K. Williams, George L. Kirkham, F. William Howton,
Roger Baldwin, Samuel Kramer, Louis Berkowitz, Jack
Chwast, Michael Fooner, Albert Hess, Walter A. Lunden.

Values and Metaphysics in Science (30 Dec.)
Arranged by Morton King.

Values and metaphysical assumptions are present, explic-
itly and implicitly, in the conduct and reporting of scientific
research. Some presuppositions must be accepted and used
for work to be "scientific"-rather than "theological,"
for example. Other presuppositions found in the work of
scientists are not necessary; they may either aid or handicap
scientific work, depending on the presupposition and the
problem being studied. Both the scientific community gen-
erally and the individual scientist need to be conscious of
values and metaphysical assumptions. They should also be
consciously critical of the consequences of each such belief.
Scholars in the physical and social sciences and in religion
will attempt to isolate such beliefs and discuss some of their
consequences.

George W. Crawford, Robert W. Friedrichs, Ralph W.
Burhoe, Frederick J. Streng, Samuel Z. Klausner, Frederick
S. Carney, John A. Maguire, Paul D. Minton.

Measuring Individual Differences in Religion (30 Dec.)
Arranged by Richard L. Gorsuch.

Progress in the study of man depends in large part upon
the development of adequate research techniques, including
precise instruments for measurement. While the definition
and measurement of many variables-such as the rate of
learning or social status-are relatively self-evident, the iden-
tification and quantification of forms of "religiosity" are
more difficult. Part of the problem comes from wide varia-
tions in definitions of religion, part from discrepancies with-
in the person between, for example, what he says and what
he does, part from contaminating interactions between the
person being measured and the measuring instrument, and
part from the theological presuppositions of the investigator.

With increasing numbers of social scientists becoming
involved in the scientific study of religion, the number of
procedures used to identify the religiously committed person
has steadily increased. Although some investigators have
used arbitrary and naive measuring techniques, others have
sought to refine the measuring instruments themselves. These
latter attempts have pointed to the problems in the area and
are beginning to present solutions as well. The papers in the
session on "Measuring Individual Differences in Religion"
are designed to acquaint the audience with some of these
problems and some proposed solutions.
Morton King, Bernard Spilka, John R. Tisdale, Sam C.

Webb, Gustave A. Ferre, Richard A. Hunt, William J.
Millard, Jr.

HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Vice Presidential Address and Energy and Society
(28 Dec.)

Arranged by R. Bruce Lindsay and Melvin Kranzberg.

The concept of energy is the most important in the whole

6 DECEMBER 1968

of science and its impact on society continues to grow
steadily from both ideological and technological standpoints.
The symposium has two purposes. The first is to trace the
historical development of the concept of energy and its
scientific significance from its origin in antiquity to the
twentieth century. The second is to explore the changes
which have taken place in the technological uses of energy
from the eighteenth century to the present and to provide
a projection of such uses to the end of the twentieth century.
Raymond J. Seeger, Edward D. Daub, Erwin N. Hiebert,

Martin J. Klein, Eugene S. Ferguson, Harold 1. Sharlin,
Lynwood S. Bryant, Richard G. Hewlett, and Bruce C.
Netschert.

New Directions in 17th Century Research (28 Dec.)
Arranged by Allen G. Debus.

The papers examine aspects of the scientific revolution
that have not been widely explored, including the role of the
occult sciences in that period. They try to assess the relation-
ship between these aspects and the scientific revolution as a
whole.

Nell Eurich, Edward J. Collins, Audrey Davis, and
Gerald J. Gruman.

Science and Society in 19th Century Britain (29 Dec.)
Arranged by George Basalla.

The session examines the general question of the inter-
relations of science and society in a historical setting, and
specifically looks at two aspects of that relation in connection
with science in nineteenth-century Britain.

Harold Sharlin, Rom Sviedrys, Arnold Thackray and
Thomas De Gregori.

Genetics in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth
Centuries (29 Dec.)

Arranged by Frederick L. Holmes.

The session will examine the early development of the
science of genetics, focusing both on theories of inheritance
before Mendel and on some early Mendelians.

Frederick B. Churchill, Garland Allen, and Elof Axel
Carlson.

Industrial Archeology (27 Dec.)
Arranged by James C. Hippen.

The results of recent researches in various fields of in-
dustrial archeology.

Barnes Riznik, B. H. Rucker, and Richard L. Deily.

Technology and Values (29 Dec.)
Arranged by Emmanuel G. Mesthene.

The effect of technological change on the processes of
value formation and value change in the individual and in
society; an exploration of the actual ways by which technol-
ogy affects values; the implications for values of the growing
social importance of knowledge and of knowledge institu-
tions.

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The relationship between technology and value change as
mediated by the religious belief system; the impact of tech-
nological change on the structure of myths and meaning
systems and the consequences for contemporary religions
and values.
The relationship between technology and value change as

mediated by the economy; the mechanisms by which tech-
nological change produces economic change and the social
and value consequences of the emergent post-industrial
economy.
The relationship between technology and value change,

both direct and as mediated by social change. The value
implications of technologically induced social change in
present-day society.

Harvey Cox, Nathan Rosenberg, Irene Taviss, Bernard
Barber, and Melvin Kranzberg.

Technology as a Social Process in Africa (29 Dec.)
Arranged by Thomas R. Degregori.

A discussion of various technological elements and their
sociocultural relationships, with special emphasis on Africa.

Robert C. Davis, Thomas Glick, Klaus Wachsmann,
Daniel F. McCall, Oriol Pi-Sunyer, and Robert F. Gray.

Metalauguage Dialogues and Metaphorical Synthesis in
Education (26 Dec.)

Arranged by Edgar Taschdjian.

Although much has been done during the last three
decades to improve the hardware, software, and methods of
education within the age-old structure of knowledge, the
real need of the day is to restructure knowledge itself so as
to be able to teach several skills, concepts, and processes
simultaneously, more effectively, quickly, and economically
than any one of them alone. The purpose of this session is
to explore some of the possibilities for utilizing the concepts,
tools, and models of the general systems analyst in restruc-
turing both knowledge and curriculum patterns.

Felix Kopstein, T. C. Helvey, Jere W. Clark, Henry
Moss, and Frederic N. Firestone.

Social Systems in the General Systems Spectrum (28
Dec.)

Arranged by Bertram M. Gross.

The papers in this panel will attempt an initial topological
exploration of the many varieties of social systems. Major
attention will be given to the different kinds of social sys-
tems, as well as to the non-human (or physical) parameters
of social systems and the differences between social systems,
other living systems, and non-life systems.

Eric Trist, Morton Kaplan, Richard Merritt, Janos Schoss-
berger, Michael Marien, and F. Kenneth Berrian.

Systems Research in Organization and Management
(29 Dec.)

Arranged by Lawrence L. Schkade.

Systems research in organization and management will be
considered through the presentation of a cross section of
topics from this general area of research, accompanied by a

1170

discussion of topics of interest to the group. Short presenta-
tions will include (1) a comparative study of belief systems
regarding work in social systems ranging from morphostatic
to morphogenic; (2) the application of relativity to cyber-
netics utilizing the ecolithic approach to systems design, with
implications of organization and management; (3) communi-
cating to managers the concept of a business organization as
a system model; and (4) measurement of input, maintenance-
processor, and output variables and identification of rela-
tionships between variables in an organizational system. The
general discussion may be extended to include topics of
general interest such as systems approach to problem iden-
tification and definition, organization communication sys-
tems, management information systems, systems models of
the firm, and models of human organizational behavior.

R. Oliver Gibson, Frank Baker, Daniel M. Duncan,
Ralph M. Stodgill, and Yehezkel Dror.

Conflict Resolution and Arms Control (30 Dec.)
Arranged by L. B. Slobodkin.

Conflict Resolution is becoming a major social science dis-
cipline with obvious practical significance and, perhaps less
obviously, new models of problem solution and thought. The
intellectual framework is derived from biological, economic,
and sociological as well as physical models, so has clear ties
to the general systems point of view. The omnipresence of
contemporary conflict makes presentation of the intellectual
basis of conflict resolution absolutely vital.

Richard H. Cady, Martin Shubik, and Stuart Altman.

The Analysis and Evaluation of a Scientific Field
(30 Dec.)

Arranged by Stuart Wright.

The symposium has two parallel purposes: (1) to analyze
the results of current systems studies of the analysis and
evaluation of research activities, and (2) to review the
methodological problems of this area, together with their
solution status. Topics include: objective methods for the
systemic modeling of a scientific field; use of cluster analysis
for identifying trends, and for orienting projects in hyper-
space; development and application of criteria of scientific
and mission systems for planning purposes. The symposium
will attempt to articulate the values of a systems approach
to the topics discussed, and to the overall problem of plan-
ning an effective, long-range research support program by a
government agency as the nation enters an era of reduced
funding.

Charles W. Williams, Jr., Charles A. Baker, Carol Stein-
hart, and John Rowen.

ENGINEERING (M)
For details, see page 1157.

MEDICAL SCIENCES (N)
The Control of Fertility (27 Dec.)

Arranged by Hudson Hoagland.

In the morning session the symposium will deal with the
SCIENCE, VOL. 162

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HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

DOI: 10.1126/science.162.3858.1169
 (3858), 1169-1170.162Science 

ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/162/3858/1169.citation

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(print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published by the American Association for theScience 

of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
Copyright © 1968 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement

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