be almost as many Negroes in each of
the other regions. Negro migration
from the South has been selective for
the better educated. However, the edu-
cational level of Negroes outside the
South is lowered by migration because
the migrants are not as well educated
as nonsouthern Negroes.

Actual depopulation is occurring
over large areas in the United States.
In approximately 100 counties there
are more deaths than births, and there
are counties in which depopulation has
so reduced the taxes available that
mandated obligations cannot be met.
The great agricultural and mining in-
terior of the country will continue to
lose population to the metropolitan
centers of the Atlantic, Pacific, and
Gulf coasts, and the Great Lakes
region.
The concentration of Negro popula-

tion in small areas near the heart of
our largest cities is extraordinary. Nev-
ertheless, there is a clear pattern of
increasing social status as distance
from the center of the city increases,
an ecological pattern similar to the
traditional one of whites. The concen-
tration of Negroes and other poorly
educated peoples in the city presents a
unique opportunity for the efficient de-
velopment of human resources. Where-
as the Negro has demonstrated his abil-
ity to swing metropolitan, and perhaps
national, elections, there is in the long
run a limitation to Negro political
power implicit in the high urban con-
centration. Under a federal system,
Negro voters can influence relatively
few elections to state legislatures or to
the United States House of Repre-
sentatives. The burden of developing
human resources is increasingly placed
upon the cities without compensating
aid from state or national governments.

This session was sponsored by the
Population Association of America and
the American Sociological Association.

EVERETT S. LEE, Program Officer

History and Philosophy
of Science (L)

The economics symposium (26 Dec.)
was useful and moderately attended.
The symposia on 27 December were
both excellent, highly stimulating, and
well attended by both philosophers
and scientists. The quality of the ma-
jor papers at the cosmology and
cosmogony symposium was truly first-
rate, but the attendance was dis-
appointingly low, considering that it
21 FEBRUARY 1964

was an all-AAAS symposium and that
a sizeable ballroom had been reserved
for this session. The Sunday afternoon
(29 Dec.) vice-presidential address was
very well attended, and judging by the
numerous comments and requests for
copies of it, was very well received.
The Sunday evening session was at-
tended adequately and stimulated a
great deal of discussion from the floor.
President T. Keith Glennan's reception
and cocktail party for Section L at his
home was sponsored by the department
of humanities and social sciences at
Case Institute of Technology and
proved to be a well-attended social
event. It was a catalyst of much follow-
up discussion of the earlier sessions.
While the Monday session (30 Dec.)
was of high quality, attendance was
only moderate. However, the evening
session, also of high quality, was well
attended. I have the overall, definite
impression that, although attendance
was decimated by conflicts with meet-
ings being held by other professional
societies simultaneously in other cities,
the sessions served a very useful pur-
pose and that valuable publications will
result from them.

ADOLF GRUNBAUM, Vice President

Engineering (M)

The interface between science and
engineering is a very hazy boundary
line, according to the three participants
in the panel discussion jointly spon-
sored by the AAAS and the American
Society for Metals (27 Dec.). Today,
the two disciplines are moving closer
and closer together, and many engi-
neers now strive to attain research-
oriented doctor's degrees. Resulting
conflicts of authority can only be re-
solved by assigning definite responsibil-
ities to workers in the appropriate area
(H. K. Work). However, strong bands
of interdependence will always remain,
and will result in crossover between
the two fields.

This crossover of knowledge is need-
ed, according to E. A. Trabant. In the
past, it resulted in major advances.
Practical power generators developed
from electrical theory, while thermo-
dynamics theory arose from the pio-
neer work of engineers. And today,
solid state physicists, electronic engi-
neers, and metallurgists work together
to devise better, more versatile tran-
sistors.

Bringing the discussion to a close,
R. J. Raudebaugh noted that such co-

operation was implicit in the educa-
tional background of scientists and
engineers-student engineers study sci-
entific principles broadly and deeply,
learning to apply them in a practical
manner, while future scientists work
with engineering equipment in their
research. Engineering and science, ac-
cording to Raudebaugh, should be
closely related, working hand in hand
to help society grow.

CARL R. WEYMUELLER,
Associate Editor, Metal Progress

Pharmaceutical Sciences (Np)

Section Np held eight sessions which
included 23 contributed papers and
two symposia. Nine of the contributed
papers were in the area of hospital
pharmacy. Herbert L. Flack and
Charles M. King discussed the need
for a formal course in administrative
principles for the hospital pharmacist
and went into detailed description of
course content. Louis P. Jeffrey empha-
sized that hospital pharmacists should
be actively engaged in research and
development and that over a period of
approximately 10 years there has been
little increase in the amount of research
being conducted by hospital pharma-
cists. Discussants of this paper appear
to agree wholeheartedly with Jeffrey
and many felt that it was essential that
the hospital pharmacists make their
contributions to pharmaceutical re-
search.
Don E. Francke presented the vice-

presidential address entitled "Interna-
tional pharmaceutical abstracts-ori-
gins and objectives." Beginning in Jan-
uary 1964, the American Society of
Hospital Pharmacists will publish In-
ternational Pharmaceutical Abstracts.
The abstract journal will be published
in English, 24 times a year, and in-
dexed cumulatively twice annually. Ini-
tial plans call for at least 6J00 ab-
stracts annually and the index will
strive to bring out the pharmaceutical
implications of the articles abstracted.

The first symposium entitled "Teach-
ing responsibility of the hospital phar-
macist" was held on 27 December.
Clifton J. Latiolais (Ohio State Uni-
versity) served as presiding officer and
papers were presented by Sister M.
Gonzales (Mercy Hospital, Pitts-
burgh), Paul J. Pierpaoli and Milton
W. Skolaut (National Institutes of
Health), John A. Autian (University
of Texas), and Henry J. Derewicz and
Daniel H. Yeoman (Touro Infirmary,

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http://science.sciencemag.org/


History and Philosophy of Science (L)
Adolf Grünbaum

DOI: 10.1126/science.143.3608.849
 (3608), 849.143Science 

ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/143/3608/849.1.citation

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(print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published by the American Association for the Advancement ofScience 

No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Copyright © 1964 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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