A second defence of the New theory of the earth from the exceptions of Mr. John Keill. By William Whiston, M.A. vicar of Lowestoft, Suffolk; and chaplain to the Right Reverend Father in God, John Lord Bishop of Norwich
         Whiston, William, 1667-1752.
      
       
         
           1700
        
      
       Approx. 38 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 14 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images.
       
         Text Creation Partnership,
         Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :
         2003-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).
         A65673
         Wing W1697
         ESTC R220939
         99832323
         99832323
         36795
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A65673)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 36795)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 2103:07)
      
       
         
           
             A second defence of the New theory of the earth from the exceptions of Mr. John Keill. By William Whiston, M.A. vicar of Lowestoft, Suffolk; and chaplain to the Right Reverend Father in God, John Lord Bishop of Norwich
             Whiston, William, 1667-1752.
          
           [2], 22 p.
           
             printed for Benj. Tooke at the Middle-Temple-Gate in Fleetstreet,
             London :
             1700.
          
           
             A response to John Keill's "Examination of Dr. Burnet's theory of the earth", in which Keill, an astronomer, attacked Whiston as well as Burnet.
             Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntingon Library and Art Gallery.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.
         Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors.
      
       
         EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO.
         EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org).
         The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source.
         Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.
         Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.
         Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.
         The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.
         Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).
         
          Keying and markup guidelines are available at the
           Text Creation Partnership web site
          .
        
      
       
         
         
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Keill, John, 1671-1721. -- Examination of Dr. Burnet's theory of the earth -- Controversial literature -- Early works to 1800.
           New theory of the earth -- Apologetic works -- Early works to 1800.
           Astronomy -- Religious aspects -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
        2000-00 TCP
        Assigned for keying and markup
      
        2001-10 SPi Global
        Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images
      
        2001-11 TCP Staff (Michigan)
        Sampled and proofread
      
        2001-11 TCP Staff (Michigan)
        Text and markup reviewed and edited
      
        2001-12 pfs
        Batch review (QC) and XML conversion
      
    
  
   
     
       
         
         
           A
           SECOND
           DEFENCE
           OF
           THE
           New
           Theory
           of
           the
           Earth
           FROM
           THE
           EXCEPTIONS
           OF
           Mr.
           
             IOHN
             KEILL
          
           .
        
         
           By
           WILLIAM
           WHISTON
           ,
           M.
           A.
           Vicar
           of
           
             Lowestoft
             ,
             Suffolk
          
           ;
           and
           Chaplain
           to
           the
           Right
           Reverend
           Father
           in
           God
           ,
           IOHN
           ,
           Lord
           Bishop
           of
           Norwich
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Benj.
             Tooke
          
           at
           the
           Middle-Temple-Gate
           in
           Fleetstreet
           .
           1700.
           
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           A
           SECOND
           DEFENCE
           OF
           THE
           New
           Theory
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           SINCE
           I
           have
           resolv'd
           to
           be
           as
           short
           as
           possible
           in
           this
           Rejoinder
           ,
           and
           have
           ever
           determin'd
           with
           my self
           to
           avoid
           all
           Heat
           and
           Passion
           ;
           all
           Recriminations
           and
           personal
           Reflections
           ;
           which
           I
           look
           upon
           as
           Things
           unworthy
           of
           the
           Professors
           of
           the
           Peaceable
           and
           Charitable
           Religion
           of
           our
           Saviour
           ;
           as
           Immoralities
           in
           Philosophers
           ,
           and
           Crimes
           in
           Christians
           :
           I
           shall
           therefore
           wave
           all
           things
           in
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           Defence
           which
           might
           occasion
           any
           Reflections
           of
           that
           nature
           ,
           and
           endeavour
           only
           to
           debate
           the
           Matters
           in
           dispute
           between
           us
           with
           all
           the
           Calmness
           and
           Fairness
           possible
           .
           And
           as
           wherever
           I
           am
           convinc'd
           by
           his
           Reasons
           ,
           I
           shall
           freely
           own
           it
           ;
           so
           it
           is
           but
           Equal
           that
           I
           expect
           the
           same
           of
           him
           upon
           the
           same
           Occasions
           .
           Only
           He
           must
           give
           me
           leave
           to
           say
           ,
           That
           the
           Reason
           of
           my
           Surprize
           at
           
             His
             appearing
             in
             Publick
             against
             me
             ,
          
           was
           not
           any
           
             Special
             Obligations
          
           I
           thought
           him
           under
           to
           me
           ;
           but
           his
           having
           declar'd
           his
           Satisfaction
           with
           the
           principal
           Assertion
           ,
           nay
           the
           main
           Foundation
           of
           my
           Theory
           ,
           
             viz.
             That
             a
             
             Comet
             pass'd
             by
             the
             Earth
             at
             the
             Deluge
             .
          
           After
           which
           Concession
           I
           could
           not
           ,
           I
           thought
           ,
           expect
           an
           Opposition
           in
           Print
           to
           my
           Book
           from
           him
           .
           I
           will
           repeat
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           Words
           at
           large
           ,
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           his
           former
           Remarks
           ,
           and
           Appeal
           to
           the
           Candid
           Reader
           ,
           whether
           I
           had
           not
           some
           reason
           to
           be
           surpriz'd
           .
           
             I
             cannot
             but
             acknowledge
             ,
             says
             Mr.
             Keill
             ,
             that
             the
             
               Author
               of
               the
               New
               Theory
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
            
             has
             made
             greater
             Discoveries
             ,
             and
             proceeded
             on
             more
             Philosophical
             Principles
             ,
             than
             all
             the
             Theorists
             before
             him
             have
             done
             .
             In
             his
             Theory
             there
             are
             some
             very
             strange
             Co-incidents
             ,
             which
             make
             it
             indeed
             probable
             ,
             That
             a
             Comet
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             pass'd
             by
             the
             Earth
             .
             It
             is
             surprizing
             to
             observe
             the
             exact
             Correspondence
             between
             the
             Lunar
             and
             Solar
             Year
             ,
             upon
             the
             Supposition
             of
             a
             Circular
             Orbit
             ,
             in
             which
             the
             Earth
             mov'd
             before
             the
             Deluge
             .
             It
             cannot
             but
             raise
             admiration
             in
             us
             ,
             when
             we
             consider
             ,
             that
             the
             Earth
             at
             the
             Time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             was
             in
             its
             Perihelion
             ,
             which
             would
             be
             the
             necessary
             Effect
             of
             a
             Comet
             that
             passed
             by
             at
             that
             time
             ,
             in
             drawing
             it
             from
             a
             Circular
             to
             an
             Elliptical
             Orbit
             .
             This
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             Consideration
             that
             the
             Moon
             was
             exactly
             in
             such
             a
             place
             of
             its
             Orbit
             at
             that
             time
             ,
             as
             equally
             attracted
             with
             the
             Earth
             ,
             when
             the
             Comet
             pass'd
             by
             ,
             seems
             to
             be
             a
             very
             convincing
             Argument
             that
             a
             Comet
             really
             came
             very
             near
             ,
             and
             pass'd
             by
             the
             Earth
             ,
             on
             the
             day
             the
             Deluge
             began
             .
          
           But
           to
           leave
           this
           Preface
           ,
           and
           to
           come
           to
           the
           Matters
           themselves
           in
           dispute
           between
           us
           .
        
         
         
           In
           the
           First
           place
           therefore
           ,
           because
           Moses
           at
           the
           beginning
           of
           the
           Six
           days
           Creation
           ,
           says
           ,
           That
           
             Darkness
             was
             upon
             the
             face
             of
             the
             Deep
          
           ;
           whereas
           the
           Atmosphere
           of
           a
           Comet
           ,
           which
           I
           suppose
           to
           be
           the
           Chaos
           here
           meant
           ,
           is
           a
           
             transparent
             Fluid
          
           while
           it
           is
           such
           :
           Mr.
           Keill
           argued
           ,
           that
           this
           
             transparent
             Atmosphere
          
           could
           not
           be
           the
           
             dark
             Abyss
          
           of
           Moses
           .
           Now
           what
           I
           answer'd
           was
           ,
           That
           Moses
           did
           not
           concern
           himself
           with
           the
           ancient
           State
           of
           the
           Chaos
           ,
           but
           only
           with
           its
           State
           at
           the
           
             Commencing
             of
             his
             Creation
          
           :
           at
           which
           time
           it
           would
           be
           a
           
             dark
             Abyss
          
           in
           the
           properest
           sense
           ,
           and
           highest
           degree
           imaginable
           .
           Now
           all
           that
           Mr.
           Keill
           adds
           about
           this
           matter
           (
           whether
           as
           to
           the
           light
           and
           shining
           of
           the
           
             Central
             Solid
          
           ,
           and
           his
           Calculations
           thereto
           relating
           :
           As
           to
           the
           Change
           from
           a
           Pellucid
           to
           an
           
             Opake
             Fluid
          
           :
           or
           as
           to
           the
           Restraint
           of
           the
           word
           Abyss
           to
           the
           
             Dense
             Fluid
          
           alone
           )
           might
           have
           been
           omitted
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           first
           rightly
           understood
           and
           consider'd
           the
           Propositions
           in
           the
           New
           Theory
           ,
           where
           these
           Matters
           were
           explain'd
           already
           .
           For
           certainly
           ,
           though
           the
           Central
           Solid
           were
           as
           luminous
           as
           the
           Sun
           it self
           ;
           yet
           to
           a
           Spectator
           ,
           plac'd
           in
           so
           thick
           a
           Mist
           ,
           there
           could
           no
           more
           of
           its
           Light
           from
           within
           ,
           than
           of
           the
           Sun
           's
           from
           without
           ,
           appear
           :
           Though
           truly
           the
           Calculations
           here
           suppose
           (
           1.
           )
           the
           Earth
           ,
           when
           a
           Comet
           to
           have
           mov'd
           as
           near
           the
           Sun
           as
           the
           last
           ;
           whereas
           perhaps
           no
           other
           ever
           did
           so
           besides
           .
           (
           2.
           )
           The
           Heat
           of
           its
           own
           Nucleus
           the
           main
           Cause
           of
           its
           Tail
           ;
           which
           is
           utterly
           false
           ,
           and
           never
           imagin'd
           by
           me
           .
           And
           (
           3.
           )
           The
           Spectator
           at
           only
           Ten
           Miles
           distance
           from
           the
           Nucleus
           ,
           when
           he
           must
           have
           been
           
             as
             many
             Hundreds
          
           at
           least
           :
           and
           so
           are
           wholly
           groundless
           ,
           and
           my
           Theory
           not
           at
           all
           
           concern'd
           in
           them
           .
           Besides
           ;
           though
           All
           the
           Upper
           parts
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           of
           a
           Comet
           ,
           through
           which
           we
           see
           the
           Fix'd
           Stars
           ,
           is
           Transparent
           ;
           yet
           the
           Lowest
           part
           next
           the
           Nucleus
           ,
           or
           
             Dense
             Body
          
           ,
           seems
           Opake
           and
           Dark
           ;
           like
           a
           very
           thick
           Mist
           ;
           so
           as
           to
           hide
           the
           Nucleus
           it self
           from
           our
           sight
           ,
           and
           cause
           
             Darkness
             upon
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Deep
             .
          
           For
           the
           Changes
           which
           some
           observe
           in
           the
           Nucleus
           of
           Comets
           ,
           are
           to
           be
           suppos'd
           not
           in
           the
           Solid
           Body
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           Cloudy
           Bottom
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           ,
           which
           next
           encompasses
           the
           Nucleus
           .
           And
           this
           
             Darkness
             upon
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Deep
          
           might
           continue
           till
           the
           Comet
           was
           grown
           Cold
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Denser
           part
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           was
           Subsided
           :
           and
           be
           greatest
           while
           those
           Denser
           parts
           were
           in
           a
           State
           of
           Coagulation
           and
           Subsiding
           .
           'T
           is
           also
           evident
           in
           my
           Book
           that
           I
           ascribe
           the
           Changes
           of
           the
           Chaos
           to
           the
           
             Operations
             of
             the
             Spirit
             of
             God
          
           introducing
           such
           Laws
           of
           Bodies
           by
           which
           the
           Earth
           would
           first
           be
           form'd
           ,
           and
           its
           Phaenomena
           ever
           after
           be
           govern'd
           .
           And
           't
           is
           sure
           no
           hard
           interpretation
           to
           include
           all
           that
           Fluid
           Region
           beneath
           the
           Earth's
           Future
           Surface
           under
           the
           term
           Abyss
           ;
           though
           after
           the
           Separation
           of
           the
           Earthy
           Parts
           ,
           and
           their
           Consolidation
           ,
           the
           
             Dense
             Fluid
          
           may
           most
           properly
           go
           by
           that
           Name
           :
           And
           upon
           the
           
             Face
             of
             the
             Abyss
          
           there
           was
           at
           first
           Darkness
           ,
           and
           that
           succeeded
           by
           Light
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           exact
           Description
           of
           Moses
           ;
           and
           according
           to
           the
           Solution
           of
           the
           First
           Day
           's
           work
           in
           the
           New
           Theory
           .
        
         
           My
           next
           Answer
           was
           to
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           Objection
           against
           the
           sudden
           Formation
           of
           the
           Earth
           in
           a
           
             few
             years
          
           time
           by
           the
           Laws
           of
           Mechanism
           .
           For
           since
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           the
           Confusions
           of
           the
           Comet
           's
           
           Atmosphere
           seem
           to
           arise
           from
           the
           Violence
           of
           the
           Heat
           in
           its
           Perihelion
           ;
           as
           that
           Heat
           gradually
           decreas'd
           ,
           (
           which
           would
           not
           be
           under
           many
           Hundreds
           ,
           or
           perhaps
           Thousands
           of
           Years
           )
           the
           Confusions
           would
           cease
           also
           ;
           and
           the
           Subsidence
           and
           Mechanical
           Formation
           be
           compleated
           proportionably
           in
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           and
           not
           sooner
           ;
           contrary
           to
           my
           Theory
           .
           My
           Answer
           to
           this
           was
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           by
           me
           so
           obscurely
           express'd
           ,
           that
           Mr.
           Keill
           could
           not
           apprehend
           my
           meaning
           :
           Which
           therefore
           I
           shall
           endeavour
           to
           explain
           more
           distinctly
           thus
           .
           I
           deny
           that
           all
           the
           Confusions
           of
           a
           Comet
           's
           Atmosphere
           are
           owing
           to
           the
           Heat
           at
           the
           Perihelion
           ;
           and
           I
           also
           affirm
           ,
           That
           since
           Astronomers
           find
           by
           Observation
           ,
           that
           upon
           a
           Comet
           's
           return
           to
           the
           Solar
           Regions
           ,
           the
           Atmosphere
           does
           still
           return
           ,
           and
           is
           not
           at
           all
           settled
           and
           formed
           like
           a
           Planet
           ,
           I
           must
           have
           contradicted
           that
           Observation
           if
           I
           had
           ascrib'd
           the
           Formation
           of
           our
           Earth
           to
           such
           a
           gradual
           and
           tedious
           Operation
           .
           In
           short
           :
           My
           Chaos
           was
           a
           Comet
           's
           Atmosphere
           .
           Such
           an
           Atmosphere
           does
           not
           Subside
           in
           the
           Period
           about
           the
           Sun
           ;
           and
           consequently
           Mr.
           Keill
           ,
           who
           makes
           that
           an
           Objection
           against
           me
           ,
           is
           mistaken
           ,
           and
           the
           Formation
           of
           the
           Earth
           is
           to
           be
           ascribed
           to
           other
           Causes
           ,
           and
           perfected
           by
           other
           Measures
           than
           he
           here
           imagines
           ;
           and
           so
           for
           ought
           that
           appears
           ,
           by
           those
           assign'd
           in
           my
           Theory
           .
           I
           had
           said
           ,
           
           that
           
             All
             the
             same
             Laws
             ,
             Properties
             ,
             and
             Operations
             of
             Bodies
             ,
             which
             we
             find
             establish'd
             here
             on
             Earth
             ,
             do
             not
             so
             Universally
             obtain
             in
             the
             Atmosphere
             of
             Comets
             .
          
           Which
           Assertion
           Mr.
           Keill
           is
           surpriz'd
           at
           ,
           and
           endeavours
           to
           Expose
           .
           Now
           in
           this
           Case
           I
           would
           desire
           Mr.
           Keill
           to
           shew
           how
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           Bodies
           with
           us
           ,
           
           that
           so
           Thin
           Atmosphere
           of
           a
           Comet
           can
           sustain
           ,
           at
           the
           distance
           of
           so
           many
           Thousand
           Miles
           from
           its
           Center
           ,
           such
           Clouds
           or
           Opake
           Masses
           as
           it
           frequently
           does
           .
           Nay
           ,
           if
           we
           come
           to
           the
           Planets
           ,
           which
           appear
           to
           be
           Bodies
           so
           like
           to
           our
           Earth
           ,
           as
           to
           require
           the
           same
           general
           Measures
           and
           Laws
           in
           them
           ;
           we
           may
           find
           such
           a
           Ring
           about
           Saturn
           ,
           as
           't
           will
           be
           hard
           to
           account
           for
           by
           the
           Mechanical
           Laws
           upon
           our
           Earth
           .
           Sure
           there
           is
           no
           reason
           to
           imagine
           that
           ,
           because
           God
           has
           been
           pleas'd
           to
           fix
           several
           arbitrary
           Laws
           ,
           and
           Powers
           of
           Bodies
           resulting
           from
           them
           ,
           in
           our
           little
           System
           ;
           that
           therefore
           he
           has
           confin'd
           himself
           to
           ordain
           no
           others
           in
           different
           ones
           .
           To
           give
           an
           instance
           :
           The
           Particles
           of
           our
           Elastical
           Fluid
           ,
           or
           Air
           ,
           may
           be
           preserv'd
           from
           coming
           close
           together
           ,
           as
           Mr.
           Keill
           ,
           
           I
           suppose
           ,
           will
           not
           deny
           ,
           by
           a
           Special
           Law
           directly
           opposite
           to
           that
           of
           Gravity
           ;
           or
           by
           a
           particular
           
             vis
             centrifuga
          
           belonging
           alone
           to
           such
           Particles
           of
           Matter
           as
           the
           Air
           is
           composed
           of
           .
           Now
           I
           believe
           Mr.
           Keill
           will
           hardly
           affirm
           this
           to
           be
           an
           Universal
           Law
           ,
           obtaining
           all
           over
           the
           Universe
           ,
           but
           confin'd
           to
           some
           parts
           of
           it
           at
           pleasure
           .
           And
           many
           such
           Laws
           there
           may
           be
           in
           the
           Opinion
           of
           that
           Great
           Man
           ,
           whose
           very
           Name
           is
           enough
           to
           defend
           one
           (
           as
           Mr.
           Keill
           justly
           speaks
           :
           
           )
           upon
           which
           the
           particular
           Phaenomena
           among
           us
           do
           generally
           depend
           .
           Now
           though
           I
           believe
           such
           Laws
           as
           these
           various
           in
           various
           Systems
           ,
           yet
           I
           never
           imagin'd
           that
           the
           Mechanical
           Powers
           demonstrable
           from
           the
           Necessary
           Laws
           of
           Motion
           are
           at
           all
           so
           ;
           whatsoever
           ,
           for
           the
           diversion
           of
           his
           Readers
           ,
           Mr.
           Keill
           is
           pleas'd
           to
           suppose
           .
        
         
         
           However
           ,
           By
           this
           Answer
           I
           not
           only
           ,
           it
           seems
           ,
           have
           prevented
           all
           possible
           Objections
           against
           my
           Theory
           :
           [
           a
           thing
           ,
           to
           be
           sure
           ,
           I
           cannot
           but
           be
           very
           fond
           of
           :
           ]
           But
           I
           have
           
             Granted
             Mr.
          
           Keill
           
             all
             he
             design'd
             to
             prove
          
           ,
           viz.
           
             That
             the
             Earth
             was
             not
             form'd
             according
             to
             the
             known
             Laws
             of
             Mechanism
             ,
             but
             by
             the
             Efficacy
             of
             the
             Divine
             Spirit
             ,
             which
             moved
             on
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Waters
             .
          
           Now
           I
           must
           here
           deny
           the
           Opposition
           ,
           and
           affirm
           ,
           That
           in
           my
           Opinion
           
             the
             Earth
             was
             form'd
             according
             to
             the
             known
             Laws
             of
             Mechanism
             ,
             some
             of
             them
             introduc'd
             then
             by
             the
             Efficacy
             of
             the
             Divine
             Spirit
             ,
             which
             mov'd
             on
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Waters
          
           ;
           and
           ever
           since
           continu'd
           among
           us
           .
           For
           Almighty
           God
           to
           introduce
           New
           and
           Regular
           Laws
           at
           the
           beginning
           of
           a
           New
           World
           ,
           which
           are
           to
           be
           ever
           afterward
           observ'd
           in
           it
           ,
           I
           take
           to
           be
           a
           Miraculous
           Interposition
           very
           worthy
           of
           God
           ,
           and
           very
           accountable
           to
           our
           Reason
           .
           But
           to
           suppose
           him
           by
           a
           Multitude
           of
           Miracles
           acting
           so
           disproportionably
           and
           disorderly
           ,
           as
           the
           common
           Scheme
           of
           the
           Creation
           obliges
           one
           to
           do
           ,
           is
           to
           introduce
           Miracles
           sufficiently
           strange
           and
           unaccountable
           to
           me
           :
           and
           such
           as
           I
           can't
           be
           persuaded
           of
           by
           such
           Reasonings
           as
           I
           have
           yet
           met
           with
           upon
           this
           Occasion
           .
           Though
           to
           Mr.
           Keill
           ,
           
           who
           finds
           so
           little
           difficulty
           in
           this
           matter
           ;
           and
           without
           Authority
           ,
           can
           admit
           the
           Creation
           ,
           and
           ,
           I
           suppose
           ,
           the
           Annihilation
           of
           the
           Waters
           of
           the
           Deluge
           ;
           I
           little
           expect
           to
           shew
           that
           any
           Miracle
           can
           be
           strange
           and
           unaccountable
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           Internal
           Heat
           in
           the
           Earth
           ,
           which
           is
           allow'd
           by
           Mr.
           Keill
           ;
           and
           by
           reason
           of
           some
           Earthquakes
           ,
           of
           a
           very
           large
           Compass
           deriv'd
           from
           it
           ,
           can't
           but
           Reach
           downwards
           to
           a
           mighty
           Depth
           ;
           It
           must
           be
           accounted
           for
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           
           a
           Cause
           of
           Fountains
           or
           not
           .
           And
           if
           Mr.
           Keill
           think
           it
           more
           easily
           ascrib'd
           to
           the
           Mixture
           of
           Sulphureous
           ,
           Nitrous
           ,
           and
           Mineral
           Principles
           ,
           than
           to
           a
           Hot
           Central
           Solid
           ;
           He
           must
           give
           me
           leave
           to
           retain
           my
           former
           Opinion
           ,
           for
           these
           two
           Reasons
           :
           Viz.
           Because
           the
           Earth
           ,
           at
           the
           Depth
           necessary
           for
           the
           Mixture
           ,
           is
           too
           close
           and
           fast
           ,
           and
           has
           no
           Caverns
           or
           Hollows
           requisite
           thereto
           :
           And
           Because
           such
           a
           Mixture
           it self
           supposes
           that
           Heat
           and
           Motion
           of
           Parts
           as
           Causes
           ,
           which
           ought
           only
           to
           be
           the
           Effects
           thereof
           :
           Besides
           ;
           I
           am
           still
           inclinable
           to
           ascribe
           the
           Origin
           of
           Springs
           in
           great
           part
           to
           the
           Vapors
           ascending
           ,
           and
           elevated
           by
           the
           Subterranean
           Heat
           ,
           for
           this
           particular
           ,
           and
           to
           me
           substantial
           Reason
           ,
           among
           others
           ,
           That
           the
           Springs
           break
           forth
           extraordinarily
           ,
           and
           run
           the
           fastest
           in
           a
           Frost
           ,
           as
           they
           ought
           to
           do
           in
           this
           Hypothesis
           :
           when
           the
           Vapors
           in
           the
           Air
           seem
           most
           at
           rest
           and
           quiet
           ;
           as
           is
           commonly
           observ'd
           ,
           and
           particularly
           in
           the
           great
           Frost
           ,
           
           by
           the
           Excellent
           Mr.
           Ray.
           To
           some
           other
           of
           whose
           Reasonings
           also
           I
           refer
           him
           upon
           this
           Occasion
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           my
           Receding
           ,
           without
           Reason
           ,
           from
           the
           Letter
           of
           Moses
           in
           the
           Fourth
           Day
           's
           work
           ;
           Mr.
           Keill
           has
           so
           little
           still
           to
           say
           against
           those
           large
           Accounts
           I
           have
           given
           of
           that
           Matter
           ,
           that
           I
           shall
           venture
           the
           Reasons
           I
           have
           already
           alledg'd
           with
           the
           Impartial
           and
           Considering
           ,
           without
           any
           addition
           .
           Only
           his
           Argument
           against
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           
             Hexaemeron
             ,
             viz.
          
           that
           of
           
             an
             Historical
             Iournal
             ,
             such
             as
             a
             Spectator
             on
             the
             Earth
             would
             have
             made
             :
          
           Because
           there
           was
           ,
           in
           his
           Opinion
           ,
           no
           such
           Spectator
           in
           being
           to
           make
           it
           ;
           Is
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           neither
           Conclusive
           ,
           nor
           True.
           For
           though
           there
           were
           no
           real
           Spectator
           
           at
           first
           ,
           yet
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           History
           might
           ,
           for
           good
           Reasons
           ,
           be
           such
           as
           I
           assign
           notwithstanding
           .
           But
           ,
           to
           tell
           him
           my
           Mind
           freely
           ,
           I
           believe
           that
           the
           Messias
           was
           there
           actually
           present
           :
           That
           He
           made
           the
           Journal
           :
           that
           He
           deliver'd
           it
           afterwards
           to
           Moses
           on
           Mount
           Sinai
           :
           and
           ,
           That
           from
           thence
           it
           appears
           in
           the
           Front
           of
           his
           Pentateuch
           at
           this
           day
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           next
           place
           Mr.
           Keill
           endeavours
           to
           Vindicate
           his
           Assertion
           ,
           That
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           for
           half
           the
           Second
           Day
           ,
           or
           Year
           of
           the
           Creation
           ,
           could
           not
           elevate
           Vapors
           enow
           to
           fill
           the
           Seas
           of
           the
           Primitive
           Earth
           .
           I
           had
           told
           him
           that
           I
           did
           not
           suppose
           the
           Waters
           in
           the
           Small
           Seas
           and
           Lakes
           of
           the
           Primitive
           Earth
           much
           above
           the
           Thousandth
           part
           of
           those
           in
           the
           present
           Seas
           and
           Ocean
           ;
           and
           so
           there
           was
           no
           need
           of
           the
           raising
           of
           so
           many
           Vapors
           that
           day
           as
           he
           imagin'd
           .
           Now
           to
           confute
           this
           ,
           he
           says
           ,
           that
           so
           little
           Water
           would
           necessarily
           render
           that
           Earth
           dry
           ,
           barren
           ,
           and
           unfruitful
           .
           For
           since
           the
           quantity
           of
           Vapor
           rais'd
           is
           proportionable
           to
           the
           Surface
           of
           those
           Waters
           from
           whence
           't
           is
           rais'd
           ;
           and
           since
           the
           Thousandth
           part
           of
           the
           present
           Water
           must
           have
           only
           the
           Thousandth
           part
           of
           the
           present
           Surface
           (
           which
           he
           must
           say
           ,
           or
           say
           nothing
           :
           )
           It
           will
           follow
           that
           the
           Rains
           and
           Dews
           before
           the
           Flood
           were
           but
           the
           Thousandth
           part
           of
           those
           at
           present
           in
           a
           year's
           time
           :
           And
           since
           by
           the
           Absence
           of
           the
           Ocean
           the
           dry
           Land
           then
           was
           near
           double
           to
           that
           now
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           supply'd
           with
           only
           the
           Thousandth
           part
           of
           its
           Water
           ,
           every
           Region
           would
           have
           in
           particular
           little
           more
           than
           the
           Two
           thousandth
           part
           as
           much
           Moisture
           as
           it
           has
           at
           present
           .
           Now
           this
           looks
           like
           a
           very
           formidable
           Calculation
           ,
           and
           
           sufficient
           to
           destroy
           a
           main
           Foundation
           of
           the
           New
           Theory
           .
           But
           for
           Answer
           :
           How
           comes
           it
           about
           that
           Mr.
           Keill
           ,
           who
           knows
           it
           so
           well
           ,
           should
           forget
           the
           different
           Proportions
           between
           Solids
           and
           Superficies
           ?
           between
           the
           quantity
           of
           Water
           for
           Use
           ,
           and
           the
           quantity
           of
           its
           Surface
           for
           Evaporation
           ?
           'T
           is
           certain
           ,
           that
           though
           the
           Channels
           of
           the
           Primitive
           Seas
           and
           Lakes
           were
           Similar
           to
           those
           at
           present
           ,
           yet
           a
           little
           more
           than
           a
           Thousandth
           part
           of
           the
           present
           Waters
           would
           have
           near
           an
           Eightieth
           part
           of
           the
           present
           Surface
           :
           Besides
           ,
           'T
           is
           evident
           ,
           that
           as
           our
           Ocean
           affords
           vast
           Quantities
           for
           Vapor
           ,
           so
           the
           much
           greatest
           part
           of
           those
           Vapors
           return
           upon
           it self
           again
           ,
           and
           are
           of
           no
           Use
           to
           the
           dry
           Land
           ,
           especially
           in
           the
           Middle
           parts
           ;
           from
           whence
           the
           Clouds
           seldom
           or
           never
           march
           so
           far
           as
           is
           necessary
           for
           that
           purpose
           :
           Nay
           ,
           I
           will
           venture
           to
           say
           ,
           that
           near
           the
           Thousandth
           part
           of
           the
           Waters
           of
           our
           present
           Ocean
           might
           be
           so
           dispos'd
           of
           in
           the
           Plains
           and
           smaller
           Valleys
           of
           our
           present
           Earth
           ,
           as
           to
           afford
           not
           much
           less
           Surface
           ,
           and
           so
           not
           much
           less
           Vapor
           than
           it
           does
           at
           present
           ;
           if
           once
           all
           those
           Middle
           parts
           were
           away
           ,
           whence
           little
           or
           nothing
           does
           accrue
           to
           the
           dry
           Land
           ,
           which
           alone
           stands
           in
           need
           of
           it
           .
           Which
           things
           being
           suppos'd
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           undeniably
           true
           ;
           I
           answer
           thus
           ;
           (
           1.
           )
           I
           never
           assign
           the
           Sun
           as
           the
           Sole
           Cause
           of
           the
           Ascent
           of
           the
           Vapors
           at
           the
           Time
           referr'd
           to
           .
           My
           Words
           are
           ,
           
           
             The
             Heat
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             with
             the
             continual
             Assistance
             of
             the
             Central
             Heat
             .
          
           From
           which
           Assistance
           Mr.
           Keill
           may
           imagin
           ,
           that
           I
           believe
           vast
           Quantities
           of
           Vapors
           would
           be
           rais'd
           ,
           at
           a
           time
           when
           it
           was
           really
           greater
           ,
           and
           had
           a
           much
           freer
           passage
           ;
           since
           I
           still
           derive
           so
           much
           
           of
           the
           Vapors
           of
           our
           present
           Rivers
           from
           it
           ,
           even
           after
           its
           inclosure
           within
           the
           Crust
           of
           Earth
           consolidated
           together
           .
           (
           2.
           )
           I
           fear
           not
           to
           assert
           that
           a
           small
           part
           of
           the
           Water
           now
           rais'd
           in
           a
           year
           ,
           when
           it
           fell
           regularly
           and
           constantly
           in
           equal
           Dews
           ,
           and
           went
           not
           off
           in
           violent
           Rains
           and
           Torrents
           ,
           not
           insufficient
           for
           the
           Antediluvian
           Earth
           .
           (
           3.
           )
           At
           a
           time
           when
           the
           Ground
           was
           every
           Night
           very
           wet
           with
           a
           mighty
           Dew
           ,
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           dry
           Land
           did
           afford
           much
           more
           Vapor
           than
           the
           present
           Surface
           ;
           which
           is
           only
           sometimes
           wet
           with
           some
           uncertain
           Showers
           ,
           and
           that
           in
           some
           particular
           places
           only
           .
           (
           4.
           )
           The
           Channels
           or
           Receptacles
           of
           the
           Waters
           would
           scarcely
           then
           be
           Similar
           to
           the
           Channel
           of
           the
           Ocean
           now
           ,
           but
           more
           level
           and
           shallow
           ;
           which
           would
           still
           make
           the
           Surface
           larger
           in
           proportion
           to
           the
           Solid
           Content
           ;
           and
           so
           afford
           much
           more
           Vapor
           for
           the
           supply
           of
           the
           Earth
           proportionably
           .
           (
           5.
           )
           If
           all
           my
           own
           Computations
           fail
           ,
           I
           will
           for
           once
           beg
           one
           of
           Mr.
           Keill
           ;
           which
           will
           certainly
           help
           us
           over
           this
           difficulty
           ,
           [
           though
           it
           increase
           upon
           us
           by
           his
           next
           ,
           which
           takes
           away
           Nine
           Tenths
           of
           our
           former
           quantity
           by
           the
           Interposition
           of
           the
           Atmosphere
           :
           ]
           And
           that
           is
           from
           his
           Assertion
           ,
           which
           we
           shall
           come
           to
           by
           and
           by
           ;
           That
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           ,
           at
           the
           time
           assign'd
           ,
           was
           several
           Hundreds
           of
           times
           as
           great
           as
           at
           present
           .
           Now
           though
           I
           shall
           shew
           anon
           that
           this
           Computation
           is
           much
           too
           great
           ;
           yet
           let
           us
           allow
           but
           a
           small
           part
           of
           that
           ,
           and
           it
           will
           set
           us
           over
           this
           difficulty
           .
           For
           if
           the
           Heat
           were
           but
           Twenty
           times
           as
           great
           ,
           it
           would
           in
           the
           same
           Space
           elevate
           Twenty
           times
           as
           many
           Vapors
           :
           which
           I
           hope
           will
           satisfy
           even
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           own
           Expectations
           ;
           and
           being
           from
           his
           own
           
           Assertion
           ,
           will
           be
           allow'd
           as
           satisfactory
           in
           the
           present
           Case
           .
           But
           after
           all
           ;
           Sure
           Mr.
           Keill
           has
           forgotten
           that
           Solution
           in
           my
           Theory
           ,
           whence
           all
           this
           Objection
           is
           rais'd
           :
           Otherwise
           He
           would
           have
           seen
           ,
           that
           the
           vast
           Quantity
           of
           Vapors
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           on
           the
           Second
           Day
           of
           the
           Creation
           ,
           came
           thither
           in
           Ways
           very
           different
           from
           that
           of
           the
           Raising
           of
           them
           now
           by
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           upon
           the
           Surface
           of
           our
           present
           Ocean
           ,
           at
           a
           time
           when
           neither
           its
           Surface
           nor
           itself
           was
           in
           being
           .
           Which
           therefore
           has
           little
           to
           do
           with
           all
           the
           Computations
           us'd
           by
           Mr.
           Keill
           upon
           this
           Occasion
           .
        
         
           Neither
           has
           the
           next
           Objection
           any
           more
           weight
           in
           it
           :
           That
           the
           Waters
           in
           the
           Seas
           are
           call'd
           by
           
             Moses
             ,
             Waters
             under
             the
             Firmament
             :
          
           and
           so
           are
           of
           a
           different
           Nature
           and
           Original
           from
           those
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           which
           are
           
             Waters
             above
             the
             Firmament
          
           :
           Whereas
           I
           derive
           the
           one
           from
           the
           other
           ,
           and
           suppose
           the
           Seas
           to
           have
           once
           been
           Vapor
           ,
           and
           so
           part
           of
           the
           other
           Waters
           .
           For
           certainly
           if
           Vapors
           in
           the
           Air
           ,
           or
           
             Waters
             above
             the
             Firmament
          
           ,
           fall
           down
           ,
           become
           Water
           ,
           and
           run
           into
           the
           Seas
           ,
           they
           must
           be
           allow'd
           to
           change
           their
           Name
           ,
           and
           become
           
             Waters
             below
             the
             Firmament
          
           .
           I
           am
           sure
           this
           Change
           is
           no
           new
           thing
           ,
           but
           has
           been
           continual
           from
           the
           Creation
           till
           our
           Times
           .
           Every
           day
           Vapors
           become
           Rain
           ,
           and
           run
           into
           the
           Seas
           ;
           and
           the
           Seas
           are
           every
           day
           resolving
           into
           small
           Parts
           ,
           and
           become
           Vapors
           :
           and
           so
           the
           Inferior
           and
           the
           Superior
           Waters
           still
           communicate
           with
           ,
           and
           supply
           each
           other
           ,
           and
           accordingly
           change
           their
           Denomination
           perpetually
           .
           And
           truly
           this
           ,
           and
           the
           next
           Shadow
           of
           a
           Difficulty
           about
           the
           Appearance
           of
           the
           Dry
           Land
           ,
           might
           have
           been
           so
           easily
           avoided
           by
           a
           
           little
           more
           careful
           perusal
           of
           a
           Solution
           or
           two
           in
           my
           Theory
           ,
           that
           Mr.
           Keill
           need
           not
           have
           desir'd
           a
           farther
           Answer
           .
        
         
           We
           are
           now
           come
           to
           the
           great
           Point
           of
           the
           Inconveniences
           which
           would
           arise
           from
           the
           long
           Days
           and
           Nights
           in
           my
           first
           Hypothesis
           ;
           and
           how
           entirely
           they
           all
           vanish
           upon
           that
           Additional
           one
           of
           the
           
             Elliptick
             Orbit
          
           till
           the
           Fall.
           Now
           though
           Mr.
           Keill
           does
           not
           disown
           that
           his
           former
           Objections
           are
           of
           no
           force
           against
           me
           now
           ;
           yet
           because
           this
           Additional
           Hypothesis
           did
           not
           appear
           before
           in
           my
           Theory
           ,
           He
           thinks
           it
           not
           worth
           while
           to
           confute
           it
           :
           which
           is
           truly
           a
           short
           and
           easy
           way
           of
           Answering
           .
           Now
           for
           my
           part
           ,
           I
           am
           far
           from
           thinking
           worse
           of
           any
           Discovery
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           the
           Time
           in
           which
           it
           was
           made
           :
           And
           if
           I
           can
           shew
           good
           Reason
           for
           this
           ,
           as
           I
           think
           I
           can
           ,
           I
           shall
           not
           be
           much
           concern'd
           at
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           passing
           it
           over
           untouch'd
           .
           For
           the
           only
           thing
           he
           says
           ,
           
           viz.
           That
           
             't
             will
             hardly
             be
             allow'd
             that
             but
             one
             half
             of
             the
             Primitive
             Earth
             was
             Habitable
             before
             the
             Fall
             ,
          
           seems
           to
           me
           too
           inconsiderable
           to
           be
           made
           an
           Objection
           .
           I
           should
           think
           it
           no
           great
           matter
           if
           all
           the
           Earth
           ,
           excepting
           the
           Regions
           about
           Paradise
           ,
           were
           uninhabitable
           at
           a
           time
           when
           they
           
             were
             not
             to
             be
             inhabited
          
           .
           For
           to
           what
           great
           Purpose
           is
           it
           that
           all
           proper
           provision
           be
           made
           for
           the
           Entertainment
           of
           a
           Company
           of
           Guests
           at
           a
           Table
           ,
           when
           't
           is
           certainly
           known
           that
           
             not
             one
          
           Guest
           will
           be
           there
           ?
           Providence
           does
           ever
           wonderfully
           provide
           for
           the
           Accommodation
           of
           his
           Creatures
           wherever
           it
           places
           them
           :
           But
           that
           a
           suitable
           Provision
           is
           made
           for
           them
           where
           they
           will
           never
           be
           plac'd
           ,
           I
           see
           no
           reason
           to
           imagin
           .
           If
           I
           ever
           attempt
           another
           Edition
           of
           my
           Book
           ,
           this
           Hypothesis
           ,
           
           with
           several
           other
           Discoveries
           since
           made
           ,
           will
           be
           inserted
           ;
           and
           will
           ,
           I
           believe
           ,
           with
           fair
           and
           considering
           Persons
           ,
           be
           thought
           far
           from
           
             spoiling
             the
             Beauty
             of
             the
             Theory
          
           ;
           whatsoever
           Mr.
           Keill
           ,
           who
           is
           no
           friend
           to
           Theories
           in
           general
           ,
           may
           think
           to
           the
           contrary
           .
           But
           to
           proceed
           .
        
         
           Mr.
           Keill
           still
           asserts
           ,
           that
           the
           Heat
           in
           my
           Hypothesis
           before
           the
           Fall
           ,
           when
           the
           Sun
           was
           half
           a
           year
           at
           least
           above
           the
           Horizon
           at
           once
           ,
           was
           several
           Hundred
           times
           greater
           than
           that
           with
           us
           at
           present
           .
           Now
           in
           answer
           to
           this
           ,
           I
           alledg'd
           ,
           That
           if
           we
           compute
           the
           Quantity
           of
           Heat
           from
           that
           of
           the
           Sun's
           Rays
           ,
           it
           will
           be
           equal
           in
           both
           Cases
           ,
           and
           so
           his
           Assertion
           must
           be
           a
           plain
           Error
           .
           But
           it
           seems
           he
           meant
           quite
           otherwise
           than
           I
           imagin
           ;
           viz.
           That
           the
           Degree
           of
           Heat
           ,
           produc'd
           by
           so
           long
           continuance
           of
           the
           Sun's
           presence
           ,
           would
           at
           last
           be
           several
           Hundred
           times
           as
           great
           as
           with
           us
           at
           present
           .
           I
           answer
           ,
           That
           in
           this
           sense
           the
           Assertion
           is
           not
           much
           truer
           than
           in
           the
           other
           .
           The
           Heat
           produc'd
           by
           the
           Fire
           ,
           or
           the
           Sun
           ,
           for
           some
           time
           continually
           increases
           ;
           and
           perhaps
           pretty
           nearly
           in
           proportion
           to
           the
           time
           .
           But
           this
           only
           for
           a
           while
           ,
           till
           a
           suitable
           or
           competent
           Degree
           of
           Heat
           be
           produc'd
           ;
           but
           no
           longer
           .
           Let
           us
           try
           this
           by
           Calculation
           .
           A
           piece
           of
           Wax
           will
           melt
           in
           a
           Second
           of
           Time
           ,
           suppose
           ,
           at
           the
           distance
           of
           an
           Inch
           from
           the
           Fire
           ;
           because
           the
           Degree
           of
           Heat
           there
           is
           sufficient
           to
           dissolve
           its
           Texture
           immediately
           .
           Let
           us
           remove
           it
           to
           the
           Distance
           of
           a
           Hundred
           Inches
           ,
           where
           the
           Heat
           is
           Ten
           Thousand
           times
           weaker
           ;
           for
           Ten
           Thousand
           Seconds
           ,
           or
           near
           Three
           Hours
           Space
           ,
           the
           Quantity
           of
           Heat
           is
           therefore
           (
           as
           the
           Rectangle
           ,
           contain'd
           betwixt
           the
           Sine
           of
           the
           Angle
           of
           Incidence
           (
           the
           same
           in
           both
           Cases
           here
           )
           
           and
           the
           time
           of
           continuance
           )
           exactly
           equal
           to
           the
           former
           Heat
           ;
           and
           must
           therefore
           have
           the
           same
           effect
           :
           Which
           yet
           ,
           I
           presume
           ,
           Mr.
           Keill
           does
           not
           believe
           it
           will.
           Thus
           let
           us
           compare
           the
           Heat
           of
           the
           Sun
           at
           the
           Equator
           ,
           and
           near
           the
           Poles
           ;
           where
           the
           Sines
           of
           the
           Sun's
           Angle
           of
           Incidence
           are
           as
           10
           to
           1
           ,
           [
           for
           the
           Day-time
           ,
           or
           12
           Hours
           at
           the
           Equator
           ;
           and
           for
           the
           12
           Hours
           at
           the
           Conclusion
           of
           the
           Half-year-day
           near
           the
           Poles
           ]
           Which
           will
           ,
           according
           to
           Mr.
           Keill
           ,
           be
           as
           10
           +
           12
           to
           1
           +
           4320
           ;
           or
           as
           120
           to
           4320
           ;
           and
           so
           the
           Heat
           near
           the
           Pole
           36
           times
           as
           great
           as
           that
           at
           the
           Equator
           :
           Which
           ,
           I
           presume
           ,
           Experience
           does
           not
           attest
           .
           But
           after
           all
           ,
           This
           Objection
           ,
           if
           it
           were
           true
           ,
           only
           refers
           to
           the
           
             Circular
             Orbit
          
           before
           the
           Fall
           :
           But
           as
           my
           Theory
           stands
           at
           present
           ,
           with
           the
           Hypothesis
           of
           an
           
             Elliptick
             Orbit
          
           ,
           't
           is
           no
           way
           concern'd
           in
           it
           .
        
         
           But
           now
           we
           are
           come
           to
           a
           Point
           of
           much
           greater
           Consequence
           ,
           Whether
           the
           
             Dense
             Fluid
          
           ,
           on
           the
           Approach
           of
           the
           Comet
           at
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           would
           have
           force
           enough
           to
           burst
           the
           Earth
           ,
           or
           that
           upper
           Crust
           which
           is
           situate
           upon
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           
             Dense
             Fluid
          
           .
           For
           Mr.
           Keill
           ,
           with
           no
           mean
           Appearance
           of
           Demonstration
           ,
           urges
           ,
           That
           since
           the
           first
           Impetus
           of
           the
           
             Dense
             Fluid
          
           is
           infinitely
           less
           than
           any
           succeeding
           Impetus
           acquir'd
           by
           Motion
           ;
           and
           since
           here
           is
           no
           room
           for
           Actual
           Motion
           ,
           here
           cannot
           be
           Impetus
           sufficient
           to
           break
           the
           Crust
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           Mr.
           Keill
           owns
           it
           would
           easily
           do
           .
           In
           answer
           to
           this
           I
           say
           ,
           That
           since
           Mr.
           Keill
           does
           not
           disown
           the
           first
           Original
           of
           the
           Earth's
           Fissures
           ,
           and
           the
           breaking
           of
           the
           Crust
           by
           the
           Diurnal
           Rotation
           ;
           he
           ought
           much
           less
           to
           scruple
           it
           here
           .
           A
           Plank
           or
           
           Board
           ,
           when
           once
           't
           is
           cut
           into
           several
           pieces
           ,
           let
           the
           pieces
           be
           laid
           as
           true
           and
           close
           as
           possible
           ,
           will
           be
           separated
           without
           any
           difficulty
           upon
           all
           Occasions
           .
           And
           just
           thus
           it
           is
           here
           .
           The
           Strata
           having
           been
           formerly
           separated
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           continuance
           of
           the
           Diurnal
           Motion
           not
           permitted
           to
           join
           or
           close
           afterward
           upon
           any
           Impetus
           of
           the
           Fluid
           below
           ,
           they
           will
           open
           again
           ;
           as
           I
           have
           asserted
           in
           the
           New
           Theory
           .
           But
           because
           Mr.
           Keill
           imagines
           that
           the
           
             Upper
             Crust
          
           of
           Earth
           would
           hinder
           the
           force
           of
           the
           Fluid
           below
           from
           breaking
           open
           its
           Fissures
           ;
           let
           us
           compute
           the
           force
           of
           the
           Comet
           's
           attraction
           upon
           it self
           ,
           and
           see
           whether
           even
           that
           alone
           ,
           without
           the
           assistance
           of
           the
           
             Dense
             Fluid
          
           ,
           would
           not
           be
           sufficient
           to
           break
           it
           in
           the
           manner
           I
           have
           assign'd
           .
           Mr.
           Keill
           may
           remember
           ,
           
           that
           I
           suppose
           the
           Comet
           at
           the
           Deluge
           about
           half
           as
           big
           as
           the
           Earth
           ;
           and
           the
           nearest
           distance
           of
           its
           Center
           to
           that
           of
           the
           Earth
           about
           30000
           Miles
           .
           Let
           us
           see
           what
           force
           this
           will
           afford
           towards
           breaking
           the
           Earth
           .
           At
           the
           nearest
           distance
           the
           Gravity
           of
           the
           Parts
           of
           our
           Earth
           nearest
           the
           Comet
           ,
           towards
           the
           Comet
           's
           Center
           ,
           would
           be
           near
           1
           /
           100
           of
           their
           Gravity
           towards
           the
           Center
           of
           the
           Earth
           ;
           and
           the
           difference
           between
           the
           Gravity
           of
           those
           Parts
           towards
           the
           Comet
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           Middle
           Parts
           or
           Center
           of
           our
           Earth
           towards
           the
           same
           ,
           would
           be
           the
           difference
           of
           the
           Squares
           of
           their
           several
           Distances
           ,
           or
           about
           a
           quarter
           of
           the
           former
           Force
           1
           /
           400
           So
           that
           the
           Parts
           nearest
           to
           the
           Comet
           ,
           and
           farthest
           off
           it
           ,
           
           [
           the
           Regions
           about
           b
           and
           a
           in
           my
           7
           Fig.
           ]
           if
           the
           Crust
           be
           suppos'd
           400
           Miles
           thick
           ,
           will
           have
           a
           Force
           upon
           them
           equal
           to
           the
           Weight
           of
           an
           entire
           Mile
           of
           Earth
           :
           and
           this
           sure
           will
           be
           more
           than
           sufficient
           to
           break
           and
           separate
           
           those
           Strata
           which
           are
           already
           broken
           and
           separated
           ;
           and
           which
           therefore
           ,
           at
           the
           first
           Impulse
           ,
           would
           yield
           to
           that
           powerful
           Attraction
           which
           the
           Neighbourhood
           of
           so
           mighty
           a
           Body
           would
           occasion
           in
           the
           Case
           before
           us
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           sudden
           Condensation
           of
           the
           Vapors
           from
           the
           Comet
           ,
           upon
           their
           first
           Fall
           ,
           whether
           by
           the
           Air
           or
           Earth
           ,
           were
           it
           never
           so
           evident
           and
           universal
           ,
           't
           is
           of
           very
           small
           consequence
           to
           me
           ;
           since
           ,
           as
           Mr.
           Keill
           does
           not
           deny
           ,
           their
           own
           Heat
           would
           ratify
           vast
           Quantities
           of
           them
           again
           ,
           and
           occasion
           their
           Elevation
           into
           the
           Air
           immediately
           :
           which
           is
           all
           I
           desire
           of
           him
           .
           But
           still
           he
           urges
           ,
           That
           then
           the
           first
           Violent
           Fall
           would
           it self
           do
           the
           Business
           of
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           without
           any
           occasion
           for
           the
           great
           and
           long
           Rains
           :
           And
           so
           the
           Forty
           days
           Rain
           ,
           which
           occasion'd
           the
           Flood
           in
           Moses
           ,
           can't
           be
           accounted
           for
           ,
           and
           is
           almost
           wholly
           superseded
           by
           us
           .
           In
           answer
           to
           which
           I
           say
           ,
           That
           though
           the
           primary
           violent
           Fall
           of
           the
           Vapors
           were
           in
           less
           than
           a
           Day
           's
           time
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           shewn
           in
           my
           Theory
           ;
           yet
           because
           as
           many
           would
           immediately
           arise
           again
           as
           the
           Air
           could
           hold
           ,
           here
           is
           a
           Fund
           abundantly
           sufficient
           for
           the
           most
           violent
           Forty
           days
           Rain
           imaginable
           .
           And
           though
           the
           Vapors
           did
           Originally
           fall
           in
           so
           short
           a
           time
           ,
           and
           with
           such
           Violence
           ,
           on
           that
           Hemisphere
           of
           the
           Earth
           exposed
           to
           them
           ,
           as
           there
           to
           do
           the
           Business
           of
           the
           Deluge
           immediately
           :
           Yet
           because
           the
           Regions
           near
           the
           Ark
           were
           not
           in
           that
           Hemisphere
           ,
           their
           Deluge
           must
           arise
           from
           the
           Forty
           days
           Rain
           succeeding
           ,
           and
           from
           the
           flowing
           in
           of
           the
           Waters
           from
           those
           other
           Parts
           of
           the
           Earth
           on
           which
           they
           first
           fell
           :
           according
           as
           this
           Matter
           is
           already
           stated
           in
           the
           New
           Theory
           ;
           and
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           need
           not
           be
           alter'd
           from
           any
           thing
           here
           suggested
           .
        
         
         
           We
           are
           now
           got
           to
           the
           principal
           Thing
           considerable
           in
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           Objections
           ;
           and
           that
           is
           his
           Demonstrations
           ,
           that
           the
           Pressure
           of
           the
           incumbent
           Fluid
           could
           not
           raise
           the
           Subterranean
           Waters
           to
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           Earth
           .
           And
           I
           must
           own
           ,
           that
           I
           see
           the
           force
           of
           his
           Demonstrations
           now
           ,
           which
           I
           did
           not
           before
           .
           And
           I
           heartily
           thank
           Mr.
           Keill
           for
           correcting
           so
           considerable
           a
           mistake
           in
           the
           New
           Theory
           ;
           and
           a
           mistake
           that
           before
           was
           the
           only
           Obstacle
           to
           as
           remarkable
           a
           Confirmation
           of
           the
           main
           Parts
           of
           it
           ,
           as
           perhaps
           any
           other
           whatsoever
           ;
           which
           in
           due
           time
           shall
           appear
           .
           All
           that
           Moses
           says
           relating
           to
           this
           matter
           ,
           
           is
           ,
           That
           the
           Fountains
           of
           the
           Great
           Deep
           were
           
             broken
             up
          
           at
           the
           beginning
           ,
           and
           
             shut
             up
          
           at
           the
           Conclusion
           of
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           without
           the
           least
           Affirmation
           that
           any
           Waters
           issued
           out
           of
           them
           ;
           as
           has
           hitherto
           been
           universally
           suppos'd
           ,
           and
           as
           I
           accordingly
           believed
           also
           .
           Though
           ,
           in
           truth
           ,
           I
           am
           now
           so
           far
           from
           that
           Opinion
           ,
           that
           I
           believe
           the
           use
           of
           that
           disruption
           of
           the
           Fissures
           was
           only
           to
           
             drain
             off
          
           ,
           and
           not
           at
           all
           to
           
             send
             out
          
           the
           Waters
           of
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           as
           will
           more
           distinctly
           be
           shewn
           upon
           a
           proper
           Occasion
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           But
           if
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           Reasoning
           under
           this
           last
           Head
           appear
           so
           strong
           ,
           what
           follows
           ,
           touching
           the
           Removing
           of
           the
           Waters
           of
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           seems
           to
           me
           of
           a
           very
           different
           Character
           .
           For
           (
           1.
           )
           Let
           the
           Cracks
           and
           Fissures
           be
           full
           during
           the
           Deluge
           ;
           nay
           ,
           let
           the
           Waters
           be
           draining
           away
           by
           them
           continually
           into
           the
           Bowels
           of
           the
           Earth
           :
           Yet
           till
           this
           Drain
           
             took
             away
          
           more
           than
           the
           Rains
           and
           the
           Running
           in
           of
           the
           Waters
           brought
           ,
           the
           Flood
           would
           continually
           increase
           notwithstanding
           .
           (
           2.
           )
           I
           say
           still
           ,
           
             Certainly
             the
             Pores
             and
             Interstices
             of
          
           30
           or
           40
           ,
           I
           might
           say
           of
           
           60
           or
           80
           
             Miles
             of
             dry
             Earth
          
           ,
           or
           Earth
           that
           can
           still
           admit
           vast
           Quantities
           of
           Water
           ,
           
             are
             capable
             of
             receiving
          
           3
           ,
           4
           ,
           or
           more
           
             Miles
             of
             Water
             into
             them
          
           .
           (
           3.
           )
           Mr.
           
           Keill's
           Assertion
           ,
           That
           the
           inward
           Strata
           of
           the
           Earth
           are
           almost
           wholly
           
             compos'd
             of
             a
             tough
             Clay
             ,
             common
             Stone
             ,
             Whinstone
             ,
             Coal
             ,
             Metalline
             Ores
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
          
           uncapable
           of
           containing
           any
           Water
           considerable
           ,
           is
           not
           generally
           true
           .
           I
           appeal
           to
           the
           following
           Table
           of
           the
           several
           Strata
           of
           a
           Well
           at
           Amsterdam
           ,
           mention'd
           by
           Varenius
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           best
           and
           deepest
           that
           I
           know
           where
           readily
           to
           meet
           with
           .
           And
           let
           the
           Reader
           judge
           whether
           all
           the
           Strata
           are
           such
           as
           will
           exclude
           Water
           or
           not
           ,
           or
           such
           as
           Mr.
           Keill
           supposes
           the
           whole
           Body
           of
           the
           Earth
           below
           compos'd
           of
           .
        
         
           
           
             Feet
             .
          
           
             Garden-Mould
          
           
             7
             
          
           
             Turf
          
           
             9
          
           
             Soft
             Clay
          
           
             9
          
           
             Sand
          
           
             8
          
           
             Earth
          
           
             4
          
           
             Clay
          
           
             10
          
           
             Earth
          
           
             4
          
           
             
               Sand
               in
               which
               the
               Piles
               for
               the
            
             Amsterdam
             
               Buildings
               are
               fix'd
            
          
           
             10
          
           
             Clay
          
           
             2
          
           
             White
             Gravel
          
           
             4
          
           
             Dry
             Earth
          
           
             5
          
           
             Mud
          
           
             1
          
           
             Sand
          
           
             14
          
           
             Sandy
             Clay
          
           
             3
          
           
             Sand
             mix'd
             with
             Clay
          
           
             5
          
           
             Sand
             mix'd
             with
             Sea-shells
          
           
             4
          
           
             A
             Clayey
             Bottom
          
           
             102
          
           
             Gravel
          
           
             31
          
           
             In
             all
          
           
             232
          
        
         
         
           (
           4.
           )
           I
           look
           upon
           his
           last
           Argument
           ,
           viz.
           That
           these
           Fissures
           would
           not
           drain
           off
           the
           Waters
           in
           half
           a
           year
           ,
           nor
           indeed
           under
           several
           Hundred
           years
           ;
           as
           so
           far
           from
           affecting
           me
           ,
           that
           I
           heartily
           thank
           Mr.
           Keill
           for
           so
           considerable
           a
           Confirmation
           of
           my
           Conjecture
           to
           this
           purpose
           at
           the
           End
           of
           my
           former
           Vindication
           .
           For
           though
           I
           think
           his
           Computation
           of
           the
           Time
           much
           too
           long
           ,
           because
           the
           Fissures
           were
           then
           very
           much
           more
           open
           than
           now
           ;
           and
           because
           the
           vast
           weight
           of
           the
           Waters
           ,
           at
           first
           especially
           ,
           would
           hasten
           the
           Velocity
           of
           their
           Descent
           :
           yet
           in
           general
           I
           am
           fully
           of
           his
           mind
           ;
           that
           the
           Waters
           of
           the
           Deluge
           could
           not
           be
           Mechanically
           drain'd
           off
           so
           soon
           as
           the
           common
           Opinion
           is
           ;
           
           as
           he
           may
           see
           in
           the
           place
           referr'd
           to
           ,
           which
           't
           is
           a
           little
           strange
           he
           should
           not
           discover
           before
           ,
           and
           so
           perceive
           that
           he
           was
           ,
           by
           the
           last
           Computation
           ,
           but
           confirming
           one
           of
           the
           Points
           I
           had
           observ'd
           since
           the
           publishing
           of
           the
           New
           Theory
           .
           In
           short
           ;
           The
           Remarks
           and
           Objections
           Mr.
           Keill
           and
           Others
           have
           made
           against
           some
           Branches
           of
           the
           New
           Theory
           ,
           have
           occasion'd
           me
           to
           
             correct
             some
          
           Parts
           ,
           to
           
             confirm
             others
          
           ,
           and
           to
           
             improve
             the
             whole
          
           .
           But
           so
           little
           do
           I
           esteem
           the
           principal
           Foundations
           of
           that
           Book
           destroy'd
           by
           all
           that
           has
           been
           hitherto
           said
           ,
           (
           Though
           Mr.
           Keill
           is
           pleas'd
           to
           presume
           ,
           that
           by
           those
           few
           Objections
           he
           before
           made
           against
           a
           few
           particulars
           in
           it
           ;
           And
           this
           after
           he
           had
           granted
           me
           the
           principal
           Point
           of
           all
           ,
           
             it
             was
          
           in
           general
           
             already
             confuted
          
           :
           )
           That
           I
           may
           venture
           to
           say
           ,
           I
           am
           prepar'd
           ,
           upon
           a
           Second
           Edition
           ,
           more
           fully
           to
           confirm
           and
           establish
           the
           main
           Conclusions
           in
           it
           than
           ever
           ;
           as
           I
           hope
           will
           appear
           in
           due
           time
           .
        
         
         
           I
           shall
           add
           no
           more
           :
           But
           because
           the
           two
           concluding
           Questions
           I
           put
           to
           Mr.
           Keill
           before
           ,
           are
           wholly
           past
           over
           in
           silence
           ,
           I
           shall
           Reprint
           them
           here
           again
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           make
           another
           Rejoinder
           ,
           again
           desire
           his
           free
           and
           ingenuous
           Answer
           :
           and
           so
           take
           my
           Leave
           .
        
         
           (
           1.
           )
           Since
           Mr.
           Keill
           grants
           that
           a
           Comet
           pass'd
           by
           at
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           and
           yet
           contends
           that
           the
           Flood
           is
           not
           to
           be
           solv'd
           therefrom
           ,
           but
           is
           to
           be
           believ'd
           wholly
           miraculous
           ;
           To
           what
           purpose
           did
           the
           Comet
           so
           providentially
           pass
           by
           just
           at
           that
           time
           ,
           if
           it
           had
           no
           relation
           to
           the
           Deluge
           ?
           Does
           Mr.
           Keill
           imagine
           ,
           That
           the
           same
           miraculous
           power
           which
           caus'd
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           could
           not
           also
           ,
           without
           the
           attraction
           of
           a
           Comet
           ,
           make
           the
           Earth's
           Orbit
           Elliptical
           ?
           A
           strange
           ,
           unheard-of
           ,
           and
           most
           surprizing
           Phaenomenon
           happens
           in
           the
           World
           !
           A
           Blazing
           Star
           ,
           which
           we
           but
           seldom
           discover
           at
           a
           vast
           distance
           in
           the
           Heavens
           ,
           descends
           hard
           by
           the
           body
           of
           our
           Earth
           :
           which
           without
           the
           greatest
           exactness
           in
           the
           Chain
           of
           Providence
           does
           not
           happen
           in
           thousands
           ,
           nay
           millions
           of
           years
           :
           and
           as
           soon
           as
           ever
           't
           is
           pass'd
           by
           ,
           a
           wonderful
           ,
           and
           incredible
           Deluge
           of
           Waters
           overflows
           the
           whole
           Earth
           ,
           and
           drowns
           all
           its
           Inhabitants
           without
           any
           other
           visible
           or
           imaginable
           occasion
           in
           the
           World
           :
           and
           yet
           ,
           as
           it
           seems
           ,
           the
           Comet
           only
           accidentally
           pass'd
           by
           ,
           and
           had
           no
           hand
           at
           all
           in
           the
           Deluge
           !
           —
           
             Credat
             Iudaeus
             Apella
          
           .
        
         
           (
           2.
           )
           How
           could
           those
           effects
           I
           have
           mention'd
           be
           avoided
           upon
           the
           passing
           by
           of
           the
           Comet
           ?
           We
           are
           not
           now
           in
           a
           
             Cartesian
             Vortex
          
           ,
           where
           Fancy
           and
           Contrivance
           can
           introduce
           or
           hinder
           any
           effect
           at
           pleasure
           :
           But
           we
           are
           in
           Mechanical
           and
           Experimental
           Philosophy
           ,
           which
           
           is
           an
           inflexible
           thing
           ,
           and
           not
           at
           all
           subject
           to
           our
           inclinations
           .
           When
           the
           Comet
           therefore
           was
           just
           pass'd
           by
           us
           ,
           I
           desire
           to
           know
           how
           the
           Earth
           could
           possibly
           avoid
           passing
           through
           its
           Atmosphere
           and
           Tail
           :
           If
           it
           could
           not
           ,
           Pray
           what
           could
           prevent
           the
           acquiring
           that
           Column
           of
           Vapours
           I
           ,
           by
           computation
           ,
           find
           would
           fall
           on
           its
           Surface
           ?
           And
           if
           such
           a
           Column
           of
           Vapours
           was
           left
           on
           the
           Earth
           ,
           what
           could
           hinder
           their
           becoming
           Water
           ,
           and
           drowning
           the
           Earth
           ?
           I
           shall
           not
           ,
           though
           I
           easily
           might
           ,
           carry
           on
           the
           Chain
           of
           Queries
           any
           longer
           .
           But
           if
           Mr.
           Keill
           can
           fairly
           Answer
           me
           these
           few
           leading
           Questions
           ,
           I
           shall
           then
           believe
           him
           alike
           able
           to
           Answer
           the
           rest
           :
           and
           so
           I
           shall
           not
           pursue
           this
           particular
           any
           farther
           ,
           but
           leave
           it
           and
           this
           whole
           matter
           to
           his
           and
           the
           Reader
           's
           leisure
           and
           consideration
           .
        
         
           
             Lowestoft
             ,
             Suffolk
             ,
             Octob.
             4.
             —
             99.
             
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
         
         
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A65673-e140
           
             
               Vind.
               p.
            
             4
             ,
             5.
             
          
           
             Vid
             Newt
             .
             p.
             301.
             
          
           
             
               Vid.
               Verb.
            
             Newt
             .
             
               N.T.
               pag.
            
             225.
             
               marg
               .
               p.
            
             134.
             
          
           
             Pag.
             4
             ,
             5.
             
          
           
             3.
             
             Disc.
             2
             
               d
               Edit
               .
               p.
            
             109.
             
          
           
             
               N.
               T.
               p.
            
             242.
             
          
           
             
               P.
               181
            
             ,
             182.
             
          
           
             Coroll
             .
             8.
             
               post
               Hyp.
            
             10.
             
          
           
             
               New
               Theor.
               Fig.
            
             7.
             
          
           
             Gen.
             7.11
             .
             &
             8.
             1.
             
          
           
             Varen
             .
             
               Greg.
               p.
            
             46.
             
          
           
             
               Vind.
               p.
            
             46
             ,
             47,48
             .