humorum copia coacervata est , that is , strength can not be where store of raw humours be : and in his book de sub . facult. natur. he saith , all actions come from concoction . but to make it somewhat plainer , i will use some more authorities . our life ( as galen observeth ) doth consist in naturall heat and radicall moisture ; which is nothing else ( as avicen writeth ) then an oyly unctious vapour arising from the bloud : to which aristotle consenteth . this naturall heat , as avicen in lib. de complexionibus writeth is diminished two wayes : aut per resolutionem naturalis humiditatis , aut per augmentum extrancae , that is , either by decay of naturall moysture , or by the increase of forrein . now naturall moysture doth decay either by the aire , in which we live , that drieth it up ; or by labours of the body or mind ill proportioned , as he testifieth in his first book fenic . act . . cap. . and forrein moisture doth increase , either by the use of meats which by their own nature ingender and breed it ; of which sort are mellons , cucumbers , and such like fruit , being either immoderately , or unseasonably eaten ; or else of ill concoction : by means whereof such an unnaturall humour doth grow in our bodies , that the outward and remote parts deprived of their nourishment languish , wither , and dy , because they are not nourished . which isaac de febribus doth well note , using these words , talis humor per depravatam concoctionem à natura alienus propagatur , ut externae & remotae corporis partes , privatae suis alimentis , languescunt , exarescunt & emoriuntur , quia non nutriuntur . hereby may the reader discern in what sort actuall cold doth offend our life : upon great consideration therefore did avicen in his fourth book , canone . capitulo , de rebus quae caniciem retardant , use these words , digestio est radix generationis naturalis & non-naturalis humoris , that is , digestion is the root of the generation of naturall and unnaturall moysture . but some ignorant person will say , although the stomach be offended , yet the liver may make good bloud , if so be it be not distempered . to the which i answer , no more then a cutler a good blade of naughty iron , and bad steel : which is not possible , be he never so good a workman . for as the iron and the steel , being the materiall cause of the blade , cannot contrary to their nature be made perfect in the workmans hand : no more can the chylus , first made in the stomach , being the materiall cause of bloud , being bad be made perfect by the help of the liver . by this now you see how contrary to our health it is to use actuall cold drink . but let us examine what hurt it doth to other particular parts . hippocrates hath these words in his aphorismes , sedi , pudendis , utero , vesicae calidum amicum , frigidum inimicum , that is , heat is a friend , but cold an enemy to the seat , the privities , the belly and bladder : and cornelius celsus saith , frigidum inimicum intestinis , vesicae , utero , &c. that is , cold is an enemy to the intrals , bladder , and stomach . so , as it appeareth , it hurteth the bladder , the bowels and the kidneys , the mother , and what not : but because we will not conclude it is so , because hippocrates and celsus say it is so , we will examine , first , the reason , and then experience , the best master in trying any thing . the reason why it hurteth the bladder is in respect principally of the neck thereof , which being stopped with a musculeous substance cold offendeth , and divers times procureth a strangury . but this will be thought very untrue and unlikely , that drink drunk cold can passe so to the bladder , and there offend : but let us examine experience , and see whether it ever have been known so . forrestus , an excellent physician , alledgeth in himself the cause of a strangury , happening unto him to the great indangering of his life , to be drinking of cold beer after his return out of italy . and i know my self a gentleman of great worship ( who because he is living shall not be named ) who coming from hunting hot , and drinking cold drink , suffered such pain , as i being with him did fear some erosion in the neck of the bladder . besides it divers times cometh to passe , that with cold this part suffering a resolution , the party can in no wise hold his water , but it cometh from him without his knowledge . to the mother also it is hurtfull , as hippocrates , cornelius celsus , and divers learned authours write ; whereof although they give not the reason , yet i will shew it may be so in divers respects : as first , in respect of its composition , being made ex tunicis , nervis , venis , arteriis , & ligamentis , to all which cold is an enemy as hath been proved before : secondly , in respect of its temper , which naturally ought to be hot , because injectum semen calore multo eget ut suscitetur , concipiatur , formetur et foveatur : thirdly , in respect of its vicinity with other parts , as the bowels and the bladder , between which est maxima conjunctio per villos complures , to which cold is a great enemy : whereupon seldome is the mother diseased , either by inflammation or otherwise , but either an inordinate desire to go to the stool or of urine doth insue : so great is the affinitie between the matrix , bowels and bladders . and last of all cold is hurtfull to the matrix in respect of its community with the stomach ; for that the stomach being hurt with cold transfers , tanquam ad sentinam & cloacam corporis , such abundance of superfluities to the matrix , as doth evert its naturall temper and strength , and is the authour of many irreparable diseases . but some will say , that this is strange , although it be true that cold will work these effects in the mother , that beer drunk actually cold can passe to these places being so remote , and the cold can there be left or offend . but to confirm it by experience , these instances i have seen : about the yeare of our lord . i was with a gentlewoman one mr clarks wife of jarcks hill in kent , in whom , labouring of a cancer in her matrix , i tryed this experience , that giving her beer actually cold she would immediately be in the greatest pain in the world , but give it her hot and she felt none . another woman dwelt in houndsditch , at the signe of the guilded cup , seven years since , who likewise labouring of a cancer in the matrix , if you had given her cold beer , it made her be in great pain , if hot , in nothing so much : by which it is evident that the beer did passe so cold , as that it gave a sensible feeling of the difference . and therefore it is not to be doubted but that the actuall cold was an enemy , being so much more misliked of nature then the hot . now let us examine by what means drink received actually cold hurts the bowels , according as our ancient physicians write : for my own opinion , i hold it hurts them many wayes : first , in respect it breeds crudity in the stomach , whereof groweth fleam , which fleam descending into the bowels breeds intollerable collicks , and worms . secondly , it breeds windinesse , which likewise is the nurse of extreme inconveniences incident to the bowels . lastly fluxes , although non primariò tamen jure societatis , that is , not primarily yet by right of society . seeing therefore it hath been heretofore proved it is so generall an enemy to our health , in hurting all and singular our principall parts , i may well conclude with aristotle in his fourth book of meteors , cold is an enemy to our nature : and so by consequence drink drunk actually cold ; and therefore to be eschewed . chap. v. the benefit that ariseth from the use of actuall hot drink . but now according to our promise we will shew the great good that ariseth of hot drink : and although in laying open the defects of drink taken actually cold , there is much spoken of the good that redounds to the body by the use of hot drink ; yet because according to our determinate course it comes in order to be intreated of , i shall say something not before said . first therefore it shall be proved it helps the stomach , and by that means the head , and by that means the liver , and by that means the bowels , and by that means the splene , and by that means the kidneys and bladder , and by that means the matrix in women , and by that means keeps back old age , and consequently preserves life . and although in handling of the defects which cold beer procureth unto all these parts , i have sufficiently by the hurt of the one laid open the help of the other , yet i will adde unto my first sayings new reasons , because i will not be tedious to the reader , not renewing any authorities heretofore cited , but alledging authours of no lesse moment . galen . technic . hath this saying , calidiora calido iribus iudigent auditoriis , things whose temper tends to warmth have need to use helps of the same nature : then thus i reason . the stomach is an office of warmth ; therefore it must needs be helped with warmth : agreeable to the which position is our beer made actually hot . now to prove that the stomach being warm must be helped with warmth , and that it is not any way without hurt to be bereaved of his warmth , mark what avicen . . tract. cap. . intimateth : where writing of warmth in mans bodie , he counselleth , nay rather forbiddeth , that no man wash his hands in warm water : because saith he , the heat is drawn out of the stomach by the warmth of the water , by which digestion in the stomach is hindered , and that being vitiated , it is a means to breed & ingender worms . which declareth how profitable it is to put our drink hot into our stomach , in respect of keeping warmth there which by cold would be repelled : and our ancient physicians have been so jealous of decaying the warmth of the stomach , that they have forbidden us to stand near a great fire after eating , for the reason above named . in like manner , and for the same cause , doth avicen forbid a man to walk fast after eating , nè calor propter motum attrahatur ad partes exteriores , lest the heat by stirring be drawn outwardly . how much more consonant is it therefore to reason to use warmth in the stomach , whereby naturall heat is increased , then to use things cold , whereby it is lessened ? and this hippocrates in his aphorisme which begins in hyeme multus cibus , &c. doth make plain ; who holdeth that in winter we can eat most meat : whereof galen giving the reason saith , it is because the outward cold keeps in the heat in the stomach , and makes it stronger : and yet i remember arnoldus de villa nova , makes such doubt of cold , that he seemeth to take exceptions at galens words , and saith , if the outward cold be great , it is necessary the stomach be well covered , naturally or artificially , or else it will weaken it . but let us examine the reason , how helping the stomach it helpeth the head : which thus i prove . whatsoever is the means whereby the head is least oppressed with excrementitious matter , is helpfull to the head . but hot drink is so : therefore hot drink , &c. my minor i prove in this sort : whatsoever suggesteth least cause of unprofitable matter , is the cause the head is least oppressed . but hot drink doth so : therefore hot drink is helpfull . the minor thus i prove : whatsoever fortifyeth concoction suggesteth least cause of unprofitable matter : but hot drink doth so : therefore &c. the minor is thus proved : whatsoever preserves the stomach in naturall warmth fortifyeth concoction : but hot drink doth so : therefore hot drink fortifyeth concoction . the minor is true : for whatsoever temperate heat joyneth it self with naturall heat preserves the naturall heat of the stomach : but warm drink being temperate joyneth with the other : therefore hot drink preserveth the naturall heat of the stomach . now it is evident that the warmth of actuall hot beer is in no extreme , but after a sort contrary to both the extremes , and therefore temperate : for montanus in his counsels saith , mediocria temperata sunt ad sua extrema tanquam ad sua contraria , that is , mediocrities are called temperate as well in respect of their extremes , as in respect of their contraries . now will i also prove that by helipng the stomach it also helps the liver , in this sort : whatsoever washeth the stomach naturally , and keeps the meseraicks open , doth help the liver : but hot drink doth so : therefore it helps the liver . but before i prosecute the argument any further , i will shew how in performing that , it helps the liver ; which it doth two wayes : first , because in washing the stomach and bowels it produceth inanition , which causeth appetite ; which is a desire of new matter fit for new bloud : secondly , because in keeping open the meseraicks it keeps the liver from any great obstructions , whereby it breeds warmth according to nature , and also brings continually good nourishment for the liver to work upon . and to prove this , that hot drink doth so , according as my minor requires , i produce arnoldus de villanova , who writeth thus , aqua calida stomachum lavat , & ventrem purgat , hot water washeth the stomach , and purges the belly . and that heat doth this in respect of its actuall heat , let avicen witnesse , who commending medicines for ulcerated lungs , wisheth they be administred warm , because of piercing ; thereby acknowleding warmth to be the means of piercing . furthermore that drink actually hot , helpeth also the splene , may easily be proved : for that the liver receiving good nourishment maketh good bloud , and so overchargeth not the splene with abundance of matter to its grievance or annoyance . again , how by helping the stomach it doth good to the kidneys and bladder , i thus prove . whereas the kidneys and bladder are subject to that grievous disease of the stone , hot drink is a means to withstand it , by two principall effects : the one , in that it strengthens nature , whereby she frameth no moist cause fit to form that disease ; it being most principally bred by a slimy matter , first hammered in a feeble stomach : the other in that it doth so scoure the kidneys and uriners by his actuall heat , as there can no slime remain untill it can be baked to a stone , although the kidneys were of the hottest . and that this is approved by learned men , arnoldus de villa nova may be president ; who giving compounded waters , having a specificall diverting faculty of themselves , to pierce , commandeth that they be drunk as hot as they can be indured , because it addeth to their deoppilative virtue . but to the other point , which is , that it helps the matrix : trincavell calls the matrix of women sentinam corporis ; and hot drink being a means by strengthening the stomach to make every member do his office , as before is shewed , causeth the lesse to be transferred thither and so takes away all annoyance that may grow of any extraordinary superfluitie . it is also a means by its deoppilating virtue to bring into naturall course that which is according unto nature to be avoided : and by these two means it is a principall occasion to make women fruitfull : who divers times by defects growing of obstructions , and other grievances of nature through much surcharge of superfluity , become barren . thus have i given you a tast how helping of the stomach , it helps the matrix . but for the proof of the last point , which is that it keeps back the defects of old age , and is a means to prolong life , let us call to mind what old age is , and what life ; and upon what occasion the defects thereof are hastened or deferred . ficinus lib. . de sanitate tuenda saith , vita nostra est tanquam lumen in naturali calore , caloris autem pabulum est humor aerius , atque pinguis tanquam oleū : so as sive humor deficia● sive prorsus excedat , sive inqu●netur , statim calor naturalis debilitatur , & tandem debilitat● extinguitur . and another learned man writeth thus tam diu anima hanc molem in colit , quàm diu humorum de fectus aut intemperies , miser● morborum parens , non ingruit : hinc enim senectus quae debilitat animi vires mutátque colorem , so long doth the soul inhabit this lump , as the defect of moistnesse , or distemper , the miserable parent of diseases , doth not invade : for hence cometh old age , which doth debilitate the strength and change the colour . and vives saith , quàm diu retinetur calor naturalis in corpore temperatus , perseverabit sanitas , & observabitur habitus juvenilis , as long as naturall heat is reteined temperate in our bodie , we continue our health , and keep the habit and shew of youth . now the defects of old age are commonly as follow ; . horinesse of hair , . wrinckles in the face , . leannesse of bodie , . defect of memory , . generall weaknesse of the whole bodie , . bad sight , . thicknesse of hearing , . much phlegme . diseases of the lungs : if then i prove cold beer hastens these , and hot beer retards and mitigates them , i hope i shall be thought to prove my assertion first then let me consider whereupon the hair takes its alteration : the causes of the grainesse of the hair are , aut humor frigidus latens in poris , either cold humours lurking in the pores , aut ariditas , ut in segite maturescente , or drinesse , as in ripe corn ; aut debilitas virtutis , or weaknesse ; aut corruptio pituitae , or corruption of the phlegme : and according unto aristotle , cap. . de historia animalium , aliquando adventus nimii caloris externi , sometimes the accesse of too much externall heat : all which to be produced by actuall cold drink , shall be proved severally . and first , that breeds cold humours most that weakens the stomach : but it is proved that cold drink doth so : and therefore it breeds them most . secondly , drinesse it mightily procures in this respect ; for being a means that the laudable concoction cannot be made , the parts that should draw it do refuse it as not fit for them , and so wither for lack , and runne into a marasmus , which is a weaknesse of all the virtues in the body ; which ariseth ab inopia humoris , from want of moisture . that it is a means that phlegme putrifies must necessarily follow : for ex debili calore fit putrefactio , from weaknesse of heat cometh putrefaction ; which that which is actuall cold procures , and so necessarily hastens that symptome of old age . for care is said and the much use of fish to procure hoarinesse of hair for no other cause but for the reasons abovesaid . then that it procures wrinckles in the face doth consequently follow ; for that they proceed , vel ex carne extenuata , either from the extenuation of the flesh ; vel ex carne vacua , or from emptinesse . leannesse of body follows ; because plenty of spirits is not bred by ill concoction . defect also of the memory ; because nature fainting can not serve all the senses , and so it draws nearer still to the heart , neglecting the farthermost to maintain life : and besides , because it breeds much phlegme , an enemy to memory . bad eye-sight it procures ; because it causeth defect of the spirits ; and because the body abounding with much phlegme breeds thick spirits , which make a dull sight . thicknesse of hearing ; because ex debili calore multi torpores , from weaknesse of heat ariseth heavinesse , and this hinders the perfectnesse of hearing : and because it causeth scarcitie of spirits , which can not serve all the senses exquisitely . much phlegme , another defect of age , it causeth also ; because it weakens the stomach and so is cruditatis parens ; & ex cruditate pituita , the parent of crudity , from whence cometh phlegme . diseases likewise of the lungs ; because catharres be the companions of ill digestion : and so what with those , and what with the stopping of phlegme , the lungs must needs suffer . and therefore the reason why actuall hot drink is said to mitigate all these , is because it doth fortificare digestionem , ex qua multiplicantur spiritus vivi , strengthen digestion , by which the vitall spirits are multiplied ; which being the pabulum of our senses , the one can not fail while the other increaseth . and therefore arnoldus de villa nova saith , dum spiritus & calor naturalis non debilitatur , neque pili canescunt , neque cutis corrugatur , so long as the naturall heat is not weakened , neither doth the hair wax gray , nor the skin grow shriveled nor wrinckled . and how it is a means to preserve life shall be shewed . chap. vi . herein is shewed how the grecians and romanes used hot drink . now to come to the last point , which is , that it is no new devised thing , but that which hath been used amongst the grecians and romanes in the time of their longest age , and is in use at this day in countreys where they live farre longer then we do ; which shall be proved by divers clear testimonies . and first to prove it was in use amongst the grecians , heare what philostinus that excellent physician , wrote unto his countreymen : he counselled them in the spring and all winter to drink their liquour calidissimum , most hot ; and in the summer luke-warm : so that at all times he shews that cold drink was not to be used . athenaeus also in his eighth book , speaking of stratonicus the harper , saith he called rhodios , cyrenaeos branchos , and their citie , civitatem porcorum ; quia rhodios deliciis exsolutos , & calidum bibentes , contemplatus , albos cyrenaeos nuncupabat , rhodiúmque oppidum , civitatem porcorum : rhodios qui dem à cyrenaeis colore diversos autumans , at ob luxûs similitudinem , & proclivitatem eandem in voluptates , cum porcis urbem illorum comparans . moreover julius pollux in his onomastico propounds this question , whether the ancient fathers drank their water hot ? and concludes they did : and lucianus in his asino writes that the grecians used their drink hot ; which arrianus likewise in his controversies proves . apuleus maketh the same manifest , speaking of fotis in this manner ; ecce fotis , mea jam domina , cubitu reddita , jactâ proximè rosâ sertâ & rosâ solutâ in sinu uberante , ac me pressim deosculato & corollis revincto , ac flore prosperso , arripit poculum ac desuper aquâ calidâ injectâ porrigit ut biberem , &c. but for further proof , i will prove it both by ancient writers of prose , and also poets , that the romanes used it . and first varro , in defining this word calix by the etymologie , saith it comes of the latine word calidus , because in it , calidus apponebatur potus , hot drink was served . paulus likewise the lawyer , speaking of the difference between the vessels that they heated water in , saith there is no great difference between cacabus and ahenum ; for in the first they boil their meat , and in the other their water to drink : and julius pollux in his . book , calleth that vessel ahenum where they boiled their water to drink . seneca in his first book de ira maketh mention of hot water , the which was in use to be drunk in his time : and in his second book the . chapter . dion likewise in his . book proveth the same in the history of drusius , son to tiberius : and in his . book , intreating of caius caligula , who killed an host for selling hot water in the time of the funerall of drusius , as a man irreligious to sell hot water for delicious drinking in time of common mourning . moreover marcellinus in his . book shews that all taverns were forbid to sell any hot water or wine untill foure a clock in the afternoon . again cornelias tacitus , writing of the poysoning of britannicus , shews how the means they wrought to poyson him without suspicion was , to bring his drink so hot that he called for cold water to allay it , wherein they had put the poyson . plinie also in his . book , speaking of marcus asinius maketh it manifest : for , saith he , the drink being too hot , he held it in his hand to cool , untill one sitting next to him remembred him of it , and said it would be too cold . now to prove it by the authorities of poets , i will first begin with plautus , who in his comedy of the vaunting souldier , saith , lu. neque ille hic calidum exbibit in prandium . pa. neque tu bibisti ? lu. dii me perdant si bibi , si bibere potui . pa. quâ jam ? lu. quia enim absorbui ; nam nimis calebat , amburebat gutturem ; that is , lu. neither did he drink hot wine to his dinner . pa. nor thou ? lu. as god shall help me , i neither drank , neither could i. pa. what then ? lu. i supped it ; for it was so hot it burnt my throat . what can be more plain then this ? again the same authour in another comedy brings forth labrax speaking to neptune in these words : la. edepol , neptune , es balneator frigidus , cum vestimentis posteaquam abs te abii algeo . nec thermopolium quidem ullum ille instruit , ità salsā praebet potionem & frigidam : that is , la. truly , neptune , thou art a cold bath-keeper , since i came from thee i freeze in my clothes . neither doth he keep any hotwater-shop , he gives us so salt and cold a potion . the like sayings be many in plautus which for brevity sake i omit . horace also when he writes to telephus , in his third book of his odes hath this saying , quo chium pretio cadum mercemur : quis aquam temperet ignibus : for chian wine what men exact : who 'll our water to warmth redact . and juvenal in his fifth satyr hath this saying , — quando ad te pervenit ille , quando vocatus adest calidae gelidaeque minister . when will anon anon sir come , for hot and cold to have custome . likewise martial , in his verses he made to sextilianus the great drinker , saith thus , jam defecisset portantes caldae ministros , si non potares , sextiliane , merum . they had lackt hot water by this time , had not sextilian drunk wine . and in his second book of epigrams these be his words : te conviva leget mixto quincunce , sed antè incipiat positus quàm tepuisse calix : the tosse pot will thee reade but that must be onely untill his hot cup cool'd he see . and in his . book against caecilianus , these be his words : curre agè & illotos revoca , caliste , ministros , sternantur lecti , caeciliane , sede . caldam poscis aquam , sed nondum frigida venit : alg●t adhuc nudo clausa culina foco . runne , call thy unwash't servants , sit your couches , caecilian sit . thou call'st , no hot water within ? nor cold yet in our cold kitchin . and in his last book , these be his words : frigida non desit , non deerit calda petenti ; sed tu morosa ludere parce siti . ye want not cold nor shall ye hot ; but spare to please your dainty throat . by these authorities i hope i have made it plain , that it was used many hundred years amongst the romanes . for if we consider the age that plautus lived in , which was some five hundred and seventy years after the building of rome ; and the poysoning of britannicus in nero's time , you shall find it to be . years after rome was built : and martial lived under domitianus , . years after rome was built , which was more then . years . neither did plautus write it as new devise , but as a thing long before in use . now to the other point , that it is used at this day amongst whole nations , i will prove by grovani petro maffei the jesuite , who in his . book of histories writes that they of china do for the most part drink the strained liquour of an herb called chi●● hot . and persino the italia● writes , that he saw himself tres principes grapponenses ▪ which came to kisse pope gregorie the thirteenth foot ( and it is but a littl● while since ) who drank nothing but hot water , affirming it to be the custom of their countrey . thus have i according to my promise handled severally all the points promised in the beginning : if not to thy satisfaction , impute that to my want of reading , not to the truth of the cause , which divers times is overthrown with ill handling . finis .