Introductory readings in the philosophy of science Contents Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Revised Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments Introduction: What Is Philosophy of Science? PART 1. SCIENCE AND PSEUDOSClENCE Introduction 1. Science: Conjectures and Refutations Sir Kari Popper 2. What Is Science? JohnZiman 3. How to Defend Society against Science Paul Feyerabend 4. Why Astrology Is a Pseudoscience Paul R. Thagard 5. Believing Where We Cannot Prove Philip Kitcher Case Study for Part 1 5 9 11 13 15 19 29 38 48 54 66 76 99 6 CONTENTS Study Ouestions for Part 1 Selected Bibliography PART 2. THE NATURAL AND SOClAL SCIENCES Introduction 6. Interpretation and the Sciences of Man Charles Taylor 7. The Natural and the Human Sciences Thomas S. Kuhn 8. Are the Social Sciences Really Inferior? Fritz Machlup 9. If Economics Isn't Science, What Is ll? Alexander Rosenberg 10. What Would an Adequate Philosophy of Social Science Look Like? Brian F ay and J. Donald Moon Case Study for Part 2 Study Ouestions for Part 2 Selected Bibliography PART 3. EXPLANATION AND LAW Introduction 11. Studies in the Logic of Explanation Carl G. Hempel 12. Laws and Conditional Statements Karel Lambert and Gordon Britten 13. The Truth Doesn't Explain Much Nancy Cartwright 14. Scientific Explanation: How We Got from There to Here Wesley Salmon 15. The Pragmatics of Explanation Bas C. van Fraassen 100 101 105 110 128 135 154 171 190 191 192 197 206 225 233 241 264 16. Explanatory Unification Philip Kitcher Case Study for Part 3 Study Questions for Part 3 Selected Bibliography Contents PART 4. THEORY AND OBSERVATION Introduction 17. The Nature of Theories Rudolf Carnap 18. What Theories Are Not Hi/ary Putnam 19.0bservation 7 278 302 302 304 309 316 333 N .. R. Hanson 339 20. Science and the Physical World W. T. Stace 352 21. Do Sub-Microscopic Entities Exist? Stephen Toulmin 358 22. The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities Grover Maxwell 363 23. Is There a Significant Observational-Theoretical Distinction? CarlA. Matheson andA. David Kline 374 Case Study for Part 4 391 Study Questions for Part 4 391 Selected Bibliography 392 PART 5. CONFlRMATION AND ACCEPfANCE Introduction 397 24. Hypothesis W. V. Quine and J. S. Ullian 404 8 CoNTENTS 25. Justifying Scientific Theories Ronald Giere 415 26. Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice Thomas S. Kuhn 435 27. Scientific Rationality: Analytic vs. Pragmatic Perspectives Carl G. Hempel 451 28. The Variety of Reasons for the Acceptance of Scientific Theories Philipp G. Frank 465 Case Study for Part 5 476 Study Questions for Part 5 476 Selected Bibliography 477 PART 6. SCIENCE AND VALUES Introduction 29. The Scientist Qua Scientist Makes Value Judgments Richard Rudner 30. Science and Human Values Carl G. Hempel 31. Values in Science Ernan McMullin 32. From Weber to Habermas Robert Hollinger 33. The Feminist Question in the Philosophy of Science Ronald Giere Case Study for Part 6 Study Questions for Part 6 Selected Bibliography ApPENDIX Advice for Instructors 481 492 499 515 539 550 565 565 566 569