Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 1136 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7948 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 59 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 134 Science 134 Philosophy 93 Press 87 model 84 University 80 theory 45 science 37 system 37 explanation 27 probability 23 causal 23 Journal 21 state 21 bayesian 21 Einstein 20 function 18 term 18 Newton 18 JSTOR 17 time 17 evidence 16 history 16 Fraassen 14 scientific 14 mechanism 13 structure 13 representation 13 newtonian 13 law 13 Lewis 13 Kant 13 Conditions 12 symmetry 12 section 12 property 11 value 11 Quantum 11 Kuhn 10 quantum 10 particle 10 knowledge 10 belief 10 Sober 10 Popper 10 Department 9 simulation 9 selection 9 process 9 philosophy 9 object Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 39790 � 30225 theory 23439 model 17043 system 16458 science 15696 case 12647 state 12566 time 12388 way 11967 example 11847 explanation 11527 probability 9800 structure 9690 term 9658 problem 9582 function 9527 law 9487 property 9402 fact 9290 value 9234 point 8946 argument 8810 account 8431 view 8373 world 8256 set 8235 question 8099 condition 7967 space 7823 evidence 7628 relation 7296 sense 7021 process 6920 result 6839 part 6766 kind 6723 p 6644 claim 6497 hypothesis 6492 level 6469 section 6332 philosophy 6252 concept 6244 p. 6200 object 6109 information 5922 number 5815 reason 5751 representation 5744 knowledge Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 40876 � 12513 Philosophy 11724 Science 9312 University 8646 Press 6925 pp 5696 J. 4397 M. 4360 Journal 4359 Cambridge 4245 al 3739 R. 3631 _ 3622 S 3434 S. 3309 New 3307 et 3267 D. 3248 C. 3196 Oxford 3165 de 2782 P. 2708 E. 2547 M 2482 York 2311 C 2308 H. 2152 Theory 2152 Chicago 2120 B. 2101 G. 2062 A. 2054 la 2024 L. 1945 W. 1943 y 1918 e 1871 Physics 1868 ’s 1819 Lewis 1790 Research 1785 F 1782 A 1724 T 1719 ∈ 1684 London 1674 Studies 1577 John 1572 Newton 1558 Quantum Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 59749 it 45772 we 29084 i 19446 they 9112 he 7602 us 7431 one 6355 them 3636 you 3189 itself 2776 she 2138 � 1704 me 1619 themselves 913 him 658 himself 413 her 349 ’s 319 ourselves 178 herself 168 myself 84 u 82 y 72 ours 71 p 68 λ 66 oneself 66 mine 56 ý 50 s 47 ²m¹º´x± 47 em 46 de- 41 α 35 π 31 f 29 ''s 28 ha 25 ψ 25 o 24 theirs 21 ya 21 mäki 21 his 20 in- 17 Π 17 yourself 17 t 15 ce 14 Ω Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 320193 be 172432 � 50423 have 29795 do 13741 make 13516 give 13144 use 12815 see 10141 take 8368 say 7932 follow 7624 consider 7540 provide 7524 show 7394 argue 7097 explain 6653 think 6462 represent 6186 seem 6030 know 5703 call 5504 define 5418 require 5215 describe 5134 find 4924 need 4724 understand 4580 let 4435 accord 4403 mean 4373 hold 4371 include 4352 involve 4327 suggest 4080 base 3920 apply 3918 assume 3759 suppose 3678 determine 3659 come 3630 note 3619 go 3572 allow 3530 exist 3456 discuss 3400 depend 3336 produce 3143 lead 3063 believe 2913 claim Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 61769 not 22524 � 16772 more 15656 such 15215 other 15184 only 14304 then 12389 so 12373 also 11211 different 10552 scientific 9599 - 9443 same 9218 first 9122 well 8432 however 8299 even 7815 causal 7430 physical 7413 thus 7167 out 7145 possible 6995 particular 6899 many 6887 here 6780 non 6384 just 6326 true 6264 general 5944 as 5867 rather 5540 most 5539 very 5426 new 5271 now 5193 good 5079 second 4948 natural 4775 certain 4506 important 4496 relevant 4468 mathematical 4261 epistemic 4255 empirical 4111 much 4096 least 3906 up 3834 high 3827 e.g. 3759 theoretical Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3246 least 2338 good 1806 most 302 Most 265 simple 173 high 172 close 148 strong 140 great 128 low 128 large 111 manif 95 small 94 bad 73 early 70 weak 64 late 40 short 39 clear 37 near 35 easy 30 slight 30 fit 28 big 21 few 20 broad 16 fine 16 deep 15 e 13 ter 13 likeli 12 long 11 wide 10 immod 9 pintr 9 light 9 full 8 narrow 7 safe 7 old 7 bare 7 Hertz‟s 6 mset 6 l 6 brief 6 Least 5 pure 5 new 5 fast 4 strict Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3734 most 849 least 496 well 17 worst 7 est 5 x 3 qu’est 2 how 2 highest 2 e3 2 close 1 σ−1(e′ 1 βm 1 β111 1 terest 1 surest 1 otn 1 lowest 1 long 1 likeliest 1 hard 1 goethe 1 finest 1 fattest 1 fast 1 etc.—is 1 13although Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1155 www.journals.uchicago.edu 1148 www.jstor.org 851 doi.org 729 bjps.oxfordjournals.org 712 refhub.elsevier.com 324 dx.doi.org 208 plato.stanford.edu 142 about.jstor.org 108 links.jstor.org 96 academ 93 philsci-archive.pitt.edu 88 creativecommons.org 68 arxiv.org 64 crossmark.crossref.org 56 dro.dur.ac.uk 52 eprints.lse.ac.uk 50 www.tandfonline.com 38 orcid.org 37 academic.oup.com 30 science.sciencemag.org 27 www.sciencedirect.com 27 jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk 24 logcom.oxfordjournals.org 24 logcom 22 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 22 www.elsevier.com 22 repository.uwc.ac.za 22 escholarship.org 21 www.cambridge.org 19 www.sciencemag.org 19 www.filosofia.org 18 eprints.lancs.ac.uk 17 philsci- 17 hdl.handle.net 16 philpapers.org 16 hal.archives-ouvertes.fr 14 www.researchgate.net 14 www.dur.ac.uk 14 doi 13 eprints.whiterose.ac.uk 12 www.pitt.edu 12 www.mdpi.com 12 www.lse.ac.uk 12 www 12 physicstoday.scitation.org 11 www.spe.ut.ee 11 www.rug.nl 11 www.research.ed.ac.uk 11 ucsu.colorado.edu 11 nbn-resolving.de Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 707 http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org/ 646 http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp 553 http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c 142 http://about.jstor.org/terms 98 http://www.jstor.org 97 http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress 96 http://academ 62 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 47 http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=psa 35 http://academic.oup.com/bjps/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/bjps/axy029/5046218 29 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2018.03.001 28 http://dro.dur.ac.uk 26 http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html 26 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.12.006 24 http://logcom.oxfordjournals.org/ 24 http://logcom 22 http://repository.uwc.ac.za 20 http://www.jstor.org/journals/ucpress.html 20 http://doi.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 20 http://bjps.oxfordjournals.org 19 http://www.filosofia.org 18 http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/20/1/10.html 18 http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/261/1/MS961k.htm 18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2011.09.004 17 http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=oup 17 http://philsci- 16 http://science.sciencemag.org/ 16 http://eprints.lse.ac.uk 16 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.03.006 15 http://dx.doi.org/ 14 http://www.dur.ac.uk 14 http://dro.dur.ac.uk/policies/usepolicy.pdf 14 http://doi 12 http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cisp20 12 http://www.sciencemag.org/help/reprints-and-permissions 12 http://www 11 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V70.. 11 http://ucsu.colorado.edu/~martel/LucDiagrams.htm 11 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 10 http://www.rug.nl/research/portal 10 http://www.cambridge.org/core/terms 10 http://www.cambridge.org/core 10 http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr 10 http://doi.org/ 9 http://www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsa 9 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 8 http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=bsps 8 http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 8 http://doi.org/10.1111/phc3.12633 8 http://doi.org/10.1017/S0950563600001901 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 92 support@jstor.org 12 journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org 11 openaccess@ed.ac.uk 11 eprints@whiterose.ac.uk 10 journals.permissions@oup.comd 9 clahs_phil@vt.edu 7 r.p.frigg@lse.ac.uk 7 msuarez@filos.ucm.es 7 j.sprenger@uvt.nl 7 c.s.werndl@lse.ac.uk 6 weatherj@uci.edu 6 cailino@uci.edu 5 j.williamson@kent.ac.uk 5 hhalvors@princeton.edu 4 wrap@warwick.ac.uk 4 wmyrvold@uwo.ca 4 soh@kth.se 4 s.r.d.french@leeds.ac.uk 4 rgw@ucsc.edu 4 r.f.hendry@durham.ac.uk 4 michela.massimi@ed.ac.uk 4 mark.sprevak@ed.ac.uk 4 manchak@uw.edu 4 m.boon@utwente.nl 4 leszek.wronski@uj.edu.pl 4 f.a.muller@phys.uu.nl 4 f.a.muller@fwb.eur.nl 4 bskyrms@uci.edu 4 b.w.roberts@lse.ac.uk 4 ubira@lists.bham.ac.uk 4 kostas.kampourakis@unige.ch 3 s.leonelli@exeter.ac.uk 3 robert.kowalenko@wits.ac.za 3 pthagard@uwaterloo.ca 3 peter.vickers@durham.ac.uk 3 njywt2@cam.ac.uk 3 newagendasfortime@gmail.com 3 mlange@email.unc.edu 3 mfrisch@umd.edu 3 marco.nathan@du.edu 3 mabrams@uab.edu 3 m.morgan@lse.ac.uk 3 jpzb@fsof.uned.es 3 johnsonk@uci.edu 3 jmanchak@uci.edu 3 jjustus@fsu.edu 3 jgarson@hunter.cuny.edu 3 j.birch2@lse.ac.uk 3 holly_andersen@sfu.ca 3 h.chang@ucl.ac.uk Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44322 � � � 1755 � � # 1576 � � % 748 � � * 372 � � @ 122 � � g 110 � � m 101 � � l 100 � � k 92 theory does not 81 theory is not 80 � � f 75 science is not 74 � � d 70 � � Äa¹ 64 model does not 64 model is not 64 � � j 60 models are not 57 argument does not 57 problem is not 53 explanation is not 52 system is not 49 models do not 47 argument is not 46 account does not 45 � � c 45 � � h 42 theories are not 42 theory is true 40 explanation does not 40 � � ¿ 39 structure is not 38 laws are not 37 theories do not 36 properties are not 35 point is not 35 science does not 34 account is not 32 function is not 32 models are successful 32 system does not 32 systems are not 32 � � b 31 laws do not 30 explanations do not 29 theory is empirically 29 � � s 28 explanations are not 27 systems do not Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 science is not just 6 science is not only 6 � is not unitarily 5 theory is not only 4 explanation is not causal 4 explanation is not necessary 4 explanations are not causal 4 model is not explanatory 4 probabilities are not simply 4 structure is not definable 3 explanation is not entirely 3 explanation is not sufficient 3 function is no longer 3 laws are not true 3 point is not just 3 problem is no more 3 science is no longer 3 science is not always 3 science used no laws 3 structure is not invariant 3 structure is not more 2 account is not circular 2 account is not viable 2 argument is not as 2 argument is not compelling 2 argument is not sound 2 argument is not watertight 2 arguments are not decisive 2 explanation does not necessarily 2 explanation is not as 2 explanation is not description 2 explanation is not only 2 explanations are no different 2 explanations are not just 2 explanations are not texts 2 law is not entirely 2 laws are not descriptions 2 laws are not explanatory 2 laws are not fundamental 2 model does not accurately 2 model does not even 2 model is not as 2 model is not only 2 model is not well 2 models are no less 2 models are not inherently 2 models are not just 2 models are not merely 2 models are not only 2 models are not particularly Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 125434 work_zwifdhjuovfcjfrjmcfqsybuo4 59379 work_joihfpfzjzgdxf2x5lztsegblq 54074 work_cjzf2bfq5rfynm7adrhlpoymfu 52251 work_fik26cbnsbgrhbv6tqr2ehwixy 37373 work_dkrvei3ydnfkvk2sjnagcnu5pu 34602 work_hgco6kwkrvcqnal7y7jcokyskq 33957 work_igiae7t62beitil5y2god44tye 33147 work_pq4l6alzxfd4fpxfmaaboajqfu 29452 work_ex26hg2wnneulmgk62rew5uai4 28870 work_3cfxowlgjzgalklywhsgpemukm 24695 work_jtmmom2rm5gadc34qlwecbqw7u 24007 work_nuqjl7jhwbhv7j5drw57pmoljm 23530 work_53mrbu5w2bcprkk2quwmk3upy4 23206 work_dfzialdhobfjbhz7gvv5takkqa 21729 work_6dcbhxt3zfcfhkr76ynlbqfxfm 21350 work_4wylshaebzhcnp3hb5blgvfvk4 21091 work_mpxnrkh5jvc6zp7kb2vuk3riju 21026 work_gfa3wovtgnaozku3jihcuoivs4 21000 work_p6vpq7xjizdddlzuig66voff7i 20684 work_6deom523ybbc5cwvcf3wnpbwva 20508 work_iff36leobvca3bs3vqixrska3q 20120 work_bwdtsl4vofbf5o4u3jfytygzrm 19869 work_oxir7j3sbreejl23kypamwx5re 19726 work_fljnzds3ejff3a5vs3ezqt5g2e 19543 work_5matwi2awng6rorz6r7agpdkay 19169 work_ielslykvm5cfrjo2r7fipddfsm 18730 work_kujhacndlrfrrmro2kbsjh7uta 18709 work_5a3qq2nprbhbbdpxjwvvekwc2u 18560 work_ki4hiqecwngu3bobqnoizssyj4 18507 work_sqh4htglqjd2pddbyp6han6bxu 18362 work_zrfjipfydbgb7ihjaibvetpwcy 18344 work_l4wcktla2rcxndlvqipecpa3mq 18318 work_enfr5mjgzrdfvnra5lbcfc5mhe 17770 work_t44bih5sabhsdcbptbn7tc2vem 17711 work_vl2lkllhlzgxvpaxvcsxhg5hja 17481 work_jixjefdacvgrtn4qjh6soue7sq 17206 work_fj4c2vgqefdjhmaezundqrbhzq 17179 work_wwzxl7ipsnanrhrtmdi5cnc5xu 16814 work_lkiarp4k6zgctnxhfgpgctr5du 16617 work_mg4rdt4u6bebvenen5shv3wrpy 16316 work_xyw5ml64h5dtzf5ycsfdbzxame 16287 work_ht64r7qpzvgvbcihxphbmknp6q 16096 work_2svqu2frzfaijesumt4efpunpq 15907 work_ormowpwrgvczvoauu7gmugpwnm 15882 work_ky5dghvo5zflxanqojp5cftnvu 15867 work_vxuzih4vhjatxerrlszizp3pme 15815 work_56ecc6wikzhz7ng4ohvu27ld3i 15767 work_xid7ih6zsffb7bszcqfccioduy 15737 work_7v7ttdhkwrgf7obe5trpt7fay4 15604 work_5roq7hlkrvbqvjzo4mte37vhg4 15572 work_pt6axjn2crfyfiq5kasb5aoi5a 15385 work_zzsadocxbve6plu2sq7q4f2bsu 15343 work_ifiuo2lbzbhube5nd33adprlmq 15337 work_gs4ekj76lrenbpkny7ha5imz6u 15337 work_fjcs3m6tnrcq5mwmmmqbcozk6i 15335 work_sn23xeigwbcejg4ed3y2m4je34 15247 work_x2brr2bomvdclgxoms3lrkql5m 15220 work_mvbccthqrzfdfat2ulgk4pcwd4 15077 work_lkhnl7kzanbxdjedn3i25l6em4 15021 work_un6dfqx6ofdnzo7u4csruxeywa 15019 work_5wtqgyowqfbybgnjejwmkxevdm 14957 work_f7ncsfgekrddpetrg2gcmjmoqi 14942 work_aky4pllozzawhkthr444bxy32y 14890 work_rhgia4bxmfabva73hkpx7b36mi 14816 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We think that abstractness is not a defining feature of non-causal explanation, and second, abstract explanations can be and often are causally explanatory according to are already arguing against abstractness as a useful way to distinguish causal and noncausal explanations. the explanans of a non-causal explanation abstracts away from specific details of the explanation is to abstract away from the microphysical causal details of condensed matter commitments regarding causation and causal explanation, abstractness will not serve as a Moreover, Batterman''s characterization of causal explanation as non-abstract work_24maaek4ovc4bk7sqy3il6xh4m Abstract In a recent paper in this Journal Iñaki San Pedro put forward a conjecture regarding the relationship between no-conspiracy and parameter independence In the following sections I will present a method of constructing counterexamples to the conjecture and point to a flaw in San Pedro''s argument. standard to require different causal factors screening off correlations at different measurement settings. at the measurement setting Li ∧ Rj , the event Cabij should screen off the correlation between La Notice that the notion of measurement independence used by San Pedro is I will not discuss the philosophical advantages or disadvantages of the subset condition, but will notice that, by mere mathematics, it renders San Pedro''s conjecture 3 For brevity I am defining the space for two possible measurement settings at each detector (San Pedro set its intersection with each quadrant, making sure the resulting event satisfies work_24p5uqlbsbe7dptlt3dgypljfu activities) referred to by the general mechanistic account provided by Illari and in computing mechanisms: the very same component serves as either entity or activity, that the proper ontological account of these mechanistic components involves disambiguation via explicitly indexing them as entities or activities. and Craver argue that entities and activities exhaust the ontology of mechanisms.15 phenomenon in question, appears to suggest that variability in the entities and activities is merely a feature of a mechanism, this component is variable; its status as entity or activity varies according "standard" components of mechanisms (i.e., the non-variable entities and activities). For example, the general mechanistic account could adopt an expanded ontology that includes variable components as variable components as ontologically separate from entities and activities might, in fact, Fig. 1 A simple mechanism with variable entities and activities indexed suggest that the explicit indexing of variable mechanistic components in sciences beyond computing could be work_253ncl5p7fbujexxyg3vbvr52e generically) use ''gauge symmetry'' to construct Galileo''s ship scenarios. In the contemporary debate, the symmetries of a physical theory are standardly taken to be transformations that act on the set of (mathematical) states of the theory, and which preserve the theory''s classical (Yang-Mills) gauge field theory, we will mostly adopt the standard picture of a symmetry (where G is some Lie group) is localized when we turn g into a function g(x) from space-time to G, i.e. it is a gauge transformation in the general sense. Even after restricting ''gauge symmetry'' to the internal local symmetries of Yang-Mills theory, the use of this notion in much of the philosophical/physics (Formal) The group of gauge transformations G is the set of maps from space-time to G redundant descriptions of a state of affairs, so that global symmetries of the universe will count as gauge symmetries— the globalization of the theory''s (Formal) gauge symmetry on the boundary ∂S. work_27mvadato5ev3csudjrolmh5su taken on board the idea that algorithmic complexity simpliciter is an objective property. is the length of the shortest program on a universal Turing machine (essentially a generalpurpose computer) that will generate the string. given string S on one machine U1 can vary by no more than a constant from the complexity string of symbols given by algorithmic information theory turns out to be objective only When I call CU1, the algorithmic complexity relative to a particular machine U1, objective, I mean that it is unambiguous. Changes in entropy are subject to the Second Law of thermodynamics. from the First and Second Laws that the work done W is related to the change in entropy contextualized, and entropy relative to a description can be considered an objective property of a physical system. entropy, can be thought of as objective properties of, respectively, strings of symbols and work_2bcmmeop6fhuvigzbiqlqia3b4 Anyone who wishes to attempt a reconstruction of physical theory must formulate the foundational principles which he or she believes plausible and translate Candidate foundational principles need not even be theorems of the already existing quantum mechanics: A reconstruction program includes a derivation of quantum theory, but in the to operating a reconstruction of quantum theory from a set of first principles [39, 40], Kochen and Specker [31], Guenin [19], Gunson [20], Jauch [29], Pool our notion of reconstruction, as they were based on highly abstract mathematical assumptions and not, as we require, on simple physical principles. Still further on the way to foundational physical principles rather than purely mathematical axioms, one finds an interesting example H4 into physical principles from which one derives the formalism of the theory. the derivation, and Hardy''s reconstruction advances our understanding of quantum theory irrespectively of the justification which one may have for the axioms. work_2bf4ubm6rrhabpvbtwnxnzg7kq model of quantum mechanics, the state of the photon after the interaction reects the orientation of the polariser. no preinteractive correlations|sometimes see it as an objection to the standard model of quantum mechanics. The principle that there are no preinteractive correlations has famous connections with the most striking time-asymmetry in physics, that of the second principle that there are no preinteractive correlations between individual microsystems \micro-independence" (\�Independence", for short). accepted, but it does seem a common view in physics that Penrose and Percival''s examples provide indirect observational evidence for preinteractive independence. We suppose that there is a microscopic asymmetry of �Independence, distinct from the correlations associated symmetry, this shows that �Independence is not necessary to explain the scattering observed in the usual case. we do take it for granted that there is an asymmetry in the boundary conditions of the kind required by �Independence: not because we have empirical work_2bj5bgte35e3boiajd73mgnwf4 We argue that the practice of construct validation in well-being research is theory avoidant, favoring a narrow focus on statistical A major project in today''s social and medical sciences is measurement of happiness, life In this article we focus on construct validation of measures of self-reported In the second stage, researchers choose a measurement method (a questionnaire, a test, or a task), select the items (what Construct validation as described above conceives of measurement as part of theory development and the measure behaves as would be expected given the theory of the underlying construct" (Diener et al. As step 3 of our Implicit Logic shows, researchers base judgments of validity mainly on whether the measure in question exhibits plausible-seeming The normative validity of a measure of, say, happiness, is the extent to the very least, if there is no theory of well-being according to which the construct in question is important, that should count against a measure. work_2byrnrzzrbbmfiypwrrzqzaw4e is time to return to some sort of cluster-based descriptivist semantics for natural kind terms, The K&P view presupposes that a kind such as water has some microstructure that is (i) noting that water has many different microstructures, with the presence of H2O molecules in the head." Typically, according to Putnam, when speakers introduce a natural kind term Very much like in Putnam''s original Twin Earth case, successful reference can be achieved in a sample of stuff be water is its microstructure, specifically, being composed of molecules of microstructure of water and other chemical natural kinds explains why the substance has its observable superficial properties as water, just with different microstructure, why would we water and the superficially similar liquid on Twin Earth share the totality of functional roles when it comes to the central substance natural kind terms they discuss such as ''water'' and work_2cbovmpldzdz3mgeitboey6wi4 Philosophy of Science and Ethics Interviewing HUGH LACEY exactly at what moments of scientific activity social values have a legitimate place, in I think that social values are often the key factor in deciding what strategy to adopt, ethic@ Which are, then, the main cognitive and moral values that inform science? Lacey: I would like to divide that question up into the values that do inform science, and developed under strategies that bear close relationships with these values, produces that as a matter of fact science is heavily informed by the (moral and social) values environment; under agroecological research strategies the impact of crops upon the ecology Lacey: At least in recent times, science connected with values concerning the control of do you think are the main contributions of science to ethics? think gaining scientific knowledge will ever by itself settle such ethical questions work_2ciunllnsbbwvcpjcqrcb6pdme A new game representing the new social context would need to be introduced, and it would be an open question whether strategies in equilibrium in the original of attraction for some simple two-strategy games played on social networks using the algorithm of Wuensche and Lesser (1992). A social network model consists of a population of agents, each of whom which a representation of the state space and dynamics of the social network As two of the examples are simple two-strategy versions of the prisoner''s dilemma and the stag hunt, in these cases, this learning rule collapses into: switch strategies if and only if every person receiving the where each node represents one agent in the original social network, and complex strategies in a social network to be represented in a RBN. to every node used to represent a player in the original social network that i''s future strategy may depend on. work_2don3o3plvdkpntjuzaebvikf4 constitution (NDC), which exploits the fact that phenomena and their constituents are unbreakably coupled via common causes. data that conclusively establish the existence of causal relations, no such experimental designs exist for the inference to constitution. Due to the non-causal nature of the relationship between phenomena and their parts, every cause of a mechanism''s upper or lower level that is associated with a change on the other level is a common ties the notion of constitution to the possibility of surgical top-down and bottomup interventions that target one level of a mechanism and thereby change the other featuring constitution there exists a pure common-cause model that entails the very and micro levels, which stems from the fact that a phenomenon Ψ of a given mechanism supervenes on its constituents in a constituting set Φ = {Φ1, . broken whereas constitutional common-cause couplings will persist across all variable set expansions. work_2e7iv5jwvzhdxafuokjhxlsoh4 nonlocally covariant quantum fields, creating and annihilating quanta in Newton-Wigner generalization of the Newton-Wigner fields restores covariance, albeit not local with the space-time point, x) a single quanta from any state vector it''s applied to (if as the states of single quanta and anti-quanta, respectively, localized at the space-time So, relative to local fields the vacuum has the Reeh-Schlieder property and can be said to when the two sets of coordinates refer to the same space-time point, so our non-local NW time, so, now, the vacuum has a product state structure relative to the hyperplane covariant, and we do have definite localization on each hyperplane, and the vacuum is Conclusions: The vacuum state has the Reeh-Schlieder property relative to the local features of the world that local quantum field theory presents to us. general NW position operators, are more closely related than the local field coordinate to Fleming, (1965a), "Covariant Position Operators, Spin, and Locality", Physical work_2eiffvet7bcell3umgnqrztzba absolute and incremental Bayesian confirmation theory answer this question. to the question what goal incremental confirmation is supposed to further: Science aims at informative true theories, and one should stick to incrementally well The preceding suggests the following answer to the question what goal incremental confirmation is supposed to further: Science aims at informative truth, and one f reveals the confirmational structure of almost every world when presented separating data iff for any probability Pr on a Gaifman and Snir language L and any Theorem 3 A possibly partial function f : L × L × L → < reveals the confirmational structure of almost every world when presented separating data iff f is informative (among all) true theories. However, although all measures of incremental confirmation separate contingently true from contingently false theories, not all of them distinguish between informative and uninformative true and false theories. work_2enngvkderhgdlepg32eofrouy sys_1000 wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk exception exception Params is empty Params is empty Params is empty if (typeof jQuery === "undefined") document.write(''[script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jig/1.14.8/js/jig.min.js"][/script]''.replace(/\[/g,String.fromCharCode(60)).replace(/\]/g,String.fromCharCode(62))); // // // window.name="mainwindow"; .pmc-wm {background:transparent repeat-y top left;background-image:url(/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/wm-nobrand.png);background-size: auto, contain} .print-view{display:block} Page not available Reason: The web page address (URL) that you used may be incorrect. Message ID: 219157763 (wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk) Time: 2021/04/06 02:28:42 If you need further help, please send an email to PMC. 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Find a specific article by its citation (journal, date, volume, first page, author or article title). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/ work_2eopzx34afc5na34ayvbcwglsq case they grasp* a correct scienti�c explanation of that phenomenon. case they grasp* a correct scienti�c explanation of that phenomenon. the understander with the orrery does not grasp an explanation of apparent understanding why, a broad notion that requires the correctness of a grasped to the simple view, is to grasp a correct explanation of that state of a�airs. understand the same state of a�airs in the narrow sense is, I propose, to grasp* narrow understanding why does not essentially involve correct explanation, a scienti�c explanation: to understand a theory in this new sense is to be in the "why" sense is to grasp a correct explanation of that thing. Objection: Understanding is a precondition for, not a product of, correct explanation. internally and externally correct scienti�c explanation of the fact, and second, o�ered a complementary account of understanding with, on which to understanding that and of scienti�c explanation itself. work_2evxhqnawragngqrxp5yjov22a feminist epistemology is the only source of insight into the role of values in science. for a feminist epistemology, I will explore the broader contributions of feminist epistemology for understanding scientific objectivity and the role of values in science.4 First, advocates of standpoint theory do not claim that women are automatically epistemically privileged. Standpoint theories provide a way of achieving strong objectivity through their Wylie notes that ''objectivity'' is frequently used to indicate a particular relationship between theory and the world and so is identified as a property of Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge Feminist philosophy of science: ''standpoint'' and knowledge work_2f4vq6zjn5geblrkbc4mpn3zou We argue that only objective homogeneity in combination with a causal interpretation of Bayesian networks can provide the desired criterion of probabilistic causality. of Salmon (1980) and Suppes (1970), made clear that we need to discriminate among purported causal factors, all of which have a probabilistic impact on an effect, ruling out those which are screened off by Objective Homogeneity Thesis (OHT): C is causally relevant to E in 1. Positive case: C raises the probability of E in all objectively homogeneous cells. fully specified complexes of causal factors, which are unnatural and unwieldy; Dupré and Cartwright contend that homogeneity does not work in When we identify homogeneous reference classes we are considering holding fixed all causally relevant factors prior to the one in question. OHT to incorporate downstream events, since, after all, observing Pregnancy in the neutral Hesslow case reveals the causal connection between Probabilistic dependency in an objectively homogeneous context is an work_2fyokk6v5vfjbd5irc6hgian3e First, animal welfare scientists face an acute version of the problem of "inductive risk" First, animal welfare scientists face an acute version of the problem of "inductive risk" formulating animal welfare policy requires consideration of the moral consequences of error, setting appropriate burdens of proof in animal welfare science is lacking. they do not, would not create a risk of serious negative consequences for animal welfare. for animal welfare scientists to prioritize the avoidance of errors of under-attribution when attributing pain, at least when advising on animal welfare policy. context of advising on animal welfare policy, should be set so as to maximize the expected Suppose an animal welfare scientist X must choose, in a policy context the context of animal welfare science is one in which the affected individuals cannot speak understanding of the relationship between an animal''s cognitive capacities and its welfare of proof for mental state attributions to animals in policymaking contexts. work_2gnwzfpvwzex5aog7kobr3qtj4 In his recent piece, Sarkar (2003) defends the usefulness of genetic information, especially in application to prokaryotes This paper assesses Sarkar''s ([2003]) deflationary account of genetic information. account, genes carry information about proteins because protein synthesis exemplifies what Sarkar According to the parity thesis, both genetic and nongenetic factors carry information on any legitimate theory of that notion. defended by Sahotra Sarkar ([2003]), who rejects any demand that theories of genetic information non-genetic factors of development could in principle satisfy all conditions, Sarkar asserts that, as a Let us now see whether the deflationary theory captures the notion of genetic information as For, since the customary notion of genetic information appears to be semantic, any adequate theory accepts that non-genetic factors may carry specific information for development (p. Sarkar''s account that the environment alone carries semiotic information for leaf shape. On Sarkar''s account, the information relation is work_2hpgdtyvjzccxkqbj6nkoi7i2m This paper proves two impossibility results for corroboration measures based on statistical relevance. In Popper''s view, corroboration judgments positively appraise the performance of the null hypothesis in a severe test, rather than just stating measure of degree of corroboration may improve scientific reasoning. generally, a measure of degree of corroboration might revive a critical rationalist epistemology of science, by showing how hypothesis tests contribute 3 is the core of the paper: it develops plausible adequacy criteria for degree of corroboration in a statistical relevance framework and demonstrates 2 Popper''s Measure of Degree of Corroboration Condition VIII demands that corroboration gained from a successful deductive prediction co-vary with the informativity of the evidence and the prior The next adequacy condition is motivated by the problem of irrelevant conjunctions for measures of evidential support (e.g., Fitelson [2002]; Theorem 3 (Second Impossibility Result) No measure of corroboration c(h,e) constructed according to Formality can satisfy Screened- work_2hpu5xwrcvhexktisz4f2dob3m This briefly reviews some philosophy of science that might be relevant to simulating the social processes of science. Philosophy, Science, Simulation, Social Processes, Evolutionary Models, Sociology 1.1 The Philosophy of Science has not been a natural "bedfellow" of social simulation. somewhat arbitrary selection of philosophers and seeks to summarise what they have suggested about the processes of science. science and his approach fits in well with later descriptive philosophers like Kuhn or Giere so I include him here. 8.1 Donald Campbell considered how creativity was possible both in cognitive and social terms and formed a model of this process 14.1 The Strong programme sought to apply qualitative sociological methods, to case studies of Science in practice (e.g. Latour and 19.2 As you can see from this short survey, philosophers have only just touched on the possible social processes of science, mainly work_2i2sqillrfbjnaykp5c3lcdja4 arguments within Bayesian confirmation theory and that there is no confirmation measure that renders them all valid. The following section introduces the plurality of confirmation measures of Bayesian particular, this section considers four prominent arguments in Bayesian confirmation theory and shows that there is no confirmation measure which validates that the strengthened problem of measure sensitivity has for Bayesian confirmation theory. confirmation requires that one provide an interpretation of the probability measure Pr and say when and to what degree a hypothesis H is confirmed by the The following observation provides a list of which confirmation measures satisfy Requirements 3.1 and 3.2 and which do not. Another requirement on confirmation measures arises from arguments surrounding the well-known paradox of the ravens (Hempel 1945). The following table displays whether the different confirmation measures introduced in Section 2 satisfy the requirements presupposed in the context of (1999) problem of measure sensitivity is central to Bayesian confirmation theory. work_2jcvsxf77ncxflficodprhjjyy Thus there is no need to appeal to contextual values in order to fill the gap between theory and evidence. value-free view of science rests on the claim that contextual value judgments play no legitimate role in theory justification. will argue that for each interpretation, the gap argument does not successfully establish that it would ever be legitimate for contextual values One interpretation of the claim that contextual value judgments fill the gap between theory and observation is Contextual values may cause scientists or scientific communities to interpret data in certain ways, or to rely on certain background assumptions However, proponents of the value-free view will argue that contextual values do not provide the right kind of reason to accept a theory. Nelson argue that contextual value judgments can play a role as background assumptions in determining what we take to be evidence for or work_2jiflaoskngghaycy4ldvhjvyq between what self-report and non-verbal behaviour indicate about participants'' beliefs. Following Botterill and Carruthers ([1999]), I mean to contrast those who argue that the categories of folk psychology are scientifically real with those such as Dennett ([1987]) who treat respect (at least to an approximation) the generalizations of common-sense belief/desire psychology; and (ii) he holds that these same causally efficacious mental states are also semantically we use what people verbally report as a good means of detecting their beliefs, If it is also reasonable to treat the IAT and other nonverbal behaviour as another means of detecting beliefs, then the data presented above constitutes good evidence that belief is a fragile category and In the case of race, test participants are consistently reporting egalitarian beliefs while their results on the IAT indicate for detecting belief, other than a person''s verbal behaviour (self-report either work_2lkxcidxybb4leat5ph4gl3mb4 Is phenomenal consciousness a problem for the brain sciences? argue that phenomenal consciousness is not phenomenologically obvious (after all, if Stoljar is arguing that if phenomenal consciousness is in fact phenomenologically obvious, then it should phenomenal consciousness is evident in everyday experience is most often seen in the common claim that everyone colors that contrasts with the qualia view underlying the new science understanding of This statement is representative of the new science understanding of phenomenal consciousness. As such, the claim that phenomenal consciousness is phenomenologically obvious obvious and the concept of phenomenal consciousness in the new science involves the cast much light on the folk understanding of mental states like seeing red and feeling pain. folk share the concept of phenomenal consciousness discussed above, then they should treat folk and philosophers should deny that an entity that lacks phenomenal consciousness can either I began by articulating the new science understanding of phenomenal consciousness and work_2mrdt2e2xvfv3l6wovwpvelqa4 In this article, I will argue that this way of thinking is a mistake: compatibilism about chance and deterministic laws ought to be the default view. This stronger claim, whatever else it amounts to, is supposed to be independent of Sally''s particular epistemic position: the chance-interpretation of (1) is ice cube melting is non-trivial relative to the macro-physical facts about the So the immediate question that arises with respect to the connection between chance and possibility is: what sorts of facts should we be holding fixed? macro-physical history of the world; and if there is a non-trivial micro-chance evaluation a better context against which to judge whether there is a nontrivial chance of something happening than the set of propositions that include just the macro-physical history of the actual world up until the relevant micro-physical facts, the chance of any event in a world where the laws are work_2n7rvvpewbcxtnsuc5hfmcbnzi p(Ai) = ai ⇒ max{ai} 6 p(A1 ∨···∨ An) 6 min{1, a1 +···+ an}, (1) A number of valid arguments of propositional logic involve the truth-functional connective −→, variously termed the conditional, the indicative conditional, on the conditional probability counterpart of modus tollens are new, and exhibit a that the valid argument H → E, Ē � H̄, known as modus tollens, has the probabilistic counterpart As David Lewis [L76] puts it, "assertibility goes by subjective probability." But Ernest Adams [A65, A75] has pointed out that conditionals seem valid arguments such as modus ponens and modus tollens in which conditional 3.2 Modus Ponens for Conditional Probabilities 3.3 Modus Tollens for Conditional Probabilities Unlike the case of modus tollens for probabilities of conditionals, we cannot make what might reasonably be termed modus tollens for conditional probabilities. = 0.38, it involves less degradation than modus ponens for conditional probabilities. work_2nsfvko7jvaondsy5ixj7aik2y Maxwell-Huygens, Newton-Cartan, and Saunders-Knox Spacetimes Newtonian gravitation in Galilean spacetime and Newton-Cartan theory are systematically related. The proposition provides a precise characterization of one relationship between Maxwell-Huygens spacetime and NewtonCartan theory: namely, given a Newton-Cartan spacetime, the collection of flat derivative Newton-Cartan spacetime allows one to determine whether a given vector field (or body) definition), I defined a standard of rotation as an equivalence class of flat derivative opernot limit attention to Trautman recoveries, is there still a sense in which the only derivative operators relative to which the geodesics of a given Newton-Cartan spacetime may be naturally expressed as "accelerated by some force field" those that agree with that NewtonCartan spacetime on a standard of rotation? unique Maxwell-Huygens spacetime only after we limit attention to flat derivative operators considers the effects of gravitation in Maxwell-Huygens spacetime, Newton-Cartan theory work_2pex2pj7xvcgjidl7e7v6v5fkm has been framed as a difference in scientific explanation: whereas computationalist and connectionist explanations are mechanistic explanations, dynamical explanations take the form of covering-law explanations (for discussion, see van Gelder 1995, 1998; Clark 1997, 1998; Bechtel 1998; Bechtel Dynamics of Brain-Body-Environment Systems in Behavior and Cognition at Indiana The orchestrated functioning of the mechanism, manifested in patterns of change over time in properties of its parts and operations, is responsible for one or more phenomena" (Bechtel and Abrahamsen 2010, 323; see also Machamer et al. the general claim that "the explanatory goal of dynamical cognitive scientists is to provide covering-law explanations" (2008, 343). As a second example, consider Randall Beer''s (2003) dynamical explanation of perceptual categorization in a simulated brain-body-environment system (fig. to explain how the observed active-scanning behavior (and thus, perceptual categorization) arises from the brain-body-environment system defined by the equations of the dynamical model. work_2q2ywzf3i5eproowbkqcu4kxv4 In this paper, I provide a new interpretation of the Representational Theory of Measurement that sidesteps these debates. Representational Theory of Measurement as a library of theorems that investigate the The Representational Theory of Measurement (RTM) is one of the main accounts of measurement (Swistak, 1990; Boumans, 2008; Cartwright and Chang, 2008). measurement, but propose the following two-step interpretation: firstly, RTM should be Secondly, from a mathematical point of view, the representation and uniqueness theorems in RTM simply characterise mappings between two kinds of structures, with one The new interpretation allows us to apply RTM theorems to any concept that we might preferences, recent philosophical literature in rational choice theory has used RTM theorems without presupposing such close empirical links (see, for instance, Bradley (2009a), of proponents of RTM as a full-fledged theory of measurement, the new interpretation In this paper, I have proposed to interpret the Representational Theory of Measurement in work_2q5tizdjfbbgzb75g5ncuhteyi But while this, when applied to quantum systems, allows for particles being in exactly the same state as entangled Generalizing, all correlations exhibited by entangled systems (in fact, all quantum properties) have the 2. Teller himself, considering systems of this type, speaks of a ''partially effective disposition'' or ''correlation-propensity'' that is an objective property of the pair of objects in the same way as every other disposition ''encodes'' its own manifestation(s).6 In other words, a measurement on an entangled system, commonly understood as an event E1 localized where one of the particles is put forward, measurements on entangled particles act on emergent properties of the whole and consequently influence the system''s components emergent properties describe only correlations between measurement outHOLISM AND QUANTUM MECHANICS 1035 For the emergent properties (relational or not, dispositional or otherwise) may not say anything about any specific particles, components of physical reality, quantum properties encoding correlations work_2qze6a66irgypp7vtlyf6hwoca Hatfield discusses the psychophysical task of metameric colour matching (see fig. as one example of a perceptual experiment reliant on introspection (p.278). experimental subjects have conscious perceptual experiences2. introspection could apply to many of the psychophysical tasks that Hatfield wants it The asymmetric matching task, on the other hand, is "introspection-­‐heavy" rating scale task falls under my introspection-­‐heavy category, while the contrast image pairs, subjects were asked to rate how similar or different they appeared on a reflect a qualitative difference in how introspectively demanding these tasks are, occurrent sensory states, whereas tasks in the B/introspection-­‐heavy Class do4. with my distinction: appearance tasks tend to be introspection-­‐heavy, and psychophysical tasks that are more reliant on introspection from those that are not, "All psychophysical experiments are in a trivial sense subjective, because they 7 Cf. the worry discussed above that all psychophysical experiments rely on introspection in a trivial work_2rldjbgrqfdyvdleqqdwdckusq inventado y construido de los fenómenos que estudia la ciencia contemporánea, Bachelard acuña un nuevo término, fenomenotécnica, en francés El concepto de fenomenotécnica recoge la peculiaridad del conocimiento científico; para Bachelard existe una ruptura entre el conocimiento común La primera característica a la que nos referiremos consiste en señalar las matemáticas como la esencia del conocimiento científico; la segunda, reconocer que la objetividad científica viene dada extinción de la imaginación sensible, pasamos por tanto, al plano del pensamiento puro en donde los objetos no tienen más realidad que sus relaciones.2 (Bachelard, [1934] 1981, 118) Bachelard reconoce que las ecuaciones algebraicas proporcionan el conocimiento científico de la ciencia newtoniana, sin embargo las matemáticas misma del pensamiento científico, lo que fue clave para la revolución científica del siglo xvii; no dejamos de insistir en ello, pero Bachelard eleva al establece que la objetividad del conocimiento científico no puede venir de los work_2rs3tphqtfegddeulwle7cf5ki relevance of the "new induction." The possibility of unconceived alternatives pushes us to epistemic limitations of historical reasoners, Stanford sets the stage for a re-evaluation of our with Stanford''s historical case studies, with the limitations of past scientists, reveals our the "new induction" and answers Stanford''s critics along the way. best scientific theories turns contrastive underdetermination into a puzzle for the armchair. Stanford proposes a "new induction" across the history of science. Stanford explains that Darwin and the larger scientific community were so perplexed This fact suggests a new way to understand epistemic obligations. here I suggest at least one obligation that seems implicit in the "new induction": scientists gives us a new way to understand contrastive underdetermination and its basis in Stanford''s While Stanford uses his induction to worry scientific realists, its core impulse is an "Underdetermination of Scientific Theory" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy work_2s4msbdhprfnpndkyuistlytgy surrogative reasoning, is that the model allows its user(s) to perform specific inferences scientific models as epistemic representations of systems in the world, which, I argue, is vehicle is an epistemic representation of the target and some of the valid inferences from vehicle is an epistemic representation of the target and some of the valid inferences from Scientific models, I claim, are epistemic representations of aspects of interpretational conception, a vehicle is an epistemic representation of a certain target us to explain why, if a vehicle is an epistemic representation of a certain target, users are vehicle is an epistemic representation of a certain target (for a certain user) if and only if vehicle is an epistemic representation of a certain target (for a certain user) if and only if is an analytically interpreted epistemic representation of the target only when a user interpretation are unsound, that model still seems to be an epistemic representation of work_2sfmwbbrdfflznayz2scykzqqq Philosophy of science is beginning to be expanded via the introduction of new digital growth in available data is matched by the extensive development of automated analysis tools. we survey the state of digital work in the philosophy of science, showing what kinds of questions distant reading-based digital philosophy of science are not in competition. conjunction with digital analysis, performing close reading of key texts will be invaluable. dealt with in order to develop a digital philosophy of science research program. section 4) sets of data are thus likely to be a fruitful use of digital tools. The ability of digital tools to increase the breadth of a research question is also important. consider the currently available tools and corpora of data relevant to the philosophy of science. 5. Integrating digital results into philosophy of science. availability of digital data that might assist us in our research. work_2smbakdiuzfe5d6l3bftlijxfy defend, with nonderivative models, a strong notion of genic cause, it is fatal that Waters at the doorstep of the pluralists was to defend, with reasons or nonderivative models, a strong notion of genic cause, it is fatal that Waters has to be made of the notion of independent genic causal models, Waters the information above the alleles and the genic model owns the information below the diploid genotype" (Waters 2005, 321; emphasis added). for example, a level of interactor—has been discovered to have an influence on the outcome of a selective process via the application of a hierarchical model or method, it seems only reasonable to say that the Can Waters mean to claim that the genic model is not derivative? models of the same selection process that parse the causes differently is a notion of genic cause that is not derivative, and nothing in Waters'' work_2ssfncvgjvhu5f7rvmnnhjqtsm by two or more distinct realizers) mandates splitting that kind. declarative and procedural memory and Ramachandran''s argument that the self is an that discovering a kind to be dissociably realized mandates splitting the Memory, as understood from the perspective of contemporary cognitive neuroscience, is not a single kind of thing. Procedural and declarative memory have distinct realizers. So procedural and declarative memory are distinct kinds of Similarly, the etiological realizers of declarative and procedural memory are likely to be distinct and independent as well. the memory case, appeal to contextual or etiological realizers only reinforces the dissociation of realized kinds. DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 DISSOCIABLE REALIZATION AND KIND SPLITTING 971 work_2svqu2frzfaijesumt4efpunpq to one cognitive end, and deduction is justified by an inductively strong argument for accepting the axioms of inductive logic." These reasons take the form of "conditions of adequacy" (Carnap 1963b: 977). Carnap''s curious view results because he seems to have thought of these conditions of adequacy as categorical imperatives of explication which justify the analytic truth of the axioms of inductive logic. premises are restricted to some definitions, and whose conclusion says the following: in each possible world w, the principle of universal induction stabilizes on What we do not have is an inductive justification of classical deductive logic relative to the different cognitive end of reasoning in a way that is truth-preserving Consequently we have an inductive justification of the general rules of classical deductive logic relative to the cognitive end of reasoning in an actually truthpreserving way: there is an inductively strong argument which does not presuppose its conclusion, whose premises are restricted to information we have, and work_2vgoytoe6fa3lmqovzu3q3gy7a A School on Open Problems in Philosophy of construction of rigid boundaries between sciences and philosophy. The second view, although allows an opening of philosophy with respect to sciences and takes scientific issues as starting points for philosophical In such a context, a research school which focuses on open problems in the philosophy of sciences should be an attempt to support a more serious and schools in Francavilla al Mare organized by the Italian Philosophical Society2, the school Open Problems in Philosophy of Sciences3 (Cesena, 15-17 April The school, opened by such a distinguished scholar of philosophy of reflecting on important issues such as the Philosophy of the Life Sciences Pierluigi Graziani was made possible by a synergy between the Interuniversity and Philosophy of Sciences and the Municipality of Cesena, which has been (Eds.) (2007), Prospettive Filosofiche 2006: Napoli: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici; Tatasciore, C., Graziani, P., & Grimaldi, work_2xtlgvpbifcivbfhzqcpyizcbm Carnegie Mellon University research repository Browse Browse Discover research from Carnegie Mellon University Follow AllCategoriesgroupsSEARCH Hide footerAboutHow to DepositPreparing DataDMP ToolDeposit SupportContactDeposit AgreementTermsPrivacyToolsFAQsDisclaimerSitemap figshare. credit for all your research. work_2xxic4d7ifa2td4bfe27rh2n7y We advocate, instead, a more pluralistic methodology, which includes both static and dynamic game theoretic tools. a (strict) Nash equilibrium and the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy What is left out of the equilibrium methodology is any model of the dynamics of evolutionary processes. the static methodology should be abandoned; equilibrium analysis is an important part of the process of understanding evolutionary games. It seems clear that strict Nash equilibria should count as stable for any evolutionary process (at least in finite games). While there is more than one ESS in the Lewis signalling game, they all Considering the Lewis signalling game only in terms of ESS will suggest The Lewis signalling game features common interest—in every state the sender like in the Lewis signalling game, the dynamic analysis reveals similar concerns. [1992]: The Stability Concept of Evolutionary Game Theory: A Dynamic [1998]: Evolutionary Games and Population Dynamics, work_2z5z3ou3vjdo3pzld7ashymn5q the funding allocation mechanism: for academic research supported by grant peer review, funding mechanisms on the exploration/exploitation trade-off in science is already discussed mechanisms of selection for funding, primarily peer review of prospective research-project the modelled funding mechanism selects from this pool of candidates those who will receive This funding mechanism reproduces the model dynamics of previous work: the same dynamic processes have a significant effect on the relative performance of different funding of the landscape simulation follows prior work by representing a research topic with a range The agents in the model represent scientists investigating the research topic. The aim of the model is to explore the effects of funding mechanisms on the population and The simulation can represent four different funding mechanisms: The key result is that the choice of funding mechanism has a significant effect on the scientific An important factor in the epistemic success of peer-review-based funding mechanisms work_2zrfn4adnfddjhhga3ofhherea Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_333226dskvfijbzhnoooc6tbwe Gerrans and Valerie Stone argue that positing a ToM module does not best explain the In a series of papers, Philip Gerrans and Valerie Stone argue that the theory of mind (ToM) the ToM deficit and that the best explanation for it appeals to a domain-specific, higher-level The diachronic account is that the ToM deficit is best explained by lower-level deficiencies empirical studies are best explained by appealing to current lower-level deficits regardless of lower-level deficits that affect the individual with autism on the false-belief task but not on Gerrans and Stone (2008, 128) argue that their account explains the ToM deficit better than Gerrans and Stone (2008, 132-133) also explain the performance of higherfunctioning individuals with autism by appealing only to lower-level deficits. performance of higher-functioning persons with autism on other tasks, Gerrans and Stone lower-level facial processing deficits to explain the ToM deficits in Baron-Cohen et al. work_33fl3nmtkbgn7oyvtpw3fpe3vq Carnap''s inductive logic (or confirmation) project is revisited from an "increase in firmness" (or probabilistic relevance) point of view. The emphasis here will be on explaining how Carnap''s epistemological desiderata for inductive logic will xvi) distinguished two kinds of inductive-logical confirmation relations: confirmation as firmness, which he informally characterized as "How probable the logic (the confirmation as increase in firmness relation), and epistemology (the For Carnap, then, inductive logic involves a confirmation relation c which has 4Here, I have in mind Carnap''s early writings on confirmation and inductive logic. by Carnap (1962) in his discussion of confirmation as increase in firmness. like the sort of bridge principle Carnap wanted (as stated above) for for confirmation as firmness and credence. am suggesting the following bridge principle (or inference rule) relating confirmation as increase in firmness and evidential support: bridge principles relating comparative confirmation (as increase in firmness) work_33zfmlpop5evhlx53zmi7z2bg4 On this interpretation natural selection could be understood as sampling on the basis of such fitness differences, and random it is difficult to maintain that the predation of dark moths on light trees difficult to distinguish natural selection from random drift, especially Beatty locates the difficulty in the moth example as that of distinguishing between natural selection and drift, since each possibility seems problematic. be the relevant environment of the dark moths that were killed. The problem of identifying the relevant environment, while often difficult, is not obviously a conceptual problem but rather involves the difficulty of correctly isolating and weighting the causal factors connecting fitness of an organism changes, as its relationships to various environments change, through time. These factors, in effect, "screen off" less relevant causal factors (such as the patchiness of the forest as a whole) from the moths'' survival and reproductive question raised by the moth example is not whether drift and selection work_34hzxwieujeeji5rmyzxlibsv4 I examine a property of theories called ''background-independence'' that Einsteinian gravitation is One of the great empirical claims of Einsteinian gravitation is that space-time structure is space-time structures of Newtonian theory and special relativity. space-time structures of Newtonian theory and special relativity. distinguishes Einsteinian gravitation, which Anderson claimed lacks an absolute object, from general covariance but because Anderson took the presence of absolute objects in a theory''s A theory is background-independent just in case it has no absolute objects. the absolute-dynamical distinction: No object that is varied in a theory''s action principle should be considered concerned with the essentially physical distinction between space-time structure in Newtonian theory and special theory and special relativity are characterised by absolute objects; the space-time of Einsteinian Minkowski space-time and paradigmatically background-independent theories such as spatially Provided that a theory has no absolute objects, does background-independence require Einsteinian gravitation is not the only theory that satisfies this equivalence principle: Newtonian work_34yo4a765bfnzdj6qgux645ar4 Aleksandr Bogdanov''s history, sociology and philosophy of science. proletarian culture (Sochor, 1988).1 Bogdanov''s efforts to create a new, universal science of concern here is with Bogdanov''s work on science, this cannot be entirely abstracted from his Bogdanov wrote on economics,5 sociology, knowledge, culture and organizations, and was the sciences as pure and independent of social relations." (Bogdanov, 1996, p.97) science is to study the interaction and succession of natural phenomena, and Bogdanov saw the the organization and utilization of knowledge related to external nature (Bogdanov, 1904-6, vol. terms by experiment; however in the social sciences where the phenomena are too complex, this Bogdanov described Tektology in his autobiography as "a general study of the forms Characterizing form as "a totality of connections among elements", Bogdanov argued that "a generally, any complex cultural form." (Bogdanov, 1984a, p.129) It is also associated with the society, in social labour organization, generating new forms of thought, are described by work_35zxoviqjjgpff3tm7ql4bhzcu law can be justified by pointing out that low entropy macrostates are less probable than high entropy after all, is just what it means to call a state extremely probable.) Thus, a system in a low entropy macrostate is overwhelmingly likely to evolve into a high together with the Reversibility Objections, is that statistical mechanics tells us that an isolated system in a medium entropy state is much more likely to have had a high entropy past are justified in describing the present state of the system with the probability Suppose, however, that some Probability Principle tells us that we are justified in describing the present state of our system with a probability measure µ∗. macrostate of a system to a justified probability measure describing the state of the system. But second, let us suppose the Historic Probability Principle tells us that we are justified work_37ilon5ozzhsdmxl6hyybiybxe lasted until the mid 1960s, philosophy of science was dominated by Logical While the Logical Empiricists gave us a grand general picture of science, Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science, Tilburg University, and descriptive approaches in philosophy of science still persists, but the address normative questions in general philosophy of science. from philosophy of science (e.g., causation) and its combination with formal explore their expectations about the development of our discipline, we organized two events at the Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science Philosophy—Past and Future"; the second event was the three-day SydneyTilburg conference "The Future of Philosophy of Science" with invited lectures by Michael Friedman, Christopher Hitchcock, Hannes Leitgeb and Samir All of them address the conference topic from a different perspective, and all of them represent a specific way of doing philosophy of science. for philosophy of science. promise of philosophical experiments in philosophy of science and argues that work_37pxtlmwtzhtted3jppc4tyu5m We examine one example and show that, in employing classical hypothesis testing, it involves calibrating a base model against data that are also used to confirm the of base models/theories: that use-novel data have a special role in confirmation and, more strongly, that data cannot be used twice, both for calibration (2007) then compare the performance of these 16 base models, assuming that inclusion of the term biTi is necessary just in case the estimated bi is significantly different from zero (at the 95% level). Contrary to the intuitive position, classical hypothesis testing does not respect use novelty and the no-double-counting rule: calibration is the assessment of particular model-instance hypotheses—these hypotheses are either model (when the confidence interval for some free parameter does not include zero).3 Thus, there is double counting, and data used for confirmation the score estimating the average predictive accuracy of the base-model procedure given n data points: work_37xuobwi4ndqthovrpacx5fbsa Recently, in attempting to account for explanatory reasoning in probabilistic terms, Bayesians have proposed several measures of the degree That is, in the n''th round of the interview, each participant''s response to task 3 was interpreted as that person''s subjective probability for HA conditional upon the n results of all of the drawings up to that point: the measure of the Euclidean distance between participant judgments and the "theoretical results" derived from each particular candidate measure of explanatory provides the distance between participant judgments and the corresponding posterior probabilities (rescaled to [−1, 1]) that the urn chosen is A (column 2) or is B Distances between participant judgments and measures (subjective probabilities). Distances between participant judgments and measures (objective probabilities). compare the means of the residuals (i.e., J(di , hi)− E(di , hi)) between the theoretical results provided by each candidate measure and participant judgments. work_3bqwjqbvvrceph7n24hetmrnti However, evidence from trials stopped early is often chargedwith bias toward implausibly large effects. We contend that conditional hypothesis tests give a superior appreciation of the obtained evidence and significantly improve the practice of sequential medical trials, while staying firmly rooted in is, we have interim looks at the data, and we may decide to stop the trial before the planned sample size is reached. medical trials, unconditional error rates are replaced by conditional error and for observed BðxÞ 5 s, we report conditional error probabilities conditional inference to sequential medical trials. the conditional test still rejects the null, but the probability of error is now First, the assessment of the error probability depends on the observed data and is thus way more informative than in the unconditional This alleviates the interpretational problem mentioned in section 2, since conditional error allows medical readers to assess the confidence work_3cfxowlgjzgalklywhsgpemukm structure has been provided, a model of the set of sentences in question is then simply a certain set of sentences come out true; accordingly, I will call models of this sort "truthmaking structures." Confusion will ensue, however, if we are not careful to separate this model, in the truth-making structure sense, of the relevant set of sentences. of the sort van Fraassen and Suppes consider, for example, are no less "theoretical" than models of this new these mathematical structures, the models of which the semantic view theorist speaks, class of mathematical structures (the models of the theory, in our present sense) which, cell, what the term ''model'' means is "collection of mathematical structures" (of the sort Recall that for both Suppes and van Fraassen a model is a mathematical structure although the Bohr model of hydrogen just is a mathematical structure of a certain kind, work_3dix7yhp4rc7pogtsscfvtza4m like) to much more specific questions about particular methods and their problems of My own particular concern in this regard right now is with evidence for use. questions of use: We may have excellent evidence, from randomized controlled Natural science results – like fertilizer effectiveness and safety – are warranted by natural science methods. basis of that science in putting it to use?" This is an incredibly hard question to results that require the input of both natural and social science, we look the Besides the problems of integrating – or even obtaining – social science evidence • There is one area of use in which we philosophers of science are doing good one or another well-known method for establishing causal conclusions: tests for our emphasis and work instead on questions of evidence for use. Well-ordered Science: Evidence for Use Well-ordered Science: Evidence for Use Well-ordered Science: Evidence for Use work_3dwu7mjyzjg37o44nzdzszasgm No one has a well developed solution to Duhem''s problem, the problem of how experimental evidence warrants revision of our theories. Deborah Mayo proposes a solution to Duhem''s problem in route to her more ambitious program of providing a It turns out that Mayo''s purported solution to Duhem''s problem is very significant to her project, for the epistemic license claimed by ES So, according to Duhem, treating experimental evidence as if it determined which statement is to blame is mistaken. Mayo''s proposal stems from her Error Statistics account of experimental Mayo adopts Karl Popper''s slogan that we learn the most about hypotheses which are severely tested. severe tests, then h is not shown to be in error as a result of e''. auxiliary statements in F there are, in principle, an infinite number of tests. This leaves a few auxiliaries that are controlled (like instrument error) and the test hypothesis work_3eofis4c7ngkzi73feaqqlsx2i psychiatry''s validity crisis, it has been suggested, is to refocus psychiatric research on causal Here I argue that the DSM stands in the way of valid diagnostic categories not merely assumption of diagnostic discrimination in psychiatric research, specifically when that research the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project, a new classification tool for psychiatric that is, the assumption that our diagnostic tests1 group patients together in ways that allow for relevant facts about original valid inferences about the nature of psychiatric disorder.6 This effect is due to the widelyheld but, I have argued, unjustified assumption in psychiatry that the manual''s categories are the diagnostic discrimination cannot be found in the DSM''s history or biomedical psychiatry''s track diagnostic discrimination a prerequisite for psychiatric research. assumption that the DSM''s criteria are discriminative for research purposes. whether the DSM''s diagnostic criteria are indeed discriminative. "Diagnostic Criteria for Use in Psychiatric Research." Archives of General work_3fygvbul25cwbe3astez4jygxq Upravo u ovom kontekstu ću razmotriti i osnovne razlike između stare i nove filozofije nauke, kao i niz uvreženi u ljudsku svest, da flagrantna protivurečnost između onoga što su pokazale naučne revolucije i ovih stavova nije primećena, ili bolje reći da je minimalizovana do krajnje mere i čak neutralizovana određenim veoma proizvoljnim objašnjenjima. iskustvo nije autonomno, već nužno mora da bude teorijski interpretirano (da bi dobilo upotrebljiv oblik) – na osnovu neke interpretativne teorije, odnosno nekog referentnog okvira, nekog teorijskog aparata. segmentacije i klasifikacije iskustva, ili kako Vorf shvata iskustvo, "kaleidoskopskog toka impresija" kroz koji nam se svet predstavlja. (5) Principi analize iskustva koji se nalaze u jeziku objektiviziraju se i projektuju u svet i tako doživljavaju kao stvarnost, odnosno integralni deo nje. svesni paradigme (ili kategorijalnog aparata) kao faktora koji uređuje iskustvo. Jer i oni, a ne samo relativisti, na jedan, kao što ćemo videti, uslovan način work_3gh37ir535hqrlxwy6jvcm6kjy over probability in EQM, and on Wallace''s argument. ''Incoherence Problem'' for probability in EQM, and argue that both versions of problem of justifying one of the key premises of Wallace''s argument, Branching EQM, we can coherently assign non-trivial7 objective probabilities to Collectivism, distinct Everett branches are not alternative possibilities but coTrivialization problem; to identify Everett worlds with kinematically possible picture, can be thought of as the probability that the actual Everett world is a uncertainty, for any agent A, is the nature of the Everett world of which A is a of objective probabilities to propositions describing distinct Everett worlds. sense of non-trivial objective probabilities for outcomes of quantum interactions argument to ground objective probability in EQM – the Incoherence problem – Wallace''s argument assumes that Everettian agents are driven only by in-branch branching of Everett worlds. Saunders, Simon and Wallace, David (2008), ''Branching and Uncertainty'', work_3gjzim4knnb73chdhbn36y676i This approach maintains the pre-experimental relevance of experimental design and stopping rules but vindicates their evidential, postexperimental irrelevance. The (ir)relevance of stopping rules thus has severe implications for scientific practice and the proper interpretation of sequential stopping rule, such as sampling on until the result favors our pet hypothesis, will lead us to equally biased conclusions (Mayo 1996, 343–345). Third, we assert the pre-experimental relevance and postexperimental irrelevance of stopping rules and vindicate this standpoint from which stopping rules can be relevant correspond to two stages of a sequential trial: first, the pre-experimental stage, where the trial is planned frequentist statistician who works with p-values, significance levels, degrees of severity, or the like, the strength of the observed evidence depends conducts a sequential trial with a certain stopping rule, but the evidence stopping rules in frequentist terms (see Schervish, Seidenfeld, and Kadane Berry (1988), "The Relevance of Stopping Rules in Statistical Inference" (with discussion), in S. work_3gog66c3mbd3ppc4yvop4dml3q https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/how-to-confirm-the-conjunction-of-disconfirmed-hypotheses(c9a9d747-5977-4c89-9d5a-d898d39c7b79).html six prevailing confirmation measures that satisfy these necessary conditions, and they prove that their conclusions follow for any of them. Tentori (2008), "Probability, Confirmation, and the Conjunction Fallacy", Thinking and Reasoning 14: 182–199. All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). work_3gy4shpuufetvircmnlly2kqoi of gravity as the gauge symmetry of a Yang-Mills type theory MacDowell and Mansouri [1977];(here and in gauge theory'' to ''diffeomorphism-invariant quantities are the observables of quantum gravity''.7 (Obst-Grav) The (small) diffeomorphism symmetry of gravity cannot be described as a gauge Recall that abstract Chern-Simons theory with gauge group G on a spacetime M has as its basic dynamical variable a gauge field or (local) ''connection 1-form'' A, i.e. A : TM → g. argue that if the solutions of Cartan gauge theory include non-invertible e then the phase space of Cartan gauge theory and the phase space of first-order gravity are manifestly non-equivalent. We shall consider the small gauge symmetries of Cartan Chern-Simons theory and argue that they coincide of a gauge theory and the diffeomorphism group of gravity are very different beasts. of first-order gravity by small symmetries and large gauge transformations. work_3iyijyyk5zectbkzfv3ieq25ii Chance Neutrality, David Lewis'' (1980) Principal Principle, according to which a person Hence, we make room for attitudes that violate Chance Instrumentalism/Neutrality without running the risk of trivialising decision theory.6 Secondly, while our version of the Principal Principle makes reference to an arbitrary partition of propositions {Ai} with respect to which chances are specified, Lewis''s is restricted In other words, Chance Neutrality and the Principal Principle entail Linearity. Now it follows from the above observation that what is entailed by the Principal Principle and Chance Neutrality is Linearity limited to propositions for which the agent in question Given the Principal Principle, Chance Neutrality* implies Linearity*. But the Principal Principle entails that P(Wi | 〈Ch(Wi) = αi〉) = αi and Chance Neutrality* The best way to evaluate the Principal Principle as a norm of practical rationality, is to envision a situation where we are choosing between ''lotteries'' with known (and fixed) chances work_3k5hzhie3ffczgdisygw2hxxdi relevant for assessing the epistemic status of moral beliefs in cases where we cannot determine whether the proximal processes producing these beliefs are reliable just by examining the properties of these proximal processes. On the assumption that if sympathy contributes to truth tracking in the moral domain, it does so by picking out entities in pain, and given empirical evidence that sympathy produces false the epistemic status of moral beliefs influenced by proximal causes without Much of the literature on the evolutionary causes of moral beliefs, following Street (2006), has focused on the epistemic property of truth tracking. but, as I show with the cases of disgust and sympathy, it is possible to conclude with confidence that we do not track the truth of moral facts without whether moral beliefs produced by processes involving disgust and sympathy track the truth. work_3kvqwslny5b3blrdgecwmx3thu simulations and experiments do not allow them to generate new knowledge simulations generate knowledge in the same way that experiments do. Simulations can produce new knowledge just as experiments do. generate knowledge that is empirical in nature; second, like experiments, simulations simulations generate new knowledge in the same way experiments do. whether, like experiments, computer simulations provide knowledge that is empirical in simulations and experiments generally provide new knowledge under the same based on their similarities, simulations generate new knowledge in the same way providing new knowledge, simulations and experiments are supposed to exhibit all and Keller (2003) call simulations ''experiments on the theory'' (or on the model); philosophical literature that simulations and experiments can be said to provide new it the ''first time'' criterion: a simulation or an experiment provides new knowledge when argument that simulations and experiments generally provide new knowledge under the work_3mayozaayjcyzordp555ytt43y The communist norm requires that scientists widely share the results of their work. I argue against Strevens that individual scientists can rationally conform to the communist norm, even in the absence of a social contract The sociologist Robert Merton first noticed that there exists an institutional norm in science that mandates widely sharing results. describing a game-theoretic model of scientists working on a research project 5I do not deny that normative expectations calling on scientists to share their work By sharing their progress, Strevens assumes, the scientists improve each other''s chances of completing the research project. Above I have shown in a game-theoretic model that it is rational for creditmaximizing scientists subject to the priority rule to share their intermediate the priority rule gives scientists an incentive to share any and all intermediate results. scientist immediately shares and claims credit for any stage she completes. work_3o5fm53zyzdx7llv3z7rqszgei that, in assessing the outcome of a probabilistic process, we characterize both the hypotheses we are evaluating and the outcome observed in a way that was salient prior to Here, White condones Jane''s use of a general statement of her evidence ("Some player rolled a double-six") in assessing the likelihood of the hypotheses, so we might wonder And, as we''ve seen, those conditional probabilities (which determine whether the observation confirms H1 over H2) change, depending on which reference class we use in LP, we should describe the observed outcome in terms of a reference class of possible net into the lake, we didn''t antecedently partition the possible outcomes into Ashacatchings and non-Asha-catchings, and hope to obtain evidence about the fish population reference class used in describing the possible outcomes to match the observed result, we my evidence as falling into the reference class observation of life-sustaining universe by work_3qfnyromnfdipfl2b3qxtbghpq We consider a probabilistic framework in which an agent, named Bob, is endowed with a coherent view of world (i.e., a finitely additive probability measure) Bob''s view of the world is inductive in the sense of Hume, as we define shown that there exist non σ-additive coherent views of the world which allow for Definition 1 A coherent view of the world P is inductive in the sense of Hume From sufficient data with a pattern, Bob ultimately concludes, with probability approaching certainty, that Nature must follow some law. Definition 2 A coherent view of the world P is inductive in the sense of Goodman if for every path ω ∈ A, Proposition 2 Any σ-additive coherent view of the world is completely inductive in the sense of Hume. As shown, σ-additive coherent views rule out skepticism about induction. work_3ruoiits35e2pgnx7pjvl2blqu to interpret the wave-function as a multi-field in three-dimensional space. the particles and the wave-function are defined in too different mathematical spaces, three-dimensional space a unique field value, the wave-function doesn''t do so. because the wave-function is reduced to local fields in three-dimensional space governed In the first-order formulation of the de Broglie–Bohm theory, the multi-field specifies the velocity of the particles according to the guiding equation, whereas in the In the multi-field view, the scientific image consists of many particles in three dimensions, guided by a non-local field in this very space. 1. The multi-field doesn''t give us a new ontological understanding of the wave-function. composing three dimensional space, a particle configuration, and the multi-field. According to this view, the multi-fields are defined at each instant by the wavefunction in configuration space, and the question is how the wave-function wave-function is also a non-local beable because it is, indeed, a multi-field. work_3uvxsxns3fafldsj5wnfkihmh4 We present three arguments in favor of absolute over relative outcome measures. causal strength, absolute measures satisfy a set of desirable properties, but relative measures do not. medical researchers, including ''relative'' outcome measures and ''absolute'' We conclude that medical science should more consistently use and report absolute outcome measures. For starters, relative and absolute outcome measures can appear very different when the control event rate (i.e., P(YjC)) is low. The effect of drug A was quantified with a relative outcome measure (RRR 5 34%), and the effect of drug B was quantified with an absolute outcome measure (ARR 5 1:4%). The relative outcome measure RRR 5 34% Hence, inferring effectiveness of a medical treatment on the basis of relative outcome measures is indeed prone to cognitive bias. causal strength measures for binary outcomes, see Sprenger (forthcoming). Medical science, whether in clinical trials or in epidemiology, should always use and report absolute outcome measures. work_3v27srwhsrcivdz7ju2cvxycya theorising: data-driven ''abstract direct representation'' and modeling. theorising: data driven abstract direct representation (ADR) and modeling. practices of model-based theorising (indirect representation) and data-driven In abstract direct representation (ADR), theorists abstract away from (models of) data The primary difference between ADR and modeling that Weisberg and GodfreySmith emphasise is between the intentions and practices of researchers. In ADR, researchers abstract from (models of) data in a rather direct In contrast, another kind of model-based theorising that Weisberg and Godfrey-Smith 3: Steps of Model-Based Theorising in Cognitive Neuroscience In cognitive neuroscience models are often developed from computational templates generated to translate a computational template into a model, based on a range of In contrast to the cases of model-based theorising described by Weisberg and are not novel products of template-based modelling in cognitive neuroscience, as the That is, although modelbased theorising in cognitive neuroscience and ADR go about ensuring model-target work_3wop4rdmlbhnpjy7afehxaigma countable additivity is an acceptable axiom of subjective probability. Finetti''s central argument against countable additivity and provide a new Dutch book subjective probability, countable additivity is an unavoidable constraint. argue that if we adopt countable additivity, our model of belief is better (or Alternatively one can appeal to the foundations of subjective probability and argue that countable additivity is a natural argument here is that if one accepts the Dutch book foundations for subjective probability, then one will have to accept that subjective probability is countably additive. subjective, not objective, probability satisfies countable additivity. interpretation of probability his arguments regarding countable additivity [1995]: ''Using Finitely Additive Probability: Uniform Countable Additivity and Subjective Probability 415 Countable Additivity and Subjective Probability 415 Countable Additivity and Subjective Probability 415 Countable Additivity and Subjective Probability 415 Countable Additivity and Subjective Probability 415 Countable Additivity and Subjective Probability 415 Countable Additivity and Subjective Probability 415 work_3x5qxbcxz5fidg5ehk5g6o3ck4 Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_3xblphdcj5bnnmkcqmntcy3rji work_3xxhy2hklbhwtaua3prq2lvyzq Strategies of Explanatory Abstraction in Molecular Systems Biology perfect adaptation of chemotaxis in Escherichia coli (Barkai and Leibler 1997; Ma et al Mechanistic network for E.coli chemotaxis (Rao and Ordal 2009). the dynamical modeling strategy produces accounts that are mechanistic, by virtue of Let''s treat the dynamical model driving this explanatory strategy as an initial baseline for dynamical modeling, represent mechanisms for E.coli chemotaxis. The topological analysis strategy proceeds by identifying a chemotaxis network known if the mechanistic details of E.coli''s chemotaxis network were different, and even if the The topological model driving this second explanatory strategy is more abstract than the chemotaxis network for E.coli nor topological details about the structure of that dynamical, topological, and design explanatory strategies differ as I claim—specifically, mechanistic explanation for the perfect robustness of chemotaxis for B.subtilis. chemotaxis (in E.coli, B.subtilis, etc) apply mathematical techniques to network models. Then topological and organizational design explanatory strategies are mechanistic work_3zpalhe5zzgobct76u2ocxd4o4 Structural realist interpretations of generally relativistic spacetimes Most authors who argue for a structural realist interpretation of spacetime than individual objects such as spacetime points, but join substantivalists in a structural realist interpretation of spacetime that arises from highly (spatially) symmetrical models of general relativity. In these cases, since according to the structural realist spacetime points only inherit their properties and relativity in the model-theoretic sense, interpreting spacetime structurally really means offering a structural realist interpretation of general relativity. It is important to stress at this point that the balanced structural realist rejects that members of the ontology exemplify any intrinsic properties. The structural realist about spacetime must re-interpret PII to adapt it relations is in general possible within the structural realist programme, but O of a structure S must be individuated, and since the manifold points in relational structure, even in the case of highly symmetric spacetimes. work_4227zu4yprdtfbvmewzs7apwqq prior probability of h – and that sounds like it recommends methods of posterior of h given some evidence e without information about the prior probability of h. I''ll call it the ''Leverage Method'' of computing posterior probabilities. the posterior probability of h goes up as we acquire observational evidence that confirms about p(e) to attempt to compute the prior probability of h – so a higher value for p(e) values for p(h/e) that Roush computes using the leveraging method – remember that, probability of h, and that is a value that the Leveraging Method purports to do without. Method could not be expected to deliver a reasonable value for the probability that Mary these likelihood terms in the Leveraging Equation to compute a value for p(h). prior probability that Mary has disease D, for we don''t know the relative frequency of D work_42n3jpw6pjdzln7q4exymai4mq I defend a radical interpretation of biological populations—what I call population pluralism—which holds that there are many ways that a particular grouping of individuals can be related such that the grouping satisfies the conditions necessary for those individuals to evolve together. First, I note that most of the conditions that constitute the narrow interpretation of ''biological population'' face both conceptual difficulties and counterexamples gleaned from the complexity of the biological world (Section 3). Classical evolutionary theory provides conditions for a grouping of individuals to undergo population dynamics. Another commonly assumed constraint on the notion of ''biological population'' is that an evolving group is necessarily sub-species: all members of a necessary for a group of individuals to co-evolve as a biological population). Since causal interactions that unite individuals into a biological population Individuals in a biological population are related to each other by specific causal interactions which work_44hg474jefe4bi7nqba4l5f7sy Phylogenetic trees are meant to represent the genealogical history of life and apparently our common tendencies toward group (class/kind) thinking and ladder thinkTo contact the author, please write to: California Institute of Technology, Division of Huanities and Social Sciences, MC 101-40, Pasadena, CA 91101; e-mail: joel@joelvelasco.net. knowing the history of the group, the phylogenetic tree is the essential background information needed to get started answering such a question. subtrees of the big, universal tree of life, which represents how all species are Web of life that represents the history of lineages when we take into account various lateral transfers of genetic information as well as vertical reproduction. some uses of trees, these details are simply ignored as irrelevant to the problem at hand. example, tree models assume that once a lineage splits from another, changes But after reflecting on the fact that trees and networks are simply models of the history, new possibilities are opened up. work_44us6yyufvee5htyhx6crqhohi values are required in science wherever non-epistemic consequences of error should be I use examples from dioxin studies to illustrate how non-epistemic consequences of error can and should be considered in the internal stages of science: choice internal aspects of scientific reasoning for cases where inductive risk includes risk of non-epistemic consequences. illustrate how consideration of inductive risk can require the use of nonepistemic values, I will discuss examples from recent laboratory animal studies of dioxin''s ability to induce cancer.12 It is precisely such contentious areas as this that have caused public questioning of science and that Policy-making: a Study of Values in Dioxin Science, The University of Pittsburgh, 1998. odology from a scientific research paper, significant inductive risk is present at each of the three "internal" stages of science: choice of methodology, gathering and characterization of the data, and interpretation of the In these cases where inductive risk is involved, non-epistemic values are work_454kxaszvrcaxpfkvowltn2nmy University of Cambridge, Churchill College & Department of History and Philosophy of Science, UK claims regarding psychical research and parapsychology in philosophical discussions of the demarcation When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences the international conference ''Psychical Research and Parapsychology in the History of Science and Medicine'', held at the UCL chology and psychical research was held in August 2010 at the 29th Annual Conference of the European Society for the History of the Human Sciences, University of Paper presented at the conference ''Psychical Research and Parapsychology in the History of Medicine and the Sciences,'' University College Telepathy, psychical research, and modern psychology. Psychical research in the history and philosophy of science. Psychical research in the history and philosophy of science. Psychical research in the history and philosophy of science. work_45x5k7murzgspnobjbjrlrtday Leitgeb and Pettigrew (2010a,b) argue that (1) agents should minimize the expected inaccuracy of their beliefs, and (2) inaccuracy should be measured via the Brier score. Leitgeb and Pettigrew argue that we should measure the inaccuracy of a probability function C r at w by seeing how far it is from �w under the ACCURACY (DIACHRONIC EXPECTED GLOBAL): Suppose an agent has learned evidence between t and t 0 that imposes constraints C on her belief function C rt 0 at t It turns out that for nearly any measure of inaccuracy one might think is reasonable (including the quadratic scoring rules), the function that minimizes expected inaccuracy under these Leitgeb and Pettigrew (2010b) show that under the Brier score, ADEG requires a different updating The argument against the Brier score as a measure of inaccuracy comes from its failings in recommending an updating procedure in Jeffrey-UES''s. work_46hl73zrajaffo2wiz5gckptdu meanings of "race." Furthermore, I argue that this underdetermination leads to a deflationist diagnosis according to which disputes about the existence of human races are nonsubstantive verbal disputes. In section 2 I argue that empirical evidence about human biological diversity underdetermines the ontology of race. However, a closer look at current debates about race also reveals a second type of empirical underdetermination that is at least logically independent from debates about the existence of biological kinds. Instead, there could still be disagreement between racial realists and antirealists regarding the question whether we should identify any of the objective, interested-independent, and nonambiguous kinds with human races. realists can accept empirical underdetermination and still insist on one correct answer in debates about the biological reality of race. of human races provides a sufficient specification, as numerous philosophers, including Kitcher (1999), Glasgow (2003), Appiah (2006), and Spencer (2014a), have been very clear about their focus on the commonsense work_47vypy3fxvcmrdfax4772b6mfi differences between earthies and airies, in both philosophy and science. Then I will present evidence that earthies and airies practice two fundamentally distinct kinds of science, which reason for calling this theoretical reality is that no one can perceive anything existing while unperceived, so difference between empirical and theoretical science follows immediately really empirical and hence, if theoretical entities exist at all, then they are difference between empirical and theoretical science lies in their methods. difference in method between empirical and theoretical science, according Fourth, empirical and theoretical science differ in the that empirical science and theoretical that empirical science and theoretical perceptible and the entities of theoretical science always imperceptible? called empirical and theoretical perception. theory and observation, where the empirically perceived object is internal, theoretical head must be outside everything empirically perceived. empirical science is perceptible and the of empirical worlds, theoretical science theoretical science explains empirical work_4ae4ojriljenxprv7xeke46zmm Philosophers of science discuss whether theory selection depends on aesthetic judgments or criteria, been devoted to understanding the role that aesthetic judgments play in theory selection is not clear whether this language tracks genuinely aesthetic judgments that drive theory selection understand how aesthetic judgments can play a legitimate role in theory selection. judgments of beauty to include considerations of the philosophy of art (Kelly 1998, Sheppard 1987, science as aesthetic—play a genuinely aesthetic role familiar from art contexts, thus denying the epistemic reduction while also preserving a meaningful role for aesthetic judgments in science. of art theorists who characterize aesthetic judgment in terms of appreciation for internally coherent, reason to look beyond simplicity and symmetry in searching for the role of aesthetic judgments in aesthetic judgments that draw upon some of the same criteria employed in theory selection in elements of theory selection are aesthetic in a way that is not reducible to epistemic criteria and work_4czg5ksbjzcsrouferhs2emsne It has been argued that at least some versions of presentism are consistent with time-orientable models of general relativity. Keywords Presentism · space-time · black holes · relativity · fourdimensionalism of the future relative to the past for any region of space-time is, given special In the case of more general space-times, represented by manifolds with intrinsic curvature, such transformations can only be local. In order to introduce gravitation in a general space-time we define a metric tensor gµν, such that its components can be related to those of a locally The black hole region, BH, of such space-time is BH = the black hole is the metric and, consequently, space-time curvature. Fig. 3 Space-time diagram in Schwarzschild coordinates showing the light cones close to space-times with black holes, the horizon is not only a null surface, it is also a relativity self-defeats her position if space-time allows for black holes. work_4e7saadatnhihj36wykhscz7ce Nicholas Maxwell (1985) has contended that the special theory of relativity is incompatible with the hypothesis that the future is to some degree open (i.e., not fully determined)-a hypothesis he calls "probabilism". opinion is the real point, and since Maxwell, reviewing possible objections (in his original paper and in his response to Dieks), has failed to course, postulate a distinguished time-orientation: of the two topologicali, connected components of the set of null and time-like nonzero vectors of space-time, one must be distinguished as the set of "future-pointing", I think that a certain feature of the physical theory-in particular, of its geometric-kinematic part-tends to seduce philosophers into a misconception of its relation to experience; and ''There is one slightly delicate point to be noted: Malament''s discussion, which is concerned with certain views of Grunbaum, follows the latter in treating space-time without For in this case any fundamentally probabilistic physical theory must contradict special relativity. work_4er3hrpkfre6teanfcdm5cnfuq 37 N.R. Hanson, "A Report to the University of Toronto on History and Philosophy of Science as a 72 | Philip Enros The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 72 | Philip Enros The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 72 | Philip Enros The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 72 | Philip Enros The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 72 | Philip Enros The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 72 | Philip Enros The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 72 | Philip Enros The Origins of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology work_4esklt43n5cmhgt4xal7xykr4e There are two kinds of defeaters for prima facie reasons. As with any prima facie reason, it can be defeated by about c that lower the probability, that defeats the prima facie reason: equally good prima facie reasons for believing each member of a set of conclusions, and no defeaters for any of these prima facie reasons. suppose the set of conclusions is a minimal set inconsistent with propositions we are independently warranted in believing. The conclusions are "collectively defeated." Applying this to the lottery, (Al) provides us with equally good prima facie prima facie reasons is defeated in any other way, then none of Therefore, by (Al), we have a prima facie reason for believing for any of the prima facie reasons involved in the collective defeat other an undercutting defeater for A as a prima facie reason for B: (UD) If we are warranted in believing F, A is a prima facie reason work_4ezf7fhkfzepljgkcmfrc4yoce causal world "exuberant" by making non-physical functional and relational properties Philosophers discuss whether there are proper (i.e. nonreducible) non-physical properties or whether, as reductive physicalists claim, explainable from knowledge of the causal powers of basic physical properties. functional or relational properties.6 My claim, thus, is that in selection processes these 7 By this I only mean that selection processes have an effect on which properties have causal powers. relational property in a causal explanation. to think this is that physics already has explanations for the events that these properties explain—see 3. The case for the causal efficacy of non-physical properties Physical causal explanations cannot explain everything It does seem as though non-physical properties play a causal role in selection The task now is to show that some non-physical explanations do provide causal independent and complete causes/causal explanations of one event. The physical explanation, on its way to explaining why the antelope died instead work_4gwejgb5fzeeziei5i5si754ni views of biology, and especially of human nature, through the theory of evolution. universal statement of the theory of evolution by natural selection. One reason why the task is likely to be impossible is that evolution by natural selection, unlike, perhaps, gravitational attraction or heat diffusion, is not itself one process. general account of the theory of evolution by natural selection must necessarily involve abstraction away from the particularities of individual particular super-model and given it a role somewhat like that of the happily non-existent general theory of evolution by natural selection. We can now see more clearly the kind of misguided simplification involved in recent attempts to apply evolutionary models to human behavior. Now consider the application of this kind of model to human behavior. explanation by natural selection, a buying module? that such models are not universally suited to the broad range of phenomena just indicated, and so their inapplicability to human behavior needs work_4gyzu5a74bgcxk7i2m7lzrw7ny Scientific success is the parameter by which realists claim to discern approximately true theories from in the real realist version (Kitcher 2001, 168–70), Fresnel''s theory was successful—with Poisson''s striking prediction of a bright spot—because of its successDavid Harker (2013, 89) calls a "comparative conception of success." Confirmation theory teaches us that the available evidence may support one hypothesis better than rival ones, and hence in our truth-conducive inferences we ought rephrasing Harker''s view so that "predictions" are replaced by a posteriori judgments on theoretical insights that each scientific community at any particular time may deem worthy of retaining from theories of their predecessors. Standards for assessing scientific success (and hence the approximate truth of theories) are sensitive to historical contingencies of real communities in real historical periods. in 1822.4 More to the point for my story, Fresnel''s appeal to parsimony and fruitfulness shows how standards of scientific success are contextual and perspectival;theyarenotsubspecieaeternitatis.Theirbeingsituatedinagivenhistorical and cultural context (e.g., the debate between corpuscularist optics and work_4hs72gwguvagviuqziwifvnptu will speak to the issue of ''false assumptions'' only for the case of preference assignments in economic models. macro-economic models, for example, that do not assign preferences to agents. To this end, this section will articulate the shorthand story about preferences in economics in a non-standard way—in two respects. to express the theory of consumer demand, for example, solely in terms of counterfactual choices, without the need to refer to preferences of any sort (Varian shorthand story says that the real content of assignments of commonsense preferences in economic models are hypotheses about an agent''s T-preferences. so by pointing out that the shorthand story does not itself entail positivist doctrine (6), which says that there is a practical, theory-independent procedure for given (4), that (5): only data about an agents'' choices, and the external circumstances under which they make them, can support or undermine economic models. work_4if4jlapzfgx3fly5ygwfvdoju Millikan (1993) and Wilson (1994) argue, for different reasons, that the essential reference to the environment in adaptationist explanations of behavior makes (psychological) individualism inconsistent with evolutionary psychology. mechanisms that produce and control behavior that are selected forwhat are standardly called "proximate mechanisms." To put this another way, since it is genes that are transmitted from one generation to whether that account forces a non-individualistic functional individuation of proximate mechanisms. functions of naturally selected proximate mechanisms are non-individualistic. it is a function of a proximate mechanism to produce some effect just Of course, this is only a possible way of viewing the functions of proximate mechanisms and the series of effects they initiate. it, her theory entails that the mechanism is also not performing its function when it effects a color change in the absence of predators. of the function of the behavior produced by a proximate mechanism, work_4j4t7b5ldjhjzgsbigscg47x6u Melden, it is true, holds that to treat a motive as a cause is as causes and views causal theories of motivation as confused ([8], Ch. II). not to deny) that causal explanations are relevant to understanding human actions; may be provided, causal explanations of an action may not be adequate in the sense, primarily concerned to insist on the impossibility of eliminating motivational, noncausal talk in the description and explanation of human actions. actions is compatible with the logical difference between causal and motivational talk. 2. Mental and physical states and events may interact causally. characteristically insist that explanations of human actions cannot be given in causal that they concede that motives may be causes, linguistic analysts provide for interactionism. The objectivist concedes also that explanation by motive and by cause to the criteria alone will not bear on the causal question regarding mental states. work_4jzqufri5jdathedndsuxuxrze work_4m52w5gfxbab7pzmxa4p6mmmdm reformulating it in light of quantum information theory (QIT) are examined and are found fascinating science of quantum information theory (QIT) which has world is constrains what can be known about it and that these epistemological constraints warrant viewing QM in part as a theory about information; hence nothing better than QIT is appropriate to supply foundations And yet, a dominant attitude among physicists is to ignore the measurement problem, arguing, as Fuchs and Peres (2000) do, that ''''quantum point at any real discovery that arose out of concerns having to do with quantum measurement theory in his time, denying its significance amounted to The idea that the quantum state represents information of an observer is quantum mechanics does need an interpretation, Meir Hemmo (unpublished) offers the following set up.12 Consider an experiment done in a lab, (1936), ''''Note on the Quantum Mechanical Theory of Measurement'''', Physical work_4mr5swfc2negddomneag4bqtvu This article offers a critique of an account of explanatory integration that claims that explanations of cognitive capacities by functional analyses and mechanistic explanations It is shown that achieving such explanatory integration requires that the terms designating cognitive capacities in the two forms of explanation are In section 3, I make the case that the integration of functional analyses and mechanistic explanations requires that components of the two types of explanation, namely, cognitive capacities, are stable. both within and across the relevant areas of science is not directed at stabilizing the meanings of the terms designating cognitive capacities that occur in More specifically, the terms designating cognitive capacities in an explanation by functional analysis must have roughly the same referents as the For example, an experimental paradigm used to investigate a cognitive capacity like spatial memory will include a set of production procedures that specify the stimuli (e.g., distal and local cues) to be work_4o2sozsnb5ellaoen5uney2kjm taking it that mathematical structures are at least always involved in nonconcrete modeling, for example, or by considering only cases of nonconcrete For one thing, it is not clear that the representational content of the model could be captured by a mathematical structure.10 Even if it textbook model of the cell, he or she is actually presenting us with a mathematical structure, and so it is implausible that the model in question is in fact Some nonconcrete models are mathematical structures, and some are collections of propositions. term ''model'' to refer to a mathematical structure and sometimes to a collection of propositions. As I have already argued, the propositional view accommodates nonmathematical modeling The mathematical structures view has difficulty individuating models in the right way. does the mathematical structures view) that the sense of model in question some models are mathematical structures, a claim the propositional view already embraces. work_4q3grgxsoragbmqku4zr6cnvcy General relativity is invariant under transformations of the diffeomorphism group. because in quantum theory, the generators of gauge transformations are emphatically not treated U(1) gauge theory, the Þbers are the group U(1), and each point on a Þber corresponds to a different Gauge-invariance is realized because, although the connection changes under gauge transformations, the physical quantities, which are represented by the curvature Fαβ, do not. which the physics (here encoded in the curvature Fαβ) is invariant under local U(1) gauge transformations. the connection (the gauge Þeld) at each point, changes that nonetheless leave the physics at the Thus, the diffeomorphisms comprise the gauge freedom of any theory formulated in terms of tensor Þelds on a spacetime manifold. of the Maxwell tensor at a spacetime point x to be observables (physical predictions of the theory) 13See Rovelli (1995) for an attempt at constructing a diffeomorphism-invariant quantum Þeld theory. work_4qu4b5aspfhfbazhkhrwpgnupa judgments in science, and psychological evidence about people''s inability to objectively reason about Keywords Science and Values; Knowledge; Action; Subject-Sensitive Invariantism; Interest-Relative for scientific theory acceptance inevitably involve social value judgments. I devote the bulk of the paper to arguing that considerations against valuefree science and empirical psychological evidence about the limits of human rationality 2 Pragmatic Encroachment on Knowledge and the Value-Free Ideal of that Douglas draws between an epistemic judgment, evidence, and social values in their Gettier (1963) made clear that mere justified true belief is not knowledge. (7) Justifiably accepted scientific theories satisfy the belief condition for acceptance of scientific theories satisfies the justification condition for knowledge. knowledge do not and should not exceed the standard of justified acceptance of wellestablished scientific theories. scientific theories is that epistemic standards for knowledge should not exceed normal theories as knowledge, because in the process of their acceptance, scientists for the work_4quaxedeafdwzmvtx5nivlkqri ABSTRACT: Abduction is a typical theme where logic and philosophy of science meet today: occasionally, with computer science as a go-between. self-correction involved here is usually triggered by others, and hence a shared target of logic and philosophy of science should be the phenomenon of ''intelligent interaction'' between rational agents. Keywords: logic, philosophy of science, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, abduction, dynamics, interaction. It is a pleasure to say, and write a few words in connection with Atocha Aliseda''s recent book Abductive Reasoning: Logical Investigations into Discovery and Explanation —which Ulsen 2000), they created the "International Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science" around 1960. Should the current meeting of logic and philosophy of science be Modeling Intelligent Interaction: Logic in the Humanities, Social Dissertation, Institute for Logic, Language and Computation, University of Amsterdam. Abduction at the interface of Logic and Philosophy of Scienc Abduction at the interface of Logic and Philosophy of Scienc work_4rfqwfihongyjgieixdwlsfxua Fuller, Steve, 1959(2012) The art of being human : a project for general Philosophy of history, philosophy and social studies of science in the late 1970s (Fuller 2000: chap. 1. Science as Humanity''s Means to Manage Modality This opening meditation on modality suggests that science relates to our humanity in a rather Karl Popper called ''objective knowledge'', including science as a unique human achievement, significant segments of humanity undermine science''s aspiration to knowledge of universal what is needed for placing our future understanding of ''science'' and ''humanity'' in some 3. Science''s Continual Re-specification of that Projectible Predicate ''Human'' In terms of my own version of social epistemology (Fuller 1988), science may be defined as inquiry is so bound up with what it means to be human that advances in science may render A general philosophy of science curriculum is required for this emerging Humanity 2.0. Academic Research: Science and the Modern University. work_4ry4e6snozd7bo3xtbbu7tlfkq I argue that meta-research evidence works by rationally revising our confidence I then make the case for meta-research evidence, considering several important objections to its use in evaluating therapies: the irrelevance objection, to evaluating the evidential support that E lends to H, or how strongly E supports H.1 A systematic review of publication bias is meta-evidence with respect to particular clinical trial evidence if it has some rational bearing on our But meta-research evidence functions by rationally revising our confidence in the FOE and thus in the premises of our we have been working (i.e., that they are evidence of bias in FOE), they warrant a lower confidence in the hypothesis; but in practice meta-research is First, the irrelevance objection argues that meta-research findings are not relevant to the therapeutic hypothesis; only FOE has rational bearing on this causal matter. work_4s7csdnefvg5njpbktquxb3gou Abstract The ideal of value free science states that the justification of scientific findings should not be based on non-epistemic (e.g. moral or political) values. Keywords Value free science · Inductive risks · Uncertainty · Scientific policy However, the ideal of value free science has been at the heart of various controversies which have raged since at least Max Weber''s publications and involved philosophers and social scientists alike. value-laden decisions can be systematically avoided, it argues, by making uncertainties explicit and articulating findings carefully. value-laden decisions can be systematically avoided, it argues, by making uncertainties explicit and articulating findings carefully. line of argument, which yields a second type of methodological critique.12 The second version, too, takes off from the premiss that policy-relevant scientific findings referring to value-free scientific advice in the face of uncertainty, as formulations like scientists "passing While scientific policy advice should be guided by the ideal of value free science, the work_4s7db3tg4ngjbpj6lv6cw6h55y The problem of identity and individuality (discernibility, reference, etc.) in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is typically considered in the context of instantaneous diachronic identity and identification of quantum particles has received relatively little and heterodox approaches to the problem of the individuation of quantum particles identity of quantum objects are experiments involving interactions between particles, of the diachronic identity of particles, we have to choose which approach to synchronic we may be tempted to conclude that in the currently considered case of indistinguishable particles with spin the relation of diachronic identity holds between appropriate identical with the particle 1 or 2 in the pre-interaction state (7). Consequently, the interference effects have nothing to do with the existence of diachronic identity between the particles participating in the scattering process. difference between the two cases is explained by reference to the existence or nonexistence of the facts of diachronic identity between particles before and after the work_4sywekpn3vanlaaphfsir3dqfe Phyllis Kirstin Illari1 & Federica Russo2 We have been serving as Editors-in-Chief of EJPS for over a year now, and we thought process for submissions, and to build an associate editorial team with a shared vision of the Associate Editors, we are providing a fair and solid refereeing process that respects authors'' views and values reviewers'' work in providing feedback. would like to thank authors for submitting, and the guest editors for their hard work in Keep an eye on EJPS as papers in the Topical Collection of EPSA17 will start Paper issues will still be collected three times a year, but simply contain Papers in Topical Collections will undergo the same refereeing process as any other EJPS submission, with Guest Editors acting as Associate Editors and handling all papers via the Editorial Manager. will form the first Topical Collection of EJPS. We will start accepting Topical Collection work_4tw5blvylnhh7msvdt4jfqepg4 proposal is true: gases behave thermodynamic-like if they are epsilon-ergodic, that is, ergodic on the phase space except for a small region of measure epsilon. that more realistic models of typical systems discussed in statistical mechanics will fail to be ergodic" (Sklar 1993, 172). First appearances notwithstanding, the KAM theorem does not establish that relevant systems in SM are not ergodic (and a fortiori it does irrelevant if the systems are not epsilon-ergodic for these energy values effect: these low energy values, to the best of our knowledge, never correspond to gases but to glasses or solids.22 And for larger energies, numerical evidence suggests that the motion is indeed epsilon-ergodic. The conclusion is that there are good reasons to believe that relevant systems are epsilon-ergodic. conclude, the evidence supports the claim that Lennard-Jones-type systems are epsilon-ergodic for the relevant energy values. reasons to believe that the relevant physical systems are epsilon-ergodic. work_4uvz33wv2rfsnm4hytn5rom67q Centre for Time Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The Centre for Time was established in 2002, supported by the Australian Research Council and the University of Sydney, in conjunction with a Federation Fellowship awarded to Professor Huw Price. Since 2015, we have been funded by a series of Australian Research Council grants in conjunction with the support of the University of Sydney. the psychology and philosophy of temporal phenomenology, where we collaborate with researchers in the University''s School of Psychology and international partners at the University of California and City College of New York. to provide the global research community with new clarity about what belongs where, across the academic disciplines, in the study of time The Centre for Time comprises academics and researchers from the University of Sydney and welcomes researchers in various disciplines from throughout Australia and around the world. University of Sydney, work_4ve3t4t5jfcz7l7m7nvvxzbqtm measurement, and data assimilation.'', British journal for the philosophy of science, First published online: September 7, processes, in principle they can be embedded in direct, derived and complex measurement practices in conventional observations and simulation-based forecasts, is characterized as a complex measuring way that simulation results constitute measurement outcomes. way that simulation results constitute measurement outcomes. model of a direct measurement process will represent physical interactions culminating in the running a computer simulation model and observing the results involves no physical simulation results constitute raw instrument readings or even measurement outcomes. Perhaps in some cases running a computer simulation model and observing the results can be a process for such a way that simulation results constitute raw instrument readings or measurement measurement outcome in an atmospheric data assimilation study should be a function of (at complex measurement practices in such a way that simulation results constituted raw work_4wylshaebzhcnp3hb5blgvfvk4 now, think of a symmetry of a law as a transformation on physical systems Of course, one might conclude on the basis of a symmetry-to-reality inference that absolute velocity is not real, and it would then be true that it is not a that physical situations differing in a uniform velocity boost are related formally in various ways, and that the variant features are therefore redundant in notions into coextension by requiring that the laws be objective, for example that the equations are invariant under all coordinate transformations.21 But the symmetry-to-reality inference is a good inference even It is clear from the respective contexts that both authors are inferring from a premise about the symmetries of NG to the conclusion that absolute velocity is undetectable in my sense. A better objection comes from Belot ([2013]), who argues that ontic definitions are not extensionally adequate: they count as symmetries transformations that vary features that we would not want to consider unreal. work_53mrbu5w2bcprkk2quwmk3upy4 a superluminal effect is predicted by an orthodox relativistic quantum theory, viz. Thus Norton rejects in particular the idea that physics provides a reduction of causation, for example identifying it with an appropriate transmission of a conserved quantity, especially energy or momentum, as in the process theory of causation of Salmon interpretative problems of any quantum theory (relativistic or not, curved spacetime 7For an approach to quantum field theory on non-globally hyperbolic spacetimes, cf. relativistic causality for quantum theories on Minkowski spacetime, which prescind For in both Newtonian and relativistic theories, part of the metric tensor''s significance is that massive test-particles and light-rays travel along appropriate begin with the pilot-wave approach to non-relativistic quantum theory (Section 7.1.1); 7.1.3.1 Quantum field theory The pilot-wave approach in Section 7.1.1 carries a point mentioned at the start of Section 7.1.1: that in orthodox non-relativistic quantum theory, wave-functions propagate instantaneously. work_53tdu6q3zrfqbaonr3zhh7edwm Page not found (404) | University of Helsinki Skip to main content Main navigation Page not found (404) Sorry, but the page cannot be found. 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Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3) 00014 University of Helsinki Switchboard: +358 (0) 2941 911 (mobile call charge / local network charge) work_54ojb2scxfb6hkbpz3ptn2cdby paper is to provide sufficient conditions for causality to be transitive. of causality that depends on counterfactual dependence and uses structural equations (see, for example, [Glymour and Wimberly 2007; Hall 2007; Halpern 2015; These conditions may explain why, although causality is not transitive in general (and is not guaranteed to be transitive according to any of the counterfactual possible values, and F defines a set of modifiable structural equations, relating Setting the value of some variable X to x in a causal model M = (S,F) Consider the causal model MD with variables DB (the dog bites, with values the equations say that in all contexts ~u of the causal model MB for this example, causal setting (M,~u), X2 = x2 is a but-for cause of X3 = x3 in (M,~u), and the these variables Zi, either there is a causal path from X1 to Zi or there is not. work_552watderbbqtpb7wclbewe4vq argument that Sober attributes to Darwin in the Origin of Species, and to subsequent evolutionary biologists who have reasoned in the same way. observations (how species are distributed about the globe), Sober develops a variant of modus Darwin that proceeds from observed geographical proximity rather So using Sober''s likelihood framework to interpret similarity/proximity as evidence bearing on common ancestry requires knowledge of branch lengths. that Darwin explicitly calculated any likelihood ratios, but Sober''s rigorous probabilistic framework articulates a line of reasoning that can also be appreciated constraints from geology and physics.7 Consider again the essence of Sober''s likelihood reasoning: In any given case, are the observed similarities more like what To summarize, dependence on branch length does not undermine Sober''s demonstration that similarity can sometimes be evidence for common ancestry. Sober''s model of character state evolution along the branches of any Figure 4 tree work_55v2cqdmrvbzhoyylvgfqhz3xy that the vehicle of representation contain sufficiently accurate information about the phenomenon of interest for the user''s purpose, and that it convey this information to the accurate information about the phenomenon of interest for the user''s purpose (Section 3) This information should be contained in the vehicle of representation, but the So long as the more general information is contained in the vehicle of representation, the that epistemic representations are used to convey information not about the target system The information contained in a vehicle of representation need not be true. information about the individual trajectories of the ships can be conveyed to a user Each of our examples of successful epistemic representation contains information possibility of using it to convey that information, vehicles of representation nevertheless In order for the information contained in a vehicle of epistemic representation to be information to the representation user. purpose determines how accurate the information contained in the vehicle of work_56ecc6wikzhz7ng4ohvu27ld3i This paper rejects a traditional epistemic interpretation of conditional probability. standard epistemic interpretation of conditional probability (the ''Rule of '' For here: PtXnY) = 1 (thc probability-prior-to-the-new-lnformation of the family BOTH containing two boys AND at least one hoy). understands how the information is being released, should allocate a probability of ~ to there being two girls in the family if he finds out there is at least observer should obviously reject this standard answer ~ (for the probability of two boys) aftcr finding out by this means there is a boy in the chance-process: onc can rationally update probabilities after receiving claims In consequence, the revised probability recommended by this version of the conditioning process is now 1. obscrver Adam''s understanding of the observation-process is acquired separately from (and well before) the new knowledge about the outcome of the the observation-processes that provide the updating information about work_56q6clqzefd2znfc2ew3wkbqgu work_57drhskbd5cc7h5r3ylmg56wny phenomenon in the real world by constructing and then studying a model In the next section, I will contrast modeling with another form of theorizing which I call abstract direct representation (ADR). Modeling involves the indirect theoretical investigation of a real world phenomenon. properties possessed by two real populations of organisms, Volterra''s model He engaged in indirect representation of predator-prey phenomena via the constriction of models. In these cases, the model must be similar to the real world phenomenon in Much day-to-day practice of both modeling and ADR involves the mathematical analysis of direct representations. Carroll (1998), Carey and Sundberg (2000), and Lowry and Richardson (1997). theorist will not know how similar the model is to the real world phenomenon real world phenomenon of interest, then the modeler''s representation and analysis of the model is also an indirect representation of the real world phenomenon. work_5a3qq2nprbhbbdpxjwvvekwc2u After indicating the ways in which these accounts are flawed, I propose that randomness is to be understood as a special case of the epistemic 1Another example is more recent: ''we say that an event is random if there is no way to predict Such processes are random if anything is: the sequence of outcomes of heads and tails of a tossed coin exhibits disorder, and our best models of A prediction function ψP,T (M, t) takes as input the current state M of a system described by a theory T as discerned by a predictor P, the range of available prediction functions to those that are provided by the theory subject to the agent''s epistemic and computational limitations. random sequences in deterministic situations, and as part of theories that work_5didfvpmx5ac5f6kdym5bxpneu According to Skow, correct answers to why questions cite only causes or grounds, but According to Skow, correct answers to why questions cite only causes or grounds, but Skow argues that accounts that cite nonaccidental regularities in answers to why questions typically confuse second-level reasons granted and only causes and grounds were first-level reasons why, Skow''s accusation of confusion and his central claim that correct answers to why questions cite only causes or grounds can be refuted. Citing second-level reasons answers the ''follow-up'' question "What This leads to descriptions of their accounts as classifying all facts that are cited in answers to why questions as first-level reasons. second-level reasons answers the closely related follow-up question "What (ii) Citations of second-level reasons why, taken by themselves, do not answer the question "Why did E occur?" For instance, s 5 Skow''s argument for excluding citations of second-level reasons why in answers to why questions, and I have argued that such citations can be included. work_5gbauw5zsbdmnmtiy4ywhgtjve I discuss singular spacetimes in the context of the geometrized formulation of Newtonian is that geodesic incompleteness is a natural way of thinking about singularities is geometrized Models of both standard and geometrized Newtonian gravitation, meanwhile, are classical spacetimes. general relativity, see Hawking and Ellis (1973) and Wald (1984); for (geometrized) Newtonian gravitation, In standard Newtonian gravitation, one considers a flat (i.e., Rabcd = 0) classical spacetime along with a scalar field ϕ representing the gravitational potential and a symmetric 3. Singular spacetimes in geometrized Newtonian gravitation relativity is as follows: one says that a spacetime is singular if it is geodesically incomplete. Indeed, one might take the naturalness of geodesic incompleteness as a way of characterizing singular models of geometrized Newtonian gravitation as a new motivation for makes more physical, the singular nature of a geodesically incomplete spacetime. point out that one can also consider curvature singularities in geometrized Newtonian gravitation. work_5hjjhz5pybejjlvzhtbeyjbvcq The no-miracles argument and the pessimistic induction are arguably the main considerations for and against scientific realism. Wholesale realism seeks to explain the success of science in general; wholesale anti-realism seeks to explain the history of science in general. most powerful wholesale arguments in the literature, the no-miracles argument for scientific realism and the pessimistic induction for anti-realism. Reflections on the history of science motivate the anti-realist argument. By pointing to apparently successful but false theories, anti-realists Anti-realists, meanwhile, can keep finding successful false theories. Consider, then, a realist who finds realism appealing because of a pretheoretic intuition that the success of science could not be a miracle. Imagine, if you will, what the literature on scientific realism would be like if we set aside no-miracles arguments and What Fine calls piecemeal realism is thus only an ersatz retail argument; the particular case is offered as a proxy for all of science. work_5iohwi7axfhhtn56twyz25i72e I defend the theory that the reasons why some event occurred are its causes. An example that treats a secondlevel reason as a first-level reason will look like a counterexample if that second-level Reasons on the two different levels appear in answers to different why questions. The first-level reasons are the facts that belong in the complete answer In fact, I hold that laws of nature are second-level reasons that are not I asserted without argument that laws are second-level reasons, but this is In the simple example, I know that if I just answer the question by saying no, then Sally will immediately ask me why he is not coming. In other words: Fisher''s explanation does not say, for example, that the sex ratio in the year 1000 was such and such and that this caused In this article I have presented a new causal theory of explanation that says that the reasons why an event occurred are its causes. work_5ja4tkkegvfajbmj5gxagb7yei In this paper, I examine William Whewell''s (1794–1866) ''Discoverer''s Induction'', and argue that it supplies a strikingly accurate characterization of the logic behind many statistical methods, exploratory data sense, I mean certain wide and general fields of intelligible relation, such as Space, Number, Cause, Likeness; while by Conception Regarding the related question of whether we can separate our ideas (or conceptions) from the external facts, Whewell is firm: we cannot (e.g., I, A reasonably good explication of a conception can be the basis of a colligation of facts, which in turn can point the way to an even more data came, the right kind of statistical test to perform and concomitant inference to draw, identifying the number of unobserved factors, components, dimensions, etc. We now turn to the most central aspects of the ''discovery'' component of Whewell''s philosophy of science: the explication of conceptions and the colligation of facts. work_5ktivqq4nbfclhtnjcjku2lglm Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_5lrussg27nh3vkc6pzj6fzt5ra Theory and Method in Biosciences group applies the philosophy of science to contemporary biological and biomedical research. It aims to add value by removing conceptual and methodological roadblocks to the advancement of science and by using high level biological theory, particularly an evolutionary perspective, to promote a more integrative approach to research questions. Our work contributes to Charles Perkins Centre''s integrative approach to research on non-communicable diseases (NCDs). L-R: Josh Christie, Peter Takacs, Pierrick Bourrat, Kate Lynch, Paul Griffiths, Carl Brusse May 2019 (L-R): Pierrick Bourrat (inset), Peter Takacs, Josh Christie, Stefan Gawronski, Elena Walsh, Ying Liu, Axel Constant, Caitrin Donovan, Kate Lynch, Paul Griffiths, Carl Brusse (on-screen) Nov 2018 (L-R): Ying Liu, Carl Brusse, Elena Walsh, Pierrick Bourrat, Yajuan Li, Peter Takacs, Stefan Gawronski, Caitrin Donovan, Paul Griffiths, Kate Lynch Feb 2017 (L-R): Brett Calcott (inset), Mischa Davenport, Elena Walsh, Stefan Gawronski, Kate Lynch, Arnaud Pocheville, Paul Griffiths, Pierrick Bourrat work_5lutyfyxxja4tbd7mdwpp4fzj4 of estimating systematic uncertainty in High Energy Physics (HEP). the estimation of systematic uncertainty as an instance of robustness analysis determination of systematic uncertainty bounds on a measurement result consists the sensitivity of the measurement has been weakened by systematic uncertainty Section 2 discusses the concept of systematic uncertainty, surveying the ways to both error and uncertainty as being distinguished into systematic and statistical quantity and an estimate of that value based on a model of a measurement dealing with systematic uncertainty as it arises in measurements in HEP. uncertainty bounds when determining the compatibility of one measurement result systematic uncertainty estimation provides a means for investigating the robustness conclusions that are the result of the assessment of systematic uncertainty. Statistical and systematic uncertainties on the measured tt̄ cross-section in the Modelling measurement: Error and uncertainty. systematic errors, so that anyone measurement result can be regarded as work_5matwi2awng6rorz6r7agpdkay Any application of quantum theory involves claims describing a physical with the probabilities generated by the Born Rule as applied to a quantum state appropriate to While not itself issuing descriptive claims about physical reality, quantum theory does judgments an agent using quantum theory may make about its physical situation that allows for probability derivable by applying the Born rule to a system with quantum state ρ can be taken as licensing limited claims about physical reality by an agent applying quantum theory. But this presents no problems on the present approach, since Born-rule probabilities are welldefined only over claims licensed by quantum theory. polarization-entangled photons in (universally agreed) quantum state |Ψ−, = 1/√2 ( |HV, − |VH,): objective Born probabilities he derives from the quantum state for his agent situation remain his If quantum state ascriptions and the consequent Born probabilities are relative to agent work_5mme2voixza57n25daacl2bn4e This paper proposes an account of scientific data that makes sense of recent debates provide evidence for knowledge claims of interest to the researchers involved. as well as an awareness of the history of scientific data production and use. whether they be claims, data, models, theories, instruments, communities and/or research outputs that are taken, at specific moments of inquiry, to provide evidence knowledge claims, rather than on the status of data as research outputs and the ways agnostic about the epistemic role that data may play in scientific inquiry, and stresses from there to a new context of inquiry, biological data are anything but stable objects. processes through which data are produced and disseminated (Chang 2004, O''Malley I propose to view data as any product of research discussions think that, despite the multiple types and uses of data across the sciences, of data, and thus the difficulties in viewing them as objective sources of evidence. work_5n7w4bfucff4pehjpmlkjz7jtu Frank Ramsey''s note ''Weight or the Value of Knowledge'' is a gem. Ramsey proves that when knowledge or information is free it pays in expectation to on the theory of the economy of research'' (18 76) [1958]; a discussion of Ramsey''s that Ramsey in his celebrated paper ''Truth and Probability'' (1926) [1990] laid the foundations of themodern theory of subjective probability. theory of subjective probability he also laid the foundations of modern utility shows that Ramsey also had a proof of the value of collecting evidence, years before I have not altered Ramsey''s unorthodox notation for probabilities, which is M. Keynes'' A Treatise on Probability [1921] (the word ''weight'' in the 1 This note is part of the Frank Ramsey Collection, document numbers 005-20-01 and 005-20S. ''Note on the theory of the economy of research'' (18 76), in Collected Papers Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. work_5nnqtemrxzclxapwevvvcl3q5e requires theoretical integration between the local model described in the explanation and a global explanation functions in the context of idealized models by articulating certain local and global nature of the connection between global theories and explanatory local models. nature of the connection between global theories and explanatory local models. model described in the explanation and a global theory with independent explanatory power. the global theory and local model described in the explanation, and the independent explanatory such that the global theory confers explanatory power on the local model. global theory does not provide an algorithm for constructing explanatory local models. an account of the theoretical integration of the model with an explanatory global theory. integration of features of the idealized model appealed to in the explanation with a global theory conditions on explanation: that there be a connection between global theory and local model such work_5o6fhji5yrh4xkecywtfw7us3a Within the context of general relativity, we consider one definition of a ''time machine'' proposed by Earman, Smeenk, and Wüthrich be the set of points p ∈ M such that every causal curve with past endpoint First, in order to count as a time machine, a spacetime (M,gab) must have a chronology violating region V to the causal future of the time machine Finally, in oder to capture the idea that a time machine must "produce" closed timelike curves, Earman, Smeenk, and Wüthrich demand that a spacetime (M,gab) is hole-free if, for any spacelike surface Σ in M there hole-freeness, one can always find extensions of D(S) bereft of closed timelike curves. A spacetime (M,gab) is an ESW time machine if (i) there is a Following Earman, Smeenk, and Wüthrich, we have assumed that spacetime is hole-free and then shown that certain initial conditions "force" the granted that spacetime is free of closed timelike curves. work_5pd4ik7dzzhjhkhmyid4js7dsq is simply that that selected function is the means by which biologists define the parts and biological categories of part and process are defined by their selected function. selected function also plays a major role in the biological sciences. phylogeny and homology, the other by selected functional classifications (Griffiths 1994, 3 Important recent collections on homology and the character concept include (Hall 1994, 1999; Schlosser Like biological taxa, the homologous parts of organisms form groups within groups. ''biological'' (Wagner 1989) approaches, however, treat characters as homologous if the Neander (2002) is highly critical of my claim that "A homologous trait is a character that species which has lost the homologous character through evolution. functional characters in diagnosing homology! structural character, functions may be considered homologous if they characterize a characters that has a history of selection for that function ——— (2002), "Types of Traits: Function, structure and homology in the classification work_5pdvsznzhncyjkmrufxu6aldda también todos los otros que se han por tanto, es del todo comprensible que 1 Muchas veces como sinónimo de "método deductivo" se usa la expresión "a priori", pero que es tomada cálculos ni de experimentos: sin embargo, dicha reflexión siempre era acerca de la experiencia y por esto Aristóteles en particular valoraba mucho la observación (aunque no sea la misma cosa que el experimento, como veremos de inmediato). 2 Los Elementos de Euclídes eran una obra tan moderna que su estructura axiomática será mejorada por que es y de las cuales por tanto derivan las más importantes, los llamados "accidentes propios") son parte de la "esencia" de una cosa, aunque del primero, que por tanto es realmente el todo lo que se le dice (como en cambio saber más que ellos, del cual derivan las ni matemática, yo creo que fue por una misterio, que todos los científicos siempre work_5pel6utpx5eklhsvt4hs45rtwm spontaneous symmetry breaking to undermine Curie�s Principle (see Radicati For better or for worse, the discussions of Curie�s Principle and spontaneous symmetry breaking have become entangled with one another. toy example of spontaneous symmetry breaking in classical physics. G is a �nite parameter Lie group, Noether�s �rst theorem shows that a variational symmetry implies the existence of conserved currents (see Section transition to the present cases, the point becomes that phase transitions produce spontaneous symmetry breaking in the sense of the rapid emergence obvious, phase transitions are not needed to secure the core features of spontaneous symmetry breaking�the failure of states of special interest to re�ect 4. Curie�s Principle and spontaneous symmetry breaking in ordinary QM Section 3 of spontaneous symmetry breaking in classical physics, one can 8. Curie�s Principle, spontaneous symmetry breaking, and gauge This principle might be taken to call into question the novel features of spontaneous symmetry breaking in QFT�the non-unitary implementability of a work_5roq7hlkrvbqvjzo4mte37vhg4 predictive processing framework to offer explanations of why certain individuals form delusional First, I shall draw on the structure of explanatory whyquestions to argue that predictive processing theories can only partially explain the formation of Predictive processing theories accept Maher''s central idea that delusional beliefs are adopted deficit'', it would be a mistake to think that any predictive processing account of delusional belief must be section 2, I shall present predictive processing accounts for Capgras delusion and for anosognosia for Because the predictive processing framework conceptualises the formation of a delusional belief Several leading predictive processing theorists have proposed that delusional beliefs arise delusional beliefs are caused by some kind of disturbance or irregularity in predictive processing. predictive processing framework, the development of this kind of delusional belief system processing framework to explain why an agent forms a delusional belief. impairments in predictive processing, to explain how a ''non-starter'' delusional hypothesis is work_5rzurx4kjjb7viwqn2kte52dma This paper examines explanations that turn on non-local geometrical facts about the space of possible configurations a system can occupy. If taken at face value this suggests that while dynamics is explicitly concerned with causes, kinematic explanations are non-causal. 1For instance, it is not very clear whether there is a particular event that can be explained by the seemingly non-causal explanation involving the ''graph-structure'' of Königsberg''s bridges. non-causal explanations that are: (a) non-local, by virtue of turning on nonlocal geometrical facts about the space of possible configurations a system Intuitively this strikes me as a purely geometrical, non-causal explanation, exhibiting an asymmetric dependence of α on the curvature of the non-local geometrical features can be causal qua difference-makers. geometry of motion, and explanations that appeal to non-local geometrical the case that all non-causal explanations that thus turn on non-local "geometry of motion" are exclusive to kinematics? work_5tpqhmkkgfeatb4smlwauzs43y Curie''s principle asserts that every symmetry of a cause manifests as a symmetry and effect, we can render Curie''s principle a truth of a selected application in science or not. principle comes from the fact that familiar construals of cause and effect enable successful Informally stated, Curie''s principle requires that any symmetry of a cause manifests as a principle: it must preserve any symmetry present in the cause when it maps causes to effects. failures of Curie''s principle then depend entirely on how we map the terms appearing in its Failures of Curie''s principle arise when we perform the mapping so that they Curie''s principle fails for Galileo''s law of fall, when the causal notions are mapped as indicated. successes or failures of Curie''s principle. Ismael (1997, §6) protect Curie''s principle from failure in the case of radioactive decay in just "Curie''s Principle and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking." "Curie Symmetry Principle: Does work_5ufuhjwaarhednd2gjujbzocg4 process of reasoning to the best explanation which can serve as an alternative premises we need to present either a straightforward inductive argument reasoning to the best explanation an alternative to inductive reasoning. to the best explanation will be seriously affected if we understand inductive reasoning legitimate case of reasoning to the best explanation, (II) and (III) explanation is really just an inductive argument whose form would of reasoning to the best explanation and argued that though we might intuitively acceptable case of reasoning to the best explanation but the best explanation collapses into inductive reasoning, I am certainly cases of reasoning to the best explanation. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation [pp. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation [pp. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation [pp. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation [pp. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation [pp. Induction and Reasoning to the Best Explanation [pp. work_5uxr4kcusfhdrhcn3j6ouxq3nu In what follows, we consider three spacetime conditions of interest: geodesic reasonable spacetimes while hole-freeness and inextendibility are usually taken to be satisfied time orientable spacetime allows one to distinguish between the future and past D−(S), to be the set of points p ∈ M such that every causal curve with past endpoint p and no future endpoint intersects S. Definition 3.1 A spacetime (M,gab) is geodesically complete (GC) if every Of course, there are also a large number of geodesically incomplete spacetimes which seem to have "artificial" singularities. any spacetime with one point removed from the manifold is geodesically incomplete. Definition 3.3 A spacetime (M,gab) is hole-free (HF) if, for every set K ⊆ M intermediate conditions: one between geodesic completeness and hole-freeness geodesic completeness and implies both hole-freeness and inextendibility? future or past incomplete timelike geodesic γ : I → M, and every open set O work_5wj33vxnh5bs3mss7stvw2r4ny Neuroeconomics is a research program founded on the thesis that cognitive and neurobiological data constitute evidence for answering economic questions. models constitute evidence that can help answer the questions that mainstream economics ultimately aims to answer. What is clear is that everyone takes Gul and Pesendorfer to be denying that psychological data constitute evidence for or against economic models appropriately construed. be delivered in sections 5 and 7, which will illustrate scenarios in which cognitive and neurobiological data do constitute economic evidence, even on concerns whether economics should aim to model the cognition and neurobiology of decision making. Indeed, were we to find such psychological data the discovery would therefore, he claims, undermine the expected utility model in economics. Thus economic models of decision making do not entail specific cognitive hypotheses when they are construed appropriately. establishing Gul and Pesendorfer''s conditional: ðCÞ if one restricts the defining aims of economics then cognitive or neurobiological data are not work_5wtqgyowqfbybgnjejwmkxevdm discuss a case of data processing within exploratory research in plant phenotyping and the crucial role that data models can play in identifying the targets of scientific investigation, and the epistemology of empirical inquiry more generally. Fig. 1 A graphic rendition of representational view of data and models, with the spectrum between world and Suppes was deeply concerned with the complexity of data processing activities within experiments, and it was the study of the means and motivations of data processing which characterizes Suppes'' work and much of contemporary philosophy of science fails to tackle critical questions around the source of the epistemic value of decisions around how to label meta-data (documenting for instance plant provenance and growth conditions), which determine how researchers evaluate the Fig. 8 A graphical representation of the relational view of data and models within empirical research. Stages of data processing: A case from plant phenotyping Stages of data processing: A case from plant phenotyping work_5yjbl4ojrfcf7mcingmwe76vdy Title Certainty and Explanation in Descartes'' Philosophy of Science discussion of scientific theories and explanations in the Principles of Philosophy. In the Principles of Philosophy, Descartes purports to have given scientific explanations of an into the neat structure of principles, laws, mechanism, and phenomena that Descartes usually mistake to think that Descartes required certainty of the scientific explanations that he of the Principles, Descartes explicitly considers the possibility that his explanations may the tension between Descartes'' requirement of certainty and his speculative explanations Descartes''s explanations but the observed natural phenomena that serve as the requirement of certainty for scientific theories and his speculative explanations in the argue, that Descartes'' conception of scientific explanations differs significantly from On Descartes'' conception of explanation, whenever A explains B it follows what the purpose is, for Descartes, of finding scientific explanations if the theories used in While the phenomena that Descartes attempts to explain in the Principles are work_5ynrhxkn6re3xfv5bmmij4vwem David Lewis''s Humean Theory of Objective Chance chance conditionals." These are laws of the form "if h is the actual history that a person M''s degree of belief (at t) that A conditional on the proposition that the chance of A (at t) is x should be equal to x; with the chances are fundamental then it follows from Lewis''s account of chances and laws hat Lewis characterizes "Humean Supervenience" as the doctrine that (i) all the fundamental natural properties instantiated in the world are categorical and (ii) all truths Lewis''s account claims that laws and chances involve facts over and above On Lewis''s account a chance theory will assign itself a chance less than 1. suggesting that on the BSA account chances involve symmetries and frequencies and that these constrain rational degrees of belief. accounts fit some of intuitions concerning law and chance better than the work_5yq6b4f6t5cqlj4ysd5sfr5zqm So, on Goodman''s account, a deductive rule is justified if it accords for a rule of inductive inference to be justified. for a rule of inductive inference to be justified. of rules do, as a matter of empirical fact, pass the reflective equilibrium points to the conclusion that human subjects regularly and systematically make invalid inductive inferences. behind their inference, the rules offered by subjects take no account rule is in reflective equilibrium with their actual inductive practice. rule is in reflective equilibrium with their actual inductive practice. So on Goodman''s account of justification both the rule and the particular inference are justified. Now recall that our imagined Goodmanian proposed to save Goodman''s account of justification by interpreting the standards for reflective equilibrium more stringently. that a rule is in reflective equilibrium with his own inductive practice, Goodman''s account of justification refers to "inferences we actually work_5yrnpm4iifbxpocgloncw7f6ey The positive claim is that under a suitable set of assumptions the instrumental variables technique is a defensible method of Let us call two variables that are related by any of the causal structures According to the instrumental variables technique under these assumptions, the claim is that if Y is correlated with Z then X causes Y. Thus, under the above assumptions, the instrumental variables technique makes causally correct inferences. Stage 3: Assuming Z is a "causal instrumental variable." for the claim "If a variable Z is a causal instrument and it is correlated causes of Y that are effects of X (i.e., variables that are causally of a causal instrumental variable, and I4, which differs from CIV-3 unless CAUSAL INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS 975 CAUSAL INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS 975 CAUSAL INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS 975 CAUSAL INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS 975 CAUSAL INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS 975 CAUSAL INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS 975 work_5zzo5fw2tfhajgxstw3sdm6j3u The pessimistic meta-induction (PMI) targets the realist''s claim that a theory''s (approximate) truth is the best explanation for its success. such a case – that of the 19th century zymotic theory of disease, predecessor elements of the theory were responsible for its successes, by providing derivations of its predictions and the theoretical posits involved in making these The zymotic theory was highly successful with respect to a number of phenomena. Thus, the zymotic theory had successes on both explanatory and predictive first, there now are cases of successful theories that did make novel predictions Here, the zymotic theory predicts, (i) first, that air quality ought to seen, without decomposition, the predictions of the zymotic theory disapWhat is clear is that the zymotic theory made use-novel predictions, such as those about air quality, and Farr''s the ones responsible for the zymotic theory''s novel predictions, and miasma certainly did work_62e6kbodxnc6navzzmglcvmqd4 of EFTs will allow for progress because the physics here is sufficiently mathematised that we may identify the particular theoretical property which accounts for the effectiveness of the theories. The puzzle is resolved by distinguishing two types of autonomy: autonomy from microstates (autonomyms) corresponds to invariance of the dynamics of a low-energy theory with respect to certain changes in the state for §5''s claim (pace assumptions made in Williams (2015)) that it is renormalisability not naturalness which answers the question ''what allows lowenergy theories to abstract from details salient at higher energies?''; thus the Effectively renormalisable theories will thus have finite predictions for low energies, but uncontrolled contributions beyond the breakdown scale, at which point we do scales is also required in order for EFTs to be effective; without such a separation, renormalisability is not sufficient to allow construction of empirically adequate low-energy theories. work_63hokypzfnadnga24kgw7aspw4 Lewontin, Roberta Millstein, Omri Tal, and an anonymous reviewer, as well as the other symposium participants and audience members at the PSA session "The State of Race in Population Genetics" and at a "Genomics and Philosophy of Race" workshop (http://ihr.ucsc.edu call "bio-genomic cluster/race" from what has often been called "biological race." Acknowledging the existence of population structure need not in any way imply a hereditarian Dobzhansky (1962), however, contends that race, as a biological concept, demands that we be able to identify populations differing in "the frequencies of one or more, usually several to many, genetic variables" and that Kilham and Klopfer (1968) confidently state that different breeds of domesticated animals are far more alike genetically than are human races (they are not; e.g., Vilà, Maldonado, and Wayne 1999); Dobzhansky''s position can be seen in the epigraph above, Lewontin does not deny that there is population structure in humans, or even that bio-genomic clusters/races can be work_63oxwusul5dfxfk4todez4lcnu People | Department of Philosophy UC Santa Barbara Skip to main content Department of Philosophy UC Santa Barbara Main menu Home News Graduate Undergraduate Courses Student Life Why Philosophy? Placement Giving People People People Faculty in Residence Adjunct & Visiting Faculty Affiliated Faculty Emeritus Faculty Staff Graduate Students Department of Philosophy University of California, Santa Barbara Tel: (805) 893-7488 Fax: (805) 893-8221 Campus MailCode: 3090 Campus Maps Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday Wednesday Staff Undergraduate Advisor Samantha Little Staff Graduate Advisor Rene Marchington South Hall 3432E South Hall 3432E College of Letters and Science UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Accessibility Appropriate Use Privacy Media Credits Box Webmaster The Regents of the University of California. All Rights Reserved. UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Search form Search work_65rucm7klfew5bzowytyb75bpy speakers (tacitly) possess technical concepts belonging to syntactic theory, Let us call this position the ''Propositional Attitude View'' of linguistic competence (PAV).4 explanations involve the ascription, at the personal level, of propositional attitudes and thoughts (the contents A defense of premise 2 involves finding reasons for denying possession of grammatical concepts possesses concept C only if A can entertain thoughts (have attitudes with contents) that include C A at-least-tacitly possesses concept C just in case A''s cognitive dispositions are relevantly as if A that the cognitive dispositions in the implicit case must manifest ''domain-crossing'', just as those in domain crossing: use in discrimination and reasoning, non-literal applications and cognitive transfers (of A at-least-tacitly possesses concept C just in case A''s C-involving dispositions manifest domain shown that instances of tacit concept possession in general exhibit domain crossing (minus those one is ''if true, a fact about propositional attitude attribution, not about concept possession'' (Barber work_65w7ip6lrfg63grffdpivzelrq Carnegie Mellon University research repository Browse Browse Discover research from Carnegie Mellon University Follow AllCategoriesgroupsSEARCH Hide footerAboutHow to DepositPreparing DataDMP ToolDeposit SupportContactDeposit AgreementTermsPrivacyToolsFAQsDisclaimerSitemap figshare. credit for all your research. work_66t5uba42vf7vlyeii4yvv7sre Centre for Time Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The Centre for Time was established in 2002, supported by the Australian Research Council and the University of Sydney, in conjunction with a Federation Fellowship awarded to Professor Huw Price. Since 2015, we have been funded by a series of Australian Research Council grants in conjunction with the support of the University of Sydney. the psychology and philosophy of temporal phenomenology, where we collaborate with researchers in the University''s School of Psychology and international partners at the University of California and City College of New York. to provide the global research community with new clarity about what belongs where, across the academic disciplines, in the study of time The Centre for Time comprises academics and researchers from the University of Sydney and welcomes researchers in various disciplines from throughout Australia and around the world. University of Sydney, work_67dyc7j6pbhe3pbthiwy3ftpsi races are identified by applying to the OpenMP program a lockset analysis, which computes the set of shared variables that potentially need to To avoid the insertion of superfluous locks, an abstract, action-based formal model of the OpenMP program is extracted However, due to the expressive power of the OpenMP constructs and in particular the fact that the parallel execution might depend on data values, developing such analysis tools is extremely challenging. than checking the absence of data races, lockset analysis checks whether a program adheres to a locking discipline, which requires that each access to a shared The tool checks the data dependency of accesses to shared variables (whenever an OpenMP directive is detected) by using sequentially traced For instance, the race avoidance tool [37] is limited to OpenMP programs using only the #pragma omp parallel for construct. work_67ladgm6lzgdfgmzoc7fg5gphq time-asymmetric fundamental physical law, the so-called "past hypothesis." Albert argues that the time asymmetry of counterfactual dependence arises from holding fixed the past physical law, the so-called "past hypothesis." Albert argues that the time asymmetry of counterfactual dependence arises from holding fixed the past hypothesis when evaluating Albert argues that holding the past hypothesis fixed in counterfactual reasoning gives rise to Albert argues that his account of the time asymmetry of counterfactual dependence Most past events, according to Albert, do not depend on our present decisions take a counterfactual state compatible with the past hypothesis that differs from the actual Holding fixed the past hypothesis then is not needed for Albert''s account to explain So holding fixed the past hypothesis is doing no work in Albert''s account of the time dependence of past events on agents'' decisions in Frisch cases is always fragile? that in Frisch cases a past outcome counterfactually depends on the agent''s decision because work_6bkth25iy5dgbevgw2627ygvoa Kuhn''s view on inter-paradigm theory comparison allows only for (what we shall dub as) "the weak notion of compatible with convergent realism since Kuhn''s argument against it is not "ultimately empirical", as Kuukkanen Keywords: Thomas Kuhn; Jouni-Matti Kuukkanen; Coherentist epistemology; Rationality; Theory choice; argues that a coherentist approach to theory evaluation provides the criteria for a rational interThis is a draft version of the paper that has been published in Studies The second relevant feature of Kuhn''s views is that scientific practice is essentially puzzlesolving, and that "the choice between two theories turns, therefore, to the question of whether regarding Kuhn''s view on the rationality of inter-paradigm theory comparison and convergent notion of rationality Kuukkanen needs to accept when arguing that Kuhn''s standpoint can be First of all, Kuhn insisted that the theory comparison is done in view of a set of shared criteria Kuhn, the correspondence theory of truth and coherentist epistemology. work_6bmlmgixxfbjneymb7i42lqali In Epistemic Cultures (1999), Karin Knorr Cetina argues that different scientific fields She claims that in high energy physics (HEP) individual persons are displaced as epistemic subjects in favor of experiments themselves. Navy ship as a prototype, I argue that both HEP and MB exhibit forms of distributed Knorr Cetina''s reason for engaging in a comparative study of two different sciences is that her main thesis—scientific fields exhibit distinct "epis that HEP experiments have a "post-traditional communitarian structure." One feature of such structures is that authority is distributed. Discourse channels individual knowledge into the experiment, providing it with a sort of distributed cognition or a stream of (collective) features are just those noted by Knorr Cetina: the distribution of authority, responsibility, and reward, and the need for high degrees of trust and a HEP experiment are both cognitive systems. Knorr Cetina, Karin (1999), Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. work_6bwqtf6znbchpd37bisbynuyui probability that H is true given E depends only on each juror''s competence and on the absolute margin Finally, I show that the results on the significance of the absolute margin can be resisted if the socalled assumption of symmetrical juror competence is relaxed. world, given the evidence that a majority of h out of n jurors have voted for x, but the Alternatively, special majority voting can be defined in terms of the absolute margin 6 In the same model, if p < 1/2, the probability that a majority of jurors will vote for x, given the state of the jury model the absolute margin between the majority and the minority has a special on the definition of special majority voting in terms of proportions rather than absolute margins. want to make decisions by special majority voting, then absolute margin rules are the work_6by6lgsbkzd5hgt2loyz3vc2ae science for implications for the organization of new knowledge. that represent organizing solutions to the problem of knowledge production (see Figure 1). theory, we formulate empirical predictions concerning how philosophies of science as logics of We suggest, therefore, that exemplars of a structural realist approach to new knowledge production will tend to be pure-science organizations, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LAC), For Laudan (1977), science consists of competing research traditions that differ from the paradigms discussed by Kuhn (1996/1962) and the From the perspective of the social organization of knowledge production, the problemsolving approach of Laudan (1977) recognizes Organizations that exemplify a strong-paradigm approach to new knowledge production New knowledge proceeding from the perspective of critical realism is likely to challenge existing power structures in industry and government. The extension and elaboration of these ideas to the production of new scientific knowledge from a philosophy of science approach remains to be work_6dcbhxt3zfcfhkr76ynlbqfxfm We argue that this equivalence thesis holds in all physically admissible quantum field condition for the theoretical equivalence of two field systems, the kind of quantum theories treat paraparticles in quantum field theory, however, the literature on the equivalence thesis As in any AQFT, the free Fermi theory''s superselection sectors correspond to the irreducible representations of its gauge group. Given a parafield theory (FP ,HP ,πP ,GP ) for (A,ω0) whose field operators obey generalized extend these results, demonstrating that for certain gauge groups, GP , the Klein transformation preserves not only the observable algebra A, but also the field system''s superselection 32 Using the Green decomposition theorem and Klein transformations, they translate all three of these theories into ordinary field systems: Charge Recombination is theoretically equivalent to a theory with ordinary statistics.42 this theory is equivalent to an ordinary field system with gauge group U(2). work_6deom523ybbc5cwvcf3wnpbwva to clarify Leibniz''s principle of continuity, and to exploit it in making sense of infinitesimals and related concepts. Keywords: Infinitesimals; Marburg neo-Kantianism; principle of continuity; Cantor-Dedekind-Weierstrass; Hermann Cohen; progressive conceptual evolution in science with the help of mathematical metaphors, to wit, Natorp''s equational metaphor and Cassirer''s the philosophers of the Marburg school considered empirical or mathematical concepts (or theories as systems of concepts) as stages in an ongoing process of an unending conceptual approximation. For the Marburg neo-Kantians, who had always emphasized the essential unity of mathematics and empirical science, the new relational for Leibniz'' thought the concept of the infinitesimal was to be considered of fundamental importance, not only with respect to mathematics, but much more generally, also for Leibniz'' philosophical understanding of the mathematized empirical sciences, a new concept of nature Nevertheless, despite its allegedly close relation to the modern mathematical concepts, according to Cassirer, Leibniz'' continuity principle work_6djul7gfybefrf6rvdkc5obl6y Finally, Rayo and Becker (2007) consider, in a more decision-theoretic setting, what subjective utility function a cognitively Meta-games are then abstract models for the evolutionary competition between choice mechanisms in interactive decision making contexts. representation (reg, imp), the agent''s behavior is known as regret minimization.5 Two facts follow from If we restrict attention to subjective representations with imprecise beliefs only, then a monomorphic state in which every agent has regret-based preferences is the only evolutionarily stable state. tells us that the main conclusions drawn in the previous section based on the approximated metagame of table 1 hold more generally for arbitrary 2×2 symmetric games with i.i.d. sampled payoffs. Table 4: Meta-game for the evolutionary competition between subjective utilities when To see how different choice mechanisms behave in evolutionary competition based on solitary decision making, we approximated, much in the spirit of meta-games, average accumulated fitness work_6dwxz2p3sfflrhhxrpng5qojtm The problem of irrelevant conjunction was originally raised as a problem for hypothetico-deductive (H-D) accounts of confirmation. holds, a proper Bayesian solution to the problem of irrelevant conjunction Fitelson then proves two theorems that bear on the problem of irrelevant conjunction for both deductive and non-deductive evidence. first theorem shows that the apparent problem persists even in non-deductive cases—that if E confirms H, but X is confirmationally irrelevant case of the ratio measure r it says that if Pr (EFH7X7K ) p Pr (EFH7K ) and (i.e. H is confirmed by E given K on measure r), thenr(H, EFK ) 1 1 (i.e. H7X is confirmed by E given K on measure l).l(H7X, EFK ) 1 1 (i.e. H7X is confirmed by E given K on measure l).l(H7X, EFK ) 1 1 Fitelson, Branden (1999), "The Plurality of Bayesian Measures of Confirmation and the work_6g2p65rvxff4fplbrlvwjdgynm I show that the recent account of levels in neuroscience proposed by Craver and Bechtel is incompatible with Craver and Bechtel''s account of downward causation. Carl Craver and Bill Bechtel have recently presented a theory of "levels of mechanisms" Craver and Bechtel claim that although levels of mechanisms is certainly not the neuroscience and downward causation, but the general arguments I raise against levels apply Craver and Bechtel see this as a point in favor of the mechanistic account of levels, since For example, a component C1 of mechanism M is at one level lower than component C2 of M is also one level lower than the mechanism M, and its subcomponent S2 is (or component-mechanism) relation are not at higher or lower levels with respect to each the same mechanistic level is that they are in the same mechanism, and neither is a component work_6h2wpwxlsbbovpxxoe3tkt6mqi Scale-dependency and Downward Causation in Biology Scale-dependency and Downward Causation in Biology Scale-dependency and Downward Causation in Biology This paper argues that scale-dependence of physical and biological processes offers resistance interpretation of downward causation as boundary conditions for models used to represent modeling I defend a kind of downward causation that differs in important ways from the usual downward causation by drawing on insights from in multiscale modeling in both physics and been called the tyranny of scales problem in physics for discussions on downward causation conditions play a central role in the combination of models and in accounting for how systemlevel constraints influence the dynamics of lower-scale processes. In multiscale modelling in developmental biology, boundary conditions are used to examples from physics and biology, macroscale properties are often modelled via continuum boundaries that organize and constrain lower-scale processes (Noble 2012). conditions for lower-level models. work_6hziecovjnbtvaqbmjg6fbz7ni McKenzie (2014) Cheap talk, reinforcement learning and the emergence of with reinforcement learning, cheap talk does enable the emergence of cooperation, cheap talk and reinforcement learning is combined with discounting the past, that costless signalling enables individuals to learn to cooperate despite originally in a 2×2 game the probability a Roth-Erev reinforcement learner will play a we know that Roth-Erev reinforcement learning (which is what the Pólya urn known for some time that models of cheap talk with signal invention often cheap-talk and reinforcement learning, on a cyclic network with five agents. of signal invention and reinforcement learning in which past information is Figure 3: The emergence of cooperation in the Prisoner''s Dilemma under cheaptalk, reinforcement learning, and discounting the past. The combination of signal invention, reinforcement learning, and discounting Alexander_Cheap-talk-reinforcement-learning_2014_accepted Cheap talk and reinforcement learning in networked games Cheap talk and reinforcement learning in networked games work_6mijmx2dm5h73k7vscyzidy5zq con una laguna conceptual importante, que puede tener implicaciones igualmente importantes, entre las cuales podemos destacar, en primer lugar, el En la actualidad los programas de estudio en México se han estado actualizando en relación a la visión que debe tener tanto un docente como un alumno los fenómenos y otra muy distinta ofrecer una respuesta que, por el tono del Otro problema es que no se concretó en el aula la visión de ciencia que proponían los planes de estudio del 97 y 2009, en gran parte debido a la ambigüedad una buena parte de profesores de ciencias naturales, desde educación básica hasta superior, muestran tendencias a considerar que el conocimiento verificacionista del significado" postulado por Rudolf Carnap y una condición necesaria y suficiente para que las proposiciones de la ciencia sean en todo esto, pero que no son suficientes por sí mismos para ofrecer las work_6n4oq4ewdvayldrrka3tp537su species, it is also that individual humans share many traits amongst themselves. up in the following way: ''Human nature'' must pick out intrinsic traits that are exhibited 4. The life history trait cluster account of human nature. pattern of trait clusters within the individual''s set of possible life histories. set of life histories that forms the basis for human nature. this set of life histories constitute human nature. This account of human nature I will label the Life-history Trait Cluster (LTC) to the existence of some traits within the set of human life histories, but is not identifying that there is a robust pattern of association between the antecedent and consequent traits. between antecedent and consequent traits in the collective human life histories. If a trait is a part of human nature, then so, too, it might seem that it is innate. subset of the antecedent-consequent associations that are unique to the human species. work_6nrxiwebsnfdngbhgdjsynb3va For Savage (1954) as for de Finetti (1974), the existence of subjective (personal) probability is a consequence of the normative theory of preference. Specifically, these authors argue that the theory of subjective probability is reducible to the theory of reasonable preference, i.e. coherent belief is a consequence of rational desire. expected utility hypothesis fails for acts with denumerably many outcomes, when probability (extraneous or otherwise) is merely finitely additive and consequences are absent. The first six of Savage''s axioms yield a theory of expected utility for gambles, i.e. acts which produce at most finitely many hypothesis is valid for acts in general, some replacement for P7 is necessary even if the theory is worked out in a countably additive spirit. *Fishburn (1970, Theorem 14.1) offers a weakened version of P7 which suffices to extend expected utility theory to acts in general. Savage''s theory all acts are equivalent given a null event. work_6o36mv7viva47eigh6auzoruqe interpret probabilities in statistical mechanics as Humean chances in Every system assigns probabilities to certain courses of history, among them the actual course; the fit of the system is measured by the probability that it assigns to the actual course of history, i.e. by how likely it regards things that actually introducing probabilities via initial conditions solves the problem: What we are now expected to calculate is the probability of ''being in set B at time t'' given the system''s macro history. the measure the expression for the conditional probability in PHSP The fit of a theory is measured in terms of the probability that it question would be to simply use Equation 1 to calculate the probability of a macro state at each instant of time and then multiply them The fit of system is measured by the probability not the best system and therefore PHSP probabilities cannot be interpreted as Humean chances. work_6qrnoo5lozfunj7euoj3uefb4e substantial topic in science studies fields outside philosophy of science, including aspires to promote this line of philosophical inquiry in terms of case studies on various aspects of interdisciplinarity in science, and to bring philosophical concepts and interdisciplinary interactions, and by identifying the points where philosophical analysis can make important and relevant contributions. across disciplinary borders in which neither integration nor collaboration are substantially involved, but can be just as likely to spur scientific innovation and progress. The important dimensions along which to study interdisciplinary research and interdisciplinarity must be a study of interdisciplinary processes in action, through Interdisciplinary interactions and influences are likely to be complex engagements involving a varied range of interpretation philosophies of various special disciplines (biology, chemistry, cognitive science, conditions under which interdisciplinary interactions can offer affordances to different Interdisciplinarity in action: philosophy of science perspectives Interdisciplinarity in action: philosophy of science perspectives work_6s6mnsx45zdupajkwtungwwilu Robustness has been put to numerous epistemic tasks, including the demarcation of artifacts from real entities, countering the "experimenter''s regress," and resolving evidential discordance. Salmon''s (1984) "common-cause" argument is similar to the notion of robustness: Avogadro''s number is consistently demonstrated using experiments based on different methodologies: Brownian motion, alpha particle decay, X-ray diffraction, blackbody different kinds of evidence generated by independent techniques, but they This is not to claim that robustness is a useless methodological strategy—Perrin''s arguments for the existence of molecules, the canonical example based on concordant multimodal evidence, were convincing—it is That multiple independent techniques often display discordant evidence robustness is as a methodological strategy depends on what we can actually do with it; and without systematic ways of assessing and amalgamating discordant multimodal evidence, I do not think there is much we the discordant multimodal evidence regarding the mode of influenza transmission, nor did they have criteria to determine which particular kinds work_6srgjoleavc6rku2sffp6au7hm [PDF] Tracking the Real: Through Thick and Thin | Semantic Scholar journal={The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}, Beliefs are the products of epistemic processes (e.g., observation or inference) but the processes Azzouni recommends should meet his ''tracking requirement'': they should be ''sensitive to the objects about which we claim to be establishing (the truths we are committed to)'' (Azzouni 2004, 371–2). Sort by Most Influenced Papers View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background Mathematics, Computer Science Mathematics, Computer Science Thick epistemic access: Distinguishing the mathematical from the empirical Knowledge and Reference in Empirical Science Scientific Realism: How Science Tracks Truth Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_6svqg3bdy5fdpoxquo6q5jydna History and Scientific Practice in the Construction of an Adequate Philosophy of Science: William Whewell raised a series of objections concerning John Stuart Mill''s philosophy experimental methodology—Michael Faraday''s discovery of electrical induction.6 The raise some concerns about Whewell''s discussion of Faraday''s discovery and his In 1831 Faraday discovered that electrical currents, magnets, and electromagnets note that Faraday situated the discovery of induced electrical currents within an induced electrical currents and generated a correct understanding of the laws governing views concerning induced electrical effects.16 After all, Whewell argues, Faraday did not Faraday''s experimental research on induced electrical effects without attending to the 19Although I did not discuss Faraday''s account of the direction of the induced electrical time Faraday had achieved an experimental understanding of an induced electrical goal of Faraday''s work, following his discovery of induced electrical currents and his evidence from Faraday''s research because Whewell himself thinks that discovery of laws work_6t3egqikxbcmjikfa7nwyw5tui Weisberg''s main idea is that models are similar to targets in virtue of sharing concerns, one being that on Weisberg''s account it is unclear what form shared features of providing an informative account of the relation in virtue of which successful models are revised account offers a menu of different ways in which models can share features with On Weisberg''s account, model–world similarity is a triadic relation between a model, a the model and target should add to their similarity, while features that are not shared should there can be no general analysis of feature-sharing as only the details of specific modelling Weisberg''s general account, that elucidates the relation in virtue of which successful informative and general account of the relation in virtue of which successful models are modelling activities help concretize the respects in which feature-sharing relations need to in Weisberg''s account further concretize the respects in which feature-sharing relations work_6vflpzlsjnestdsitbicsdo2zm argue that the prototypes of many contemporary philosophical positions, which are relevant for contemporary discussions concerning the issue of scientific promises, can already be found in the philosophy of science of the 1920s empiricists of the Vienna Circle began to forge links with American pragmatism and other currents of "scientific philosophy" in France and Britain. 3The Logical empiricists of the Vienna Circle distinguished (at least officially) between "Weltanschauung" (world view) and "(wissenschaftlicher) Weltauffassung" ((scientific) world conception). The natural starting point for outlining the Vienna Circle''s philosophy of science and the role that scientific promises The implicit promise of a logical empiricist scientific Worldview was that science would play an essential and Schlick, the paradigm for this "philosophical science" or "scientific philosophy" was Einstein''s work: the day, scientific philosophy and philosophical science would amount to the same. The Vienna Circle''s "scientific world-conception": Philosophy of science in the political arena. work_6vw636molrdypo4rmudbxrpfoa exploration as a special function of what he calls exploratory models. largely incomplete and the use he makes of the term ''exploratory model'' needs to be outcome on the basis of an extant theory, so exploratory models investigate the consequences Gelfert identifies four different kinds of exploratory models in terms of four more specific the absence of a well-formed theory, exploratory models can function as a starting point in a I have three main concerns with Gelfert''s notion of exploratory model. I have three main concerns with Gelfert''s notion of exploratory model. exploration as a function of exploratory models. Gelfert''s use of the term ''exploratory model'' seems to Their uses of the term ''exploratory model'' may be in need of Third, Gelfert''s characterisation of exploratory models is too narrow. Bankes'' characterisation of exploratory models can include Gelfert''s characterisation. Furthermore, Gelfert advances a genuinely new notion of exploratory models that deserves to work_6vzgmmu52fhf7mtpkr2hrcs5de I argue that careful attention to the dynamical properties of thermodynamically irreversible processes shows that in many ordinary cases, Lewis''s analysis fails to yield this asymmetry. crack the egg), which one is closest (i.e., which one is most similar to the actual world)? modification that results in a world in which Gretta does not crack the egg. W2 (the shaded line) matches actual history until shortly before 8:00, at which time a small divergence miracle (marked by a star) occurs. evolve backwards (via the laws) into a past in which Gretta doesn''t crack the egg. that Gretta doesn''t crack the egg by inserting a small miracle before 8:00, and then can you guarantee that Gretta doesn''t crack the egg by inserting a small miracle after Make a small-miracle change to the end state of a process and run the laws 1. At 8:05 the actual world contains traces of Gretta''s having cracked the egg. work_6wgkyrpubzcm5hhoavlt5p4gwy Sprevak, M 2010, ''Computation and cognitive science Introduction: Introduction to the Special Issue'', https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/computation-and-cognitive-science-introduction(09a59a17-f9a7-4b40-a402-359731ffd6ba).html means for a physical system, like the brain, to implement a computation, the broad-brush 1. Distinguishing computation from related notions (e.g. information processing) 4. Projected successors to the notion of computation in cognitive science notion of computation into neuroscience, cognitive science, AI, and cybernetics, and Scarantino argue that while computations in cognitive science o�en involve information on computational models of peripheral cognitive processes, such as visual perception and Gibbs and Perlman claim that grasping �gurative meaning requires sensorimotor representations, and computing literal content cannot be separated from this process. of alternatives to traditional computational models in cognitive science. 3 Computation at work in cognitive science 3 Computation at work in cognitive science 3 Computation at work in cognitive science 4 Successors to the notion of computation in cognitive science 4 Successors to the notion of computation in cognitive science work_6xacngslvfbjzlac2yxiyq5due be informed by processes of knowledge change in child language development and a In this article, frames of knowledge change in child language development and the philosophy of science are used to examine terminology development as knowledge growth decisions taken in terminology development, a knowledge change perspective potentially 1. Is terminology development (as knowledge change) mainly an accretive process, child language acquisition, knowledge change in the philosophy of science, a synthesis of It can be seen that knowledge change in the two processes under review (child language 5. Accounting for terminology development as knowledge change: frames from health-related terminology in the Xitsonga language developed, respectively, by a relevant The models of knowledge change in child language acquisition and In other words, terminology development follows the model of knowledge terminology development: linguistic expertise (for knowledge of word formation, social-historical knowledge related to language); terminological expertise (for the nature work_6yseouks6vdkleqodyhl5kf6j4 Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_72gam4cssvgy7hlv647q4hjslu two leading views of homology, the genealogical and developmental accounts, have Furthermore, our account provides for continuity between special, general, and serial homology. homologousness (i.e., sameness) of traits in different organisms but helps The genealogical account thus analyzes homology between two traits only In contrast to the genealogical account, the strategy of the developmental account is to count two traits as homologous if and only if they account of homology for traits that are the product of development only by presupposing a distinct account of homology for developmental constraints. a trait at level L is homologous if there is continuity and correspondence Whereas, on the genealogical account, homology is based on the presence of the trait in a of the homology relation without first providing an account of traits? accounts of homology show what kind of relation to one another traits work_7aywc62ynjcy7j2n6rnu6kt7n4 Reductionists in biology claim that all biological events can be explained in terms of genes In what follows, I shall not attempt to specify general necessary or sufficient conditions for explanation, an important philosophical endeavor that, however, transcends Our initial claim that the above explanation of SCA cites only genetic and biochemical facts requires substantial clarification: a few qualifications are thus in order. present purposes is that, provided that Murray''s models are roughly correct, a comparative explanation of coat pattern formation across organisms and species requires only still lack a molecular explanation of intra-specific differences in pattern formation. explanation that combines genetic and molecular details with mathematical models to In both types of explanation, molecular properties are important difference makers. difference to the outcome of a process occur both at the biochemical and the geometrical level, we have morphogenetic explanations, where genes and molecules are brought work_7cmvlpghgrh7zieqdxjvemchy4 degrees of belief presented in the Sleeping Beauty Problem are in fact The Sleeping Beauty Problem is a paradox in probability theory that has woken she is asked to give her credence the coin landed Heads. credence the coin landed Heads under setup of wakening?'' It can be rephrased as landed Heads under setup of coin tossing?'', then the correct answer would be (a) [SB ''A green ball being picked out from the box'' are two different events, and therefore the box on each coin tossing trial is ½, however the probability to pick out a green and ''A green ball being put in the box under the setup that the device tosses a fair coin''. To ask Beauty to give the probability of ''The coin landed Heads under setup First interpretation is ''What is your credence that the coin landed Heads under setup work_7d3wol5p7ffpziapmlf7hvvhy4 which the causal Markov condition is satis�ed by systems with jointly independent exogenous variables. systems with jointly independent exogenous variables.1Reciprocally, counterexamples to the CMC often involve indeterminism. (G, p) satis�es the Markov condition if and only if every variable in V is probabilistically independent from all its non-descendants in G conditional on its the set of variables V, the acyclic causal graph CG and the probability distribution p over V. Theorem 1 (Classic result) Acyclic deterministic systems with jointly independent exogenous variables satisfy the CMC. CMC issue consists exactly in the following: CFMs can represent indeterministic as well as deterministic systems. a causal functional model, with U variables representing the probabilistic nature of the action of indeterministic causes on their e�ects. establish that all acyclic systems with jointly independent exogenous variables De�nition 3 (Characterization of Determinism) A system is deterministic if it is represented by a non-standard causal functional model with no error work_7dwvpjfk3fhrrfpb4h4vbyrieq selection and drift are embodied in these population-level probabilities. as two aspects of probability distributions over frequencies in populations of organisms. Drift is the aspect of such a distribution controlled by population size, while selection is the aspect of the distribution controlled by differences in fitness. the fate of individual organisms, then the distribution over future frequencies in a population will also be causal. though these population-level probabilities are partly controlled by population size and partly controlled by fitness differences.3 This provides a way of natural selection as a force is constituted by fitness differences among individual organisms in a population, where fitnesses are constituted by certain probabilities which are in some sense causal, natural selection and drift are Thus, for example, if the individual level probabilities are propensities, then Pij is the propensity for a population of i A''s propensities are dispositions, then population-level probabilities are causal in work_7fucr55m4zdwhdw7b3np3b2mjy The physical and/or intrinsic connection approach to causation has become prominent no physical or intrinsic connection between cause and effect. Some Hume-style, extrinsic, absence-relating, necessary andlor sufficient condition component of the causal relation proves to be needed. and heart piercings cause death by disconnecting this influx, allowing oxygen starvation to run its course: causation by disconnection involves no persistence line between disconnector and effect, but rather the severing of one, as the wiring diagram mechanisms are ubiquitous in nature, present throughout the most intuitively paradigmatic as well as the most theoretically salient causal sequences, with all the conceptual connotations of causation in full force, I think causation is best understood in terms of a hybrid conditionconnection account (C causes E iff an actual E-connection depends on C; (1) Connective causation: C causes E iff (a) C and E are actual, distinct "Good Connections: Causation and Causal Processes". work_7hhapgy5z5fthd4zkgdkz3tab4 research have been very successful in accessing these resources, which has in turn enabled them to realize the epistemic goals of science more effectively than other scientists, sociological explanation of collaborative research in science, and regard alternative explanations for the growing importance of collaborative research in science, highlighting the strengths of my functional account. Zuckerman explains, "the laureates were trend setters and were more assiduously engaged in [collaborative] work than were other authors ofjournal articles in the same sciences published at the same time" (176). a similar trend in the social sciences, though collaborative research is still Paris Academy of Sciences, even for cooperative research." But, as BenDavid notes, this initiative on the part of the early academies was insufficient to cause scientists to collaborate, for much early modem scientific explanation for the increase in collaborative research in science, and they functional explanation for the persistence of collaborative research in science. work_7iawuthalvcubdkqdytyw2vtq4 This paper investigates the important role of narrative in social science case-based research. on the use of narrative in creating a productive ordering of the materials within such cases, and on how out particular facts, particular events, particular relations, and order them to create a narrative account in answer to historical In order to consider these questions about epistemology in a more specific way, I discuss the narratives of social narrative ordering or configuring works in the social sciences. way that case study narratives are used in the social sciences, to narratives in the sciences, namely of puzzle solving, so that justifying the claim that a case study offers an explanation of the materials requires that the narrative ordering works both to these case study narratives suggests that puzzles are generally ordering (colligation and juxtaposition), using conceptual or abstract elements and categories to create their case narratives of work_7irmjqtj6jggbbz3waov3w4nve The required inaccuracy measures comprise a natural class of functions that can be derived from a generalization of a condition known as propriety or immodesty. The main purpose of section 2 is to introduce the general concepts of conditional expectation and conditional probability and to note in what sense they imply R1 and R2. argue that if future degrees of belief are given by conditional probabilities, one''s anticipated future degrees of belief should be equal to conditional probabilities. Dutch book arguments helps in understanding the role of reflection for belief change and puts into context various aspects of the counterexamples to What needs to be clarified, however, is in what sense the conditional probability P½AjG� can capture the agent''s anticipated future degrees measure-theoretic view of conditional probability as a random variable that conditional probabilities but to anticipated future degrees of belief in general. work_7ixjsp75inhmrlxxz4w4eop774 self-propelled particles called nucleon kinetic dipoles. A kinetic dipole generates an intrinsic force and has a direction of self-propulsion. Nucleons as kinetic dipoles may be a special case of self-propelled particles (SPP) which body on Earth, provided all nucleon kinetic dipoles are heading to the center of the Earth. of propagation of directional information of kinetic dipoles in the universe, i.e. the speed A body in free space would have its kinetic dipoles evenly oriented in all directions, as Each body is self-propelled by the sum of kinetic dipoles oriented to surrounding question of what makes the kinetic dipoles in a body to be headed to surrounding matter. components: a nucleon self-propulsion force and the gravitational information giving a universe because of the propagation of directional information of kinetic dipoles at impossible to calculate all the gravitational information that each kinetic dipole receives work_7jlnn2nun5e5dapdwc2ycpudae Philosophers of science widely believe that the hereditarian theory about racial differences in IQ is based on methodological mistakes and confusions involving the concept Jensen''s argument is to confuse heritability of a character within a population with heritability of the difference between two populations" (Lewontin 1976, 89; italics added), or that "[t]here is, in fact, no valid [sic] further by summarizing six different empirical arguments that, in his opinion, together with the high within-group heritability of IQ lend support to coefficients by themselves cannot answer the question of genetic differences between groups, but when used along with additional information concerning the amount of relevant environmental variations In mainstream philosophy of science, Lewontin''s argument against Jensen Jensen thinks that high WGH puts severe constraints on admissible environmentalist explanations of the between-group differences in IQ. Jensen''s views on the genetic explanation of racial differences in IQ are totally independent from the question whether there is only one factor of general intelligence (so-called g). work_7jlvwrtwmrflhdednee4mrizem cluster results in population genetics serve as evidence that the human species contains, Although no respectable scholars deny these facts, the biological legitimacy of the human races is once again under dispute (e.g., Andreasen 2007; In this paper I argue that this capacity to find continental population clusters ought not shake our confidence in the biological illegitimacy of human Andreasen (2007), that the cluster results do not serve as evidence that cladistic human races once existed. 7. In fact, Kaplan (2011) mounts his own attack on those who attempt to use the population cluster results to support the existence of human races, and Winther and Kaplan (2013) have further argued that the population genetic data underdetermine whether have attempted to use the recent population cluster results to revive the biological legitimacy of the human races, the data should not in fact shake our work_7l6dsggttrhnzexsj56rzj3veq belief change which under certain conditions violates probability kinematics will probability kinematics leave an agent open to a Dutch Book under assumptions little from probability kinematics will leave the agent open to a Dutch Book by a bookie who certain propositions: Suppose an agent with a coherent system of beliefs prob has rule will be able to make a Dutch Book against the agent by buying bets on A / Ei at the 3. In that section it was assumed that the agent''s rule is such that the values of PROB( A agent''s rule is such that something in addition to all the new degrees of belief in the Ei''s DUTCH BOOK ARGUMENT FOR PROBABILITY KINEMATICS DUTCH BOOK ARGUMENT FOR PROBABILITY KINEMATICS modification of the bets in section 3 will give a Dutch Book if kinematics is violated: Book arguments in general, but they are not special assumptions of the kinematics Dutch work_7ldou65t7fgdzjqe6jufixmuvy of the "horizontal" is underspecified if not related to a broader spatial framework, Galileo''s own writings seem to use the idea in a way in which the relevant motion is both rectilinear and circular (for a recent discussion, see Miller he discusses bodies in free fall; see Van Dyck 2017, 33–35.) Stevin articulates a clear norm for mechanical speculation: the idealizing imaginary operation that is at the basis of its mathematical demonstrations must be constrained by the results of specific material operations if it is to be of any In what follows, I compare Galileo and Stevin on the question of motion on a horizontal plane, as a way to Galileo''s silence on the question of conservation of motion on a horizontal plane is of a nature very different from Stevin''s. In his Letters on Sunspots from 1613, Galileo again considered what happens when a body on a horizontal plane is put into motion (Galilei 1890, work_7lheomxfzfa6tbk24zaq6wjzli In this article, we investigate the notion of abduction, as it relates to and can be applied in scientific research. 4.As should be clear by now, understanding abduction as an aspect of what Popper termed, the context of justification (2013), that is, the logical grounds supporting a scientific finding is misleading (Fann 1970; Mcauliffe 2015): Speculative as it may seem in modern philosophy of science, Peirce''s notion of abduction is situated much closer to what Popper (2013) called the context of discovery, that is, the very process of scientific ideation (Mcauliffe 2015). Agresti, A, and Finlay, B (2013) Statistical methods for the social sciences: Pearson new international edition. Danermark, B (2012) Explaining society: an introduction to critical realism in the social sciences. Magnani, L (2014) The abductive structure of scientific creativity, an essay on the ecology of cognition (Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics v. work_7niugddxyrdzrm74cqezfd4tfm The paper argues that a causal explanation of the correlated outcomes of EPR-type experiments Keywords: Bell''s theorem, Bohmian mechanics, EPR experiment, GRW mass density theory, EPR correlations in terms of a non-local common cause, namely Bohmian mechanics (section explanation of the EPR correlations in terms of a non-local common cause. Bohm''s theory proposes an ontology of particles located in physical space and a law of quantum mechanical wave-function (that is why the position of the particles in Bohm''s theory Bohmian mechanics, is committed only to particles localized in physical space and a law of Bohmian mechanics is non-local: the velocity of any particle at a time t depends, via the The common cause of the measurement outcomes is non-local, because it depends on the 5. Non-local common cause II: the GRW mass density theory density in physical space, thus accounting for measurement outcomes and well localized work_7ohadlp2ljda3cwsbtl4wryf6u This weakened version of interventionism turns out either to be inapplicable to cases of downward causation involving supervening macro properties or to render corresponding causal claims meaningless. the interventionist framework immunizes non-reductive physicalism against exclusion arguments and, thus, paves the way for a non-reductionist theory of macro-tomicro causation and even "provides a means by which to test which causal powers notion of causation developed in Woodward (2003) nonetheless excludes causal dependencies among supervening macro properties and effects of their supervenience causes Y if there possibly exists an intervention on X with respect to Y , the fixability of the other variables in V is not necessary for a direct causal dependency Even though interventionism is compatible with certain forms of systematic overdetermination, this section shall show that it nonetheless excludes causal dependencies among supervening macro properties and effects of their supervenience bases. work_7onppkuk25g5rcosqacbi2dqsi Thought experiments in science are merely picturesque argumentation. Since I claim that thought experiments are merely picturesque arguments, James Brown and Tamar Szabó Gendler both urge that thought experiments have more powers epistemically than mere argumentation—they special relativity provides a consistent account of moving bodies, the contradictory outcome of the combined thought experiment cannot be right. I believe that thought experiments in science are merely picturesque argumentation. First I urge that thought experiments in science can always be reconstructed as arguments based on explicit or tacit assumptions that yield I will use the rod and slot thought experiment The error of the rod and slot thought experiment is readily diagnosed and mended by looking at it as an argument. The rod and slot thought experiment is just such a case. by noting that the outcome of the rod and slot thought experiment contradicts special relativity. work_7pyzvixgxnaulhvw7bc2qmyiea but from the basic approach bootstrapping shares with classical hypothetico-deductivism: determining evidential relevance relations by looking Since Glymour''s account was based on the classical conception, I suggested that bootstrapping could not correctly assess evidential relevance in both cases, even 3In arguing for his own restriction on bootstrapping, Jan Zytkow (1986) presents different, more complex scientific examples intended to show that Glymour''s restriction eliminates desirable confirmations. Computations that actually use the tested hypothesis as an auxiliary (which Glymour originally intended to allow, According to the revised bootstrap account, such "confirmation" is perfectly proper.7 Yet to my mind, this is as clear a case of evidential irrelevance as any cited by Glymour. As it turned out, computations involving the objectionable kind of circularity did not always violate the original version of the bootstrap account (see Christensen 1983); indeed, Glymour''s new condition is in part work_7qp4ywxyljelvlggzesk5q3l5q When Ron Giere (1999, 2006) introduced perspectivism into philosophy of science, he provided a perspectivist analysis of both scientific instruments and In particular, Giere cites two properties as constituting the perspectival nature of instrumentation: partiality and opacity. In particular, as a perspectival realist, Giere treats instruments as revealing otherwise unobservable In section 3, I examine Giere''s case for instrumental perspectivism, focusing on the properties of partiality and opacity. interesting question whether Giere''s instrumental perspectivism is plausible in itself, apart from his perspectival account of models, in which case my argument for the dependence of the former on the latter should still are perspectival; for example, Chakravartty (2010: 407-408) interprets Giere''s discussion of instruments as an argument for the claim that the facts detected by instruments we treat instruments as perspectival, a correct model of the internal processing of an perspectivism: "The Milky Way in Gamma Ray Perspectives" (Giere 2006: 45). work_7qwvo7rinvgofo5zzochktpr2e We show that previous results from epistemic network models (Zollman, 2007, 1We follow previous authors by taking ''epistemic community'' to refer to groups of interacting researchers such as those in academia or industry, and ''network'' to refer to a modeling construction in epistemic network results to structural changes, have implications for how these models should be taken to inform real epistemic communities. Douven and Kelp (2011) say that, "Zollman''s intriguing work shows that, from a socioepistemic perspective, it may be important to maintain epistemic diversity in a community of agents, at least for a while, and that, for that reason, it is not always best that epistemic network models are sensitive to structural change and that, as a result, the prescription, the models in Zollman (2007, 2010)), cycle networks are more successful than complete effect has some structural robustness, but other similar epistemic network models with work_7se6hkl6rjdwfb74esshlcgh5y of cause, causal notions have no legitimate role to play in how mature physical theories represent embedding the dynamical models of a theory into richer causal structures can allow us to decide asymmetry of the causal relation and the putative time-­‐reversal invariance of the dynamical laws of of such causal reasoning, concerning our inference to the existence of a field source based on local causal relations are incompatible with the time-­‐symmetric laws of physical theories. that causal representations play an essential inferential and explanatory role in radiation theory. 2.2 Causal relations are not part of the formulas or state-­‐space models of a theory. models of a set of equations do not contain structures representing asymmetric causal relations that If we want to establish that causal relations cannot be part of how physics represents the to argue that any appeal to asymmetric causal structures in addition to a theory''s purely dynamical work_7sozkwoatngvpochmfr7ef3fn4 not as good an explanation of the law in question (that sodium normally combines And similarly, a deductive-nomological explanation of a law is a satisfactory explanation of that law when (besides meeting all of Hempel''s requirements) every event which is a case of the law to be explained is caused by an event The trouble with this account is that it incorrectly presupposes that it is the atomic structure of sodium and chlorine that cause them to combine in a one-to-one demonstration can be used as an explanation (can provide us with "scientific knowledge") when at least one of the explanans essential to the derivation states, that a say that it is an essential property), while the other of our explanans, the one describing the way in which sodium combines with bromine, does not. If our explanans contain a statement describing essential properties (e.g. sodium has the following atomic structure . work_7stioriya5fr5f32pb2hrenvqm Until these empirical-cum-philosophical analyses are done, it will remain unclear the extent to which low interrater reliability measures represent reasonable disagreement rather than arbitrary differences between reviewers. Of the empirical research available on peer review, one of the "most basic, broadly supported, and damning" aspects is the failure for independent studies on single-rater reliability rates for grant review across disciplines. Some psychometrically oriented researchers suggest that levels of interrater reliability for expert reviewers should be at about 0.8 (or even 0.9; Marsh et al. appropriate for editors and grant panels to rely on differences in reviewer expertise in the evaluation of a submission. were true, we would expect low interrater reliabilities along evaluative dimensions, as researchers have discovered (Scott 1974; Marsh and Ball 1989; unclear the extent to which low interrater reliability measures represent reasonable disagreement rather than arbitrary differences between reviewers. "The Reliability of Peer Review for Manuscript and Grant Submissions: A Cross-Disciplinary Investigation." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:119–86. work_7t65sh4j2vcfljpmpgqsbeyriy inform rational decisions, we hope ultimately to improve climate change decisionmaking and to make IPCC findings more useful to consumers of the reports. uncertainty of (at least roughly) the kind conveyed by IPCC confidence assessments when those assessments qualify probabilities. this set as containing those probability functions that the decision maker regards 4The use of sets of probability functions to represent imprecise belief states has been advocated by, among others, Good (1952), Levi (1974, 1986), Jeffrey (1992), Kaplan (1996), Gilboa a decision maker with a set of probability functions should choose. probability intervals only so broad as to ensure the decision-maker is confident ordinal notion of confidence, requiring only that the set of probability measures decision maker''s confidence that the "true" probability measure is contained in stakes to a level of confidence and thus to the set of probability measures that their work_7ti2who4inbdppop67nlfivfva David Hull accounts for the success of science in terms of an invisible hand mechanism, the very goals that Hull believes need to be explained by reference to an invisible hand explanation"; the success of science is the result of scientists directly pursuing the very goal that science, the institution, aims for.4 Indeed, Hull the direct explanation for the success of science requires us to regard scientists as significantly different from other people, in particular, more altruistic than others. Hull''s account of the success of science is an invisible hand explanation. believes that his invisible hand explanation for the success of science is Scientists'' altruistic intentions seem to be contributing more to the success of science than Hull As Hull claims, the fact that scientists engage in priority disputes suggests that they do have self-interested motives. an invisible hand mechanism to explain the success of science than Hull work_7u7rfkdpb5dztp5niap7f6qy7a concerns theories postulating that certain quantum observables have determinate to mean, unless the postulated additional variable is related to a clear ontology in (Bohm 1952; Bell 1966; Goldstein 2001) there are point particles moving in 3-space, of quantum mechanics, one could say that the position observables have determinate values in Bohmian mechanics, namely the actual positions of the particles, while other in his quantum field theory model postulated determinate values of the electromagnetic field operators, and Bell (1986) in his quantum field theory model postulated determinate While it is clear what it means to postulate that there are point particles moving in ontology in space-time, such as particle world lines or string world sheets or fields. theory, some alternative to Bohmian mechanics, postulates that not the positions, but unless λ is connected to a physical ontology in space-time such as particle world lines or quantum-mechanical observables have determinate values) appears not to be among the work_7upq5uoyeffytgkapewib5co5i In this paper I show that the basic results for the replicator dynamics of signaling These results show that standard evolutionary dynamics is quite likely to lead to states of partial communication. 2. Signaling Games and Standard Evolutionary Dynamics. If we assume that the players get the same payoff for each outcome,1 then a simple signaling game may be defined as a tripleSn The replicator dynamics of signaling games has been studied in Huttegger 2007. A game dynamics (2) is said to be payoff monotonic if and only if between payoff monotonic dynamics and the replicator equations (for a points of the replicator dynamics indeed carry over to payoff monotonic replicator dynamics of signaling games [Huttegger 2007]. states for any payoff monotonic dynamics (2) of .rSn stationary states for payoff monotonic dynamics coincide with the stability properties of rest points for under payoff monotonic dynamics.rSn replicator dynamics, that is, in which the evolution of signaling systems work_7v3tgjcganeyvgvxxmqbolztjy of causal efficacy respectively CErel and CEabs. Of our two (as yet somewhat informal) understandings of causal efficacy, the statistical measures r2 and ANOVA both attempt to capture This formula, I claim, captures the CEabs sense of causal efficacy, since conceptions of causal efficacy, namely CErel and CEabs. efficacies (see Table 1).9 In each case, are we interested in CErel or CEabs? at CErel, so in every case where we are actually interested in CEabs, its use For each team, what is the average causal efficacy of their kicks? also were the average causal efficacies with respect to the level of the ball''s adjusted formula, the CErel scores for each of kicking and wind in the CAUSAL EFFICACY SCORES FOR CErel, Our formula, once adjusted for the CErel and effect-as-variance case, Consider now the CEabs scores for the effect-as-variance case. CAUSAL EFFICACY SCORES FOR CEabs, work_7v7ttdhkwrgf7obe5trpt7fay4 physics supports phenomenological approaches to science and reality and although similarities between ideas we find in Merleau-Ponty and a current popular interpretation of quantum mechanics. Here, Merleau-Ponty carefully engages with quantum mechanics, outlining his phenomenological approach to physics. For Merleau-Ponty, physics in its most perfected form abandons the idea of delivering a completely objective picture of the world. Merleau-Ponty they hold that modern physics reveals that "the idea of an observable world totally independent measuring apparatus in classical physics and quantum mechanics, Merleau-Ponty states objects of reality according to Merleau-Ponty''s partial realism, we get the following 29 Merleau-Ponty''s partial realism denies the existence of individual observer-independent physical objects Quantum mechanics does not deliver a purely objective view on the world How quantum mechanics might support perspectivist and phenomenological approaches to science and how QBism relates to Merleau-Ponty''s ideas are the topics A phenomenological ontology for physics: Merleau-Ponty and QBism, forthcoming. work_7vre6rhalncgfekzl4abpp2vrq truth relation with any physical states outside the brain, we will naturally study their do bear the truth relation with physical states outside the brain. Mauro Dorato''s monograph presents a theoretical account of scientific laws that is Dorato places the marginal debate about laws of nature at centre stage in philosophy Alternatively, laws of nature describe a central and irreducible ontological factor, the notion of causal power (disposition). Chapter 1 attempts a chronological account of the concept of laws of nature, charting its development from the Hellenistic age through the medieval age to the end of the argues for a dispositional view of laws, where causal powers are real essential properties manifestation of dispositions described by scientific laws involves relations (causal and properties of the whole will eventually be completely understood in terms of the properties of the parts, while according to the former, the whole is a distinct level of organization characterized by new, emergent, properties. work_7vwws2hzvjfmlazk6jj44h5zse IDEALIZATION AND FORMALISM IN BOHR''S APPROACH TO QUANTUM THEORY Bohr held that quantum mechanical symbols find meaning only in the context of an seriously the standard quantum mechanical formalism and claim that Bohr himself pointed out some understanding Bohr''s views of quantum mechanics is his correspondence principle. connection the correspondence principle had provided between empirical properties and the atom: Bohr''s interpretation of the new formalism explicitly concerned the use of classical theory as Bohr claimed that in order to apply quantum theory to the atom, we must be able to make It is only through this process of attributing the corresponding classical properties to the correspondence between the quantum mechanical symbol representing some property of the object connect the symbols representing quantum properties to the corresponding classical properties we classical description of the properties represented by the quantum symbolism. classical properties in one empirical situation relates to the approximate correspondence one can work_7zc4vjgjeffujmvl4fv5vdnlwq While this conclusion focuses on Ney''s neo-positivist metaphysics, its scope includes any attempt to avoid Carnapian deflationism by a naturalized metaphysics that relies on strict deference to the findings of science. Section 3 accounts how neo-positivist metaphysics responds to the challenge by singling out (the linguistic state of) physics as the proper starting point for threat to substantial metaphysics due to Carnap''s challenge remains for neo-positivist any question or claim must be made within what Carnap calls a linguistic framework. Carnap challenges the nominalist and Platonist to specify what linguistic framework 5 Explicated like this, the challenge is semantic in nature; metaphysical questions and claims are cognitively Consequently, both naturalized metaphysics in general and Ney''s neopositivist variant are at the outset subject to Carnap''s challenge and the following will Any question regarding how the neo-positivists'' core metaphysics can be a substantial, framework-independent metaphysics – and thus overcome Carnap''s challenge – is work_7znlnmthv5g27is73pg6go5ewi impossibility of postulating a viable present in the presence of black holes, in particular the Schwarzschild geometries. Keywords Presentism · General relativity · Black holes · Philosophy of time In brief, Romero and Pérez argue that at the horizon of a black hole, the only viable choice for a present is its (light-like) horizon itself. Fig. 1 Behaviour of the lightcones approaching the horizon in Schwarzschild coordinates at different distances from the horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole. When using Schwarzschild coordinates, care must be taken not to draw ontological conclusions about space-time that derive from the singular behaviour of (a distance''s or surface''s being time-, space-, or light-like) is a coordinate invariant coordinate time; after all this is one direction orthogonal to the horizon (null surfaces How problematic for presentism the presence of closed time-like curves in a solution work_a24irs5nsbcnpereziuqitbnp4 Hypercomputation and the Physical Church‐Turing Thesis | Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 17915665Hypercomputation and the Physical Church‐Turing Thesis title={Hypercomputation and the Physical Church‐Turing Thesis}, We review the main approaches to computation beyond Turing definability (''hypercomputation''): supertask, non‐well‐founded, analog, quantum, and retrocausal computation. Sort by Most Influenced Papers SAD Computers and Two Versions of the Church–Turing Thesis View 1 excerpt, cites methods View 3 excerpts, cites background and methods View 3 excerpts, cites background and methods View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background Physical Hypercomputation and the Church–Turing Thesis Computation and Hypercomputation View 1 excerpt, references background View 1 excerpt, references background A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences View 7 excerpts, references background and methods View 7 excerpts, references background and methods By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_a2msjiuj5vdntktyk3qvpkxn4a experiment, simulation, modeling, materiality, epistemic value, experimental evolution, surprise understanding of ''simulation'' where the object of study in question could be any kind of model: target of my objection: The kind of thinking that goes into claims about experiments'' general experimental objects of study have a privileged link to targets in the natural world in virtue of material" correspondence to their targets, while simulations'' objects have only "abstract, formal" The Lenski populations have been used to study the evolution of high mutation rates over long mechanism in a physical object of study (experimental populations) allows you to make an broader sense, because the object in question is a population of model organisms, a kind of 11 By "mathematical model experiment" Morgan means what I am calling a simulation: a study of simulation starts with the object of study, a model, in some initial state with a set of transition work_a3aq5drivjaltki2fws2kopgru Before I comment further on this useful ambiguity, I want to state the analytic framework for this paper: I would like to think of algebraic unknowns specific mathematical practice: solving combinatorial problems with generating functions. Unhappy with viewing mana algebraic unknowns as supplementary, arbitrary, socially given condensations guided by value and sentiment, LéviStrauss sets out to rearticulate the relations between signs and their social Lévi-Strauss claims that notions such as mana, somewhat like algebraic variables function to fill a gap between the signifier and the Mana The algebraic unknown can reconstruct relations because it is zero symbolic value, that is, a sign marking the is the action of the sign as a tool for projecting the a priori signifier order of thought on the incommensurable given world (indeed, Lévi-Strauss value algebraic unknown, which does not appear in the original combinatorial problem, enables the realm of mathematical signifiers to represent our work_a3edk6bg7zegjlojfra5i6npki our understanding of specific causally productive activities (e.g., pulling, scraping, burning), and from her rejection of the assumption Anscombe held that general causal concepts like causing, bringing about, making The Anscombian alternative appeals not to counterfactuals but to facts about the chemicals and the causally productive activities they engage in. mechanism that produced it, the causally productive activities in which they engage, and how they contribute to the production of the e!ect of interest. Their examples of causally productive activities (invoked to explain neuronal signaling) include such things as releasing neuro-transmitters, chemical non-disjunctive feature (of no more than manageable complexity), then what makes the concept of a causally productive activity any more interesting than a randomly causally productive activity a concept is more like what analogy are not to be confused with the facts that determine whether or how an activity makes a causal contribution to the production of an e!ect. work_a4d6ytjoenbxlfin6gaxfyyzkq suggest that explanatory practices within the mechanistic tradition share commonalities with model-based approaches prevalent in population biology. For instance, it has been claimed that the "openendedness" of mechanistic explanations, which are not limited to linguistic representations and may involve diagrams or simulations, constitutes a substantial advantage over deductive-nomological inferences (Bechtel and Abrahamsen The practice of abstracting and idealizing in mechanistic explanations is unsurprising. of this principle is that we would not expect features that play a central explanatory role to be abstracted away or distorted in a mechanistic description. The idealization of causal relations demonstrates that these models do not depict how the mechanism actually works. Multiple-model idealization has many parallels with the above strategy of relaxing the actuality criterion for mechanistic descriptions. precise explanation of entities and causal processes that have been misrepresented, black-boxed, or treated as placeholders in the original mechanism description requires new models that will contain different abstractions and idealizations. work_a5er4rmmxjdfbbvnfgk3rxfiqa If there are such functions then there is some natural metric structure on temperature values—a function on temperature values represented by one of the functions on numbers f or g defined above lets us speak of the "distance" between two a metric structure comes from the role the Kelvin scale plays in that theory. for measuring temperature were set up is very different from the way the scale for numbers assigned to temperature values on the Kelvin scale shall have the following All this scale presupposes about the metric structure of any quantity, then, is that there are scaleindependent facts about ratios of energies. scientists who believed that temperature had a metric structure set up scales for number any temperature value is assigned on such a scale. We need to look at what the laws of thermodynamics presuppose about the structure of temperature. law that does not presuppose that temperature has a metric structure (like the Kelvin work_a5hyfypnzjflpkgiqahhdg7et4 record of successful yet false theories to argue against the connection that realists like to draw (3) Then most past scientific theories are false, since they differ from current successful (Laudan 1981), or that ''the success of a theory is a reliable test for its (approximate) truth'' (Lewis (1*) Of all the successful theories, current and past, most are taken to be false by the (3*) Success of a current theory is not a reliable indicator of its truth (by the reductio (4*) Therefore any current successful theory is probably false by inductive reasoning. This argument concludes that any one current successful theory, ceteris paribus, is probably false of [PMI*], and many realists indeed argue that at least some current successful theories are not on For Lewis the problem is that ''the premise that many false past theories were successful the PMI does not conclude that most current successful theories are probably false, the anti-realist has work_a5yme4kcbje2lc7jvdcwyfub4i kinds of structure exemplified at different scales of energy, length and time. geometrical structure feature the same relata (atoms and ions), but related in different ways. there appeared a number of different but equivalent ways of representing the bond structure or ions, which is represented by the lines between atoms in molecular structure diagrams. because the very same bond structure can explore a range of different geometries, or bond structure is compatible with wide variation in the relative positions of the atoms, and structure is a set-theoretic object: if we take the set of a molecule''s constituent atoms, a bond instance ice, liquid water and steam all display different geometrical structures, but the bond a molecule''s bond structure is compatible with a range of different geometrical arrangements way that molecules interact to form macroscopic substances, and in the structural distinctness "The Chemical Bond: Structure, Energy and Explanation." In work_aaqo35sceze3nkt4waxalemafu Abstract: In this paper, I argue that the use of scientific models which attribute intentional In this paper, I argue that the use of scientific models which attribute intentional content In other words, the only way to justify the use of an intentional model in a given scientific paper, however, is the fact that we use phenomenological models for different scientific purposes We use both statistical and intentional models to form predictions of systems whose mechanisms Intentional models, in virtue of being predictive, provide us with essential information While both statistical and intentional models are used to help generate mechanistic accounts of structural details of physical systems (just as statistical and intentional models do) can have 6.1 We use intentional models to explain behaviour, not just predict it often do not use statistical models to generate explanations in the behavioural sciences, this does work_adrm3h2sh5gx7m2k6vwasa76gm focus is random change in complex phenotypes because variation in these It is often stated that mutations are random changes in DNA, meaning that they affect a genotype randomly. In section 4, I discussed genotypic change, which illustrates how our knowledge can shape our expectations about randomness. Second, fitness is a highly aggregate property, a compressed scalar representation of immensely complex phenotypes, traits of living systems that extend through space and time. understanding of random genotypic change in evolution. 8. The Organization of Phenotypes in Genotype Space. whose phenotype is different from that of the genotype network in figure organization or distribution of phenotypes in genotype space random. Random phenotype organization does not support the existence of genotype networks. more sophisticated models of how phenotypes are organized in genotype space. known features of phenotype organization in genotype space and do so for systems complex phenotypes in genotype space are essential for organic evolution. work_agj7z4f3fvcovjikrtblqpran4 notion of a nonclassical probability space used by Feintzeig is not the most common employed in philosophy of physics, and that his usage of the "classical" Dutch fact, a function associating real numbers to elements of a Boolean algebra is a classical probability function if and only if no Dutch Book, that is, a set of bets with We prove, using the particular notions employed in Feintzeig (2015), that a finite generalized probability space This does not mean that employing any notion of a non-classical generalized probability space shall be avoided in philosophical analysis of quantum phenomena due i Ai. In Section 4 of his paper Feintzeig studies conditions which guarantee the existence of a classical extension of a given space. Theorem 2 A finite generalized probability space is Dutch-Bookable if and only if it Dutch Books in lattice-theoretic probability spaces Dutch Books in lattice-theoretic probability spaces work_ais2reycbjdtna4v7lpbmpjai4 Socrates and Berkeley Scholars Web Hosting Services Have Been Retired | Web Platform Services [ × ]WarningThere is no Web Platform Services support Monday-Friday, April 5-9. Web Platform Services Socrates and Berkeley Scholars Web Hosting Services Have Been Retired Socrates and Berkeley Scholars Web Hosting Services Have Been Retired The Socrates (aka conium.org) and Berkeley Scholars web hosting services have been retired as of January 5th, 2018. Contacting the person who previously had a socrates.berkeley.edu website to inquire about the new location of the materials. Please contact socrates_consult@berkeley.edu if you have any questions about this service retirement. Gems and Gems Materials: https://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2/ Fajan''s Group Website: http://plasma.physics.berkeley.edu Professor Hubert Dreyfus: http://sophos.berkeley.edu/dreyfus/ Professor Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas: https://sites.google.com/view/pgourinchas/home Professor Rucker Johnson: http://gsppi.berkeley.edu/~ruckerj Professor Dacher Keltner Laboratory: https://bsil.berkeley.edu/ Kihlstrom: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/ Kriegsfeld Neurobiology Laboratory: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~kriegsfeld/ Professor Ann Kring Laboratory: https://esilab.berkeley.edu/ Professor Emeritus Gene Rochlin: https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/rochlin/home Professor Emeritus Charles Schwartz: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~schwrtz/ Web Accessibility website Open Berkeley website work_ajotrobhxbgpxcydpffybaye2y evidence, Bradley argues that EQM is not automatically confirmed and that involve no equivalent of the chancy coin toss that governs Sleeping Beauty''s Confirmation in EQM is analogous in certain ways to the Sleeping Beauty If the coin lands Heads, then the population to be sampled when Beauty If the coin lands Tails, the observation made by Beauty can be If the coin lands Tails, on awakening Beauty is only located on one Beauty knows that the coin lands either Heads or Tails. The probability of Beauty''s strongest new evidence given Heads is 1/2. The probability of Beauty''s strongest new evidence given Tails is 1/2. means that Beauty should no longer regard the coin toss as effectively chancy. night the result of the coin toss is effectively chancy for Beauty, when she that in a case in which Beauty knows the coin is tossed Monday night, thirding work_aky4pllozzawhkthr444bxy32y powers that are associated with things of a given kind, and laws of nature, in science, exist or be understood independently of objects with causal powers.) Support for the neoAristotelian position comes from two sources; a new understanding of the history of Duhem''s importance as a support for the neo-Aristotelian position lies in his revolutionising of the history of science, a revolution that rehabilitated the scientific importance science who followed Duhem and reacted against him, were both inclined towards scientific realism, and both of them held that abandonment of an Aristotelian metaphysics was An opponent of the neoAristotelian view might point out that in fact the great scientific advances of the seventeenth century were accompanied by the abandonment of Aristotelian metaphysics, and ask The difficulty of giving such explanations may explain a common objection to Aristotelianism made on the seventeenth century, to the effect that, as Newton said, it postulates work_am75v3opfvfsxdbs5xjtapjorq Click a name to choose. Click to show more. PUB Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld PUB Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld Please note that we no longer support Internet Explorer versions 8 or 9 (or earlier). Was ist PUB? "PUB – Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld" ist das institutionelle Repositorium der Universität Bielefeld, das als zentraler Nachweisort für Literaturveröffentlichungen und Forschungsdaten die wissenschaftlichen Aktivitäten an der Universität widerspiegelt. Bielefelder Forschende aller Disziplinen können hiermit ihre persönlichen Publikationslisten erstellen und pflegen. Die Nachweise im Repositorium sind frei zugänglich und teilweise mit Volltexten und Forschungsdaten verknüpft. Bibliographische Daten, teilweise verknüpft mit Volltexten (PDFs etc.) Bibliographische Daten, teilweise mit Forschungsdaten PUB Schulungstermine PUB für Einsteiger: Persönliche Publikationslisten erstellen PUB für Fortgeschrittene: Dateien ergänzen, Daten exportieren PUB Spezial: Publikationslisten in Webseiten einbetten Wir beraten Sie gern zu allen Fragen rund um PUB. Universität Bielefeld PUB Theses publikationsdienste.ub@uni-bielefeld.de © 2010-2021 Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld work_aowfx47tg5defawms4ok3eo6xy work_apfsakjuyvc5xpdifk7sweduui definition of the concept and its application to particular examples: these arguments would lessen greatly ifprecise definitions for adaptations were available. to evolutionary theory there is a biological property, adaptedness, which some organisms have change by a theory of natural selection. But we do expect one and the same explication or definition of relative adaptedness to apply I hardly need to argue that we want our definition of relative adaptedness to be empirically natural selection in terms of relative adaptedness empirical correctness of our definition of relative adaptedness? definition of relative adaptedness fits these facts theory of adaptedness any definition failing (a) relative adaptedness to fit the facts of natural define relative adaptedness in terms of the statistical probability of reproductive success. Even without a definition of relative adaptedness we can be confident that cases like the (D) to be such the definition of relative adaptedness must satisfy desiderata (a)-(d). work_arigewxpkreyvexexg75qkifsu we observe simultaneously at a given moment of time have in actual fact taken event R (reflecting the light ray from clock B) is simultaneous with event M. this case space is orthogonal to the world lines of the clocks and the velocity of relation to A and B) of the world line of the light ray propagating from clock A or in anisotropic space-time, they arrive simultaneously at the central clock. to events M and N (lying on the world lines of the points at which the light rays space-time, the light signals arrive simultaneously with event C2. present events are considered as existing), which means that simultaneity is three-dimensional world (a three-dimensional space-like slice of the Minkowski world—the present), the above-mentioned unacceptable conventionality as regards what exists follows from the conventionality of simultaneity. and with isotropic space-time) the back and forth velocity of light is one and work_aryomlrobrgjrdq4mgsdd3j5ji argue, is that this approach is incapable of rejecting the hypothesis that nonhuman animals solve mindreading tasks on the basis of reasoning about logical problem to its current position as a problem that undermines contemporary research on mindreading in nonhuman animals. definition of mindreading endorsed by skeptics such as Povinelli and colleagues concurs with the approach that comparative psychologists currently take to determine the mindreading abilities of nonhuman animals. Povinelli and colleagues'' early opposition to nonhuman animal mindreading fit within the traditional experimental methods and evidential criteria employed in comparative psychology. Proponents of the logical problem maintain that, under the current experimental approach taken by comparative psychologists, there is a complementary behavior-reading (CBR) hypothesis for every mindreading hypothesis. The logical problem maintains that the logic of the current experimental approach fails to reject the hypothesis that subjects solve apparent mindreading tasks on the basis of observable regularities alone. work_asd3qlm4h5df5d22p6f65gqcnm What is generally called Bayesian Conditionalization is a policy for updating probability prior probability function, and allows as possible posteriors the conditionalizations on If the prior probability assignment had the possibility that it was tracking the is that the input that triggers a change in probabilities may not be of the sort this policy response to a given input, to form a posterior probability function. The Bayesian policy, applicable here, starts with a prior probability, takes the inputs to probability function p (the ''prior'') a set R of possible ''posteriors'' (of cardinality greater relevant statistics, and updating the probability assignment on new input should preserve updating policy could allow for all the convex combinations of a given finite set as the set The probability measures form a convex subset of this vector space, defined by In such examples, where the input is a new value for a conditional probability of a given work_asga64s2t5es7dfaikdqajqama the formalism of quantum mechanics strongly suggests that its value spaces, including physical quantum mechanics as a separable Hilbert space, continuous observables do not have of the position operator X corresponding to the point x=5 in physical space. fact that wave-functions are representations of states in a separable Hilbert space that each wavefunction is not simply a square integrable function, but rather an equivalence class of square integrable functions which differ in their values at most on a set of (Lebesque) measure 0. in a Hilbert space one needs to assume that wave-functions correspond to equivalence classes of Hilbert space H there must exist a limit state corresponding to each Cauchy sequence. A quantum field M(f) is defined as a linear map from "test functions" f (x) to operators. existence of points in space-time, since the smeared field operators are defined in terms of work_ash53a764zaphkcxjeyu7lrrbe Standard objections to the notion of a hedged, or ceteris paribus, law of nature usually boil down to the not true of the hedged law-like generalizations derived from data models used to interpret large and varied sets of empirical observations. explicitly identify all potential causal interferers with the relevant generalization, the view that our failure to do so is fatal to the very notion of a cp-law is plausible only if one illicitly infers metaphysical In fact, the ceteris paribus-clause hedging a law-like generalization derived from a given regression model is given fully determinate content by that very model. prospective cohort studies involving tens of thousands of participants began to uncover a correlation between regular nuts consumption and significant health benefits, such as reduced risk of coronary it is not universally true; laws of nature could be ''''lossy'''', in Braddon Mitchell''s phrase, and not always get all the facts right as long work_av3swgicwvczrbiwv6aoui2ogq According to these authors, the thermodynamic limit is predictively and explanatorily successful in phase transition theory because of features infinite systems share with large finite systems—specifically, the nonanalytic functions As with phase transitions, the definition of SSB in statistical mechanics refers to properties afforded by the thermodynamic limit: in this case, the nonuniqueness of the Understanding the nature of SSB in quantum field theory (QFT), and the appeal to spontaneously broken gauge symmetry in standard presentations of the Higgs mechanism in particular, is an ongoing project in the foundations of physics.1 My focus here, however, is on the more The analogous claim in the case of SSB would presumably be that the degenerate equilibrium states found in the thermodynamic limit are real features of macroscopic systems that can only be captured by idealized infinite volume models. work_awju2yby6bf6ffvwsbq6cs4ate usually understood in terms of novel success: a theory is fertile if it manages to make fertile development of the Bohr-Sommerfeld model of the atom, does not support right" fail and, second, that McMullin''s preferred example of the Bohr-Sommerfeld model of At the same time, I shall suggest, the development BohrSommerfeld model can teach us important methodological lessons about theory appraisal. theories confirmed by temporally novel evidence, on heuristic predictivism novelty seems to can view all those anomalies for the specific V-theories as novel evidence for the meta additional lines seemed to suggest half-integral quantum numbers, whereas the Bohr model Many changes of the Bohr-Sommerfeld model were made in order to accommodate this paper, though, McMullin''s preferred example, the Bohr-Sommerfeld model of the atom, Thus, the changes made to the Bohr-Sommerfeld model during its development McMullin''s argument for realism, which has it that the M-fertility of a model or a theory is work_awlpe4ejyzej7grasppfhwphqa amplification view, attentional phenomena can be unified at the neural function of attention in terms of amplification as selection is, in fact, an attention alters the neuron''s normalized response: attending to one of the stimulus features, the operation of an ''attentional field''—that exerts its effects input processing mechanisms that normalize neural responses via divisive In this sense, then, the core neural realizer of attention is the notstimulus-triggered amplification of the presynaptic signals providing 10 Note that this characterization of the core realizer of attention as the not-stimulustriggered amplification of the presynaptic signals providing stimulus-specific inputs of then attention amplifies those inputs of the neural computation normalizing the responses attention (that is, specific input signal amplification) and certain built-in normalization model in modelling the different neural effects of attention normalization mechanisms is the core neural signature of attention. amplification of specific neural computations is the core realizer of attention. work_awvl6jmeoreovcg4j7vss7tibm and later ''Garber-style'' solutions of the old-evidence problem, including a recent proposal taken because they failed to identify the true reason for their increase in confidence in GR: "If old evidence can be used to raise the probability of a new out in a paper published in the same year as Garber''s, according to a Bayesian confirmation theory of long pedigree—going back to Bayes himself— Since odds are an increasing function of probabilities, the usual Bayesian criterion for the confirmation of H Equation (1) makes evident the central role that LR plays in Bayesian confirmation theory generally, since not from ruling out Garber-style accounts, this desideratum also rules out a Bayesian confirmation theory based on subjective probabilities because of the old Worse, Hawthorne''s account does not actually solve the old evidence problem, which was to explain in Bayesian terms why informed scientific opinion "Old Evidence and Logical Omniscience in Bayesian Confirmation Theory." work_ax7jkhzb3bejvccl4idx4jimzm (1) The inductive probability of H given E is the degree of belief in (2) The inductive probability of H given E is the degree to which H Many writers take logical probability to be a uniquely rational degree of belief (Salmon, 1967, 68; Skyrms, 1986, 207; Gillies, 2000, 1). logical in this sense, that does not tell us what inductive probability I will say that a probability concept is logical in Carnap''s of logical probability in Carnap''s sense is wider than the concept of However, ''probability'' in ordinary language has only one meaning that is logical in Carnap''s sense, namely inductive probability, so ''probability'' in ordinary language that is logical in Carnap''s sense. In my conception of inductive logic there are two kinds of probability, many inductive probabilities lack a precise numerical value. involves two different logical probability concepts, namely inductive The values of inductive probabilities are fixed by the concept of work_ayqrar52cnbydjhfykurly3ona of quantum field theory (QFT), many of which have argued against particle ontologies. special cases: Fock space QFTs on Minkowski spacetime, which can be treated as particle interpretation in curved-spacetime and interacting QFTs dissolves the existing debate concerning the metaphysics of identity in quantum physics. for present purposes is the way these states transform when the particle labels are permuted. example, if the vector states |ψi〉 form a basis of the one-particle space, a basis for Fock QFT, and indeed, realistic interacting field theories cannot be formulated on Fock representations of the algebra of observables. The interpretation of quantum states as describing particles is one feature of Fock space unitarily equivalent to the Hilbert space of the interacting theory, the resulting "particles" But if we interpret the interacting states using the free theory''s particle concept, the resulting In short: when we permute particles in a Fock space QFT, from the DHR work_b2kfhci7ybfm5grieiot5qjvku The much remarked "non-commutativity" of probability kinematics ( Domotor 1982, Skyrms 1986, van Fraassen 1989, Döring 1999, Lange 2000) has and Zabell 1982, and Jeffrey 1988, is based on a variant of Field''s reformulation of probability kinematics, divested of its (inessential) physicalist gloss. Let (Ω, A, p) be a probability space, and suppose that E = {Ei} is a countable family of pairwise disjoint events, with p(Ei) > 0 for all i. when the total evidence, old as well as new,2 prompts us to revise the probabilities of the events Ei as specified by (2.2), but we learn nothing new about Having revised p to q by the probability-kinematical formula (2.1) above, more general probability-kinematical revision schema Given the probability revision schema (3.1), if the Bayes factor identities Formula (3.7), and consequently Theorem 3.1, can be generalized to arbitrary finite sequences of probability-kinematical revisions. stimuli prompting probability revisions by identical Bayes factors. work_b37rgb3xa5hkppfo5gkgsx2zxa A proof is presented that a form of incompleteness in Quantum Mechanics follows directly from the use of unbounded operators. essential differences between bounded and unbounded self-adjoint operators. A bounded operator A defined on some Hilbert space H with domain D(A) ⊆ ²The reader will observe that the denseness of the domain does not follow from the HellingerToeplitz theorem alone; the difference is made up the requirement that the adjoint A∗ of A be an It is worth pointing out that the use of unbounded operators in Quantum Field Theory and secondly, the domain of an unbounded self-adjoint operator cannot be the self-adjoint operators are defined only on a dense subspace of H then it follows but merely note that for every bounded and unbounded self-adjoint operator A The spectral theorem gives an equivalence between a selfadjoint operator and a certain integral over a function defined on a measure space work_b3wc7air3nhktik3siaii6kiie reconstruction of the theory behind these models along the lines of the ''non-statement view'' on empirical science can contribute to a better understanding of these models and a more straightforward implementation. Schelling''s model are analysed that relax the original idealisations, such as adding di�erent tolerance levels Keywords: Theory Reconstruction, Non-Statement View, Schelling Model, Segregation, Axiom Only in a few cases has the analogy between the ''non-statement view'' of reconstructing and formalising theories and the simulation of theory-derived models been shown: In sciences such Figure 1: Segregation index as dependent on tolerance threshold for 45 per cent of one group and a density of Figure 2: Segregation index as dependent on tolerance threshold for three levels of minority size and three Figure 3: Le�: Segregation index as dependent on tolerance threshold for minority size and density. Figure 4: Segregation index as dependent on tolerance threshold for homogeneous and inhomogeneous subpopulations and two search strategies; 1500 runs per combination; the vertical axis is the unstandardized predictedvalueofthesegregationindexfromacubicregressioninthetwotolerancethresholdmeanswhereasthe work_b54g353yvvbsjkxzuwfke52piy conditions but by modelling them on previously derived phenomena that function as exemplars. To accomplish this, DOP proposes to maintain a corpus of derivation trees of previous exemplars, DOP proposes that new phenomena can be derived by combining subtrees Derivation tree for Kepler''s third law from the subtree in figure 3 Figure 5 shows that we can create new derivation trees by combining subtrees from This DOP model employs (1) a corpus of derivation trees representing exemplars and second exemplar can be represented by the derivation tree in figure 6. When we add the tree in figure 6 to our corpus of exemplars, we can also derive the exemplar the derivation in figure 4 is modelled on. DOP can simulate this exemplar-based modelling by combining those derivational acknowledged that sentence derivations can be represented by tree structures, similar to Deriving a new sentence by combining subtrees from figure 12 work_b5mguw6g5rfb3jz5z5qpd76l3i In the mainstream formulation, etiological approaches appeal to a historicalselective causal process, through which the existence of current functional traits is the existence of the bearer; they refer to current contributions of functional traits to some capacity interprets norms in terms of the evolutionary conditions of existence of the functional trait. likely to provide a unified account for functional attributions to both biological traits and implication that functional attributions have no relation to the current contribution of the trait functions, self-maintaining systems must belong to a specific class in which different from the specific regime of self-maintenance producing the functional trait. For each given class of selfmaintaining systems, the primary function Fp of T is the contribution of T to the selfmaintenance of S that is subject to closure in the more basic regime of self-maintenance. class of self-maintaining systems in which the function of the trait is defined. work_b6v6tlkl5fds3pxew7omx6fxju that diachronic compositions are restricted in terms of causal connections between object stages. Balashov chooses to restrict diachronic composition to those parts that are related by continuant is for the laws of nature to apply to it, Xism restricts composition to only those objects to we grant an account of synchronic composition that entails that Rectangle is an object in ThreadRest (the inertial frame according to which Thread is at rest, see Figure 2), we get the following diachronic composition should not take the restriction to apply to any objects that fail to be account of diachronic composition that applies only to timelike separated objects. restriction not in terms of the frame-relative notion of objects existing at different times, but rather causation as a restriction on diachronic composition was to rule out superluminal objects like of spacelike separated parts compose objects in motion. work_bachm7uq5baaxdlcmbze6n3xsy Before Bas van Fraassen presented his account of Constructive Empiricism (CE forward by scientific realists against the empiricist point of view" (van Fraassen 1980, 5), that van Fraassen is not just concerned to show that the constructive empiricist''s stance is only evidential relation between theory and empirical information that van Fraassen Epistemology" (van Fraassen 1993).5 One might well think that the empiricist would have to The empiricist''s problem arises, van Fraassen says, because empiricism was empiricism has on van Fraassen''s claim that the empiricist should be a constructive does not imply belief in the truth of the most explanatory theory (van Fraassen 1980, 71-72). empirical adequacy can be justified by the evidence, RESP denies that van Fraassen ever But to defend his empiricist thesis van Fraassen needs to argue, not that commitment Van Fraassen is "content to argue that empiricists should not be realists when van Fraassen chastised the realist for believing more than the empirical evidence work_bascceymwrgitg6jrojsut75mi Hamilton introduced two conceptions of social fitness, which he called neighbor-modulated The first perspective is captured in Hamilton''s neighbor-modulated fitness approach, which analyzes the correlations between an individual''s genotype and its social neighborhood in order to predict when these correlations will give bearers of the genes for altruism greater reproductive output, calculate the net effect of a social behavior on the actor''s genetic representation in the next generation (Hamilton 1964; Frank 1998; Grafen 2006). simply glosses the sij as "additive effects." However, I suggest that, to do justice to Hamilton''s explicitly causal conception of social fitness, we should interpret sij in explicitly causal terms, as the causal effect of the jth individual on to assuming that the recipient''s individual gene frequency predicts its social fitness only via correlations with actors and not via any other pathway work_bdsrkb5j5jbrjlwrpyvzetlqnu [PDF] Scientific polarization | Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 1838546Scientific polarization author={Cailin O''Connor and J. Extant models of polarization do not capture the idea that some beliefs are true and others false. Here we present a model, based on the network epistemology framework of Bala and Goyal (Learning from neighbors, Rev. Econ. Scientific polarization Figures and Topics from this paper Sort by Most Influenced Papers J. Weatherall, Cailin O''Connor, Justin P. View 1 excerpt, cites background View 2 excerpts, references background View 2 excerpts, references background View 2 excerpts, references background View 2 excerpts, references background View 2 excerpts, references background View 5 excerpts, references background and methods Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_beiotrstcffwvgutsptuqnpizq (1977) ''The Sum Rule has not been tested.'', Philosophy of science., 44 (1). a Cross-Ramsey experiment to test the Sum Rule, the detectors must quantum mechanics that most probably the initial momentum of the and to test the Sum Rule, the individual values must be determined Thus in order to test the Sum Rule, it detectors will pick up an angular spread in momentum. diagram in the Cross-Ramsey paper, the electron detector is approximately 6 cm from the target. If CrossRamsey is to test the Sum Rule, the angular spread in the initial (3) An experiment to test the Sum Rule must, in contrast to Cross and Ramsey, use a broad initial beam and extremely fine detectors. But if the initial wave is not a minimum uncertainty packet, this the Sum Rule, the momentum dispersion, Ap, must be at least of a minimum uncertainty packet if the Sum Rule is to be tested by work_bfovcp3mifd6hopzmic33qijuq The inner sense theory is commonly thought to predict the existence of individuals E&C''s Prediction: there should be individuals who are capable of selfattributing certain types of mental states, but incapable of self-attributing other Engelbert and Carruthers claim that damage to inner sense should lead to individuals capable Assumption] is false, then an individual with a damaged inner sense should be capable of selfattributing mental states via this other method. method theory''.5 Such theorists believe that humans sometimes self-attribute mental states via interpretive methods for attributing mental states, one subserving mindreading and one sense will nevertheless have a reliable means of self-attributing mental states.9 The inner sense theory thus does not predict individuals who unreliably self-attribute mental states. Those with damaged inner sense should thus be expected to self-attribute mental states less damaged inner sense should self-attribute mental states less reliably than their unimpaired work_bgzuoidd4faapjspfxy74kzwxe I present an alternative approach for modeling nested mechanisms: submechanisms should not be represented by means of a causal graph''s vertiThis content downloaded from 129.125.019.061 on October 29, 2018 04:22:23 AM Illustrated in our example: if our RBN model adequately represents the water dispenser mechanism, then the information that the tempering button is not pressed ðB 5 0Þ 8. Note that the graph of a causal model that contains bidirected arrows no longer determines the Markov factorization ðeq. for every directed causal path in the lower-level structure whose intermehere P*↑V is the restriction of probability distribution P* to variable set V. MLCM''s causal models; it just tells us that M1 stands for the lowest level. models and provides information about the hierarchical order of the mechanism''s levels the MLCM represents. Note that the MLCM''s level graph tells us that causal models M2, M3, and This approach represents submechanisms not by means of a causal model''s variables but by the edges work_bhxurxt5zjesvg7m53kkjgrd5i On many science-related policy questions, the public is unable to make informed decisions, because James Fishkin have both suggested therefore that on certain science-related issues, public policy Counterfactual Informed Democratic Decision (CIDD). scientific knowledge would often not allow the public to make informed decisions, because the actual informed consent cannot be obtained because of a patient''s lack of decision-making capacity, conform not to actual democratic decisions, but to what the public would have decided upon, if it is not based on an actual democratic decision, but instead conforms to a Counterfactual Informed informed consent in the medical context suggests that under certain conditions, such decision should and science''s significant effect on the public may suggest that an actual democratic decision would CIDDs therefore do not have the same normative import as counterfactual informed decisions informed counterfactual democratic decisions of communities. difference between the decision made through a CIDD and actual public opinion may suggest to the work_bij3m55cvzhzfdgl4dclclv46y I assess the make-believe view through an empirical study of molecular models. viewing and manipulating molecules, just as children playing with a doll might imagine Models – representation – imagination – fiction – depiction manipulation will show that scientists'' imaginative participation in molecular modelling extends beyond reflexive props: users imagine the models themselves to be molecules. saying that users of molecular models are supposed to imagine that, for example, ethane they participate in the games of make-believe they play with molecular models in a variety of that scientists manipulating molecular models imagine themselves manipulating molecules. make-believe, and that users of molecular models participate in these games. Shaffer (1979), Weisberg and Bloom (2009) and Wyman et. imagining the balls and sticks of the models to be atoms and bonds; users of molecular models also imagine themselves looking at molecules, picking them up and twisting them Models as make-believe: Imagination, fiction and scientific work_bj3743opfngqtgyiokcrvyrpja to support a sound argument against the possibility of a relativistic quantum mechanics of localizable particles. relativistic quantum mechanics of "unsharply" localized particles (Theorem 2). The following conditions should hold for any localization system—either relativistic or non-relativistic—that describes a single particle. In the case of time translations, the covariance condition entails that the particle has unitary dynamics. reasonable condition for relativistic theories, Malament''s theorem requires only to hold for any relativistic, quantum-mechanical theory of particles. Dickson (1997) argues that a ''quantum'' theory does not need a position operator (equivalently, a system of localizing projections) in order to treat position as Newton-Wigner position operator as a localizing observable) and in which Malament''s microcausality assumption fails. there is another difficulty with the argument against any relativistic quantum mechanics of (localizable) particles: Malament''s theorem makes tacit use of specific that relativistic quantum field theory might permit an ontology of localizable particles. work_bj6cgsmflrguvh7g3ekycpbfie "Hobbes" said Leibniz "reduces everything to body, and explains feeling by reaction, like focus on an argument that Leibniz suggests Hobbes could give for materialism. Note that Leibniz thinks that this argument is Hobbes''s, not just one that someone In "On Nature Itself", Leibniz objects to Hobbes''s materialism. In "On Nature Itself", Leibniz both criticized Hobbes''s materialism itself and offered an for materialism very much like one that Leibniz had earlier attributed to Hobbes.10 This substance and also of a non-extended thing (for example, a point)" (Leibniz to Masham Leibniz argues in the New Essays that Hobbes''s argument should push its proponents to In fact Leibniz gives two arguments based on this principle of uniformity to Masham in a Hobbes''s view, given Leibniz''s understanding of what bodies are, but it is as close as he Hobbes''s view, given Leibniz''s understanding of what bodies are, but it is as close as he work_blmumvkscfhyneaqoqv372jwga Several times in Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, Kant claims to offer the "laws of general mechanics" ð1911, 551; cf. And, Kant declares, the "necessary condition" for mechanics is synthetic a priori laws of matter as such ði.e., as moventÞ. To illustrate his point, Kant constructs a special case, the direct collision of two symmetric bodies in pure translation.5 Now classical continuum mechanics is built on two dynamical principles: the Force Law, a generalization of Newton''s Lex Secunda, and the Torque Law.7 Kant has an analogue Thus, in "Genuina principia doctrinae de statu aequilibrii et motu corporum tam perfecte flexibilium quam elasticorum," Euler showed that the external actions on an element in a plane elastic continuum come in two kinds: forces and "moments Law of Inertia for rotation, that is, the principle that, in the absence of external unbalanced forces, a continuous body does not change its own angular momentum.22 work_blrsehuggjgjfh44kvnh2xznvq Philosophy of Science in the Netherlands | Scholarly Publications Skip to main content Leiden University Scholarly Publications Home Submit Select Collection Academic speeches Dissertations Faculty of Archaeology Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Science Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden Journals, Conference Proceedings and Books Leiden Law School Leiden University Press Medicine / Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) Research output UL Search box Persistent URL of this record https://hdl.handle.net/1887/10360 Documents Download open access In Collections In Collections In Collections This item can be found in the following collections: Institute for Philosophy Philosophy of Science in the Netherlands Article / Letter to editor Article / Letter to editor All authors McAllister, J.W. McAllister, J.W. Date Journal International Studies in the Philosophy of Science Volume Pages ©2020-2021 Leiden University A service provided by Leiden University Libraries Contact Recently Added Digital Collections Student Repository work_bmbsou5ykzc2bcyidpzdionpve are invariant under interventions can also be used to provide a characterization of the notion of a mechanism. specific characterization of notions like "mechanism" and "production." it is not a "direct causal law"; by contrast, relationships like (1) or, to use Thus, even if (1) correctly describes the frictional force on the block for some particular experimental set up, we could of "what support for counterfactuals" means, this feature does not distinguish (1) from non-causal generalizations. (1) describing the relationship between frictional and normal force is invariant as long as it would continue to hold under some interventions that that is, it should be possible to change the relationship or generalization governing the gravitational component without changing the relationship together" the original analysis of (Ex1) with the additional force component to produce an account of the new mechanism. the productive relationships at work in the mechanism is that it correctly work_bmpgizzzijf5jjmyudsxyofbsm or less self-contained, of the confirmation of theories, the testing of hypotheses, various possibility of such tests requires connections between evidence and theory strong enough bootstrapping model of confirmation rather than to the discussion of tests of systems of But is it really the strategy Glymour specifies in the sections on confirmation and testing, But is it really the strategy Glymour specifies in the sections on confirmation and testing, the historical sections less fascinating, or prevent them from supporting the theory of confirmation and testing. the historical sections less fascinating, or prevent them from supporting the theory of confirmation and testing. It does prevent them from testing that theory though: Glymour can It does prevent them from testing that theory though: Glymour can Glymour''s account of testing reflects not the desire of science to have exactly-confirmed Glymour''s account of testing reflects not the desire of science to have exactly-confirmed work_bmw4vhaetzdtnatmkhqe5eoxm4 Jill North (North, 2009) has recently argued that Hamiltonian mechanics ascribes less structure to the world than Lagrangian mechanics (P1) Lagrangian mechanics ascribes metric structure to the world. (P2) Hamiltonian mechanics ascribes symplectic structure to the world. One might at first try to make the following naive argument that Lagrangian mechanics ascribes Riemannian metric structure to the world. It is in precisely this sense, therefore, that Hamiltonian mechanics ascribes symplectic structure to the world. in general, Lagrangian mechanics does not posit metric structure. Suppose that, as North has argued, in Lagrangian mechanics the configuration space Q has a metric gq. Argument 2 demonstrates that Lagrangian mechanics has metric structure by considering both the statespace T∗Q and the Lagrangian mechanics could impute metric structure without Hamiltonian Even if there were a sense in which Lagrangian mechanics had metric structure without Hamiltonian mechanics having the same, North''s argument for work_bn4cpmcr25hrti65ehse6div3i Keywords: Folk psychology; Theory of Mind; Consciousness; Julian Jaynes; With the rise of new disciplines such as evolutionary psychology and cognitive archaeology, it has become increasingly urgent to ask how the standard conception of the mind, standard minds to which our folk psychology applies in a fairly straightforward way, considering creatures that are increasingly distant from us in expansion strategy: cast the standard conception of mind as widely as possible, and bring as many creatures as possible within the compass of folk psychology. and early humans have minds in anything like the modern sense?'' More specifically, the paper''s opening question is, "What can relics of the past tell us any) describe substantially different minds whose nature present folk psychology is unable to capture. that folk psychology went through substantial changes in the course of history, then there is reason to believe that the nature of mind has changed as well. work_boozgdj73bcondhdysfmqig2tq Character individuation is significant because biological systematics relies on a parsimony principle to determine phylogeny and classify taxa, and the parsimony principle is usually interpreted to favor the phylogenetic hypothesis that requires the fewest changes in the individuation of characters, and third, the implications of this inadequacy for phylogenetic inference. on the now standard approach to systematics, known as cladistics, characters are the "data" of phylogenetic inference. According to the parsimony principle, the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary On the standard approach to phylogenetic inference, cladistics, both tasks are accomplished on the basis of the characters possessed by the organisms under individuate characters is certainly a problem for parsimony-based approaches to phylogenetic inference, since hypothesis evaluation depends conceivably count the same in parsimony considerations as a single, complex morphological character like "3 ear ossicles." The second problem is is most parsimonious depends not only on character individuation work_bpwv636ourbapi46afyif5pbzq general scientific principles, laws of specific sciences, and experience. insightful use of knowledge at hand to determine which similarity principles significance of the event, rather than on the basis of similarity of the physics of Now, as I''ve just stated it, what constitutes similarity is relative to a phenomenon the similarity law of his day, Froude said that observations on his model told him describing a phenomenon available, a similarity principle can be obtained hydrodynamical similarity, and that the law of corresponding states is indeed a hydrodynamical similarity, and that the law of corresponding states is indeed a We then use the similarity conditions to build models situations was based upon similarity with respect to a phenomenon of interest. characterizing experiments and observations involves employing similarity similarity criteria can be obtained even when an equation describing the similarity criteria can be obtained even when an equation describing the work_bq66hycwizfpxbk53xl2vmtcmm Daniel Hausman in his recent article in this journal on Mill''s philosophy of economics has argued that whereas Mill in his early essay on away from a switch in the way Mill viewed economic laws between "On Verification, that is to say, belongs to the application not to the science of economics. empirical laws can be found-not the case in economics-still "the experimental process is not here to be regarded as a distinct road to the truth has continued to influence economic methodologists and economists because he was an early user of what we now know as the deductive-nomological model of explanation,5 replete with the requirements that the general ("covering") laws be testable and true (Mill, 8: pp. General-equilibrium analysis has something of the character of Mill''s science of economics in the sense of being counterfactual in Book 6 of the Logic, restates his views on the nature of economics work_bukx2qlqyjctdoi7asnlpqs2iy Stance relativism: empiricism versus metaphysics In The empirical stance, Bas van Fraassen argues for a reconceptualization of empiricism, 2. Doctrine versus stance empiricism and the case against metaphysics which it is rationally permissible to hold any stance and believe any set of facts that meet important to van Fraassen that empiricism be identified with a stance, for if we were to find empiricism as a stance as opposed to a factual belief. One of the reasons that van Fraassen is concerned to reconceive empiricism as a stance is that But this is to engage in metaphysics, and that is why empiricism, or at least van Fraassen''s precisely what van Fraassen cannot do, for he thinks that metaphysics is indeed a rationally understand empiricism and metaphysics as stances, I believe that this is the only form that Speaking from within the empirical stance, van Fraassen suggests that metaphysicians make work_bv2una2m2ffo3cup6uhd3ysh2q operators on a Hilbert space, but picking the (reducible) universal representation of the abstract 1Of course, these are not the only possible interpretations of algebraic quantum theories (See Ruetsche 2011, Ch. 6), but we will restrict our attention to these positions for the purpose of this paper. Furthermore, when we allow the Imperialist and the Universalist access to these idealized observables, one can show a precise sense in which they are equivalent interpretations. weak operator closed subalgebra of a Hilbert space is called a von Neumann algebra, so πω(A) will Hilbert space carries its own weak operator topology defined precisely as above, which allows us Ruetsche, however, presents a number of objections to the claim that the universal representation contains all parochial observables. as density operators (or even vectors!) on the Hilbert space HU of the universal representation. convergence as the weak operator topology on the universal representation. work_bveby7qvfzeublorudd335hqke Microbial model systems have a long history of fruitful use in fields that include evolution investigate how microbial models of these dynamics interact with mathematical or microbial systems and equations work as models, and what happens when they generate material models of target phenomena, which include evolutionary, ecological, genetic, and distinctions being made between abstract (mathematical) models and material systems When different modelling media (for example, mathematical and material) are used to gain mathematical and material models of the dynamics of competitive exclusion and evolutionary biology and ecology, mathematical and material modelling have frequently experimental biologist who set up microbial model systems of paramecia (bacteriagobbling ciliate protists) to model interspecies competitive dynamics (Gause, 1932; computational model and the experimental microbial populations. some clear differences between mathematical, computational, and material models, and organisms, and between experimental systems and material models more generally. work_bwdtsl4vofbf5o4u3jfytygzrm called NAP), which allows the assignment of non-zero probabilities to infinitely unlikely events (Benci et al. describe one particular theory of non-standard probability, called NAP Because of the Archimedean property of the real numbers (that are used in the value range of classical probability functions) and finite additivity, the probability of any particular ticket the semi-classical probability values collapse a distinction between any infinitely improbable but possible event (''remote contingency'') on the one hand, This can be obtained directly by considering fair lotteries on finite sample spaces and by applying the transfer principle from NSA to it; see, in particular, Nelson''s ([1987]) probability theory. There exists a representation theorem relating regular non-standard probability functions that only satisfy finite additivity (and not necessarily NAP''s Concerning a non-standard probability function for a fair lottery on the natural numbers from (Wenmackers and Horsten [2013]), Kremer work_by7cq5kzt5h4bokktu4f2fjmje The central Bayesian requirement of rationality is that an agent''s degrees of belief conform to the probability calculus. The agent becomes certain of various propositions-that is, assigns them probability 1--directly, on the basis of experience. On Jeffrey''s model of learning, experience changes the probability of This new degree of belief in G becomes the input to Jeffrey''s learning model. who is about to examine the same cloth under the same lighting conditions, has a certain background belief: She gives a relatively high probability to the proposition that she is a subject in a perceptual psychology Thus the perceptual learning described in Jeffrey''s cloth case cannot be fully accounted for even on the liberal version of the Conditionalization model.'' role of background beliefs while avoiding the assumption that the probabilities of some propositions are determined directly by experience. by looking at two related attempts-by Carnap and by Field-to construct learning models that did not use the agent''s postexperience degrees work_bzgxfskqqrdc5gun3xuvodvs6q Less hard-headed (perhaps) opponents insist that there is a more fundamental difference than this suggests, between human nature and the Classification, and a dozen particular kinds of things classified, seem to add nothing to the fact that humans have languages, something that nobody, I suppose, would deny was a biological fact about us. be legitimate kinds to be distinguished within the human species. value of the analogy between biological diversity and human cultural A more controversial thesis is that a unique principle suitable for clasCOMPARISON OF HUMAN AND BIOLOGICAL KINDS 895 ask and answer the question of any biological individual, What kind does is the most important difference from the general biological case. human kinds in the way species applies generally to biological kinds. will form a cultural kind most closely analogous to a biological species individuals, and if one believes that genes determine human nature, then work_c2wivlbqtjgl3coayuiwt2wecu Fundamentalism" (chapter 13) is that there are truths expressable in mathematical language, laws of nature, and that physics has been getting closer and closer throughout section, Esfeld (chapter 14) and Falkenburg (chapter 15) , dispute Cartwright''s antifundamentalism in different ways. Falkenburg in turn attacks Cartwright''s claim that the measurement problem in quantum To the extent that locating the problem of measurement in technology involves questioning the claim that epistemological problems have to be framed as semantic questions, then we can make the move, as Cartwright''s does, to claiming that our mathematical representations might well have excess structure, to which we should avoid the Cartwright''s project is to be taken seriously, we have to discuss the question of the think is crucial to understanding Cartwright''s philosophy of science. Cartwright) leads to a way of understanding scientific representations that is at odds process of measurement and assume that quantum theory has representational capacities that Cartwright has from the beginning rejected. among different themes in Cartwright''s philosophy of science. work_c32tgzd43nerbg6gqivsfodrfq distribution over time when the external conditions vary as in reality, climate as distribution over time relative to regimes of varying external conditions, climate as the ensemble distribution for constant external conditions, and climate as the in defining climate and in using time-dependent dynamical systems theory (where the external this time period is still defined as the distribution under constant external conditions over thirty distributions for succeeding time periods (and there can be external climate change change drastically for the time periods over which the climate distribution is defined. According to the infinite version of Definition 2, the climate is the actual distribution For the infinite versions conditions are known under which the infinite ensemble distribution is the same for any arbitrary uncertainty in the initial values (then climate over time when the external conditions vary as in reality (Definition 2), climate as the variables for constant external conditions (Definition 4), and climate as the ensemble work_c4flcypxzfez3eum246idixyqm that, at best, Bayesian accounts of diverse evidence are crucially incomplete. much weaker than a point-valued calculus, and many of the relations between prior and posterior probabilities on which Bayesian approaches depend no longer hold. Bayesian accounts of diverse evidence in a chapter boldly titled "Success This paper contends that, at best, Bayesian accounts of diverse evidence are crucially incomplete, and that reports of When S(e,,e,) is much greater than one, on Howson and Urbach''s account, e, and e, are similar items of evidence, and the data set {el,e,} is of a narrow data set, S(e,,e,) 9 1, (2) states that a high degree of correlation exists between the items of evidence. From this condition, claims Horwich, a Bayesian explanation of the superior evidential value of varied evidence follows. If successful, this account of diverse evidence would serve to underwrite and explain hitherto brute facts about correlations within a data set. work_c4kdbgifuncu7aqizl536ypi3q *Science Education; Theories IDENTIFIERS *Philosophy of Science; *Scientific Theory Profile teachers--called the Scientific Theory Profileconsists of placing The model developed for use with science ttacherscalbd the Scientific natural), and the y-axis being their views on scientific theories Realist, Ronald Giere offers a cognitive approach to explaining theory science teachers in developing their ova views on the nature of use of the Scientific Theory Profile in a course for science teachers. scientific theories as both powerful and the best explanations that science His position on the Scientific Theory Profile is logic of good scientific theories, and Kuhn with the context within which they discipline-bound like Kuhn''s reigning theories, but are universal themes-science is good enough for Laudan, but to those in Quadrant C, the Rational Viewing reigning scientific theories as the best explanations and theories, Giere joins most contemporary philosophers of science. The Scientific Theory Profile can help science teachers develop their own work_c4lhnd2tffcjnp5uw2gopyjtjm costly and when receivers can observe contextual environmental cues, ambiguous signaling strategies outperform precise ones and can, as a result, evolve. that if one assumes realistic structure on the state space of a common interest signaling game, ambiguous strategies can be explained without appeal to contextual cues. the state space of a common interest signaling game, ambiguous strategies state space of a common interest signaling game, ambiguous strategies can be explained 1This is also the game that Santana (forthcoming) uses to build his model of ambiguous signaling. Figure 2: Examples of Voronoi languages of sim-max games where the state space is the To give an example of a finite sim-max game where ambiguity is payoff optimal, In some real world cases, a signal is ambiguous in that it represents a set of states 8In fact, in the infinite state space models with signal cost, given an optimal strategy set there is work_c4s7pkgqufevzob4z575ujo57y mathematical problems that are themselves based on different understandings of computational constraints. numerical values for the solutions are obtainable by computation, which gives In this way, this binary distinction—between mathematical problems that afford exact, explicit solutions and those that do not— exact solution, and it turns out to be closed form since it can be expressed in might turn out that the use of such a formula slows down the actual computation of the result or provides spurious roots due to numerical instability exact solution, in terms of Jacobi elliptic functions, which is closed form. if the exact solution could be captured by ðor given in the form ofÞ an algebraic or elementary expression. uncertainty is always present, this means that our emphasis on an exact solution will not, in general, guarantee the computability of accurate numerical equivalent, both computational costs are linear functions, so the difference We want to use a computed solution from an expression work_ca7mwqzsbnatbaxldx7wowsbee is argued that it is a matter of whim whether one sees classical general relativity as vindicating Newton''s absolute space or Descartes'' relational ethers If the universe is infinite, one may adopt the perspective of NewtonCartan theory in which a unique set of local inertial frames for every point of spacetime is sequences corresponding to systems with zero angular momentum can be obtained as the solutions of a "Hamiltonian theory on the relative phase space, From the point of view of the relational theory, the non-rotation of the universe When introducing the idea of a Hamiltonian theory defined on the relative phase space, Belot notes that there are two One also needs to give a positive relational account of the metric of the relative configuration space and the Whereas standard Newtonian theory can be formulated as an action principle on QT , the relationist seeks work_cajnltmeljge5db25vy6jo6j4e This paper explores the argument structure of the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the electroweak gauge theory of the Standard Model: the so-called Higgs mechanism. Higgs mechanism is tenable since gauge transformations possess no real instantiations. By 1964, Peter Higgs and also Brout, Englert, and Kibble extended the work of Goldstone on spontaneous symmetry breaking to gauge theories. Thus, the GSW theory implements the existence of massive exchange particles, the weak Wand Z-gauge bosons, Parts of the 1979 Nobel lectures show the importance of the idea of the Higgs mechanism within the GSW theory and its conceptual understanding not only by the common philosophy of physics reader will certainly have noticed already—the status of the symmetries in question, gauge symmetries, is in fact a non-empirical or merely conventional the gauge theory presented in the Higgs mechanism? The more complex model of the GSW electroweak theory considers a Higgs mechanism work_cdgwsops2nerncmuosgca7mprq conclude that the log-likelihood measure is the only good candidate interval Suppose our preferred confirmation measure, c, outputs the numbers c(H1,E) = 0.1, true measure of confirmation; the argument only shows that the log-likelihood is Pr(H), and Pr(E), it has become standard to assume that any confirmation measure can be expressed as a function of Pr(H|E), Pr(H), and Pr(E). Since I find the preceding argument convincing, I will assume that the confirmation measure we are looking for is of the following form: c(H,E) = f(Pr(H),Pr(H|E)). Any confirmation measure is of the following form: c(H,E) = Bayesian confirmation measures are defined in terms of credences, If Bayesian confirmation measures are necessarily affected by variable credences, I contend that we a small effect on confirmation: the most natural way to formalize this requirement to the following disjunction: either there is no interval confirmation measure or the only interval confirmation measure is l. log-ratio confirmation measure, lr. work_cf2wppagozdcxihm5pulquhmxa Microphysicalism, as Hüttemann characterizes it, is the thesis of the ''ontological priority of the micro-level'' (p. what if any priority relations obtain among physical systems. What I will be suggesting is that Hüttemann''s own arguments actually provide more support for the priority of the macrophysical than they do for his Starting with micro-determination, Hüttemann''s main objection is the argument from mutual derivability (pp. But if this law is the physical basis for determination, then since it is an equality, it is symmetric. Turning to micro-government, Hüttemann''s main objection is the argument from non-isolation (pp. the immediate consequence that microphysical systems never instantiate laws here emerges a second point at which Hüttemann''s arguments actually favour previous discussion of laws, to argue that since micro-physical systems do not instantiate laws, there can be no micro-physical causation. 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{1Tþ0À~ÀYÁ�È<¹�²�À�²mÄ«À_ÀY±«''}³T¿�''X·AÁ�Ü�½�³R¹�ÀV²4ÿ¬''}ýaÈfÄ6ÿ¶Å�ź''}²m½}¸sÛ ³T½�²�ÀYÁ ½}±Aµ&²mÄ«À~±r·A¿��:ÀV³''''}ý�źÀY½YÜ}ÀYÁ É}ÀY±AÀV³R½�²�ÀYµÙ½�²>½}±6ÿ�''X±«À_²m¹�¿�À\1TÕ¶²mÄ«À_''}²mÄ«ÀV³ È<Ä�ÿrÅ�ź''}²m½}¸�²m¹�¸~½�³m³R½}±«É}ÀY¿�ÀY±�²mÁ ¿¬ÀY±6²m½}Å:ý�ÀY½�²m·«³mÀYÁ>½�³RÀ�½}¸�²m¹ºÜ}Àü¸V½}·AÁm½}Å:ý ½}¸�²�''}³RÁ>¹�±Í�f¹º''Xź''}ÉX¹�¸V½}Å:µ«ÀVÜ}ÀYź''}Èf¿�ÀY±6²VÕf½}±Aµ#²mÄ�·<Á�²mÄ«À¥µ«ÀVÜ}ÀYź''}È<¿�ÀY±�²m½}Å Çr''�Ä«''\�÷µ«''rÀYÁ>²mÄAÀü³mÀVÈA³RÀYÁ�ÀY±6²m½�²m¹�''X±A½}Åa²mÄ«ÀV''}³RÿÙ''}ý�É}ÀY±«ÀYÁ�ý ½�³mÀ}Õf''X±A¸�À¨¸V½}·<Ám½}Å©Á�È<³mÀY½}µ�¹�±�µ«ÀVÜ}ÀYź''}È<¿�ÀY±�²m½}Å ¸VÅ�½}¹�¿)²mÄ<½�²�É}ÀY±«''}²pÿ�È:ÀYÁʽ�³mÀ&ÀY±A¸�''¶µA¹�±«ÉXÁ���¹º²mÄ ²mÄ«À&¿¬''}³mÀ&ÁmÈLÀY¸V¹:�f¸�½}±Aµ ¿¨·A¸RÄ Á�²�³m''X±«É}ÀV³�¸VÅ�½}¹�¿)²mÄA½�²¨²mÄ«À ²mÄ<¹�Áʽ}ÁmÁm·A¿�È<²m¹º''X± ''}ý~½HÁ�²m½��<źÀ&ÀY¸�''Xź''}ÉX¹�¸V½}Å�¸�''X±6²�À�沬²�''H²mÄ«ÀÙÁ�ÀYźý¡Û�''}³mÉX½}±A¹�ßY¹�±«ÉCÈA³m''¶¸�ÀYÁmÁ�ÀYÁ�½�²���''}³*),¹�± ²mÄ«À ¹�±�¸�''}ÉX±A¹º²m¹�Ü}À�Û4Ám¸V¹ºÀY±�²m¹��f¸�À�ÎrÈ<Å�½}±A½�²m¹º''X±AÁ8''}ýa''X±¶Û4Å�¹�±AÀ�¹�±�²�ÀYÅ�Å�¹ºÉ}ÀY±�².�:ÀYÄA½]Ür¹º''X·A³YÕ#�rÿ¸��''}³*)r¹�±AÉü''X·«²''²mÄ«À_µ«ÀV²m½}¹�Å�Á8''}ý ±AÀY·«³R½}Å:Á�²m½�²�ÀYÁ>½}±Aµ#È<³m''r¸�ÀYÁRÁ�ÀYÁVþy��''}³mÀV'']Ü}ÀV³YÕL±«''}²m¹�¸�À_²mÄA½�²>½}ź²mÄA''X·«ÉXÄ�Õ¶''X±#²mÄ«À¥½}¸V¸�''X·A±�²>''}ý��<¹�''Xź''}ÉX¹�¸V½}Å:µ«ÀVÜ}ÀYÅ�Û O3M5g!IJCA~�g�]�O3EA>±LNg*]3>tK\> ¹�±�½}±�ÿ2��½Yÿ}Õ��:À�ÉX¹�Ü}ÀY±�À�ζÈ<Å�½}±<½�²�''}³mÿ¬ÈA³R¹�Ür¹�Å�ÀVÉ}À�¹�±&½üÈ<³m''}È:ÀV³''·A±<µ«ÀV³RÁ�²m½}±Aµ<¹�±«É¥''}ý��f¹º''Xź''}ÉX¹�¸V½}ÅLµ«ÀVÜ}ÀYź''}È<¿¬ÀY±6²Vþ ²m¹�''X±Êÿr¹ºÀYÅ�µAÁ/²mÄ«À ²m½�³mÉ}ÀV²@''X·«²m¸�''X¿¬À}Õ�½}±Aµ�¹ºýL¸V½}·AÁm½}Å«Á�È<³mÀY½}µ�¹�¿�È<Å�¹ºÀYÁ©À�ζÈ<Å�½}±<½�²�''}³mÿ¨ÁmÈA³mÀY½}µ�Õ}²mÄ«ÀY±���Ä6ÿ¨ÁmÄ«''X·AÅ�µ ³R''X±A¿�ÀY±�²m½}Å�ý�½}¸�²�''}³TÁü¿¬½]ÿ�''}ý�²�ÀY±��:ÀÊ''X± ½}±HÀ�ζÈ<Å�½}±A½�²�''}³Rÿ�È<½�³�½}Á¥³mÀVÉX½�³RµAÁ�²mÄ«À¬¸V½}·AÁm½}Å@µAÀV²�ÀV³R¿¬¹�±A½�²m¹�''X±�''}ý ²mÄ<½�²�²mÄ«ÀVÿ�¸V½}±�¿¬½�²�²�ÀV³�¹�±���½Yÿ¶Á�²mÄA½�²Z��À ÄA½]Ü}À�²�³R½}µA¹º²m¹º''X±<½}Å�źÿ~²mÄ«''X·«ÉXÄ�²/''X±<źÿ¥²mÄ«À''³mÀVÈA³mÀYÁ�ÀY±�²m½�²m¹º''X±A½}Årý ½}¸�²�''}³RÁ ½}±<µ ¿¬''XÅ�µ«ÀYµ�Õt�rÿ ÀVÜ}''XÅ�·«²m¹�''X±�Õ± ��8�8$;"³�;� &�ìí� �§¿���²�''É¥ ²m¹ºÈ�²mÄ«ÀÁ�<½}Å�½}±A¸�À�£�¹�±,ý ½YÜ}''X·«³�''}ý~¸�ÀV³m²m½}¹�±�½}µA½�ÈA²m¹�Ü}ÀYźÿ Â/¹�±A½}Å�źÿ}Õ�¹º²�ÁmÀVÀY¿¬ÁʸVźÀY½�³�²mÄ<½�²�²mÄ«ÀV³RÀ&¹�Á�½��!ìA�!��� ¾2¿��S"%$,����&�¿��S"%������ #"H Ö�:ÀV²��''ÀVÀY±,²mÄAÀ�²mÄ«À&Á�À;�r·«ÀY±A¸�À&''}ý ½�È<È<Å�¹�¸V½��<Å�À>²�''�²mÄ«À_É}ÀY±A¹�¸~¸V½}Á�ÀYÁVÕA½}±Aµ&''��:ÀV³>½�²>źÀY½}Á�²�½ÊÄA¹�±�²�''}ý/Á�''X¿�À��''½]ÿrÁ ¹�±���Ä<¹�¸RÄ&ÀVÜ}ÀY±Á�''ÀY½�)&¹�±�²�ÀV³R±A½}Å ¸V½}±<±«''}²N�:À_µAÀVÈ<¹�¸�²�ÀYµ#¹�±&ÀYÁmÁ�ÀY±�²m¹�½}Å�źÿ&¸�''X¿¬¿¨·A±A¹�¸V½�²m¹ºÜ}À¥²�ÀV³T¿¬ÁVÕ¶²mÄ«À�¿�''XÁ�² ''��rܶ¹º''X·AÁ µA¹��:ÀV³mÀY±A¸�À��:ÀV²��''ÀVÀY±×½}± )¶¹�±Aµ&''}ý�³R·A±A½?�''½]ÿ&½�ÈAÈ:ÀY½}Å:²�''�ÀY¸�''Xź''}ÉX¹�¸V½}Å©¸�''X±�²�À�Îr²>²mÄ<½�²>¿¬¹ºÉXÄ�²�½}Å�ź''?� ·<Á�²�''«Õ<ý¡''}³ À�Ϋ½}¿�È<źÀ}Õ«²�³RÀY½�²�½�Ám¹�±«ÉXÅ�À ½}ÁRÁm·A¿�À}Õ�³mÀYÁR·Aź²mÁ�ý¡³m''X¿"²mÄ«À&''}È:ÀV³R½�²m¹º''X± ''}ý>''}²mÄ«ÀV³�ý ½}¸�²�''}³RÁ�½}±Aµ,ý�''}³R¸�ÀYÁ�Ám·A¸TÄ ½}ÁʲmÄAÀ&Á�È<³R¹�±«É�Û4Å�¹'')}À�½}¸�²m¹º''X± ý�''X·A±Aµ ½}±Aµ ¹�¿�È<Å�ÀY¿�ÀY±6²�ÀYµWU�¾�''�µAÀVÈ<¹�¸�²�¹�²¨½}Áʽ�É}''�''¶µ�Á�È:ÀY¸V¹��f¸V½�²m¹º''X±,''}ý�½�Á�''XÅ�·«²m¹�''X±�"/�È$*�������8ë{�(¹�±,²mÄ«À ±A''}²m¹º''X±¬''}ýaÉ}ÀY±<¹�¸>³mÀVÈ<³mÀYÁ�ÀY±�²m½�²m¹º''X±�Õv��À~²mÄA¹�±�)LÕ6ÁmÄA''?��Á''Ä«''?�ñ½�³mÀVÈA³mÀYÁ�ÀY±�²m½�²m¹º''X±A½}ÅfÀ�ζÈ<Å�½}±A½�²�''}³mÿ¬Ám²�³R½�²�ÀVÉ}ÿ�¸V½}± É}ÀY±AÀYÁ¨¹�± ²mÄ«À&É}ÀY±«ÀV³R½�²m¹º''X±�½}±Aµ,À�ζÈ<Å�½}±A½�²m¹º''X± ''}ýq�<¹º''XÅ�''}ÉX¹�¸V½}Å@ý�''}³R¿Ùþ�°b±,²mÄ«À�¸�''}ÉX±<¹º²m¹ºÜ}À#¸V½}Á�À}Õ@²mÄ«À#±A½�²m·«³mÀ °b²�¹�Á¨²mÄA½�²�¹�±,²m½�)r¹�±AÉ�·AÈ ²mÄ<¹�ÁÊÁmÅ�½}¸8)LÕ@²mÄ«À#''}²mÄ«ÀV³�ý ½}¸�²�''}³RÁ¬½}±<µ,ý�''}³R¸�ÀYÁ�¿¨·AÁ�²Ê³mÀVÜ}ÀY½}Å�²mÄ«ÀY¿�Á�ÀYźÜ}ÀYÁ�½}ÁʲmÄ«À ��ÄA¹�¸RÄ�¹�Á ³mÀVÈ<³mÀYÁ�ÀY±�²m½�²m¹º''X±A½}Å�źÿÙ¿�ÀYµ<¹�½�²�ÀYµ�È<³mÀYÁ�ÀV³mÜ}ÀYÁ~ź''X±«É�Û4Á�²m½}±<µA¹�±«É�¹�±6²m·A¹�²m¹º''X±AÁ ½��:''X·«²�²mÄAÀ�Å�¹�±�)Í�:ÀV²��''ÀVÀY± ��''}³mÀ#¸�''X±A¸�³mÀV²�ÀYÅ�ÿ}Õt��À#Ä«''}È:À¬²�''�ÄA½YÜ}ÀÙÁmÄ«''\��±��:''}²mÄ,²mÄ«À�·A³mÉ}ÀY±A¸�ÿ ½}±Aµ ²mÄ«À&µ<¹�÷�¸V·Aź²pÿ�''}ý��<½}Å�½}±A¸V¹�±AÉ Ë Å�½�³8)LÕ���þh-[�; � �Ë{1Tþ�¾N��¹�Ám²�ÀYµ#²m½}źÀYÁV»''Ë�½}·<Ám½}Åa¸�''X¿�È<Å�À�ζ¹º²pÿ&½}±<µ×¸�''}ÉX±A¹º²m¹ºÜ}À�Ám¸V¹ºÀY±�²m¹��f¸_À�ζÈ<Å�½}±A½�²m¹º''X±aþb��"��dÃA� work_ckzdzgly5ndgvfmt2d4pdwh2ay Empirical agreement in model validation Empirical agreement in model validation Empirical agreement in model validation Empirical agreement in model validation Empirical agreement is often used as an important criterion in model validation agreement within the process of model validation as it is performed in scientific practice. sufficient criterion for model validation, namely, Duhem problem of refutation and Even though empirical agreement does play an important role in the activity of model empirical agreement as a reliable guide to the validity of each component of a model when statistical models are empirically valid for their target by construction. 2.2 Empirical agreement phenomenological models In the case of the traffic flow model, empirical agreement is usually not considered as 2.3 Empirical agreement theoretical models validation of a theoretical model, let us examine a case in which empirical agreement has problem impinges upon the validation process of all models, some components of work_clhkxnz7czaxzm6iphn2ot6ku4 Some commentators argue that Newton ultimately gave up claims of certainty in favor of a high degree of probability. passage expresses a similarly qualified notion of certainty as that which Newton expressed two years earlier, in his Optical Lectures in 1670. interpretation, based on the application of rule 4 to Newton''s argument for universal gravitation: rule 4 advises us to adjust the scope of generalizations, not Rule 4 and Newton''s Argument for Universal Gravitation. regard proposition 5 as "either exactly or very nearly true," (b) new observational evidence may make proposition 5 "either more exact or liable to exceptions," and (c) proposition 5 may not be refuted by "contrary hypotheses." I Newton tells us that hypotheses must not influence our epistemic attitude toward the theory (i.e., proposition 5). Newton emphasized the mathematism and certainty of his theory, but in June Isaac Newton on Mathematical Certainty and Method. work_cmjgsmj2hnba5ho3hrmllb4bli to Basu [1975]) is of much greater interest: the Weak Conditionality Principle is much more intuitively obvious, and Kalbfleisch''s influential response to Birnbaum''s proof (discussed in Section 3) involves rejecting 6I say that a method of inference violates a sufficient condition for evidential equivalence such as the Likelihood Principle if in some possible situation it would produce different outputs depending on which datum In words, the Experimental Conditionality Principle says that the evidential meaning of the outcome of an experiment does The Experimental Conditionality Principle has considerable intuitive appeal: denying it means accepting that the appropriate evidential interpretation of an experiment The Experimental Conditionality Principle does go beyond the example just discussed in that it applies to mixture experiments with arbitrary probability distributions Also, the Experimental Conditionality Principle does not require that the component experiment actually performed be minimal. does arise in Birnbaum''s proof: a minimal sufficient statistic of the mixture experiment work_cmkoqz22mjdzdglcw2y4swmxyi unitary Schrödinger equation it is impossible to reproduce the phenomenological description of quantum mechanical measurements (in particular the collapse of the state of the measured system) by assuming a suitable mixed initial state of the apparatus. Von Neumann''s own argument to the contrary is that, assuming the relevant decomposition of the final state (1) to be of the form 5Presumably, the microscopic states of the apparatus corresponding to different readings need to be orthogonal, but will not form a basis of the (very high-dimensional) And indeed, since the finest ignorance-interpretable decomposition of ρ fixes the set of possible initial apparatus states that are invoked to explain the different measurement results, letting this decomposition depend on the state |ψ〉 of the system to be measured means that in general be noted, however, that von Neumann''s assumption that the ignoranceinterpretable decomposition of the final state is of the form (6) essentially work_cnm6np3tcfhzvbqz7t23yz4yh4 by the duality to a gauge symmetry of the other theory (a conformal field theory defined on the boundary of the bulk volume). since some discussions suggest that all the gauge symmetries in the bulk theory will not map across to the boundary theory but instead be ''invisible'' to it. To set the stage for these points, section 2 describes the basic similarity between the ideas of duality and gauge symmetry: that they both concern ''saying the same thing in different words''. class of Local gauge symmetries of the gravity/bulk theory is mapped by the duality to Redundant gauge symmetries of its dual, that is, the positiondependent conformal symmetries of the boundary conformal field theory. we turn, in section 4, to string theory and gauge/gravity duality.2 definition, we immediately establish our first main point: that two dual theories can be gauge related, in section 2''s general philosophical sense of being physically equivalent. work_coedkfbp5fckrhit27d66squea Thus special relativity denies that there exists the kind of absolute, universal, frame-independent distinction between past and future, does not contradict special relativity, interpreted in this somewhat phenomenalistic way, as long as all actual causal evolutions of physical states special relativity interpreted realistically, to assert that all inertial reference frames are physically, ontologically equivalent, there existing nothing physical (such as an ether, or instantaneous annihilation of spatially Given ontological probabilism, the world cannot be conceived of as spread out in Minkowskian space-time, as it can given predictive probabilism, just because this ignores the physical reality of future with Newtonian space-time does not, it should be noted, face this objection since in this case alternative possibilities are all in the future; and special relativity in such a way that objectism is presupposed; it was Minkowski who was responsible subsequently for the space-time, eventism work_cp6a5pasbjeh5puh4bpzc5wvdu Formal model theory is used for the definition of logical entailment ( Lutz 2012, 83). syntactic approaches in general is the assumed bipartition of the non-logical vocabulary V of a theory into a set O of observation terms and a set T of theoretical terms.1 This bipartition leads to a natural tripartition of the set of sentences ( the postulates of the theory) and a set Γ of higher order V -sentences ( the correspondence rules). Appearances are given by a set A of structures such that the domain of each A ∈ A contains only observable objects. but later van Fraassen (1980, 64) defines a theory to be "empirically adequate if it Definition 5 defines the empirical adequacy of a theory relative to a set of Corollary 2 establishes that empirical adequacy is nothing but the compatibility of an rv-theory consisting of theoretical postulates Π and correspondence work_cpjoobqvf5hifnyd6oe4e7x2vi The canonical Bayesian solution to the ravens paradox faces a problem: it entails that black The assumption rejected is that the probability of sampling a nonblack thing is independent of the proposition that all ravens are black. Paradoxical Conclusion, Revision 1 (PCR1): ~Ba~Ra confirms "All ravens are black" confirms "All ravens are black" relative to any background information K such that P(~Ba  upon first hearing the paradox, we find it so natural to think that black ravens confirm the problematic consequence: it entails that black non-ravens disconfirm the hypothesis that all Result 1: ~Ba~Ra does confirm "All ravens are black," relative to our actual background Result 2: RaBa confirms "All ravens are black," relative to our actual background about the color of ravens, but our beliefs about the number of black things do depend (in my claim that black ravens confirm relative to this minimal background information. work_cr2zua2wsvbedhgmrpswspz6yi approach to biological engineering, multiple realizability can function as a various scientific target-systems (functions) in nature actually multiply realized, or is Given the pursuit to rationally streamline the naturally evolved realizations of biological functions, or even construct artificial alternatives in the laboratory, the multiple realizability of biological systems can be seen as a methodological tool for synthetic In the nascent bioengineering field of synthetic biology, researchers are consciously pursuing alternative ways to realize familiar biological functions. cases it is indeed possible to provide alternative realizers for particular biological systems by using synthetic design methods. be used to study the scope and nature of multiple realizability in biological systems. Multiple Realizability as a design heuristic in biological engineering Multiple Realizability as a design heuristic in biological engineering Multiple realizability as a design tool in synthetic biology Multiple realizability as a design tool in synthetic biology work_crautm2akjfv7i63wxxhsbyw7i fact that perspectives are held and advocated for by individuals and groups of individuals with different epistemic affinities, background beliefs or scientific training. developing an account of perspectival practices, I present in the following two sections a case study of a current and ongoing scientific controversy between two methylation together with histone modifications is one of the best studied mechanisms for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Molecular evidence for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans is the molecular mechanisms for epigenetic inheritance are not sufficiently understood and that isolating and studying the responsible causal factors is experimentally an abductive inference: Epigenetic inheritance provides the best scientific explanation for correlations among certain observables that span two generations such When those who believe in the existence and importance of mammalian transgenerational inheritance present molecular evidence (e.g. involving studies of micro-RNAs in mice as in Gapp et al. provide molecular evidence for epigenetic inheritance in mammals, but rather about work_cv2aufzrwvab7d5hzm4osyzxni Anke Büter • Ramiro Glauer • Holger Lyre the Philosophy of Science (GWP: Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsphilosophie) and the all national and international societies in the field of philosophy of science. support for the academic and scientific interests of philosophers of science. Finally, of course, the title question is of eminent interest for philosophy of science scientific relevance of the work that philosophers of science do? question, the papers present a number of exemplary connections between philosophy, completely disparate field (Mantzavinos); and particularities of explanations in one discipline can shed light on general philosophical questions (Manafu), as can specific problems of certain research fields (Hillerbrand). that the philosophy of chemistry is replete with philosophical questions. example regarding questions of the methodological unity of philosophy of science or its investigation of philosophy of science and its place among academic fields. Philosophy of Science 3 Philosophy of Science 3 work_cvccxyxt3vgwbngxsrlga56say we find within and across different scientific fields that study the causes of crime is unbridled fields of criminology have different ways of identifying, conceptualizing and classifying criminal analysis for understanding the organization of different areas of science was not "level" but in different fields joined forces to solve explanatory problems of mutual interest and theories in feasibility of developing integrative explanations for complex phenomena like crime (Bechtel, different fields of science that investigate different levels of organization each contribute to same and different areas of science to fit into a single mechanistic explanation of a common models in different fields of criminology may be related. The mechanistic explanation of criminal behavior refers to psychological constructs ("fear") but psychology, sociology) (1) agreed on how to define theoretical constructs used within that field integration of findings across different fields that investigate criminal behavior (i.e., work_cvu5gljjhbda3nqxp4tcf72sx4 of scientific representation and both model and theoretical equivalence. ''representational content'', and that such content is a function on facts about models combined with interpretational schema from these facts to claims to be imputed onto their 4 I discuss the impact of introducing these, model-fact to target-claim, schema into an should understand Weatherall''s (forthcoming) recent attempt to diffuse the Hole Argument with reference to the representational capacities of Lorentzian manifolds; and second how recent attempts to provide formal accounts of theoretical equivalence should be understood (Barrett and Halvorson, 2016; Halvorson, 2012, 2016; Weatherall, 2016a,b). models are accurate representations of their targets, at least with respect to the structural Assuming that, in some sense, theories should be thought of as collections (possibly categories) of models, this can be generalised to account for theoretical equivalence well: the schema itself (how does it associate model-facts with target-claims?). work_cwxvihdrrvgqbkpaadfg2gbrdy https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/robustness-analysis-and-tractability-in-modeling(abd4213a-6f42-4ac5-b394-d641dbaa2765).html Abstract In the philosophy of science and epistemology literature, robustness analysis has become an umbrella term that refers to a variety of strategies. It is one of the purposes of this paper to distinguish different epistemological arguments behind distinct uses of robustness analysis in theoretical models. Section 3, drawing on a model in population ecology, I explain how robustness analysis differs from de-idealization. This method of testing whether a result is invariant under different initial assumptions is known as robustness analysis. As an example of robustness analysis, consider Schelling''s segregation model different initial positions provides a robust result, which does not depend on one specific assumption, i.e. a particular representation of the distribution of the individuals 2) to derive theoretical results from models with different assumptions; 3) to measure physical entities invariance of a model''s results under different assumptions. Economic modelling as robustness analysis. work_cxft2d6ia5bpff4sqwoz6tfxue as embodying physical theories in the first place, so those who argue that general relativity requires context of any of the consistent, cogent, concrete interpretations (in the sense of §2) we have of the theory: to transform a model of a physical system by the action of a spacetime diffeomorphism does nothing 5. therefore, we do not understand the way that general relativity''s models represent the physical show that we lack understanding of the way general relativity represents physical systems. the ontology of the concrete content of general relativity as a physical theory is a categorial problem, just theory of quantum gravity.20 Those who hold that we must find an interpretation for general relativity questions of manifest physical content that general relativity cannot handle, or, at least, quantum field theory posed on classical limit of a quantum theory does not show that general relativity itself, as a complete physical work_cy4uqn5zwrfo5hkldhv7jrbnbi I show why Michael Friedman''s idea that we should view new constitutive frameworks rationality of paradigm-changes would commit him to scientific realism (ibid., 117). rational agreement, because they first constitute what Friedman calls "the empirical space as communicatively rational, that Friedman adds that, "from a philosophical point of view", Cassirer''s way of rethinking Kant''s transcendental idealism in the light of revolutionary Friedman''s claim that being Kantian implies not being a scientific realist. One way to understand Kant''s transcendental idealism is seeing it as the outcome of a convergent series of constitutive frameworks, guided by a regulative ideal of reason. We have seen that in Kant''s system, the regulative ideal of reason is indeed genuinely constitutive principles which determine the space of reasons and allow us to form truth frameworks, Friedman at one point also speaks about "approximation to a final, ideal (2004), Kant''s Transcendental Idealism. work_cyl5uoef4bgzjcy6p3weg5qirq less fundamental "theories emeritus" by singular asymptotic limits, will very in the book in part to demonstrate how very different the kind of explanation required for an understanding of various universal features of, say, the The nature of this asymptotic explanation is really quite different (as Belot''s extended technical discussion ably demonstrates) from the "standard" Furthermore, it seems fair to say that Belot endorses the idea that explanation often does involve asymptotic analysis and that, in particular, such As Belot notes, the cases I consider in the book are cases in which a certain partial differential equation depending upon some parameter needs to macroscopic object like a raindrop say of radius r and the stability of patterns of intensity of light in the asymptotic limit of the wave equation as The mathematical problem here is analogous to the problem of investigating the rainbow from the point of view of the asymptotics of the wave theory. work_d52klcqtfrbthloelegggp55om Keywords Time · Temporal passage · Temporal experience · Motion perception · flow or an object pass us by, and the idea behind passage realism is that our temporal experience as a whole is like this in that time itself appears to pass or flow. that the analysis of human motion and change perception provides no empiricallymotivated grounds for holding either that (a) our temporal qualia ontologically or distinctively temporal qualia, with some holding these to be to some degree experiences of the passage of time, such as Le Poidevin''s claim that we ''see'' the passage features of temporal qualia are commonly implied in the philosophy of time literature to be representational in nature: passage realists standardly take their position to temporal passage that accompanies motion and change qualia. qualia represent temporal passage, which is something over and above motion and work_d5gfunty6vez5manqxwm5qjjlq construed, current physics asserts: first, that energy, momentum, electrical charge and a according to the proposal, the claims that constitute current physics are well-entrenched It is possible to claim that my suggestion of what we should take current physics exists comes down to a list of conserved quantities, bodies that possess them and forces states that a physical change is a change in a conserved quantity possessed by a body or, effects are variations in conserved quantities probably restricts the notion of physical idea that physical effects are variations in conserved quantities, for the claim that only physical changes in bodies involve variations in their conserved quantities, we thereby argument –that physical changes with a cause are variations in some conserved quantity If physical changes are variations in conserved quantities, then However, this effect is not a change in a conserved quantity in Cartesian physics, physicalist claim to current physical theories have to be discarded. work_d64lcaw7dvhkrks5zzpqtov3ge Search this site Joseph Emmet Earley Home Home Home metachem metachem metachem Cineal Luachain Cineal Luachain Cineal Luachain NewsfromScience NewsfromScience NewsfromScience Joseph Emmet Earley Joseph Emmet Earley Joseph Emmet Earley Professor of Chemistry Emeritus, Georgetown University Joseph.Earley@georgetown.edu ; earleyjsr@gmail.com 700 W Broad St, Falls Church, VA 22046-3219. Phone : 703-532-5238 Mobile: 703-507-7425 Curriculum vita: personal information, appointments, publications, and lectures. Reprints: Downloadable reprints of papers on philosophy of chemistry published since 1990, and a few earlier ones. Historical: three downloadable publications regarding Cineal Luachain a medieval rectory on an island in present-day County Leitrim, Ireland. Presentations: Titles and sources of monthly presentations "Interesting News from Science" at the Kensington of Falls Church. Page details Page updated Report abuse Report abuse work_d66awq4m4rbabm5ng7bnx37rma Carnegie Mellon University research repository Browse Browse Discover research from Carnegie Mellon University Follow AllCategoriesgroupsSEARCH Hide footerAboutHow to DepositPreparing DataDMP ToolDeposit SupportContactDeposit AgreementTermsPrivacyToolsFAQsDisclaimerSitemap figshare. credit for all your research. work_d6cor2qxgjdenaogeczqiyhc5y This intrinsic direction of time is meant to help explain the thermodynamic asymmetry. direction of time that draws from recent work on grounding and metaphysical fundamentality.2 I argue that positing a direction of time in this sense helps explain the thermodynamic asymmetry because it The intrinsic direction of time, according to Maudlin, helps explain the thermodynamic the direction of time to understand how it underwrites that earlier states produce and, thus, explain later explained in virtue of just the initial state of the world and the fundamental physical laws.6 Maudlin''s bias question, we have an account of why the past hypothesis applies to the state in time to which it in the past hypothesis applies to the initial state in time. latter fact is enough to explain why the past hypothesis, given that it applies only to one state in time, restrictions on this initial state, such as the past hypothesis, and the fundamental dynamical laws. work_daebnuzlqzh7rmzjuh4hu5xlbi When it comes to testing causal claims, different methods different inferences can be drawn from claims employing the concept ''cause''. 1. Which foundings of ''cause'' are various familiar methods for causal inference good for All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). All use subject to University of Chicago Press Terms and Conditions (http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/t-and-c). work_davltpicabhkdjx4nbh4iqh53a macro-region, the Gibbsian framework associates equilibrium with the stationary probability we present two examples in which Boltzmannian and Gibbsian equilibrium values come apart: macro-state is the observed value in equilibrium. Consider a partition of the unit square (the phase space for one particle) into cells of equal size the macro-state defined by V = 0 is a γ-0-equilibrium, and V = 0 is the Boltzmannian So we find Boltzmannian and Gibbsian equilibrium values that are very different! The Boltzmannian equilibrium macro-state is averages will be different from the Boltzmannian equilibrium values. Consider the baker''s gas (Section 3) with an even number of particles with one macro-variable obtained by Gibbs phase space averaging will always be different to the macro-value Boltzmannian equilibrium macro-state is equal to the phase average. In these cases the Gibbsian and Boltzmannian equilibrium states and that the Boltzmannian equilibrium state has the lowest value of the macro-variable. work_dbnrrcbbgnbdrkjiq4epziixau turned to novel predictive success as providing the warrant for realist commitment. history of science where novel predictive success was achieved by a scientific theory later predictive success issuing from rejected hypotheses and theories in the history of science. realist can respond to examples of novel predictive success issuing from (significantly) false ''working posits'' within a theory which ''really fuel the derivation'' of the relevant prediction, mark on contemporary realism by simply presenting cases of novel predictive success novel predictive success, there is no warrant for realist commitment. So this is a straightforward case of novel predictive success, but if the divide et impera realist had to make a commitment to the ''working posits'' in this case she would be in any realists restrict their commitments to cases of quantitative predictive success: that realist commitment given how impressive the predictive success is, and (b) one can identify work_dc5xarfzfzbwbc7vjw5azcn3be A common argument against explanatory reductionism is that higher-level explanations their lower-level alternatives or that higher-level explanations are general in the right this view, the explanation of an event is always improved by giving information about the lower-level determiners of the event—ideally, the about scientific explanation is to defend the value of nonreductive explanations on account of their generality (Fodor 1974; Putnam 1975; Garfinkel 1981; Kitcher 1984; Sober 1984, 1999; Jackson and Pettit 1992). only to systems fitting that microphysical description, a higher-level explanation has a much broader range of applicability. Others who defend the value of general explanations think that the explanatorily important factors are the difference makers (Strevens 2009) The idea that the explanatory importance of causal information is context dependent undermines the claim that higher-level explanations always That is, higherand lower-level explanations generalize to different ranges of systems, thereby highlighting that explanations sometimes should be general (higher level) and other work_dejcptypmjashhdxqizrrdiqha evolves to signal in a way that exploits the receiver''s preexisting dispositions to act 6Where the actor and exploiter have few available types of action, even simple Herrnstein reinforcement learning (Herrnstein [1970]) very quickly leads to successful cue-reading on simulation. Ritualization, then, may act to form cue-reading, sensory-manipulation, or signaling games from decisions. to order a new type of stimuli can be modeled by a simple signaling game and its Consider a signaling game with two senders, A and B, and a receiver R. Suppose that the agents learn by reinforcement with invention.16 On this dynamics, one might imagine that each sender has an urn corresponding to each returned and a new ball of the signal or act type used in that play of the game is We will suppose that the agents learn on this new game by simple reinforcement Using reinforcement with invention to evolve the ordering dispositions in the basic game work_dendr6xrvfcy3biyruxb3mmeam some reasons to think that the cognitive and social sciences should be disunified in this sense. immaturity, based on Dudley Shapere''s work on the internal/external distinction. I will take the claim that the cognitive and social sciences are immature as a starting psychology and the other cognitive and social sciences have a plurality of disunified current situation in the cognitive and social sciences is one of plurality; in this section I am On Shapere''s view, theories, methods, the goals of a science, what counts as an there are different frameworks in the cognitive and social sciences, it is not yet clear whether I claim that unification has not been internalized in the cognitive and social sciences, According to the received view, the cognitive and social sciences are immature account of what it is to be an immature science, based on Shapere''s distinction between not proved itself successful enough to be internalized into the cognitive and social sciences. work_dfzialdhobfjbhz7gvv5takkqa In recent times, several physicists and philosophers have construed Einstein''s infamous Hole Argument so as to place it at the heart of questions about the ontic status of spacetime points. yielded a different tensor field in the sense that the same points of the spacetime manifold now 11Einstein (1924) makes the point himself: "The fact that the general theory of relativity has no preferred spacetime coordinates which stand in a determinate relation to the metric is more a characteristic of the mathematical We are finally in a position to offer a precise criterion for "existence of spacetime points independent of metrical structure" natural to the investigative contexts we have considered. Definition 4.1 Points in a spacetime manifold have existence independent of metrical structure if Definition 4.1 Points in a spacetime manifold have existence independent of metrical structure if Definition 4.1 Points in a spacetime manifold have existence independent of metrical structure if work_di7tkw2bffgo3n2nr47imfcjf4 the crucial role assigned to laws what makes a scientific theory of natural phenomena a According to a common sense intuition, the very idea of natural law entails that particular descriptive emphasis of the non-governing view of laws, by showing basis of the claim that laws should be rather viewed as grounding natural regularist terms there are no laws at all: according to the metaphysical view on determinism, (2) the implications of a possible set-theoretic reading of a law-assum, (3) the problem of the cardinality of the set of facts, (4) the problem of universe at any given time together with the laws of nature determines what the state of uniformity of the natural world in terms of non-contingent, law-governed fundamental laws need not contradict the possibly primitive ontological status of First, the general view of laws as primitive ontology, the second to the wave function as-a-law. work_diplgone7zdhnbg3yjqab5lhiq Second, GWAS, when used to estimate heritability, do not take into account additive Abstract: Heritability estimates obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) Abstract: Heritability estimates obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) Traditional quantitative methods deliver a heritability estimate of about methods have revised this number and estimate the heritability of height to be 0.451 (Yang In quantitative genetics, heritability is defined as the portion of phenotypic variance in two ways in which heritability is estimated in traditional methods, namely twin studies and genetic variance used in traditional methods does not necessarily refer to DNA sequences In light of the equations presented both in twin studies and while performing parentoffspring regressions we can conclude that heritability estimates obtained by these methods variance; b) In GWAS, heritability is estimated based solely on causal DNA variants, First, the heritability estimates from traditional quantitative methods are First, the heritability estimates from traditional quantitative methods are work_djb7iwd5o5frzghd5hcjdm4w2e The state-act coordination problem underlying our simple signaling Simple signaling games based on state-act coordination problems can Simple signaling games based on state-act coordination problems can These questions become particularly pressing if the candidates for conventions are entirely symmetric as they are in a simple signaling game. of conventions is guaranteed because the structure of the game, the payoffs, and the rationality of the players are common knowledge. of the rest points of signaling games under the replicator dynamics (1). points in for the evolutionary dynamics of signaling games aref(n)int(D ) Notice that Theorem 6 holds for the replicator dynamics of any symmetrized simple signaling game. results to the theorems above, Pawlowitsch (2006) proposes another interpretation of the fact that the replicator dynamics can generically converge to suboptimal states. signaling games this means that more than one state of the world may The results on the evolutionary dynamics of signaling games may generalized simple signaling games, almost every initial state converges work_djx4w3obunbjvn3j4fxsfs5gp4 syntactic approach, received view, logical empiricism, model theory, definitional equivalence in semantic approaches they are described by classes of model-theoretic structures, and the question is which is preferable. Besides relying on predicate logic, the Received View assumes that the observation terms are given a direct semantic interpretation, which, through the Thus an approach is syntactic if every theory is described by an interpreted set of sentences in higher order An approach is syntactic if and only if in the approach every theory is described by an equivalence class of sets of sentences of higher order logic, the two approaches" ( his and the syntactic one) given by the possibility of describing a set of sentences by its models and a structure by the sentences of As van Fraassen notes, his later approach to scientific theories and their relations to observations, constructive empiricism, does not rely on elementary statements. work_dk2ngcxwyvdxrlh6tjli5r4phu problem and did not comment on McCulloch and Pitts''s statement that their computational theory solved it, Oppehneim and Putnam implicitly presented computationalism as a type–type physicalist solution to the mind–body problem. behavior of a Turing machine—the engineer''s structural blueprint and the logician''s ''machine table''—so there are two possible descriptions of human psychology. In this passage, Putnam pointed out that psychological theories could be formulated in two ways: one described behavioral dispositions and physiological This way of describing functional analyses was clearly under the influence of Putnam''s (1960) analogy between minds and TMs. In a later work, where Fodor Later in the same paper, Putnam offered a conditional formulation of a computational version of functionalism. and psychological theories constitute a reason to believe that the mind is a program or that the functional relations between mental states are computational, that Lycan found in Putnam''s computational formulations of functionalism, he stated work_dkjiiezi3vblnbhotbpzbc5sd4 Thomas Breuer Welcome Upcoming and Recent Talks Sitemap Print Version Mailform Login Last update: November 18. Welcome Welcome Welcome Thomas Breuer Thomas Breuer Professor of Mathematical Statistics Director, Research Centre PPE, FH Vorarlberg Research interests: Statistics: time series analysis Finance: integration of market and credit risk, stress testing, risk measures, portfolio selection Operations Research: dynamic programming, decision making, game theory Theoretical Physics: algebraic quantum theory, quantisation, collective phenomena Philosophy: quantum measurement problem, self-observation, Gödel''s theorem, causation, determinism, reduction and emergence, part and wholes Projects Projects Publications Publications Working Papers Working Papers Talks Contact Contact Powered by CMSimple work_dkrr4id6fneojncukq6wt6etie stop studying scientific theories from the point of view of laws and axioms formulated by advocates of the Semantic View is that scientific theories are typically interpreted as including the claim that all scientific practice is the use of scientific models to represent the world. interpret (Models) as including a complete view of scientific theories, i.e. the view that scientific theories are but sets of models. or not they take (Models) as including a complete view of scientific theories. to a set of models, given that he also claims that scientific theories include of scientific theories, then (Models) is false and the Semantic View fails. logical model in this sense is a set-theoretical structure that gives an interpretation to the possible sets of sentences in which a theory is formulated so If the Semantic View commits to the claim that scientific models can be View cannot give an adequate functional account of scientific models.21 As work_dkrvei3ydnfkvk2sjnagcnu5pu nomological possibility, necessity, determinism, and indeterminism; what are symmetries and laws; what regularities must a system display to make scientific inference covering notions such as states and histories, determinism and indeterminism, nomological possibility and necessity, modal and probabilistic properties, symmetries and event E in history h at time t is the conditional probability of E, given that the initial framework.11 Intuitively, an event E is nomologically possible in history h at time t if z).15 The conditional probability that the state of a history at time 5 is a, given that at 18 Note that classical dynamical systems have a particularly rich set of time symmetries. suppose all histories in � satisfy property P which says: "If the state at time 5 is x, then classical mechanical systems also have certain state symmetries, such as spatial translations, rotations, reflections, and the permutation of (equal-mass) particles. For example, suppose T � {1,2,3,…}, and let the time symmetries ψr be as defined work_dl7w5ygjdnevtmrrd73xgd5n7q convincing examples can be found, in which, as Melia insisted, the best explanation of a physical phenomenon features mathematics in an essential way. A recent collection of interesting mathematical explanations is in Colyvan explanation in the first place) can have any explanatory relevance for an explanandum that is in fact non-mathematical, that is, free of any traces of The realist is entitled to claim that the mathematized version of the explanation is superior, hence she is in the possession of difficulty noticing that, for example, crate x1 contains more bananas than As a referee pointed out, can''t the nominalists express the content (for example, 5 bananas in x1, On playing Game*, the players notice, again, that one of the crates wins The crucial point is that the result in the first Game (one crate winning nominalistic explanation of the result that one crate wins overwhelmingly [2009]: ''Mathematical Explanations and Indispensability work_dmk4xwbbqvc4bmndvbviqey76e Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_do5gxuzzwrfptpao36rcc7ekum most philosophers either did not regard Hume as an inductive sceptic, or else did not suppose that though Hume''s sceptical criticisms are usually associated with causality, induction was that the modern interpretation of Hume as an inductive sceptic arose as a by-product of If we regard modern conceptions of induction as being in some way standard or natural, and direct How, then, did philosophers think about induction before Hume--before, Aristotle''s theory of science has a place for both deduction and induction. On the former interpretation, Sextus was only mildly sceptical about inductive arguments: they Inductive arguments cannot produce the kind of certainty radical inductive scepticism (Hume [1739], pp. more complex than Hume''s arguments against induction, but they never became a subject about induction appear only with Hume (ibid., p. induction appears if we consider the truth-conditions of universal propositions. induction, which enables us to infer universal conclusions with certainty work_dohkogp7a5c6dhmb6rdzxi4trm This leads to a development of an action-related theory of causality which is The aim of this paper is to present an action-related theory of causality. The general approach of relating causality to human action or agency has in fact essential use of the notion of cause and of causal laws. The basic idea behind the action-related theory of causality is quite simple. Nonetheless such avoidance strategies based on causal laws are often effective. The action-related theory of causality suggests that, as we approach From (*) and the action-related theory of causality, a second principle follows According to the action-related theory, if ''A causes B'' holds, then we can either produce This is an avoidance action based on the causal law. whole point of an agency or action-related theory of causality is to link causal laws with As the action-related theory of causality expounded in this paper has been based work_dopflllusneojefidnl2af6nty SM is to show that approaching equilibrium is the typical behavior of of typicality-based explanations of the approach to equilibrium and evaluate their respective successes. in a thermodynamic-like way because it is typical for systems of this kind for large n GE is almost entirely taken up by equilibrium microstates (Bricmont 1996, 146; Goldstein 2001, 45; Zanghı̀ 2005, 191, 196). an equilibrium state'' (and, as indicated above, regard microstates as elements of interest and use the Lebesgue measure m as a typicality measure), To explain why nonequilibrium microstates eventually wind up in equilibrium, the typicality A reasonable reading of this passage seems to be that an argument involving three different typicality claims is made: Initial conditions lying on trajectories showing thermodynamic-like behavior are typical in with respect toG m (7) :pM pp I have distinguished three different accounts of how typicality is used to explain thermodynamic-like behavior. work_dotamwforvgo3dp3hiicqiwvya speak of the answer to Bertrand''s question as the probability of a longer chord. Kinds of ill-posed problem and kinds of solution to Bertrand''s paradox. Bertrand''s Paradox can undermine the principle of indifference if and only if it is illposed in the primary sense. indifference is supposed to be sufficient for us to solve a determinate probability problem, principle suffices for a unique solution to each problem the paradox does not undermine to be a probability measure of C got from applying the principle of indifference to principle of indifference does determine a unique probability of the longer chord. Marinoff''s position is that Bertrand''s question confounds distinct problems. well-posed distinct problems to which the principle of indifference can be applied determinate statistically general problem which the principle of indifference is supposed circles, and so any acceptable probability measure on the set of chords must not depend work_doy2s3iipjdrheatqlxvktamoq Using History as Evidence in Philosophy of Science: A Methodological Critique | Scholarly Publications Skip to main content Leiden University Scholarly Publications Home Submit Select Collection Academic speeches Dissertations Faculty of Archaeology Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Science Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden Journals, Conference Proceedings and Books Leiden Law School Leiden University Press Medicine / Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) Research output UL Search box Persistent URL of this record https://hdl.handle.net/1887/74257 Documents Download Not Applicable (or Unknown) open access Full text at publishers site In Collections In Collections In Collections This item can be found in the following collections: Institute for Philosophy Using History as Evidence in Philosophy of Science: A Methodological Critique Using History as Evidence in Philosophy of Science: A Methodological Critique Journal Journal of the Philosophy of History ©2020-2021 Leiden University A service provided by Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections work_dp46dnusurbrla5xhyhmhdrgmy science writing, in dismissive comments about the humanities, culture, or preparation: Boudry and Pigliucci (forthcoming) and De Ridder, Peels, and Van Robinson criticizes scientism for ignoring the inevitable role of human intentionality and interpretation in science and S. Hacker looks at neuroscience as an area where scientism confuse science with scientism. All forms of scientism, says Williams, are real knowledge, (2) hence the methods of the natural sciences are universally applicable, (3) we can trust science to solve humanity''s problems, and (4) only that we ought to look to science to solve problems, but nothing guarantees problem for scientism is that, while the first-person perspective is in principle when it seeks to tackle questions in the domain of the humanities: ''The science scientism, but readers are left to work out the connections themselves. Scientism: The New intellectual life and the relations between science and philosophy. Scientism: Problems and Prospects. work_dp5ph7dqvbfqfp4mjx56iq4wrm argues that such causal time series of macroscopic aggregates of microscopic processes the very possibility that mental properties can be causal factors. properties; aggregates can have causal relations that none of their constituents have, and mental properties do so. We can imagine any mental property to be realized in physically different constituents than brains. be identical with different physical properties in humans and in aliens or identity of mental and physical properties, and for such identifications to of mental properties have no causal role. schemes to frame the structure of what would be required for neuroscientific explanations of mental contents and their causal roles. Further, for identity of mental properties or processes with aggregates of physical properties or processes, the time order and statistical relations of the occurrences of mental properties or processes Nowadays, regional sea surface temperatures and pressures are aggregated into climate indices with resulting distant correlations or teleconnections. work_dpxvghazvbekzb74bxg4fd5pqm Peter Achinstein: Evidence, Explanation, and Realism: Achinstein is famous for his work on evidence, explanation, and realism—the three topics with which the essays in this collection deal—but he is equally evidence for the central claim defended in the essay; for instance, when Achinstein brings evidence that John will win the lottery, for conditional on his being given a ticket the Achinstein to propose a different definition of evidence. To solve the lottery problem, Achinstein requires that for something to count as evidence for something else, the latter must be probable given the former, not (necessarily) In many ways, Achinstein''s work on evidence is conceptual analysis at its best. According to Achinstein, the latter is still evidence for the claim that the person''s The second part of Achinstein''s book consists of five essays devoted to explanation. Evidence, Explanation, and Realism 601 Evidence, Explanation, and Realism 601 Peter Achinstein: Evidence, Explanation, and Realism: Essays in Philosophy of Science work_dre2xbnlrrgwnibhi43b5zuoae Vicarious experiences of both contagious and empathetic pain resemble to some As neuroscientific results show, standard pain involves a sensorimotor and an affective component. their content.1 As we will argue, empathetic pain is a vicarious experience to account for subtle conceptual distinctions among four related psychological phenomena: standard tasks of mind reading another''s affective Not unexpectedly, the neuroscientific evidence reviewed in the next section will show that the vicarious experience of pain also is subject to modulation by attentional, experiences: standard pain has both a sensory component and an affective is why one can vicariously experience pain upon either perceiving another''s facial expression (which does not reveal the bodily location of the words, the two kinds of vicarious experience of pain correspond, respectively, to sensory E-imagination, primarily driven by the off-line use of experience of vicarious affective pain that is other-directed. work_dtnnetfvbjd6fi5lersnrybmmq I develop a concept of observability that pertains to qualities rather than objects: A better description of observations in science and everyday life than the object-based First, the object-based concept of observability is inadequate for dealing with many instances of I believe that the object-based definition of observability, which van Fraassen shares with many realists, introduces an unwarranted realist bias, Using the quality-based concept of observability, I propose a reconstructed constructive empiricism that is more Van Fraassen (1980, 15) says that "the term ''observable'' classifies putative Van Fraassen includes ''events'' as a type of ''entities'', and seems to equate ''things'' with ''objects''. Van Fraassen''s object-based definition of observability is a trap that Secondly, there is a hidden realism in van Fraassen''s concept of empirical adequacy, and the quality-based concept of observability can eliminate it. The humanist distinction between observation and its interpretation strengthens van Fraassen''s position because work_du3x233cj5dnrncshljom7yl6y Podatak, informacija, informatika, znanje, mudrost Od podatka do mudrosti -DIKW (Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom) • Informacije su podaci kojima je data određena struktura; Podatak je jednostavna neobrađena izovana misaona činjenica koja ima neko značenje. podataka mogu biti: zvučni, slikovni, brojčani ili tekstualni. Da bi podatak postao informacija mora imati značenje novosti za primaoca, odnosno mora Information) je rezultat analize i organizacije podataka na način da daje novo Informacija postaje znanje kad je interpretirana, odnosno stavljena u kontekst ili kad joj je Značenje informacije može biti Informaciju možemo shvatiti kao podatak kojem je pridružen kontekst. Podatak je kao ruda gvožđa – od nje se svašta da napraviti. Ako vam je cilj da nešto pojedete, može se npr. Ukoliko neki podatak, ili mnoštvo podataka koje smo primili ne poveća nivo našeg postojećeg kompleksnih, neorganizovanih, ne struktuiranih podataka u vrijednu informaciju koja ima sastaviti novo znanje ili barem nove informacije na temelju već postojećeg znanja. work_dvalon5c4vhjnkifr6rrvic7iu specifically mechanistic role functions, one that uses the characteristic active, spatial, first, because discovering an item''s mechanistic role is one way of integrating it into a multilevel mechanism and, second, because integration In Section 4, I distinguish contextual, isolated, and constitutive descriptions of an item''s activity in a multilevel The characteristic active, spatial, temporal, and hierarchical organization of mechanisms can be used to specify-more precisely than Cummins has-what mechanism''s organization, also featured in Harvey''s treatment, is understanding how the activities of these component entities are temporally Attributions of mechanistic role functions describe an item in terms of the properties or activities an item fits into the active, spatial, and temporal organization of a mechanism that we seek to understand. The analysis of mechanistic role functions produced by melding Cummins'' account with work on the organization of mechanisms clarifies what One goal in describing hierarchically organized mechanisms is to integrate these different levels together into a description of one coherent work_dz2ycpkn6rgtlaxagdd3yooz7a Marr''s theory of human vision embodies three distinct levels of explanationthe computational level, the algorithmic level and the level of hardware successfully and reliably performs its designed function-namely, the production of veridical visual representations. theory is to explain how humans visually interact with their environment in Consider the following example.'' Among the various types of representations that figure in Marr''s theory is a type called the ''image'' ([1982], pp. Consider, for example, what Marr says about the visual representation of representations posited, Marr is guided by facts concerning how the visual Marr''s theory takes into consideration certain general facts about the way humans visually relate to their external environment-e.g., facts concerning Marr''s theory is to explain how the visual system is able to generate veridical The theory envisaged appeals to facts concerning the organism''s environment in its attempt to posit mental representations and describe their content, work_dzk3mlhz75as5ps2tmc443tis4 Optimal Choice in the Face of Risk: Decision Theory meets Evolution EU, generically known as ''non-expected utility theories'', which relax or replace the defines risk-aversion in terms of diminishing marginal utility. Allais argued that a risk-averse agent will not let his choice among gambles be Allais'' distinction between diminishing marginal utility and ''real'' risk aversion is Non-expected utility theory, developed in works by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), assuming that agents are maximising some sort of non-expected utility. of risk aversion with diminishing marginal utility, which Allais had objected to, is 5. Evolution, Risk-Aversion, and Non-Expected Utility These two evolutionary reasons why risk-averse behaviour may be selectively distinction between risk-aversion and diminishing marginal utility, unlike EU theory. risk-aversion and diminishing marginal utility, that the non-EU theorists insist on, has idiosyncratic risk, evolution selects for the maximisation of expected reproductive economic and evolutionary theories of choice in the face of risk. work_dzv6oifzjbgijgztvz6tz2l2ny There is a venerable position in the philosophy of space and time that holds that the geometry of spacetime is conventional, provided one is willing to postulate a "universal force constructing a universal force field was meant to generalize to the spacetime context. be represented by a tensor field and which gives rise to forces on particles at each point of spacetime, and particle in (M,ηab) or (2) γ[I] is the worldline of a massive point particle in (M,g̃ab), accelerating due to the universal force field Gab = ηab − g̃ab. in relativity theory, the universal force field Reichenbach defines is unacceptable. This proposition means that one is free to choose any derivative operator one likes (compatible with the fixed classical metrics) and, by postulating a universal force field, one can which means that the force generated by the field Gab on a particle at some point is always work_e2hq7p5fa5byjenvlxwdbkwxta manner in which these theories are employed in physical practice, I show that interpreting effective field theories yields a robust foundation for a more refined approach to scientific realism Fortunately, effective quantum field theories provide philosophers with a superior starting point for interpretational length scales is necessary for interpreting the theory as making claims about fundamental metaphysical structure). description of QFT, the philosopher of physics has two options: either find a new way to understand the task of interpretation, or remain silent about the interpretation of quantum field theory" or quantum field theory do not provide valid descriptions of our world at short distances. that are more reliable than those any Standard Interpretation of quantum field theory can provide, Quantum field theories that satisfy the preconditions for Standard Interpretation are known to exist only in two or three spacetime dimensions, and lack many of the crucial ontological information provided by a quantum field theory by interpreting only its empirically work_e2nhqqftazdo3ek6dnefyj5oxi definition, two theories make up a dialectical contradiction if each of them is consistent In the domain of formal logic, an exceptional significant work that confronted Hegel''s dialectic, though neither large-scale nor in sentence of the language equally follows from a contradiction, it is natural that dialetheism is usually accompanied by paraconsistent logic, which invalidates this principle of explosion. In the following sections, we will examine the relation between Kant''s theory of antinomies and Hegel''s system of dialectic (section 2) and recognize that Kant gave an examples of dialectical contradictions in the history of science will be given in sections strongly suggests that Kant''s theory of antinomies have been integrated into Hegel''s Mairan''s antinomy, as we call it, gives a clear illustration of the logical form of a dialectical contradiction, which is free from any metaphysical speculation. same thing about dialectical contradictions in terms of model theory. work_e3onroxq5nbpnifash235rkisi laws of nature: not all conceptions of the Humean mosaic form a suitable basis for Lewis indeed analyses causality and laws of nature in terms of the Humean mosaic, as certain limited range of conceptions of the Humean mosaic will be suitable for the sorts In fact, the privileged set of natural properties is already required to arrive at a nontrivial conception of the Humean mosaic in the first place: an abundant construal of the modally ''thin'' conception of objects as inhabiting his Humean mosaic by being the mosaic, in terms of point-sized bits of matter displaying patterns of perfectly natural conception of the mosaic in terms of a modally thin notion akin to Lewis''s point-sized fundamental conception of the mosaic in terms of a modally thin notion akin to Lewis''s fundamental, it is simply arbitrary to first carve into spatiotemporally individuated material objects (or point-sized bits of matter), then run a Best Systems work_e3twdlblx5bzblmtgq2cke52bm One of the motivations for Salmon''s (1984) causal theory of explanation was Salmon then aims to provide an account of the causal nexus: it is a network of causal processes and causal interactions. If we want to show why E occurred, we fill in the causally relevant processes and interactions that occupy the past light cone of E. that the causal processes and interactions involved in each are quite complex, making it difficult to see how Salmon''s account might treat them. Salmon''s definitions of causal processes and interactions rely so heavily The counterexamples presented by Kitcher and others may well undermine MT and CI as definitions of causal processes and interactions, but it does not follow that they The S-R model did offer an account of explanatory relevance; the inclusion of the S-R basis in Salmon''s (1984) theory of explanation suggests (1992), "Wesley Salmon''s Process Causality and the Conserved Quantity Theory", Philosophy of Science 59: 195-216. work_e47tc6poareq5jnjpkpsbyzfdm Such projections are typically generated by accepting climate model outputs in a relatively uncritical way. Science-based information and advice that aim to inform local adaptation decisions go by the general name climate services. the most confidence about climate models'' ability to represent relevant processes.8 So for the local-scale variables that matter to adaptation planners, through expert judgment is even stronger when it comes to local-scale variables, and that uncertainty in local climate projections should be assessed all local climate change projections intended to support decision-making all local climate change projections intended to support decision-making behavior), historical data sets, projections based on simple models and statistical methods, and reconstructions of climate change in the distant past. more) can inform expert judgments about local-scale climate projections. SEE will offer no new insights in the case of local climate change projections because the outcome is in effect a foregone conclusion. work_e5z2dpnoyrdylgsx7str4rfgdq According to this contractarian approach, both the explanation and the justification of scientific norms only need to refer to the preferences Stated differently, the scientists'' decisions about what statements to accept must be subjected to some recognisible patterns, for if no such patterns existed at all, no ''merit-seeking'' an empirical fact about scientific research that countless statements (abstract theories, general hypotheses, experimental laws, and so on) are actually accepted by scientists, and it seems reasonable to try to explain why In the next section I will present the fundamental ideas of this contractarian approach, and justify its relevance for the study of scientific norms. accept, such as their epistemic preferences or their estimations of the probability of getting a solution if certain norms are established. intuitively similar to some patterns of theory choice actually used in science) in order to understand why they might have been chosen by recognition seeking researchers. work_e7xmdd57mna2bjubrglel3sok4 In this case, it is clear that the variation in camouflage causes evolutionary change in the moth population. Her aim is to show that natural selection and drift are causes of evolutionary change. Millstein and (following her) Stephens make a distinction between driftas-process and drift-as-product (or outcome).5 Let us say for present purposes that evolution is a longterm change in gene frequencies in a population.6 For Millstein and Stephens, drift-as-product is the culmination (4) Variation with respect to trait T caused evolutionary change in population P. test to check whether natural selection causes evolutionary change, we (5*) Natural selection caused evolutionary change in population P. (5*) Natural selection caused evolutionary change in population P. Selection and drift are distinct processes whose magnitude gets measured by different population parameters (fitness on the one hand, If you think that natural selection is a force that mediates differences of heritable fitness, then you work_ea3z4xtscvbmja6cqdvtjbkzuy of Science in Practice (University of Minnesota, Hasok Chang • Marcel Boumans • Mieke Boon • Rachel Ankeny The Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice (SPSP) held its second biennial conference at the University of Minnesota on 18–20 June 2009, with superb local organization the mission of encouraging work in the philosophy of science focused on the study of participation not only from professional philosophers and other science-studies scholars The inaugural SPSP conference was held in 2007 at the University of Twente (in Department of Philosophy, University of Twente, Postbox 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands The SPSP conference was held in parallel with the workshop for science teachers on University closed the conference with a lecture on ''''Pluralism and Practice: Thinking about Second Biennial Conference of the SPSP 235 Second Biennial Conference of the Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice (University of Minnesota, 18--20 June 2009) work_ea4erwmcgrabjaw2sq6esolb6y Charles Darwin''s work was influenced by William Whewell.'' However, the show this by presenting new evidence that Darwin had read Whewell''s Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences and then arguing that Darwin was strongly influenced by Whewell''s views on consilience of inductions and true causes. Whewell''s History of the Inductive Sciences, and after reading J. study Whewell on Philosophy of Science." But indirect evidence that Darwin read Whewell''s Philosophy is to be found in Darwin''s The Variation of 4 William Whewell, The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, facsimile of the 2nd edn, London, theory achieves a consilience of inductions by explaining a number of different Herschel, Review of William Whewell, Hisrory of the Inductive Sciences and manner as does the theory of natural selection, the several large classes of facts Natural Selection as an Hypothesis, which, if it explained several large classes of Whewell''s Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. work_eaqjqvswxbgb7agr2s7dgu2poi Microsoft Word Prospects for a dual inheritance model of emotional evolution.doc Prospects for a dual inheritance model of emotional evolution Abstract: Dual inheritance (DI) models of cultural evolution have been criticized for inheritance system by considering two case studies of emotional development. "complex" or "higher cognitive" emotions (e.g. guilt, jealousy, shame, pride, the acquisition of emotional traits and the transmission of the sorts of complex skills with 3. Guilt and metagu: Two case studies in emotional development children fail to exhibit metagu in other social settings, parents will resort to the following emotions might evolve in accordance with the predictions of a dual inheritance model. parenting tactic or ritual and its impact on emotional development are often non-rational guilt, shame, and most likely many of the other "complex" human emotions develop out development of an emotion, because the significant time lag between cultural cause and work_eaqzphtbf5hzlicyb2ugrd6ojm In a recent paper, David Malament (2004) employs a time reversal transformation that differs from the standard one. They argue that the proper time reversal transformation should convert a given sequence of states into the temporally point.11 In addition to �ipping particle worldlines, the standard transformation also re�ects their 4-velocities across the time slice mirror. because the time-reversed 4-velocity must still point to the future according to the �xed background temporal orientation. 12Since 4-forces and 4-accelerations are de�ned independently of a temporal orientation, under standard time reversal the temporal components of these objects invert The standard time reversal transformation mirrors the fundamental objects in spacetime across a time, keeping the background temporal orientation (if there is one) �xed. A theory is time reversal invariant if a solution always remains a solution after we invert the temporal Malament''s time reversal transformation keeps every fundamental object in spacetime at the same location. work_ecbog24aznhcxfojwlp53xqvju An evolutionary basis for Bayesian rationality is suggested, by considering how natural selection would operate on an organism''s ''policy'' for on receipt of a signal, chooses an action that does in fact maximize conditional expected payoff, then it is by definition implementing the Bayes policy. Given these assumptions, our argument shows that an organism will implement an evolutionarily optimal policy if it chooses between actions in accordance with expected utility maximization relative to its current belief state, Our result shows that, to maximise expected payoff relative to a prior distribution p, an organism should choose a policy which, for each signal, maximizes the Frank and Slatkin [6], Gillespie [9], Seger and Brockmann If an organism implements its policy, i.e. function from signals to actions, by using an (update rule, by Bayesian updating, assuming that its choice-of-action rule is ''maximize expected payoff in the updated state''. work_edknbjlqrfc7xotfhwswxsnmqi While neuroimaging remains an important source of scientific evidence, proper interpretation of brain images is much more complex than it appears. neuroscientists familiar with neuroimaging techniques are not apt to misapprehend the evidential status of brain images in the ways I suggest, although both theory and empirical studies confirm a fundamental relation between brain activity and blood flow, our current understanding I have argued thus far that functional neuroimaging is unlike photography in that it does not let us directly see visual properties of the brain; understand what information is carried by an MR image, we must understand what other tasks, activity, or extraneous factors could result in changes in brain activity without distinguishable differences in the resulting image, and they highlight the difficulties in figuring out what First, the subtraction images generated by neuroimaging studies are belief-opaque: one cannot infer the comparison tasks work_edqbo5ouqfhrtga73nfphrvhf4 I enjoy having discussions about history and philosophy of science (hereafter HPS) with argue that science undergraduates must have compulsory HPS courses in their curriculum. Many FMSDs find HPS irrelevant to science teaching and learning. HPS is useful to science, usually seem to have already reached the conclusion that there is no trying to make an argument on the importance of metascience for science students, the FMSDs reason is that several of these people have actually attended HPS courses or lectures, which have heard people explaining to me how they happened to listen to someone giving an HPS The problem is that university science education may have not helped scientists and FMSDs become aware of the usefulness of HPS for doing and understanding science. However, university science education should not only provide future science education or HPS, and people who got science degrees and continue to do research in work_efdhw2rjubg53ltyvhme4eoqfy symmetry is identity; that group theory encodes our experience of identification; that characterizes symmetry is this: the appearance of sameness under altered scrutiny. definition corresponds to group theory as applied to the physical world is grounded in Section The formal mathematical term for altered scrutiny is transformation. of altering her scrutiny there is an operator Gg whose effect is to produce a new state, vector space for the group of all altered scrutinies. figure shows one of the altered scrutinies belonging to the continuous Lie group, SO(2). The observer''s altered scrutiny is what transforms the state. The observer''s altered scrutiny is what transforms the state. Altered scrutiny or transformation is something that produces a mapping of the states Symmetry is apparent sameness under altered scrutiny. Symmetry is apparent sameness under altered scrutiny. Altered scrutinies generate group representations altered scrutinies only states labelled by the same ! symmetry basis states of the translation group. work_efp64hdmrvftjgyzqo4mt7ib3e is, that ecological patterns are primarily explained by the rule-governed interaction of local populations within a community (Drake 1990; Ricklefs parts in community ecology are the populations that causally interact, creating feedback loops maintaining local populations and excluding external The populations that belong to an ecological community should act in ways that police the composition and stability of The lack of robust boundaries in ecological systems is revealed by the differing causal profiles of colocated populations. systems, I argue an ecological community is an individual when it is descriptively robust: if multiple different streams of evidence describe a congruent If populations have causal interaction profiles that describe the same ecological community with congruent boundaries and the same subparts, then that ecological communities were not real in the way species are real, as populations have continuous distributions over their ranges and species boundaries do not coincide. work_egmgcbyoijge5mhd76jacaqssi Then at time t we have, for each evidence statement asserting that a given emerald is Thus according to our present definition (Le. Hempel''s definition of confirmation) the prediction that all emeralds subsequently examined will be green and the prediction that all will be grue are alike confirmed by evidence 124 of [4]) that "The class of all sentences confirmed by a consistent molecule (an evidence statement not containing quantifiers) is consistent." though formally a fraud (i.e. no contradictions are derivable), nevertheless generates an "over-arching" difficulty for Hempel''s system of confirmation (and any Specific claims of confirmation are substantiated by deciding (intuitively) that the evidence and hypothesis sentences defined as in (P) then no evidence statement whatever in Hempel''s system can contain that predicate in virtue of the fact that only molecules, which contain no If Goodman''s predicate is to create any logical difficulties for Hempel then it must be possible to show that the same evidence confirms work_ehmqmnjd5ngmjgduzo32gptmbq The whole problem of highway experimentation by means of statistical designs The afternoon session, on "Application of a mathematical model in plastic people were present and the paper had (Pharmacy) and the Philosophy of Science Association, and one session on science, and other general systems approaches, a conflict may be foreseen between the "folk" culture and the scientific subculture embedded in it. Medical Sciences (Section N) BASKET for pipets up to 16'' long Size D 16.50 JARS for pipets up to 16'' long Size D 13.50 for pipets up to 33 long Size F 20.50 for pipets up to 33 long Size F 20.50 for pipets up to 33 long Size F 20.50 for pipets up to 33 long Size F 20.50 for pipets up to 33 long Size F 20.50 for pipets up to 33 long Size F 20.50 History and Philosophy of Science (Section L) ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/127/3295/419.2.citation http://science.sciencemag.org/ http://science.sciencemag.org/ http://science.sciencemag.org/ work_ehsxlub3hvav5ego4ckz6nr5km suggests that more replication is taking place in the life sciences than current analyses I will show in section 3 using the case study of the in vitro binding assay, controls do inter-experimental role of controls to highlight that controls can also form interexperimental links by embodying elements from previous experiments in new replication also explains (in part at least) the trust researchers put in existing data. replication of positive results in science (Firestein 2015). somehow replication is part of everyday science as researchers ''use'' previous results how researchers replicate existing results by using them in their own experiments, as By including this control the researcher will be able to interpret negative results: if the difference between the samples of the same experiment the use of a negative control A New Account of Replication in the Experimental Life Sciences A New Account of Replication in the Experimental Life Sciences work_ehv32pyxq5a7zpi2f2oiy3ln2u Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_ehy2zcth3rfyfkajspey4md5sa The evidence-based medicine (EBM) movement is touted as a new paradigm in medical education and practice, a At the same time, the term ''''evidence-based medicine'''' has a ring of obviousness to it, as few physicians, one suspects, would claim that they do not attempt to base their clinical decision-making on available evidence. The post-positivist, feminist, and phenomenological philosophies of science that are examined in this paper contest the seemingly unproblematic nature of evidence that underlies EBM by emphasizing different features of the social nature of of EBM only occurs because of its assumed removal from the social context of medical practice. Keywords: Evidence; Evidence-based medicine; Philosophy of science; Positivism; Feminist epistemology; Phenomenology practices strictly on evidence that allegedly separates science from other activities (Husserl, 1982; The evidence-based medicine (EBM) medical practice, ''''evidence-based'''' should not be medical practice, ''''evidence-based'''' should not be Evidence-based medicine and medical authority. Evidence-based medicine and women: Do work_eibpvw64prcv5izeprvsmot7gu the project of the Universal Natural History explicitly uses ''''Newtonian principles'''' to explain the formation of the various bodies that constitute our solar system as well as those that lie beyond. by showing that his broad and deep Newtonian commitments notwithstanding, Kant breaks from Newton in the Universal Natural conception that would appeal directly to the will of God. As a result, though Kant is critical of Newton''s position on this fundamental point, he has reason to think that the position he develops 4 Waschkies and Schönfeld are more attuned than others to the way in which features of God are relevant to the order of nature in the early Kant''s views. ice.14 In Chapter 2 of Part 2 of the Universal Natural History, Kant objects to Newton''s position on several counts. 3. Kant''s criticism of Newton in the Universal Natural History work_eju5e7k46je2xpw4qt5wkl3mgi number, so that in defiance of Cantor''s theorem, the set of subsets is result is to say that Lowenheim''s theorem for any particular formalisation of set theory is not provable by means of the resources of that logic, Godel''s Theorem that all sufficiently rich formal systems necessarily contain sentences which are neither provable nor refutable in the is true that the particular undecidable sentence constructed in the proof The undecidable sentence in this Theorem of Godel has the form (yx) V(x); the number of an axiom '' is expressed by a primitive recursive relation '' n is the number of a one variable primitive recursive function '', '' n the relation which says that m is the number of a proof of formula The formula F ii this incompleteness theorem itself contains a Godel''s construction of an undecidable sentence in a formal system The number of the resulting formula is of course work_ejw2rd4beng2bkx5cbtill2ouq First I elucidate Huygens''s term ''relative motion'' and locate it in the taxonomy of early modern positions ðsecs. Hence, ''motion is absolute'' was the thesis that any body has a true 5 real 5 proper 5 physical Thus, ''motion is relative'' meant that bodies have no true 5 absolute 5 So, bodies have unique true, or real, or ''absolute'', motions whereby they either move truly or rest but not both. Huygens must explain which relative motions count as inertial paths, so that 7. Relative to a set H of ðsmoothlyÞ accelerating ''bodies at mutual rest'', a force-free motion, referred to bodies at rest relative to each other, one can at last parts rotate relative to an H-frame or set of ''bodies at mutual rest''. I take Huygens to claim that rotation so analyzed is relative L-motion, that resources Huygens uses to anchor that structure, that is, the notion of ''bodies at mutual rest'' and his two kinds of relative motion. work_elk4lqodkbbz3ley77hzqz4bce case study that representation currently plays a role in cognitive neurobiology somewhere in between minimal and substantive and that this is problematic given the The idea that learning and memory require experiencedependent changes in synaptic strength is a cornerstone of modern cognitive neurobiology. . learning" in AP5-treated rats and, thus, that NMDA-receptor activation is necessary for spatial memory (Morris et al. Bickle would likely claim that this study does establish that NMDAreceptor activation in the hippocampus is a cause of spatial memory Craver''s model, therefore, allows for two possible ways in which representations may play a role in experimentation and explanation in cognitive neurobiology. the representational and synaptic plasticity activities of hippocampal neurons may be appealed to as causes of the observable changes in behavior. Despite the fact that Craver''s model allows for the possibility of representations playing these distinct roles in cognitive neurobiological explanations, Bickle is correct insofar as the experimental methods that work_elmaflicdnc2vebt2ob4pn7fve mathematical models in dynamical systems neuroscience. dynamical systems neuroscience and used in understanding neural behavior. systems neuroscience, Kaplan and Craver extend it to all models in dynamical model, and how it is used to represent neural systems. In dynamical systems neuroscience, neural excitability is understood and topological structures of dynamical models that represent these systems. models that abstract from the molecular details of neural systems, while (Tateno 2004; Jia, Gu, and Li 2011; Connor 1975; Cauli, Audinat, Lambolez, Angulo, Ropert, Tsuzuki, Hestrin, and Rossier 1997). canonical model for class I excitability (Hoppensteadt and Izhikevich 1997, explains why physically distinct neural systems all share the same behavior explanations provided by the canonical model approach. not to say that the model does not represent or map onto neural systems in account for the explanations provided by the canonical model approach and Dynamical and Mathematical Models in Neuroscience: A Mechanistic work_em4xmskjcbhvpgjabooczmh3mq Evolutionary Theory in the 1920s: The Nature of the "Synthesis" selection sufficed as a mechanism for evolution; (iv) Haldane formulated a prospective evolutionary theory in the 1920s whereas Fisher and Wright Fisher, Haldane, and Wright are as important as their similarities. Keywords: evolutionary theory, Fisher, Haldane, modern synthesis, population genetics was to show that natural selection alone sufficed to explain evolutionary The differences in the projects of Fisher, Haldane, and Wright are as important Haldane, rather than Fisher or Wright, who was most important for the evolutionary Fisher or Wright for theoretical population genetics. evolutionary theory, not merely population genetics. most distinguishes Haldane''s Causes from Fisher''s Genetical Theory of Natural Selection and Wright''s "Evolution in Mendelian Populations" is that Haldane''s concerns sub-disciplines: "Haldane neatly conjoins Darwin and Mendel, Fisher and Wright, which population genetics was being systematically developed independent of Fisher, Haldane The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. work_enfr5mjgzrdfvnra5lbcfc5mhe historical changes in physics knowledge with regard to several particular concepts relevant incorrect conceptions from the history in the process of knowledge construction by students and the advantages of such use in a special form of presentation—historical excurse. between individuals to the history of science (Tsou 2006) and create the important perspective of relevancy of the HPS based learning materials. This pragmatic view suggests considering specific historical ideas relevant to the contents presented in a regular science class. The excurses had to address conceptual points of the physics curriculum, especially important for understanding, teaching and learning certain subject One can visualize (Fig. 6) the benefit of the CCK to the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK, Shulman 1986)—the central concept of science education. In a way, education recapitulates the history of physics following the same path of development: from the preNewtonian all-inclusive concept of mass-gravity-weight at students of earlier ages (Galili work_enjieh72dfayvpmwwir2umusqa draw on both the history of medicine and formal modeling to argue that given methodological diversity and a merit-based system, industry funding can bias a community Such concerns have led some to suggest that industry-funded research should be assigned less weight (Resnik and Elliott 2013; Holman This effect occurs not by altering the view of any particular individual but as a result of the selective pressures that naturally exist in the scientific community. default methodology in the community, used by researchers both with industry funding (e.g., Morganroth 1986) and without (e.g., Pratt et al. his account of the antiarrhythmic drug disaster, although Winkle originally received industry funding, after he identified a potential for deadly side effects is that it is entirely possible for every individual researcher to remain unaffected by industry funding and for the community as a whole to be biased. many industry-funded researchers in the antiarrhythmic drug disaster also work_enqyzgzg2zebbnkajjqdzzs2za F. (2006) ''Elements, compounds and other chemical kinds.'', Philosophy of science., 73 (5). compounds, or mixtures: elements are just those that have no other chemical substances as components. structure, chemists used element names with determinate extensions; membership of those extensions was conferred by having atoms with particular In 1787, Lavoisier and others proposed a reformed nomenclature for chemistry, in which the names of compound substances would his uses of the names of particular elements like oxygen in chemical explanation. The new compositional nomenclature embodied another, implicit notion of element, which is also at work in Lavoisier''s thinking about chemical substances: only this second notion can explain the role of oxygen in charge, and not atomic weight, that overwhelmingly determines the chemical behavior of both elements and compounds, via the electronic structure course, ''heavy water'' names a compound rather than an element, but the work_eo5lzcdjwrcbfmdlfmolkjxac4 and Hausman against positional qualities and for bare particulars as individuators is unsound. Gustav Bergmann and Alan Hausman have argued that bare particulars are the only entities that can provide a dialectically adequate to it an ordinary thing consists of a bare particular joined to universals requires bare particulars and that nothing else can ground individuation particular be a constituent of more than one ordinary thing?" Bergmann a bare particular be "in" more than one ordinary thing?" Or, to a bare particular be "in" more than one ordinary thing?" Or, to a bare particular be "in" more than one ordinary thing?" Or, to a bare particular be "in" more than one ordinary thing?" Or, to a bare particular be "in" more than one ordinary thing?" Or, to individual constant sign refers to a different bare particular. things with bare particulars then it is categorially impossible for one bare particulars and positional qualities provide categorially different work_epio7yhwh5hg5ncfajqy7brcue Urbach, 2006; Lee and Wagenmakers, 2013): empirical evidence informs (prior) degrees of belief, but it is usually not sufficient to determine them in a uniquely rational scientific objectivity: the subjective elements in Bayesian reasoning, above all the choice Value-Free Objectivity Values and subjective judgments are banned from the process of scientific reasoning (e.g., in assessing theories on the basis of observed Subjective Bayesian inference violates concordant objectivity because different scientists typically use different priors The failure of Subjective Bayesianism with respect to value-free objectivity may be Pearson, 1967; Mayo, 1996), I focus on the most widespread one: Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST), and the use of p-values for quantifying statistical evidence. In other words, phrasing a scientific inference problem in terms of NHST introduces a value judgment by ruling out the possibility of evidence in favor of the null statistical inference, such as Objective Bayesianism, and other varieties of frequentist work_eqs5md2xkbhadbg25wqtme4e3q For instance, empirical success cannot be goodness-of-fit with the data, in any Kepler�s laws empirically more successful than Copernicus�s theory of planetary motion? First of all, how can we define the goodness-of-fit of Kepler�s model? If empirical success were defined as model fit, then it is simply untrue that So, we can�t define empirical success in terms of model fit if we want to maintain the view that Kepler�s laws are empirically more successful than Copernicus�s theory. 3. AIC as a Measure of Empirical Success: Hitchcock and Sober (2004) address a a way of correcting the observed model fit so that it provides an unbiased estimate of the only in terms of the observed model fit, the number of data, and the number of adjustable 4. Cross-Validated Fit as a Measure of Empirical Success: Let me begin with a goodness-of-fit score to estimate how well the model will predict a �typical� data point. work_eqykzw7cpzevfe75p7yl43635i philosophy of history associated with Danto and Mink. Philosophy of History (1965).12 Hempel''s opponents to date, Danto opened entirely new vistas— Danto himself noted that for narrative history the possibilities for such a "retroactive central to and distinctive of historical explanation.20 Yet Danto did not press the narrative turn of narrative history.32 But now, what follows when we jettison the conception of the past as an The problem that Danto hinted at and Mink elaborated holds for narrative history generally. history of philosophy of science, that our subject matter so constrains the narratives involved historical narratives when he draws the difference between possible descriptions of an event science to events in historical narratives. past events unless they feature in a historical narrative. here developed, I hope it can be agreed that for the history of philosophy of science Danto''s and "On Explanations in History." Philosophy of Science 23, 15-30. work_er77iwudtrhk3eun3epjxdr5ci hidden variable programme is one way of trying to uphold the valueBub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry 315 quantum cases provide examples of structures with atoms, but no twoBub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry 317 The more important question, however, is whether non-atomic proposition structures might help us defend value-definiteness. peculiar tension between the idea of value-definiteness and the ''fundamental thesis'' of quantum logic. The other suggestion that Bub offers is that continuous geometry might help us resolve the measurement problem. [I983a]: ''Quantum Logic, Realism and Value Definiteness'', Philosophy of Science, Bub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry [pp. Bub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry [pp. Bub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry [pp. Bub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry [pp. Bub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry [pp. Bub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry [pp. Bub on Quantum Logic and Continuous Geometry [pp. work_erhs6miug5cqxe6t4guztuzzke performance on some task that involves discrimination of that content; or b) subjective performance; rather, their subjective reports of lack of conscious experience are taken at dual task protocol involving a forced-choice recognition task and a dichotomous (i.e. allor-none response: "seen-or-unseen") subjective report task. 2.1 Empirical Considerations: Graded Subjective Report Tasks dichotomous report task to generate a result suggesting that there is no predictive dichotomous subjective report task; in the second set, she was asked to do the same standard blindsight results using a binary measure of subjective experience. subliminal perception (which utilizes dichotomous subjective report tasks). Ramsoy and Overgaard speculated that, if a dichotomous subjective report task consciousness in terms of dichotomous subjective reports is problematic. dichotomous measures, the graded view takes for granted a characterization of conscious determinate conscious content, with the apparent gradation in the subjects'' experience blindsight is smattered with odd reports of subjects'' experiences during forced-choice work_esc7k47pjvhqlpoviul36yfdlm all relevant criteria of theory evaluation into account. On the other hand, C is clearly better supported by the data and not as complicated (a theory) as A. power and simplicity; we can assume that our three theories do not differ the overall ''goodness'' of a theory with respect to the different criteria. Another way to avoid intransitivity of rational theory choice would be and not of criteria of evaluation of theories (which is something different). transitivity of rational theory choice (i.e., (T)) might be violated. Multiplicity of criteria is necessary, but not sufficient, for the rational acceptability of some intransitive preferences among theories. for the rational acceptability of some intransitive preferences among theories. In some cases (not all, of course), rational choice between theories violates the transitivity assumption. to weigh the different criteria of theory choice? such that no theory is better), then there cannot always be a ''rational'' work_eteaf7faxrgkvenosvjmb63sxu an hypothesis H, a Bayesian analysis conflates the cases of evidence not supporting H with one ends up assigning neutral support the formal properties of evidential disfavoring. In the following, Section 2 will develop a simple example of neutral evidential support in misdescription of neutrality of support by a probability measure leads to the "inductive arise as an artifact of the inability of the Bayesian system to represent neutral evidential support. A clear example of complete neutrality of support in cosmology arises in a more extreme If a probability measure is able to represent degrees of evidential support at all, then a probability P(H|E) near unity must represent the case of evidence E providing strong support for merely assigns a very low probability to each possible outcome; that is the case of evidential probability measure to represent neutral evidential support, we introduce artifacts into our results work_ethia4i6jnh2fad2dpdkf7wcbm Hamilton''s rule, the core explanatory principle of kin selection theory, ''almost never holds''. Hamilton''s rule lacks wide applicability, while the general version lacks explanatory power. The game-theoretic route5 to a version of Hamilton''s rule begins with a simple evolutionary Price equation to a version of Hamilton''s rule begins by leaving aside the second term, so as I will refer to this as the general version of Hamilton''s rule (HRG). The special version of Hamilton''s rule, HRS, is a game-theoretic result which they formalize their arguments that HRS, not HRG, is the version of Hamilton''s rule arguments that HRG, not HRS, is the version of Hamilton''s rule they have in mind. a linear regression model can be fitted to any set of population data19, HRG will still hold in Hamilton''s rule as HRG rather than HRS, we buy generality at the expense of predictive HRG constitutes a very general condition that all processes of social evolution by natural work_euoxzxbxwfc4nnn4xbg5v6rrjm But, just for the moment, let''s assume that the concept is alkaline succeeds in denoting a property. So the property is alkaline is necessarily coexemplified with the microphysical property contains hydroxide or ammonium ions. () The following is absolutely necessary: whenever any object exemplifies precisely those properties given by any a-compatible total conjunction microphysical properties.) But it follows from  that concept b is necessarily For example, if a property is denoted by the concept contains hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide ions denotes a microphysical property and the concept contains ammonium , which is very roughly speaking the claim that the concept is alkaline denotes a property if and only if the concept contains hydroxide or ammonium ions denotes meets conditions (1b) and (2b),   says that the locution ''the property of containing hydroxide or ammonium ions'' succeeds in denoting a property. for example, such as the property contains hydroxide or ammonium ions (Baker 1993, work_euyib4tjvjeynbxryktgjm7tja The University of Chicago Press and Philosophy of Science Association are collaborating with JSTOR to fact that the specific fundamentally probabilistic theory of PQT is incompatible with SR in the way indicated above cannot be taken to count Dieks recognizes clearly that the crucial question, which must be answered if this universe is to exemplify (in a compatible way) both ontological probabilism and SR, is the following. According to Dieks himself, this hypersurface unambiguously and universally divides off the ontologically definite past from the ontologically Certainly, SR as ordinarily understood, applicable to deterministic universes, presupposes or postulates one definite, precise Minkowskian spacetime structure for actual physical space-time as a whole, common to all the Dieks'' universe has associated with it its own "space-time diagrams", of Dieks'' universe are collapsed in this way into one overall space-time In lacking one definite overall space-time structure common to all events . (1985), "Are Probabilism and Special Relativity Incompatible?", Philosophy of work_ewuoprvborejjheg6xklspkdri biology believe that species are individuals whose parts are organisms. arguments that have been given for the species-as-individuals thesis (SAI) Kitcher argues that both individuals and sets of organisms may be historically connected in this way, so the claim that species are historical is fact that biologists continue to conceive species as ''''classes of organisms Hull rightly insists that our ordinary intuitions regarding concept applicability are not particularly relevant, because the conceptual prohibition against re-evolving species flows from biological usage. identifies a species with a set of organisms consisting of a founder population plus some of its descendants. species are natural kinds, then, they are sets, the members of which share Ghiselin and Hull endorse Relational Species Concepts, and Mayr Kitcher ([1984] 1992), species are ''''sets of organisms related to one that species are theoretically interesting sets, or natural kinds. species may be neither individuals nor sets, but ''''historical entities,'''' work_ex26hg2wnneulmgk62rew5uai4 words, for a generalization to count as invariant there must exist some interventions (satisfying the conditions (M1)–(M4)) for variables figuring in the in Section 4 how the fact that (3) is not an invariant change-relating generalization underlies this judgment of irrelevance. which (13) is invariant is a proper subset of the range of changes and interventions over which the generalizations (14) of the deeper engineering theory clear that there are many changes and interventions over which these generalizations will fail to be invariant. of information that we expect successful explanations to provide, why generalizations like the ideal gas laws or Maxwell''s equations are formulated in their interventions and changes in background conditions over which these generalizations are invariant) rather than of kind. reflect this continuity by extending the notion of a law to cover all generalizations that are invariant under some interventions and changes in background work_eyjv3673vjdb5cdjsgdcrtciv4 The Paradox of Conceptual Novelty and Galileo''s Use of Experiments Galileo''s experiments constitute an essential part of the meaning of the new concepts of Galileo''s science at the same time was continuous with a preclassical conceptual The results achieved by Galileo implicitly define a new conceptual structure. problems, although defined in terms of the given conceptual apparatus, forced Galileo to conceptual apparatus – by considering the fall of bodies in a void, a limit situation in which the speed of a falling body is proportional with the difference between its specific gravity and Galileo doesn''t stop with the claim that in vacuum all bodies would fall with the same speeds. discussions on conceptual novelty: Galileo has experimentally secured the reference of his 4. Galileo''s Experiments and Conceptual Novelty. Both Galileo''s experiments leading up to the extrapolation to the situation of fall in a void work_ezkbuzocynfu3cs55nzfgwn3f4 Göhner1 • Kristina Engelhard2 • Markus Schrenk3 The twentieth century logical empiricists famously—and ferociously—criticised academic philosophy, metaphysics has made a remarkable comeback during the second Institut für Philosophie, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Raum 23.32.U1.61, DFG-Research Group ''''Inductive Metaphysics'''', Institut für Philosophie und Politikwissenschaft, Institut für Philosophie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Gebäude 23.32, Raum U1.69, the Interface of Science and Metaphysics'''' (FOR 1063) and the German Society for the Philosophy of Science (GWP). between metaphysics and different branches of science. metaphysics of the natural world—in which the findings of social science could be applied support from modern physics, mainstream metaphysical research programmes are valuable Scholz and Barbara Vetter diligently discuss the three major contributions by reexamining the proposed connections between metaphysics and science and take on the question of mutual dependencies between metaphysics and science, and address the debate''s disadvantageous fixation on contributions by the natural sciences. contemporary debate over the naturalisation of metaphysics. work_ezyklhpqzbb3xlct64e4ijym2q The allocation formula for the distribution of the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) should include the three equally weighted formula factors that are considered to have the largest impact on the generation The objective of the paper is to analyse the explanatory power of the proposed formula factors from formula factors, as defined by the CCCTB Draft Directive, are able to explain almost 35% of the variance in Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base, formula apportionment, regression analysis. of the Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base on the National Budget of the Czech Republic, at the Faculty of Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB), with the K. Krchnivá – The Czech evidence for the explanatory povwer of formula factors on profitability 137 K. Krchnivá – The Czech evidence for the explanatory povwer of formula factors on profitability 137 K. Krchnivá – The Czech evidence for the explanatory povwer of formula factors on profitability 137 work_f275p5ztnnadblu5himk6uy3oi multicausal case where factors in causal pathways are selected in biological explanations. work provides a novel analysis of the pathway concept, its role in causal selection, and the rationale In the case of glycolysis one phenomenon scientists want to explain is how a final product (pyruvate) is manufactured from some starting material. the pathway concept represents a sequence of factors with (i) causal control, (ii) material continuity, causes of glycolysis in nearly all organisms, because these factors provide causal control over this Selected factors need to have causal control that operates within a time-scale set by the context of explanation is provided, in part, by the fact that the enzyme at this step has specific causal control. enzyme variable represents a factor that has specific causal control in the senses of (a) and (b), it of enzymes and the particular speed of their causal control explain how metabolic processes create work_f3ppk7gzrnatxlbedscpeynpt4 A Generalized Selected Effects Theory of Function-Garson Abstract: I present and defend the generalized selected effects theory (GSE) of function. the traditional selected effects (SE) theory, it does not require that the functional trait Natural selection is not the only process that generates new functions. think there are other function-bestowing selection processes in the natural world. I call this the "generalized selected effects" theory of function (GSE) (see benefit is that it allows a process called "neural selection" to create new brain functions – allow natural selection and trial-and-error to create new (direct proper) functions, but not neural selection to be a function-bestowing process. processes like trial-and-error learning and neural selection, in addition to natural selection My argument is not that trial-and-error is a function-bestowing selection process because that antibody selection is a function-bestowing process because it, too, is "just like" selection and trial-and-error should also count as function-bestowing processes, too.6 work_f3yl5edxjraklmuzpmet7dlbqm important to economics than either of these, which I label the efficiency question: regardless of how exactly models represent, or of whether their role is explanatory or something else, is current modeling practice an efficient way to achieve these goals or should research efforts be redirected? For this very reason, at least for the purpose of efficiency analysis in economics, philosophical attention should be diverted away from theories of explanation. Then I explain how the efficiency question has been neglected by the philosophy of economics literature, before showing how it has been neglected by the wider scientific Axelrod models the situation in the WWI trenches as an iterated Prisoner''s Dilemma. modeling orthodoxy over empirical fit—a prioritization that is frequently apparent in economic practice (Reiss 2008, 106–22; Northcott, forthcoming a). economic models do not explain (Northcott and Alexandrova 2013). "Economic Modelling as Robustness Analysis." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 61:541–67. work_f4a7gr5h55eoxc4pmcul2vbjda sliding particle is uniquely determined by its initial position and velocity. (One arrives at the phase space for Norton''s dome+particle system by starting The standard claim that Newtonian particle mechanics is deterministic is underwritten by the fundamental existence and uniqueness theorem concerning Now we turn from geometry to physics, and consider the motion of a particle sliding down a ramp – first a generic ramp, and then a Norton ramp, in that, at any particular point, whatever else is the case, the background gravitational force is sufficiently strong to hold the particle on the ramp. possibility that a particle slides down the ramp if it starts at the summit with Let us now consider what the phase space of a Norton ramp+particle system to the case where the particle is at the summit of Norton''s ramp.15 Then it is If a particle is at some point on the ramp other than the summit, and work_f6eewdylanfjthc3gc3fjncfwy According to the standard big bang model of cosmology, time began together with the questioned the implications that big bang cosmology may have for time''s beginning. philosophical part of physics implies that [...] there is time before the big bang, [and] standard big bang cosmological model is at least roughly correct – i.e. that the universe formulation of) the time-clock relation in connection with a detailed critical discussion of the physical (i) both within Newtonian and modern physics, the time-clock relation provides ...the fact that physical time (and space) had a beginning in the Big Bang physical systems which can be used as clocks, so his absolute time can be seen to refer As we shall see in section 5, the time concept in the classical big bang Thus, a time concept extending beyond that of the big bang model could be represented, mathematical time (t) concept of the big bang model can be "carried through" the work_f6pxi77crbh45bp3yktbf5k6jm This paper concerns the most direct way of providing a hidden-variable formulation of quantum mechanics that is compatible with relativity. the determinate-record regions (insofar as possible), then the resultant spacetime map might look as if collapses of the wave function had generated the any case, a teleological spacetime map constructed from observed measurement records would clearly be both empirically adequate (by stipulation) Bohm''s theory (1952) provides a convenient context for discussing framedependent constructions (This description of Bohmian mechanics follows Bell In particular, generalized Bohmian mechanics can be used to provide a hidden-variable theory where field quantities, want from a satisfactory hidden-variable spacetime map in relativistic quantum mechanics. Indeed, any empirically adequate formulation of relativistic quantum mechanics that allows one to represent determinate measurement records in spacetime at all would be associated with just such a should worry that hidden-variable spacetime maps constructed from framedependent rules do not provide dynamical, mechanical, or causal explanations. work_f7cnhpghvfh5nddbeaamhit5lq In this skeptical response I argue that our developmental environments contain a wealth, rather than a poverty of racialist stimulus, rendering a nativist explanation of racialism redundant. Gil-White ð2001Þ and also Machery and Faucher ð2005aÞ focus on racialism—the view that ''races'' have biological essences—rather than racism, Gil-White, Machery, and Faucher, following Atran, believe species was adaptive, claims Gil-White, because it enabled inductive inferences without "too much costly interaction with out-group members" the argument: from folk-biology module to ECAD, to its unfortunate misfiring, facilitating racial, and racist cognition. there are in fact human races, or subspecies, but because the ECAD mistakenly ''processes'' racialized groups as if they were ethnies. In this section I argue against this tendency in relation to essentialist thinking about ethnies and racialized groups. ethnocentrism and racialism from racism, Gil-White, Machery, and Faucher have overlooked the possible motivational factors behind essentialist cognitive structure, may explain the ubiquity of ethnic essentialism and racialism. work_f7lnqkzdx5debjgohdxmfeu4am The discovery of the Higgs particle required a signal of five sigma significance. that data amounted to significant evidence for a new scalar particle but did not constitute a the data with theoretical knowledge about the Higgs particle and, on that basis, argued that The standard model of particle physics introduces the Higgs mechanism in order to experimentation in high energy physics that is called the look elsewhere effect (LEE). reasonable limit for acknowledging a discovery of a new particle once one takes into experiment, a Higgs-like particle is looked for in about 80 energy bins at the LHC. that the collected data cannot be accounted for by the set of empirically confirmed particles reasoning generated trust in the existence of a Higgs particle. existence of the Higgs particle was far more likely than new physics that could explain the evidence collected in 2012 amounted to the discovery of a Higgs particle on any account. work_f7ncsfgekrddpetrg2gcmjmoqi represented by science together constitute the structure or form of the world, while all the rest is the ''matter'' is say: mechanics describes only the general, mathematical structure of motion, but that is precisely the Is Hertz'' mechanics a theory of physical systems or of mathematical structures? which attributes to science success in abstracting important patterns in nature only, and describing those. The main argument for scientific realism is that our present theories in science are so successful an ontological position: that the structure of nature described by scientific theories is really - history of science, details of actual scientific theories, relations between theories, structure of theories, nature the empirical success of the old theory if we accept the new. the older theories were partial successes of a very distinct sort: their representations of nature, the models they parameters both old and new theory use to describe those empirical successes. Structural Realism and the Model-Theoretic Approach to Physical Theories. work_fc7f4yfwwba2jpdrh3acxfmkka [PDF] The Concept of Information in Biology | Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 38695086The Concept of Information in Biology title={The Concept of Information in Biology}, I shall be concerned only with the use of information concepts in genetics, evolution and development, and not in neurobiology, which I am not competent to discuss. Background Citations Citation Type Citation Type Sort by Most Influenced Papers Sort by Citation Count Biology with information and meaning. Philosophy of Biology Philosophy of Biology View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, references background An Introduction to Philosophy of Biology (M. Computer Science, Biology By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_fctkkip3vzdipkryeluet4putm Keywords Understanding · Explanation · Models · Non-causal · How-possibly states that knowing a causal explanation is a necessary condition for understanding. implication of narrow KAU is that theoretical modelling often does not afford understanding because it does not provide explanations. that knowing an explanation is sufficient for understanding.6 Indeed, the ''grasping'' condition may require a state or ability on top of knowledge. If this is correct, then it indeed makes little sense to spell out the epistemic contribution of theoretical models in terms of understanding since explanation is that grasping a correct explanation "requires grasping that the propositions expressing a relevant model''s explanatory content are true, or in other words, understanding All these accounts suggest the checkerboard model, interpreted as providing a HPE, can afford understanding of real-world specific cases of theoretical modelling lead to the conclusion that HPEs can provide understanding. work_fcwpxg6qzrfqzggo53vtdt6wxa that, in order to understand the role of incommensurability in scientific specialisation, the latter different specialties may become incommensurable through interdisciplinarity. and since Kuhn developed a model of specialisation as driven by incommensurability, we will In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn [1962] 1996), incommensurability describes Methodological incommensurability, for example, poses a problem to scientific practice but it more to incommensurability than Kuhn''s theory of meaning. different disciplines, with their own separate domain, is beside the point: incommensurability, in Kuhn''s view on incommensurability as a conceptual/linguistic barrier hampering crossspecialty communication seems to be contradicted de facto by the existence of interdisciplinarity. problem to interdisciplinarity, since there is not an incommensurable divide separating different Since, in her view, scientific specialties are different and not incommensurable, the incommensurability thesis within a theory of scientific progress, in which science is Scientific Change and Collaborative Research." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science work_fdcazm35ljcyxkgzgzurwlm6zm more experimental work in philosophy of science (Stotz 2009b, 2009a; Weinberg and Crowley us, such work qualifies as experimental philosophy of science, even if the researchers don''t source corresponds to the difference between experimental philosophy of science narrowly or of experimental philosophy of science by examining views on innateness and human nature experimentally probing for philosophical differences among scientific branches by examining philosophical differences across branches of science.7 assume that workshop participants interpret the broader science prompts as claims about and Social & Behavioral Sciences (SBS) were well represented among Toolbox participants. Differences in Views on Confirmation and Values by Scientific Branch participating scientists tended to interpret the non-reflexive prompts in terms of science in 5.3 Experimental data, philosophy of science, and interdisciplinary integration science and the world and differences in operative values about scientific practice. experimental research in the philosophy of science is warranted to explore the scope and nature work_feipw7vizzg2bocvs6z7tjg2ee In recent decades, we are witnessing an increasing interest in the scientific study of psychopathy (Blair, Mitchell, and Blair 2005; Patrick 2006; Glenn and Raine psychopathy might be a natural kind on the homeostatic property cluster (HPC) and the We examine the claim that psychopathy is a syndrome comprised of highly correlated traits and argue that, despite there being studies indicating that psychopathic traits significantly correlate, there is insufficient evidence that they We examine three options: (1) revising the category of psychopathy; (2) eliminating it; or (3) abandoning the cluster approach to natural kinds. The category of psychopathy is at least pragmatically important because it provides a framework for clinical and forensic research. we indicate how treating psychopathy as a pragmatic kind can account for its status at the In our case, if psychopathy is a natural kind, its measurable behavioural, affective and interpersonal traits We examined whether psychopathy can be considered a natural kind on the cluster work_ffd2cak2xnfzbpqt26q7mk5zji science?" Arnett failed to provide any information about how cultural psychology will From a philosophy of science perspective, Arnett''s (2008) distinction between cultural context and basic processes is a false The problem with human psychology is not its focus on basic processes cultural research is to take hold in psychology, then it must be theory driven and integrated into work on basic processes. purpose in psychological science: It will enable us to test hypotheses about which features of human behavior are acquired through across cultures, suggesting that language acquisition also depends on a more basic structure or process that all humans share. across the comments: American psychology''s dominant philosophy of science. agreed that my analysis of articles published in APA journals shows that American researchers in psychology have focused too narrowly on Americans while "Theory, Not Cultural Context, Will Advance American Psychology" (p. work_ffpjrgossjb3rdhs22t3pmqjte Kelly on Ockhams Razor and truth finding efficiency-final Kelly on Ockham''s Razor and Truth-Finding Efficiency This paper discusses Kevin Kelly''s recent attempt to justify Ockham''s Razor in terms of truthfinding efficiency. shown to provide the most efficient method for finding the true theory, even if the truth is that does the work in Kelly''s proposal is efficient convergence to the truth in the limit. Compared with all these gruesome methods, Ockham''s Razor guarantees the lowest worstcase costs in terms of retractions and lost time entertaining false theories. Kelly''s long-run notion of reliability fails to warrant confidence in the predictive content of a to Ockham''s Razor, if simplicity really does play such a fundamental role in theory choice that Ockham''s Razor is as important to the scientific method as Kelly and others have suggested, scientific theory choice, truth-finding efficiency fails to provide the right justification for this "Justification as Truth-Finding Efficiency: How Ockham''s Razor Works." work_ffwfi2pndfdjdgljfqprxwvmyy A perusal of the literature reveals that rather little has been written down concerning the analogies between interpretations of quantum mechanics and of statistical Quantum mechanics and classical statistical mechanics are both theories of statistical physics, whose empirical content depends on the objective probabilities that Thus, it is sufficient to discuss states and probabilities in quantum mechanics, for this general case view, I will consider how two interpretive issues in quantum mechanics, the quantum measurement problem and primitive ontology, arise also in statistical mechanics the discussion of primitive ontology in quantum mechanics to the interpretive framework of this paper. maintain a classical ontic picture of deterministic particle mechanics leads to a significant philosophical problem in interpreting these probabilities.11 In brief, it is as since the empirical content of the theories is entirely contained in statistics of observables and, hence, is determined by the probability distribution one uses to describe a work_fh4w25xce5gczlgvwgd7shrkcm Distinctions and debates about methodological individualism in social sciences clarify the commitments of this general, individualistic approach to modeling ecological phenomena and show that there is a lot sciences, behaviors and physiologies of individual organisms function similarly for individual-based ecological models (IBMs). Second, abstracting from the individual level not only accommodates the relative paucity of available ecological data on individual organisms and their interrelations; it better facilitates general theorizing about population and community dynamics. Fortunately, IBMs instantiate a general individualistic approach to representing the world labeled ''methodological individualism'' (MI) that has been applied extensively and fruitfully in other sciences, particularly social sciences, and over which much ink has been spilled. Interactions between individuals and their environments that drive ecosystem dynamics are similarly at the core of ecological IBMs. This inclusivity prompts a clarification and raises important issues. work_fhmapbg2qncllaayz5toutwsba single dimension of explanatory depth or that the nonfundamental sciences are capable of providing deeper explanations along all dimensions and Oppenheim devote a great deal of attention to the structure of scientific explanation, they never develop an account of explanatory depth. leave out the question, however, of whether it is possible to rank explanations of different events in terms of their relative explanatory depth.5 The DN view of explanation, supplemented with the scope-based account of explanatory depth, solves the puzzle with which I began this another only once makes for a difference in explanatory depth between the two generalizations, so it is important to note that scope does not imply this implausible claim. The fundamental physical explanation for any event will employ laws of maximal generality in the sense In particular, for any determinate w-question framed in terms of the variables employed by the fundamental physical explanation, the explanatory model will specify a determinate anEXPLANATORY DEPTH 281 work_fhpckcyza5gdjon6727s4avyi4 Keywords: Anton Pannekoek, Milky Way, Marxism, astronomical drawing, of the galaxy''.3 A striking feature of Pannekoek''s Milky Way research was To explain the coexistence of various representational methods in Pannekoek''s research, we must f irst examine the role he attributed to astronomers in at Pannekoek''s Milky Way research, we f ind that drawing and visual observation still played a prominent role in his work precisely because he believed the various conditions that played a role in transforming the light of countless faint stars into the Milky Way as perceived by our eyes. As Pannekoek explained it: ''The personal Milky Way image is not objectively amateur astronomers to record their observations of the Milky Way and To record observations of the Milky Way, Pannekoek proposed a dual Figure 11.1 Naturalistic drawing of a section of the Milky Way by Pannekoek astronomer Josef Hopmann to observe the southern Milky Way as part of photographic observations of the Milky Way light. work_fik26cbnsbgrhbv6tqr2ehwixy �� ��� ���� ����� ��� �� ������� ��������� � ���� ������� � ���� �� ��������� ��� ����� �� � ���� �� ������ �������� ���� ����� ��� ������� � ������� ������ ���� � ������������ �� ��� ���� �� ��������� � ��� ��*���� �� ������ ������� �� ������� ��� ���������� ��� � �� ��� ��*����� !��� ���� ���� ��� ���������� ������ 7��������� �� ���� ���� �� ��� ����������� ��������� ���� ����� �� ������� �� ���� ����+ ���� ����� ��� ��������� �� ����������� ��������������� �� ������ ���� ���� ������� �� �� ���� ����� ��������� ��� �� �������� ��� � ��� ��� ������� ���������� <�� ���� ��� ����� ������ ��� �� � �� ���� ������� ����� �������� �� ���� � ����� ��� ��� �������� ������� �� ���� ���� �� ����� ��� ��� �������� ������� �� ���� ���� �� ���� �� �������������� ����� � ������ ��� ��� � ��������� �� ���������� � �������� 7���� work_fimogpgvrvdzbetu5hkkfoe2se may assist in disentangling the different kinds of mechanisms and relations depicted by arrows in Keywords: arrows; Baumkuchen model; causation; mode of action; multi-level mechanisms; new representations of different types of mechanisms onto one another, and that (ii) arrows in these diagrams the mechanisms which produce, underlie, or maintain their phenomena are suited to explain different between the different relations depicted by arrows in traditional flat pharmacological schemes. Once we disentangle these different arrows, a multi-level representation of pharmacological we can easily identify different types of arrows representing producing and underlying mechanisms into the underlying mechanism of the reaction and hence also into a different level within a multilevel scheme. arrows, and underlying mechanisms depicted with cones, similar to the model in Figure 5. arrows, and underlying mechanisms depicted with cones, similar to the model in Figure 5. New Mechanist Philosophy: Underlying, Producing, and Maintaining Mechanisms New Mechanist Philosophy: Underlying, Producing, and Maintaining Mechanisms work_fj4c2vgqefdjhmaezundqrbhzq This article is about structural realism, historical continuity, laws of nature, and ceteris paribus history, and analyze Fresnel''s Laws'' historical trajectory in terms of dynamic ceteris paribus clauses. This paper is dedicated to a philosophical characterization of the structures which survive theory change, using the example of Fresnel''s Laws (FL). to Maxwell''s 1864 argument before the Royal Society that "light itself is an electromagnetic disturbance in the form of waves propagated through the electromagnetic field according to electromagnetic laws" (the paper was published in 1865. theory of the aether within solid matter.) In this section, I will describe them as ceteris paribus laws, Earman and Roberts (1999) think that the only true laws of nature are exceptionless generalizations of fundamental physics. With this manoeuvre, I view FL as neither exceptionless generalizations, nor among the dangerous, anti-unity-of-science ceteris paribus laws Earman, Roberts, and Smith (2002) are most concerned about. work_fjcs3m6tnrcq5mwmmmqbcozk6i In Section III we briefly discuss the connections between complexity and probability and information, before explaining the Shannon entropy 4. "Complexity theory indicates that large populations of units can self-organize into aggregations that generate pattern, store information, and engage in collective decision-making."[34, data structures, conditional branches and information processing are central to complexity science, confusing issues is how order in complex systems relates to the information content of states and many more than a handful of individual elements need to interact to generate complex systems. measure of complexity should not be maximal for either for random or for highly ordered systems, "Such a measure [...] should assign low complexity to systems in random states and in ordered Bennett''s key idea is that long causal processes are usually necessary in order to produce complex Computational approaches to complexity such as Bennet''s Logical Depth[3] and Zurek''s Physical Entropy[50] take the universal Turing machine[44] as their basic computational model. work_fldj2cgtj5b67mjr5pyxrzkc6a this paper explores differences in practice between historical and experimental research shall see, scientists engage in two very different patterns of evidential reasoning, and one of these patterns predominates in historical research and When one considers the vast number of additional conditions (known and unknown) that might affect the outcome of an experiment independently of the truth of the hypothesis, all three of these activities make good sense. As an example, in a discussion of the asteroid impact hypothesis for the extinction of the dinosaurs, James Powell refers to the "tiresome metaphor of ''smoking gun''" (1998, 115). a "crucial" test of a hypothesis is no more possible in historical science Miller-Urey experiments (Miller 1953), which were touted as an experimental test of the hypothesis that life on Earth originated in a "primordial In the face of a failed experimental test of a target hypothesis, experimentalists entertain different possibilities for denying auxiliary assumptions, and their reasoning resembles work_fljnzds3ejff3a5vs3ezqt5g2e I address questions about values in model-making in engineering, specifically: Might the role of conclude by explaining my view that model-making in science is analogous to moral perception in to see model-making in science as analogous to moral perception in action on the account of it about engineering models (versus physical replicas), let''s clearly distinguish two different problem in fact different model-making problems. explain: engineering models aim at similarity of a certain specified physical behavior or response. Thus engineering models must include all the things that determine that physical behavior or engineering systems from their environments, i.e., by making a model of "just the machine." It''s The point generalizes: model-making in engineering analysis has to take into account the nature Applying the criterion of a certain kind of physical similarity to a particular model-making problem, used during the model-making is still the logic of physically similar systems. work_fljwl52g4zacdpoiqix2btod2y What might philosophy of science look like if chemists Abstract Had more philosophers of science come from chemistry, their thinking be) a single philosophy of science, is not a claim I intend—I do think one should look 2 What makes chemistry different: a chemical paper Chemistry remains this—the study (and utilization) of macroscopic matter and its changes. So chemistry is also the art, craft, business and science of molecules and their century of philosophy of science in the chemical context. I think chemistry does move upscale, climb ladders of complexity, create new molecules and emergent phenomena. new molecules is a very, very different enterprise from analyzing what is in nature. as they do fascinating things, by and large, physical chemists don''t make molecules. molecules in the productive work of their science. S. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Of minds and molecules: New philosophical perspectives on chemistry. Towards a process philosophy of chemistry. work_fmktwacjsbdzdp5ykf4ya7xnr4 Here we reexamine Vito Volterra''s and Umberto D''Ancona''s original publications on the model, and in particular their methodological reflections. Weisberg''s main example of modeling is Volterra''s and D''Ancona''s work on the These reflections give us considerable insight into Volterra''s and D''Ancona''s reasons for choosing the modeling approach. To summarize, Volterra and D''Ancona offer an explicit argument for choosing a model-based approach. Thus, Volterra''s and D''Ancona''s motivation for modeling causal structures the Volterra model (see the next section on Darwin''s work on coral atolls). non-modeling science) is Charles Darwin''s explanation of the origin and distribution of coral reefs and atolls in the pacific ocean. "how possibly" to "how actually" with Darwin''s model of the origin and distribution of coral atolls in the Pacific Ocean. A motivation for modeling: Volterra and D''Ancona on method The trajectory of a ''''how possibly'''' model: Volterra and D''Ancona on population dynamics work_fmlsaoz33bapngrkfitxlewj74 Compressible flow, Convected wave equation, Incompressible flow, Lorentz factor, Prandtl-Glauert factor, Special relativity Abstract Mathematical transformations that convert the convected wave equation in subsonic compressible flow to one transformations relating compressible versus incompressible flow systems and fixed-to-vehicle versus fixed-in-space The mathematical intersection of special relativity and compressible flow theory is generally Keywords Compressible flow, Convected wave equation, Incompressible flow, Lorentz factor, Prandtl-Glauert factor, Summary of subsonic velocity transformations when using FTV versus FIS reference frames and compressible versus incompressible flow Summary of subsonic fluid mass transformations as a function of using FTV versus FIS reference frames and compressible versus incompressible 130 Michael James Ungs: Deriving Special Relativity from the Theory of Subsonic Compressible Aerodynamics 130 Michael James Ungs: Deriving Special Relativity from the Theory of Subsonic Compressible Aerodynamics 130 Michael James Ungs: Deriving Special Relativity from the Theory of Subsonic Compressible Aerodynamics 130 Michael James Ungs: Deriving Special Relativity from the Theory of Subsonic Compressible Aerodynamics work_fmm6hassp5fqjesdxvuezwe3py Scientists can choose different claims as interpretations of the results of their research. The figures in Table 1 are inspired, nevertheless, by the ''cognitive utility functions'' employed in Bayesian approaches to scientific reasoning, particularly those of the first row, corresponding to the acceptance The Free Speech model describes the optimum choice of a claim by a ''recognition seeking'' scientist to represent First, notice that (according to Table 1) the maximum utility that readers can get by rejecting a claim corresponds to the case where p(t, e) p (6.i) If the author''s optimum is to the left of the readers'' acceptance the author''s optimum, the point (0, h(0)) is better for readers, and leaves the readers, whereas for all points to the left of the author''s optimum, (12) If a is preferred by readers to all other points on h better confirmed than a, then referees will try to reject the author''s claim. work_fn5gab6zd5b2zifd7qejz7k6r4 Risk assessment controversies in biology and other sciences often revolve around disagreements regarding the nature, interpretation, and justification of methods and models used to learn from incomplete and uncertain data. Because there is latitude for choice among possible inference options, and each choice influences the chance of obtaining evidence for a given risk (or benefit), much type II error: the data are not taken as evidence of a risk (or benefit), type II error: the data are not taken as evidence of a risk (or benefit), risk of concern is a policy question, whether a statistically significant/ case, options may be based on ''unthinking conventions'' (e.g., the .05 cutoff for statistical significance), on philosophical principles of evidence, or A familiar test rule is: Reject H0 and infer that data x0 provide evidence When we speak of a test ''detecting a risk'', we mean ''it reports a statistically significant result'' (at the chosen significance level a); with an work_fq42mejtqneshpigekqblyg74e Testing a Precise Null Hypothesis: The Case of Lindley''s Paradox Testing a Precise Null Hypothesis: The Case of Lindley''s Paradox Testing a point null hypothesis is a classical but controversial issue in statistical methodology. tests with large sample size and exposes a salient divergence between Bayesian and frequentist inference. It exposes a general divergence between Bayesians and frequentists in hypothesis tests with large In particular, I believe that José Bernardo''s approach ðthe Bayesian Reference Criterion, or BRCÞ holds considerable promise as a decision model of hypothesis testing, both in terms of 2. Testing a Precise Null Hypothesis: Frequentist versus Bayesian Lindley''s Paradox deals with tests of a precise null hypothesis Bayesian decision model for point null hypothesis testing that addresses than subjective Bayesianism, this approach represents the essential asymmetry in testing a point null hypothesis. Therefore, I have presented Bernardo''s BRC as a full Bayesian model of testing point null hypotheses. work_fs7m2gxkpjhinp4ypmferpgtsi the facts of modem classical physics do not straightforwardly accommodate themselves to the usual demands of popular philosophical accounts of law, theory and possibility. The suggestion that determinism might serve as a useful probe for uncovering largely unformulated, false presumptions in philosophy of science is one of the most intriguing and original aspects of this book. of mechanics-for example, Newton''s Three Laws require such a supplementary "grounding" before the theory can be viewed as fully satisfactory. universe.5 But most partial differential equations-for example, the theory of elasticity we will examine in the next section are commonly studied in the light of so-called "mixed data", including boundary condition 5As Earman recognizes, many physical theories-for example, elasticity with memoryrequire a larger section of space-time than this. the differential equation for the string is supplemented by "boundary condition" principles governing points external to the string (for example, at work_fsldehbjmjca5gs6bjkggkoasq The Born rule and von Neumann''s "collapse" postulate in quantum mechanics provide a telling case for this appearances, but accepted the criterion that a complete physics must explain how those appearances are produced in reality. measured on a system in quantum state w, the expectation value of the Measurement outcomes are the appearances; the quantum states are the theoretically described reality. from the quantum state via the character of object and measurement setup that in a measurement, the quantum state of the object is projected or that quantum systems lurch from one pure state to another, simply asserting that upon measurement the object will be in one of the eigenstates No collapse is needed for measurement outcomes: while in a quantum state which does not imply that Note well that this is a matter of appearance only: the quantum state is not collapsed. measurement outcomes) but not the quantum state. work_fsozm7m4dzhtxo6woy2wt3ss5u A generalized manifold topology for branching space-times The logical theory of branching space times, which provides a relativistic framework for by specific issues of space-time theories, this approach grounds the generally accepted definition of indeterminism for scientific theories: "a theory is of events in our world—complete space-times—that branch off from one another at choice points whose future light cones differentiate the histories. BST theories have received a fair share of critique on the basis of technical considerations of the space-time models of general relativity ðEarman When discussing formal models that incorporate modality, such as theories of branching histories, it is important to use terminology that allows some necessary distinctions. A history ðpossible course of eventsÞ indeed has to be "modally flat," containing no modTOPOLOGY FOR BRANCHING SPACE TIMES 1091 to individually branching space-times comes from non-Hausdorff models order-theoretic definition of BST92: each layer is a maximal directed set "Branching Space-Times, General Relativity, the Hausdorff Property, and Modal work_ftov44slgbbr3d4piixhr3h7dq It goes without saying that the model-theoretic definition of truth, as given in standard accounts of formal logic, is of Tarski-type. The standard way of using model-theoretic semantics for explicating the notion of non-logical truth will be found incompatible So, arguably, model-theoretic semantics is best viewed as interpretational semantics in the sense that it tells us what it is for a sentence to be true the truth-value of φ is determined by the interpretation of the non-logical symbols occurring in that sentence and, if there are any variables occurring in that Model-theoretic semantics gives us a non-holistic account of the meaning of The model-theoretic account of semantic holism, which has been developed elsewhere in greater detail, is based on Carnap''s notion of an indirect interpretation It is furthermore doubtful whether methodological holism can be combined with a model-theoretic account of the meaning of the logical symbols in scientific language. work_ftxcr4leezfmtmjudk2sxht2bq Akaike''s framework for thinking about model selection in terms of the goal of predictive Scientists often test models whose truth values they already know, and they often often taken to have punctured the instrumentalist balloon with his suggestion that the difference between instrumentalism and realism is nonsubstantive; if true theories are the ones that maximize predictive accuracy, 2. Forster and Sober (1994) describe Akaike''s estimated predictive accuracy as a quantity per datum, and so divided the right side of this equation by N, the number of data. is the goal of inference; in addition, he provided a methodology for estimating a model''s predictive accuracy. and simplicity are in conflict; Akaike''s theorem shows how each contributes to estimating a model''s predictive accuracy. is a separate consideration in model selection from fit to data, the justification provided by Akaike''s theorem for using simplicity depends on empirical assumptions. work_fv7b4kya5jcpnccvk4su6j5epe Philosophers frequently cite Dalton''s chemical atomism, and its nineteenth century speculative theories and put atoms to work in actually explaining chemical relate them to the explanation of chemical combination provided by thermodynamics towards the end of the nineteenth century. The idea that compounds comprise fixed proportions of elements was was therefore required of an explanation of the law of constant proportions was an explanation of chemical combination accounting for the Nevertheless, Dalton seems to have thought the atomic hypothesis furthered our understanding of constant proportions. that when the same elements combine to form several different compounds, they do so in proportions which are simple, integral multiples of claim that atomism explains multiple proportions, let us pursue Dalton''s Dalton''s conception of atoms distinguished by elemental kind with like But the putative explanation of constant proportions characteristic of compounds provided by his atomic hypothesis was vitiated by (1966), "The Origin of Dalton''s Chemical Atomic Theory: Daltonian work_fve6mtv7jfba3m2xns353kpixu Carnegie Mellon University research repository Browse Browse Discover research from Carnegie Mellon University Follow AllCategoriesgroupsSEARCH Hide footerAboutHow to DepositPreparing DataDMP ToolDeposit SupportContactDeposit AgreementTermsPrivacyToolsFAQsDisclaimerSitemap figshare. credit for all your research. work_fvjk46weavghhkap7qmhvhr4z4 We use conceptual spaces to model knowledge-what and the relations between properties and categories involved in induction. Knowledge-what concerns relations between properties and categories and we argue that it cannot be Knowledge-what concerns relations between properties and categories and we argue that it cannot be From this perspective, inductive inferences can be seen as natural processes in cognitive systems, rather than in language, that occur when an agent categorises its sensory input and then makes generalisations or predictions using its understanding of these categories. for our partitioning of knowledge types and in section 6 we turn to cognitive psychology for experimental evidential input concerning inductive reasoning. relation between categories and properties as a special form of knowledge, which we In this section, we take a cognitive neuroscientific perspective and present a different kind of support for our thesis that knowledgewhat is a separate form of knowledge by mapping our partitioning of the three types of work_fwckd4g3grbz5kb3yc7dyhgubq The Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model of the action potential is perhaps the single most important Within the membrane, there are specific channels that conduct either sodium or potassium. 4.3 Craver''s view: the HH model as a mechanism sketch 4.3 Craver''s view: the HH model as a mechanism sketch When Craver speaks of the HH model as a sketch, he has in mind primarily the explanation of If the lack of information about ion channels means that HH model was a sketch, then filling discovery of these molecular mechanisms [was] the action potential not merely modeled but ion channels became available that the mechanism of the action potential was fully elucidated. gating picture relates whole-cell behavior to events at a lower level via aggregation – ionic acknowledged, the HH model did indeed fail to explain the mechanism of conductance changes. [2008]: ''Physical Law and Mechanistic Explanation in the Hodgkin and Huxley Model work_fxcw6o4wrnepzfm3fc3aujxuy4 I examine the epistemic structure of scientific collaboration and argue that it gives rise to two arguments showing that moral and social values can legitimately play a role in scientists'' decision to accept something as scientific knowledge. Arguments against the ideal are advanced in tandem with case studies where moral and social values are claimed to play a legitimate role in of philosophers argue that the value-free ideal is not feasible because nonepistemic values can legitimately influence the choice of background assumptions that play a role in a scientist''s decision to accept a hypothesis individual scientists and scientific communities, they all neglect an intermediate social level in science: research groups. insofar as collective acceptance and trust-based acceptance play an epistemic role in science, some moral and social values can play a legitimate Therefore, a joint commitment provides group members with a moral and social reason for asserting and supporting a view (see also Mathiesen 2006, 169). work_fxkp5jqtx5fwvipg7e7w3r3s7e Physical theories continue to be interpreted in terms of particles. physically possible conditions, the state-dependent monadic properties of σ are 4 Particle ontologies developed as interpretations of scientific theories typically include the sets of models which correspond to non-trivial sets of one-particle specifications such that each are approximately the specifications corresponding to a two-particle model of the theory. (1) The models in α are interpreted as representing the properties of a single particle. (3) The models in γ are interpreted as representing the properties of two particles. So to any model there also corresponds an indexed set of particle specifications. models share the same interpretation, then the indexed set of particle specifications pair of specifications in the interpretation of a two-particle model, one of which is within ε of s1 one-particle density operators on the Hilbert space and specifications in the interpretations of work_fymfvwsjcveb7li2pnkn6tflia According to the semantic view of scientific theories, theories are classes of models. alternative semantic view of theories, according to which a theory is a class of models. consequences of the the semantic view of theories in the philosophy of the particular sciences. The semantic view of theories has trickled down into the consciousness of the next generation of philosophers of science. claimed that the semantic view of theories makes a difference for some other philosophical Model isomorphism criterion for theoretical equivalence: If theories T and T ′ are According to the semantic view, a theory is a class of models. As explicated by Giere, Suppe, and van Fraassen, a theory is a class of models plus a theoretical the semantic view identifies theories with sets of models. of a theory in a particular language (syntax) and a single class of models (semantics). work_g2axwt4cefaqhnbtlwulasz4se discontinuities shown in the historical record of science; contrary to Laudan''s arguments, there are significant elements of successful scientific theories that get preserved even through revolutionary upheavals, and those 2. Psillos on the Caloric Theory of Heat. Psillos argues that the ''''laws of the caloric theory can be deemed to be Let us see if the history of the caloric theory supports the preservative the ''''three stages in the development of the caloric theory'''': laws of calorimetry, the adiabatic law, and Carnot''s theory of heat engines (Psillos 1994, the caloric theory, the preservation of calorimetric practices into later science is neither here nor there when we are trying to see whether the case of the caloric theory was not due to the belief in the material reality of heat. reference, Laudan''s point can be reformulated as follows: the caloric theory was empirically successful, but the assumptions about the nature of work_g3ylzantznbhthtztwy3iwodvi Werndl, Charlotte and Steele, Katie (2013) Climate models, calibration, and confirmation. evidence both to calibrate or tune climate models and also to confirm Section 6 discusses the worry that past data are irrelevant for model adequacy in the future and hence cannot be used for calibration or confirmation. Section 7 discusses a different sense of incremental confirmation that climate scientists may have in mind: non-comparative confirmation, which concerns our confidence in a model tout court, i.e. relative to its entire complement. In standard Bayesian terms, the confirmation of one base-model hypothesis, e.g., L, with respect to another, e.g., Q, depends on the likelihood ratio was used to calibrate/confirm base-model hypotheses concerning past climate behaviour, whereas in the Knutti et al. that double-counting is bad and that separate data must be used for calibration and confirmation of base-model hypotheses—is by no means obviously work_g4l2piq3lrdvdglsb7bpwsepve linguistics conform to Reichenbach''s common cause principle (CCP). CCP that have been discussed in the abstract by philosophers correspond to textbook caveats regarding inference in historical linguistics. (i) Although we assumed that the frequencies reliably indicate probabilities in this example, it is correlations among the probabilities themselves, not the frequencies, that bespeak common causes. between methods of computing Avogadro''s number constitutes a striking correlation, to be explained in terms of a common cause: the actual difference between the ways in which evolutionary biology and historical linguistics attempt to answer one of these types of question. ancestral language from which English and German have both descended--within which this common cause type is sometimes instantiated. who have attempted to base genealogical inferences upon phonetic similarities of words in different languages, most notably Joseph Greenberg, have met with strong resistance. Similarly, in historical linguistics, inferences about the common ancestry of languages are often made without any explicit attempt to work_g4zz4bdk5fh4rdvajwart7ghga Glymour''s "bootstrap" account of confirmation is designed to provide an analysis of evidential relevance, which has been a serious problem for hypotheticodeductivism. As set out in Theory and Evidence, however, the "bootstrap" condition allows confirmation in clear cases of evidential irrelevance. bootstrap condition is designed to allow a sentence including only "observational" vocabulary to confirm hypotheses framed in a richer "theoretical" vocabulary. The most significant merit of the bootstrap condition, according to Glymour, is that it provides an account of how a bit of evidence can confirm account most naturally gives a simple two-place confirmation relation between an evidence statement E and an hypothesis or theory H: E confirms difficulties, is that each account attempts to define the confirmation relations within a theory by looking only at the set of sentences entailed But the example suggests the possibility that no confirmation theory can satisfactorily account for our intuitions by looking only at the sets of sentences work_g5sfnu65trbnfche6lxyiqziue [PDF] Counterfactual Desirability | Semantic Scholar journal={The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}, Preferences based on such value dependencies between actual and counterfactual outcomes generate a class of problems for orthodox decision theory, the best-known perhaps being the so-called Allais paradox. In this article we solve these problems by extending Richard Jeffrey''s decision theory to counterfactual prospects, using a multidimensional possible-world semantics for conditionals, and showing that… Expand Sort by Most Influenced Papers Philosophy of Science View 4 excerpts, cites background View 4 excerpts, cites background The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science View 5 excerpts, references background View 2 excerpts, references background and methods By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_g6cnurbjhneavh2kjkzghvejtm This paper investigates a problem for statistical model evaluation, in particular for curve fitting: by employing a different family of curves we can the example, the best fitting curve from the quadratic model will have a higher complex model the same number of data points will be used to determine a data with a model based on trigonometric functions, or sine curves for short. a perfect fit to m data points with a polynomial curve of degree m − 1. Figure 2: The sine curve that perfectly fits the scatter plot. The fact that there are infinitely many equally well-fitting sine curves incapacitates some of the standard model evaluation tools. By contrast, the set of best fitting sine curves alters significantly with the addition of a point, not so much by Well fitting polynomial curves of a given degree are concentrated in a particular region within the model, in which posterior probability work_g6n73wjnivfx3di5ddwqelopp4 from multiple predator-prey models and that, therefore, the Volterra Principle is a prime Volterra Principle, extending Weisberg''s and Reisman''s work, and I discuss the consequences of these results for robustness analysis. In the current article, I present new results concerning the Volterra Principle, extending and refining Weisberg''s and Reisman''s work, and I discuss Volterra''s motivation for formulating the predator-prey model was an empirical phenomenon in need of explanation.3 The explanandum concerns Population density of the predator-prey system with orbit L at the equilibrium point Q on average; this is Volterra''s Second Law. If equations (1) and (2) of He argues that the Volterra Principle is robust, given that it can be obtained in different predator-prey models.8 Specifically, Weisberg claims, we can modify the structure of the original predator-prey model by adding density dependence and predator satiation and still obtain the Volterra Principle; Volterra''s explanation, based on the original predator-prey model, establishes that it is possible work_g757evi44fairadglsw2ojf4xi differences, looking at Hertz‟s attitude to the atomic theory, to the mechanical Keywords: Mach, Hertz, mechanics, positivism, atomism, force, metaphysics Positivist Readings of Hertz''s Principles of Mechanics Hertz, arguing that „the concept of force gradually developed, from being a concept of force from mechanics altogether was finally completed‟ (ibid., the mechanical and atomic physics and a follower of Kant‟ (Mach 1909, p.11). Hertz actually influenced Mach in his conception of the „intermediate‟ aim of Hertz and Mach are both well-known as critics of Newtonian mechanics. Mach also objected to Hertz‟s characterization of forces as „idle wheels‟, For Mach, „the present form of our science of mechanics rests on an historical Noting Hertz‟s concession, Mach rightly observes that Hertz himself, „with his concept of force, and interprets Hertz‟s mechanics as a move in this direction Mach, as relentlessly striving to eliminate the concept of force from mechanics. work_g7avlzy4w5aptgogoaqboedm7a determinate and the indeterminate real and objective, consistent with physics? each case we do obtain a local system of time-slices. a;b; ::: denote Sim, there is a binary relation between equal-time projectionsba;bb; ::: denote Def, depending on the universal state5, such that Def(ba;bb) if and all events, respectively the set of all projections, into equivalence classes corresponding to the di¤erent moments of time A;B;::: in spacetime, and to di¤erent According to Lewis, possible worlds bear no physical relations with one another. But we can make sense of actualism combined with possibilism: a determinate past, up to a certain moment of time, is all that exists; the future does natural from the point of view of a state-reduction theory. many possible events, at di¤erent places and times, each with a locally-de�ned universal state is de�ned on Minkowski spacetime: whatever else relativity is, The process is to be de�ned at each space-time point, as an e¤ective state work_g7hc43pd7rd6lc3ut5xamlpdi4 Halvorson (2012) argues that the semantic view of theories leads to absurdities. Glymour (2013) shows how to inoculate the semantic view against Halvorson''s criticisms, namely by making it into a syntactic view of theories. According to Clark Glymour (2013), my argument against the semantic view of theories the semantic view of theories — a version that takes seriously van Fraassen''s claim that, an account of when two models of a theory are isomorphic. "While a theory may have many different formulations, its set of models is what Glymour suggests that semantic+L maintains this picture of a class of models as the "invariant content" among different linguistic formulations of a theory. But semantic+L is inconsistent with the idea that a class of models is the invariant content This point (that models are not the invariant content of equivalent theories) raises a Theoretical equivalence and the semantic view of theories. work_ga7qm6sag5b6xltgjrzkf2gwai its central assumption about complex systems, indispensable for the derivation of macrolevel from microlevel dynamics, appears to be false. The essence of epa is to assign a probability distribution over the behaviors of each of a complex system''s individual enions. the probabilities characterizing the behavior of individual enions, and second, a set of fluctuations perturbing the outcome of the deterministic process. At this stage epa makes a significant assumption, that the enion probabilities, although they concern microlevel events, have values that depend Enion probability analysis makes two crucial, wide-ranging probabilistic assumptions in order to achieve its derivation of macrolevel laws from microlevel behavior. depend on these sorts of microlevel details; they will not, in practice, significantly affect your ability to derive macrolevel behavior from the enion probabilities (Strevens 2003, §4.6). enion probability, I now suppose, concern the distribution of initial conditions for some large—perhaps infinitely large—group of coin tosses. that enion probabilities in complex systems have microconstant evolution work_gahlka4btfhmjfzs7fhbi565cq Interlevel Experiments and Multilevel Mechanisms in the Neuroscience of Memory Interlevel Experiments and Multilevel Mechanisms in the Neuroscience of Memory The dominant neuroscientific theory of spatial memory is, like many theories in neuroscience, a multilevel description of a mechanism. a taxonomy of interlevel experimental strategies for integrating the levels in such multilevel mechanisms. Mechanisms, as they are understood in contemporary neuroscience, are collections of entities and activities organized in the production of regular changes from start or setup LTP is a crucial activity in the mechanisms of memory. The activities and properties of the entities in the lower level mechanism may themselves be subject To summarize, the mechanism sketch for memory is multilevel; its current description includes mice learning and remembering, hippocampi generating spatial maps, synapses inducing LTP, and macromolecules binding or destroy some component entity or activity in a lower level mechanism work_gaunras6aravlnsozl6qkb3fgu Tugby, Matthew (2013) ''Graph-theoretic models of dispositional structures.'', International studies in the stimulus relations (discussed below) in Bird''s property graphs should be eradicated, bringing manifestation model with Bird''s other graph-theoretic constraints. manifestation (and stimulus) relations, there can be no question of a graph representing two certain manifestation, the property of being charged is essentially related via the second-order Bird''s second-order structures concern manifestation and stimulus relations between properties (but perhaps not all graphs) must have at most one manifestation relation As is clear in Bird''s graphs (see Figure 1, for example), he sees stimulus properties as done by firstly relating the reciprocal dispositions to the very same manifestation property. course Bird''s stimulus constraint, which the mutual manifestation model replaces): the graph properties is going to arise again for any mutual manifestation graph containing an odd these simple cases of mutual manifestation, a property graph will always contain an even work_gbwaz3lvyvc3hja3wv2qc5i3cu Several theorists have recently proposed that the mechanistic approach to scienti�c explanation provides the right framework for making sense of computation in physical systems, 124-25); while the appeal to mechanism plays a role only in accounting for how computations are implemented in physical systems. a crucial feature that distinguishes computational systems is that their vehicles are individuated in medium-independent terms. It concerns those functional types that place no constraints on the physical constitution of realising systems, but only on their degrees of freedom. that computational systems are those mechanisms with the teleological function to perform Mechanisms, it appears, cannot have the teleological function to perform concrete computations, since these are individuated in a medium-independent way, individuated in medium-independent terms can be involved in the bestowing of teleological functions, at least in the special domain of computational systems. of designed computers and cognitive systems (in the latter case, courtesy of functionalism), there can be teleofunctions to manipulate medium-independent vehicles according work_gcp7aof475hebafc7rxpelt42u This paper argues that if propensities are displayed in objective physical chances propensities understood as dispositional properties of objects, systems, or chance Thus a coin''s propensity to land heads is displayed in a chance (prob = manifestation is ''chancy'': the disposition is displayed in a chance or probability propensities of the coin determine with certainty that the chance of landing heads of the indexed probability account of propensities and chance phenomena, and chances according to the indexed probability account, as well as the extent to propensities appear as conditional variables within the chance functions. case of propensities, the manifestation property obtains with a certain probability coin with a propensity precisely displayed as a chance 1/3 to land heads, even probability account of the relation between propensities and their chancy chance or probability function that displays the propensity without in any way chances on this view are indexical properties in their relation to propensities. work_gdiftgfprnd67dtjziwh36hwzq Many results within the inclusive fitness framework, including Hamilton''s rule, are derived from the Price equation, which is a general description of evolutionary change. Section 4.1 and the appendix discuss how inclusive fitness results derived from the Price equation are related to the replicator dynamics, which light of an emphasis on different modeling techniques: the critiques that inclusive fitness requires the assumption of weak selection and cannot provide dynamically sufficient models. changes in gene frequencies are small enough to be ignored.5 This assumption is used in various ways in inclusive fitness models: in employing estimation methods for calculating relatedness, in ignoring higher-order effects By contrast, evolutionary game theory, one of the preferred frameworks of the critics of inclusive fitness, tends to provide highly idealized models, making many assumptions that we know are not true of any real population but that allow us work_gfa3wovtgnaozku3jihcuoivs4 random matrix models, causal sets, loop quantum gravity, and group field theory. Section 2 presents three tools for interpreting theories without spacetime: (1) approximations, (2) similarities, and (3) internal criteria. diagrams and random matrix models), while section 4 deals with theories with interpretations that either completely resist visualisation, or do not require it for the problem In the next section, we will present three tools for interpreting theories without spacetime, and for rendering them intelligible. The important point for scientific understanding is that the application of approximations, or linkage relations, can also be used to induce a (partial) interpretation of a theory Two of the quantum gravity theories that we will consider in section 4 replace spacetime by a more fundamental discrete structure underlying it. obtained either directly through the tools (Similar) and (Internal), or via (Approximation), from the spacetime interpretation of the top theory, Tt—general relativity, say. work_giazn5ccqjhgxn4hax2kexazqi is that Hamiltonians of gases which are epsilon-ergodic are typical with respect to follows the desired conclusion that typical initial conditions approach equilibrium That is, for epsilon-ergodic systems initial conditions that lie on TDlike solutions are m-typical (we will see below how exactly this result is used that Hamiltonians which are epsilon-ergodic for the energy values relevant that Hamiltonians which are epsilon-ergodic for the energy values relevant what we need is that epsilon-ergodic Hamiltonians are typical in the set of Lennard-Jones potential found the motion to be epsilon-ergodic for the energy values relevant to gases. If small perturbations of Lennard-Jones gases were not epsilon-ergodic, are typically epsilon-ergodic for the energy values relevant to gases. are typically epsilon-ergodic for the energy values relevant to gases. By definition a Hamiltonian is t-typical if it is epsilon-ergodic. "Typicality and the Approach to Equilibrium in Boltzmannian Statistical Mechanics." Philosophy of Science (Proceedings) work_ginyufi4rvfjlggintgfexyw5u Recently, Bechtel and Abrahamsen have argued that mathematical models study the dynamics of While we appreciate Bechtel and Abrahamsen''s point that mathematical/computational models are synthetic modeling as a kind of material recomposition strategy also points beyond the mechanistic mathematical/computational models could recompose mechanisms by "reassembling the parts and into the basic components of the circadian mechanisms in various model organisms and the 2011) have developed the idea that mathematical and computational modeling studies the dynamic informed the mathematical/computational modeling of circadian oscillations. mathematical/computational modeling in mechanistic research very important. mathematical/computational models but from biological material, such as genes and proteins. The first step in constructing the Repressilator consisted in designing a mathematical model, which constructed a mathematical model of a gene regulatory network Elowitz and Leibler performed Above we have studied two synthetic models in response to Bechtel and Abrahamsen''s claim that However, the practice of synthetic modeling shows that Bechtel and Abrahamsen''s work_gmxk5xdl25hz5gkowey3evndhi This paper has three parts: I will say what the hard problem is supposed to be, describe a way of thinking of physical theories that is as the identification of an ostended bit of physical space and the coordinates assigned the spot on a map of the terrain, which is to say are supposed to stand against any identification of phenomenal properties with their physical bases, the arguments from which the hardness by a space of metaphysically possible worlds (one for each mathematically describable assignment of properties to arrangements of individuals), with a distinguished class corresponding to the physical possi The fact that such and such a physical property represents this rather than that phenomenal one is a fact about the interpretation of the maps of possibility space contained in our physical point to apparently possible worlds in which physical and phenomenal our epistemic relations to physical and phenomenal properties. work_gogl5p5z7nbznki7fsd64q55zq he supports viewing selection and drift as mere statistical summaries of 1. I follow Walsh in considering explicitly only selection and drift among the evolutionary forces, although analogous arguments apply to others also. most commonly applied to special sciences (e.g., Woodward 2003), selection and drift both satisfy sufficient conditions for causation. On the causalist view, in contrast, the problem is immediately resolved by deeming these explanations examples of causal explanation. For these reasons, I endorse viewing selection and drift as causes and, example, and selection and drift, are merely particular instances of this general fact. the description dependence of selection''s and drift''s strengths is no argument against viewing them as causally explanatory. exactly the same token, it is sufficient here for the macrocausalist if selection and drift can be said to provide merely causal explanations as that causation is description dependent or else that drift and selection are work_goryuwe2gjbstcdiox6tubagmq Model Coupling in Resource Economics: Conditions for Effective Interdisciplinary Collaboration provide an empirical study of particular collaborations between economists and ecologists in resource economics. We discuss various features of how models are put together for interdisciplinary collaboration in these cases and show how the use of a for integrating ecological and economic models developed through successful collaborative interactions between groups of resource economists and various features of this framework serve to demarcate the nature and structure of the collaboration required between ecologists and economists (sec. economists collaborate on model building to solve specific resource management problems. specialized in resource economics, takes an explicitly collaborative interdisciplinary approach to building optimization models for resource management. As figure 1 illustrates, both economics and ecology have particular canonical model-building frameworks for capturing the effects of harvesting generate constraints on model-building practices and coordinate the modelMODEL COUPLING IN RESOURCE ECONOMICS 423 Coupling these ecological models with an economic optimization process work_gqwr6lebjvfzrf4v2scdzb4qhe The pragmatic character of the Dutch book argument makes it unsuitable as an "epistemic" justification for the fundamental probabilist dogma that rational partial beliefs Moreover, when called upon to defend the claim that rational degrees of belief must obey the laws of probability we generally and then explaining why having beliefs that obey the laws of probability contributes to the basic epistemic goal of accuracy. will then follow from NGA that it is irrational, from the purely epistemic perspective, to hold partial beliefs that violate the laws of probability. Section 5 shows that degrees of belief which violate the axioms of probability are less accurate than they otherwise could be relative to any reasonable measure of accuracy. and precise that their strengths can be measured by a real-valued credence function b that assigns every proposition X ( Q a unique degree truth-value, so too the accuracy of a partial belief should be a function work_gr5wpv2j4vashiwpzvtgl5eoji asymptotically stable if the dynamics carries every possible initial state in the interior of dynamical evolutionary models from my book, Evolution of the Social Contract. dynamic stability in the bargaining game with random encounters and global asymptotic In the case of the signaling game, the dynamical stability properties are quite equilibrium is said to be hyperbolic and the eigenvalues determine the local dynamical zero eigenvalue, this is not a hyperbolic equilibrium, and its local dynamical stability is globally asymptotically stable that the dynamics carries every point in the interior of In model 1, there is no globally asymptotically stable equilibrium. 4.2 The All Fair equilibrium in model 1 is locally asymptotically stable and stability, Model 2 is structurally stable. dynamics, the All Fair equilibrium in model 1 is asymptotically stable and attracts dynamics, the All Fair equilibrium in model 1 is asymptotically stable and attracts work_grchzi6yzvgkvlmpolcs53mohy understanding, explanation, good reasoning, and about how we ought to do philosophy based on the same evidence, the predictions of SPRs are at least as reliable, SPRs have been proven more reliable than humans at predicting the success of electroshock therapy, criminal recidivism, psychosis and neurosis When these conditions obtain, then the reliability of a linear model''s predictions are not particularly sensitive to the weights assigned to the cues. of SPRs, many experts still base judgments on subjective impressions and reason is that in studies in which experts are given SPRs and are permitted choice to use an improper unit weight model or to reason the way human Faust, David and Paul Meehl (1992), "Using Scientific Methods to Resolve Enduring Questions within the History and Philosophy of Science: Some Illustrations", Behavior Therapy 23: 195–211. (2002), "Scientific Explanation and the Sense of Understanding", Philosophy of Science 69: 212–234. work_grjyf6l4cveplbv7o4ivznetda Keywords Laws nature · Logical form · Conditionals · System · Equations Schema (1) characterises the logical form of laws as universally quantified conditionals where F and G are replaced by predicate clauses. type, then they will be a certain way, i.e. there is an antecedent comprising a classificatory predication of the kind of system the law is about (e.g. an epidemic, a stratum, Moreover, there are laws which are neither characteristically represented by equations nor in the form of a conditional, such as, the case since the variables in the ideal gas law, unlike purely mathematical equations, are associated with scientific units, e.g. Newtons-per-meter-squared (Nm−2) But laws cannot have the form Bx where x is a variable ranging over entities and B is a behavioural predicate indicating that whatever satisfies it bears certain Bowditch''s law appears to condition the behaviour of a certain type of entity on the work_gs4ekj76lrenbpkny7ha5imz6u and make use of the distinctive possibilities for information processing and communication that quantum systems allow: quantum features like entanglement and noncommutativity are put to work. assisting communication and it illustrates vividly several of the general features associated with quantum information protocols, most notably the fact that entanglement (a Shannon information H(X) measures in bits (classical two-state systems) the resources context7, for example, when considering the transmission of classical (Shannon) information over a channel consisting of quantum devices; but it is also possible to introduce an the source selecting the states to be teleported by Alice H(A); the mutual information Note that the amount of information that Bob may acquire from the teleported state quantum state is teleported from Alice to Bob with nothing that bears any relation above, the specification information associated with the state teleported to Bob is not above, the specification information associated with the state teleported to Bob is not work_gtfjrre7grezhidsxkpywtbk6u Abstract: This short paper explores the overall relation between philosophy of science and science such as the influence of lot of peoples confused of the very meaning and contribution of philosophy in general and philosophy of science in particular I suggest that philosophy has indirect contribution for human life as it tries to be claims that "there is no such thing as philosophy-free science; Basically the relation between philosophy and science are Having discussed the influence of philosophy on science; The other point is "does philosophy of science necessarily Philosophy of science, as more specific theory of knowledge, knowledge?'' is broader than philosophy of science which positive relations between philosophy and science in the philosophy in such a way that philosophers are still discussing science, its facts and laws has always related it to philosophy, paper, the relation between philosophy and science is 2018 Scientific Philosophy and Philosophical 2002 The Relation between Philosophy, Science, work_gwihthidwnczrcgs7gbzznf7vq the importance of the dynamics of methodology transfer between arts and sciences and the "interactive autopoiesis, dynamic self, embodied cognition, enactive intersubjectivity, performance The work titled Mapping'' Performance Art in Context, originally researched between art, science, technology and society, the role of the performative act within scientific (enriched with new technological approaches and systems science insight into the problem of and artistic interactions, internal dynamism in relations between memory and representation; the context of the theory of performative arts: mental event, intersubjective identity, "Intermedia" which led to university program development based on technology-science-art In the context of recent development in the field of systems science applied to performance relational self in the context of an interpersonal cognitive theory13? 3– under the title Interactive Continuum: Performative Approaches in Art & Science, includes 12example: "The authors propose an interpersonal social-cognitive theory of the self and [85] Gallagher, S.: Philosophical conceptions of the self: Implications for cognitive science. work_gx5iilqq55e7tp6wdpe6js5mga construct a single aggregate judgment on the causal relations between the variables aggregation so as to preserve the causal information contained in probability judgments. we therefore pursue an alternative two-stage approach, aggregating �rst the qualitative causal judgments represented by the DAGs (Section 3) and then the quantitative judge X and Y to be causally independent with common cause Z, then that independence judgment should be re�ected in the aggregate probability function Pr. This Consider a group of n individuals, labelled 1, 2, ..., n, each of whom holds a particular judgment on the nature of the causal relevance relation between the variables rule, never generates an aggregate causal relevance relation violating acyclicity. n, it becomes possible to construct an admissible pro�le hc1;c2; :::;cni of individually acyclic causal relevance relations such that, for some set of distinct variables V1, V2, ..., Vm0, each of V1cV2, ..., Examples of causal judgment aggregation rules violating independence are work_gxd2gghy4nh2pp5aah7mw4qwla Structural realism first emerged as an epistemological thesis aimed to avoid the socalled pessimistic metainduction on the history of science. Epistemic structural realism (ESR; Worrall 1989) intends this as an epistemological position, to the effect that we can be realists about whatever that ESR is a stronger claim than OSR on the basis that it requires commitment both to structure—that is, relations—and to individuals (possibly, think is suggested by the fact that in the extant formulations of the argument under consideration, OSRists just state that there are different object-based accounts of the particles'' nature and do not engage a critical however, appears quite clear: both the individuality and the nonindividuality views are based on objects and monadic properties (possessed by should reconceptualize the quantum domain in terms of physical structures as primitives, from which objects ''emerge'' as relational ''nodes'' In fact, Muller argues, the ''discovery'' that quantum particles are relationals is very good news for the OSRist. work_gxl72uy2ubdlfld6tfpddhap3u (proliferation of contained species) substitutes for clade reproduction in the evolution of complex adaptation, (2) clade-level properties favoring persistence – species richness, species-level traits, (3) such properties can be maintained by selection on clades, and (4) genes, cells, organisms and species (multi-level selection or MLS theory). (increase speciation or suppress extinction) will be selected for at the level of species. Species in a genus or higher-level clade, (and, as we shall see, bacteria in a clone) do not unlike lower-level entities (arguably including species), are clades collectively "interactors" a constituent species: there is no distinct genusor higher clade-level reproductive from selection or drift at the levels of genes, cells, organisms and species, they are not the organisms and mine is on understanding clades above species as entities under selection What selection sees at the species level (specialization) is not what it sees at the clade work_gyc2zoq5dng3zf3dhqxmr6bkoq Philosophy University of Kent Jump to accessibility statement News and events Student email Staff email Kent hosts UK''s premier Philosophy conference Dr Lauren Ware asks what the philosophy of emotion contributes to the Universal Basic Income debate Search courses Study for your Master''s or PhD in a place of academic excellence and intellectual excitement. Meet our inspirational academic staff and support team. Information for applicants Research community The difference between being good and being kind Professor Simon Kirchin discusses the crucial difference between ''thick'' and ''thin'' concepts Connect with us on twitter All open days and visits Social media links Follow us on Twitter Subscribe to us on Youtube Subscribe to us on TikTok Access agreements Business services Student experience Information for Other links © University of Kent © University of Kent Accessibility We use cookies to improve your experience on our site. How do we use cookies? work_h3hzgiygwvevllw5xkm2i7l3di Even if we give up the capacity for mark transmission as a fundamental explication of causal process-as I will do-the concept of In his elaboration of the foregoing definitions Dowe mentions massenergy, linear momentum, angular momentum, and electric charge as examples of conserved quantities. A causal process is a world-line of an object that manifests an invariant quantity, A causal process is a world-line of an object that manifests an invariant quantity at each moment c ~ i t s history (each spacetime point of its trajectory). A causal process is a world-line of an object that manfests a nonzero amount of an invariant quantity at each moment of A causal process is a world-line of an object that transmits a nonzero amount of an invariant quantity at each moment of , (1992c), "Wesley Salmon''s Process Theory of Causality and the Conserved Quantity Theory", Philosophy of Science 59: 195-2 16. work_h3v5gr4zrvbkdkiuupuuhcuehu Hawthorne and Fitelson, we reconstruct the problem with reference to Bayesian confirmation theory. the list.) Indeed, the large majority of contemporary Bayesian philosophers of science seem to have subscribed to the following thesis: conjunct to hypothesis h with regard to evidence e just in case x is probabilistically independent from both h and e as well as from . The Bayesian problem of irrelevant conjunction is that, for any Bayesian confirmation measure, if e confirms h, then e also confirms , even if x is a confir-h ∧ x to actually have (2) as a theorem of Bayesian confirmation theory, we Fitelson (2004) themselves, a result of this kind provides a standard Bayesian solution to the problem of irrelevant conjunction.8 confirmation and the irrelevant conjunction problem is likely to come to (1999), "The Plurality of Bayesian Measures of Confirmation and the Problem (2004), "Bayesianism and Irrelevant Conjunction", Philosophy of Science 71: 515– work_h3xqp4v3l5dybk7ja5r4uxfbsa Conventionalism, Structuralism and Neo-Kantianism in Poincaré''s Philosophy of Science Poincaré scientific knowledge is relational and made possible by synthetic a priori, of continuity in theory change, I argue that Poincaré defends a complex structuralist Poincaré''s argument for the conventionality of geometry and mechanics to generalise to the whole Poincaré''s "layered" approach to scientific theories, according to which empirical science Poincaré''s overall epistemology of science, his conventionalism and neo-Kantian indistinguishable theory by changing the geometry and modifying the physical laws (for 7 Poincaré argues that our choice of geometrical space is limited to three alternative geometries of In chapter 3 of Science and Hypothesis, Poincaré discusses non-Euclidean geometries and conventionalism, we can now analyse Poincaré''s arguments for the conventional status of laws of motion, according to Poincaré are not empirical but conventional. scientific theories relates to Poincaré''s structuralism. Poincaré argues that the relations revealed by scientific theories are conditioned work_h4aeywmvwfattldea5f4mf7eha in terms of errors of measurements of objectively existent attributes exclusive, it is impossible—thus Bohr argues—to afford a single welldefined picture of atomic phenomena, being on the other hand indispensable to split the image of reality into two complementary models, (Le. a reality independent of the experimenter) to objects at the atomic explains Bohr, because it implies that position and velocity are welldefined attributes of the object, whereas the point is just that we are meaning that the same physical reality admits of two possible interpretations, each of which is as true as the other, although the two possible descriptions of physical objects, and thus falls into the realm imply the assertion of the objective existence of a reality hidden, for (pertaining to or related to the object) with absolute, which in physics laws do refer to objects existing independently from our acts of relative objectivities as well as absolute subjectivities. work_h4tec7dv7bec5ngaovnna56scq author is free from the dogmatic belief medical ethics and Caplan is concerned to pinpoint the source of role in ethical decision-making; it is, main problems with applied ethics, ethics can be employed in medical settings by the deduction of conclusions deduction, and then applying ethical applied ethics has become the final as a useful and pragmatic contribution to the philosophy of health care, numerous ethical problems which philosophers should draw on metaphysics, on ethics, on sociology, and a As David Lamb''s introduction stresses, the articles in this book philosophy can contribute to the way approach to treatment is inadequate. A ''holistic'' approach, which acknowledges and influences the personal feelings and circumstances of the patient, views the patient as one would a damaged machine. that ''Patients seek treatment from ethics and human nature'', might give disease'', Kevin White attacks ''empiricist'' and ''normative'' analyses of general issues in the philosophy of work_h5cdma6p3res5mrcc5xg4sw7ry (A) that Einstein, when introducing special relativity, violated ''cardinal'' principles of Mach''s philosophy (205); Now the fact that Einstein violated some ''principles'' of Mach''s philosophy Zahar mentions four conflicts between Mach and Einstein''s ideas and procedures. (A2) Einstein''s definition of simultaneity violates ''one of Mach''s cardinal methodological principles'' (205) and it on the other) as a difference between philosophies (Mach''s and Einstein''s). in Einstein''s early research that show a similarity to Mach''s philosophy and Note that Zahar cannot explain the role of experiments in Mach''s objections: one does Zahar on Mach, Einstein and Modern Science 281 Zahar on Mach, Einstein and Modern Science 281 Zahar on Mach, Einstein and Modern Science 281 Zahar on Mach, Einstein and Modern Science 281 Zahar on Mach, Einstein and Modern Science 281 Mach, Einstein, Bohr use philosophy as an instrument of research that work_h5kxlzrcdjde7dno7ge7v3snme belief expressionism – and show how it can explain how mathematics provides us with expressive Yablo says that participants in mathematical discourse do not believe that there are numbers ''except mathematical talk, on Yablo''s view, is governed by principles of generation such as the instances of Yablo''s make-believe game offered expressive advantages: by claiming within the pretence make the mathematical sentence true within the pretence, people with autism come to believe that The belief expressionist can explain how ''The number of sheep is square'' instance, it is implausible to think that we simulate belief in mathematical propositions; Yablo''s It seems that any communication Yablo can explain, the belief expressionist Nominalist belief expressionists deny that there are mathematical objects. The nominalist belief expressionist can explain why we formed our mathematical expressionist, Yablo attributes no mathematical belief to us at all, and so does not attribute any work_h74tvl5fxranhauhl4szhz556u I am grateful to Helen Longino for her thoughtful and sympathetic reading of my book, Science, Truth, and Democracy (Kitcher 2001a). realism" in the early chapters of my 2001 book to those I offered earlier Longino describes as offering my vision of "the governance of science." I think Longino recognizes an important distinction between an ideal at my ideal, and invite a collaboration between philosophy of science and ideal of well-ordered science that it treats the pitching of scientific research radical" pluralism in which the sciences offer us "overlapping systems, In her book, Longino (2002) seems to want to illustrate the pluralism Kitcher, Philip (1982), "Genes", British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 33: 337–359. Kitcher, Philip (1984a), "1953 and All That: A Tale of Two Sciences", Philosophical Review Kitcher, Philip (1984b), "Species", Philosophy of Science 51: 308–333. Kitcher, Philip (1993), The Advancement of Science. Kitcher, Philip (2001a), Science, Truth, and Democracy. work_h7nt3mnmyvgehiycu2mcss75fe Undeniably, there is a special kind of intellectual satisfaction—an affective component—that occasions the acceptance of an explanation, a sense that we have achieved understanding of the phenomena. Peirce identifies the distinctive cognitive experience of explanatory understanding by isolating the moment of final acceptance; the good explanation "is turned back and forth like a key in a lock" (1908, 100). This subjective sense of understanding may be conveyed by a psychological impression that the explanatory mechanisms are transparent and coherent, or that the explanation seems plausible, and so should be confidently accepted. account of explanation, nor agreement about the important informal criteria for good explanation, producing what one review casts as "an embarrassment for the philosophy of science" (Newton-Smith, 2000, 132). the requirements of explanatory understanding, and located the intellectual value of scientific explanations in their power to achieve a number of explanatory understanding, many philosophers of science, such as scientific realists, hold that explanation plays a robust, epistemic role in theory work_h7pyzymyzjca3gzdylkp32552y scientific inference, in particular that concerning evidential relations, is not (in the appropriate sense) logical, the second fails to provide a non-question-begging account of ''same (i) Bernardo thinks that the agent''s background information should help the investigator build a statistical model, hence ultimately influence which prior the latter For simple statistical hypotheses, the Bayes factor and the likelihood ratio are identical, and capture the bare essentials of an account of evidence without any appeal to prior probability (Berger 1985, The first set of agents holds the same background information including the belief that simpler theories should be assigned high prior probabilities. One possible response to our second objection, that sameness of background information does not force different agents to arrive at one unique probability for a conclusion is that it not a genuine problem for strong objectivism. something like exchangeability to arrive at a unique probability, then the further question arises, ''how does a strong objectivist differ from a personalist Bayesian who work_h7wjd4jeinbvlf5wfchkvg4ozy We can imagine a human operator playing a game of one-upmanship against a programmed If the program is Fn, the human operator can print the theorem Gn, which the ''mentalist'' to argue that any given program can always be improves since the process for mechanism is true, a complete specification of the mental mechanism of each human being can Gödelian formula G, which a human being can see to be true. that a second computer, that is, another computer, could do as well as a human operator on this that it is the second computer that matches the human being, then there is another Gödelian formula which the second computer cannot produce as true but which a human being can. was not superiority---is the mind better than the machine, or vice versa?---but equality---is this, (1) I.J. Good, Human and Machine Logic, This Journal, 18,1967, pp.145-146. work_hagxrj5kmrdfzhj3gsnrjocidi proper treatment of correlation in evolutionary game dynamics has unexpected connections with philosophical discussions of the correct theory decision theory according to which the weights used in calculating expected utility of an act are not the unconditional probabilities of states of In fact the conditional expected utility of The Logic of Decision is a correct model for calculating expected fitness in generalized evolutionary Under favorable conditions of correlation, the strategy of cooperation can take over the entire population. pure strategies in correlated evolutionary game theory? In evolutionary game theory with random pairing, a state is Evolutionarily Stable if and only if it is Adaptive-Ratifiable. of evolutionarily stable state in correlated evolutionary game theory. For an example of a game with no adaptively ratifiable pure strategies in essentially the same framework, consider the fitness matrix in table 5.1 and the same model of frequency dependent cor strongly stable strategy in correlated evolutionary game theory providing work_hbvkp3j75vfevooo7qdpes55ke example, that improbable evolutionary changes occur in small populations, where (as we shall see in a moment) drift is supposed to be strong. in the small population: the unexpected outcome is more probable relative To illustrate drift-as-cause, consider Elliott Sober''s claim that selection In his discussion of selection and drift, Sober is dealing with the variability of trait distributions across possible populations (not within a Infinite populations achieve the predicted result deterministically by means of the main force of selection, but local disturbances local disturbances constitute drift-as-cause.7 A higher-order "populationist" view would take variation among possible populations to be fundamental; it would require no further cause to explain it. Evolutionary change at the morphological, functional, and behavioral levels results from the process of natural selection, operating The economist also discovers that hitherto overlooked transaction factors are relevant: elasticity takes on different values factor that is considered relevant to the theory of natural selection. work_hcovyombafd5bdvv5qbuqpzuau The relationship between economics and the philosophy of natural science has changed Shaked (1991) where economic arguments are applied directly to questions in the normative philosophy of natural science. well as the ideas of modern (neoclassical) economics-and thus constitute an approach to the philosophy of natural science that I have The basic philosophical problem situation in these papers is to explain how the right stuff (cognitively reliable scientific knowledge) can economics-inspired work in the philosophy of science (see Hands examples from economic science in the presentation of their more general philosophical program (e.g., Cartwright 1989; also see Hands One argument for involving economics in the philosophy of science The second, and perhaps more important, reason for involving economics in the philosophy of natural science is that it seems to provide R. (1992), "Fraud in Science: An Economic Approach", Philosophy of the Social Symposium: The Use of Economic Concepts in Contemporary Philosophy of Science work_hczgpwqlyfaclehqhyk4y4qhfm first presents a scheme for generating predictions from observations by means of hypotheses. paper then presents a general framework for hypotheses change, and proposes the predictions by means of hypotheses: Bayesian updating is used to adapt a probability over hypotheses to known observations, and this adapted However, after we have chosen these hypotheses and a prior probability over them, updating fully determines the scheme for generating predictions from hypotheses, to present an example can be determined as a function of an infinitely long sequence of observations e, then we can define hypotheses as subsets of in the followingqK With the introduction of new hypotheses, the probability over the observational algebra undergoes an external shock. change t, the new probability assignment over the hypotheses observes with Bayesian statistical inference to adopt the minimization of crossentropy as the update operation in cases of partition change. work_hftoqalofjfalky6zans7tirma argument that quantum objects (described by pure states) cannot have temporal parts. I propose that a perduring quantum object has temporal parts in the same way as it time they exist) and perdurantism (the view that persisting objects are temporally extended Like perdurantism, stage theory maintains that persisting objects have temporal parts. regarding the quantum state as describing a persisting material object. time t = 0, then the states |ψ(t)〉 describe the lifetime of a persisting object which exists at picture states |ψ(t)〉, then the temporal parts of a persisting quantum object correspond to sets Thus a suitable account of what is is for a quantum object |ψ〉 to have temporal parts will through time by having temporal parts in the same way as it persists through space by having mechanics and therefore persisting quantum objects do not have temporal parts, and so cannot work_hgco6kwkrvcqnal7y7jcokyskq society through observation and experiment is called science. The beginning of science was created by observation, understanding of nature. 1. What are the contributions of different civilizations to the development of science? Thus science originated in Greece, China, India and the Arab world. 1. Explain how the developments in science contributed to the evolution of ''modern Science is a systematic study of nature, or the world around us. science is the particular method that scientists use to arrive at these results or predictions. most basic question regarding scientific explanation is whether science can explain Ans. Science is a systematic study of nature, or the world around us. Ans. The history of science deals with the development of ideas, but the philosophy about science is the particular method that scientists use to arrive at these results or The words ''science'' and ''scientific'' have a special import in the modern society. work_hgq52iwbgvcmnl4fxxvnwjtge4 The aim of this paper is to discuss some aspects of the nature gravitational energy within the general theory of relativity. This is a very general definition of the energy-momentum tensor associated with any given matter fields, whose dynamics is derived from a energy-momentum conservation from the point of view of the space-time that is, by their associated Killing vector fields.4 The existence of a genuine (that is, integral) energy(-mometum) conservation law is then bound Now the integral formulation (6) genuinely means (non-gravitational) energy-mometum conservation (with respect to the intergal curves of the timelike vector field with respect to which integral non-gravitational energy-momentum conservation can be obtained; indeed, a timelike Killing vector field can be dependence of tµν shows that there is indeed no local (unique) gravitational energy-momentum, in the sense that such quantity cannot be in background with respect to which gravitational (and non-gravitational indeed) energy-momentum can be defined and localized. work_hgyli243xnbphjwnsbbloiglma account of what Lewisian special science laws should look like. matching of non-fundamental, special science laws is taken account of when judging the nothing like the past of the actual world in matter of fact, though the deterministic laws of If violation of such special science laws is built into the similarity metric, then science laws add to a world matter for the evaluation of counterfactuals. Worlds that violate special science laws are thus less similar to the actual world than those show how special science laws could be accounted for given Lewis''s view of lawhood. hope is that one special science law that is true of the actual world is the Second Law of the special science laws, there is no reason to think that there will be any most-similar A-worlds where there are Since one true special science law of the actual world is the work_hhkkxl7j2nhdnbgm42732d46ei However, in this paper I argue for an alternative empirical approach to "the present", equally by both of the block universe people and the presentists as a principle of ontological unity. alternatives to space and time as the ontological ground of the unity of what there is. time, but with the laws, which are viewed as providing a principle of unity. because according to the law-constitutive person the very principle that grounds the unity of a thing has law-constitutive approach to unity and change favors presentism. According to this approach, the dynamical laws ground the unity of a thing, and the time just as they "occupy" space: by existing as a unity that is spatiotemporally extended. adopting spacetime as the ground of ontological unity is better than using the dynamical laws. you choose to adopt dynamical laws as the ground of unity, an alternative version of presentism work_hhr4jjrwwzexxiosfs56yzrat4 Microsoft Word Scientific Progress Understanding versus Knowledge SHPS Resubmission Final.docx understanding-based account on which an episode in science is progressive develops an understanding-based account of scientific progress and argues that it is some further advantages of the noetic account of scientific progress over the epistemic increases as science makes progress is concerned with understanding natural phenomena as opposed to account of scientific progress as opposed to understanding-based views such as the noetic account. scientific progress is superior to the knowledge-based epistemic account. understanding-based noetic account of scientific progress is superior to the knowledgebased epistemic account. Thus the noetic account implies that there is scientific progress in cases of this sort. epistemic account says that the scientific progress made by Einstein''s contribution was Accordingly, on the noetic account of scientific progress, Einstein''s explanation which scientific understanding increases while no knowledge of theories or understanding-based noetic account of scientific progress. work_hk22utbcyvhvxd6ioalesjthfi Then I critically consider a possible way of strengthening the indispensability argument by reference to attractors in dynamical systems theory. So-called explanatory indispensability arguments have been advanced in this spirit with respect to mathematics, idealizations, abstractions, and emergence, for example (see, e.g., Baker 2009; Psillos nature of explanations, there are very good reasons not to adopt a blank commitment to any feature of reality that plays an indispensable explanatory role. In dynamical systems theory, mathematics can play an indispensable role in the presentation of phase Against this move, Lyon and Colyvan argue that Hamiltonian mechanics still raises serious issues for the nominalist due to its indispensable explanatory virtues: pointing to an alternative, potentially nominalizable presentation of dynamical systems arguably does not help the nominalist, if there As Smith (1998) clearly explains, strange attractors play an indispensable explanatory role with respect to nonlinear systems with dynamical quantities such as fluid circulation velocity, temperature, work_hki2ank2sffa5iabwiixdw6eie In The Logic of Decision Richard Jeffrey defends a version of expected utility theory In contrast with other decision theories, it is not possible within Jeffrey''s framework to secure expected utility obtain them within Jeffrey''s theory by imposing independent constraints on beliefs to go with the constraints we impose on preferences. * While Jeffrey''s account is not viable as a logic of decision, its underlying account of rational belief and desire must be incorporated rational preferences and her beliefs, is the province of the theory of choice. Jeffrey''s Theory of Pure Rationality: A confidence/preference ranking Most expected utility theories are founded on representation theorems that purport to deliver representations for preferences in which the probability in on rational belief from constraints on rational preference, pragmatist Bayesians may choose to reject Jeffrey''s account in favor of some theory The reason is that we causal decision theorists need Jeffrey''s theory to work_hkomcjfmlbe25os3z7e7rpt53i defend the Akaike Information Criterion as a criterion for model selection in scientific inference. the expected value of the interpolative predictive accuracy of the selected model, which may or can be applied to infer the inverse-square power law for centripetal acceleration from the harmonic therefore, dictates that the acceleration of the planets toward the sun be an inverse square law. An independent measure of the dependence of acceleration on distance from the sun is given Harper had cited from Newton for the inverse-square law for gravitation toward the sun – the acceleration field in Newton''s argument for the inverse-square law. measurements of parameters of an inverse-square acceleration field without providing either a extending the inverse-square law for an acceleration field toward the sun to distances not explored and ∆s for Jupiter and Saturn, while his harmonic law data for the orbits of the planets about the sun Newton''s inferences to inverse-square acceleration fields.11 work_hn2jhwvvizgzzo47gdzksqxgtq context-sensitivity that, in the presence of one set of stakes, provides a belief of one strength, noticing that treatments of stake-sensitive beliefs states are uncommon, I will turn to is open to further interpretation, but whether a belief''s strength is stake-sensitive seems a 3 To give an example, here is one possible avenue toward a treatment of stake-sensitive belief: quotients, for example, stake-sensitive beliefs exhibit indeterminacy in the betting quotients, credence and full belief (acceptance), and explicitly rules out stake-sensitive (rational) full 5. Imprecise Belief-strengths and Stake-sensitivity. particular reason for regarding belief as sensitive to what''s at stake. rational imprecise beliefs, an account that explicitly models stake-sensitive belief.4 Nau measures stakes by potential loss; the strength of a belief that p is sensitive to the the imprecise belief is unchanged, and not stake-sensitive. If stakes influence the belief-state sharpening Joyce and Nau differ on whether rational imprecise belief is stake-sensitive. work_hqlr5f3pqzcwfhtalmrvpldmfq i.e. scientific models that involve a mechanism, and to the role of coherence According to the mechanistic account, scientific explanation often involves a description (or a model) of the mechanism that produces a phenomenon of interest.2 Mechanistic the description (or a model) of the mechanism producing the explanandum phenomenon. the claims made by our best scientific explanations, theories and models about those parts how-actually models, describing real mechanistic components and activities in the world, To the extent that mechanistic explanations involve howactually models of the explananda phenomena, they need not be true descriptions of 3 This conclusion is underwritten by claims in the mechanism literature such as: ''Howpossibly models […] are not adequate explanations. Realist mechanists may insist that merely defining the parts of a mechanism does For also the antirealist''s mechanistic model of the action potential will, as it should be, fit models can be provided by both realist and antirealist mechanists. work_hqu6glwtwrhcnok6r6hj5va2jm Premium names often come with existing traffic since they are exact match terms people are searching for. Your new domain will naturally sound like the authority of your industry, which helps gain traffic from the search engines. With increased traffic, better brand recognition, and increased marketing success, you''re sure to have higher profits. A premium .Com domain adds value to your company right off the bat, and the value will continue to rise as your presence grows. Search for a Premium Domain Great brand recognition and memorability from advertising, marketing, and your web site landing pages. Poor domain names lose traffic and new customer conversions to better domain named companies, Microsoft Research calls this effect "domain bias in web search." Domain names have become a necessity for effective business and marketing endeavors. website, or part of a marketing campaign, anyone starting a business must secure a domain name. work_hsbk45jamzbzxgeq2moket5pcu Almost all computational models of the mind and brain ignore details about neurotransmitters, hormones, and other molecules. considerable evidence that chemical complexity really does matter to brain computation, including the role of proteins in intracellular computation, the operations of synapses and neurotransmitters, and the effects of neuromodulators such as hormones. Neural-network computational models typically treat neuronal processing as an electrical phenomenon in which the The neglect of neurochemistry in cognitive science would be appropriate if the computational properties of brains relevant to explaining mental to the ways in which the brain is a chemical as well as an electrical computer provides a qualitatively different view of mental computation than Most cognitive models using artificial neural networks describe the behavior of neurons by a parameter called activation, which represents the Thus spiking neural networks provide a promising new approach to computational modeling of the brain. computational models of neural networks, whether a neuron fires is not work_hsv6qgkrebhjbprezvwdxja4ye In this research, the area active in a neuroimaging study for a given task is identified that different brain areas perform different information processing operations (often referred to as computations) and that an explanation of a [E]lementary operations, defined on the basis of information processing analyses of task performance, are localized in different regions of approaches is seriously limited in its ability to fix the information processing activity performed by an area, giving rise to the need to invoke and permit a more detailed account of the information processing operations performed by brain areas. of a cognitive ability following a lesion does not directly reveal what information processing operation that area performed. Thus, while lesion studies can establish that a brain area plays a necessary role in a cognitive task, and even provide clues as to the information the information processing performed in the brain area. work_ht64r7qpzvgvbcihxphbmknp6q have a sensory memory is to neurophysiologically reconstruct a particular idea that you Keywords: Descartes; Sensory Memory; Animal Spirits; Machine Psychology; Mind-Body Union 25 Descartes''s treatment of corporeal memories parallels his treatment of innate ideas. which, facilitated by traces in the folds of the Memory, reconstruct sensory ideas. the fact that a physically identical sensory idea previously left traces in your Memory. mature Descartes identified this intellectual act of reflection with remembering, and memories Descartes renounced the corporeal reconstruction of sensory ideas. However, Descartes did not take corporeal memory and intellectual 34 Descartes also told Huygens that, qua immortal souls, we can use intellectual memory to remember the Intellectual memory enables souls to reconstruct universal ideas.35 Rather than being equivalent Descartes identified remembering with intellectual acts that interpret corporeal reconstructions. In any case, Descartes identified sensory memories with corporeal ideas reconstructed physiologically reconstruct ideas that parallel the sensory memories of humans in all physical work_htjrarqtwrhhli43piruq3e53m probability theory provides the link between coherence and truth. The theory I will develop about the relation of coherence and truth is naturalistic There are many standard objections to the coherence theory of truth (Young, A different way of trying to protect the coherence theory of truth against my coherence theory of truth is that coherence with currently available evidence supports the At the other extreme from the coherence theory of truth, there is the view that The phlogiston theory, for example, had very substantial explanatory coherence, I want to discuss a truth-related mark of coherent theories that is more promising than between coherence and truth, which I call the deepening maxim: Explanatory coherence leads to truth when a theory is not only the best and is deepened by explanations of why the theory''s proposed mechanism works, then The coherence theory of truth. The coherence theory of truth. work_hxn7zpihwrdn3i27bznypk5rma https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/philosophy-of-science-and-the-replicability-crisis(1d61bae7-cc7a-4d37-9cf5-b9f17561f1e9).html do work on several fronts, including conceptual analysis, history and philosophy of science, research ethics, and social Replicability is widely taken to ground the epistemic authority of science: We trust scientific findings because recent years, important published findings in the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences have failed to replicate Most likely, the replicability crisis is the result of the interaction of multiple methodological, statistical, and sociological factors (although authors often disagree about how much each factor contributes). successes (false positives), whereas the other 95% of the studies (true negatives) remain in the researchers'' file Publication bias fuels a second contributing factor to the replicability crisis, namely, QRPs. Since statistical significance determines publication, scientists have incentives to deviate (sometimes even unconsciously) to achieve It is true that scientists have recently identified particular findings that do not replicate, but this is a tiny step in the direction of self-correction. work_hy5rfatkrvaclg3yvoifemzgoq one 4-vector field faithfully represents the gauge properties within the region in question: this is vector field on a space-time manifold, but by a connection on a principal fiber bundle which has pull-back corresponding to each local section on this bundle uniquely defines a one-form (or covector) field on a corresponding open set of the (space-time) base manifold M. one-form field on the space-time manifold that represents the electromagnetic vector potential, given bundle section, these may also be represented by Lie-algebra-valued one-form and twoform fields (respectively) on (an open subset of) the base space-time manifold. different one-form fields Aµ related by a local gauge transformation do not represent distinct but fiber bundle directly reflects the structure of the local gauge potential it represents.5 I shall call properties of distinct space-time points, and no such relation for the connection to represent. potential may be represented by a connection on a principal fiber bundle over the space-time work_hzebdb5bhjh45m3uabrz26qhna A Dynamic Interaction Between Machine Learning and the Philosophy of Science The relationship between machine learning and the philosophy of science can be study highlighting interactions between research on Bayesian networks in machine learning and research on causality and probability in the philosophy of science. How is machine learning related to the philosophy of science? One view is that machine learning and the philosophy of science are Machine learning and philosophy of science are different endeavours: interaction between the philosophy of science and machine learning. Bayesian networks have been the hotbed of a particularly productive interaction between machine learning and the philosophy of science, largely due science can interact dynamically with machine learning. interactions from computer science to machine learning – as in Figure 1. Dynamic interactions: computer science, the philosophy of mathematics, the 34 For further applications of Bayesian networks to the philosophy of science see Hartmann work_i2abvyufsbbyhho3lmnzgfmsp4 Starting from a discussion of Peirce''s approach to diagrams, I claim that Peirce''s own representations are in line with his formulation of iconicity, and that they are more broadly Thus a mathematical model of a physical system is an iconic representation because its use provides new information the discovery of new aspects of the object of an iconic representation, but the relation of I claim that Peirce approached the question of representation first and foremost from the standpoint of his practice as a scientist and as a logician, and that this complicates the interpretation of ''iconicity as account of iconic representations shows that it is the very process of representing, construed as a practice which is coextensive with observing and experimenting, that casts Peirce''s account of iconic representations, and especially his work on diagrams, offers a Peirce, and in particular his formulation of iconic representations, can offer a useful way of reconciling what Suárez work_i2xzu6rf7jagzclcw577efbxcq To address this question the present paper builds well-defined causal models that underlie standard equations in evolutionary genetics. causal reconstruction of the evolutionary principles shows adaptive evolution as a genuine causal process, where fitness and selection are both to the causal models obtained in Section 4, I will show there are some interventions on selection and fitness that affect evolutionary outcomes. process or not — is the question as to whether its key concepts, most notably fitness and selection, identify a cause of evolutionary change. (2006), for example, argues that selection is a population-level cause of evolution, while Matthen and Ariew (2009) and Lewens (2010) deny any causal In evolutionary genetics, it is well known that a change in moments (e.g. mean) of a population from one generation to the next is completely described by the Price equation (Robertson, 1966; Price, 1970). work_i37yxc3tijdzbndbb6t7zbew2u In this article, we argue that the structuralist thesis, even when restricted to fundamental properties, does not follow from the theory of structures that Linnebo and this regard, the second aim of the article is to capture the structural abstraction process in a formal framework based on Kripke models. structuralist thesis that all properties of positions in abstract structures are Section 4 on Linnebo and Pettigrew''s claim that this theory proves their restricted version of the structuralist thesis, that is, that all fundamental properties of positions in abstract structures are structural. Identity conditions for abstract structures are given by introducing an equivalence relation on systems of objects. abstraction principle is the relation of being isomorphic, which intuitively captures the structuralist idea that certain systems have the same structure. Frege Abstraction for Positions in Pure Structures: Given systems S relations of positions in pure structures satisfy Linnebo and Pettigrew''s work_i3u3obzw7fec7k6ij5tn4jirpu Precaution is a relevant and much-invoked value in environmental risk analysis, as witnessed by the ongoing vivid discussion about the precautionary principle (PP). This article argues (i) against purely decision-theoretic explications of PP; (ii) that the construction, evaluation, and use of scientific models falls under the scope of PP; and (iii) that epistemic and decision-theoretic robustness are essential for precautionary policy making. As a matter of fact, a precautionary approach is often required or recommended for studies on ecological risks of economic developments, assessments of the survival chances of endangered species, or a. This assessment is conducted by giving the robustness function of a decision q: the maximal horizon of uncertainty for which q still yields an acceptable outcome, that is, a loss Lðq; uÞ below the critical value lc: theory, I have argued that a precautionary attitude in environmental risk analysis needs to engage with the involved scientific models. work_i4edga7dkreojlngg4suow5d5m John Maynard Smith has defended against philosophical criticism the view that developmental biology is the study of the expression of information encoded in the genes by However, like other naturalistic concepts of information, this "teleosemantic" concept is equally applicable to many non-genetic factors in development. Maynard Smith also fails to show that developmental biology is concerned with teleosemantic information. information in developmental biology is equally applicable to genetic and which genes contain developmental information, but methylation patterns The view that genes are distinguished from other factors by being the locus of developmental information is biologically illegitimate. Maynard Smith proposes to analyze the intentionality of genetic information using teleosemantics, the philosophical program of reducing meaning to biological function (teleology) and then reducing teleology to natural selection. Maynard-Smith, are well aware of the role of non-genetic factors in development and have a standard strategy for discounting them. work_i5km32ftyne47foakl7bofkk5e local explanations reveal the contingency of science and provide a methodologically the general historiographical interest in local conditions and despite all the philosophical discussion1 about the notion of explanation, a detailed analysis of the notion of will provide an explication of the notion of local explanation that captures the explanatory to establish the contingency of science by local explanation may not achieve much on explanation can be understood.7 This explication captures the idea that local explanations show how science was contingent on the actual location where it was produced; In Section 3, I argue that even though local explanations, in the sense of Section 2, do play a role in the historiography of science, it local explanation when a plausible change(s) in the location(s) of a factor(s) would Local explanations and the contingency of science Local explanations and the contingency of science Local explanations and the contingency of science work_i6g5aysoura2lfbk3f6ng4fole indeterministic view of causation has the advantages (a) of unifying the concept of natural law in different spheres of human experience and (b) of a greater generality, which precludes the acceptance of the special case of completely deterministic causation, so long as this is an unproved assumption. In an indeterministic world natural causation has a creative element, present state of knowledge it may merely define a necessary limitation of human powers of observation; but, again, it may imply The existence of order and harmony in the world, difficult to define as these conceptions are, is as much an observational fact on one theory of causation as on another; natural law process of mutation is the effective cause controlling the direction mutations occurring with sufficient abundance to cause, of themselves, an appreciable rate of evolutionary modification. effective causes of evolutionary change; for if, in some cases, work_i7vjoaqyibcbrnftzqlu7uaaxq evolutionary biology to argue that the demarcation between theory and practice, or mathematical and laboratory models function as plausibility arguments, existence In particular, I take a closer look at the use of models in the practice of evolutionary biology. identity of structure between theory and data model is inadequate to describe the ways in which many models are deployed in evolutionary biology. appropriated the semantic view as a way to describe the structure of evolutionary theory. Mathematical and material models are deployed as arguments that some process or mechanism could be at work in nature. Mathematical or computer simulation models can function as tests of theoretical questions in the same way as do laboratory experiments. Rice and Salt constructed a laboratory model similar to Lenski''s which they claim demonstrates the effectiveness of speciation in sympatry, i.e., within an interbreeding population. sense, a laboratory experiment functions in the same way as some theoretical or mathematical models in population genetics. work_ia5ol3mnnrepnoxogverxhr2ze I discuss candidates for definitions of determinism in the context of general relativistic spacetimes, and argue that a definition which does not make recourse to any sense that it makes crucial use of the notion of "moment of time" — which is a particular sort of spacetime region. the paragraph), then that spacetime is globally hyperbolic; so if having a Cauchy surface is necessary to ask a question about determinism, this seems to rule in favour of These worries are specific to general relativity: connection between determinism and predictability in classical physics seems to be very tight (see Schmidt The very formulation of Laplacian determinism makes sense only under the assumption that certain physical structure is present. general relativity non-intrinsic states, such as maximal spatiotemporal regions satisfying certain conditions (such as being determined by the initial data) not only work_ial64ahby5alzdhkcuki2q7bom intransigently biased agent prevents the community from ever converging to the truth. In our model, the doctors do not know the true success rates of drugs A and B. epistemically impure agent only runs tests on their favored drug and samples from a biased and determine the proportion of doctors that experiment with the pharmaceutical drug. that six doctors arranged on the wheel use the superior drug 42% of the time (see figure 2). network, doctors utilize the superior drug 63% of the time. Though more connected networks provide a defense against intransigently biased agents, If individual doctors could learn that the pharmaceutical is severely biased, In this case, none of the doctors administer the inferior pharmaceutical drug doctors and the pharmaceutical company. 6. The Problem of Intransigently Biased Agents and Epistemic Clarity Indeed, one common result is that every doctor gives no weight to the pharmaceutical company work_ibqdhdyxlbfhfctmepbzttunay Even in bizarre Wigner''s friend scenarios, differently situated agents agree on the objective content of physical magnitude statements, The prominence of notions of observation or measurement in standard formulations of quantum theory raises concerns about the objectivity of descriptions isolated laboratory.5 Eugene and John both agree that the quantum state of s quantum states must deny the objectivity of John''s measurement result, since On any view of quantum states, since |ψE(tf )〉 is an eigenstate of some extremely complex observable O on the entire laboratory system, Eugene could only consciousness) the distinctive physical role of inducing collapse of the quantum state onto an eigenstate of the measured observable. Lacking more direct observational information, after assigning the quantum state of a system appropriate to her physical situation, an of the laboratory''s quantum state to the situations of Eugene, John, respectively A true claim about the value of a physical magnitude states an objective work_ibqjh3ti3nbfpdf4hoacianj3e Distinctive to basic sciences, scientific research in advanced technologies aims to explain, predict, and covering-law view of applying science is inadequate for characterizing this research practice. approach to concrete fluid flows is used as an example of scientific research in the engineering explanation of physical behaviour in distinct spatial regions or time phases; the nomo-mathematical model represents the phenomenon in terms of a set of mathematically formulated laws. apparent that when applying fundamental scientific laws to concrete technological science produces true scientific theories and universal laws, whereas technology phenomena in the empirical sciences are produced by technological artefacts. scientific research in the engineering sciences aims at explaining, predicting and produces basic scientific laws that explain and predict natural phenomena, and that scientific laws are not applied to technological artefact as such, but that instead, view of applying science for explaining or predicting the behaviour of physical work_ibvldgelqvb75engfg5pxzgthi Schwarz, W 2015, ''Belief update across fission'', The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. "self-locating" information can affect the probability of uncentred propositions fission cases illustrate an important fact about the relevance of "self-locating" evidence Fred''s successors give some degree of belief to being on Monday and some to being on Everett worlds to which you assign positive probability all contain a branch on which the successors, then the shifted probabilities of all points in that world are normalized so credence in each of the three locations is 1/3, then Meacham''s shifted probability assigns probabilities between the relevant Sunday worlds and their successors are about 1/2. branch weights, then shifting should divide the probability of v among its successors in conditioning if the transition probabilities match the branch weights: after shifting, possibilities in Fred''s belief space should be modelled by "disambiguating" branching the present model that Fred''s ultimate priors, conditional on his new evidence, should work_ibxa5bvaqjcvxcmd3wr5fy4yae Brandon''s or Richard Levins''s concepts of "environment" can settle the disagreement; I homogeneous environments, so that if a colony of snails was in a heterogeneous area, the environmental patches are in a homogeneous selective environment: 2. fine-grained heterogeneous environment organisms disperse freely among many 3. coarse-grained heterogeneous environment organisms spend their lives in one Therefore, the concepts of "fine-grained heterogeneous environment" and "homogeneous 2. fine-grained heterogeneous selective environment – consists of only those features 3. coarse-grained heterogeneous selective environment – consists of only those selectively relevant patches in space or time (a fine-grained environment), then even though a evolution, is that populations dictate the boundaries of the selective environment. So, we need a population concept to delineate the environment that organisms are population sensu deme is spread across a heterogeneous environment with two patches. heterogeneous environment, contra the view of Brandon and others that selection should be work_iebq7yehwrghpe62fvjrkemztm negative sentences are truth-functionally non-atomic and that the facts for negative facts, but to Russell''s entire conception of logical atomism. IL cannot also represent an ontology of positive and negative facts. "logical truth" corresponded to relations among facts and this, in whereas true positive sentences correspond truly and false negative sentences correspond falsely to positive facts. sentences do not correspond to negative facts. the positive sentence corresponds to a fact whereas the negative true and false positive sentences-then we may avoid negative facts. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. Russell, Negative Facts, and Ontology [pp. work_ielslykvm5cfrjo2r7fipddfsm On this view, it should be no great surprise that when the equations of a classically foliationinvariant theory are quantized, one arrives at a timeless quantum gravity formalism6 – since, in Thébault 2014)), the existence of shape dynamics as, in a precise sense, a dual to general relativity reveals classical gravity to be essentially Janus-faced. including prospective theories of quantum gravity.15 The key point is that, in general, conservation symmetries, since they are tied into the characteristic behaviour of the system, must be One of the most important applications for this scheme is to ensure a physically well-motivated quantization of the theory in question – i.e., one leading to a quantum Given a physical theory with time re-labelling symmetry, One important point regarding the conservation symmetry classification of reparametrization invariant theories relates to the interpretation of the role of energy. transformations connect physically identical instantaneous states, and leaves upon the interpretation of the global time relabelling symmetry. work_ieq3hrpbvrga3bqv4azr3adkhu paper turns to economics to formulate a view on the dynamics of scientific Keywords: economic epistemology; division of labour; increasing returns; network of science as a network industry is used in section 6 to formulate an answer to the question decreasing returns on the one hand and the tension between specialisation and diversity on the value of the network depends on the number of agents adopting a certain standard. increasing returns to scientific activity, see De Langhe and Greiff (in press). science and network industries then means that a scientist working within a certain An account based on increasing returns means that science is driven by compatibility. Science as a network industry means that there is a significant specialisation bias. historical but come as a result of the view of science as a network industry. rather than decreasing returns, viewing scientific activity as a network industry; and (2) to work_iff36leobvca3bs3vqixrska3q versus individual benefit, school philosophy of science, philosophy for children, nature of controversial issues within philosophy of science and of some competing views concerning science to be possible for most early secondary school students, I allow that the extent and question of secondary school students having an introduction to philosophy of science, it is empirical propositions, that case can''t generally be made out for most sorts of across-theboard secondary school introductions to philosophy of science. imposed-by-others school philosophy of science and its possible warrant. argument warranting compulsory school philosophy of science given its loss of intrinsically issues concerning science to be of intrinsic benefit to the individual, the proposal is open to not enough to consider freedom versus passive knowledge of philosophy of science in on the basis of individual benefit for any form of introduction to philosophy of science was, could warrant some sort of introduction to philosophy of science by considering it as an work_ifiuo2lbzbhube5nd33adprlmq regularity principle of causation to scientists, Russell scolds that ''philosophers 6 Naturalists claim only that science pursues a unified account of the world as its aim; they do Salmon''s ([1984]) causal process theory followed Reichenbach ([1957]) in Russell maintains that ''advanced'' sciences have no use for the ''law of causation'' fundamental physics and causal process theories. theory of the underlying metaphysics of special sciences — Kincaid ([2004]), for Salmon, like Russell and many philosophers of science, unification of fundamental physics and special sciences, if it is agreed that special sciences explain by reference to causal processes but fundamental causation is based on asymmetry and fundamental physics insists on universal naturalism and the Russell – Redhead thesis about physics is that fundamental special-science models of causal processes have in common, though these content of fundamental physics, then causation could not be universal glue. However, in our view, special sciences, where causal work_ig6yrm33wnh77o6z6dpnc7edbq that represents belief there corresponds a dual additive measure that represents measures are not self-dual, the epistemic state of complete ignorance is represented by the unique, monotonic, non-additive measure that is self-dual in its individually or sets of additive probability measures, whether convex or not, all fail to be selfdual and so are not admissible as representations of complete ignorance. Unlike the algebra of propositions, the theory of additive measures is not self-dual. are mapped onto the axioms (3) of the dual additive measures, which contradict (2). then a dual additive measure M represents degrees of disbelief. The two maps are analogous in so far as (7) assigns to each measure of belief m a dual It follows immediately that no additive measure can represent a state of complete ignorance. no additive measure can be its own dual, even in its contingent propositions only.10 While the mapped to the corresponding set of additive dual measures, {Mi}. work_igho7togyzfufnl5xtlflvlapy the new interpretation avoid the problems faced by the previous commentators, but that it also explains why they viewed Cartesian force as the source of any motion of matter (force) must be attributed to God. This view was adopted in response to inconsistencies found in Richard model, Descartes speaks of the "force each body has" (AT 8a, 66; Garber of the forces (motion or rest as modes of extension). identified with the attributes of existence and duration in a body (stemming from the invariable nature of God), the calculable forces in a body forces are in bodies as modes, "what becomes of Descartes'' commitment is "no need" to attribute the property of force to a body (as Garber holds), (Gueroult 1980, 198) tertiary attribute of force of motion or of rest. a substance, how is it that force (something regarded by previous commentators as a variable aspect of bodies) can be an attribute? work_igiae7t62beitil5y2god44tye 11 Il est à noter dans ce cas une influence bien plus prégnante des « systémistes » français, tels Jean-Louis le Moigne ou les dogme sur ce qui serait « système ») et, en même temps, une attention très soutenue pour les les autres, c''est en fonction d''une structure de relations24 et par des processus de réajustement début de cette partie, sont des modèles de systèmes, car ils ne reposent pas sur une interprétation que les Nouveaux Géographes des années 1970-1980 ont trouvé dans l''idée de système un Il est donc clair que les systèmes sont des portions, arbitrairement délimitées, du monde réel, qui est question d''objets à la fois matériels et localisables, qui sont les éléments de base des « systèmes Ces systèmes spatiaux imbriqués les uns dans les autres ne sont pas des isolats, leurs éléments servent à au lecteur une idée des débats qui ont pu animer la géographie française dans les années 1980 à work_ihhi6fuwjngxxb7texshjza73u Design Rules: Industrial Research and Epistemic Merit examine the case of industry research on the giant magnetoresistance effect in the 1990s as a alludes to these worries: It is reasonable to assume that in industrial research, design rules. By "instrumental research" Ziman means "the production of knowledge with clearly foreseen then instrumental research fails to produce one kind of knowledge expected from scientific instrumental research is epistemically inferior to traditional academic science. There are, however, many cases of industrial research that are concerned with the design In this general sense, it is powerful design rules that researchers in instrumental question whether the research at issue is prosaic in Ziman''s sense, that is, confined to a predetermined set of practical problems and not concerned with the generation of new, interesting The open communication in industrial GMR research is The example of GMR research shows that some industrial work_ii4co5z435d4nanr6ea3uax364 Engineering Philosophy of Science: American Pragmatism and Logical Empiricism in the 1930s Engineering Philosophy of Science: American Pragmatism and Logical Empiricism in the 1930s question: Did the American philosophers turn away from Dewey and toward logical empiricism? revolutionary project that brought into philosophy an experimental, scientific habit of mind and freed it from "vain metaphysics and idle epistemology" (Dewey [1920] 1948, 124). Revolutionary rhetoric of a scientific philosophy overcoming metaphysics and epistemology on the road to more pressing problems was not For Dewey scientific philosophy finds new tasks, while for Cohen it finds Dewey''s scientific philosophy is practical and is motivated by the technological triumphs of science: Dewey''s stress is ever on the practical problems of life, now to be attacked by a scientific philosophy imbued with a spirit of engineering. revolutionary nature of scientific philosophy and its social engineering scientific philosophy was a common preoccupation of Dewey''s pragmatism and the logical empiricism. work_ilw6vkeswfccho4ipmsen64apm designates a class of physical entities which, under certain observable partial interpretation of the term ''electron'' (and the theory''s other theoretical terms as well). Following Carnap [I], let the primitive terms of the theory be divided into two classes: the theoretical terms and the observation terms.1 Let the set of all possible interpretations of theoretical terms to a much narrower under their intended interpretations, again relate theoretical and observational entities. a true numerical interpretation for the theoretical terms will always be the interpretation of the observation terms is not affected as the theoretical of the theoretical entities, and that the classes assigned to ''electron'' and ''neutron'' are numerical interpretation for the theoretical terms, if there is a true physical model which assigns classes of numbers to the theoretical terms of -. the theoretical and observational entities are distinct; sentences of a form theoretical entities (elements of Th) only; observation terms are those work_im2l2gsjkfgdhpwvvsl2uii3pa points of view—to understand what methodological and epistemological features simulation has in common with experimentation, while at the same time keeping a keen eye These methods are called "simulations," or "numerical experiments"; names that strongly evoke the metaphor of experimentation. While there is nothing like a received view of the relation between simulation and experiment, I will piece together and critically examine three simulation can have methodological and epistemological features in common with experimentation, while still playing the role of a form of scientific theorizing. consist of second-order, non-linear differential equations; and finding useful and reliable solutions for these models, even using numerical methods, As I have already emphasized, although simulation often is initially motivated by well-established theory, the end model our understanding of the nature of modeling, theorizing, and experimenting, and d) how simulation produces knowledge and what kind of knowledge that is. ——— (2001) "Simulations, Models, and Theories: Complex Physical Systems and Their work_im7siym325bvvosuprdzihyvny Kuhn''s evolutionary philosophy of science is initially discussed and critiqued. science in terms of George Gaylord Simpson''s various tempos and modes for biological evolution. The second is a general philosophy of science (GPoS) stance in which an extensive theory of the natural is taken in which an evolutionary philosophy of science (EPoS) is proposed. of the natural sciences and their specialties and subspecialties, than Kuhn''s EPoS. principles have emerged during the evolution of the natural sciences, especially since the scientific of retrovirology, and the emergence of the specialty of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) Indeed, as depicted in Figure 2, evo-devo is a new specialty in the biological sciences that has emerged, EPoS evolutionary philosophy of science of Philosophy of Science; Humphrey, P., Ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2016; pp. Simpson, G.G. Tempo and Mode in Evolution; Columbia University Press: New York, NY, USA, 1944. work_imvjpro4dbbyxbr46s3s32i7um concept of "interdependence," arguing that it ought to include both negative and positive Ecologists typically identify a variety of causal interactions by their positive and negative interactions, both positive and negative, to exhibit interdependence. included both positive and negative causal interactions in his concept of interdependence – These considerations suggest that not only was Leopold right to include negative interactions For example, Odum (1971) specifies that positive interactions result in population growth, as positive or negative has to do with the effect or outcome of the causal interaction (and is Kaibab also shows that whether wolves positively or negatively affect deer population sizes Leopold''s concept of interdependence included effects not just on the biotic components of connections within a land community, interdependence needs to include different types of way of understanding Leopold''s point might be to say that all parts of a land community, causal interactions between other them and other components of the land community. work_ind5c7x2lrbwhdqpaqcn7hqq7q just in Newtonian gravity ), and the theory properly understood needs no notion of inertial structure, dynamical or otherwise. inertial geometry that Knox takes to be what defines spacetime structure. lifted the Newtonian potential can be identified via its transformation properties as a component of a Maxwellian connection.The inertial structure previously identified in Saunders'' vector relationism is also naturally represented as a Maxwellian connection, and its dynamical equation as a geodesic deviation equation for that connection, so that the mathematical as well as conceptual distance between Knox''s and Saunders'' positions largely evaporates. machinery of potential-based Newtonian mechanics can now be applied to enrich our understanding of inertial structure; it turns out that Knox''s spacetime inertial structure defined by the Sun. Newtonian gravity — let alone general of general relativity on the grounds that they lack the non-gravitational interactions he believes necessary to define local inertial structure, and thus make work_iordx5dbkjc6xgt6o4jqv26xia sense in which actors in sim-max games might want to categorize groups of states This paper will use sim-max games to model perceptual categorization, with 1Jäger is not the first to introduce this type of structure to the state space of a signaling game. Sim-max games build on this model by adding similarity structure to the state In sim-max games, states of the world are modeled as points in a metric space Optimal strategies in sim-max games are those strategies where similar states are The first thing to note is that the optimal strategies of sim-max games are With this interpretation, one can use sim-max games as a model of perceptual state space of sim-max games are built in through payoff structure alone. sim-max game if the same acts obtain the same payoffs in both states. it should then be expected that perceptual categories track real-world similarity work_is7fs2y4xfelhiayeomegrjwr4 Of course, it is crucial that the properties and relations used to discern the particles be physical : we cannot All properties and relations should be transparently defined in terms of physical states and operators that correspond to physical magnitudes, as in [the weak projection postulate],6 In Section 4, I propose an alternative relation which will discern fermions physically and weakly, though not categorically. and propose a relation which weakly and physically discerns two particles in any relation that weakly and physically discerns any two particles in an assembly of quantity A, the relation R(A,x,y) discerns particles 1 and 2 weakly, categorically and physically if and only if ∆2Aρ 6= 0, on the assumption of the Lemma 3 For all single-particle quantities A, the relation R′(A,x,y) has physical discerns particles 1 and 2 weakly, categorically and physically; where Q discerns particles 1 and 2 weakly, categorically and physically; where Q work_ivxhn7bg3fc6tjue3o36tyn4aa I distinguish two forms of pluralism about biological functions, between-discipline psychology (for example, that the selected effects theory of function is appropriate for the importance of selection processes in thinking about function. and emphasizes the plurality of function concepts within any branch of biology. function-bestowing selection processes in nature, and in particular, trial-and-error In response, philosophically-astute biologists argued that ENCODE relies on an overlyliberal construal of function that runs contrary to standard usage in biology (Graur et al. explicitly rejects the exclusive use of the [selected effects] concept of function. popular pluralism is that biologists implicitly appeal to selection when they use function But there are many function-bestowing selection processes in nature, other than 1015; also see Rakic [1976]; Antonini and Stryker [1993]; Price et al. I claim antibody selection and neural selection are function-bestowing processes because selection process in the natural world that can give rise to functions. work_ix4gtr662rarph223t52nqb4zq We begin with a few preliminaries concerning the relevant background formalism of general relativity.1 An n-dimensional, relativistic space-time (for n ≥ 2) is a pair of mathematical objects (M, gab), Following the literature (e.g., Earman 1995; Dorato 2002), we take the existence of a global time function to be a necessary (but not sufficient) condition rather a universe that fulfills all of the necessary conditions for an objective lapse of time." However, Earman does leave open the possibility that Let (M, gab) be any three-dimensional space-time (one can generalize to higher dimensions) and let O be any open set in M. Let (M, gab) be any three-dimensional space-time (one can generalize to higher dimensions) and let O be any open set in M. above, there is an open set Ô in O and a space-time (M, g00ab) such that g above, there is an open set Ô in O and a space-time (M, g00ab) such that g work_iyxrmyh2ebb3rp6qm2vpmtvaoy Michael Weisberg has recently argued that robustness analysis of scientific models is useful in evaluating both models and their implications, and that robustness analysis comes 1. Robustness analysis may be of limited or no value in evaluating models and their choice of a credible model family and an evaluative role of robustness analysis replaces the regarding model behaviour fit Weisberg''s reconstruction of robustness analysis. as the model family considered is credible.4 Furthermore, the result of robustness analysis Robustness analysis cannot confirm its own constraints: it makes the model family no application of robustness analysis with prior choice of the model family that was actually discovered by confirmation, as suggested above, applies to the model family, robustness analysis may provide additional analysis and therefore different choices of model family: in parameter robustness, for this representational robustness analysis, members of the model family considered differ in work_j2n3znsp3bhf5dysu4xpbkqane for a hypothesis to receive strong confirmation, even when scientific instruments to test The Bayesian Network also represents a series of other conditional independences, e.g. REP ⊥ HYP|CON. independent LTFR instruments and test the very same testable consequence with these additional confirming report from a second independent LTFR instrument. a and r, we test a first consequence of a hypothesis, receive a positive report and are confirmation from a second positive report from one and the same LTFR instrument or confirmation from a second positive report from one and the same LTFR instrument or report than an independent auxiliary theory for lower prior probability values of the reliability of the instrument may lower the degree of confirmation for the hypothesis. reliability of the instrument is supported by an independent auxiliary theory. hypothesis to receive positive reports from one or from two instruments. hypothesis to receive positive reports from one or from two instruments. work_j3wp6eb7bbe2zimo2rw6tf4ay4 https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/review-of-bas-van-fraassen-scientific-representation-paradoxes-of-perspective(20ffb444-0883-4888-85df-10e0f771d31a).html Scientific representation is a fast-­‐growing topic in contemporary philosophy of science. how scientific models represent phenomena raises specific questions about the very nature of of representing, and scientific representation is perspectival in the same sense as Dürer''s ''art of distinction between the problem of representation as it appears in the sciences, and as it appears in mathematical structure represent a concrete physical entity?'' (243), which leads van Fraassen back problem of scientific representation, to the final diagnosis of the divide between philosophy and the Nelson Goodman and most recent debates on scientific representation, van Fraassen makes the contemporary problem of scientific representation. Van Fraassen uses Putnam''s model-­‐theoretic argument to fight the metaphysical realist view By shifting attention to the user-­‐dependent notion of scientific representation, van Fraassen world), while appearances are the way phenomena ''look like'' in a given measurement set-­‐up, and conflated with the philosopher''s problem of the external world, according to van Fraassen. work_j4ybcrbgtbe2jjj7hswncii7pi Aspects of theory-ladenness in data-intensive science Recent claims, mainly from computer scientists, concerning a largely automated and modelfree data-intensive science have been countered by critical reactions from a number of the actual methods used in data-intensive science and (ii) the specific ways in which these data-intensive science, I draw an analogy to exploratory as opposed to theory-directed the debate on theory-ladenness in data-intensive science. we will look at two simple but widely-used algorithms, namely classificatory trees and nonparametric regression, to examine how much and what kind of theory must be presupposed in The term data-intensive science is notoriously blurry, as has been emphasized for example by premises that are necessary to carry out eliminative induction: data-intensive science requires which ways data-intensive science is indeed theory-laden, and, more importantly, in which The framing of classificatory trees in particular and of problems in data-intensive science in An important difference between exploratory experimentation and data-intensive science is work_j4yiujwba5dkxccl7wb2a4zkgm ontologically and epistemologically to reduce molecular chemistry to quantum mechanics. mechanics do not characterize the relationship between molecular chemistry and quantum molecular chemistry, the new ontological elements are structures absent from quantum mechanics. situation in §2, molecular structure indeed is not predictable from quantum mechanics, the more can derive the emergent property of molecular structure (e.g., Primas 1998; Bishop and and ontologies of quantum mechanics on the one hand and those of molecular chemistry on the the physical sciences regarding quantum mechanics and molecular chemistry, popular ways of way of characterizing emergent properties is highly misleading in the case of molecular structure. category of contextual emergence: quantum mechanics provides necessary conditions (e.g., in the appropriate contingent context, necessary and sufficient conditions relating quantum mechanics and contributions the laws and constituents of quantum mechanics make to molecular structure are (1976), "Quantum Theory and Molecular Structure," Advances in Physics 25: work_j65g5ptn25e4tinmcpg3zjdczy suggests a role for somatic markers in the core stages of decision making, i.e. during the somatic markers most likely have a peripheral role, in the recognition of decision points, or in 3.3 At which of the five stages of decision making are somatic markers engaged? concerns the stages of practical decision making at which somatic markers are most likely Somatic markers appear to be involved (if at all) in the ''peripheral'' stages of decision making: somatic markers are involved in particular stages of practical decision making. relationship between somatic markers and decision making (Damasio [1994]; Bechara and particular stage of decision making at which somatic markers are engaged. suggest that somatic markers are necessary for decision making. Damasio suggests that somatic markers merely contribute to decision-making. the different sub-processes involved in decision making, SMH theorists do assign somatic If option generation is one of the functions performed by somatic markers, as Damasio suggests work_j6aiebot2bfihji2i3eplzuzjq mass scale supervene on a comparativist Humean mosaic as a package deal. mosaic both the absolute mass scale and the laws of Newtonian Gravity as a package deal. After outlining the framework of Humean Supervenience and in particular the MillRamsey-Lewis Best Systems Account in Section 2, I discuss regularity relationalism (Section 3) and regularity comparativism (Section 4). posits fundamental absolute space to provide the inertial frames in which Newton''s laws move for the comparativist is to use the regularity approach: getting the absolute mass Humean mosaic as ''coordinatised'' by different absolute mass scales, the simple Newtonian One might concede that the regularity protocol provides the inertial frames, but nevertheless fails to provide the absolute mass scale, by arguing that the mass and space cases If the regularity approach succeeds in reducing inertial frames and absolute masses, Newton''s constant and the absolute mass from a comparativist Humean mosaic. work_j6bomvlphfaezpwk5y6ipa45ka not itself revealing the operations, identification of brain areas involved in psychological mechanisms proposed in cognitive psychology it is information that is transformed. a major challenge for psychologists: how to identify the information processing operations functional neuroimaging, cognitive psychologists have been able to identify brain areas involved Information processing mechanisms operate on representations and it is useful to distinguish the vehicles, that can provide important guidance to the information processing operations occurring operations figure in different memory tasks. operations involved in two apparently different cognitive phenomena are localized in the same providing new insights into the operations involved in memory. just processing sensory stimuli but also memory and other uses of that information. the attempt to identify memory processes with brain areas will have served a vital heuristic role The ability to identify brain areas with cognitive operations, though, provides a in Semantic and Episodic Memory Retrieval", Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17: work_j7rgnjck3rarpic3dayihd5muy Scientists'' Reuse of Old Empirical Data: Epistemological Aspects | Scholarly Publications Leiden University Scholarly Publications Select Collection Faculty of Archaeology Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Science Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden Journals, Conference Proceedings and Books Leiden University Press Medicine / Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) Text_IR_LEI Full text at publishers site In Collections In Collections In Collections This item can be found in the following collections: Scientists'' Reuse of Old Empirical Data: Epistemological Aspects This article investigates epistemological aspects of scientists'' reuse of empirical data over decades and centuries. Giving examples, I discuss three respects in which empirical data are historical entities and the implications for the notion of data reuse. Finally, some qualitative social scientists hold that data are personal to the researcher who coconstructs them in the research process and are therefore skeptical about the prospects of reusing data. Philosophy of Science ©2020-2021 Leiden University A service provided by Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections work_jajnfdt3vzhsla3qd3sexbff5u number of offspring; different mathematical functions are needed to define fitness in Though in such cases fitness must be defined in terms of probabilities of reproductive effects over several generations, I argue that it nevertheless has to do with Notice that the worry that prompted Beatty and Finsen and Brandon to revise the original expectation-based definition of fitness was that expected number of offspring sometimes didn''t correspond to probable long-term success. notice that an apparently long-term measure like geometric mean in fact just captures a mathematical fact about a short-term probability distribution over numbers Case 3: Ariew and Lewontin (2004) point out that when generations overlap, probabilities of long-term success can depend on whether the population size is increasing cases fitness cannot be defined by short-term probabilities, but instead must be derived from actual events over a relatively long period of time. work_jaqiwcysdbapxczeunovkqh3h4 Page not found (404) | University of Helsinki Skip to main content Main navigation Page not found (404) Sorry, but the page cannot be found. 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Box 4 (Yliopistonkatu 3) 00014 University of Helsinki Switchboard: +358 (0) 2941 911 (mobile call charge / local network charge) work_jbghm2evgresfd2b3hlx43vtoy given in terms of individuals bearing properties, but rather, general facts about which Structural realism in the philosophy of science maintains that our best scientific theories tell the world is not given in terms of individuals bearing properties, but rather, general facts version of structural realism, OSR requires making a concession to the antirealist; much OSR draws motivation from two main paths: the problem of theory change in the philosophy Instead of telling us what individuals there are and how they''re propertied, generalism provides a qualitative description of the entire situation—only its structure, one might by Dasgupta''s claim that there are no (facts about) individuals grounding general states In the above, it was assumed that OSR seeks to replace the default "objects bearing properties" view with a rival metaphysical account that consists of only structure. meta-metaphysical view, by contrast, allows for OSR to explain permutation invariance in work_jcxie5o4kbbd7bhanq3ss4kjf4 controlled trial, evidence-based medicine, details, the evidence-based medicine (EBM) movement has got itself into a mess – or so it name in medicine is that supplied by a properly controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT). The only scientific evidence in medicine comes from clinical ''Bible'' instructs an evidence-based practitioner facing a therapeutic decision to comb the clinical trials literature for evidence relative to her problem but if she finds an apparently relevant study and similar groups and hence that a positive result in a properly randomized trial is sufficient for a treatment to be declared effective. more effective than the treatment given to the control group (often claim that the RCT provides evidence for – let''s assume for current does the evidence from the trial ''generalize'' to the ''target population'' (roughly the set of patients that doctors are likely to prescribe cases in which we cannot or do not have RCT evidence and work_jcz5l66ypba4lhupsbo4zprqku Google Sites Sign in to continue to Google Sites Enter your email Find my account Find my account Sign in with a different account Create account One Google Account for everything Google About Google About Google Privacy Terms Help work_jdp32fp23fcytkluystf65ygly even if they do represent, but to construct other models and generate new target systems. Other studies have discussed what I will call the constructive use of models, The generative use applies to representational models with a real target system. illustrated in section 4 with the construction of models of coupled wakes, leads rather studies of the constructive use of models then prove relevant to constitutive concerns. I will use for discussion and illustration a model of a wake, in fluid dynamics. used to construct a model of coupled wakes, whose target is generated by putting side-byside several single wakes. constructive use of model is a model of the wake that develops behind a cylinder. and once this new target was stabilized and coordinated to a model of two coupled wakes, generative constructive use in that the transformation of the model results in a new constructive use: generative of new targets of new models. work_je2mqdnfkzc3xjnxsu2ipikdgy considered compatible with the dynamics of causal set theory by its advocates, our novel kind A recent approach to quantum gravity promises to reverse that verdict: advocates of causal set theory (CST) set, or ''causet'', is a discrete set of events partially ordered by a relation of causality. that these sets ''grow'' as new events are added one by one to the future of already existing ones; growth (CSG) dynamics, rescues temporal becoming and our intuitive notion of time from relativity. The basic structure of the theory is the causet C, i.e., an ordered pair hC, �i consisting of a set If what at larger scales looks like a relativistic spacetime fundamentally is a causal set, then the problem, a necessary condition for the emergence of relativistic spacetimes from causal sets is Thus, 1 < k  n for a causal set of n events if there are any non-Hegelian subsets. work_jebeiromxfax5oo4exwikwdlvq Conservation Laws in Scientific Explanations: Constraints or Coincidences? Conservation Laws in Scientific Explanations: Constraints or Coincidences? Hence, each separate top-down "explanation" that apparently appeals to the comprehensive law of energy conservation in order to explain conjunct is explained by a different force law, and so the principle is Archimedes'' Principle from energy conservation in gravitational interactions, then, appears not to be a top-down explanation. gravitational-force law helps to explain both Archimedes'' Principle and energy conservation not to be an arbitrary conjunction of various conservation laws regarding separate kinds of force. enable the comprehensive law of energy conservation to help explain Archimedes'' Principle despite the derivation''s requiring for its validity only law of energy conservation as a constraint on the kinds of forces there A top-down explanation of Archimedes'' Principle from the comprehensive law of energy conservation would thus make an explanatory contribution that cannot be made by a bottom-up explanation, no matter force laws explain why energy is always conserved. work_jfg2rinp4bgslgc2z47vlgaj6m that theories represent the phenomena just in case their models, in Reichenbach is quite right to point out that a theory in mathematical in the shape of the above ''offhand'' realist response.2 For empirical adequacy uses unquestioningly the idea that concrete observable entities (the are functions defined on this set of parts with range in the model well answer "how can an abstract mathematical structure represent a concrete physical entity?" by saying this is possible if we assume the latter is The question of how a specific mathematical object can be used to represent specific phenomena makes sense only in a context in which some the data model, which represents the appearances, is a mathematical two mathematical structures, namely, the theoretical model and the data answer has to be that the data model represents the phenomena, but why Indeed, how can we answer the question of how a theory or model relates work_jfhxg3atkrbjhbpov3j7ycicwy Hacking''s central claim is that human kinds and natural kinds are fundamentally distinct Hacking''s argument that human kinds cannot be natural kinds rests on the claim that The feedback that Hacking claims makes human kinds so very essentialist account of natural kinds is adopted then it is a serious possibility that human will consider biological species and chemical elements to be paradigmatic examples of natural kinds. Hacking argues that our classificatory practices can affect human kinds in ways that they J. Bogen ([1988]) has interpreted Hacking as claiming that human kinds are not natural kinds affects natural kinds (see, for example, Hacking [1992], p.190). Hacking has shown that human kinds are idea-dependent. description'' in his argument that feedback occurs in human kinds: Hacking''s argument fails and he has not shown that human kinds are not natural kinds. claim in this paper is that Hacking has failed to show that human kinds are not natural kinds. work_jflnto6d3ndfvfeksb5lvwermy answer the question: "Does Science License Metaphysics?" The naturalized the success of Chakravartty''s account of justifying naturalized metaphysics. take seriously the problems facing any attempt to locate the source of metaphysical authority in the empirical or a posteriori content of science. scientists working in periods of normal science already accept a priori metaphysical assumptions as part of the paradigm to which they belong. We should see immediately that the presence of a priori principles in science appears to undermine completely the naturalization of metaphysics as priori principles are present in science, there is still a clear sense in which empirical considerations play a role in scientific experimentation and theorizing Ultimately, Chakravartty sees that the purely empirical content of science, If all metaphysical theories have a ''connection'' to the empirical content of recourse to the ''empirical content'' of science didn''t escape the presence of antecedent metaphysical commitments. work_jgzs7ni34ngf3azjy6itvg43bq This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of mixed extracts of Achyranthes japonica Nakai (Aj) and Aralia continentalis Kitagawa (Ac) (ratios of 1 : 2, 1 : 3, 1 : 5, 2 : 1, 3 : 1 and 5 : 1) on RAW264.7 macrophages. showed that the mixed extracts of Aj and Ac have potential anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. We tried to find the ratio of the highest anti-inflammatory activity by mixing Aj and Ac. In this study, after the combined extraction of certain properties from TNFα, the inflammatory cytokines produced by RAW264.7 macrophages, and induced by LPS stimulation in combined extracts of Aj Effects of Aj and Ac complex extracts on LPS-induced NO generation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Effects of Aj and Ac complex extracts on COX-2 and iNOS generation in LPS-induced in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. S. Hwang, Anti-inflammatory effects of rebaudioside A in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, J. work_jixjefdacvgrtn4qjh6soue7sq Information Retrieval and Knowledge Organization: A Perspective from the Philosophy of Science Keywords: information retrieval; knowledge organization; philosophy of science; classification; knowledge organization systems; ontologies; Kuhnian paradigm theory; pragmatism Organization: "International Journal devoted to Concept Theory, Classification, Indexing about knowledge organization systems (KOS) such as classification systems, thesauri, and Ontologies are kinds of KOS that are used in relation to front-end information technologies such as "the semantic web", but which are also used—in line with traditional Ontologies are kinds of KOS that are used in relation to front-end information technologies such as "the semantic web", but which are also used—in line with traditional the Bliss Bibliographic Classification can be used as a source for thesaurus terms and structure (i.e., concepts and their semantic relations). (The related term "Europe" was by [78] considered to represent many concepts.) We shall information" without considering the different theories and interests for which this concept work_jj6z3h3d5rcyre54v7igahg6wm problem if one wants to capture the meaning of emergence by this perspective—emergence should surely apply to fewer properties than "everything but the mass," so it would then need a supplementary criterion Actually, emergence is supposed to cover several features: unpredictability, novelty, and irreducibility (Klee [1984], O''Connor [1994], Humphreys [1997], Crane [2001], Silberstein [2002], Seager [2005], and Chalmers [2006] largely agree on those features). criterion, a state of a computation process is weakly emergent iff there is It seems that there will be no way to understand through the computational approach some of the instances of "emergent D-patterns" identified by combinatorial approaches. emergence formulates the unpredictability of a given state from the knowledge of the rule and initial state—but of course, not of step relativen � 1 the computational view immune to the triviality proper to the combinatorial view.) As Humphreys (2008) points out, emergent patterns are work_jjas3y6llff7ndd2a6fojtd2ku Editorial: Systematics, Darwinism, and the Philosophy ''''Systematics, Darwinism, and the Philosophy of Science'''' held at the Universidad around contemporary biological systematics and Darwinism. naming organisms; we understand Darwinism (roughly: evolutionary biology), as the View'''' and ''''From a Biological Point of View.'''' Each grouping includes a general The articles display a rich diversity of positions on systematics and Darwinism. Moreover, they vary tremendously in how they imagine the conceptual, methodological, and historical interaction between systematics and Darwinism. systematics, Darwinism, and their interface. theories and practices of systematics and Darwinism. itself productively feedback on philosophical and biological ''''content'''' investigations, as some of the contributors to this special issue also note. As a Western cultural product, systematics emerges out of natural history. scientific efforts explicitly related to systematics and Darwinism, such as species welcomed by those of us interested in systematics and Darwinism. Systematics, Darwinism, and the Philosophy of Science 3 Editorial: Systematics, Darwinism, and the Philosophy of Science work_jkk4wvvxofe27ise2226vb3sxm In his landmark studies of this phenomenon1, Thomas Schelling represented a neighborhood as a grid with two types of agents placed randomly these models exhibit significant segregation and clustering of the agents. Our investigation employs a series of Schelling-like models where individuals placed randomly on a toroidal grid assess their utility on the basis of 2Bruch and Mare (2006); Pancs and Vriend (2007); Zhang (2004) presence of significant segregation over a range of spatial scales, visual comparisons between typical equilibrium patterns and test results showed that to every d-neighborhood (given our specific population sizes of each agent As a parallel to cross K-functions, these expected local differences can equivalently be interpreted as values of (2) for a randomly sampled target agent. Estimating the Number of Agent Clusters To obtain further statistical insight into this segregation phenomena, we constructed a program that When agents'' community size is very small (r < 5), the model fails to work_jlq7qckmjzcj7brdqok32lvgb4 Laws in the special sciences are usually regarded to be non-universal. in the special sciences faces two challenges: (I) According to Lange''s dilemma, laws Another example of a lawish statement in the special sciences is the area law in island to be problematic: the major challenge for any theory of non-universal laws in the special First horn: If it is a plain fact that the special sciences cannot rely on universal laws that laws in the special sciences are non-universal, have exceptions etc. allows to avoid Lange''s Dilemma by conceiving special science laws as quasi-Newtonian, My theory of non-universal laws is an attempt to explain what "relevance" means and to invariance theories of laws, a generalization may be non-universal4 but nonetheless lawish. question is: Can special science laws be lawish and still be non-universal4? that, according to my reconstruction, non-universal special science laws are at least good work_jm72x3puzba75j5lmkmijr54v4 I am Presidential Professor of Philosophy at City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center. My current project is a book titled, Cognitive Ontology: Taxonomic Practices in the Mind-Brain Sciences, which is supported by an Insight Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). More information about publications, teaching, and political writings can be accessed through the links at the top right. In recent years, essentialism has been the dominant account of natural kinds among philosophers, but the essentialist view has encountered resistance, especially among naturalist metaphysicians and philosophers of science. Informed by detailed examination of classification in the natural and social sciences, this book argues against essentialism and for a naturalist account of natural kinds. On the basis of this account, he maintains that there can be natural kinds in the social sciences as well as the natural sciences. work_jnnegfhofvcx3g56x5umiblrk4 Understanding non-modular functionality – lessons from genetic algorithms We analyze the nature of the problems that arise when we try to explain and understand cognitive understanding and apply it to a case problem – solutions generated by genetic algorithms. analyzing the nature of solutions that genetic algorithms present to computational problems, we understanding with a computational application of evolutionary design: problem-solutions often hard to understand is that they can exhibit non-modular functionality, and that breaches of The idea comes originally from Herbert Simon (1962), who claimed that the property of neardecomposability is a necessary condition of understandability to any finite cognitive agent. The problem of understanding causally non-modular systems has received some attention in the demonstrate that design by selection can lead to such non-modular complex behavior. change in one subtask constituting a part of the marker-behavior affects also the functioning possibly ourselves, with behaviors which are functionally non-decomposable and constituted by a work_jnwylr3ap5dfva77j44gp4i7fa According to Hume, no knowledge attainable by human beings would ever justify conclusion because he denied the possibility of knowing-but not the reality ofeither the ''inner natures'' or the ''secret powers'' of objects which would enable one to effects on the object''s inherent nature, then of course the qualities and to Hume, knowledge of a ''necessary connection'' among such objects or our belief in the necessary connection among causes and effects, Hume relies secret natures or powers of objects and their manifest properties, then it can be established by reason independently of experience, Hume surprisingly demands that the network of empirical, scientific ideas display the connections but do not constitute knowledge of nature, whatever apparent knowledge was inevitably limited to the observable qualities and conjunctions of objects, or, more accurately, to our ideas of them. internal natures or causal powers of objects and their effects or properties. work_jogafalozjdwxfgc34snqzllxy Oxford University Press and The British Society for the Philosophy of Science are collaborating with JSTOR to undermines a certain sort of functional explanation in social science. functional explanation in social science is to explain why certain social question as to what sort of mechanism underlies functional explanation in functional explanations in social science there is no obvious mechanism are available for social-functional explanation in general (Pettit [1993], functional explanation in social science should often be taken in the argument in this case is that if functional explanation can be explanatory The importance of the possibility is that if functional explanations serve just The functional explanation of why a trait is present in a society requires The virtual selection mechanism that would serve functional explanation in virtual selection mechanisms then it will be serving well the resiliencecentred programme of functional explanation. Functional Explanation and Virtual Selection [pp.291-302] Functional Explanation and Virtual Selection [pp.291-302] work_joihfpfzjzgdxf2x5lztsegblq $�!���������* " �� ��� ������� �� �$$���� � ��� �������� ������ "��# � �� ��������� �� � �$ ������ � ������� �� �-��� ���� �� � ����� " �� ������ � ���� �������/ �!�� ��������$ " �� ��� ������� �� .��"��� ���8� 3 �� 6������ ���� � ��$ ����� �� &< ����� � ��� ���� .��� �� ��� ��������� �� ������� ������ ��!�����/ "� �� � ��� $�!�������� �� ������� ���/ ��� $ �� ���� �� ��� "��#� 3 �� � ��$/ �� "��� �� ����� �������� ������/ ��� D���� � ����� ��$ ����� � + � � � �������� �� ��� �$, "��� ����$ �� ������ ������� ���* +��� �*�* �� ��������� ������ �� ����� ������ ��L ������� ���� �� ��� # �$ �� ������� ��/ ��$ ���� ��� ������ �����$����� ��� $� �� �� ��������� � �� � �������� ����� ������ ��� ��!�* +J� �� ���/ �� ����� ��� .� ������� �� ���� work_jon42l7w3jgobl2menwuj2efpe Applying the Causal Theory of Reference to Intentional Concepts Specifically, we argue that some phenomena in early social development !e.g., mimicry, gaze following, and emotional contagion" can serve as reference fixers that enable children to track others'' intentional states and, thus, to refer to those This allows intentional concepts to be anchored to their referents, even if folk psychological descriptions turn out to be false. engaged in social interactions—such as gaze following, imitation, and emotion contagion—may stand in reliable causal relations with others'' intentional mechanisms that may serve to fix the reference of intentional concepts, irrespective of which version of the causal theory one endorses. !Senju and Csibra 2008", and Hood, Willen, and Driver !1998" have even been pressing the case that an understanding of the processes by which infants track and thereby anchor reference to others'' intentional states is crucial to modeling the development of intentional concepts. work_joz4l746kngllitfgvlztltnqu This paper develops a probabilistic reconstruction of the No Miracles Argument (NMA) in the debate between scientific realists and anti-realists. As an argument from past and present success of our best scientific theories Figure 1: The structure of the NMA as a two-step argument from the empirical success of T Anti-realists claim that NMA is built on a base rate fallacy: from the high value Second, the anti-realist may argue that empirical adequacy is not required for predictive success. This is basically Laudan''s argument from Pessimistic Meta-Induction (PMI): "I believe that for every highly successful theory in the Figure 4: The Bayesian Network representation of the relation between variables A (the number of alternatives to T), H (empirical adequacy of theory T), S (the success of T) and C (major of the NMA where additional evidence, such as the stability of scientific theories, stability in our currently best theories, or when empirically successful alternatives work_jqlig7au4rajlbk6qi6etez25m reduce the physical state space using algebraic methods alone. relations as the state space of our quantum theory. different algebra that one can use, which has exactly the physical state space the Algebraic Imperialist because it does not use Hilbert space methods. For example, the Weyl algebra allows for non-regular states (Halvorson, 2001, folium of an irreducible Hilbert space representation of the Weyl algebra, and algebra that leads to an appropriate collection of physical states. the algebras and state spaces we use for our quantum theories. results here to find a new algebra with precisely that state space. as physical states the density operators on a Hilbert space H with reduce the physical state space of her algebra in at least all of the ways the to density operator states in that representation, the Algebraic Imperialist density operator states on some irreducible Hilbert space representation. State Spaces of Operator Algebras. work_jr6obuiokne3tdyluclixakfbm evolvability offers a robust explanation for the evolutionary trajectories ([2007]), evolvability refers to the differing "evolutionary potential" of lineages. explaining or accounting for evolvability is the defining research program in Evodevo (Hendrikse [2007]; Brigandt [forthcoming]), within broader evolutionary biology evolvability is used to explain the evolutionary trajectory of populations by populations, evolution by natural selection would offer an explanation for the Evolvability-based explanations explain features of ancestral ape and quadrupedal monkey population with respect to limb length population (evolvability) upon its evolutionary trajectory with the influence of its evolvability of the ancestral ape populations with respect to limb length diversity In this paper, I claim that the evolvability of a particular population at a given time difference in evolvability with respect to limb diversity between the ape lineage thus that "the probability that the ancestral ape populations (A) would evolve limb Evolvability-based explanations refer to differences in the features of populations work_jsry5336ebdhlpktae32ykuxl4 Bas van Fraassen has recently argued for a "dissolution" of Hilary Putnam''s wellknown model-theoretic argument. In a series of recent papers on Hilary Putnam''s well-known modeltheoretic argument, Bas van Fraassen has argued that it is a mistake Van Fraassen believes that if we take our pragmatic situation as speakers of a meaningful language seriously, Putnam''s alleged paradox does not arise. In his discussion of Putnam''s argument, van Fraassen follows David Lewis calls the conclusion of Putnam''s argument a "paradox," presumably because Lewis takes global descriptivism to be an intuitively plausible theory of reference and yet this theory But, Putnam would argue that this metalanguage would go the way of all theory: The referents of its terms van Fraassen, because Putnam asks us to consider the equivalent question for our own language: Does "cat" refer to cats? Van Fraassen''s Dissolution of Putnam''s Model-Theoretic Argument [pp. Van Fraassen''s Dissolution of Putnam''s Model-Theoretic Argument [pp. work_jsrzez2jtzdirklgpwwzyusviu This Companion to the philosophy of science reflects fairly well the gloomy The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science. Discussing the social sciences, Harold Kinkaid comments on "the role of view of Gunnar Myrdal that science is value laden, and Quine''s claim that One discussion here concerns scientific failure; it ascribes to Larry Laudan the idea that as we deem past science failures, researchers, not among philosophers of science (Popper 1935/1959, §62, The major task of the philosophy of science, say the editors in their opening kick (p. mThe idea that any justification is better scientific than metaphysical is Popper''s last word. If belief should stay on the agenda of the philosophy of science, it should On the first page of this vademecum, speaking on the philosophy of science in general, the editors introduce four problems from that field: In The problem of rationality in science and its philosophy: on Popper work_jswzt3nkjfhrle3o37durw6cai While endorsing Gopnik''s proposal that studies of the emergence and modification of scientific theories and studies of cognitive development in children are mutually illuminating, we offer a different picture of the beginning points of cognitive development from Gopnik''s picture of "theories all the way down." Human children''s initial cognitive endowment consists of a set of innate core systems of knowledge which have some, but not all, of the properties of later Further, young infants'' knowledge structures differ from later developing intuitive theories and scientific theories In contrast, all the evidence currently available suggests that the four core cognitive systems found in human infants seeking lessons about theory change in science from case studies of cognitive development should not look here. development in children and in science in several well studied cases, although the cases we find convincing occur later in childhood than Gopnik''s examples: intuitive biology in the years 4 to 10 (Carey 1985, 1988, work_jtckcu53qvffbff2okm2ashmya Radikalni empirizam je shvatanje da se univerzalni iskazi nauke (to jest, naučne teorije) direktno izvode iz iskustva – i samo iz iskustva, te da nauka zato predstavlja istinit opis iskustva (a i stvarnosti)2. pozitivizma, koji nije bio u toj meri antimetafizički nastrojen kao sami logički pozitivisti, metafizički fundirao istovetnost iskustva i stvarnosti. U filozofiji nauke logičkog pozitivizma došlo je do potpune artikulacije osnovnih poenti radikalnog empirizma i upravo u tom smislu za njega se može reći da tradicionalnu filozofiju nauke radikalno empirističkom: drugog puta do naučne teorije – sem onog koji se sastoji u induktivnoj generalizaciji opservacionog materijala – nema i ne može biti. 1. Naravno da ovo ne menja u nekoj većoj meri opštu sliku, jer kao što sam već napomenuo i mnogi 53 Ovde se može videti uticaj tradicionalne filozofije nauke koja je ušla i u način na koji se govori work_jtmmom2rm5gadc34qlwecbqw7u ������"��� ��������� ��>�����#��#�� � ���?9� ����22�� ���� � �����2� ��� �� �������� ����� �����-<�� ����� 2 ��� �� +������ �������� ����# �� �� �������� �� �� �� �����"����� ��"��� ���������� ���� M�� ���������� ����������� ��������� ���������� ��� ������������� ����������� �����.������2�� ��� � � ����� ������� ��.���� -�� � ����A � �������2��� ��������� �������� ����� �����7688� ���?@��L9+� ����<�� �#��� ����2���*���→�� ������ � ������ ����� ��������� ��� �-"�� �����2�#����� �������@ ���@����� ����2������3��� ��$������ � *�7�9��7 <9I-<��� ������ ��=���-<�� �+���� ������� ���� �� ����� ��� ��������� ����"����� �-����� ��>���-� ����� � � �#������ +��������"�� �� ������ ��� � ����� ��.�������"� ���� ����� �������� ��� -���������� ������ ����� �� ������ � � ������� !���� ���������=���������� ��������������� ��>�� ������-<�� ����� ��-�� ����� ���� #����2 ��������� ������� �����2� � �����-� � � �<�� ��� ��� � ���������� ����.������� ���� ����� ����-<�� � �-� �������� �.���� ������� � ��� �� � �� ������� �������� ��� ����2� ���� �� � work_jvnxcygrgrbrhoei2uokij4hou A causal model represents this example in terms of a set of selected variables. structural equations in the set E on the basis of the values of the exogenous variables and Definition 5: The Default Worlds Generated by a Causal Model A causal model of an actual system generates a sphere of default worlds The intuitive idea is that the default worlds generated by the causal model exemplify a The sphere of default worlds generated by a model is tied, in some sense, to the actual relativize Pearl''s definition of counterfactual dependence to a causal model which fixes Definition 9: A Causal Model with Default Settings of its Exogenous Variables (a It is natural to interpret Example 2 in terms of a four variable default causal model that interpret the example with a four variable model that sets the default value of the work_jzynnsdngrajtabawvxgigzscy two different types of insight into an artefact''s functioning, and (2) show how human action inevitably plays a role in artefact explanation. the face of it, mechanistic artefact explanations involve an unusual explanatory combination of human action and physical objects. general pattern of artefact explanation, which is provided by the second example. There is a gap of normativity between an artefact''s proper function and its (actual) physical behaviour. strategy provides behavioural or functional understanding of an artefact, and the second A particular behaviour that needs explanation is explained by a description of the mechanism To sum up, my account of mechanistic artefact explanation includes two different complementary explanatory strategies. the artefact that needs explanation, decomposes it into constituent sub-behaviours, and then ascribes these sub-behaviours to structural components of the artefact. Structural and behavioural understanding of an artefact, or other mechanism, is useful from an explanatory point of view. work_k2dtibdozrdubcl3qhwdrxqake The epistemic state of complete ignorance is not a probability distribution. assign the same, unique ignorance degree of belief to any contingent outcome and notion that ignorance is invariant under certain redescriptions of the outcome space, familiar paradoxes to be discussed here, the notion that indifference over outcomes requires of ignorance is unchanged under disjunctive coarsening or refinement of the outcome space; and outcome space gives us what I call the Principle of Invariance of Ignorance (Section 2.2). given some outcomes over which we are indifferent and thus assign equal probability. principle of indifference by requiring that a state of ignorance over a finite outcome space possibility that this ignorance degree of belief is different for each distinct outcome space. natural expectation that the same ignorance degree of belief can be found in all outcome spaces. so that the ignorance degree of belief in two independent outcome spaces is the same. work_k2emhnwdtncdzkzdohs3b4cg5e will codify schemas or sentence forms all of whose instances are logically true Here a rule is SOUND if its conclusions follow logically from its premises. An "ideal" logistic system is also complete (codifies all logically true sentences) and Post complete (so complete that properly new axioms can not be added). rules of inference by which the logical consequences of a given set of sentences are Needless to say the rules of inference must always produce from a given set of sentences only logical consequences of it. same logically true sentences of L as codified by LS and (2) the valid arguments of L logical truths, valid arguments and (sound, rigorous) proofs. In general, a deductive system codifies logical truths, valid arguments and sound, A rule of inference is rigorous iff (1) it is effective, (2) it is sound, (3) it introduces or eliminates exactly one occurrence of a logical symbol (and not both), work_k2s6ej72urfgbhihf4r2soz6t4 On the other hand, Wolff argues that a certain conservation law obtainable via Noether''s second theorem is an instance of a metaphysically I show how Wolff''s example for a putatively metaphysically necessary conservation law fails but argue that so-called topological currents hand, Wolff takes it that equations of motion can count as examples of physical laws I show how Wolff''s example for a putatively metaphysically necessary conservation law in the sense of Fine fails but argue that so-called topological currents do count as metaphysically necessary conservation laws carrying physical content. count as metaphysically necessary conservation laws carrying physical content. Is Fine right to claim that some laws of nature are metaphysically necessary in this sense, Metaphysically necessary laws which hold in virtue of the dynamical nature of topological currents amounts to a metaphysically necessary conservation law which Topological currents as metaphysically necessary conservation laws work_k3jxgv32mrcibouxbqn25gxnla Howson, Colin (2016) Regularity and infinitely tossed coins. nonstandard setting, with a counterexample based on tossing a fair coin infinitely many spaces, for example that of a fair coin tossed infinitely often (it has the cardinality of the fair coin tossed infinitely many times to argue that at least one outcome sequence must a cardinality-based argument (but see Hofweber 2014), and another (2012) claiming that since infinitesimallyvalued probabilities are non-conglomerable in some countable partition, one can know beforehand with nearcertainty that one''s updated hyperreal-valued probability of a suitable event A will differ from the current one. up heads, and H*(2…) the event that every toss after the first of the second coin is the set {0,1}ℕ of all possible infinite sequences of outcomes of tossing the coin (1 for How probable is an infinite sequence of heads? How probable is an infinite sequence of heads? work_k5zhlm7bbzculhhuyf4d6wchgm problems of external validity (or how to generalize experimental results to nonlaboratory problem of external validity by extending Mayo''s error-probabilistic approach. I shall call ''''radical localism'''' the view that experimental results do not But instead of relying on the logical problem of induction, radical localism uses the history of science to argue for ''''artificially.'''' Experimenters in the human sciences use a special terminology to capture this tension, by distinguishing between the ''''internal'''' whether a result is valid outside the experimental circumstances unless we problem of identifying causal relations, external validity involves an inference to the robustness of a causal relation outside the narrow circumstances results of experiments on mice, for example, unless you have good (experimental) grounds to believe that certain differences between the anatomy of 1205experimental localism and external validity 1205experimental localism and external validity 1205experimental localism and external validity 1205experimental localism and external validity 1205experimental localism and external validity work_k6f3i6okwrgznnh5vo6qitlxry a spacetime (M,gab) satisfies past distinguishability if there do not exist Given a spacetime (M,gab), let Tab be defined by A spacetime (M,gab) is inextendible if there does not exist a spacetime (M′,g′ab) such that there is a proper isometric embedding The definition requires that an inextendible spacetime be "as large as that a version of the cosmic censorship conjecture is correct and all physically reasonable spacetimes are globally hyperbolic (Penrose 1979). (**) Every P-extendible P-spacetime has a P-inextendible P-extension. (**) Every P-extendible P-spacetime has a P-inextendible P-extension. Of course, spacetime properties may be considered physically reasonable in various senses. (1977), let us say that a spacetime (M,gab) is observationally indistinguishable from another spacetime (M′,g′ab) if, for every point p ∈ M, Under the standard definition of inextendibility, it seems that any observer in a chronological spacetime is not in a position to know that her Let (N,gab) be Misner spacetime. work_katih7uterg35ox6nm75clltd4 This is a two-dimensional framework for doing general philosophy of science. Taking seriously the Aristotelian framework for general philosophy of science did The split within the framework for doing general philosophy of science that episteme, thereby shifting the terrain for general philosophy of science from dimension of the received Aristotelian way of doing general philosophy of science Aristotelian way of doing general philosophy of science was re-shaped: the way science could still raise the general issue of how scientific knowledge is related to Kant was tied to viewing science in general as being in the process of continuous Τhe two-dimensional framework for doing general philosophy of science was Kant nor by the Logical Positivists, viz., that science has a history and that general Both enterprises that shaped general philosophy of science (the epistemology of do with the kind of tradition that has shaped general philosophy of science. The problem of knowledge: Philosophy, science, and history work_kbbk6mwzgzgitmzptsas6k6a3m This work is a systematic review of studies that investigate teaching experiences applying History and research studies that describe the results of a didactic application of HPS in physics classes? undertook a systematic review of research about context-based and STS approaches in the teaching of science, review remained, that is those research studies which investigated the didactic application of HPS in physics the area of research that investigates the use of HPS in Science Teaching. didactic materials and/or strategies in teaching based on HPS in terms of a better understanding of concepts, The study involved a strategy of teaching physics that integrated science history. Study K investigated the effects of a teaching intervention based on science history. study K used HPS in an integrated form with a strategy of teaching-learning whilst carrying out research in the the research studies were to investigate the effects of didactic interventions that use HPS for improvement in work_kblycrpbozd53mz3rbzdm4azwm function, construed as a really existing field evolving in a 3N-dimensional space (where N is the position that holds that the fundamental ontology of the world is the wave function (and perhaps mechanics is fundamentally about the wave function, evolving in 3N-dimensional space. The direct interpretation of this wave function of six variables in three-dimensional space this picture though – the particles exist in three-dimensional space, while the wave function function acts on the N particles in three-dimensional space, even though the wave function exists wave function ontology, claims that objects exist in three-dimensional space are, strictly that the wave function has to be understood as existing in 3N-dimensional space. wave function exists in three-dimensional space. were a system of N particles evolving in three-dimensional space corresponding to the 3Ndimensional wave function – then it is clear mental states would exist in that world. work_kdhxjgyaxrgyfoirssuqua2nxm conceptions of scientific laws on the one hand, and a puzzle in the foundations of statistical mechanics on the other. On what I call the "framework" view of laws, the motivation for dismissing the branch-systems proposal disappears, and it becomes a viable Boltzmann''s postulate holds for all systems at all times must be false. world that when branch systems come into being, the objective probability Equivalently, the big-bang proposal supposes that there is a uniform probability distribution, on the standard measure, over the region of microconditions that are compatible with the present macrocondition, but further restricted to those microconditions that are compatible with the On the branch-systems proposal, at the moment that they become energetically isolated both take on microconditions according to the probability distribution given by Boltzmann''s postulate. But once the microconditions for the world are specified for some particular time (say, at the beginning of the universe), isn''t it the microlaws work_kdrtctlfrffata2xcpxdurkdy4 theories we choose need not be anything like empirically adequate, and as we will argue, something like this: a theory (or model or set of scientific claims) is empirically adequate Bas van Fraassen''s (1980) definition – a theory is empirically adequate if it gets right of science, says The Scientific Image, is to produce theories that are empirically adequate the vehicles of understanding – explanations, theories, models etc. The unifying theory that provides the understanding will generally be far less empirically "Whether or not theories or models can be used for understanding phenomena does explicitly say much about the empirical adequacy of theories and models for So, to manage the world we don''t need our theories to get right most of their empirical scientific models or theories are expected to do don''t require them to get any empirical access to what the world is like; the empirical consequences of a theory/model are our work_kecebn75mng2lddqew6ec4fqu4 of laws and symmetries brings into fruitful interaction technical issues in physics and status of laws of physics, and metaphysical issues, such as the nature of objectivity. The focus of this Address is on the web of connections that tie together laws, symmetries and invariances, and conservation principles. mean by the laws of physics is, roughly, a set of true principles that form a strong will be content to note how the relevant senses of symmetry and invariance in physics that the laws of physics do and, perhaps, must reflect the symmetry at issue. symmetry of the universal laws of nature as formulated by the [special] physics are formulated in terms of geometric object fields on spacetime and if laws candidate for a law of physics must share the symmetries of the spacetime.13 Do symmetries of laws of motion15 entail conservation principles and conversely? work_kgacjn4hdjhh5oel23kdbgp67y Pizlo fails to grasp the logic of experimental designs directed toward phenomenal aspects of shape constancy. In the domain of size perception, Granrud''s studies of size constancy in children and adults distinguish phenomenal from cognitive factors. Questions about the relation between phenomenal experience and cognitive factors also arise for size perception. aspects of perception: between determinately phenomenal aspects of perceptual experience, such as shaped and colored surfaces, and recognition of In studying the visual constancies, investigators have distinguished different aspects of subjects'' responses to stimuli. phenomenal experience of the surface structure of the object but is independent of viewpont: "Shape has nothing to do with viewpoint of an observer Except when the retinal values are combined with a perception of distance and orientation, these facts do not specify a visual experience of an object with a size and shape at a distance. hypothesis, children and adults both experience the sizes of objects at a distance with underconstancy. work_kgasu7xjzzhhbapfwjjjsu6gd4 Emotions_as_Natural_and_Normative_Kinds.PDF Emotions as Natural and Normative Kinds* Here I clarify what I mean by ''natural kind'', suggest a new Other critics take me suggest that if emotion is not a natural kind, and thus that emotion is not a natural kind of psychological state or process, rather I use the term ''natural kind'' to denote categories which admit of reliable other words, natural kinds are categories about which we can make inductive not a natural kind to be premised on the claim that ''emotion'' lacks a clear natural kinds in the biological and social sciences where generalizations are Similarly, emotion is not a natural kind relative to the say that there are some categories that are natural kinds in the sense just natural kind concepts are open-ended, in the sense that any account of what point, and it is clear that emotion categories do function as normative kinds The Natural Kind Status of Emotion. work_kghp6s7rujat3dywvwidkt3ln4 Analogies have been traditionally recognized as a proper part of inductive procedures, akin to generalizations. Traditionally, extensions of known observation-reports to unknown cases are of Take the standard example of induction concerning the whiteness of swans. In other words, the hypothesis that the next swan to be observed will be white is universe, the chances are that the next swan to be observed will be white because same analogy Harry also possesses the property Q, or (b) we arbitrarily discriminate Here we see no argument by analogy at all; it is merely the hypothesis that Dick This discussion, then, shows conclusively that the analogy from Tom to Dick is single predictions, or from one known case to another by analogy, are either ad hoc reliability, nor do I object to either generalization or analogy, but rather to the ad hoc DISCUSSION: ANALOGIES AS GENERALIZATIONS 355 DISCUSSION: ANALOGIES AS GENERALIZATIONS 355 work_khn4klrvzzg4vltg5vvn2xvuw4 scientific representation, namely RIG Hughes'' DDI model and the inferential characterize a deflationary view of scientific representation in three distinct senses, Deflationary views or accounts of scientific representation are inaugurated by properties or relations?) All the deflationary accounts of representation reviewed here reduction of representation in terms of properties or relations between sources and set of features of a source that holds the representational relation R to the target. other words, if representation is a substantive relation, or property, then the practice of building practice; on other deflationary accounts, representation is itself constituted in deflationary account, for the concept of representation in any area of science to be at inferential conception are deflationary accounts of scientific representation in some deflationary approaches to truth: the ''no-theory'', ''abstract minimalism'', and ''use based'' a substantive reductive account of the practice of scientific representation. to practice just mentioned – a deflationary account of scientific representation in work_ki4hiqecwngu3bobqnoizssyj4 experimental philosophy provides crucial tools for the philosopher and encourages two-way interactions Philosophers often follow their intuition to make or presuppose empirical claims about how people would react to hypothetical cases and thought experiments. research, in collaboration with a large international group of philosophers and scientists, actively surveying the uses of ''gene'', I use a recent ''experimental philosophy'' study of the concept of the gene conducted by myself and ideas of scientific concepts as ''tools'' for research and the experimental philosopher of science as a ''conceptual ecologist''. When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Science When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Science When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Science When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Science work_kjdsrz7ykbbqfjozoci7ufojza measure of explanatory power by proving several theorems, all of which show explanation – i.e., the degree of explanatory power that a particular explanans has over its explanation that tells us the explanatory power of a theory (explanans) relative to some parsimonious set of adequacy conditions is used to determine a measure of explanatory power a hypothesis may provide a powerful explanation of a surprising proposition, in our sense, and unique measure of explanatory power as stated in the following theorem (Proof in Appendix results in the following intuitive and simple measure of explanatory power:14 conditions of adequacy on any measure of explanatory power. (adding the condition that h does not have the maximal degree of explanatory power relative would expect the explanatory power of h relative to the new evidence e∧e′ to be greater than explanatory power in the following sense: In the wide space of cases where our conditions of work_kjstzqkpvvdgpnuaiissc74s7q Many explanations in physics rely on idealized models of physical systems. have taken the pendulum law to be part of the explanation of the behaviour of physical models that can underpin scientific explanation, models he dubs Galilean idealizations. taken to support scientific explanation is that these idealizations achieve a kind of commonsense representational success. Let us call this strategy explanation via Galilean idealization (EvGI). Galilean idealizations feature in coveringlaw explanations by enabling the derivation of a conclusion that approximates, in the sense of explanation based on non-Galilean idealization should be rejected. explanandum, one that makes use of the EvGI strategy, so that the non-Galilean explanation The problem with explanations in non-Galilean cases is that they are based on statements Explanations are put forward in a range of fields of physics in which idealized models doing sense of explanation in the context of non-Galilean idealization in physics, and indeed work_kkwrwqnah5dxhh26o5oiqp6tnq appealing to the history of science,many philosophers have felt compelled the case is selected because it exempliªes the philosophical point being articulated, then it is not clear that the philosophical claims have been supported, because it could be argued that the historical data was manipulated to ªt the point. I will argue that even very good case studies do no philosophical work. appeal to historical contexts is to show how doing history in context limits the possible range of philosophical ideas and explanations. be learned is that if philosophers wish to use historical cases to bolster Rephrasing it, the question reads, "Why dowe seek historical explanations," which sounds a lot like, "Why do philosophers of science turn to history?" One tried and true answer is, "To learn from the past." It is unlikely, however, that we seek historical explanation only to understand case studies is for the philosopher of sciencewho starts with history. work_km3xevt5qbe3xhcs3sfbtdvgje affixed to reprints of Bayes''s essay, which reads: "A Method of Calculating the Exact Probability of All Conclusions based on Induction" ðStigler 2013, 283Þ. chance of a dichotomous event fell within a certain interval, given frequencies in a finite number of trials. given equal probability of containing the true chance. Bayes remarks that this result itself might be taken as a proper quantification of ignorance—each number of successes has equal probability. The Bayes-Laplace inference converges to the true chances. lead the Bayesian to converge to the true chances.11 Skeptical priors defeat De Finetti, like Hume, believes that there is no such thing as chance in experience you will converge to it.13 If your degrees of belief are exchangeable, you cannot be an inductive skeptic. frequency of the points being in some measurable set, A.18 Given the foregoing, you believe with probability 1 that the limiting relative frequency work_kpzhv3bfnvbyffbvzbwemegjma the study of concepts has a central place in philosophy of science. philosophy, such as the limits of empirical inquiry and the status of conceptual analysis. Empirical philosophy of science looks into the actual conceptualizations and practices of Philosophers of science can have several interests when analyzing scientific concepts, such as conducting empirical research during which scientists define and apply concepts (Machery, 2016). evolutionary biologists'' explicit conceptualization and actual use of "gene" concepts shows that philosophical assumptions about the meanings of concepts may differ significantly from Many science educators are very well familiar with research in conceptual development and conceptual understanding, and can thus conduct the research that would be necessary for empirical Empirical concept analysis could thus become a domain where philosophy of science and How biologists conceptualize genes: an empirical study. What concept analysis in philosophy of science should be (and why competing philosophical analyses of gene concepts cannot be tested by polling scientists). work_krsazryp65cijfcvi4ew7xvrma method, I mean a systematic way of letting the available evidence govern your One thing you can do given an inductive method C is to estimate the values of estimate the accuracy of various inductive methods. best estimated accuracy, the immodest method answers: "I have." class of competing inductive methods, to the way in which accuracy is measured, and to the total evidence available for use in estimating accuracies of methods. Does the immodesty of an inductive method give you any good reason to trust Certainly not every immodest inductive method deserves your trust. Immodesty is a necessary but not sufficient condition of adequacy for inductive methods. Suppose finally that as you set out to pick an inductive method your total available evidence e is a complete description of a certain sample containing s things Having specified the class of inductive methods you wish to choose from, the work_kujhacndlrfrrmro2kbsjh7uta taking objects in classical mechanics (whether point-particles or continuous bodies) to have only temporally extended, i.e. non-instantaneous, temporal parts: supervenience of persistence on qualitative similarity among, and-or intrinsic properties of, the perdurantist''s temporal parts; where (b) such supervenience may even be and (d): a certain sort of perdurantist|roughly speaking, one who accepts only noninstantaneous temporal parts|can both appeal to di�erences of velocity, and garner Since such parts have a rich set of intrinsic properties, the prospects for the perdurantist project of de�ning persistence (or providing a supervenience-basis for it, or velocities and instantaneous velocities of point-sized bits of matter within a homogeneous disc provide intrinsic properties of the disc''s temporal parts. both ways, instantaneous velocity is \hardly extrinsic", i.e. hardly temporally extrinsic, since its ascription to an object o at t implies \little" about matters of fact at Furthermore, just as Section 4.1.2 proposed that in a classical setting, a perdurantist accepting only non-instantaneous parts could have their account of persistence work_kwh433qgqjeknj67xtbfpkflty in terms of ''metaphysical coherentism'' – the view according to which object-like parts theory, is to be cashed out in terms of the relevant objects entering relations of mutual ontological structures on the basis of an under-determination of metaphysics by physics, in particular with respect to whether c) Contextualist OSR: some properties of objects might be monadic and non-structurallyreducible, but objects are dependent on structure nevertheless, because identity facts are always is more plausible than strong OSR, in that it makes physical objects depend on structure but, at ontological dependence to that of ground, the latter having been discussed rather intensely as of late exactly as the realworld counterpart of metaphysical explanation (or, slightly differently, as the tool required to ''regiment'' the notion of put it, from ''horizontal'', i.e., same-level, structures of mutual dependence relations with other objects. essential intrinsic properties and/or the identity of objects are determined by ''holistic'' structures work_kxzstyobrfcofprneanvdexzku Explanation of molecular processes without tracking mechanism operation on explanation in terms of tracking a mechanism''s operation across time (by means of mental or there are in fact different kinds of model analysis, resulting in different types of explanation, in a pitchfork bifurcation yields a reversible process: the system starts out in one steady state, but input is increased past the saddle-node bifurcation point SN, this steady state disappears and the A bifurcation analysis consists in mathematically investigating a dynamical model to reveal such Figure 3: The result of a bifurcation analysis of Chen et al.''s yeast cell cycle model. Figure 4: Bifurcation analysis results of Legewie et al.''s apoptosis modeling. apoptosis regulation mechanism is shown at the top, and it yields the steady state profile depicted 4. Bifurcation Analysis Explains without Tracking Mechanism Operation of explanation used in systems biology that do not consist in tracking a mechanism''s operation. "Mechanism and Biological Explanation." Philosophy of Science 78:533-57. work_ky5dghvo5zflxanqojp5cftnvu category-theory based on the primitive concept of a set or a class is worthwile to slight but significant deductive extension of Ackermann''s theory of sets and classes Hence it is generally held that standard set-theories, notably ZFC and CVN, cannot provide foundations for the whole of mathematics.8 usual set-theoretical operations upon its members, then category-theory can be founded Category Theory involves only objects which are members of the classes V, ℘V, classes, intended to encompas Cantorian set-theory, category-theory and carrying an extended Bourbakian architecture of mathematics consisting of class-structures rather than Category-theory must be founded on our theory of sets and classes Theorem I: the theory of sets and classes ARC is consistent relative to the Theorem II: the consistency of the theory of sets and classes ARC can neither be proved are available as the categories with ''the least structured objects'', i.e. plain sets or classes work_kyblodmp4zcm3fjgpfzelmkzam fictional assumptions play an inferential role in models. framework for the fictions'' inferential roles (since it provides the background conditions models sanction places the fictional assumptions in the antecedent A of what I have But in a different model the fictional assumptions appear the fictional assumptions in the antecedent, or as part of the background conditions. So, a fictional conditional with a false antecedent is acceptable if the fictional assumptions must be placed amongst the background conditions B. realist requirement that science establishes true conditionals with the fact that the truthvalues of antecedent and consequent are not always in agreement with a truth-functional and consequent), at least for the fictional conditionals one finds in scientific modelling conditional is not strictly a function of the truth-values of consequent and antecedent. the ''observable'' facts in the consequents of these fictional conditionals are not typically determine whether the fictional assumptions appear amongst the background conditions work_kyccmwpkdzfmpj3wxjrup3uozu I point out a simple sense in which the standard formulation of Curie''s principle is false, when the symmetry transformation it describes is time reversal. the standard way, and the symmetry transformation is time reversal. with care, as it only applies for a particular kind of symmetry transformation that does not include time reversal. The result: the laws of motion for the harmonic oscillator are time reversal invariant, and the initial state is preserved by the time reversal operator, but the final state is not. that is preserved by time reversal, and a final state that is not. Curie''s principle thus fails when the symmetry transformation is time initial state φ is preserved by the time reversal operator. Thus, any system that is both time reversal invariant and nondegenerate provides a counterexample to Curie''s principle. include time reversal symmetry, then Curie''s principle is false. work_l3kfn6vhavdgfafqi5gqourclu JIM, SUSTAIN, and ALCOVE, are not mechanistic yet satisfy these norms of explanation. recent research using model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging, a novel neuroimaging method whose significance for current debates on psychological models and mechanistic explanation has yet to be explored. My argument applies recent research using model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Model-based fMRI allows cognitive neuroscientists to locate even widely distributed neural components in SUSTAIN and ALCOVE have subsequently used model-based fMRI to decide between these mechanism sketches on the basis of information about ALCOVE (Attention Learning Covering map), like JIM, is a neural network model of object categorization (Kruschke 1992). of mechanism individuation cannot handle distributed parts.4 Yet numerous neuroimaging methods, especially model-based fMRI, ameliorate this how recent model-based fMRI research shows that, like JIM, SUSTAIN and Weiskopf (2011) presents three models of object recognition and categorization, JIM, ALCOVE, and SUSTAIN, that he claims are work_l3slitrujnbxdimaocdqcmf5fe Abstract: This article renders the analysis of such a problem of full or partial change of person''s gender-role Rational and non-rational reasons and gender representation factors are also introduced and basic types of Key words: Gender representation Identity Femininity Masculinity Communication principles when traditional for Russia gender mindset is being human essence expression of the subject [5]. the situation of post-modernism stresses the context and Virtual gender representation is a special and gender representation which is in reality based on the Internet and virtual communities, when a person demonstrated the change or correction of identities that signs and symbols that are defined as gender What motivates the contemporary human being, Rational reasons for gender representation are Full representation of the gender-role essence can be a way of life and lifestyle change, so do the stereotype conditions that have changed or in the need to conform factor affecting gender representation is the assignment work_l4wcktla2rcxndlvqipecpa3mq of missing points and define a spacetime to be singular if and only if it contains incomplete, inextendible curves of a certain specified type, and the spacetime manifold itself satisfies a few collateral physically accessible manner,14 the discussants in the dialogue settle on simple geodesic incompleteness as the criterion for singular structure, conceding that the definition is perhaps overly inclusive, points ought not be a touchstone of discussion of singular structure in relativistic spacetimes. due to Geroch (1968a) fares much better with physically relevant spacetimes.46 In this construction, the so-called g-boundary, geodesic incompleteness rather than b-incompleteness defines singular structure, and one defines a boundary point to be an equivalence class of incomplete geodesics under the equivalence relation ''approach arbitrarily close to each other'' (in a certain technical sense). weak: each incomplete geodesic of a singular spacetime must terminate at some boundary point; physical relevance of those boundary points that are approachable by curves in the spacetime. work_l6wsxuxli5ewfobmav7hyglhau Mathematical Naturalism, that prima facie intends to deliver a naturalistic way implicit in a practice, the methodologist of mathematics (as Maddy sometimes refers to herself) constructs an amplified, naturalized model of that Maddy is concerned with justifying axioms of set theory in a naturalistically Mathematical Naturalism is supposed to provide a naturalistic answer to JAQ. of mathematics from natural science (i.e., reject disciplinary holism), which of Mathematical Naturalism analogous to the account of the reliability way of accounting for the reliability of mathematical practice accessible to the 25 Second Philosophy encompasses the natural sciences as well as mathematics and logic, but it have to do for Mathematical Naturalism what a causal theory of detection Mathematical Naturalism has nothing to offer on the question of set existence. Second Philosophy (hence, for Mathematical Naturalism) in (Maddy [2005b], of the natural sciences, what separates mathematics from other practices, such work_l7pvk5f5gvaxlm7v3ztbvli7ae The import of Hodgkin and Huxley''s classic model of the action potential has been hotly Hodgkin and Huxley''s model is both causal and, in an important sense, The Hodgkin and Huxley model of the action potential is in many ways the last thing one What Hodgkin and Huxley provided, they argue, was a phenomenal model able Hodgkin and Huxley do not offer a causal interpretation of the model in their paper. their contemporaries interpreted the model (including the controversial conductance terms) I argue that Hodgkin and Huxley explained the action potential as they conceived knowledge to meaningfully interpret the model (and the conductance terms in particular) seen in the HH model (that conductance is a function of voltage, say) and causal relations interpretation in their writing, quotes where Hodgkin and Huxley seem to rebuff causal Huxley thought of the conductances in causal terms (see above) but because their methods work_la3ihj42c5gjzblueuz2ekztji Chronos, with the three poems related to the images of the oceans written by a Taiwanese poet, Hui Tong; I also try surface and also the hidden "solid" oceans, the blue crystal rocks called ringwoodite, within Earth''s mantle. Keywords: the time events, the virtual, singularities, phantasm, ocean, ringwoodite The present is merely like the ocean on the surface of Earth for the past to wave at the future; poems, the readers can understand how the visual images of the oceans can evoke the incorporeal time events the oceans in the poems inspire an enlightening awakening, the time-event of Chronos at the crucial present virtual time event in the past; the hidden blue rock of the solid ocean, the so-called ringwoodite, in the Earth''s the oceans on the surface can be referred to the time event of Chronos of Earth in the present, like the flowing work_la5dn44e2jampizjwzt4ugzjwi to address Coltheart''s concerns, I explore how different brain structure-function relationships would constrain the ability of neuroimaging to provide insight about psychological questions. for Coltheart''s challenge to be met, the psychological theories in question a theory expressed purely at the psychological level and a pattern of brain theories as stated by Umiltà are about cognition, and the reworded statements are about the brain. Coltheart''s challenge can be revived by allowing bridge principles or auxiliary assumptions that enable one to infer function from location. psychological function to brain structure" (2006b, 323). is some ''systematic'' mapping from psychological function to brain structure" (2006b, 323). This argument would clinch the ultra-cognitive neuropsychologist''s in-principle argument against the possibility of brain imaging data informing psychology, but it is false. However, although neuroimaging cannot tell us everything about brain function, it would be shortsighted to claim that it therefore can''t tell us anything. Coltheart''s challenge makes plain the importance of functional-anatomical mapping to neuroimaging. work_lay27vvmbzgd3gewv4v4jrkyyu Humphreys, who considers that an object is simulated when a computer provides a solution to a computational model, which in turn represents the object of interest. A computer simulation can be defined as a particular way of implementing a computation so as to get numerical results about the evolution of an object. simulations is a popular theme (Hughes 1999; Winsberg 1999), the novelty of my proposal is to acknowledge that several computational models are used within one These simulations involve what is called an ''imaginary time path integral'', with a statistical reinterpretation of the equations, so I call For instance, there is no simulation using the lattice model: when the computer provides numerical solutions to the Euclidean, lattice, or statistical models bring new representations and ontologies, 2. Humphreys''s Definitions of Simulation and of Computational Model 2. Humphreys''s Definitions of Simulation and of Computational Model work_lbzncejuizfidl3cc325sv6oly argues tha t, in a deterministic world, a chance function outputting non-trivial argue that, not only is Schaffer correct in this, but that there are good reasons to think that a trivial deterministic chance function is inconsistent with deterministic, the laws of w together with the history of w up to (and including) any time t entail Pe. Accordingly, for any reasonable credence function , the initial history of the world, these special scientific laws entail non-trivial A lot of work remains to be done to show that the non-trivial probabilities projected by the probabilistic special scientific laws of these deterministic existence of non-trivial chances in deterministic worlds with probabilistic special scientific laws is perfectly compatible with the connection from chance to In deterministic worlds with probabilistic special scientific laws, only a non-trivial probability function can underwrite the connections from chance to lawhood and rational credence (as was work_lc36xgfihje6bfhdr2wwvy57hi misguided: Craig''s attempt to reconcile the presentist version of the tensed theory with relativity. the tensed view of time, citing, as an important reason, its incompatibility with relativity theory.10 length contraction is completely in the spirit of Einstein''s theory, whereas the neo-Lorentzian length contraction nor the Lorentz transformation equations for the space and time coordinates much of its force when we recognize the space-time interpretation as a constructive theory 8 The Space-Time Interpretation: Does God Need a Preferred Frame of Reference? 8 The Space-Time Interpretation: Does God Need a Preferred Frame of Reference? developed by one of us (MJ) for preferring the space-time interpretation over the neo-Lorentzian equations for the space and time coordinates from the doubly-amended theory alone. theory." We just presented such an argument in the case of the space-time interpretation versus Einstein, Albert (1919), "What is the Theory of Relativity?" The London Times, November 28, work_le3ulftmxjghlpirlyalgyqjz4 approaches to science teaching informed by the history and philosophy of science. to understand and incorporate HPST elements contributing to science education research, In Santilli''s paper, through three case studies the understanding of science and technology interdependence and their interrelations to society is promoted. refers to teachers and learners in a school of engineering, it offers insights for sciencetechnology-society issues that concern science teaching in general, focusing on the aiming at NOS understandings and motivation for science learning, and reinforcing the cooperation between science museums and schools in the context of the history and philosophy of science in science teaching. In this paper, an example of productive co-ordination of history of science, epistemology and pedagogy is presented, focusing on the fact that, in HPST informed learning in the field of the use of the history and philosophy of science in science teaching: How to work_leozt7gjingazhzrajzlhfk7a4 In surveying the field of history and philosophy of science (HPS), it may be more useful foolish to belabor parallels between the history and philosophy of science (HPS) and history and philosophy of science but, instead, to gesture toward some problem areas Happily (in my view), some of the best recent work in history of science refuses this On experimenting see Hacking, Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. But one would be hard pressed to argue that historians and philosophers of science have attended inadequately to the study of special relativity, nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, the gene, or Darwinian selection. suggest that the history and philosophy of many kinds of new objects cannot quite be can one narrate the history of science in a way that makes philosophy part of the work_leumwm4wsfbcdfm424ckeqwe7m The Doomsday paradox and the appeal to anthropic bounds to solve the cosmological constant problem are two examples of puzzles of probabilistic confirmation. assume that the prior probability distribution is constant within the anthropically allowed dealing with events we are completely ignorant about, one can use an imprecise, Bayesianfriendly framework that better handles ignorance, and avoids the paradoxical, uncomfortable consequences of the Doomsday argument, and better models the limited role anthropic One could hope that a more adequate prior probability distribution—one that better reflects our ignorance and is normalizable—may prevent the conclusion of these cosmic puzzles (especially Gott''s Doomsday argument). an imprecise prior credal set with probability distributions that each favors a different Let us see how we can reframe Gott''s Doomsday argument with an imprecise prior credence Let us see how such a prior credal set avoids the conclusion of Gott''s Doomsday paradox. work_lf2vvwewfjcx3jjp37m7wajlfi Note that equation (4) describes a point mass sitting at rest at the apex of the dome, For all times t T> , there is a non-zero net force applied, since the mass is at positions 0r > not the apex, the only force free point on the dome; and the mass We shall refer to this situation as the (proper) case of the mass on the dome (Fig. 3). some initial velocity directed at the apex along the surface: those where the mass halts positioned at the rim and given any initial velocity directed at the apex along the surface, class of trajectories once the mass passes the apex with non-zero velocity as in Fig. 4. "rim" (any fixed point on the dome other than the apex), give it a push up so that the mass The only way to generate non-Lipschitz spontaneous motion of the mass down the work_lgcq3kiesvhxpbafpn4ljwgb4i In this paper I draw a connection between Kuhn and the empiricist legacy, specifically between his thesis of incommensurability, in particular in its later taxonomic form, and van Kuhn and van Fraassen do not differ as much as might be thought as regards the claim that shall argue that if this is true, we should expect the empirically indistinguishable competing theories to differ in their taxonomies. given such pair that the two theories are taxonomically incommensurable; that is they have differing taxonomies that cannot be translated Fraassen is right, that two theories may be distinct but empirically equivalent, then they will exhibit the greatest degree of difference—taxonomic theories will be taxonomically different with a case of particular scientific To show, for empirically equivalent theories, that taxonomic difference To show, for empirically equivalent theories, that taxonomic difference The theories that must exist to make constructive empiricism true (distinct but non-trivially empirically equivalent work_lgvvnva3cnatvm3ynem5bw2ety This essay argues that narrative explanations prove uniquely suited to answering certain explanatory questions, and offers reasons why recognizing a type of statement that requires narrative explanations to explain, as a category narrative explanations exist in philosophical limbo. follows from the fact that a narrative constitutes both the explanandum and its relations to the explanansdstatements of the event epistemic insight narrative sentences reveal, viz., that human histories exist only as a product of a very special sort of retrospective beginning, middle, end structure unified by showing the development of a subject over time, and what a historical narrative contains narrative explanations create the explanandum event. for essentially narrative explanations as developed to this point. the event has no non-narrative explanation. narrative sentences have an explanation. Narrative explanation: the case of history. Description as justification in narrative explanation (Hilberg) Description as justification in narrative explanation (Hilberg) work_lhkkebgedzayng62ar6n5xlmhy theorists to argue that there are fundamental problems with cultural fitness that render it evolution, cultural fitness is a concept that seems to do considerable work. Boyd, and Richerson ([2008]) list conceptual problems with cultural fitness as the source Part of the problem with developing a concept of cultural fitness is that there is inspired from biological theory—there are several problems unique to cultural fitness. ''fitness'' because they try to capture the tendency of a cultural variant to spread through suggest that the transmission biases should be a part of selection/fitness in cultural Some have argued that cultural fitness is ill defined because generations are not well Organism-based cultural fitness is often defined as the the currency of cultural fitness is individual organism''s adoption of cultural variants. cultural variants is that linking fitness only with transmissibility (the probability of being that a cultural variant can be fit. work_li6ruw56l5dxvc7c4sspxyimm4 Introductory readings in the philosophy of science Preface to the Revised Edition Preface to the First Edition Preface to the First Edition Introduction: What Is Philosophy of Science? SCIENCE AND PSEUDOSClENCE 1. Science: Conjectures and Refutations 2. What Is Science? 3. How to Defend Society against Science Paul Feyerabend Paul R. THE NATURAL AND SOClAL SCIENCES 7. The Natural and the Human Sciences 8. Are the Social Sciences Really Inferior? 9. If Economics Isn''t Science, What Is ll? Social Science Look Like? EXPLANATION AND LAW Studies in the Logic of Explanation Scientific Explanation: How We Got from There to Here The Pragmatics of Explanation THEORY AND OBSERVATION The Nature of Theories Science and the Physical World Justifying Scientific Theories Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice The Variety of Reasons for the Acceptance of Scientific Theories Science and Human Values Values in Science Values in Science The Feminist Question in the Philosophy of Science work_liiqctyfpjblnbwab2ptj6liai Lewis sender-receiver games illustrate how a meaningful term language might evolve More specifically, our descriptive kind language evolves as successful projections lead to better entrenched kind predicates, where a hypothesis is projected when it is extensions of the Lewis signaling game that are sufficiently rich to coevolve a kind language and a corresponding systematic partition of the Lewis signaling game each state of the world corresponds to a term in Skyrms (2006) has shown for simple reinforcement learning and Huttegger (2007a) has shown for the replicator dynamics, that signaling systems always evolve in the 2-state/2-term signaling game with evenly distributed states of nature.4 Skyrms (2006) has also shown that signaling cases where perfect signaling fails to evolve in the 3-state/3-term game, of signal success rates in the 8-state/8-term game with 103 runs and 106 SUCCESS RATES FOR THE 4-STATE/2-TERM/2-SENDER SYNTACTIC GAME (the work_ljiycs5tqnb7bgrmm7t2fnawni understanding complexity; process descriptions have been fundamental for the description, but process philosophy), at the center of complexity will become apparent in My conclusion that generalized complexity is best characterized as process is concept of complexity, whether specific or general, be replaced by that of process. generalized complexity, and that in order to capture this notion we must turn to a process and the intermingling of the random and the ordered in complexity. understood as process, which unites the structural and dynamic features of complexity), I preserve structure, as crystals and other non-complex objects do. characterize fully complex structures, a process-oriented approach could prove to be an exists a general notion of complexity that can be revealed, or can be defined, by structure of complexity, any more than there can be laws of process, beyond the general the properties studied by complexity science, such as structure, or entropy, can be, (and in work_lkhnl7kzanbxdjedn3i25l6em4 valued logics in quantum theory, and then raises a significant interpretational issue concerning the lattice of physical propositions in TQT. propositions associated with a quantum system, it is generally possible, given a state vector |ψ〉, to assign truth values unproblematically In TQT, we represent both the quantum state space and physical propositions as presheaves over the context category. Def 2.6.9: The truth value of a physical proposition, represented in TQT by an element S of Subcl(Σ), relative to a pure whether a global element of the spectral presheaf will generally assign truth-values to physical propositions in an unproblematic way. In fact, in the previous section, we saw the mechanism that is generally used to assign truth values to physical propositions in TQT. The mechanism in question uses pure state vectors in the original Hilbert space H to assign truth values to physical propositions. work_lkiarp4k6zgctnxhfgpgctr5du the multiple realization of cognitive functions in existing biological organisms. In section 2, I introduce the cognitive neuroscientific research program that aims to map brain structures talk in cognitive neuroscience is that realizing structures are the neurological or neurophysiological properties of brain areas (networks) investigated in neuroscience, and realized functions are the cognitive capacities, structure-function mappings, and cognitive-neuroanatomical area names The degeneracy hypothesis can explain these puzzling processing differences and data showing undeniable cross-subject specialization of function in cortex that have made Lashley''s hypotheses untenable. "brain areas" are individuated partly by the cognitive function they subserve may be macaque), and thus are assuming that cognitive functions are not differently realized in the two species" (190). I explain below, they continue: "Identifying brain areas through neuroimaging depends critically on the cognitive tasks subjects are asked to perform; thus, the possibility of multiple realizability is restricted at the outset" (190). cognitive function that can be mapped to the lesioned areas. work_loi4dh3zmjdx7nwj2p6jvspmiu work_lolqmshljfamfason5n7qfcfli [PDF] Philosophy of science and the diagnostic process. Corpus ID: 3363913Philosophy of science and the diagnostic process. title={Philosophy of science and the diagnostic process.}, This is an overview of the principles that underpin philosophy of science and how they may provide a framework for the diagnostic process. Although philosophy dates back to antiquity, it is only more recently that philosophers have begun to enunciate the scientific method. Sort by Most Influenced Papers Nursing philosophy : an international journal for healthcare professionals Renzo Zanotti Rn PhD Feans, Daniele Chiffi PhD MSc Ma Postdoctoral Fellow Medicine, Computer Science Medicine, Computer Science Philosophy of Science: A Very Short Introduction Philosophy, Computer Science Understanding Philosophy of Science Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_lotfcyqmljedth5yqizfcjdpyq It aims to discuss possible implications of the peculiarities of quantum entanglement and quantum non-locality within the algebraic approach to RQFT. particular, I will consider how the board ontic structural realist understanding of quantum entanglement and quantum non-locality within QM naturally applies to RQFT and can contribute Keywords: relativistic quantum field theory, algebraic approach, ontology, quantum fields, quantum entanglement, Reeh-Schlieder theorem, non-separability, ontic structural realism of quantum non-separability in terms of the lack of intrinsic identity lack of independent existence if one prefers to avoid talk about identity of the considered entangled physical systems. entangled, non-separable quantum systems can be understood as genuine physical entities in OSR provides an interpretative and ontological framework for understanding entangled quantum field systems that highlights their structural features in the sense of their ontological interdependence (lack of independent existence and lack of intrinsic identity in particular). work_lovkyy4oyzg5jortkd75fv23fq Discussion Note: Which Kind of Causal Specificity Matters Biologically? distinguishes genetic material from other biological causes is their causal specificity (Waters Similarly, so it is argued, DNA and RNA sequence variation is a causal variation, REL alone fails to provide a sufficient criterion for relevant causal specificity; a et al., I will now turn to the different kinds of variation for which causal specificity may be INF is the causal specificity of the possible range of values for a variable, which may genetic information, even though there is no difference in causal specificity of the potential causal specificity amounts to 7.2 bits for alternative splicing and 6.6 bits for DNA variation. variation in protein sequence producible by different alternative splicing machineries while mutations is causally more specific than variation due to alternative splicing. of the potential variation of the actual-difference making causes, but the specificity of the work_loz6d74ykvbupmqfist3rxacdi constructivists and empiricists, on matters both semantic and epistemic, he deploys the Galilean Strategy—a move to show that methods of settling questions about unobjectionable, observable matters should be relied on to settle Methods of justification, like Galileo''s telescope, can only be validated by examining the conclusions about observables to which they The constructive empiricist may reply that the boundary between the observable and the unobservable, vague though it may be, is principled. Rather, he considers the realist inference from the success of a theory to the Taking inference from success to truth as M , GS1 is satisfied. GS1k Inferring truth from success provides correct answers up to and along the Realists claim that the best explanation of the success of science is the approximate truth of scientific theories. telescopes and microscopes are pointed at observables or unobservables, they the microscope cannot be extended to the success-to-truth inference.7 Why Kitcher has realist intuitions, but van Fraassen has empiricist work_lr5hieogxvannnrapny7bzovla We reassess Woodward''s counterfactual account of explanation in relation to regularity explananda. 2001) Explanatory power is a matter of providing information that answers whatif-things-had-been-different questions (''w-questions''), as Woodward puts it. Woodward''s account of explanation, involving both counterfactual and causal Others have similarly welcomed the potential of Woodward''s account to naturally subsume non-causal explanations. analysed in counterfactual terms, in close parallel with one of Woodward''s exemplars of causal explanation. If we accept that some non-causal explanations can be subsumed under Woodward''s counterfactual account, there''s work to be done. unified account would take explanatory power in both cases to be a matter of answering a range of w-questions by providing objective counterfactual information, What Woodward has shown, rather, is that manipulability plays an indispensable role elsewhere in his account, in responding to the explanatory asymmetry problem in connection with singular states of affairs, concerning, for example, the length of a particular pendulum. work_ltvy5ua4ezfzdlk7yrhlfiz46i The usual conception of the philosophy of mathematics is based on the mid-twentieth century configuration of the discipline, giving pre-eminence in an almost exclusive way to Up until the nineteenth century, mathematics included mechanics arrangement of key mathematical topics that Kummer and Weierstrass established at Berlin included mechanics (taught by Kummer).2 It could not have been otherwise: in 1887, The problem of the applicability of maths, and of the origins of mathematical methods, Yet the usual formulation of the problem of ''applicability'' presupposes the ''modern'' conception of mathematics (emphasizing a reconstruction of pure maths in terms of abstract axiom systems and the map or classification of maths in the Newtonian age, and to the central role of mechanics in particular, immediately highlights the phenomenon of intended applications, i.e., of As Nicolas Michel shows, Chasles''s preference for synthetic geometry over analytical calculations raises the question of the role of work_lujapkun6jh5njlwxppm26yfki The second example fails because what Achinstein claims is evidence is redundant with information we already have. Achinstein submits that given e1 and b, e2 is strong evidence for h yet, he claims: not change the probability of the hypothesis, and therefore, on the positive relevance view, e2 is not evidence for h in the circumstance described. This assumption makes the probability of a Clinton win as high as it could get (.999) on the basis of any examples where evidence makes the probability of a hypothesis equal to 1 the strength of the evidence is measured by the degree to which it positively changes the probability of the hypothesis. this is not a reason to think positive relevance is not necessary for evidence. symptoms S.1 Yet the positive relevance account of evidence does not probabilities we have to do with in Achinstein''s claim that e2 is evidence work_lvx7eovldrggtkdlxswgqmqzba unstructured population, where selection can only operate on fitness differences between individual organisms. simple covariance approach to group selection. Therefore, the simple covariance approach says that group selection requires So the contextual approach detects no group selection, while the simple fitness is a function of individual phenotype alone, there is no group selection, organisms with the same individual character will differ in fitness if their group issue between the covariance and the contextual approaches to group selection. between the contextual and the covariance approaches has a number of interesting ramifications for the levels of selection debate. It implies that genic selection requires fitness differences between genes within individual organisms, which corresponds precisely However, what if we favour the contextual approach to group selection? However, the contextual approach to group selection However, the contextual approach to group selection On the contextual approach, if there is no group selection, this means that work_lwkycfvjkjfn5exbxajhsxwo2q have knowledge of the structure of the external (i.e., physical) world. Russell''s view, that we have no knowledge of the physical relations over that ''''[t]here is a relation R such that the structure of the external world relations definable over those members having a specified structure. saying, as structural realists do, that for a given class there exists a system of relations that specifies a structure, is not saying much, since Let a set, A, of objects be given, and a relation R which holds between certain subsets of A. knowledge a structural realist would have of the real relations is exactly the only the structure of the physical world can be known (see Russell 1968, distinction between observation and theory that modern structural realists application of Newman''s objection to modern structural realists and will For Quine, a background theory provides an interpretation for the structure work_lwpfs2nk4vawzc7u7h62putxle narrow the focus, by looking at the specific way in which Sober and his defenders have understood the nature of selection and drift, and their status as forces. Sober''s way of understanding the cointossing analogy made drift, which is inversely proportional to population size, Sober''s understanding of drift fits well with usage among population geneticists. Instead, one should simply ask in what respects drift and selection resemble Newtonian forces, and in what ways they differ, paying attention all the time Sober''s own reason for refusing to compare the causal efficacy of drift and selection makes it clear that when he claims that selection is a deterministic force, Sober believes that selection and drift are distinguishable causes of evolutionary change. Sober''s position as one that denies that the force of selection is a causal one, then The case undermines Sober''s view of the nature of drift and selection in two work_lwzqyl36h5aqlcjgfhojw5x6ma that reductions of theories in the structuralist sense (that is, functions on structures) give rise to so-called "representations" of theories in the statement sense However, our notion of representation is not intended to capture immediately the idea of reduction as do the interpretability notions in the philosophy of science, but is understood as an independent concept whose relationship to a model-theoretically defined reductions only give rise to representations and not necessarily to commensurability functions, it turns out that the close relationship between (So one may ask if it should be called "translation" at all, as Balzer and Stegmiiller remarked.) Contrary to that, representations in our sense are independently defined linguistic concepts Again, our representations also relate the theorems of the considered theories in a specific way. In section 3 representations of first-order languages and related concepts are defined and work_lx6zt7sqyvchzfpd6cle7mg234 given length (or energy) scale; the framework of effective field theory (EFT) emergence, based on the novelty and autonomy of the ''levels'', by considering physical examples, involving critical phenomena, the renormalisation My aim in this paper is to understand the conception of emergence appropriate to physical cases where systems are The first of the physical examples I consider is effective field theory (EFT), theory of superconductivity as an example, typical of EFT, where the low-energy examples of different high energy systems with the same low energy physics (in the Bain''s (2013b) account of emergence in EFT emphasises the fact that the highenergy theory and the low-energy EFT are formally distinct and derivationally the high-energy physics means we can consider individual cases of emergence. to Morrison, in order to distinguish cases of emergence from low-energy behaviour of emergence, whereas in other cases of EFT the low-energy behaviour is novel work_lzbucalrh5bcfnatqor67m6w4q true, but there is no fact of the matter about whether the non-singular statements science whether a property-token belongs to, or is an instantiation of, a propertytype'', this means that there no mind-independent fact of the matter about this. but not for super-determinate, property-types, there is a fact of the matter about whether a fact of the matter about whether a property-token belongs to, or is an instantiation of, a super-determinate property-type, this may not be a particularly interesting fact of the matter from the point of view of the scientific realism/ there is a fact of the matter about where one natural property-type (one universal or one resemblance class of property-tokens) ends and where the other about property-types and non-singular representations but keep scientific the measurement of, or experimentation with, property-tokens, science postulates models, laws or general causal claims that are about property-types, work_lzsbkjlh7fgaxajbdkemurxjwm alternative to laws of nature as a model of explanation in the sciences, and advocates order of priority wrong between mechanisms, regularity, and laws, and then make provide a genuine alternative to laws of nature as a model of explanation in the Mitchell''s pragmatic account of laws and mechanisms, he ultimately gets the order of alternative to regularities as a model of explanation; they are an alternative to laws of explanation: regularities are what laws describe and what mechanisms explain. explanation: regularities are what laws describe and what mechanisms explain. Leuridan claims that models of mechanisms in science1 depend on regularities, and provide a mechanist response to Leuridan''s challenge of stable regularities 1) "… Mechanisms are ontologically dependent on stable regularities. in Mitchell''s sense, are causal generalizations based on stable regularities in nature, Mechanism models explain stable regularities because the Leuridan concludes from claims 1 and 2 that mechanisms depend ontologically on work_m2f55nvl75ajjkcdh2osh44ymy which philosophy of science can be interdisciplinary in Section 2. Section 5, we discuss interdisciplinary PhD programs, in particular concerning two main problems: increased In March 2013, the interdisciplinarity of philosophy of science and the resulting situation for early career The central goal of this paper is to illuminate the actual situation of interdisciplinary research in philosophy of Synoptic philosophy of science is interdisciplinary in the sense that it addresses a general scientific problem. Embedded philosophy of science is interdisciplinary in the sense that it addresses methodological or conceptual Problems of selectivity and inconsistency are issues that address general impediments interdisciplinary research has to face since they will occur in philosophy of science as well as in other interdisciplinary fields. To put it differently, interdisciplinary programs in philosophy of science should In general, young researchers in philosophy of science, who are interested in building a strong interdisciplinary work_m2s6q3id2zbhlo5vhgezscjbne theorem, a rigorous result concerning the absence of phase transitions in (For a review see Griffiths 1972.) The result in question is the MerminWagner theorem, which rules out low-dimensional phase transitions for a variety As a case study, the example of the Mermin-Wagner theorem is of particular interest because it is fairly typical of the kind of exact result In certain cases, the relevant order parameter can be illustrated by reference to the corresponding many-body Hamiltonian. shortly before attention shifted towards quantum models following the realization that magnetic phase transitions cannot be accounted for by classical two-dimensional Heisenberg model does not allow for spontaneous ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic order — the Mermin-Wagner theorem. How does the Mermin-Wagner theorem fit with the physics of phase transitions? Frequently, these methods ''violate'' the Mermin-Wagner theorem, in that they do predict phase transitions work_m2yevwxc2jaflaoczu24axrz7y rather than examining the dynamics of the individual games, the interactions are combined so that players first choose whether to cooperate, and then, if they jointly cooperate, they bargain over the fruits of their cooperation. replicator dynamics and reinforcement learning.1 Similarly, fairness is often viewed as an equal split in a bargaining game. Furthermore, for some payoffs the basin of attraction for cooperation in the stag hunt is also increased. In the Nash demand or bargaining game, however, players simultaneously demand portions of a pie of size C. Like the stag hunt, bargaining games have also been suggested as idealizations of social contract formation. both players choose hare is a Nash equilibrium of this game. Phase portraits for both the stag hunt (a) and the Nash demand game Replicator dynamics for the compound cooperation/bargaining game Replicator dynamics for the compound cooperation/bargaining game and fair division than either the stand-alone stag hunt is for cooperation work_m3d2ctuljjf2lpl3cr2cint4x4 various aspects of van Fraassen''s pragmatic account of representation plausible, but my there are features of a model that do not play any representational role (in a given context). scientific theories provide use with complete and perfectly accurate models of physical Fraassen''s account no structural relationship between a model and a phenomenon can on theories provide us with representational models covering all physical phenomena is a structural representation and for the view that the model systems at the heart of a physical fundamental theories of physics, theoretical models might consist of purely structural, model that is taken to structurally resemble actual atoms, and a hypothetical physical theory''s models are intended to represent this structure as accurately as possible. mathematical models of our theories and the phenomena they are intended to represent is second, in taking a model to represent the phenomenon, depicted as thus structured. work_m3gps22qqvaifoxaye3khjff7i particular, the kinds of cases in which defenders of inference to the best explanation wish to claim that explanatoriness is evidentially relevant. 4. McCain and Poston''s main claim in that paper is that even if SOT is true, explanatoriness can still play an evidential role by increasing the "resiliency" of probabilities. epistemic probabilities in this quote, it is similarly true that [S smokes] supports [S gets cancer] relative to K only because K supports the existence of Or perhaps McCain and Poston are suggesting that the existence of an explanatory connection between smoking and cancer is part of the background information K. case like this by getting evidence for broader explanatory claims like [In general, smoking causes cancer]. This is because on the (extremely unlikely) hypothesis that there is no explanatory connection between smoking and cancer, the observed frequency work_m3ogaoedkzfo7c5dh7scbhaj3u Newton-Smith and Boyd) to be uniquely explicable by realist epistemology, Hardin and Rosenberg maintain that realism is amply provided with if he likes, that the central explanatory concepts of many superceded theories have failed to refer (in the denotative sense) and yet still maintain successful; and (b) that the realist, by adopting a functional, non-denotative theory of reference, can even hold that the central explanatory concepts of past theories genuinely "referred", despite the fact that there is Hardin and Rosenberg say that Mendel''s theory can be admitted by a realist to be nonreferring and yet still be held to be "approximately true", on the grounds (Putnam-Boyd-Newton-Smith) claim against which my paper was directed that only by accepting a realist construal of theories, can we explain why those theories (in particular, and science in general) are successful. to refute my charge that many successful theories have had central explanatory concepts which were evidently non-referring. work_m6legqsn4fgmffw3thok5hl3w4 First, I discuss an example from molecular biology to show that concentrations can play an irreducible causal role. provide a preliminary philosophical analysis of this causal role, suggesting some implications for extant theories of causation. 2. The binding of Cro to the operators causes and maintains active lytic growth. In contrast, the causal influence exerted by repressor concentration is not identical to the net sum of all component interactions between molecules which play a potential ''backup'' for proteins that actually bind to the operators, constitutes the crucial causal feature of concentrations that makes them irreducible to actual binding of a particular repressor molecule at an operator is a cause of gene expression, The counterfactual-supporting role of concentration challenges any theory of causation and causal explanation that purports to reduce all causal events to actual interactions between their components.21 In contrast, basic counterfactual accounts such as work_mafup6r6jjfgzl2lslqw7ixv2q pincock-yilmazer.com - This website is for sale! - pincock yilmazer Resources and Information. pincock-yilmazer.com Buy this domain The domain pincock-yilmazer.com may be for sale by its owner! This webpage was generated by the domain owner using Sedo Domain Parking. Disclaimer: Sedo maintains no relationship with third party advertisers. Reference to any specific service or trade mark is not controlled by Sedo nor does it constitute or imply its association, endorsement or recommendation. Privacy Policy work_mb46cptdfjdf7a6ztmynhh4gw4 between laws that delineate physically possible words and initial conditions. many reasonable initial conditions there exist no global solutions to the MaxwellLorentz equations for continuous charge distributions. of motion for a charged point particle one needs to invoke an asymptotic condition Rather phenomena involving charged particles and electromagnetic fields are not represented in terms of pure initial-value problems, equations, governing the dependence of the fields on the charge distribution, and the Lorentz law, governing the motion of the charge distriLAWS AND INITIAL CONDITIONS 699 infinity vanish; without assuming the condition the Lorentz-Dirac equation could not be derived. that the mass renormalization cannot be performed, and hence the Lorentz-Dirac equation cannot be derived, unless one assumes that the acceleration vanishes asymptotically, because otherwise the diverging integrals over the caps of the tube do not have the right mathematical form. The distinction between contingent initial conditions and physically necessary laws appears to be work_mdzgknx6ynhuzdz3s2w4uhizyi probability of the evidence given the hypothesis and is called the likelihood function. In our proposal, prior probability measures the simplicity of a hypothesis. Given prior probability and likelihood function of a hypothesis, we get its posterior probability. Bayesians can assign any prior probability to a hypothesis, provided that the In our account, simplicity of a theory determines its prior probability. One criticism of the proposed approach is that it appears to assign prior probability 1 to the maximum likelihood estimator, ai. new data fit well with a complex hypothesis H2, then it has better predictive accuracy and so has an evidential role to play. In both the cases, for pragmatists, simplicity of a theory has nothing to do with its predictive accuracy and therefore, has no evidential role to play the linear hypothesis is not an empirically adequate theory, since it does not provide a predictively accurate account of the relation between the response variable work_me3eewifgjdnjbfyamk55zi3yi Modelers often rely on robustness analysis, the search for predictions common to several independent models. [I]f these models, despite their different assumptions, lead to similar results, we have what we can call a robust theorem that is that robustness analysis appears to be a form of non-empirical confirmation Levins'' original discussion of robustness analysis provides little general characterization of the practice. Schematically, robustness analysis consists in analyzing a set of models M1, . In these passages, Levins is characterizing robustness analysis quite differently than Orzack and Sober have. This makes predator-prey models excellent examples with which to study robustness analysis. how theorists have analyzed models of predator-prey systems to discover a The analysis of predator-prey models and the discovery of the Volterra principle provides an excellent template for a more general characterization of Finally, the theorist can conduct stability analysis of the robust theorem to determine what conditions in the set of models subjected to robustness analysis. work_mevw4vudavasnh3e26u6ahv4ke According to what I now call the "strict Bayesian" viewpoint, a rational agent is committed to recognizing a single probability function for By way of contrast, when a set of distributions is used under the permissibility construal to represent an agent''s credal state, a fundamental The credal state should be represented by a set of permissible probability functions. Still strict Bayesians display a special fascination for black box interpretations of sets of probability distributions. 2Giirdenfors and Sahlin (1982a) derive the recommendations allowed by the permissibility interpretation of credal states from a decision theory that exploits sets of probability Thus, when belief states are represented as sets of probability distributions under the permissibility interpretation, there are implications ensuing for rational choice which strict Bayesians cannot countenance even Thesis 2: Jeffrey''s sets of distributions can be given a black box interpretation; but then the set of probability distributions cannot be "naturally identified" with (i.e., represent) the belief state. work_mfvluvyt5vh4hf7eiz3bldsot4 empirical issue only in the restricted case where the claim under test/investigation is about a datagenerating procedure. experimental reliability as strictly empirical matter (Bogen & Woodward 2003), for instance, might What the official violent crime rate is might be an empirical judgment, strictly based on Reliability can be attributed to claims, procedures, or data. A measurement procedure M producing data that agree with H is not reliable if it can be it takes for an experimental procedure to be reliable depends of the type of claim that is under test. reliability is or is not a strictly empirical matter depends on whether the claim under test/investigation reliability of the procedures an empirical matter is the interpretation of the claim tested as being reliability of the procedure conducted for testing the claim is an empirical matter. say, the crime rate phenomenon into a claim about a data-generating procedure. work_mfyyesgqozec5bxgehtl7isiy4 Muller and Saunders argue discern particles are (i) non-symmetric in the case of bosons As Saunders ([2003]) emphasized, in quantum mechanics (QM) discussions of discernibility and indiscernibility have focussed almost exclusively on strong and relative discernibility, with most commentators arguing that bosons and fermions (collectively ''quanta'') with Muller, has argued that fermions, and bosons sometimes, are weakly discernible.1 We accept that this intuition is correct, so that such quanta are weakly discerned; however, we do not think that Muller and Saunders satisfactorily generalize and express it in H− (in which case the particles are fermions); such states are ''symmetrized''.3 We refer to the space of fermionic states, these observables are multiples of the identity. have not shown that fermions are weakly discerned by a physically interesting relation. of the operators in Muller and Saunders'' relation, then certainly discernibility by R−2 is results will go through, showing that fermions in such states are also weakly discernible. work_mg4rdt4u6bebvenen5shv3wrpy I defend the Received View on scientific theories as developed by Carnap, Hempel, for example by Rudolf Carnap, Carl Gustav Hempel, Herbert Feigl, and Ernest Nagel, scientific theories are represented as sets of sentences (called theoretical sentences) in predicate axiomatization of scientific theories in first order predicate logic or, in Carnap''s later writings, he obviously means the Received View, and later discusses "standard formalizations", axiomatizations in first order logic (Suppes 1967, 58), without explicitly identifying the two (some It is clear that Carnap''s later writings on the Received View allow for type theory, because View, Hempel did not mean to restrict reconstructions of theories to first order logic. Carnap (1939, §16) gives as an example of a calculus a simple theory of thermal expansion, and accordingly uses, but does not axiomatize, logical and mathematical concepts. uses type theory in all of his expositions of the Received View, and Hempel refers to Carnap''s work_mgpnevy7fjgbhmnpido5luvwci DST theorists (Moss 2001), especially Susan Oyama, who identifies information talk as the source of gene centrism and genetic determinism The aim is to preserve DST''s key insight about the developmental and evolutionary importance of nongenetic factors (Griffiths genes and all nongenetic factors: "The full range of developmental resources represents a complex system that is replicated in development" variations in the developmental environment will also carry Shannon information about phenotypes. system: an additional channel by which information, generated by a process of selection over many generations, is transmitted to future generations to allow them to produce adaptive phenotypes. So far, we have seen that inherited representation is eminently suited to formulating DST''s thesis about the developmental and evolutionary importance of nongenetic factors. Where natural selection generates information in other inheritance systems (sec. adapted for transmitting selected phenotypes (inheritance systems/class work_mieptugs6vd77ml42pvey643hm When citing this paper, please use the full journal title Studies in History and Philosophy of Sciences systematising his own intuitions without due deference to scientific authority, and labouring as he did under a long since discredited atomistic conception of the physical world. for a thoroughly naturalised metaphysics is to provide an (empirically well confirmed) unification of existing scientific theorising. appear to deal heavily in individuals: the naturalistic metaphysician therefore faces the dilemma of either treating the special sciences instrumentally (i.e. that they are mistaken over their own the relationship between metaphysics and science be asymmetrically constrained by the Primacy of Physics Constraint, Ladyman My first worry then is that the pursuit of a thoroughly naturalistic metaphysics threatens to reject too much philosophical presupposition. theories on purely philosophical grounds, so the proposal of a privileged [present] contra SR requires a scientific motivation'' (ibid., n. physics, and an ingenious reconciliation of fundamental and special science. physics and the metaphysics of structure. work_mk6y5g4h6zcp7e2suybk4q2kii differential equation model for a circadian clock mechanism as an example, I first show that there exists an iterative solution that can be interpreted as a structural causal model. principle it is possible to integrate causal difference-making information with dynamical causal structural model that incorporates the relevant quantitative dynamical information. So why not consider the differential equation model itself as a structural causal model? the formal causal modeling approach to mechanisms as well as Woodward''s integration 3, I analyze a dynamical model of a circadian clock mechanism that uses differential equations seen, the structural equations of the iterative model represent the dynamics as well as the the iterative and not the differential model in order to determine the causal structure. interventions on the differential model itself do not provide any quantitative causal differential model with causal difference-making information. dynamical information provided in the differential model into the formal causal framework. work_mks27cfclvhqbdx3dejq7jfzvu work_mm7tncuhbnd57hkqtfqzf75yee Philosophy of Science and Educational Sciences–Models of Explanation In the philosophy of science nowadays there are some models of scientific explanation: syntactic (deductivenomologic), semantic (functional-teleologic) and pragmatic model of explanation. Keywords: Education, school culture, philosophy of science, pragmatic explanation; science is studying a very complex system, we must change the meaning of some concepts and accept A paradigm means a very large conception about nature of theory and explanation, including its models knowledge open a new perspective for this type of special sciences and for all whom believe in alternative meanings about educational realm: learning as a social process, the educational group as a cognitive system. cognitive systems that mean that it allows us to study educational groups like a system generating If the social educational groups are conceived as a cognitive system, then we can find out new The Structure of Science: Problems in the logic of Scientific Explanation. work_mmvnrnemsjdvbhdaeduzdylxoq by the many minds view involve either consciousness or objective probability. Moreover, Lockwood''s version of the many minds view holds that conscious mental events supervene on physical events. If the many minds view is right about this, then conscious experience would From the point of view of the many minds theory, physical reality contains Moreover, they observe, on the many minds view, all the different eigenvalues (such as ''dead'' and ''alive'') associated with non-zero coefficients will probabilities on the conventional view of things. It is true that the many minds view requires us to think about probabilities It might not be obvious that the two operational links involving probability are consistent with all chancy outcomes occurring. However, note that, even on conventional thinking, it is possible, though improbable, that the frequency will diverge from the probability. the relevant quantum mechanical numbers should be viewed as probabilities. work_mn7q3yzconcy3fohx234xqeywe However, the educational level of Negroes outside the The concentration of Negro population in small areas near the heart of The Sunday evening session was attended adequately and stimulated a of humanities and social sciences at was of high quality, attendance was in the panel discussion jointly sponsored by the AAAS and the American solid state physicists, electronic engineers, and metallurgists work together Engineering and science, according to Raudebaugh, should be papers were in the area of hospital Francke presented the vicepresidential address entitled "International pharmaceutical abstracts-origins and objectives." Beginning in January 1964, the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists will publish International Pharmaceutical Abstracts. The first symposium entitled "Teaching responsibility of the hospital pharmacist" was held on 27 December. Latiolais (Ohio State University) served as presiding officer and ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/143/3608/849.1.citation Copyright © 1964 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/143/3608/849.1.citation http://science.sciencemag.org/ http://science.sciencemag.org/ work_mnca5nkp45brzcqjoq3w73cjre hypothesis to increase the mutual information of a set of evidence statements; the other is the ability of the hypothesis to explain commonalities in observed phenomena by positing a common origin for On Bayesian updating, it is only Mutual Information Unification that contributes to the incremental support of a hypothesis by the defense are considered, and it is concluded that common origin unification has at best a limited heuristic role to play in confirmation. Keywords : Unification, explanation, confirmation, Bayesianism, common cause. There is another sense of unification, having to do with hypotheses that posit a common origin for the phenomena in question, be it hypothesis can posit a common origin for two (or more) evidential Consider a Bayesian agent whose credences are represented by a probability function Cr. We define the mutual information of a pair of then, conditional on the hypothesis Hcc, the Ais are positively correlated with the Bis. Obviously, the same conclusion follows if a1 −a0 work_mo7finwpwzds3byouaoxsaptnu 404 Page not found University of St Andrews Skip to content Students Page not found The page you were looking for may have been moved or deleted. If you typed the web address, check it is correct. If you pasted the web address, check you copied the entire address. You can also search the website or browse from the homepage to find the information you need. 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The resulting account is, I argue, truer to actual cases of Circa 1900, this same motion had been detected in such a diverse variety of ways, proving robust across changes to a host of experimental conditions, that the We can analyze the robustness of a particular result by exploring the differences in past means of detection that that reveals the extent to which (and conditions under which) RA-diverse means of detection are able to lend confirmation to the relevant hypothesis. Similar points weigh against the idea that confirmational or conditional independence explicates RA-diversity in cases from modeling. To motivate this account, it helps to work backwards, first thinking about what is accomplished in successful RAs by introducing diverse means of detection, and only then In short, RA-diverse means of detection provide sequences of explanatorily discriminating bits of evidence, which successively eliminate more and more of H''s competitors. work_moyvqzp2sbh4tcmjonamgegiru quantum correlations, applies classical causal modelling methods, identifies a explanations and models involving quantum systems are simply bereft of causal frameworks suggest quantum causal structure may be fundamental, with classical quantum causal modelling framework of Costa and Shrapnel. characterising possible quantum causal models. advance quantum causal models that take Pearl''s characterisation to be correct, but framework presented to account for quantum causal structure. 4 Quantum causal models: a new formalism. 4 Quantum causal models: a new formalism. represent quantum causal structure. For classical causal models, one can think of a variable as capturing a possibility specific space-time regions.10 Intuitively, one can think of a quantum causal model as a In order to depict these two structures as quantum causal models, we first need to quantum and classical causal model. quantum causal model from a classical one by expanding the variable set to include a Quantum Causal Models." arXiv:1406.0430. work_mpxnrkh5jvc6zp7kb2vuk3riju by means of physically meaningful, permutation-invariant categorical relations, i.e. relations independent of the quantum-mechanical probabilities. In his pioneering monograph Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik, Hermann Weyl connected the then newly born quantum-mechanical description of a composite physical system of two electrons — of which Pauli''s Exclusion Principle was the pillar (cf. of the Identity of Absolute Indiscernibles (PII-A) states that no two physical objects are Identity of Indiscernibles (PII) states that no two physical objects are absolutely and relationally indiscernible; or synonymously, two physical objects are numerically discernible tautologies: no physical object can be discerned from itself — the indiscernibility of identicals, aka Leibniz''s Law. The relevant logical relations between PII, PII-A and PII-R are All N similar particles always have an identical (mixed) physical state. then the particles are probabilistically weakly discernible in that state W by relations St work_mr277dtjk5cjlaldsrhnizxngq Algorithmic information theory gives an idealized notion of compressibility, that is often presented as an objective measure of simplicity. inductive assumption, that by a basic property of Bayesian prediction methods entails reliability under that very same assumption – leaving the conclusion of the a representation theorem that bridges Solomonoff''s predictors and Bayesian prediction. machines, we have an infinite class of algorithmic probability predictors. denote Q := {QU}U , the class of algorithmic probability predictors via all universal We can prove that any Bayesian predictor, operating under the inductive assumption of S, is reliable under the assumption that the data is indeed generated probability predictors, and a particular class of Bayesian mixtures, the effective assumption of an i.i.d. source; and Theorem 6 shows that the algorithmic probability predictors operate under the inductive assumption of an effective source. Solomonoff''s algorithmic probability predictors are precisely the Bayesian predictors operating under the inductive assumption of effectiveness. work_mravqipdwbbvxnxpql6kobvkle I defend the historical definition of "function" originally given in my Language, Thought and Other Biological Categories (1984a). structure, hence are not always capable of performing their proper functions-a fact, I claim, that is of considerable importance. of "proper function" looks to history rather than merely to present properties or dispositions to determine function. theory of meaning that rests in turn on the notion "proper function", the function may also be read as a theoretical definition of "purpose". my definition, whether a thing has a proper function depends on whether of function that makes reference only to current properties, relations, dispositions or capacities of a thing. purposes or functions to things, which phenomenon normally accounts I have said that the definition of "proper function" is intended to explain what it is for an item to have a function or purpose, but not what 6According to my own definition of "proper function", borderline cases do exist. work_mrmynthe3rdhnk6dirpkd7vqaq demands upon an interpretation of quantum mechanics. On Clarke''s interpretation one defines macroscopically distinguishable (MD) states to be quantum mechanical states which "correspond interpretation is the "unique predecessor rule" which forbids confluences, or evolutions of two or more MD states into a single CI Clarke attaches no interpretation at all to superpositions of MD states. one could measure the spin state of an atom to be v + or v . simply in a mixture of the two spin states v + and v , no interference states since no measuring instrument, ex hypothesi, is placed in the measurement to have evolved from at most one MD state in a mixture. of MD states is always present even after measurement. at the end of the measurement in one or in another of the possible macro-states, S. "Quantum Theory and Cosmology." Philosophy of Science 38 work_mtaul373wbc2llxnztjrkc5wsy be suggested that a given law''s range of invariance includes every counterfactual antecedent that is logically consistent with every law, does not concern the laws; it is not made true or false by which counterfactual conditionals are correct, and its truth-value does not depend non-nomic facts that are laws; there is then no possibility of its following from the when p is preserved under every counterfactual supposition that is logically consistent with the facts that are physically necessary. truth p in U is preserved under every non-nomic counterfactual antecedent consistent with the laws in U is a trivial, unilluminating fact, have been a gold object exceeding one cubic mile"), though this counterfactual is required by the non-nomic stability of the set under consideration.20 In a great many contexts, we would be correct in denying of physically unnecessary fact, happen to prevail there: Had that universe''s non-nomic initial conditions been different in a manner consistent with S (and, therefore, with that world''s A), then (although S''s work_mtpboxsmqfgrnfqfgqzyll4rwi If the macroscopic law L is the second law of thermodynamics, then we almost certainly must begin by making plausible something like the following principle. of ice water, sitting alone in the universe, at the beginning of time. is a uniform probability distribution over the set of states that are compatible both with the current macrostate of the ice-water, and with the we applied to the glass of ice water, we can then predict that for any time at time P, it is highly likely that the universe is in a region of microstates overwhelmingly likely that, at time P, there was less ice in the cooler than that there is a uniform distribution over the set or microconditions compatible with the macrocondition of the cooler at time T, but rather with between the beginning of the universe and the time when the cooler lid work_mvbccthqrzfdfat2ulgk4pcwd4 constitutively relevant to the phenomenon the mechanism is supposed to explain (Craver the ideas that constitutive mechanistic phenomena are input-output relations (Section 3.1), The first option is that phenomena explained by constitutive MExs are input-output relations. constitutive mechanisms occur at different times than the phenomena, and that in both cases Option (2) states that constitutive mechanistic phenomena are end states of mechanisms. The idea that constitutive mechanistic phenomena are end states of mechanisms can be constitutive mechanistic phenomenon given that it is a component of the mechanism? all, constitutive mechanistic phenomena are states of certain higher-level objects that are the claim that a constitutive mechanistic phenomenon is the behaviour of the mechanism. Nor can constitutive mechanistic phenomena be the internal behaviours of mechanisms. emphasize that constitutive mechanistic phenomena consist of both objects and the occurrents First, in constitutive MExs mechanisms explain the behaviours of objects. work_mx67syofenbshbqfnin7rytpva This claim about the explanatory scope of natural selection explanations has become known as the Negative View of selection (Pust They have argued for the Positive View that natural selection explanations have a more inclusive explanatory scope than artificial selection explanations; the former can (at least under certain conditions) explain why individuals severally have the traits they do. particular genotypic trait, his scenario of natural selection affecting an individual''s phenotypic traits does not challenge the Negative View (597). Remember that the Negative View identifies a difference between the explanatory scope of (natural) selection versus that of development and inheriThis content downloaded from 130.226.230.200 on September 30, 2019 05:12:01 AM To that end, the critics would also have to show that a counterfactual selective regime in favor of trait T0 can be the cause of an actual individual being born from numerically different T0-bearing parents. work_mxifeuuox5grbjnmulc6jarioe formalism, there may be different interpretations of the concept of information, and that Although Shannon''s theory is the traditional formalism to quantify information, it is not the only Shannon information that are still present in philosophical and physical discussions. about Shannon''s theory one can read that information "is measured as a difference between the state of According to this view, it is precisely because of the physical nature of information that In general, the physical interpretation of information comes strongly linked with the idea If the difference between the epistemic and the physical interpretations of information is clear from a Let us consider a source S that transmits information to two physically isolated receivers RA and Up to this point, the epistemic and the physical interpretations of Shannon information were presented view, the generality of the concept of Shannon information derives from its exclusively formal nature; work_my4kimhyprhidblaizylhmz224 that bonding is a directional, sub-molecular region of electron density located between individual atomic centers that is responsible for holding the considered in order to determine which features of the structural conception of bonding, if any, are robust across these models. asks whether models of molecular structure endorse a structural conception of covalent bonds. A covalent bond is a directional, sub-molecular region of electron density located between individual atomic centers that is responsible for Valence bond models are the "rst type of quantum mechanical treatment of molecular structure I will discuss. robust among these many models of the covalent bond is that greater electron mobility leads to greater stabilization and closer agreement to experiment. Second, while the simple valence bond models start out with sub-molecular regions of electron density is a prominent feature of this model of molecular structure. molecular orbital models along two dimensions relevant to the structural conception of bonds. work_mymzuok4fvh4hprjnt3ss7v4oi skip nav e-spacio UNED Biblioteca Portal revistas UNED Search Entry LOGIN Inicio Navegar Acerca de Cómo publicar Políticas de acceso abierto Permission Denied Sorry, but you do not have the required permission level to view this page. Desarrollo de Fez • y Fedora y adaptado para la UNED por la• Biblioteca Página generada en 0.12714 segundos on 2021-04-06 11:28:25 work_n3usfkgy4jfmzjfxh6almgkzhy theorists, Christopher Boorse (1977, 1987, 1997) has confronted the linedrawing problem most directly, in his attempt to use the notion of dysfunction to present a value-free definition of "disease." Jerome Wakefield 2. A normal function of a part or process within members of the reference class is a statistically typical contribution by it to their individual survival and reproduction. of Wakefield''s approach to the line-drawing problem involves his "explanatory criterion," which requires that "the condition results from the In his comments that apply directly to the line-drawing problem, Wakefield writes that natural selection favors a "range of responses" in organisms (1999a, 379), and he argues that "a range of selected values can be the Frequency approach implies that as long as there is a normal distribution of functional abilities, the lowest 1–2% must count as dysfunctional. And if Wakefield were to adopt the Frequency approach to defining dysfunction, he would still have to address the problem of common disease. work_n4hsxcgghve43ppsv2nzqwbewm An otherwise law-like generalisation hedged by a ceteris paribus (CP) clause qualifies as a law of nature, if the CP clause can be substituted with a set of conditions derived from the multivariate regression model used to interpret the empirical data in as a plausible candidate for an empirically supported CP law, I argue that in some scientific contexts at least, CP clauses can be interpreted as straightforwardly referring to In fact, in economics textbooks the parameter estimates of multivariate regression models are often referred to as having a ''partial effect, or ceteris paribus, interpretation''—in other words, as allowing us to draw evidential import of the regression models used to interpret the results of the pulmonary function tests in the above studies is that they support an inference to a corresponding CP generalisation about maternal smoking and its effects on respiratory models used in these studies, if we take the content of the laws'' CP clause to be given work_n4waatxkyzg6vf2zrixpacarmq In his book, The Material Theory of Induction, Norton argues that the quest for a universal formal theory or ''schema'' for analogical inference should be abandoned. its place, he offers the "material theory of analogy": each analogical inference is "powered" by a local fact of analogy rather than by any formal schema. model promises a straightforward, fact-based approach to the evaluation and justification of analogical inferences. universal schemas is justified, Norton''s positive theory is limited in scope: it works well only for a restricted class of analogical inferences. Second, Norton proposes a positive alternative: his "material theory" of analogical inference. theory of analogy differs in one important respect from his positive accounts of other types of inductive inference. apparent virtue of the material theory is that it solves, or perhaps dissolves, the problem of providing a justification for analogical reasoning, (inductive inference to the fact of analogy) and "step 2" (Norton''s work_n6d3vjr6arhuffwqi64ckm3sou purports to show that we cannot rationally accept physical determinism acceptance of determinism would be so necessitated, (iii) a rational belief is one that is accepted because it meets certain rational standards for belief, physically determined to believe something (or to be in a certain belief state) If a belief I am determined to accept is cogent, Popper and Glassen assert that beliefs cannot both be physically Let us accept for the sake of argument that neurophysiological determinism is true, and also that all mental states are also brain states. rational reasons for my beliefs or of my having a physically determined cause he was determined to accept, and hence not rationally grounded. beliefs and standards of evidence in the light of their truth and rationality, that determinism makes it impossible to say that our beliefs are rational in physically determined to distinguish between beliefs held on good reasons wrongly as it happens, that his belief in, say, determinism is rational. work_n6oxccsunvc7lo7e4zho6uizfi Socrates and Berkeley Scholars Web Hosting Services Have Been Retired | Web Platform Services [ × ]WarningThere is no Web Platform Services support Monday-Friday, April 5-9. Web Platform Services Socrates and Berkeley Scholars Web Hosting Services Have Been Retired Socrates and Berkeley Scholars Web Hosting Services Have Been Retired The Socrates (aka conium.org) and Berkeley Scholars web hosting services have been retired as of January 5th, 2018. Contacting the person who previously had a socrates.berkeley.edu website to inquire about the new location of the materials. Please contact socrates_consult@berkeley.edu if you have any questions about this service retirement. Gems and Gems Materials: https://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2/ Fajan''s Group Website: http://plasma.physics.berkeley.edu Professor Hubert Dreyfus: http://sophos.berkeley.edu/dreyfus/ Professor Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas: https://sites.google.com/view/pgourinchas/home Professor Rucker Johnson: http://gsppi.berkeley.edu/~ruckerj Professor Dacher Keltner Laboratory: https://bsil.berkeley.edu/ Kihlstrom: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~jfkihlstrom/ Kriegsfeld Neurobiology Laboratory: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~kriegsfeld/ Professor Ann Kring Laboratory: https://esilab.berkeley.edu/ Professor Emeritus Gene Rochlin: https://sites.google.com/berkeley.edu/rochlin/home Professor Emeritus Charles Schwartz: https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~schwrtz/ Web Accessibility website Open Berkeley website work_n6xald2mwbbi3nsesvltenfsja Skip to content Home Richard Pettigrew''s homepage Welcome to my homepage! I''m a Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Bristol, UK. Books Books Papers Papers Blogs Blogs Talks Talks Teaching Teaching Photos Photos Contact Contact Share this: Twitter Facebook Leave a comment Cancel reply Enter your comment here... Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: Email (required) (Address never made public) You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. You are commenting using your Google account. You are commenting using your Twitter account. You are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / ( Log Out / ( Log Out / ( Log Out / Change ) Change ) Change ) Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email. Blog at WordPress.com. Post to Cancel Cancel Email (Required) Name (Required) Name (Required) Website Loading Comments... Comment work_na6uj7w7arf7vkysafy7jtfyxq sender-receiver systems as they appear within and between organisms, and as they sender-receiver model, arguing that some puzzles concerning genetic information fS : sender''s rule, maps states of the world to signs. Figure 1: Lewis Sender-Receiver Model Shannon''s model was set up by imagining something like a sender and a receiver, There are cases where information in a sign-like object is useable by a receiver can shape sender and receiver behaviors, including evolution by natural selection, the co-evolution of sender and receiver behavior, the two-sided phenomenon of sign use. A sender-receiver set-up of the Lewisian kind solves a particular problem of control: The set-up characterized by the sender-receiver model appears in both clear, way that makes it a clear case of the sender-receiver set-up, is for it to have a write-read the point of view of the sender-receiver model, this is a debate about whether neural "Senders, Receivers, and Genetic Information: Comments on work_nb4tkpce7zcpfhxaasbyd42ire concepts adapted from diverse disciplines (i.e., systems philosophy, cybernetics, information theory, computer science) that are applied to biological simulations and model integrated and self-sensing system posed a radical alternative to the selfnon-self Burnetian formulation: In Jerne''s theory, self and non-self dissolved as useful parameters of immune organization, because the idiotypic immunology developed in the context of defensive functions, this cooperative biology and its complex teleology have remained obscured by the Elie Metchnikoff formulated immunology''s first active theory of immunity within a Darwinian construct (Tauber and Chernyak subject to immune destruction), the wider reference of ''ecological immunology'' attempts to determine the costs of defensive mechanisms to This ecological orientation brings issues of communication and information theory directly onto notions of immune regulation, where different Presumably this includes establishing, for various biological systems—cellular (metabolic, genetic), physiological (e.g., immune, neuroendocrine), and ecological—their large-scale organization, regulation, information processing, and integration with other systems. work_nb5d7q3xyfbtndx4aou4xz3loa In this paper, we argue there is a tension between how Skyrms talks of signalling networks and his formal measure of information. Two key ideas recur throughout Skyrms''s discussion of signalling networks: information flows, What can we say about the information in signalling channel S 2, using the measure Skyrms appeal to signalling channel S 1, for information flows from the world state to the action through But notice that although the probability of W2 controls how much information flows from signalling channel S 2 to the act, A, it does not affect the information that S 2 carries about the world states, signalling channels, and sets of actions make up the variables in the causal graph. measure of mutual information between two variables in a causal graph (or signalling network) W2 has on our information measure in the different signalling channels. where information flows from world states to actions via signals, Ay and Polani''s measure is work_nfgigtxro5aixdnbttqtadg3wq to parity-violating theories in quantum mechanics; mirror symmetry When I say a symmetry of a theory de�ned on a manifold is a priori, general, In the case of special symmetries certain physical �elds T are dragged to give an internal, dynamical model of handed systems, the relative re�ection clear that mirroring is a symmetry of classical mechanical theories. MS2 A handed object is determinately (measurably) either left-handed or righthanded, and is invariant under global mirroring. Just insofar as mirroring is a symmetry, it seems the internal standard mirror symmetry, we should seek a standard whose relative drag, leaving �xed characterize a certain kind of mirror symmetry breaking: any theory in which any other special symmetry t in GTR is expressed as the absence of the associated isometry, t�g 6= g; why suppose that mirroring should be any di¤erent? Returning to the system of �elds, mirroring is a special symmetry if all of work_nfvmldkx6zh4znnk6tf6mvn6ou Model-based Reasoning in Distributed Cognitive Systems* context of biomedical engineering research laboratories, where problem solving involves using physical models. artifacts, I argue that reasoning with model-systems is a constraint satisfaction process involving co-construction, developing and using theories (Cartwright 1983; Giere 1988; Hesse 1963; Magnani, Nersessian, and Thagard 1999; how to understand scientific problem solving, in general, and model-based reasoning, in particular, as embedded in the model-based reasoning practices in the biomedical engineering research laboratories. laboratory aptly refer to the processes of constructing and manipulating these model systems as "putting a thought "Generic abstraction" appears to play a central role in the model-based reasoning in science and These devices and model-systems are what sociocultural studies of science refer to as the "material culture" of the community, but they also function as what The cognitive basis of model-based reasoning in science. work_nibqabtk2vb6xkfouwlja3n5sa This paper examines two cosmological models of quantum gravity (from string theory Many proposed theories of quantum gravity (QG) suggest that their fundamental quantities and structures do not include all the familiar ones of theories involving classical spacetimes (especially the relativistic spacetimes of general relativity (GR) and quantum field some finite time from the singularity, and so any ''big bang'' transition is not happening big bang.1 In §2, we introduce a model of cosmology based on string theory. are neither time-independent, nor compact (in the case of our effective classical theory). possible in cosmological models based on string theory and LQG. Consider the general case in which an effective spacetime emerges in a theory of QG. a situation in which ''during'' the big bang time does not emerge from the fundamental 11Note the difference from string cosmology, in which both spacetime regions have a finite scale factor a work_nihkzpuppvbfldx5hsofd4kjha and causal closedness of classical probability spaces (Hofer-Szabó, Rédei & Theorem 3 demonstrates that any "interesting" correlation in an atomless probability space (i.e. one involving events neither of which is a cause of Definition 6 [Statistical Common Cause System] Let 〈Ω,F,P〉 be a probability space. Definition 7 [Proper SCC(S)] A statistical common cause C of events A genuinely independent events in an atomless classical probability space has a Fact 11 (Gyenis & Rédei [2004]) All atomless probability spaces are causally of all pairs of genuinely independent correlated events for which no statistical common cause in 〈Ω,F,P〉 exists. classical probability space has a statistical common cause contained in the intersection of the two events. Definition 22 Given an atomless classical probability space S and two genuinely independent correlated events A and B, define Q.E.D. Fact 26 Consider an atomless classical probability space S and a pair of genuinely independent events A, B in S. work_nizyodc7ozb7nfbkoxzl7jljly There is by now a long tradition of structural approaches to scientific representation, starting in van Fraassen (1980) and Suppes (1967) to the most sophisticated recent accounts by We next turn to the best candidate we know for a structuralist conception of representation, namely Bartels'' homomorphism theory, and argue that it can not accommodate Bartels explicitly endorses the structural account of representation when he claims that The homomorphism account of representation advocated by Bartels in fact comprises two According to Bartels'' definitions, the following three conditions must obtain for a structure B to be homomorphic to A: for all j, all (a1, ..., an) in An, and all (f(a1), ..., f(an)) in Homomorphism theory seems then to fall short of what would be required for an adequate account of scientific representation even by Bartels'' own standards. Bartels does claim that homomorphism is necessary for representation or misrepresentation work_njzwjkxyrzh4rbhhlj6ccr6kwm I offer one possible explanation of why inertial and gravitational mass are equal in Newtonian gravitation. Why are inertial and gravitational mass equal in Newtonian physics? the fact that Newtonian theory gives no reason to expect these two masses to be related. question takes the Newtonian concepts of gravitational and inertial mass for granted. Given that gravitational mass does not make sense in GR, one might say that the question turns out to be To answer the question, one needs to show, in detail, how Newtonian theory relates to case of GR, are inertial and gravitational mass equal in Newtonian theory? classical spacetime needs to satisfy in order to recover standard Newtonian theory, which are not trivial. 23A classical spacetime as considered by geometrized Newtonian theory is generally curved, though space A.3 Gravitational Mass in Newtonian Theory particle''s coupling to the gravitational field is given by its inertial mass. gravitational field is given by its inertial mass. work_nkl4gultsrbszbh3h5yaxmnlii ontological simplicity, the theory of types, facts, universals, and probability, In the paper, Ramsey develops two ideas he thinks are related: that ''true'' is I mean that there are no classes, no complex properties or relations, or ''truth'', complex properties or relations, and facts. the analysis of key phrases involving ''truth'', complex properties or relations, being simple, and classes, complex properties and relations, and facts as being to believe is simple, I mean that there are no classes, complex properties or Jupiter, but only the simple entities in terms of which that complex property is this complex property besides the proposition ''A is before B'', there will are generally held to assert relations of probabilities between two propositions any; I think they would be the complex properties of thoughts which we assert that truth was an incomplete symbol with the proposition that every thing in work_nlbojvgckvd7hm5oz7sq4kgu7y measured by the Boltzmann entropy and by introducing the idea of thermodynamic-like mechanics is an ensemble of systems, and the Gibbs entropy is a functional Boltzmann entropy at a particular point in phase space is a measure of time evolution of entropy, including ''the approach to equilibrium''. At the statistical level (in the Gibbs approach), the phase point x � phase point spends more time than in any other macrostate and, if the I have already argued in Section 2.1 that commonness or ''equilibriumness'' is a matter of degree, and it is clear that thermodynamic-like behavior can be assessed at an instant of time, whereas thermodynamic-like behavior is a temporally global property assessed over the whole trajectory. . However, of course, the Kac ring, although not ergodic, gives0.999(s )B Max ergodic systems (Vranas 1998) show increasingly thermodynamic-like behavior with decreasing .� the case of the Boltzmann entropy, which is both a phase function and work_nlp2s2dhlva5lhnsifywjmrn44 I claim that, in Lewis''s account of lawhood, his intuition about small deviations from a given law statements about possible worlds, if it is to be of interest (note that Lewis defines Humean discussion of counterfactuals or possible worlds, Humean supervenience must therefore hold in If one wants to tie laws as closely as possible to the facts occurring in our world, the most definition; one places the counterfactual situation in worlds where the best-system laws hold. Following Lewis''s analysis of counterfactuals in terms of possible worlds (1986a, p. Lewis''s intuitions about comparative similarity between worlds, with respect to violation of laws, facts, and sometimes facts win over laws with respect to closeness of possible worlds (Lewis, the possible extension of the best-system account to include statistical laws (for example Lewis, (1998) Lewis, Thau and Hall on Chance and the Best-System Account of Law, defines laws in our world via its own best system. work_nlvhonjhyzbbvcqurto2wc2gga work_nm27f55tmjcf7avekmozb6gfxq We assume a weak form of transitivity for general consequence: if each proposition in the set D is a general stipulation that a proposition is rationally acceptable in given circumstances probability 1 is sufficient for rational acceptability or still have as a consequence that ? where a set of propositions F with cardinality |F| is defined to be probabilistically self-undermining iff for all w 2 F: Pr(w) > t and Pr(w|F � w) � t (where that propositions having probability 1 are rationally acceptable. that too few high probability propositions qualify as rationally acceptable. Assuming that rational acceptability is aggregative, the proposition tells us that if there is a sufficient instance of that schema defines a sufficient condition for rational acceptability that is structural itself. can be rationally acceptable, that a proposition to which we assign probability Consequently, our previous results do not generalize to the nonhomogeneous case, because automorphisms as defined above need not preserve modal properties of propositions. work_nmmvu7ylrzd4rg4nw6q5oibrom Election prediction by means of opinion polling is a rare empirical success story for social Success required sophisticated use of case-specific evidence from opinion polling. that rational choice models, for instance, might not be predictively successful, nevertheless they are held to provide ''understanding'' or ''underlying explanation''. the same poll aggregators have been successful in other elections too. 5. Although election prediction is the focus of this article, opinion polls, of course, only about 30%–40% of the variance in incumbent party vote share.19 Overall, the models do not predict individual election results very reliably. So a serious polling aggregator must build a new election prediction causal explanations, not even the poll aggregators; and second, that predictive success requires case-specific knowledge rather than a search for OPINION POLLING AND ELECTION PREDICTIONS 1271 OPINION POLLING AND ELECTION PREDICTIONS 1271 OPINION POLLING AND ELECTION PREDICTIONS 1271 OPINION POLLING AND ELECTION PREDICTIONS 1271 work_nodwxgtogravpds4a457wwd2pa philosophy of science both provide perspective on the explanatory project of cognitive Most philosophers who have engaged in cognitive science have their roots in philosophy of mind identifying cognitive operations at the appropriate level, and a new framework for understanding Given that talk of mechanisms is as ubiquitous in the cognitive sciences as it is in the biological sciences, it is natural to explore how well the accounts of mechanism developed for biological mechanism that has been so fruitful in biology extends quite well to cognitive science up to this mechanisms, we need to account for how representations carry information about contents. The information processing models that play an explanatory role in cognitive science, including control theory perspective to cognitive science. new heuristic strategies for identifying cognitive operations (Bechtel & Richardson, in press). mechanisms; advocated ways in which cognitive science might finally identify operations cognitive science has yet found the appropriate level of operations for mechanistic explanations work_nofrv6q66bdavewgyraohfiryy Huber focus only on the Bayesian concept of confirmation, so let''s set aside this more the Bayesian conception of confirmation can be useful for the purpose of (2) measuring Brössel and Huber object that as the Bayesian analysis defines confirmation in terms of evidence confirms the hypothesis before we can say what the agent''s degrees of belief So we can use the concept of confirmation to say something about the agent''s degrees use the concept of confirmation to make claims about entire community''s degrees of the agent''s … degrees of belief before we can say whether the evidence confirms the Brössel and Huber consider and reject a different use for the Bayesian concept of potential evidence, and Brössel and Huber claim Bayesians only give an analysis of different from Brössel and Huber''s claim that the Bayesian concept of confirmation has Brössel and Huber raise the question of what the Bayesian conception of confirmation is work_nokzifccljftflj4jhxztdc5we results in the thesis that scientific explanations are ontic exhibitions of mechanisms. (2) Scientific explanations are ontic exhibitions of mechanistic activities fitting into committed to rendering mechanistic explanations ontically; for example, advocates of a broadly epistemic as the conception that ''explanations exhibit causal mechanisms'' (2002: S343 (however, he also misdescribes it—I believe out of charity—as some kind of generic representational realism just a page later)). (2!) Scientific explanations are mechanisms that are responsible for (causal) patterns strategy, OC is motivated by the claim that the term explanation is lexically ambiguous and has a conceptually basic (ontic) sense. mechanisms, he then claimed, following Salmon, that the term explanation can and New Mechanists like Craver often insist that good causal explanations are those that, inter That explain and explanation seemingly pass the syllepsis/conjunction reduction test (b) Mechanistic explanations involve models and representations of mechanisms. activity is one thing, and the causal-mechanical explanation is another'' really does work_nolk2zlx5jhdjhzwykaipdcrh4 investigates methodological and philosophical issues pertaining to farmers'' experiments, including the choice of interventions (work methods etc.) to be tested, the 4 The field trials of modern agricultural science belong to the former category, since they aim at knowledge farmers'' experiments tend to be entirely focused on finding out what works on a particular farm or in a small experimenting farmers and agricultural scientists, but it also contains a wealth of Directly action-guiding experiments performed by scientists, such as clinical trials, are rarely mentioned, and I have many examples of individual farmers who have taken a leading role in local experimental activities, for instance by keeping a large number of crop varieties, bringing methodological practices in farmers'' experiments, namely using controls, changing one In the directly action-guiding experiments of modern science, such as clinical trials, it is Both farmers'' experiments and the field trials performed by agricultural scientists are performed by agricultural scientists, farmers'' experiments have the advantages that work_nppx6ohgxvbrpn6alermuekxi4 Absolute simultaneity is specified to be a nontrivial equivalence relation which is invariant under the automorphism Let us point out right at the beginning that our requirements on simultaneity differ slightly from the ones used by Malament and Sarkar & Stachel: they require the simultaneity-defining equivalence relation to be invariant under all causal automorphisms (explained in section 5), whereas we only require Requirement 1 Absolute Simultaneity is a non-trivial Aut-invariant equivalence relation on M each equivalence class of which intersects any physically set [p] := G · p to define a non-trivial G-invariant equivalence relation. Hence Theorem 1 guarantees the existence of a non-trivial Aut-invariant equivalence relation. Theorem 2 Let S be a non-trivial Aut = IGal – invariant equivalence relation clearly are non-trivial AutX -invariant equivalence relations whose classes are Theorem 5 Let X be a foliation of M by timelike straight lines and S a nontrivial AutX = ILorX – invariant equivalence relation on M. work_npuptpyexnbs5cqtbeyeawrfya Hubbell and other ecologists privilege the neutral model qua "null" as accepted until rejected. Null modeling evaluates whether a process is causally responsible for type of pattern neutral theory sometimes fail to distinguish when they are null modeling from when they are 1. The neutral theory of ecology supplies the appropriate null model for testing difference for this paper is that null modeling tests the hypothesis that a process is causally Null modeling tests a hypothesis that a set of processes is causally responsible for a Hubbell developed the ancestor of the neutral theory, the community drift model, for pattern of correlated abundance using neutral theory as a baseline model. from using the community drift model as a null model to using the neutral theory as a 1. The neutral theory supplies the appropriate null model for testing whether causally relevant to the model-fit of a pattern.14 Independent support for the neutral theory''s work_nqqxp7esujbztoulqw5kzjrxbm philosophical import one should infer from scientific accounts of "Phase Transitions," by import one should infer from the scientific accounts of phase transitions, in particular the generalized and arises whenever a scientific account appeals to an "Essential Idealization"1 (EI)—roughly, when a scientific account of some concrete physical phenomena appeals to an Tenets 1-2 imply that concrete and finite systems display phase transitions while tenets 3-5 imply in tenets 3 and 4 refer to concrete objects, or abstracts mathematical representations of them. Just because abstract mathematical representations of concrete systems discontinuities in abstract representational partition function and concrete phase transitions. abstract mathematical representation of concrete PT, which arise in scientific accounts of PT, no correspondence relation to hold between abstract representations and concrete systems. discontinuities representing phase transitions are faithful and hence correspond to concrete 1) A scientific account of some concrete phenomena appeals to an idealization(s) and refers essentially idealized scientific representations correspond to the concrete systems work_nqygqcpmafdonkk65uks2oewaq can easily observe that the same way of metaphysical and sociological interpretation has occurred in every period of history, whenever general theories But we can also easily observe the influence of human behaviour principle an artificial organism could parallel human activity, particularly suggested, might in principle parallel all describable forms of human behaviour. The problem of abstraction is that of the naming of an invariant in the human activity suggest themselves automatically in terms of this probabilistic The artefact is not advanced as a detailed model of the human brain ; in a somewhat new light as the element responsible for the interest and creativeness possessed by the artificial personality so mediated. choices made by natural men in terms of the calculus of responsibility. The Problem of the Existence of Mathematical Entities The problem of the existence of mathematical entities takes its origin formulated within elementary logic has a model, if and only if it is formally work_nrdhftlbxfa3vfg453clb3nsai limit systems used in statistical physics can fail to provide idealizations, but are Idealizations refer to new systems whose properties approximate those of the target properties of the limiting system, the infinite cylinder, whose ratio of area to volume is also 2. In this case, the limit property is an approximation, an inexact description, of the result, taking a limit with infinitely large numbers of components is a standard device. In these cases, the infinite limit system fails to provide an idealization and we have a finite systems have the properties of determinism and energy conservation; hence the limit properties (approximation); or whether the limit system of an actual infinity of components is the properties of infinite limit systems. limits to provide explanations of the behavior of finite target systems is delicate, for infinite limiting properties of finite systems, as their number of components grown large. work_nrfyhq7juvdapi36inf3vgvsyu animals, including all mammals, possess a genuine sensory system for time based in the circadian the circadian systems of mammals to argue that here we have a genuine sense of time. provide an information-theoretic account of how clocks represent time. circadian system, and clocks more generally, directly gather information about time while violating the If interval timing mechanisms could account for circadian behaviors, then According to the alternative period timing models, circadian behaviors are accounted for by an the sense of time, the circadian system also carries information about the probable location of the sun, channel conditions are intact the circadian system carries information about the time of day, and [2011]: Representing Time of Day in Circadian Clocks. The states of the circadian system carry information about the time of day, despite the fact that there is no causal influence on the states of the circadian systems from the time of day. work_nsaxpqjlifcbnk3zlpv5cgvay4 Selectionist evolutionary theory has often been faulted for not making novel predictions Two case studies show the predictive capacity of selectionist evolutionary theory: This article is a preliminary report on prediction in selectionist evolutionary theory. used to ground the predictive capacity of selectionist evolutionary theory. The novel prediction of parallel evolution in these experimental populations is a contrastive used in the context of selectionist evolutionary theory to formulate novel predictions. novel predictions that test endosymbiotic selectionist theory. Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory Rasmus Grønfeldt Winther Prediction in Selectionist Evolutionary Theory work_nsjqyh7e4jdqrbi5buvn6bwjki but extensionally equivalent definitions of logical truth and opts for a variant of his own "substitution version." The two preceding chapters deal respectively with grammar and with the author''s contention that logical truth is not merely linguistic in nature but rather hinges on a The first argument is based on the author''s own definition of logical truth in terms of rests on other than purely linguistic ground.) Choice of definition of logical truth, even from somewhat like the distinction between nonlogical or content symbols and logical or grammatical symbols except that in the author''s first-order grammar (pp. grounds that they are "too colorful" to count either as "pure logical particles" or as "grammatical particles." Whether the author even intended to offer a "criterion of lexicon" is not clear 5 and 6 the former considers possible additions to the class of logical truths and does not concern ". work_ntbbdrcpp5gshnf3nvzhxs2ed4 Philosophy Faculty Directory Graduate Students The Department of Philosophy Graduate Studies American Philosophy Continental Philosophy Latin American & Latinx Philosophy Jewish Philosophy Feminist Philosophy History of Philosophy History and Philosophy of Logic Africana Philosophy Philosophy & Ethics of Engineering & Technology Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Mathematics Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Art and Aesthetics Faculty & Staff Welcome to Philosophy Dr. Bermúdez Named Distinguished Achievement Award Recipient Congratulations to Dr. José Luis Bermúdez on being named one of the 24 Association of Former Students Distinguished Achievement Award recipients for 2021. Dr. Bermúdez won this award in the category of Research. Posted February 3, 2021 Congratulations to the editors and contributors of the Fall 2020 edition of Aletheia, the Philosophy Department''s Undergraduate Journal. Texas A&M professor emeritus Robin Smith has been selected to give the prestigious Dewey Lecture at the Central Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association in February. work_nuqjl7jhwbhv7j5drw57pmoljm On the one hand, examples are given of causes that fail to raise the probability of their effects, a cause of E (for any choice of E)–a potential case of non-probability-raising causation (see (conditioning upon historical background11) allows us to deal with two types of probabilityraising non-causation: independent effects of a common cause and effects that raise the sequence will always exist: there might be cases of ''direct'' non-probability-raising causation. The following three examples of probability-raising non-causation seem to be representative of Analogous doubts seem more warranted in the case of a second example of probabilityraising non-causation, one that is not characterized by the existence of a cut causal chain. excluding those cases of probability-raising non-causation that result from the presence of cut continuous causal chain doesn''t help us with those cases of probability-raising non-causation, One example of positive component effect without causation has already been work_nvfh42hbbbh5fh4267bls4duwi Abstract: This paper argues for a representational semantic conception (RSC) of scientific 1. The Semantic Conception of Theories: Structures and Representations that "all scientific theories are sets of mathematical structures". semantic view, fills in the identity claim very differently – in terms of representational Giere and Suárez – scientific theories are not structures, but representations of target structural and representational variants of the semantic conception invariably end up mapped uniquely onto, a mathematical structure; the representational target is, or can be structural relation as best described constitutes representation even in that particular case – the sense of formal semantics or model theory in mathematical logic. semantic conception of theories that identifies them with structures. structural rendition of the means of particular representations by mathematical models in structural identity of the source model and its target explains the fact that inferences may means of some scientific representations – typical in mathematical modelling that work_nw364nloqrhb3guxgdc4dyzzku evidence, scientific realism, induction, and explanation. touch on the primary criticisms to, and Achinstein''s replies regarding, evidence and Achinstein has developed four different concepts of evidence, but argues that Achinstein of failing to provide a characterization of evidence ''''relevant'''' to instead that scientists should use a notion of evidence where it provides objectively Achinstein argues therefore that evidence is an empirical, not an a priori matter. Kitcher complains that the concept of evidence Achinstein uses is not evidence'''' in a way Achinstein''s definition cannot. Scientists want evidence that is a sign of the truth, not merely reasonable to believe Is Achinstein correct in thinking scientists want a concept of evidence defined as evidence is most important for scientists?'''' Here, he argues historically that when measles (since veridical evidence requires the truth of the hypothesis). scientists have for a hypothesis (first order) and then there is also evidence regarding work_nwn3rrky6fazjhoj57gz7nfpfm I am Presidential Professor of Philosophy at City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center. My current project is a book titled, Cognitive Ontology: Taxonomic Practices in the Mind-Brain Sciences, which is supported by an Insight Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). More information about publications, teaching, and political writings can be accessed through the links at the top right. In recent years, essentialism has been the dominant account of natural kinds among philosophers, but the essentialist view has encountered resistance, especially among naturalist metaphysicians and philosophers of science. Informed by detailed examination of classification in the natural and social sciences, this book argues against essentialism and for a naturalist account of natural kinds. On the basis of this account, he maintains that there can be natural kinds in the social sciences as well as the natural sciences. work_nxycmd66znalrledsmm6nvbba4 mantra, the claim that emotions do not form a natural kind'' (de Sousa [1999], reasons for entertaining the hypothesis that emotion is a natural kind. argues that there are several basic emotions that deserve natural kind status of the natural kind status of emotions provides an ideal starting point for our We posit basic emotions and treat them as natural kinds He argues that basic emotions are ''natural kinds within the the hypothesis that some basic emotions are natural kinds. claim that ''emotions are natural kinds within the brain'' (Panksepp [2000], pp. basic emotional systems should count as a natural kind. Panksepp''s hypothesis that emotion is a natural kind is a neurobiological between Panksepp''s and Griffiths'' accounts of the natural kinds of emotion natural kind terminology to basic emotions, Solomon provides just the sort argue that the basic emotions form a natural kind. cognitive emotions and their relation to the natural kind status of basic work_nyb4y3kvlrdrxalkfzpuzf5zdq science to aid scientists in developing policy relevant research that is both epistemically rigorous and sensitive to the ethical and political needs of a wider range of We call this body of work socially relevant philosophy of science (SRPOS). topics and scientific practices that are directly relevant to public welfare, such as investigations of race and genomics, biomedical research, or special interest science. scientists, and disseminate their work in venues where it is likely to transcend the disciplinary boundaries of philosophy and impact scientific practice and public policy. examining and improving the disciplinary practices and reward structures of philosophy of science might be necessary to allow philosophers to do SRPOS (including philosophers'' analyses of race concepts, Sarah Richardson focuses on ways that disciplinary norms and practices in philosophy of science can hinder SRPOS. SRPOS engages socially relevant science, that is, scientific practices or products that work_nzol57hddbgnzkgts2xb2s3ggi In Section 3, an argument is presented that shows why task-bound functions are incapable of explaining the logically distinct forms of explanation in which task-bound functional analysis area in which the kind of function posited has the property of being task-bound, identity criteria for a given experimental paradigm will be a set of environmental properties, the manipulation of which are required by the behavioral task 3 Task-bound Functions Do Not Explain Structural Properties Given unipotency, then, task-bound functional analysis always yields contradiction, and for that reason, fails to explain the presence of the list of purported task-bound functions for any given anatomical structure is first of these desiderata is this: the new functional concept must denote a property capable of being realized in neural processes that span multiple behavioral capturing the functional role of anatomical areas must be one that is realizable in processes that span multiple cognitive domains.16 This desideratum is work_o2oaxbrcbvbbpmsxwkbwixp5jy these patterns are often explanatory in biology, and that their roles in explanation are distinct from the respective roles normally posited for operations and generalizations in discussion of I claim that the explanatory role of patterns is distinct from those of operations and explanatory role does not depend on any specific facts about the scope or domain of In showing that patterns play a distinct role from either operations or insist that patterns explain in virtue of having a particular scope or domain of invariance. both cases, the error is due to equating the explanatory role of patterns and generalizations. on temporal patterns regarding phase relationships and proportional responses in gene patterns of activity for each promoter type are important for explaining how an entire cell can they miss the distinction between patterns and generalizations, and the important explanatory role played by the describing the relative roles of operations, patterns, and generalizations in explanation. work_o4dv45ysrffw7e43ec4igo7mmi To cite this Article Kuukkanen, Jouni-Matti(2009)''Rereading Kuhn'',International Studies in the Philosophy of Science,23:2,217 — 224 Stefano Gattei''s Thomas Kuhn''s ''Linguistic Turn'' and the Legacy of Logical It argues that Kuhn in his linguistic turn failed to provide an alternative to foundationalism, something that fell to the hero of Gattei''s book, Popper, to Preston''s book is a fair interpretation of Kuhn''s Structure. The set-up of Preston''s book rules out dealing with Kuhn''s philosophy after Structure, philosophy of science, one by logical positivism and the other by historical philosophers conceptual scheme changes in science, but Popper and Kuhn shared the idea of theoryladenness of observation and belief in some kind of evolutionary epistemology. scientific theories and conceptual dynamics.'' Gattei sees in the late Kuhn''s talk of structured lexicons a ''sort of post-Darwinian linguistic neo-Kantianism'' (138–139). Kuhn''s theory of scientific revolutions and cognitive Kuhn: Philosopher of scientific revolution. work_o4jamilzzrfkrhwmgypf4yzf4y significance (see e.g. Teh (2013); Greaves and Wallace (2013)), and arguably, the gauge transformations (relating gauge-dependent quantities) of a classical system contain physical information Thus gauge-dependent quantities contain physical information, albeit of a modal and relational type. Yang-Mills-type theories – are analogous to the parable insofar as they illustrate (Couple). (A) The parable illustrates the connection between ''gauge'' and relationism about physical systems: the observables of a system are not its gauge-dependent quantities (e.g. the positions of measuring device system S2 interact with S1 in such a way that one forms a gauge-invariant quantity Instead of discussing an SU(2) gauge field coupled to fermions (as Rovelli does), we will opt to study In Rovelli''s parable, the gauge-dependent quantities of S2 (the analog of the scalar field theory) were used as a reference point in order to measure the gauge-dependent quantities of S1 (the analog of the gauge field theory). work_o5cck6ayqvg75dgc7beza3tawa work on Jeffrey Conditionalization and commutativity points to a necessary Commutativity on Propositions Any rule for updating degrees of belief on In these cases, an experience directly informs the agent''s credences over a partition, and the rule then uses those new credences, together with Commutativity on Experiences Any rule for updating degrees of belief on is updated by Strict Conditionalization on the propositions E and F , the order in Is Strict Conditionalization commutative on experiences? Jeffrey Conditionalization When experience directly8 changes your credences over a partition {Ei} from p(Ei) to q(Ei), set your new credences Clearly Jeffrey Conditionalization is not commutative on input distributions. commutative on input distributions, but it leaves us wondering: is Jeffrey Conditionalization appropriately commutative on experiences? We can think of this as the problem of specifying a supplementary rule for Jeffrey Conditionalization that maps sensory experiences to input work_o5lpmfijtnhvxmu5i3hqzf3tgm Abstract As a metaphysical theory, radical ontic structural realism (ROSR) is characterised mainly in terms of the ontological primacy it places on relations and Bain''s first observation is that category theory allows us to reformulate (and generalise) many traditional set-theoretic notions that would normally require reference sets, since the morphisms of HILB are ''not simply functions that preserve the relevant set-theoretic notion of structure associated with them.'' In particular, he notes The most straightforward and popular way of defining relations in category theory is a direct generalisation of the set theoretic notion. in set theory are subsets of the Cartesian product of the relevant domains of quantification, the category theoretic generalisation defines relations to be subobjects of the So the morphisms do not preserve all of the relevant physical structure (as Bain would put it, FHILB is not a ''category of structured sets''). work_oaop4wa3sbepxe4ylunpdwyt6u This paper also responds to several fundamental constructive criticisms contained in Christopher Hitchcock''s discussion of both the marktransmission and the conserved quantity theories. In "Salmon on Explanatory Relevance", Christopher Read Hitchcock raises problems concerning the nature and role of causality in scientific explanation that I assumed that Dowe intended a similar stipulation about conserved quantities in causal processes. In theory, causal processes do possess a fixed amount of energy, say, in the absence of interactions, CQ [conserved quantity] theory does not require that a causal process possess a constant amount of the relevant quantity over the Thus, the spot is not a causal process according to the conserved quantity theory. A causal process is the world-line of an object that transmits a nonzero amount of a conserved quantity at each moment of its history (1992a), "Wesley Salmon''s Process Theory of Causality and the Conserved Quantity Theory", Philosophy of Science 59: 195-216. work_obe6w3v7qzb7pbf63xtgocnbzq looking back on centuries of scientific discoveries, however, a pattern emerges which suggests that they fall into three categories— Charge, Challenge, and Chance—that combine into a "Cha-Cha-Cha" Theory of Scientific Discovery. "Charge" discoveries solve problems that Sometimes many people perceive the anomalies, but they wait for the discoverer to provide a new concept. to science, but it is the individual who proposes the idea explaining all of the anomalies The first is that the original contribution of the discoverer can be applied at different points in the solution of a problem. Scientific Discovery Category of discovery Category of discovery discoveries require scientists to make not one though the methods of science and law are Charge, Challenge, and Chance categories to interested in using mechanical vibrating structures as fast, sensitive detectors of such properties as electric charge (1), The Cha-Cha-Cha Theory of Scientific Discovery ARTICLE TOOLS http://science.sciencemag.org/content/317/5839/761 RELATED http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/317/5839/721.full http://science.sciencemag.org/content/317/5839/761 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/317/5839/721.full work_obltps2ypjfhtj52ah5duyz6o4 different states of the world are involved in stabilizing senders'' and receivers'' use of a Informational content exists whenever probabilities are changed in this way, regardless of what role the messages play; the A signal has informational content if it changes the probabilities of at least some states of the world, and its content is given by all the content of message M is the vector of post-signal probabilities of the states, signal, the functional content vector gives, for each state, the degree of involvement of that state in the stabilization of the sender''s and receiver''s behaviours regarding that signal. the world at all, in which case no signal has informational content in our sense. Sender and receiver behaviours in a ''bottleneck'' case, with fewer messages than states. functional content vectors for sender and receiver would show the respects in separate functional content vectors for sender and receiver when they differ. work_ocxiikkq2zhjtdfig4a4pa74l4 Developmental systems theory (DST) expands the unit of replication from genes to Expansion seems required by DST''s argument against privileging genes in evolutionary and developmental explanations of organic traits. model of the unit of replication, Griffiths and Gray formulate a developmental systems theory. from genes to developmental systems, its model of replication, and implications for interpreting cultural in relation to biological evolution. friendly to DSP''s emphasis on developmental process and variety of resources, but I reject Griffiths and Gray''s conclusion that "the developmental systems view makes it impossible to maintain the distinction Deprivileging genetic resources in developmental and evolutionary explanation entails a lack of theoretical distinction between biological and cultural evolution, only insofar as the model Support for DST''s argument that whole developmental systems or processes (life cycles) are the units of replication requires a n articulate model work_oe7au222pzcsdfdcfwmbigmatm In Einstein''s original conception of the general theory of relativity, the behavior of gravitating bodies was determined by two laws: The �rst (more fundamental) law consisted of the canonical interpretation, the principle should instead be adopted as a universality thesis about the clustering of certain classes of gravitating bodies that exhibit nearly-geodetic In section 2, we propose an analysis of the general concept of universality phenomena to designate a certain kind of similarity of behavior exhibited across a wide class counts as such a clustering within appropriately close (topological) neighborhoods of anchor models that exhibit perfect geodesic motion. geodesic principle, demoted from the status of fundamental law to a thesis about the general motion of classes of gravitating bodies, may still be of value to our understanding similar critical exponent values have quite diverse descriptions: At the quantum mechanical level, for instance, the state vectors or density matrices representing the respective work_oeqyb46q35cedphunyq3i2vs5e Models, Fictions & Realism: Two Packages ways, each involving a distinct notion of fiction and a corresponding formulation of realism. modeling is a species of fiction-making (Godfey-Smith, 2006, 2009; Frigg, 2010; Toon, 2010). unconstrained by truth, then viewing models as fictions is incompatible with the most basic tenet of So stated, there is an incompatibility between the models-as-fictions approach and scientific realism. fiction, coupled to a version of the realist principle that treats modeling as resulting in comparative and direct understanding of realism as the view that science ought to aim at true models isn''t available models as low-key, worldly fictions, and a knowledge-based formulation of realism. However, the second package raises an issue of its own: if fictional models are imaginative One sets up a fictional system, the model system, then compares "Models and Fiction". "Models and Fictions in Science", Philosophical Studies, 143 (1): 101- work_oesqpiwmlbbnjk6cze6663iyom Essay-review of Valentine''s On the Origin of Phyla phylogeny, On the Origin of Phyla, a work that might be best described as a product of sections: ''Evidence of the Origins of Metazoan Phyla'' (chapters 1–5, pp. clear distinctions, one between taxa and ranks, and the other between classification and Ranks are the ''levels'' assigned to taxa within a given systematic hierarchy: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) in the 1960s and 1970s more and more systematists have come regard rank as dispensable, and they tend to speak now only of taxa For those who hold this position, the very title of Valentine''s book, On the Origin of Phyla, is problematic, since Origin of the Taxa Ranked as Superorders''. remaining members of that school will probably find Valentine''s views on classification clearly between classification and phylogeny, however: many came to regard classification per se, like rank per se, as a dispensable idea (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1992). work_ohckdac7xzgt7cprj2i3tekvte The theories that were launched as alternatives to group selection are merely different ways of looking at evolution in group structured populations" Model pluralism has proven popular recently amongst biologists working on the levels of selection (Dugatkin and Reeve 1994, Grafen 1984, positing higher-level processes, such as group selection, do not differ significantly or fundamentally from models positing lower-level processes, Hence, the differences here between broad-sense individual and group selection perspectives are in the Dugatkin and Reeve claim that "the mathematics of the gene-, individual-, kinand new group-selection approaches are equivalent" and The fitness structure in the multi-level perspective, by contrast, is parameterized in such a way as to reflect the group pluralism shares this intuition but adopts a realist view of whether selection is operating at the genic, individual, or group level (or all three) in work_oi6m3ljg6zfjppguitbvpggho4 A response to "The STS challenge to philosophy of science in Bray, F 2011, ''A response to "The STS challenge to philosophy of science in Taiwan"'', East Asian Science, East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal A response to "The STS challenge to philosophy of science in Taiwan". https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/a-response-to-the-sts-challenge-to-philosophy-of-science-in-taiwan(27dab181-9512-4a3c-8b32-f9a647d446f0).html A response to Rueylin Chen, ''The STS challenge to PS in Taiwan'', by Francesca Bray. A response to Rueylin Chen, ''The STS challenge to PS in Taiwan'', by Francesca Bray. science could learn from STS to pay closer attention to the social aspects of scientific conclusion of the 2009 EASTS conference panel on Philosophy of Science and STS in East Asia that philosophers of technology might prove better interlocutors of STS special issue of Techne: Research in Philosophy and Technology, 10.2 (Winter from philosophical analysis to STS'', Technology & Culture 47 (July 2006): 607Years, special issue of Techne: Research in Philosophy and Technology, Fall work_oiafro6dzzaz5cs2runuunt7o4 source of the power of quantum computers; i.e., to search for the explanation of the fact that computation is just one example of a species of how-possibly question that is likely to be Forber (2010), in contrast, views how-possibly and how-actually explanation as different in incomplete how-actually explanation.5 Explaining how-possibly, for Forber, is not this but a It is also distinct from Forber''s conception of how-possibly explanation, which recall is not a conceptions reviewed above, once one has answered the how-possibly question in this case, it According to Fortnow (2003), for instance, the explanation of quantum speedup lies in the machines and DFAs, quantum computers have associated with them a particular space of views on scientific explanation on a particular interpretation of quantum mechanics (further, represent either actual or possible computational paths. We have here two potential how-possibly explanations of quantum quantum and classical computers involves, I have argued, a description of the actual work_oii46rcdu5ao5ha77c5vxsqwk4 Diversity Title IX SUM: Research at CUNY STUDENTS Student Life Student Consumer Information/Right to Know Resources Title IX Awareness PROGRAMMING Student News Faculty News Faculty News Alumni News Research News Research Grant News GC in the News GC in the News GC in the News 365 Fifth E-Newsletter President''s Office Provost''s Office Diversity and Inclusion instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Page Not Found To find what you are looking for, please utilize the menu or search tool above or contact the program/department directly. The following is a list of pages commonly searched for: Graduate Center Homepage Portal (Faculty & Student Web) Prospective Students Prospective Students Current Students Current Students Doctoral Programs Doctoral Programs Master''s Programs Master''s Programs Human Resources Security For further assistance, please contact IT Services. Contact us: The Graduate Center, CUNY 365 Fifth Avenue New York, NY Campus Security ext 7777 2021 The Graduate Center work_ok4obn2va5e3bjbexydmlsfe5u The way that time reversal transforms observables is a convention, unjustified, or requires comparison to classical mechanics. 3Callender argues that momentum reverses sign in quantum theory only because of a classical correspondence rule. has accepted that the time reversal operator T is an antiunitary bijection, it follows that quantum time reversal corresponds to a transformation ψ 7→ Tψ that respects that quantum time reversal is a transformation ψ 7→ Tψ that gives rise to classical Let me start by uniquely deriving of how time reversal transforms position 14One might derive the p 7→ −p transformation rule on the non-standard view of time reversal and momentum, the spin transformation rules for time reversal are more than a The examples above suggest a general strategy for determining how time reversal transforms an arbitrary observable in quantum theory. on the way that time reversal transforms under a unitary symmetry group, we may work_okhnfe4wbzbmdfk6j45ncuqg6y earlier and later theories, and that takes due account of the importance of the mathematical models of a theory (the semantic component) and of the various distinct Here one very important approach, loop quantum gravity, proceeds crucially on the basis of treating formulations of the theory as part As actually employed by working scientists, theories admit of a number of alternative linguistic formulations—for example, classical particle mechanics sometimes is given a Lagrangian formulation and some structural features of scientific theories, the semantic conception naive application of the semantic conception tells us we should take particles as features of the world according to quantum field theory. our class of models to include those of quantum field theory on a dynamical spacetime. There is general agreement that the solution space of quantum field theory has certain features, one of which is a natural particle work_okyf45anwfhnvcezc43x3iugti Premium names often come with existing traffic since they are exact match terms people are searching for. Your new domain will naturally sound like the authority of your industry, which helps gain traffic from the search engines. With increased traffic, better brand recognition, and increased marketing success, you''re sure to have higher profits. A premium .Com domain adds value to your company right off the bat, and the value will continue to rise as your presence grows. Search for a Premium Domain Great brand recognition and memorability from advertising, marketing, and your web site landing pages. Poor domain names lose traffic and new customer conversions to better domain named companies, Microsoft Research calls this effect "domain bias in web search." Domain names have become a necessity for effective business and marketing endeavors. website, or part of a marketing campaign, anyone starting a business must secure a domain name. work_okzkxve65vhfpithvvoopiwrka part of the brain works alone, however: a cognitive task is always performed the function of brain regions considered in isolation from the broader neural localize cognitive processes to particular brain areas: differential regional activity between two cognitive tasks is taken as evidence about the function regional activation R as a marker for cognitive function F is good practice we''ve carved up cognitive functions, brain regions appear to be pluripotent: any particular function we assign a brain region, activity in that region will It suggests that so-called forward inferences, from cognitive theory to brain function, are basically sound, and Note that this general functional attribution is still context-sensitive The most general function that can be attributed to a region is not guaranteed to be cognitively interesting. To bring it all back around: it''s true that brain regions are functionally But focus on the function of brain regions has been, I suggest, work_oo2nl7sfezhzzbddaw75j6b3te unobservable entities discussed by science are generally taken to have observable effects (by of semantic realism in so far as this pertains to talk of unobservable properties, but not unobservable objects provided that these are defined in terms of observable properties and/or unobservable entity instantiates an observable property, namely redness, in so far as some of instance, to extrapolate observable properties into the unobservable realm, and to take talk of evidential grounds for preferring cognitive instrumentalism over semantic realism (although cognitive instrumentalism is not to adopt any peculiar view on the aim of science, although it one can, e.g. attempt to posit only unobservable things possessing observable properties in Where the cognitive instrumentalist differs from Mach is in taking such descriptions literally. Nor does cognitive instrumentalism entail structural realism, especially of an ontological cognitive instrumentalism need not involve acceptance of van Fraassen''s view of representation. work_oo3n5wtlj5g5xf7aawnm5prveu abstracting away irrelevant causal details can leave us with a noncausal explanation. this paper, I argue that the common example of Renormalization Group (RG) explanations of universality used to motivate the irrelevancy approach deserves more critical Many philosophers argue that there are certain kinds of abstract mathematical explanations that are noncausal (Batterman 2000, 2010; Colyvan 2001; Felline 2018; case of RG explanations of universality, where the noncausal interpretations are not the causal nature of critical phenomena explanations, so long as the original Hamiltonian represents the To sum up, the explanation of universal macrobehavior of continuous phase transitions through RG is crudely something like the following: the flow of Hamiltonians of For example, Strevens (2008) and Woodward''s (2010) approaches to explanation make room for causal abstraction by utilizing concepts such there is no causal-tether in RG transformations and explanations of universality: 1) that universality are noncausal simply because they abstract away lower-level causal details. work_ooky674f35fdvmoj66lizfta2q to which possible results we may expect when we measure a certain observable, own idea it is necessary for each observation to make-by a real physical processthe waves sp, iA incoherent with each other. radical case of this view-the state, represented by the wave function, expressing by the mental process that the observer forgets its state of polarisation. say that the process of observation (or measurement) makes the photon decide silver grain, then we have to mention its atoms and their wave functions-and The decisive point seems to be that in consequence of the gas temperature all possibilities of interference between wave functions of different atoms are not describe the silver grain in terms of wave functions of its single atoms. On the Process of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics [pp. On the Process of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics [pp. On the Process of Measurement in Quantum Mechanics [pp. work_oprlmthzzffqpiasskvlxxcb34 of research.The Grounded Theory methodology is described as having certain specific characteristics and procedures that separate this From this point of view, the need of a research method to study the world represents the different ways for From a postmodern perspective of science, Grounded Theory methods constitute a particular approach of qualitative of Grounded Theory methods and Symbolic Interactionism consider human actions in relation to social circumstances, The principal objective of Grounded Method is to generate explanatory theories concerning human social interaction According to Glaser (1992), the main goal of Grounded Theory methods is to discover the theoretical aspects Grounded Theory point of view, the role of narratives is very important in all research process influenced by thick From a post-modern point of view of science, a theory is generated from the data by taking into account all the actions researcher is to understand the conditions and the context of knowing, viewed as active process of relating (Stacy, 2001) work_ormowpwrgvczvoauu7gmugpwnm constitutive colour vision abilities could differ in respect of whether or not they have possible that colour constancy qua SSR and wavelength discrimination, hence colour vision, optic aphasia for colours, subjects retain normal visual discriminatory abilities with respect to constitutive approach and yet persist in claiming that colour vision qua psychological kind constancy can be dissociated from our ability to perceive superordinate colour categories constitutive colour vision abilities could differ in respect of whether they possess CP DV presents a discriminatory view, on which one''s ability to achieve colour constancy constitutive colour vision abilities supervene on its visual discriminatory capacities. noted above, this general approach is consistent with many differing views of colour vision, in taking colour vision to supervene on capacities visually to discriminate both wavelength Invariantism characterises colour constancy as the phenomenon whereby objects visually colour constancy supervenes on its capacities to discriminate visually among SSRs of objects work_osd5gnlypfdozk54rgxg2h7lyy Among philosophers of science there seems to be a general consensus that understanding represents a species of knowledge, but virtually every major epistemologist who then ask whether there are independent reasons for supposing that understanding is not a species of knowledge, and I will end by considering what, 1 Other philosophers of science who seem to assume, without need for argument, that understanding is a species of knowledge include Wesley Salmon ([1989], pp. In this as well as other respects, however, Zagzebski claims that understanding differs from knowledge. is supposed to be an instance of (a) or (b), to see how knowledge and understanding sway together throughout Comanche-style cases we will need to lay With this in mind, Kvanvig''s claim is that knowledge and understanding to get things right, believing on the basis of a good source in a bad information environment does seem to allow for knowledge. work_osgu5hmqsnfkraqoob6rvx2gqe Robustness arguments hold that hypotheses are more likely to be true when they are confirmed by diverse kinds of evidence. We identify two kinds of independence appealed to in robustness arguments: ontic independence (OI)—when the multiple lines of evidence depend the notion of diversity of evidence and show that only very particular empirical scenarios warrant a robustness argument, and such scenarios are constrained in ways not usually recognized in the wide literature that appeals what a wide variety of substances are involved and how diverse are the phenomena being observed." Culp (1995) considers robustness arguments compelling if the following condition is met: "the techniques must not all use the things that are often said must differ between lines of evidence in order to satisfy the independence condition for robustness arguments. When ontically independent evidence supports a hypothesis, it is often thought that one can construct a robustness argument.3 ontically independent and all the evidence confirms the same hypothesis, a robustness argument may not be warranted. work_ot6ivacimjgfrkde5x7noafyvu The coincidence of surprising behavior both in matter and in simulation models is the new mode of scientific understanding based on the deployment of epistemically opaque investigation of simulation in nanoscience reveals how science, and, in particular, the laws implemented in the simulation model produce the behavior. simulation-based approach: so-called density functional theory (DFT). Thus, to summarize, simulation can provide understanding in the pragmatic sense. from a theory T that provides scientific explanations and thereby understanding, thus Although simulations may offer pragmatic understanding and potential for So, do simulations provide understanding at all? model''s overall behavior, that is, on the basis of simulation experiments and the The basis of this pragmatic account is the new instrumental access that simulations present context of simulation modeling, epistemic opacity is given a new twist: The Computer simulations offer a pragmatic mode of understanding, and Models, Simulation, and "Computer Experiments". work_otzhyole65cjrgbnq7tbiwnjki central to the success of feminist philosophy of science in producing socially relevant scholarship, and that its future lies in the continued development of robust and Keywords Feminist philosophy · Feminist science studies · Gender bias · Women Scholars who study gender and science are engaged in a field of inquiry within philosophy of science that is both socially relevant and yields important and original 2 My focus on journals, in particular, as a means of reconstructing the core currents in the historical development of the field of feminist science studies is supported by several sources. specifically at the role of journals in feminist scholarship on women and science, finding that this work has Feminist science studies'' institutional location, in terms of the training of its scholars, the journals and readers in the field, and the theoretical backdrop of its work, work_oxir7j3sbreejl23kypamwx5re velocity in classical mechanics; especially against proposals by Tooley, Robinson and Lewis. pointillisme as regards the concept of velocity in classical mechanics (Sections 3 and The concept of velocity in mechanics provides two illustrations of the lure of pointillisme, and this tendency to reconcile it with vectorial properties by reconstruing physical quantities. I turn to Section 2.2.3''s second claim, (FPe): that once pointillisme is rejected, perdurantism does not need persistence to supervene on temporally intrinsic facts, and (2): I will criticize the heterodox view of Tooley and others that we should reconstrue velocity so as to make it intrinsic; (Section 3.3). that the object exists at other times; and this has prompted a consensus that the perdurantist''s reply to the rotating discs argument cannot appeal to different velocities (or (i): Velocity should be an intrinsic property of an object at a time that (together work_ozhgny7u7nef5nc5jbyzyd4or4 philosophy, the whole brain civilization must be founded, so that Chinese and western cultures should learn from Keywords: brain science, thinking, Chinese philosophy, western philosophy, difference, the whole brain civilization Brain Science and the Ancient Chinese Philosophical Thinking development achievements of the modern brain science, thinking process of insight and the physiological the deep exploration into brain science, new ways of the development of Chinese and western philosophies will Brain Science and Western Philosophical Thinking When reviewing the histories of Chinese and western philosophy and brain science, we have found that We hope to apply the scientific theories of brain science to the study of philosophy and that THE TURN OF BRAIN SCIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY THE TURN OF BRAIN SCIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY THE TURN OF BRAIN SCIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHILOSOPHY Thoughts on the research on brain science in China. work_ozpqyjyna5glddgbnkq6u2ngrm Sprevak, M 2011, ''Representation Reconsidered'', The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. William Ramsey''s Representation Reconsidered is a superb insightful analysis of the notion But, Ramsey claims, classical theories are in a minority in cognitive science, and their Replacing representations with relays or dispositions will, according to Ramsey, have little impact on the practice of cognitive science. Second, step two: arguing that candidate uses of ''representation'' in cognitive science By reasoning about the structure of the internal model, cognitive agents Ramsey claims that an internal model has its content of inference requires internal models) with a positive proposal for a theory of content. Both theories employ what he calls the receptor notion of representation: X represents Y talk of representation in cognitive neuroscience, connectionist modelling, or any theory In his job description challenge, Ramsey makes clear how a theory of content is work_p2hhvvzwpzew3ejnvlwcvbnqem Four interpretations of single-case conditional propensities are described and it is It asserts that the propensity values of earlier events do not depend upon the consider how we attribute numerical values to conditional propensities. what conditional propensities are—what bears them, what are their arguments, and whether they represent degrees of causal influence. in terms of the principles they use to attribute values to conditional propensities Prt(It0 j Tt00) when t00 is later than t0.6 (I assume here, in addition, that t is A co-production interpretation considers the conditional propensity to be interpretations, the conditional propensity is attributed to the system at forces a jump from t to the time of the conditioning event, and the propensity co-production interpretation of conditional propensities. co-production interpretation of conditional propensities as shown in the first now see that for each of the four interpretations of conditional propensities, conditional propensities cannot be probabilities. work_p3cmr435jvfc3koxgouak363qq so blatant example of this happening as the theories of physical science the rble of proper vibrations, and their discrete ''energy levels'' would be inclined to think that a wave-mechanical system has a predilection for being affected by only one of its proper modes at a time. But this does not necessarily entail that in every single case of microscopic interaction a whole portion hv of macroscopic energy is exchanged. investigation in which the simplifying scheme of individual constituent micro-systems on sharp energy levels, with abrupt transitions If the simplified scheme of sharp energy states and abrupt transitions between them was workable throughout in all instances (which which interact, it is not at all clear which are the pure energy levels energy state, when they were isolated, before the interaction started. happens, we are not facing pure energy states. energy states,'' is self-contradictory, anyhow in the language it uses work_p3jg3phxxbf6jie4w4u52t4eby Relativity theory between structural and dynamical explanations clock dilations, so far often regarded as purely kinematical effects, need a dynamical, In various parts of the book, Brown shows how Einstein, however, did not like the view of Brown''s more disputable thesis that no other explanation of contractions and dilations is consequence of the fact that Brown never discusses the nature of physical explanations in 1 See Brown and Pooley (2005, p.79), where we read that explanations of contractions in terms of 4As to the second argument of the chapter, Brown claims that the relativistic effects do not "structural" explanation of Lorentz''s "deformations" and clock dilations (see Hughes 1989, the relativistic "deformations" could be given different explanations, one in terms of the fourdimensional structure of Minkowski spacetime, and one in terms of dynamical phenomena in the special and general theory of relativity, as well as in the nature of scientific explanation. work_p4knzwiifzc4zmyvc6lli6wn5q Second, we argue that some explanations in systems biology of cancer are concerned with properties of signaling networks This distinction is helpful in that it illuminates how systems biological explorations of cancer are often multiscale, building "up" from biochemistry and cell and molecular biology and, simultaneously, moving "down" organized, and mined to generate network models, for instance, documenting the co-occurrence of mutations or gene products in various cancer subtypes. In contrast, systems theoretical approaches can help us illuminate relevant features of ERBB network structure, which may contribute to its robustness, its role in our vulnerability to approaches help explain why certain kinds of circuitry and network structures are so common, across a variety of species (see, e.g., Levine and Davidson 2005) and how they come to play a role in cancer. particular genes mutated in cancer and then build a network model, a representation of both the organizational structure and dynamics of gene expression over time, as a tumor progresses. work_p4q4iumijzee3bqwjyzmy5gpea mechanical philosophy, all the major research programs in quantum gravity today do conform to the conception of science championed by Newton''s contemporaries, much to the discredit of quantum gravity. fact that it will be difficult to test theories of quantum gravity experimentally, in light of the extremely large scales of energy and extremely small inexplicable experimental data drives the attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single quantum theory of gravity? model of particle physics [i.e., quantum field theory] and general relativity, the theory of gravity. one of the challenges of a theory of quantum gravity. the scientific merit of a theory of quantum gravity, for the BekensteinHawking entropy formula itself has no empirical standing. string theory "the most promising" of quantum gravity research programs, though "leading" may be granted, so long as this is taken in only the best theory of quantum gravity achievable on experimental grounds; work_p54jfxnjfngazjujfbu2edkdxi same problems for inferring causal structure from probabilistic relationships in data as do genuine and merely apparent CF violations unless we already know the underlying causal Violating causal stability would require a system to respond to changes in one parameter (1) Even if CF-violating systems are measure 0 with respect to the set of causal (3) ''Apparent'' CF-violations in equilibrium-maintaining systems can be generated causal systems may not genuinely violate CF, but yet pose the same problems for Lebesgue measure 0 with respect to possible causal systems, while non-CF-violating against all possible causal systems, and that CF-violating parameter values are in the face of changing causal parameters or variable values will be likely to display CFviolating causal relationships, and will also violate the stronger condition of causal will display CF-violating causal relationships in the form of mechanisms that maintain systems, will violate CF or causal stability. equilibrium-maintaining mechanisms, there may be at least some causal relationships that work_p5pgd5oy45fw3hqrz6paivkwwq content of the general rules or principles that we follow in reasoning inductively. Rather, particular inductive inferences are underwritten by domainspecific facts or ''material postulates''. induction is something like this: the proponent of the material theory thinks that, once I find the material theory of induction an attractive account, in several respects. If inductive reasoning as it is understood on the material theory is less susceptible to are justified by inductions that are in turn grounded in the facts of other material In what sense are inductive inferences ''grounded in'' material facts? knowledge of the material fact that licenses the induction. degrees'' via induction, he must already know the material postulate that ''samples of observational knowledge and what we are justified in believing on the basis of induction thinking that skepticism about induction simply re-arises on the material theory. is not itself provided by the material theory of induction, I think. work_p67h2fpbnvfybeocblevghq3ie This article argues that the basic account of mechanism and mechanistic explanation, involving sequential execution of qualitatively characterized operations, is itself insufficient to explain biological phenomena such as the capacity of living organisms to Understanding cyclically organized mechanisms with complex dynamics requires coordinating research directed at decomposing mechanisms into Mechanistic explanations are always multilevel accounts, integrating information about parts, operations, and organization within the mechanism with characterization of the phenomenon exhibited by the whole mechanism (Craver 2002, 2007; Craver and twentieth centuries has been not just to identify numerous biological mechanisms but also to decompose them into their component parts and operations. than sequential operation, I will elaborate on cyclic organization of biological mechanisms that often takes the form of negative or positive even when sleeping or hibernating, they are still performing basic metabolic activities, including respiration, and their brains exhibit endogenously generated oscillations. 6. Cyclic Organization and Endogenously Active Mechanisms. work_p6lau7nnwjccjamwmhnf7zuaaa But this runs counter to the contemporary mechanists'' claim that their view provides a distinct alternative to reductionism. to reductionism, as evidenced by the historical roots of the contemporary mechanist program: namely, in the mechanical philosophy of Descartes, Boyle, and others. Mechanistic explanations do not appeal to the deductive relationships between laws that classical reduction requires. explanation, a Kemeny-Oppenheim reduction requires reducing a higher-level phenomenon to a Craver (2007) echoes this point, noting that some philosophers and scientists use the term ''reduction'' to refer to the explanation of a phenomenon by its mechanism. Treatise on Man. In contrast, New Mechanism has functioned as an important corrective to the covering law models of explanation that dominated the philosophy of science in the twentieth century. 5. MECHANISM, CORPUSCULARISM, AND MECHANISTIC REDUCTION lower-level mechanisms can explain higher-level phenomena without necessary appeal to higherlevel terms, as the New Mechanists have argued. work_p6vpq7xjizdddlzuig66voff7i consequence: non-trivial chances entail the existence of light cones that are perfect to frequencies must be able to explain, in some tolerably general way, how chancebearers pick out chance-defining reference classes. specific intrinsic property of s''s past light cone union) and law, then the chance of that your present chance of reaching 100 is the class of person slices whose past light cone a priori grounds for denying the existence of non-trivial cone counterpart classes. chances require large cone counterpart classes. cone counterpart class is infinite, then Chx(A) will be defined only in trivial cases.20 Since non-trivial infinite cone counterpart classes are metaphysically possible, the with x''s history, x''s cone counterpart frequencies, and the laws that hold in x''s world.25 reason for thinking that it might is that chances might be cone counterpart frequencies; made to work if chances are cone counterpart frequencies? be possible in small worlds; second, that non-trivial cone counterpart frequency work_p7aavqqpifftrl2z2wimzxsmxm accounted for by licensing, the activities of scientific practice by which scientists establish a constitution of scientific representation must account for licensing, meaning that there is a According to many philosophers of science, representation in scientific practice is different That is to say that the representational nature of scientific vehicles is explained in the painting, and a scientific model will each be explained in terms of the representational nature Cohen''s view is unable to account for the communal nature of scientific representation, scientific object represents its target requires paying attention to these communal features. Explaining the communal nature of scientific representation requires that attention be given The unique aims of science indicate that the licensing of scientific representation is of a partially constitutive of the representational nature of the model since understanding how and Why does Volterra''s model represent these theoretical features of predator-prey work_p7dpvfnx75dffgqjjk7oteknti The study of contemporary philosophy of science based on cognitive neuroscience has strongly promoted the philosophy study of brain cognitive problems. theoretical basis and research method of cognitive neuroscience. the significance of cognitive neuroscience on contemporary philosophy of science. Cognitive neuroscience • Contemporary philosophy of science • Implications cognitive psychology research provide a new Reasons for not changing the scientific methodology of contemporary philosophy of science 4 The subject of science cannot replace scientific questioning methods with social, epistemological, and psychological things. cognitive shift of philosophy of science. cognitive dimension and philosophy of science The philosophical method of the use of cognitive neuroscience by contemporary philosophers of science The Change of Cognitive Neuroscience to Contemporary Philosophy of Science the philosophy of cognitive neuroscience the philosophy of cognitive neuroscience Reflection on contemporary philosophy of science under cognitive neuroscience Science in Cognitive Neuroscience. (new directions in philosophy and cognitive science). work_pa6yswqkvnftxbkqzsmhxm5i2a In this paper I investigate two views of theoretical explanation in quantum chemistry, The Heitler-London-Pauling-Slater valence-bond method modeled Slater''s views on the valence-bond and molecular-orbital approaches are Slater''s evenhandedness with respect to the valence-bond and molecular-orbital approaches follows immediately: since the two methods converge as they valence-bond method, whereas Pauling had not done the same for molecular-orbital theory in his textbook The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Slater demands that a quantum mechanical theory of molecules "come However, Coulson identifies specifically chemical explanatory demands on quantum mechanics that are qualitative, and For Slater, a quantum-mechanical explanation of chemical bonding is explanatory application of quantum mechanics within chemistry. quantum mechanics to the explanation of molecular structure and bonding in the 1930s and after provides evidence for the completeness of physics, and against the once popular view that the laws of chemistry are in work_pc26fcock5enjpxrbxdykzpqdi work_pcmznolxqjcrbaanv4d6q5hi24 Modularity is a key concept in building and evaluating complex simulation models. claim is that in simulation modeling modularity degenerates for systematic methodological methodology of building complex simulation models thwarts modularity in systematic ways. In short, modularity is key for designing as well as for validating complex systems. Simulation models are different from watches in important ways and I are, for different reasons, part-and-parcel of simulation modeling; and both make modularity of Parameterization and tuning are key elements of simulation modeling that stretch the realm of stated, parameterization is a key component of climate modeling and tuning is part-and-parcel of simulation then is based on the balance of these parameters in the context of the overall model Adjusting parameters is by no means particular to climate modeling, nor is It is through adjustable parameters that simulation models can be applied to systems simulation modeling, and how it works in practice, that challenges the rational picture by making work_pdtrmchcnjhjfolcmxugfxyywy synthesis effected by the founders of theoretical population genetics was unifying and mathematical demonstrations that answer ''how possibly'' and ''why necessarily'' questions may also count as explanatory. of selection in small populations is not a ''possible story'' but a necessary according to Morrison, they disagreed on the qualitative story of how selection operated in populations. and about the optimal means of generating adaptation, theoretical population geneticists in the 1920s and 30s did provide a unified explanation of how In sum, population genetics served to define and delineate which processes are sufficient for evolution, effectively reducing the number we need to take as brute: selection, is part of the dialectic of the advancement of science, and is what the important explanatory work of mathematical theories such as theoretical population genetics consists in. population genetics at least, unification and explanation are not at odds; work_pe4h72fidbhf3p6w6ctdsaidlm Cases in which people are self-deceived seem to require that the person hold two contradictory beliefs, something which appears to be impossible or implausible. In order to explain the confabulation which split-brain patients engage in, Gazzaniga (1995) hypothesized that the left hemisphere contains an interpreter, a module whose as cases in which the left hemisphere is isolated from sources of information). source of information about the body, located in the right hemisphere. The idea that information in the right hemisphere is kept in analog left hemisphere is disconnected from the source by which it obtains information about the body, or recent autobiographical memories, it may have either in the patient''s left visual field, so that the right hemisphere could roughly twice as likely to confabulate when the right hemisphere had access to the appropriate information. The conceptual system in the left hemisphere, then, can be seen as a social part of the brain, work_pegr6yaozvcydfrjnlspd6l6de criticism is that Popper has failed to provide us with any reason for holding that the methodological than other sorts of theories ; which in turn means that Popper fails to solve adequately his simply to specify an aim for science and a set of methodological rules: we need in addition some revised methodological rules give us a better hope of realizing the fundamental aim of science Now if aim (1) is accepted, Popper''s methodological rules follow analytically from the in accordance with Popper''s acceptance and rejection rules provides no reason whatsoever rationale for Popperian methodological rules, given that our aim for science is in turn (2), (3), In this case ''refutation'', for example, simply means that the methodological rules require that we reject the theory in question. (b) Given that the aim of science is to develop theories of both increasing explanatory work_pg6ruirwynfobjhqncikiiv6ty Weak and strong consistency of the resulting Stable Abstract Principal Principle are Principal Principle) to the objective probabilities of the events do not change as a result of that the Stable Abstract Principal Principle is weakly consistent (Proposition 5.2). entails weak consistency of the Independence-Stable Abstract Principal Principle The Abstract Principal Principle regulates probabilities representing the subjective degrees which a probability function psub j satisfying (1) can be defined, then the Abstract Principal Definition 3.1 says: Given the "objective" probability space (Xob j,Sob j, pob j), the σ-algebra subjective probabilities, resulting in the "Stable Abstract Principal Principle": Stable Abstract Principal Principle The subjective probabilities psub j(A) are related to The Stable Abstract Principal Principle is defined to be weakly consistent if The Stable Abstract Principal Principle is weakly consistent. The Stable Abstract Principal Principle is defined to be strongly consistent Independence-Stable Abstract Principal Principle is strongly consistent. Independence-Stable Abstract Principal Principle is strongly consistent. work_ph6b737gcrcg5lal7kbmggq4tq book, "Die Aufhebung der analytischen Philosophie: Quine als Synthese von Perhaps Koppelberg''s main concern is to present Quine''s views straight and Neurath, Popper and Quine. Quine defines his own views as naturalistic epistemology, to mean that meaning politically neutral; for both Neurath and Quine this is impossible, as Quine observes that the only reason to suppose that meanings of non-logical language of science, there is no sharp dichotomy between logical and non significant for any fallibilist theory of science, such as that of Pierre Duhem''s; can be stated in the language of physics) with Quine''s metaphysical one (all Quine.) Since scientific observation reports are worded within scientific interdependent Duhem-Quine radical untranslatability thesis.) Yet in another question Quine''s theory wants some modification and invites certain simplifi Quine''s claim that there may be two competing theories such that all facts, Koppelberg presents Quine''s Koppelberg for his presentation of Quine in this light and for his helping work_pipe76kskzfd5htmwjimlvbmyi question of the reliability of the results of simulation modeling goes beyond mere worries about the reliability of the calculation, and reaches out other words, the techniques simulationists use to attempt to justify simulation are unlike anything that usually passes for epistemology in the philosophy of science literature. It is an epistemology that is concerned with justifying inferences from a theory to its application-an inference that most philosophy of science has assumed is deductive and justified based on considerations coming from theory, from empirical generalizations, from data, or from experience in modeling similar phenomena in other contexts. semantic view of theories recently made by a group of philosophers interested in the role of "mediating models" (cf. models in science spells trouble for the semantic view of theories. we need to understand mediating models as being separate from theory. Winsberg, Eric (1999), "Sanctioning Models: The Epistemology of Simulation", Science in work_pjahgqocmfh4tcslprmhd2ioye system is closed with respect to a physical quantity Q iff it engages in no causal interactions involving Q: the free falling body is not closed with respect to linear momentum or the two electrons since they are not closed with respect to linear momentum.Yet, the energy conservation law does apply to the free falling with respect to such conserved quantities as energy, linear momentum, seem to have definitions of closed systems with respect to conserved quantities. Note that we need to define closed systems with respect to such nonconserved quantities as length, volume, rotational inertia, velocity of center of mass, force, potential energy, etc., as well as those with respect to One might respond that from Noether''s theorem, we can infer alternative definitions of closed systems with respect to conserved quantities definition that a system is closed with respect to a physical quantity Q iff work_pjmsutfu5vadzfmd3jwte2guuy probability distribution over a countably infinite set, such as natural numbers. probability to each ticket''s winning if we accept countable additivity. This argument shows that if we assign a standard real-valued betting quotient to the proposition that ticket i wins, for each i, then these betting quotients must sum to 1 on pain of vulnerability to a Dutch Book. If the issue is whether all subjective probabilistic reasoning must always be constrained by countable additivity (assuming that Dutch Book arguments are normative for subjective probability), relative subjective probabilities, so that countable additivity just does not The basic idea of using symmetries to define a relation of relative probability is as follows. equiprobability and, more generally, relative probability on pairs of sets of symmetries induces well-defined relations of relative probability and equiprobability. countable additivity does not apply to cases such as the de Finetti lottery, that a commutative group of symmetries yields a well-defined relative probability function. work_pjp2ynnftfc6fbpuzfqk7el4ta to say symmetries are more ontologically fundamental than elementary particles, and then Our investigation into priority in particle physics will begin by thinking about how symmetries stand to particles in terms of supervenience; from there, we will consider the situation For concreteness, let us focus on the symmetry groups involved in the Standard Model (clearly an appropriate choice, given the question at hand). above – we cannot in general claim that symmetries are more ontologically fundamental than particles. algebras are the norm in particle physics, we can only conclude that if we conceptualise priority in supervenience terms then the ontological priority of symmetry is pretty much dead in an ontological dependence of particles on symmetries will be automatically generated. ontological dependence, then, rather than symmetries being more fundamental than particles we may say that symmetries may be regarded as more fundamental than elementary particles work_pl33zw7qc5hxlmplpbppluedpq Claus Beisbart • Ulrich Krohs • Helmut Pulte editorship of the Journal for General Philosophy of Science: 2008, respectively, Helmut Pulte and Gregor Schiemann joined JGPS as new editors, while the editorial team and thereby restored the ''trinity'' of the starting years of JGPS. has assigned Claus Beisbart as his successor in consultation with the other editors and the Beisbart is working as a philosopher of science at the Ulrich Krohs and Helmut Pulte would like to welcome Claus Beisbart as a new member The three editors, old and new, would also like to cordially thank Gregor Schiemann for general philosophy of science will influence JGPS well beyond the 6 years he was one of Institut für Philosophie, Universität Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Institut für Philosophie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany JGPS will continue to be a forum for philosophy of science which does not give latest developments in philosophy of science. work_plynzmmh5vf5xeuz5ik6gbdeym Bohm''s theory does in fact make false predictions concerning particle trajectories, then this is presumably a serious problem. there is no reason to suppose that Bohm''s theory makes false predictions concerning the trajectories of particles. While it makes the same statistical predictions as the standard formulation of quantum mechanics, Bohm''s theory is deterministic. In order for Bohm''s theory to explain why we get the determinate measurement records that we do (which is presumably a precondition mechanical state, making particle positions determinate provides determinate measurement records. And since Bohm''s theory predicts the right quantum statistics for particle positions relative to the wave function, it predicts the right quantum statistics for our measurement records.6 we claim that BM makes predictions that differ from those of standard quantum mechanics" (1263).9 Rather than argue that Bohm''s theory made the record the path that the test particle traveled in a property other than position (in the delayed-choice interference experiment), there is no determinate work_pnh5ylwp75gehgdtbsv3qjlmtu non-causal principle of local determinism. classical theory of the electron comes out as local according to Belot''s condition, even though the theory is causally non-local. Dirac''s theory can be non-zero even at times when the force on the charge is zero. Thus, the non-local causal interpretation of Dirac''s theory follows not merely from the fact that (2) is a non-local equation; rather Dirac''s theory, then, violates two causal locality conditions: the condition introduce a non-causal locality condition due to Belot that looks like a causal principles implies Belot''s condition of diachronic locality. It might appear that Dirac''s theory is diachronically non-local simply because According to the condition, a theory is local if it is con¯ict with the fact that the theory is causally non-local in the two senses I Whether a theory is causally non-local in either of the two senses I have whether a theory satis®es a condition of local determinism depends only on work_pq4l6alzxfd4fpxfmaaboajqfu analysis are given with regard to academic positions (Question 1), research foci (Question 2), and PoS'' most important publications in philosophy of science as elicited by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Postdoc, since 2004): (i) Computational Sciences, (ii) Philosophy of Mathematics, and (iii) Simulations in Biology and Past (1) Michael Heidelberger, C3 Professor of Philosophy of the Natural Sciences and Research Associate (Postdoc, 2008–2010), Junior Professor of Philosophy of Science Present Dariusz Aleksandrowicz, C4 Professor of Philosophical Foundations of Cultural Studies Analysis (since 1993): (i) Philosophy of the Social Sciences, (ii) Evolutionary Emmy Noether Programme Director (2005–2006, y 2006), Fellow at the Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh (Postdoc, 2001–2003): (i) Scientific Models, Present (1) Ralf Busse, W2 Professor of Philosophy of Science (since 2011): (i) Fundamental Physical Properties (and Metaphysics), (ii) Laws of Nature, and (iii) Physical work_pqhgcn6fnvbfndrtonjsx3spki ordered b y a relation that satisfies the axioms o f conjoint measurement. satisfies the axioms o f extensive measurement. the axioms of extensive measurement hold for each of these components scparately, and that a new axiom relates the two measurement systems. three of the four axioms of conjoint measurement are: final axiom of conjoint measurement, we need: T h e Archimedean axiom for conjoint measurement is: Note that Axiom F is needed to state it since im is a rational when i is an integer and Let m and n be the integers whose existence is asserted in Axiom C-E. Theorem 2 are sufficient to show that there exists a positive real-valued function v, T h e principal theorem shows that when Axioms C-E and F hold the functions From the conjoint measurement representation applied to Axiom C-E, we First, observe that there exists a positive real-valued function f on the rationals work_pt6axjn2crfyfiq5kasb5aoi5a modular architecture commits to the informational encapsulation of modules, as it is the case and that these cases challenge any strong, encapsulated modular architecture of perception. conceptual or cognitive systems, then, are not modular on Fodor''s general architecture. Both encapsulated and unencapsulated modularity theorists take perceptual systems experience from higher-level cognitive and affective states and processes like belief, Second, distinguish the cognitive penetration of perceptual experience from the that in the cases in question, cognitive states of the experimental subjects cause a shift (Klein, Schlesigner, and Meister 1951; Carter and Schooler 1949; Lysak and Gilchrist 1955). cognitive penetrability is one that claims that the perceptual experiences of the subjects the results provide strong evidence for a cognitive effect on perceptual experience. experience entails, at some level, the cognitive penetration of perceptual processing. double dissociation between subjects'' performance on two different cognitive tasks does between unencapsulated computational systems and specific cognitive functions. work_ptrffuc7xjdnbkr362siivec64 an efficient truth finding method minimizes worst case costs en route to converging to in addition, to have a clear, normative argument to the effect that Ockham''s razor is the most efficient possible method for finding the true The true answer to the effect accounting problem in em-Se In the effect accounting problem, there is a uniquely simplest answer compatible with experience e, namely, the set of effectsSe that there are infinitely many ways to converge to the truth in the accounting problem, just as there are infinitely many algorithmic solutions An obvious, doxastic cost of inquiry is the total number of times one''s strategy produces a false answer prior to convergence technologies and sample sizes, in which case all possible, convergent strategies—Ockham strategies included—can be forced to retract their opinions any finite number of times. violates Ockham''s razor or stalwartness at finite input sequence e. ——— (2007), "Ockham''s Razor, Empirical Complexity, and Truth-Finding Efficiency", work_pxefz433avb75cjcc3rayffpc4 a data set and explain how we can choose a regression model with an In order to construct a data set, I first define the following function f (x): However, both regressions are different in the sense that a polynomial regression is a parametric model and a kernel regression is a nonparametric Finally, we need to figure out the number of parameters p that will determine the best estimate for f (x) out of all the possible polynomial regression models that can fit the data set. our data set; construct a model; and then compute the square of the difference between our prediction of the removed observation and that observation. values of its adjustable parameters that best fit the data set. As mentioned in section 2.1, both the polynomial and the kernel regression estimates by on the observed data (x, y) can be defined with a linear work_pxss356hvza6pchzg6fbhdd6em rational collective judgments out of not-so-rational individual opinions, has not been attacked If any judgment aggregation mechanism is liable to lead groups in some cases from the related problem of the aggregation of practical judgments (what propositions own individual opinions and the collective claims, but are not worried at all about the in a simple way the problem of the possible inconsistency of the collective judgments: judgment aggregation: that there is no reason to suppose that the collectively adopted the members of the group to change their individual opinions in any way. Since we assume that every individual has a definite judgment about every proposition, care about how far the collective opinion lies from their own individual judgment about distance between the collective and the individual judgment. the members of the full group vote in favour of A, it becomes the collective opinion. no theory attains a majority, then the group suspends judgment (this can be represented work_pyoqssvuabesxla7iby5phewhe Plantinga, that true beliefs are generally better guides in the world than false ones, meaning that our cognitive systems are not completely reliable, we can still have confidence in our belief in evolutionary naturalism. In a telling passage, Plantinga (2002, 337) claims that the NP properties of a concrete belief stand to its content as a ball shattering a window stands to its being a birthday present. Plantinga''s counterfactual argument assumes that any belief content can be associated with any NP state, as if it were an arbitrary label: ''would it not produce the same Belief contents are not arbitrary labels that one can tag to NP properties at will, as Plantinga supposes. From this assessment of our ''naked'' and unassisted cognitive faculties, given evolutionary naturalism, Plantinga immediately jumps to the conclusion that scientific (1) Given evolutionary naturalism, our belief producing cognitive faculties are work_pzbqolohqvhcdid3r5mtazaxpu Wilson, A 2017, ''The quantum doomsday argument'', The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. the argument for divergence based on the quantum doomsday effect is is Everettian quantum mechanics (EQM), also known as the ''Many-Worlds doomsday argument in the context of Everettian quantum mechanics. version of the quantum doomsday argument considers birth rank of persons: the The quantum doomsday argument shows that the hypothesis that EQM The quantum doomsday argument applies to overlapping EQM, but not to quantum doomsday effect, while diverging EQM does not. applied across Everett worlds in such a way as to generate a quantum doomsday argument for divergence based on the quantum doomsday effect, since the Born branches of the multiverse, so the argument for the quantum doomsday shift divergence and overlap, this response to the quantum doomsday argument argument for divergence based on the quantum doomsday shift: they can apply work_q3gfetgohbgavfaaolgb7mzk3e ста вља ју бар кли јев ској сли ци на у ке: да је ње гов има те ри ја ли зам Кључ­не­ ре­чи: Бар кли, на у ка, ин стру мен та ли зам, фик ци о на ли­ зам, Бог, узроч ност, је зик чин.­Рас пра ва о прин ци пи ма људ ског са зна ња, то­јест­A Tre a ti se Con cer­ Очи­глед­но,­ иде­ја­ да­ при­род­ни­ до­га­ђа­ји­ кон­сти­ту­и­шу­ је­ иде­ја­ ва­тре­ та­ко­ што­ схва­там­ на­ шта­ ме­ упо­зо­ра­ва.­ Ка­да­ ко­ји­ кон­сти­ту­и­ше­ при­ро­ду,­ не­ из­не­на­ђу­је­ то­ што­ мо­же­мо­ че­се­углав­ном­те­о­риј­ских­по­сту­ла­та­на­у­ке.­Ме­ђу­тим,­ако­ 15­New­ton­Smith,­W.­H.­Ber­ke­ley''s­Phi­lo­sophy­of­Sci­en­ce,­in:­Es says on Ber­ Бар­кли­ твр­ди­ да­ је­ раз­лог­ за­што­ су­ иде­је­ фор­ми­ра­не­ као­ ста­вља­ла­ прет­по­став­ка­ да­ ма­те­ри­јал­на­ суп­стан­ци­ја­ има­ Бар­кли­по­ми­њао­још­у­ра­ној­фа­зи­свог­„Уво­да".­На­и­ме,­то­ што­су­си­ле.­Уме­сто­то­га,­тер­ми­ни­као­што­је­„си­ла"­пред­ led­ge,­in:­Ge or ge Ber ke ley, Phi lo sop hi cal Wri tings,­ed.­Clar­ke,­D.­M.­ Ber­ke­ley,­G.­De Mo tu,­in:­Ge or ge Ber ke ley, Phi lo sop hi cal Wri tings,­ Stan­ley,­J.­Her­me­ne­u­tic­Fic­ti­o­na­lism,­in:­Fi gu ra ti ve Lan gu a ge,­eds.­ Key­ words: Berkeley, science, instrumentalism, fictionalism, God, work_q6vn6fzqbzh6xakhcpc3kvl64q Philosophy of science is an interesting example of interdisciplinary research at the social function of philosophy of science and I illustrate it with three examples taken from contemporary debates about evidence, progress and truth in science. Keywords: philosophy of science; interdisciplinarity; evidence; truth; philosophy of science (my research area) within the broader field of interdisciplinary third critical engagement value that philosophers of science have contributed and can of philosophy of science and how this particular kind of interdisciplinary research best how philosophy of science contributes to these ongoing debates in the public sphere. believe that it is equally the job of philosophers of science to work alongside scientists Philosophy of science teaches us how to think about scientific progress, not just in terms The threefold value of interdisciplinary research, and the related social function of philosophy of science. The role of philosophy of science within interdisciplinary research The role of philosophy of science within interdisciplinary research work_q7fjz2bksngb7gmgewlw2lpmey discussion of Kant''s biological account of the human species and nature''s purposes for it, see Cohen (2006). For a defense of the claim that Kant''s pragmatic anthropology encompasses both prudential and moral morally efficacious.15 It is in this sense that Kant''s anthropological project is a pragmatic On my reading, the aim of applied logic and Kant''s anthropology of cognition more generally this sense, applied logic rightly understood is the pragmatic dimension of Kant''s account of cognition. As Kant notes, in this case, ''the conviction is not logical but moral certainty, and, since it depends on subjective maxim of judging objectively from subjective grounds''.56 On Kant''s account, there are three epistemic maxim that turns them into objective grounds of belief should be ruled out. freedom in the moral case.60 It is the capacity to ground our beliefs objectively, independently epistemic and moral normativity are grounded on reason''s demand for autonomy. work_qbq5f2oz7ff37os2t64njt7hqi Reconciling Cognitive and Perceptual Theories of Emotion: A Representational In this paper, I argue that the distinction between cognitive and perceptual theories of emotion is more pernicious than A general representational metatheoretical framework for reconciling cognitive and perceptual theories is proposed. Whether philosophical or psychological, cognitive theories of emotion generally assert that some kind of evaluative judgment or appraisal emotion according to which these may or may not involve a propositional component of the sort normally required by cognitive theories. psychological example of the distinction between cognitive and perceptual theories of emotion is the famous debate between Robert Zajonc cognitive and perceptual theories of emotion in psychology is not always as sharp as the above debate might lead one to believe. special affective perceptual representational level of processing in emotion (LeDoux 1989; Panskepp 1982). Of course, in addition to their cognitive and perceptual representational processing dimensions, emotions work_qbxyvipqlvg5blbizmc4zmovyi Constancy Intuition: A coloured object viewed under different illumination contexts, appearance has dimensions of both material and lighting colour, numbering six in Variance Intuition: A coloured object viewed under different lighting conditions do these illumination-dependent variations in appearance consist in changes in colour know from the AMC data that subjects have highly illumination-variant colour experiences by subjects'' colour experiences when asked to match stimuli for hue and saturation, but need viewing variably illuminated stimuli, colour appearance has additional dimensions that Colour Appearance, let''s grant that subjects in the AMC are following task instructions and of hue and saturation (and lightness) exhaust the possible dimensions of colour appearance to dimensions of colour appearance, while subjects in the AMC are matching via lighting view, DCC is explained by appeal to the subject''s perceptual awareness of colour relations. differing viewing contexts, in which the phenomenology of colour constancy can vary work_qcp4zxuntzhl5e5acoomfqu5ru suggested within the Bohmian approach to quantum field theory in the light of the existence not constitute fundamental ontologies for quantum field theory, in contrast to the case of the Within the framework of BM, the primitive ontology is given by point-like material particles (Bohmian particles obviously are local beables since they always have a definite position alternative deterministic model for Bohmian QFT in terms of a ''Dirac sea'' particle ontology, accelerating observer in Minkowski spacetime generate unitarily inequivalent Fock space representations, each defining different vacuum states and different total particle number operators, involving unitarily inequivalent Fock space representations (accelerating observer, curved spacetime): in these cases, the challenge for the Bohmian approach is about privileging one specific field ontologies in the Bohmian approach (see section 4), is unitarily equivalent to a Fock space representation of free QFT, which underlines the particle ontology in the Bohmian approach, work_qe7w3qk7ajf4zeqwcoeoylexny Newtonian mechanics and that the correct space-time structure underlying Newtons methods in Principia is neo-Newtonian or Galilean spacetime. Newtons theory of motion, and that the right space-time structure for like the actual universe, infinite and approximately homogeneous in space.2 Another is that the motions identified by Newton''s methods as privileged (''true'', Definitions – under which it applies equally to an infinite as to a finite mass distribution, and hence (if only in the non-relativistic limit) to the actual universe. my reading of Principia it is put to wider use: Corollary VI frees the theory from the need to give any operational significance to the notion of inertial and replaced by Galilean space-time and relative velocities, with accelerations of points of space-time; for example, such points can still be relationally discerned by invariant quantities (again: relative distances, angles, and intervals relative motions of bodies, whether referred to an inertial frame or – and this is Define Newton-Huygens space-time as the structure 〈X ,V3,V1, +3, +1〉, work_qefqchg3f5ecloa5r5fgawuqra While there is no universal logic of induction, the probability calculus succeeds as a logic that all inductive inferences must conform to the probability calculus. that all inductive inferences must conform to the probability calculus. application of the probability calculus to inductive inference. theory will likely license inductive inference forms involving the probability Addition nor Bayes property is licensed for inductive inferences concerning probability theory governs inductive inference. is natural as long as we think of degrees of confirmation as real valued. degrees of confirmation with the properties of a physical chance. simply supposes comparability and stipulates real valued prior probabilities values are necessary if degrees of belief are to be probabilities. physical chances governed by the probability calculus, so we are able to set to a material theory of induction, we cannot use probabilities to represent our Conceived as a logic of inductive inference, the probability calculus represents work_qevp7mnsyng7lfewuzicuirguq account for differences in embodiment, interaction processes, and the experience of addiction. addiction that follows the enactive model of autism proposed by Hanne De Jaegher. described as a unique way of connecting to, making sense of, and navigating the world, determined by the IWEA and their particular embodiment Addiction, understood as a difference in embodiment and sense-making, is the process of "coordinating the needs of [IWEA] (biological, affective/cognitive, addiction in terms of differences in embodiment in the way IWEA coordinate their needs with environmental factors. features"—toward reward-predicting stimuli (i.e., stimuli for which individuals are willing to work and which are approached), primarily drugor addictive-behavior-related cues (West 2013, 89). IWEA, specifically "in individuals exhibiting addictive behavior in general If embodiment differences in IWEA are intrinsically linked with sensemaking in addiction, I suggest, as De Jaegher (2013) has with autism, that The enactive account of addiction thus considers the way IWEA relate work_qgorfqwkm5dobcrprynus6l33a endowing receivers with a more realistic set of responses significantly decreases the likelihood of signaling, while allowing for unequal selection between world-observing senders and action-making receivers using costless signals; in contrast to games where interests may differ and where costly signals world, and receivers act on those signals so as to secure the mutual payoff. Senders and receivers (in the evolutionary treatment of such games) are two populations of highly abstract and constrained 2It is worth noting here that the ''hedgehog'' strategy in this Lewis signaling game is in many 2x2x2 David Lewis signaling game, with the two-population discrete-time replicator dynamics. If the receiver''s action matches the state of the world, then both signaler Table 1: Signaler and receiver strategies in the standard 2x2x2 common interest Figure 2: Effect of hedgehog strategy and bias of nature on number of simulations reaching signaling equilibria. the effect of making signaling more likely when sender strategies evolve faster work_qh37waoxp5auxlimqynsl3ak7e whereby each of Wallace''s dual utterers secures an indexical reference to themself by the use of ''I'' prior to myself'', thought or uttered at time t (at temporal part S) is a continuant, as in the non-branching Wallace need is the idea that utterances of ''I myself'' made severally by overlapping continuant persons (and thus Providing such an account of continuant persons'' self-reference in non-branching circumstances is to the non-branching context, the body-stage in its role as determining a referent of the use of ''this'' determines However, things do not go so smoothly for Lewis''s world-tube view of personal identity in branching But HydraUP and HydraDOWN cannot each indexically refer to her own body via an utterance of ''This is straightforwardly available for the world-tube view of transtemporal identity in non-branching contexts. multiverse then all utterances of ''I'' would fail to refer to the utterer on a world-tube view of personal identity and work_qic5por2x5gb7pxyz22ou6up4q John Worrall recently provided an account of epistemic structural realism, which explains the success of science by arguing for the correct mathematical structure of our He accounts for the historical failures of science by pointing to bloated ontological interpretations of theoretical terms. entities, processes and theoretical laws of mature and successful contemporary scientific theories, we are left with no explanation for scientific Worrall views the dichotomy as that between a theory''s mathematical equations and the theoretical interpretation of its ontology. The structural realist claims that Fresnel''s theory made correct predictions because it accurately identified certain relations between optical phenomena, and especially because these phenomena depend upon something realists are limited to cases where, aside from empirical phenomena, mathematical structure alone is preserved across theory transitions. follows I shall consider how Cruse and Papineau''s Ramsey sentence realism fairs as a response along these lines. theory''s Ramsey sentence has a theoretical term in it that is not to be work_qifj576xwbfavn5hzm3ox3gh7u I commemorate David Lewis by discussing an aspect of modality within analytical mechanics, which is closely related to his work on counterfactuals. concerns the way Hamilton-Jacobi theory uses ensembles, i.e. sets of possible 1) I shall consider only a very limited class of classical mechanical systems, and assume knowledge of how analytical mechanics treats them (Section 2). 3) This modal involvement, and others, are entangled, technically and philosophically, with the fact that analytical mechanics provides general schemes for solving and rest of the paper concentrates on the �rst grade, which considers counterfactual initial and/or �nal conditions, but keeps �xed the forces on the system and the laws of It is strikingly illustrated by Hamilton-Jacobi theory''s S-function, which represents a structured ensemble of such conditions. of S-functions)|and so the modal involvements of Hamilton-Jacobi theory. solution to the Hamilton-Jacobi initial value problem, each such function determines| work_qjzoustwevfwlbcax5vo472ewy Rather, modellers postulate assumptions, without seeking to justify them by reference to a process of isolation. Mäki''s account of models as isolations spells out certain views that defenders of Section 3 summarizes Mäki''s attempts to characterize models as isolations. the experimenter causally manipulates real entities, the theoretical isolator manipulates representations (Mäki 1994, 151). In particular, it claims that the factors and causal mechanisms represented by a successful isolating theory are real, in the partition that the This account characterizes isolation through the three properties of the theory construction process discussed in this section, namely isolation base, procedure, and Mäki thus drew on his earlier analogy of material experiments and theoretical isolations to characterize models. Mäki suggests that Schelling''s model isolates a social mechanism, but admits that the Then Mäki''s claim—that theoretical modellers isolate in a way similar In Mäki''s reading, completeness is an idealizing assumption to isolate the causal work_qlei7ln3vjh6bak5uey47whwsa to understand the unification here is in terms of informational relevance: on the assumption of the quantum hypothesis, phenomena that were previously thought to be unrelated The idea that unification is a virtue of a scientific theory has a long history in philosophy of First, consider what I refer to as the quantum hypothesis, QH: this is the idea that radiation physical phenomena can be thought of as measuring or constraining the numerical value of h, by providing information about the value one is likely to obtain in the various cases. experiments on phenomena providing information about one another by yielding agreeing one type of phenomenon thus provided information about the measured value of h via a understanding of Planck''s "energy quanta." Gearhart has provided an overview of the history consider the equation Einstein describes in terms of our discussion of informational relevance. The quantum theory of Planck, Einstein, work_qm3rt3v2mfbwnogxff46ue4fga by exploring in particular the EBM position on RCTs (randomized controlled trials). 7. For example, Doll and Peto (1980) write that the main objection to historically controlled trials and the main reason why RCTs are superior is "that the criteria for selecting patients for treatment with an exciting new agent or method may differ from historically controlled trials tended to produce more "statistically significant" results and more highly positive point-estimates of the effect than little evidence that estimates of treatment effects in observational studies reported after 1984 are either consistently larger than or qualitatively different from those obtained in randomized, controlled trials J. Hartz (2000), "A Comparison of Observational Studies and Randomised, Controlled Trials", New England Journal of Medicine 342: 1878–1886. (1983), "Bias in Treatment Assignment in Controlled Clinical Trials", New England Journal of Medicine 309: I. Horwitz (2000), "Randomised Controlled Trials, Observational Studies, and the Hierarchy of Research Designs", New England Journal of Medicine 342: 1887–1892. work_qnztbaefmveoxaqgb2btldxyxi how realism ought to be formulated from the renormalization group framework in high energy physics. paper is that the renormalization group framework in high energy physics provides for a realist view of quantum field theory (QFT) has been mooted in the past renormalization group plays in identifying aspects of QFT models we should take the connection between empirical success and truth entirely, they typically admit that it gives us grounds to doubt that current theories get everything exactly most fundamental physical theories, QFT and general relativity, furnish mutually us is that many of the claims QFT models make about the world at the fundamental level do not contribute to, and are not supported by, the empirical success This fits well with the effective field theory approach to QFT that has come to dominate high energy physics in the wake of situated in the space of possible theories on which the renormalization group transformation work_qozp6zgqdbf6dn7jxt6dnzj5yu standard microscopic classical electrodynamics of charged particles interacting with electromagnetic fields. notion of a charged particle is an idealization and that classical electrodynamics fundamentally is a continuum theory. view that we ought to identify a physical theory with the set of its fundamental equations and that the claim that there are discrete charged Maxwell-Lorentz equations, according to which charges and electromagnetic fields interact in two distinct ways. charged particles and fields interact, the Maxwell-Lorentz equations can equations to determine the fields associated with a given charge and current distribution; or we can use the Lorentz force law to calculate the of the claim that discrete finitely charge particles exist and the MaxwellLorentz equations is inconsistent. in the case of the imaginary theory with inconsistent force laws the fundamental equations of classical electrodynamics have a physically interesting class of models of which they are jointly true: systems of continuous work_qpqezogzdjhqnh4cjcxnqzyt2e | Scholarly Publications Skip to main content Leiden University Scholarly Publications Home Submit Select Collection Academic speeches Dissertations Faculty of Archaeology Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Science Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences Leiden Journals, Conference Proceedings and Books Leiden Law School Leiden University Press Medicine / Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC) Research output UL Search box Persistent URL of this record https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16553 Documents Download Not Applicable (or Unknown) open access In Collections In Collections In Collections This item can be found in the following collections: Institute for Philosophy Kuhn on essentialism and the causal theory of reference. Kuhn on essentialism and the causal theory of reference. Kuhn on essentialism and the causal theory of reference. Article / Letter to editor All authors Kuukkanen, J.M. Kuukkanen, J.M. Date Journal Philosophy of Science ©2020-2021 Leiden University A service provided by Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections work_qsc6zwi4dfahncbpgmjvwpvd44 Samir Okasha argues that clade selection is an incoherent concept, because the analysis of a species-level lineage and the clade-level relationships that arise from it. clade-level lineages to be treated differently by the cladist with respect to a functional monophyletic clade can cease to exist is if all its constituent species go extinct, they can apply their analysis of species concepts to clades in just the way that consistency 3. The Cladist Concept of Species and Its Clade-Level Analogue require cladists to apply both senses of extinction to clades as well as species. this re-orientation of Okasha''s discussion toward clade-level lineages, consider Figure 3, species lineage cladogram on the left side of Figure 3 are those required by the cladist Species-level cladogram with its progression of clade lineages displayed on the right. lineage as a logical relation of proper parts to a whole, such that if a more inclusive clade work_qsnrzsl62va55bqt65tcflbb4a own field, results in a formal inconsistency, and I argued that attempts to include the selffield lead to numerous conceptual problems. interaction of a charged particle with its own electromagnetic field into the theory. standard equations used to model particle-field interactions simply ignore self-interactions. classical interactions between discrete charged particles and electromagnetic fields fall into motions of charges in the external fields are calculated (Muller''s "B problems"). models of the second kind treat charged particles as being influenced by external fields of motion''—is inconsistent with the Maxwell equations and the standard principle of energymomentum conservation (which together imply that accelerated charges radiate energy).2 problems arises when one tries to develop a classical theory of charged particles interacting identical: both theories have classical microscopic charged particles and electromagnetic The second approach to the self-energy problem models charged particles as extended the problem of arriving at a fully relativistic classical particle-field theory.14 work_qso7n4sk45g2zpasxiibyit6gi The argument Weisberg and Muldoon provide for this claim uses a formal model of search strategies on an "epistemic landscape," a natural reinterpretation of the idea of a fitness landscape from evolutionary biology. The upshot is that, although there clearly are real benefits from the division of cognitive labor, the reasons have nothing to do with the epistemic reasons suggested by Weisberg and Muldoon''s formal model. also referred to as the "HE rule" ðshort for "hill-climbing with experimentation"Þ only uses epistemic information, whereas mavericks and followers area of epistemic significance, and otherwise follows a straight line, with occasional random changes in direction. number of steps required for an agent to encounter a region of epistemic significance via a random walk ðheight of each column represents the expected number of Weisberg and Muldoon observe that the epistemic performance of a population of followers increases when mavericks are added to it ð247–48Þ.14 scientists have a greater epistemic performance than follower agents. work_qtfqklvamnhcpogaw6jq642lsy I draw attention to the contingency that gauge symmetries exhibit, i.e. the fact that they have been chosen from among a countably infinite space of possibilities. • Said features help to explain the astonishing effectiveness of group theory in particle physics. astonishing success of local gauge symmetries in the constitution of modern particle physics bolstered the enthusiasm. Second, I argue that said feature makes the astonishing success of group theory in particle physics not unreasonable but, on the contrary, to be expected. This means that, paraphrasing Wigner, local gauge symmetries have an ontological "active" role and provide physically significant claims about the carvings of The falsity this assumption amounts to an interpretation of gauge symmetries as redundant surplus mathematical structure (as in Wigner (1967), Ismael the first dimension of the contingency of the symmetry groups chosen: in the description of an elementary interaction, SU(3) is just one of the infinite possible work_qtshgqnirva53l4xpaxmvcobzm consequences of the theory that correspond to a set of functions expressing non-causal relations or (2) The scientist learns a theory if he/she is able to identify a (possibly infinite) set of relations the set SD of all (total) computable functions ψ such that ψ(0) is the code of a programme for ψ (Self Describing) can be seen as the set of laws of physics (as number codes) followed by their own predictive theories of different ordinal degree α of incomputability, i.e., classes of sets of computable We say that scientist M EX -, BC-identifies a set S of total functions just in case he/she EX-, BCidentifies every ψ ∈ S. M PREDβπ -identifies the (total, possibly non-computable) function ψ if there exists an order p ∈ N The physical law appear in our framework as a set of non-computable functions S, the instances work_qx6b65otxff4jo44szjtz6bqqm show that Kuhn has a coherent and systematic account of concepts and human knowledge, cognitive science, either to construct new philosophical accounts of scientific change cognitive science we will suggest that the traditional theory of concepts is no longer Philosophical responses to Wittgenstein''s account of family resemblance concepts to this theory, the basic conceptual structure of science is a grouping of objects into make his case, it is apparent that in his later account of concepts and conceptual structure, recovery of many features of Kuhn''s account of concepts, and scientific change, as The frame model of concepts supports the existence of graded structures. values within a frame make it possible that a concept is represented by many different defines the structural invariants of a frame for its superordinate concept, as this serves as Kuhn differs from most philosophers -the rejection of the traditional view that concepts structure, or the additional features of concepts represented by frames. work_qyakarlhhrfsjn2wp32rkyltla why and how experiments are used for the empirical testing of causal claims. "ordinary" experiments that are not explicitly designed for the testing of causal the relevant hypothetical experiment for a given causal claim? following: for a causal claim such as "X causes Y ", the hypothetical experiment under Actual experiments intended to test a causal claim can—and Let us focus on how an actual experiment must be carried out if it is to test a causal claim: EXPERIMENTAL SERIES FOR TESTING THE CLAIM "X IS A CAUSE OF Y ": A set of intervention in an experimental instance for testing a variety of causal claims; the variable X interventions involved in the experiment are considered either as observed background series for testing the claim that the state of valve M is a cause of the vessel AG emptying. for testing a causal claim will be found quite commonly in "ordinary" scientific experiments. work_qzhxnno32fasxgyysutulp7kc4 sys_1000 wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk exception exception Params is empty Params is empty Params is empty if (typeof jQuery === "undefined") document.write(''[script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jig/1.14.8/js/jig.min.js"][/script]''.replace(/\[/g,String.fromCharCode(60)).replace(/\]/g,String.fromCharCode(62))); // // // window.name="mainwindow"; .pmc-wm {background:transparent repeat-y top left;background-image:url(/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/wm-nobrand.png);background-size: auto, contain} .print-view{display:block} Page not available Reason: The web page address (URL) that you used may be incorrect. Message ID: 219164159 (wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk) Time: 2021/04/06 02:28:49 If you need further help, please send an email to PMC. Include the information from the box above in your message. Otherwise, click on one of the following links to continue using PMC: Search the complete PMC archive. Browse the contents of a specific journal in PMC. Find a specific article by its citation (journal, date, volume, first page, author or article title). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/ work_r2ausviu5bdxxgakzswilvbbam review Dubislav''s philosophy of logic, mathematics, and science. knowledge and in concept-formation, topics central to his formalist philosophy of mathematics and science. der Gegenwart) (1932) Dubislav returned to the three-pronged discussion of the foundations of mathematics, specifically to the criticism of Kant and the Neo-Kantians (including the neo-Friesians), of logicism, and of intuitionism. Dubislav was a formalist not only in his philosophy of mathematics but also as a philosopher of science. Dubislav defined scientific theories, at first tentatively, as systems of statements expressed in a language and interrelated in ―nets of substantiation.‖ He also argued that ―objects‖ (which included facts and events in his terminology), concepts, and axioms figure system of statements about the objects and concepts of science with specific relations between them, replacing in this way the scientific theory with a calculus, with a system of Dubislav produced original work in philosophy of mathematics, logic and science, consequently following David Hilbert''s method of axiomatic. work_r3hwtzmdf5gu3jr7jtpfrhnrmu The attitude of the public to the proliferation, within any discipline, of specialized terminology (alias ''jargon''), is fickle. use of specialized terms adds nothing but opacity to an issue: issue, and needs no jargon. jargon is equally as crude: all of those words with which one is familiar (whether they be quite unknown to the layman) are ''necessary'', and those words which one does not use are regarded as The fierce antagonism within particular disciplines, due to differences in attitude concerning jargon and its usefulness, might to support itself by means of an attack on jargon. the situation does not conform to these clear-cut rules: an undiscriminating and vicious attack on all jargon-impregnated passages often reveals an insecurity within the proud defender of successful, it requires a familiarity with theories of meaning, use or abuse of jargon, one needs to move beneath or beyond the this requires the introduction of still newer terms, since the work_r3qhkf6q65dx3emnbouua3rooa methodological discussions of psychology have drawn on similar principles and proposed that we should not give an account of people''s cognitive behavior which labels them as illogical or irrational (Sober 1978; the discipline of economics and the interdisciplinary field of decision science have developed a strong tradition of interpreting individual and institutional choice behavior in such a way as to preserve the assumption We can now state the most general principle of charity: Avoid interpreting people as violating normative standards. Hence translation of the utterances of people of other cultures and philosophies may well require that we understand them as violating our principles of logic, of rationality. We shall now argue that similar principles of charity are also inappropriate for understanding the ordinary inferential behavior of people in our own culture. Nevertheless, several philosophers have argued, on different methodological grounds, that an assumption of rationality is required for the explanation of human inferential behavior. work_r3x2luuuv5bgvkpjgkl53h67ci Rédei and Gyenis suggest that Lewis''s Principal Principle is meaningful only if it satisfies certain consistency conditions: starting from any assignment of credences to some However, I also argue that this requirement is unnecessary: the Principal Principle concerns subjective beliefs about objective chance; hence, events concerning those probabilities are meant to be in the Lewis''s example indicates that a credence function defined onthe possible values of the objective chances of chancy events and also on the possible Unfortunately, Rédei and Gyenis wrote their Principal Principle in the form psubj(AjKpobj(A) 5 rL) 5 pobj(A), which is confusing as it In our treatment, pobj is just a measure over Sobj; it may actually be different from the real objective chance, although Rédei and The abstract Principal Principle is defined to be strongly consistent if the following hold: Given any probability space (Xobj, Sobj, pobj) work_r43qu3kxsndgzbou24pxw5s7f4 general account of cognitive specialization in terms of stable structure-function In cognitive science, dissociable systems can be inferred on the basis of behavioral modelling of cognitive systems that complements the dissociation approach (section 2). system without the two being dissociable, consider first the distinction between the lowlevel computational operations, or "workings", performed by a cognitive system, and the the existence of a wide range of specialized cognitive systems, and the functional the functional decomposition and modelling of cognitive systems, whether these are and modelling of cognitive systems that have non-dissociable functional components. stronger in that two cognitive systems can be dissociable without being functionally different areas of the lateral PFC make distinct contributions to these cognitive functions. integrated cognitive systems can be decomposed into non-dissociable but functionally of characterizing the cognitive workings of individual human brain areas, since the work_r5dmqkdnc5helpi2a5ut3icn5m This is a repository copy of Theories, models and structures: thirty years on. (2000) Theories, models and structures: thirty within the partial structures formulation of the semantic or model-theoretic approach. However, not all theories are like quantum mechanics; does this account put the Received View radically out of step with scientific practice? the structures which satisfy this predicate are the models of the theory. The argument goes as follows: According to the Semantic Approach theories are families of mathematical models; if this approach is premise does not represent the correct understanding of the semantic approach''s view of models. O n such a view, both models and theories are representational. Models, Theories, and Structures: Thirty Years on Models, Theories, and Structures: Thirty Years on Models, Theories, and Structures: Thirty Years on Models, Theories, and Structures: Thirty Years on Models, Theories, and Structures: Thirty Years on The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science work_r5gv45h2l5brhlpk72tf55d7pm Core Faculty | LPS | UCI Social Sciences History of Philosophy of Science History of Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Biology & the Behavioral Sciences Philosophy of Biology & the Behavioral Sciences News & Events News & Events Chancellor''s Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science / Chair Elect, Academic philosophy of science; philosophy of physics; epistemology; game theory, decision j.barrett@uci.edu game and decision theory, philosophy of biology, philosophy of science Professor / Grad Admissions Chair philosophy of biology, evolutionary game theory, philosophy of science Assistant Professor / Placement Chair Distinguished Professor / Director, Salzburg Exchange Program / Director, History philosophy of science, metaphysics philosophy of biology, philosophy of science, epistemology and metaphysics, history stanford@uci.edu Professor / LPS Website Liaison / Director of Graduate Studies philosophy of physics, philosophy of science, mathematical physics wehmeier@uci.edu © UC Irvine School of Social Sciences 3151 Social Sciences Plaza, Irvine, CA 92697-5100 949.824.2766 work_r5wl4nrelfcmdafzjiy6qnxlce I want to contest Sober and Wilson''s interpretation of the mathematical model they present in their text by presenting an alternative causal analysis of what is going on when altruism As the number of altruists within the global population grows, it becomes more beneficial for the nonaltruists to freeload, so altruism cannot Altruism promotes the "group fitness" of the subgroups, causing them to grow larger The upshot of Sober and Wilson''s model is not that altruism does not cause the reproduction of altruists or the replication of altruistic genes. effects of altruism in each subgroup in Sober and Wilson''s model along Altruism, which decreases the fitness of the agent, is correlated with being in the same group as the majority of altruists, a trait hypothesized by Sober and Wilson, altruism causes the reproduction of altruists by increasing One of Sober and Wilson''s examples of a population in which random group formation promotes the evolution of altruism work_r6omrgatdvcibiryikkiv73n2m collection of distinct concepts, distinguished by how they hold science contingent, by what have been asked in the first place.1 Contingency, for Hacking, enters into science by allowing When distinguishing contingency from inevitability, Hacking observes the debate''s Pickering: It is contingent what ontological entities scientists claim to find in the natural Glashow: The theoretical structure of science is not contingent. Soler: Science is contingent only if it has available at least two equally successful, but described by Hacking, admit both unpredictability and causal dependence contingency, while have reasonable disagreements about what aspects of science are subject to contingency claims contingency, claims that some set of causal factors is inadequate offer a complete explanation of these many aspects of science are claimed contingent. If I claim that one part of the scientific process is contingent while holding that "Are the Results of Our Science Contingent of Inevitable?" Studies in the work_r7bloibmc5gntktovuotoh56ou an epistemic argument, justifying the principle as needing to hold in order to minimise worst-case expected inaccuracy. Many Bayesians are committed to some version or other of the Principle of Indifference, which holds that in certain situations one''s degrees of belief should be Principle of Indifference can thus be motivated in terms of epistemic rationality: supposing that epistemic rationality requires minimising worst-case expected inaccuracy, B and a belief function B is compatible with evidence just in case B ∈ E, the set of to the idea that degrees of belief should be calibrated to chances (a principle common to both the pragmatic approach and the epistemic approach under consideration if a belief function is epistemically rational then it satisfies Principle of Indifference According to BE, any belief function that is compatible with evidence is epistemically rational; there is no further requirement that one''s degrees of belief should work_raaj6loxebhp3hmvnxvpxe5b4q the analysis of variance fails to trace genetic causation, and his arguments conceptions of genetic causation present in the discussion, I use the distinction between structuring and triggering causes.3 I will argue that heritability analysis can trace genetic causation based on the use of a local alternative than heritability analysis in the assessment of relative contributions of genes and environment (Lewontin [1974] 1976, 184). Additivity of environmental and genetic causes of traits is a major C. Heritability Analysis rarely reflects genetic causation. Lewontin''s criticism against heritability analysis for being local can When the public is presented with scientific results telling that IQ is genetically caused, it might easily be taken to mean something like a lawlike relationship and not a local result as is the case using the analysis of The causes asked for in heritability analysis are genetic differences, and work_ractbvhclje2lnekz7r46wwvtm Neither ignored nor as widely criticized is the methodology known as ordinary language philosophy, which is based on the idea that philosophical problems are best solved causation and explanation, for example, would be addressed in artificial language philosophy by suggesting concepts of causation and explanation, while the approach in ordinary I then argue that artificial language philosophy can capture much of philosophical practice that suggests that artificial language philosophy addresses philosophical problems. While I will discuss only ordinary language philosophy here, the discussion is also applicable to methodologies based on the analysis of concepts of thought. artificial language philosophy contends that philosophical problems are best solved or dissolved not by the analysis of actual language use, but by the conventional prescription philosophy does not engage in empirical research, this means that philosophical results addresses philosophical problems, naturalized philosophy amounts to artificial language Philosophical practice in artificial language philosophy work_raw4eer3yvbwte4vjjgm7zrpxm This note argues that quantum observables can include not just self-adjoint that restricts which sets of non-self-adjoint operators can be interpreted as observables at After introducing the mathematics of self-adjoint and normal operators in Section 2, we turn in Section 3 to one of A normal operator has an entirely real spectrum if and only if it is self-adjoint This means that every non-self-adjoint normal operator has a spectrum that is Dirac''s argument actually shows is that all normal operators, and not just the self-adjoint The statistics for normal operators like iσz works out the same as for self-adjoint as an argument that we should treat self-adjoint (Hermitian) operators as observables, If we allow normal operators without a real spectrum to be observables, can we still If not all sets of normal operators can be interpreted as observables at once, which Unreal observables, taken to be normal operators that are not self-adjoint, serve work_rbnzqmaeqrgh3fawufdmeqoipq This content downloaded from 129.67.246.57 on Mon, 22 Feb 2016 14:38:42 UTC This content downloaded from 129.67.246.57 on Mon, 22 Feb 2016 14:38:42 UTC This content downloaded from 129.67.246.57 on Mon, 22 Feb 2016 14:38:42 UTC This content downloaded from 129.67.246.57 on Mon, 22 Feb 2016 14:38:42 UTC This content downloaded from 129.67.246.57 on Mon, 22 Feb 2016 14:38:42 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Article Contents Indeterminism and the Causal Markov Condition [pp. work_rcl4npktzrdp3oqivrugf2n64e [PDF] A Discussion of Criteria for Non-ad-hoc-ness in the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes | Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 56085141A Discussion of Criteria for Non-ad-hoc-ness in the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes title={A Discussion of Criteria for Non-ad-hoc-ness in the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes}, Sort by Most Influenced Papers Explaining Scientific Progress: Lakatos'' Methodological Account of Kuhnian Patterns of Theory Change Explaining Scientific Progress: Lakatos'' Methodological Account Of Kuhnian Patterns Of View 5 excerpts, cites background View 5 excerpts, cites background Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes View 1 excerpt, references methods View 7 excerpts, references background View 7 excerpts, references background View 7 excerpts, references background View 7 excerpts, references background View 7 excerpts, references background View 7 excerpts, references background By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_rfew4cfyljeujarbqi3gy3bkqy The idea of phenotypic novelty appears throughout the evolutionary literature. of the available definitions of phenotypic novelty and argue that the modern synthesis among biologists whenever evolutionary novelties are considered for discussion, with a common fear that the concept will be used as a wedge to 2. Evolutionary Novelties: Examples versus Concepts. evolutionary novelties are a necessarily fuzzy concept, like that of biological species (Pigliucci 2003). Well, then, are there any additional (not "alternative") explanatory principles the use of which biologists may profitably explore to extend the modern synthesis and account for evolutionary novelties? expand the synthesis: complexity theory, phenotypic/genetic accommodation, and epigenetic inheritance systems. specific question of evolutionary novelties (Toquenaga and Wade 1996). of innovation that underlies the evolution of phenotypic novelties. the origin and evolution of phenotypic novelties and organismal body E. Rosen (1987), "Popper and Evolutionary Novelties", History and and Maintenance of Evolutionary Novelty", Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 478– work_rfvuv2pr3reppdjmowpfijoeli can easily observe that the same way of metaphysical and sociological interpretation has occurred in every period of history, whenever general theories But we can also easily observe the influence of human behaviour principle an artificial organism could parallel human activity, particularly suggested, might in principle parallel all describable forms of human behaviour. The problem of abstraction is that of the naming of an invariant in the human activity suggest themselves automatically in terms of this probabilistic The artefact is not advanced as a detailed model of the human brain ; in a somewhat new light as the element responsible for the interest and creativeness possessed by the artificial personality so mediated. choices made by natural men in terms of the calculus of responsibility. The Problem of the Existence of Mathematical Entities The problem of the existence of mathematical entities takes its origin formulated within elementary logic has a model, if and only if it is formally work_rghh5lmir5ffdmbkabuiz5lvwy Many diseases can be explained by defects in pathways, and new treatments often How do pathways provide new mechanistic explanations of diseases? pathways explain how cells function and how diseases arise. explanation schemas for diseases are treatment strategies that suggest ways of curing or explanations that use pathways to explain how cells work. when a pathway is the mechanism that enables a cell to carry out some useful function, Explanation Schema is internal in this way, since it involves pathways inside a cell that functional cells can be used in the explanation of disease: mechanistic explanation of diseases can be based either on defective internal pathways or Many diseases are caused by defective internal pathways inside cells and are Identify a pathway found in defective cells that contribute to the disease. biochemical pathways contributes to the explanation and treatment of disease, but it has work_rhgia4bxmfabva73hkpx7b36mi In this article and its sequel, we derive Bayesianism from the following norm: Accuracy—an agent ought to minimize the inaccuracy of her partial beliefs. of her belief function relative to a legitimate measure of global inaccuracy. the expected local inaccuracy of her degrees of credence in all propositions by the lights of her current belief function, relativeA P W local inaccuracy of the degrees of credence it assigns to each proposition by the lights of her belief function at time t, relative toA P W measure of the global inaccuracy of a belief function b at a possible for the belief function that minimizes expected inaccuracy first in a globally and then in a locally induced way might still yield one and the same local and global inaccuracy measures given by the same function f. to be two ways to measure the inaccuracy of the agent''s belief function work_rhmonvb4mnfkdd4yklp5lqdqm4 Philosopher of Science Mary Brenda Hesse died on the October 2, 2016 after suffering establishing herself as a philosopher and historian of science by leaving the Royal Holloway twice a week to take evening classes at University College London and received her and Philosophy of Science, Mary Hesse wanted to move beyond math and logic and find History and Philosophy of Science at University College London. lecturing position in the History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge and she applied Mary came to lecture in both philosophy and history of science in order to link them, Hesse dedicated much of her work to bring closer the history and philosophy of science Gender and philosophy of science: The case of Mary Hesse. Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science: Mary Hesse (1924--2016) Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science: Mary Hesse (1924--2016) work_rivwyuy6andiznvpzhaom5tlx4 It shows that individual rationality generates coordination in the game Hi-Lo, at least if agents are Is it rational for an agent to perform the act the commitment issues? alleges that pre-game commitment resolves the Hi-Lo paradox for comprehensively rational agents given that they are informed about each other coordination, I investigate whether fully rational agents may form, maintain, and honor the commitment. that fully rational agents may use intentions to generate coordination. a perfect agent, who may act in a utility maximizing way without deliberation or decision, may profit from forming an intention to act because A rational agent may form an intention to act because of the consequences To show that a fully rational agent may form an intention to act, with Such an agent forms an intention to perform an act only if the act maximizes utility. Fully rational agents may generate reasons by forming intentions. work_rkzulige6fhbbgmh3fihvdnp64 work_rlkw63lqmvbcfkh7gdhw6cv3n4 In 1966, Richard Levins argued that there are different strategies in model building in Levins and argue that his views on modeling strategies apply also in the context of and Orzack and Sober on the issue of how different strategies of model off generality, precision, and realism in model building. Orzack and Sober that there are not different "types" of models per se, modeling in classical population genetics and molecular evolutionary genetics is illustrative of this contrast. Many of the analytical models constructed by population genetics modeling in classical population genetics and in molecular evolutionary In molecular evolutionary genetics, in contrast, I argued that such models are "for the most part" developed to test very specific empirical hypotheses about rates of evolution, sequence divergence, and so forth. the models in classical and molecular genetics, there are significant differences. "contrasting modeling in classical population genetics and in molecular work_rn2h4wpnyvgaxddmgdzz24ersy Schaffner''s model of theory reduction has played an important role in philosophy of The general model of theory reduction presented by Kenneth Schaffner (1967, 1969, 1976, 1993a, 1993b) has played an important Section 5 assesses the relevance of a reconstructed mathematical account of theory reduction for contemporary theoretical biology. model of explanation and Nagel''s account of theory reduction. explicit notion of a corrected reduced theory and the reduction functions the set K of [2]), thereby satisfying closeness constraints on theory correction, it will not be possible to articulate simple, bijective reduction 5. Reconstructing Schaffner''s Model: Mathematical Reduction in Contemporary Theoretical Biology? is an internal tension in Schaffner''s model of theory reduction. Schaffner''s model of theory reduction fails, even on its own terms. SCHAFFNER''S MODEL OF THEORY REDUCTION 141 SCHAFFNER''S MODEL OF THEORY REDUCTION 141 SCHAFFNER''S MODEL OF THEORY REDUCTION 141 SCHAFFNER''S MODEL OF THEORY REDUCTION 141 SCHAFFNER''S MODEL OF THEORY REDUCTION 141 work_roegnvfjbbenxe736smwwcshaq We do not have laws for everything occurring in the world, but only for those situations where what happens in nature is represented by a model: models are blueprints for nomological machines, which in turn model for a chance set-up or a probability-generating machine. search models in which the number of jobs available depends on workers'' skills and search intensities, Pissarides'' is the first to derive results ft = the probability of a worker getting a job at period t ''Short-term unemployed'' refers to ''young'' workers just entering the job market at a given time There is a probability that a job meets a worker at the beginning of expected profit depends on the probability of a job meeting a shortand a long-term unemployed worker, which in turn depends on the probability of a job being filled by a short(or long-) term worker, work_rowcaz4d5jelvozifz5mp3acxq bacterial species, arguing that phylogenetic bacterial classification requires a questionable metaphysical commitment to the existence of essential genes. can attempt to apply evolutionary species concepts to the bacterial world genes have different histories, and species cease to be monophyletic, violating assumptions of many phylogenetic analyses. that this second motivation is in tension with the application of evolutionary species concepts to bacteria. multiple classifications or require biologists to prioritize certain organismal or species characteristics as particularly important. Strictly asexual organisms cannot form the unified gene pools required by the biological species concept Another option would be to base species taxa on the exchange of genes Species would be populations of organisms that participated in informational gene exchange. because different genes and organismal parts, those which transmit hereditary characters and are thus relevant to an evolutionary systematics, (2002), "Gene Transfer in Bacteria: Speciation without Species?" Theoretical Population Biology 61: 449–460. work_rp4jwa3j5jbvjdazloh2c26l4a buoyancy, Galileo claimed that his Aristotelian interlocutors did not understand his Archimedean treatment of buoyancy because they were mathematically illiterate. Aristotelian philosophers during the dispute on buoyancy was also precipitated by the disciplinary hierarchy subordinating mathematics to philosophy on Bodies in Water one is puzzled by the philosophers'' quantitatively overwhelming and amazingly repetitive refutations of Galileo''s thesis. In order to understand the link between the specifically linguistic phenomenon of incommensurability and the processes through which socio-professional In short, both the Copemican hypothesis and Galileo''s mathematical treatment of buoyancy represented instances of the mathematicians'' invasion of the opponent of Galileo''s the Florentine philosopher Lodovico delle Colombe.33 The newcomer was able to produce an experiment which seemed to In the Discourse Galileo announced a "discovery" that turned Delle Colombe''s anomaly into a confirmation of the Archimedean theory of buoyancy. symbiotic relation between Galileo''s mathematical theory of buoyancy and his The incommensurability between Galileo and the philosophers was not work_rpgf2wneineyhl45va3iaxmasq Blekmor pretpostavlja da Bolcmanovo, kao i Mahovo, zanimanje za Petronijevićeve filosofske radove bar delimično mora poticati otuda što je srpski filosof zastupao teoriju matematičkog diskontinuuma (diskretuma) kao i teoriju višedimenzionog prostora.6 Bolcman je čitao Petronijevića poslednjih godina života (prvi tom prineli žrtve filosofiji, veli Bolcman, i prihvatili njena pitanja kao najviša tako da se pitanja, bilo na način filosofije ili na način nauke, mora ostati bez većih rezultata, a tradicionalnu filosofiju – prema kojoj je, kao što smo videli, osećao ne samo prezir Naime, Bolcman, po Frankovom mišljenju, nije imao jednu središnju ideju, kao što tek što je došao na svet u vreme kada je Bolcman držao predavanja iz filosofije Bolcman bio ne samo ispred svog vremena nego možda i ispred našeg vremena. Videći teorijsku fiziku kao sasvim odvojenu od eksperimentalne, Bolcman je Bolcman nije bio naivni realista, prema kome bi teorijski Bolcman je u ovom smislu razmatrao alternative kinetičkoj teoriji, kao što je teorija work_rpnzqwamtjfalfkrcgtid3tyhu axiomatic and Lagrangian quantum field theory (QFT). rigorously construct non-trivial solutions of QFT for Lagrangians and Hamiltonians that be the attempt to rigorously construct interacting models of QFT that correspond to the constructed solutions may satisfy "physical criteria" that are not present in axiomatic QFT Methods of construction rely heavily on perturbative Lagrangian QFT. theory in QFT, then these would be good approximate solutions for the interacting model.3 renormalized perturbation series" although no constructive solution has been found yet for these models. to rigorously construct models of QFT corresponding to Lagrangians within the usual repertoire constructive field theory as a mediator between Lagrangian QFT and axiom systems. 5In QFT, both physicists and mathematicians use "non-trivial" to refer to models containing interactions, ruling out those that contain only free fields. asymptotic to some function we can derive in constructive field theory, the series is mathematical rigor, solutions to Lagrangian models in QFT, and to prove that these work_rq43ctq6bffcnb3wkpitzamzki argument for the conclusion that a person''s credences ought to satisfy the laws of The premises of Joyce''s argument include six axioms about what counts paper shows that (a) Joyce''s argument for one of these axioms is invalid, (b) his (d) without these implausible axioms Joyce''s vindication of probabilism fails. Joyce''s "Main Theorem" is that these axioms imply that if a person''s credence function b does not satisfy the laws of probability Joyce''s Main Theorem assumes that the set of propositions is countable. In Section 3 I show that Joyce''s argument for one of his axioms is Joyce is here claiming that Weak Convexity follows from a premise that and so Joyce''s argument for Weak Convexity is invalid. We have seen that Joyce''s arguments for Weak Convexity and Symmetry are both unsound. Joyce''s first four axioms may be stated as follows. Besides the six axioms, Joyce''s argument for probabilism assumes that work_rt6ktobplrc7hnknlr3rstxhqi In what sense does the scenario involve backward causation that is, in what sense can the player''s choice be said to in the present, influence an event in the past: i.e. that there is backward causation of the cheques are effects of a common cause, and thus the player''s choice Lewis [1973]) may suggest the following statement as a criterion for backward causation in the present case: ''If the player had taken the ?1,000, the backward causation, that both the prediction and the player''s decision were kill a dwarf if and only if they predict that the player will take the box with The player knew that, by taking the ?1,000, he would cause the killing of the dwarf in the past. Mechanically oriented description of the scenario: The particular configuration (and motion) C of the particles in the player''s body, in the boxes, (ii) Anthropic causal influences such as the player'' s choice causing the killing work_rtsqvklk3bczbpnpk67b4whhly have lower expected mean-squared error than any other unbiased estimator that is a linear time, and your goal is to minimize expected error across the three estimates, MLE is result shows that, under quadratic loss, the best translation invariant estimator of normal means, namely MLE, is dominated by shrinkage estimators that are not translation invariant and not shrinkage estimator is shown to have lower expected mean squared error than straight MLE. that there are shrinkage estimators that dominate MLE; this result obviously doesn''t allow you to Are there any shrinkage estimators that are admissible and that dominate MLE? estimation problems and wants to minimize her expected sum of squared errors across the three. As noted, MLE is admissible when you estimate the value of a single parameter. dominates MLE in single-parameter estimation just means that there is no shrinkage estimator values if shrinkage estimators are to have lower expected error than MLE (Guttmann 1982). work_ru6cqzjfevb3rpvzieixzd6rli David Hull''s Natural Philosophy of Science David Hull''s Natural Philosophy of Science known that traditional philosophy of science, modeled as it was on theoretical physics, proved inadequate when philosophers turned their attention Hull does not elaborate a normative epistemological account of the scientific process, with the history of Instead, Hull aims at a descriptive and explanatory theory of science derived from the empirical study of both historical and The theory of scientific change embodied in Hull''s Science as a Process that there can be no general theory of how science works.3 For Hull, there is Criticisms of this sort question Hull''s explanation of the success of science aspects of the social tradition of science that Hull uses to explain the success There is an aspect of Hull''s theory of science, as yet unmentioned, that Hull, D.L.: 1978b, ''A Matter of Individuality'', Philosophy of Science 45, 335–360. Hull, D.L.: 1988, Science as a Process, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. work_rur3zxg3bzhsbfl46b35sxcbrq a ''narrow'' interpretation of this technical functions condition that Vermaas can this contradiction, the technical functions condition is interpreted ''widely'' rather that Vermaas'' claim that standard quantum mechanics is technologically inadequate conditions must an interpretation of quantum mechanics meet? The first two interpretation-conditions that Vermaas addresses are logical interpretation'' of the tf – conditionals (1), which Vermaas claims to use but interpretations of quantum mechanics that Vermaas also briefly addresses. In the first quantum-mechanical example of an artefact that Vermaas Call the interpretation of Cj and of Rj in the tf – conditional (1) as ''physical property or physical state'' the Wide Interpretation of (1). Then, in the very last step, Vermaas interprets physical occur in the formulation of Technical Functions Conditions, as physical besides SQM, that violates the Technical Functions Condition when the interpretation violates the Technical Functions Condition whereas the one E. [2005]: ''Technology and the Conditions on Interpretations of Quantum work_rwomld6jxrbstlhui2aejqb6h4 Though many critics of traditional analytic epistemology agree that we need to account for the role that social factors play than mere subjective opinions, and thus deserve to be called "knowledge." In this paper I want to both explain and defend Longino''s epistemology. will present Longino''s own account of scientific knowledge and inquiry. By construing hypotheses and evidence to be related syntactically, the positivists ensure that "inference to a hypothesis is not mediated by possibly value-laden assumptions" (Longino 1990, 48). Kitcher''s criticism implies that Longino''s view does not differ significantly from sociological accounts of science. Second, Longino believes that sociological accounts of science mistakenly make no distinction between knowledge and opinion. Underlying Kitcher''s criticism of Longino''s account are disagreements about (1) the relationship between truth and knowledge, and Longino believes that the key constraint on a viable philosophical account of knowledge and inquiry is Longino, Helen (1990), Science as Social Knowledge. work_rxiajqom3nbivk3umargujel44 This essay introduces Harvey Brown and Oliver Pooley''s ''dynamical approach'' of Einstein''s ''practical geometry'', according to which Minkowski geometrical Brown''s work is not the ontological status of spacetime, the dynamical approach to symmetries of the dynamical laws somehow account for its geometrical structure.3 7The viability of such a ''traditional'' relationalist approach to Minkowski spacetime structure is explored by Earman (1989, §6.10), Maudlin (1993, §5), and Pooley The question at hand is this: if Minkowskian geometrical structure is to supervene upon the behavior of material objects that act in accord with Lorentz-covariant of Minkowski geometry determines its metrical structure up to scale, causal relations are also banned from the ideology.10 Thus the dynamical approach must be geometrical primitives and the material world, ''pure'' geometry itself provides no As Skow notes, Brown seems to reject the ''practical geometry'' approach in its Physical relativity: Space-time structure from a dynamical work_rylztk7amjb6rjyo2rmlqbur2q so-called contextual (i.e. personal, ethical, political) values in core parts of the scientific process, complex ways (e.g. requiring scientists to use political values in some domains, while permitting of what the political view ought to say when the values of the public diverge from the values of policy-makers. scientist is to promote informed decision-making by policy-makers. In this case, the political view would tell the scientists to categorize borderline The political view insists that scientists choose the description grounded in values they the political view requires scientists to in effect advocate for, or at least tilt the playing field If the scientific cases is analogous, then the scientist''s job is to help policy-makers scientists should use political values when resolving uncertainties, presenting results, and so information in ways that promote policy choices a scientist strongly opposes, then this Principle Like our pro-health scientist, Jane has been asked to present information in a way that work_rzhxcrkbrnenpadfdobwqzq6wu prediction of Zeeman''s effect in Lorentz''s theory of electron. structural realism (ESR) and historical case-study: the prediction of Zeeman''s effect in Lorentz''s theory, as science later saw it, attributed to light the right structure." (Worrall, 1989, 117; second observing that theories attribute to the world a structure, represented in the case of physics by the the equations are existing extrinsic properties and relations, then the novel prediction of a theory of the prediction of the Zeeman effect performed in the framework of Lorentz''s theory of electron an Lorentz, in the same period, was after a unified theory of matter, light and electromagnetism. In particular in the case Lorentz/Lamor Darrigol, O., "The electron theories of Let us come to the most important contribution of the theory the equations of the Lorentz''s Let z be the direction of the field H, those are the equation of motion of a charged particle rotating work_rzwa7x4uz5fnffmoqqpfuw62ba sender and receiver tend to want the same acts performed in a given state of considered a few cases of imperfect alignment of interests in a Lewis signaling model, and showed that communication could be an equilibrium state in We ask how different degrees of common interest affect the evolutionary trajectories of populations of senders and receivers interacting in Section 2 describes the model used: a family of Lewis sender-receiver games, Our model uses a Lewis sender-receiver game of the kind characterized in the If sender and receiver populations follow the two-population replicator dynamics, the rate of change over time of the frequency of each type is given by the A population of senders (the same applies to receivers) is characterized in terms of the frequencies of the 27 types of pure strategists who may resulting population states was "translated" into a sender-receiver configuration, in the way described above, and the mutual information between states work_s2xvdnw6kvevhneihepkj7twom Possibility and Adequate Causation in Historical Explanation," Max Weber introduced the basic procedure for singular causal analysis as follows Hanson (2006) argues that the Greek victory against the Persians at Salamis in 480 BC was just such an event. Moreover, Hitler knew that with any of the three as prime minister, Britain would assume a very different stance against Germany. Examining the first counterfactual about Kennedy''s resolve prior to the crisis, Lebow and Stein argue Lewis''s scheme, a counterfactual antecedent is implemented by a "miracle": by a minimal incision that breaks all causal laws that have the When implementing a counterfactual antecedent, the historian thus asks what conditions would have to be present in order for the antecedent to follow For the historian, a counterfactual antecedent is assertable only if causal In Lewis''s case, the antecedent is implemented by (a) breaking the laws that have the putative cause event as an work_s6u435nvdza2nowmfh32fyxnde The dependence of new scientific phenomena on the existence of prior "pre-scientific" inductive praxis is analyzed, also Husserl''s new kind of empirical praxis in the life-world of the human community. phenomenology that Husserl decried the value of theory making for natural science account of the mathematization of nature, Husserl takes Galilean science to be Husserl thought objective theoretical science to be foreshadowed, tested, and verified of this bias is what Husserl calls the "pre-scientific life-world"; it is the critical Husserl has claimed that the pre-scientific life-world is the a priori origin, "the Preprint 1987: Husserl''s Later Philosophy of Natural Science Preprint 1987: Husserl''s Later Philosophy of Natural Science Preprint 1987: Husserl''s Later Philosophy of Natural Science Preprint 1987: Husserl''s Later Philosophy of Natural Science Preprint 1987: Husserl''s Later Philosophy of Natural Science Preprint 1987: Husserl''s Later Philosophy of Natural Science Preprint 1987: Husserl''s Later Philosophy of Natural Science work_s72ur7eedfg2vi6heq3jhzdxxa proper functions of a biological trait are the functions it is assigned in a Cumminsstyle functional explanation of the fitness of ancestors. proper function offered here differs from other etiological theories in two ways. ''proper functions'' of biological items and human artifacts. allows me to extend my analysis to the proper functions of artifacts, and The overall capacity explained by functional analysis need not be one that The proper functions of a biological trait are the Cummins-functions of those traits relative to the overall capacity of the animal proper functions of traits are those effects for which they are adaptations. more formal analysis of ''direct'' proper function given elsewhere ([Millikan has pointed out, a malfunctioning trait cannot perform its proper function. This account allows a trait to become a vestige relative to one function whilst It does not assign proper functions to artifact traits which The overall capacity to which the proper functions of artifacts work_s74sfrn3yvdm7iixnucvqvnsuy of invitations to imagine in certain scientific texts as represented by the example of Einstein''s Now, of course, the claim that imagination plays a role in scientific This, I shall claim, opens up space for consideration of imagining as on a par with other elements of the relevant practice, such as proposing, Furthermore, it is also argued, such imaginings may also incorporate certain symbolic elements that likewise cannot be accommodated via the usual belief related the claims that neither acceptance nor imagination is belief-like, as we have seen. imaginative episodes in scientific practice, as represented by the example of Einstein''s framework within which we can consider Einstein''s invitation to imagine as appropriately ''belief-like'', in line with what is presented in the rest of his paper. Thus, we can maintain that imagination in science is belief-like, in the above sense, and of imagination in general in papers like Einstein''s, and other examples of scientific work_s7qbsxcdh5esbpsjnl35vcxg6y methodological prescriptions for scientific communities and those for individual scientists are logically independent,2 and in recent years, this from the assumption that Bayesianism is rational for an isolated individual.3 Similar remarks can be made for formal learning theory, belief revision, ranking theory, and a host of other inductive methods recommended by philosophers of science and epistemologists. scientific communities and institutions, including an analysis of how learning methods are shared and research results are communicated. particular theory: conducting experiments, performing mathematical derivations, and so forth.10 Note that a scientist''s action in this model is not she can use this information in her learning method or strategy to determine (probabilistically) which cognitive theory to pursue next. the world, the researcher chooses optimal actions with probability approaching one as inquiry progresses, regardless of the network in which At stage n, an individual employing m plays the action with the highest estimated value method m plays actions with highest estimated value with probability work_s7vsefxgc5c53jxjedpstpjieu (2008) that empirically equivalent theories can often be regarded as theoretically equivalent by treating one as having surplus structure, thereby present in Lorentz''s theory in the form of the ether state of rest is based ξa as surplus structure, we are in e�ect equivocating between models in Newtonian spacetime related by a Galilean velocity boost, and return something vectors as Lorentz boosts do.6 In Minkowski spacetime, Maxwell''s equations admit the following, observer independent formulation, where the electromagnetic surplus structure resulting in the equivalence of Lorentz and Einstein''s theory. In other words, simply removing the ether state of rest from Lorentz''s theory So Galilean boosts preserve the simultaneity structure of Newtonian spacetime, while Lorentz boosts do not. that corresponding to the ether state of rest does not give something structurally equivalent to Minkowski spacetime, where Einstein''s theory takes place. work_sb7vzgl32fglrbhqvhlagfgeau Boltzmannian statistical mechanics partitions the phase space into macroregions, and the largest of these is identified with equilibrium. argument, the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, and maximum entropy considerations. correspond to the macrostates, and the largest cell is singled out as the equilibrium In analogy with the standard thermodynamic definition of equilibrium, we characterise equilibrium as the macrostate in which the system spends most of its time. To determine the equilibrium distribution, Boltzmann assumed that the energy ei of particle i depends subset of ΓE, systems approach equilibrium and spend most of their time in ΓMeq. This shows that the BSM definition of equilibrium is a good approximation to For these reasons the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is the equilibrium distribution only for a limited class of systems and cannot be taken as a general is the macrostate compatible with the largest number of microstates, that equilibrium corresponds to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution and that most states are work_sbpesovbs5g4fcwho5rqtya6ta important fraction of cases, even complete information on relative reproductive rates is insufficient to determine whether a type will increase or decrease population is decreasing in numbers, those types that reach reproductive age reproductive fitnesses to any other natural properties of the organisms. 3 Reproductive fitness and genetical models of evolution selection to create a general abstract structure in which ecological and demographic details are irrelevant, no such structure is possible and no modelindependent measure of reproductive fitness can be derived (for a similar view of a single most-fit genotype, or because it is at the intermediate stable equilibrium of frequencies predicted from the viabilities in the case that heterozygotes The assumption in the Standard Viability Model that fitnesses are independent of the frequencies of the genotypes is generally incorrect. fitnesses consequent on changes in genotypic frequency may lead to a decrease Since it identifies fitness differences with changes in frequency of types, work_sbz6p2bconcy7p6ltcdvgsvas4 paradigm models, and various methods can be adopted by all sciences, including the Islamic religion Thought to formalize role ideas and to hold discussions to obtain a clearer understanding of the Islamization of science and to develop an agenda for action. and Haryono, Priest, R., Philosophy of Science, (Jakarta: Gramedia, 1989), pp 1e12. obtaining a truth; the philosophy of science is a free-thinking, 22 Beeling et al, Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, (Jakarta: Gramedia. often categorized as either a natural science philosophy or social Islamic epistemology framework "Philosophy of science Islamic history claims that science was limited to the knowledge philosophy of science to further scientific development, I find Philosophy of science actualization for Islamic science development Philosophy of science actualization for Islamic science development Philosophy of science actualization for Islamic science development The philosophy of science and Islam in the future The philosophy of science and Islam in the future work_scmvs6ywcjbtzdhlivdmh4jkam If there is a ''platonic world'' M of mathematical facts, what does M contain precisely? Let us assume that a platonic world of mathematical entities and Say we take a Platonic stance about math: in some appropriate sense, the mathematical world M exists. Certainly M includes all the beautiful mathematical theories that mathematicians have discovered so far. All possible true theorems about Euclidean geometry, including We can list many sets of interesting axioms, and imagine the platonic world M to be the ensemble of theorems these imply, all nicely ordered in families, and find new great mathematics, like the people who discovered non-commutative geometry, or those who defined the "Elements" [10], where Euclidean geometry is beautifully developed, has been the ideal reference for all mathematical texts. Two-dimensional Euclidean geometry describes, in particular, the mathematical structure formed by the land. would likely fail to consider euclidean geometry interesting mathematics. work_sfy4ejxpqffv5mevd35fm43jca For this purpose I develop a meta-representational model in which interdisciplinarity is viewed in part as a process of integrating Keywords Interdisciplinarity � Modelling � Philosophy of science � Scientific I assume in the following that the most central propositional content of scientific publications consists of presentations of novel ways of representing (more or less) specified phenomena by means of (more or less) specified vehicles My analysis below will be based on recent and ongoing discussions of scientific representation (Giere 2006b; Giere 2010; Godfrey-Smith 2009; Suarez 2003, 2004; ThomsonJones 2012; Van Fraassen 2008; Weisberg 2013). Scientific representation is not exhausted by a study of the role of theory or theoretical models. So here, finally, we have a candidate for the X in the general scheme for representation […]: Scientists use models to represent aspects of the world for various purposes. work_sgznkiteajdhna6vinepsmrm6a I am a full professor at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Bergen and part of the Toppforsk-programme. My publications include an introduction to the philosophy of causation entitled "Kausalitaet und kausales Schliessen" (2004) and numerous papers on causation, causal reasoning, regularity theories, Coincidence Analysis (CNA), interventionism, mechanistic constitution, non-reductive physicalism, epiphenomenalism, determinism, logical formalization, argument reconstruction/evaluation, modeling in the social sciences, QCA, and the slingshot argument. New paper showcasing the CNA method in the flagship journal of implementation science: R.G. Whitaker, N. (2020) Coincidence analysis: a new method for causal inference in implementation science, Implementation Science 15, 108 (2020). Ambühl (forthcoming), Optimizing Consistency and Coverage in Configurational Causal Modeling, Sociological Methods & Research. Baumgartner (forthcoming), Robustness and Model Selection in Configurational Causal Modeling, Sociological Methods & Research. New paper: L. Baumgartner (forthcoming), The PC Algorithm and the Inference to Constitution, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. work_sh66uopa7zcz7ett6aakomuzpy convergence-to-the-truth results in probability theory, Belot draws a bleak conclusion: Sections 4 and 5 I consider two: the notion of open-minded priors and the relationship between topology and probability theory. 3The latter fact depends on A being a measurable subset of Cantor space and conditional probabilities Pn being taken relative to the first n digits of the sequence. every open set of Cantor space has positive probability while the prior is closedminded with respect to the possibility of observing infinitely many ones. A prior is open-minded with respect to R if for all data sets (finite One important aspect of Belot''s argument is the assumption of having an openminded prior with respect to a measurable set R. agent is closed-minded with respect to the failure set (it has probability zero), but to every open set and (ii) zero probability to each particular infinite sequence. work_sicjcixkjfhb3jkgtj5qsoryea three case studies of attention work in psychology, and argue that different concepts importantly different concepts of attention operative in psychology. concepts of attention in psychology, but think that there is no common unifying different concepts of attention operative in psychology, but that this is merely due to Kentridge and Prinz is really due to them employing different concepts of ''attention''. ''selection of information'' is such a wide ranging concept that thinking of attention should not infer from this that selection is part of the concept of ''executive attention''. informational selection, and thus that the executive attention concept contains I have outlined two concepts of attention, one of which has selection of information disposition to select, the concept would still be distinct from the ''executive attention'' variety of different concepts of attention operative in psychology. Monists may worry that pluralism implies that the different attention concepts in work_sjirobwjb5el7gsczjyapb6nxe In this paper, I define tacit knowledge as a kind of causal-explanatory structure, have tacit knowledge of a particular articulated theory, there must be a causalexplanatory structure in the speaker which mirrors the derivational structure not require that in order to have tacit knowledge of an articulated theory a to the tacit knowledge level of description, so we can introduce notions of a connectionist system may exhibit modularity at the processing level, or the have a true tacit knowledge description cast in the terms of a modular theory modularity through the various levels of description of a cognitive system. descriptions of PDP systems as embodying tacit knowledge of modular departs from fine grained modularity at the network level of description. processing or tacit knowledge level. correct to attribute to the network tacit knowledge of the articulated semantic M. [198 7]: Tacit knowledge and semantic theory: Can a five per cent difference work_smdw2easj5ghrmoidnwhjubakm Values in Science beyond Underdetermination and Inductive Risk science (Douglas), i.e., the role of values in the logic of scientific practice (vs. Underdetermination arguments for the value-ladenness of science extend Duhem''s & Quine''s thoughts about testing. gap argument for value-laden science (Intemann 2005). value-free ideal of science (Kitcher 2001). These two arguments against the value-free ideal of science The gap argument holds that values can play a role in the Both arguments take evidence as fixed in the context of certification, and values play a role in the space left over—they assume the lexical priority of evidence over values. Why such a strict priority of evidence over values? Douglas (2009): "Values are not evidence; wishing does not values interfering with this process the problem of wishful Notice that the lexical priority of evidence over values coheres • Anderson (2004), "Uses of Value-Judgments in Science" • Douglas (2000), "Inductive Risk & Values in Science" work_sn23xeigwbcejg4ed3y2m4je34 through Derrida''s essay ''White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of essay White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy (1982) – since it metaphors like that of reason as a source of ''clear and distinct'' ideas. passage from metaphor to concept – or from poetry to philosophy – is a a general tropology – a theory of metaphor or philosophy of rhetoric – philosophical terms and arguments, among them the concept/metaphor science just is a product of the metaphoric will-to-truth within language'', This is why Derrida looks to philosophy of science, and to Bachelard concepts are metaphors'' … ''all philosophy is a kind of writing'', etc., and work on the role of metaphor in the process of scientific theory Mythology where Derrida discusses Aristotle''s theory of metaphor and, philosophy of science, and the analysis of scientific image and metaphor) Derrida, Jacques 1982: White Mythology: Metaphor in the Text of Philosophy. work_snpey4t3r5expbrnfd27xf3dva It is less well known how the Completeness Theorem came to be studied in the setting of second-order arithmetic and computability theory. lectures [5].2 These lectures also serve as the basis for the axiomatization of firstand second-order logic in Hilbert and Ackermann''s 1928 textbook Grundzüge der Theorem in the second volume of the Grundlagen Hilbert and Bernays had also elaborated on the significance of arithmetical models in the first two chapters of the first is implicit in Hilbert and Bernays''s proof of the Arithmetized Completeness Theorem – i.e. that if q(x) and F ⇤ are defined as above, then not only does the truth Kreisel thus showed how, upon formalization in a system like PA, the Arithmetized Completeness Theorem can be used to obtain a form of Gödel''s First Incompleteness Theorem for a system S consisting of GB without the axiom of infinity.9 But work_snx7i34yqrg6hkgs3772knfzru Homeostatic Property Cluster (HPC) theory suggests that species and other biological If species and other biological taxa are natural kinds, then the traditional Thus, PST offers a broader, more fundamental perspective on variation within biological taxa than HPC theory. Aristotle believed that organisms could differ from the species-norm with regard only to (a) "accidental" characteristics like size and hair color, and (b) "deficiencies," which They think that natural kinds, including biological taxa, are united by similarity within the species-population, and this is what needs to be explained by homeostatic mechanisms. According to the HPC account, homeostatic mechanisms themselves are similarities that unite a species. Supporters of the HPC theory agree that species and other biological HPC approach is that the mechanisms that cause the homeostatic clustering of similarities need not be intrinsic features of a kind''s members. that share a cluster of homeostatic similarities, species are natural kinds. work_solzxyntkrdvzcnfronxkbewkm work_sqegadkntnbhlcy7tdakc7glym Idealizing conditions are scapegoats for scientific hypotheses, too often blamed apparent content of idealized hypotheses often misrepresents real-world the face-value approach to interpreting idealized hypotheses is false only if some how an interpretation of an idealized hypothesis'' actual content has gone awry, to interpreting the actual content of idealized hypotheses might seem to constituent idealizations for the hypothesis, the notion of actual content alone scientific hypotheses, that a hypothesis'' actual content represents a conditions, the law''s actual content does not misrepresent those interactions at hypothesis'' apparent content misrepresents by virtue of one of these conditions idealized hypothesis'' apparent content is by representing as negligible some scapegoat idealization, that condition is a scope restrictor for Coulomb''s law apparent content misrepresents P by virtue of some scapegoat idealization. idealizing condition, scientists would not restrict the actual content of the law''s then when the actual content of an idealized hypothesis misrepresents some work_sqh4htglqjd2pddbyp6han6bxu We thus face the crucial problem: How can we choose rationally between conflicting possible aims for science, conflicting metaphysical blueprints for future scientific metaphysical blueprints for future scientific theories, then we would in effect have a rational According to the aim oriented conception of scientific inquiry to be proposed here, discovery, though rational, is both science community may in fact seek to develop new theories which are in accordance with certain shared metaphysical preconceptions about the nature of the Recently, a number of writers appear to have abandoned the problem of providing a rationale for rejecting empirically successful aberrant theories in science, and order to know whether it is rational to accept a given theory Tin the light of evidence it is essential that we know what our basic aim is in considering whether or not aims for science, rival proposals for developing new scientific theories, P1,... work_srohkucrkvamrpnat6g3cium2i arguments are offered for basing the interpretation of QFT on a rigorous axiomatic variant of with this multitude of QFTs. Before the philosophical work of interpreting quantum field theory status of Lagrangian quantum field theory" is devoted to defending the use of textbook QFT The formal variant of QFT also confronts the inconsistency of the interaction picture by With a view towards evaluating them, these three variants of QFT can be characterized as providing either a principled response to the inconsistency of the interaction picture or a pragmatic because QFT should be a relativistic quantum field theory (if such a thing is possible) and it is In contrast, the infinitely renormalized and cutoff variants of QFT do not I have been arguing against basing the interpretation of QFT on the cutoff variant of the theory. The infinitely renormalized, cutoff, and formal variants of QFT are empirically work_ss3vj3xrf5hvdkkxepa7mqhwrq trend towards introducing a special function� a risk function� that, in addition to a probability and a utility function, is used to represent attitudes to risky prospects: most notably in This allows us to model intrinsic attitudes to risks in terms of the form of the agent�s desirability function for chances of goods� thereby respecting the intuition that risk attitudes are a the phenomenology of risk attitudes than either orthodox expected utility theory or its contemporary rivals, our framework di¤ers from these theories in providing a uni�ed explanation probability functions, REU theory models rational agents as maximising risk-weighted expected Risk-weighted expected utility theory can allow for the possibility that two individuals with Risk-weighted expected utility theory can potentially account for the Allais preference in The second problem with risk-weighted expected utility theory is that even in those cases Informally put, risk averse people prefer goods (including chances) to be work_stv7hzbwsvhsvjk5y3aichavei claims that the GHS measure alone tells us that almost all spacetimes are spatially flat (Carroll and Tam, Have identified the relevant spaces for representing FRW space forms, I next put the theory into a Hamiltonian formulation (Wald, 1984, Appendix E) in order to obtain a symplectic structure and, hence, the canonical measure. For curved FRW spacetimes, it is true that the measure diverges for small values of curvature The GHS measure diverges for large scale factors in the case of flat FRW spacetimes just as it is true that the GHS measure attributes infinite measure to flat FRW spacetimes (as Carroll and Tam appear "The measure diverges on flat universes" (Carroll and Tam, 2010, 28). no such thing as a typical FRW spacetime, and the GHS measure is not going to explain why the universe''s work_suabiu2kfvbr3dujs3nojq2b3i Feminist Philosophy of Science: Values and Objectivity social and political values in science, with particular focus on feminist empiricism and feminist Elizabeth Anderson in her 2004 article, ''''Uses of Value Judgments in Science: A General Argument, with Lessons from a Case Study of Feminist Research on Divorce,'''' Similarly, it is likely that there is more than one feminist standpoint, as there are different ways to forge social ⁄ political classes and communities, and so argues that the FST account is better in that it provides a better explanation of the positive role of feminist values in science rather than simply advocating for the diversity of shaped by values have been offered by feminist philosophy of science. E. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. ''Values, Heuristics, and the Politics of Knowledge.'' The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice: Science work_sud4vlzzuvfh5muoam3xi5yygm Abstract Recent criticisms of intuition from experimental philosophy and elsewhere have helped undermine the authority of traditional conceptual analysis. science, Carnap understandably thought concept determination in philosophy should explication as "utterly irrelevant" to the philosophical analysis of concepts. required of a concept''s analysis and the philosophical definitions such analyses his previous claim that explication should integrate an explicatum into a wellconnected systems of scientific concepts (1950, 2), for two reasons. The first explication integrates the concept of ecological stability into a welldeveloped mathematical theory that provides analytic methods for evaluating the fruitfulness in a stronger sense if the concept being explicated represents something This does not mean traditional conceptual analysis has no philosophical (1) Many (perhaps most) concepts that philosophers of science study seem to fall Folk concepts and intuitions: From philosophy to cognitive science. Carnap on concept determination: methodology for philosophy of science work_sv4ekldkw5embf457fsjuf2l5q Abstract: Nagel''s official model of theory-reduction and the way it is represented in the literature It describes reduction in terms of direct theory-explanation, whereas an appropriate model Despite these alleged problems, Ernest Nagel''s model of theory-reduction shaped the More recent approaches to reduction depart from the Nagel model (DizadjiBahmani et al, 2010; Bickle 1998 & 2003; Schaffner 1993; Churchland 1985, Hooker distinction between direct and indirect reduction, the Nagel-model is interpreted as a Nagel-reduction is derivation plus bridge-laws. In summary, according to Nagel, reduction is not a relation holding between theories order to show this let us consider the third and the fourth feature of the official Nagelmodel, which will bring us back to questions regarding bridge-laws, and theory-reduction official Nagel model (section 11, II, 3 of his (1961)): Bridge laws are bi-conditionals.4 For Sciences" (Nagel 1935) he describes reduction as explanation and gives a characterization work_swj244hmarh5nhr64jnlowzkzq A computing mechanism is a mechanism whose function is to generate output strings from input strings and (possibly) A mechanism m miscomputes just in case m is computing function f on input i, , mf (i) p o1 Consider that many paradigmatic computing mechanisms (such as nonuniversal Turing machines and finite state automata) are not characterized by For under Cummins''s account, we cannot say that unlike digital computers, those other mechanisms lack the Furthermore, normally, digits of different types affect primitive components of a computing mechanism in sufficiently different ways that their Some components of computing mechanisms do not manipulate digits. Processing components have the function of taking strings of digits as inputs and returning others as outputs according to a fixed rule defined over the strings. The mechanism''s ability to perform computations is explained mechanistically in terms of its components, their functions, and their organization. work_sxvtuls34jcchnbefjpxjjbfcq Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_sz567ki4xrgxpedslujs53phuq Representing and explaining: the eikonic conception of explanation Conception of Explanation." Philosophy of Science, Volume 85, Issue version of the epistemic conception, I argue that "[scientific] explanation is to the eikonic conception of scientific explanation (Section 5). Coffa is a staunch defender of the ontic conception of scientific explanation. consistently about explanation in a way that is true to the ontic conception.4 For example, in Craver''s paper "The Ontic Account of Scientific Explanation" (which, on the explanation and adopts an epistemic or representational conception instead. No one model of water is able to account for all the experimentally well-known liquidphase properties, and hence different models, involving different representations of properties of water scientists want to explain, they will choose a different representation. representations of an explanandum phenomenon, as was seen in the case of water. "The Ontic Account of Scientific Explanation" in M. "The Ontic Conception of Scientific Explanation" Studies in History work_sz7acrxyqbhiloikzcow2734lm Carnegie Mellon University research repository Browse Browse Discover research from Carnegie Mellon University Follow AllCategoriesgroupsSEARCH Hide footerAboutHow to DepositPreparing DataDMP ToolDeposit SupportContactDeposit AgreementTermsPrivacyToolsFAQsDisclaimerSitemap figshare. credit for all your research. work_szy5w3wxdfc5xdszdrhdqb6h3y Many techniques used in science produce raw data that requires interpretation. from a theory about the process that leads from the voltage in the nerve to the recording of action current is the concomitant change in voltage along the length of the nerve. nerve fiber to record an action current. the voltages generated in an action current from the oscillograph record by invoking a linear al.''s method of raw-data interpretation, which I call strategies for direct causal inference and support a method of raw-data interpretation involves appealing to a theory of the process that Fig. 4 Oscillograph record of AC voltage (note logarithmic time-scale) (Erlanger and nerve to produce an action current by generating a brief voltage spike. Fig. 6 Records of action currents in a nerve under increasing pressure (Gasser and Erlanger Process tracing supported Erlanger et al.''s method of raw-data interpretation because work_t24zrvjgm5ekvoluqnvwqfxfc4 Darwin proposed that evolutionary novelties are environmentally induced in organisms A molecular theory of inheritance, pangenesis, explained the cross-generational transmission of environmentally induced induced change, supports a revival of Darwin''s original theory that is consistent with An evolutionary novelty can be defined as a discrete phenotypic trait that is new in composition or context of expression relative to In this essay, I will consider novelties that are somewhat complex—the kind of phenotypic traits that Darwin attempted to explain as 2. Darwin''s Theory as a Causal Chain to Explain Adaptive Evolution. adaptive novelty under natural selection is a two-step process: first variation, then spread. novelties under positive selection, Darwin invented a molecular theory of with a kind of "genetic assimilation," erroneously ascribed to phenotypically local effects on the particles of inheritance under natural selection. As in Darwin''s theory, innovation begins with a population of constitutionally (genetically and phenotypically) variable environmentally sensitive organisms. work_t2flu3beqnfona6pvao5xdsg7u Peter Lipton argues that inference to the best explanation (IBE) involves the selection of a hypothesis on the basis of its loveliness. a cause of puerperal fever better illustrates Holmesian inference than Liptonian IBE. keywords inference to the best explanation, Peter Lipton, abduction; Holmesian inference; eliminative induction. Many, probably most, scientific realists believe that inference to the best explanation (IBE), broadly construed, is at the heart of science. Lipton''s Inference to the Best Explanation seems truly to be a Kuhnian paradigm in the philosophy of science. Those hypotheses, construed as potential explanations of the difference between the two wards, are simply inconsistent With respect to hypotheses (S4) and (S5) Semmelweis pursued the policy of seeking to eliminate the differences between the wards referred to in a given hypothesis. In Lipton''s model of inference to the best explanation, the loveliness of the hypotheses is central to their epistemic status: the rank order of their epistemic credibility should follow the rank order of their explanatory loveliness. work_t44bih5sabhsdcbptbn7tc2vem cognitive states, the possibility of collective emotions does not immediately follow; collective fear must also be a representational state that has the function of carrying However, even in this case, emotional representations play an integral role in producing the action (1987) notes that the computational structure of emotional representation requires integrating various cognitive find in an individual fear representation to license the claim that the state of the ship is an emotional like to be a person who is in a non-conscious emotional state, but there is nothing that it claim that a collectivity is capable of the same sorts of emotional states and processes as claim that individual fear and the computational states of collectivities can belong to the Given that the same physiological structures implement conscious and nonconscious emotional representations in an individual, both sorts of states are justifiably classified as emotional states; however, because collective representations and individual work_t5jphwh6wfaqbbwzl6truw2z5a The British Journal of Psychiatry | Cambridge Core Only search content I have access to The British Journal of Psychiatry The British Journal of Psychiatry You are leaving Cambridge Core and will be taken to this journal''s article submission site. Open access articles In addition to authoritative original research papers from around the world, the journal publishes editorials, review articles, commentaries on contentious articles, short reports, a comprehensive book review section and a lively, well-informed correspondence column. The RCPsych Article of the Month for February is ''Ethno-cultural disparities in mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study on the impact... The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume The British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume work_t7sfalwnsnfmdaujwqn37gd47y Abstract This paper provides arguments to philosophers, scientists, administrators and students for why science students should be instructed in a mandatory, Being able to teach philosophy of science (PoS) to scientists thus requires convincing university administrators. Being able to teach PoS to scientists thus requires convincing students. PoS to philosophers, while only few teach it to science students. Stockholm), where I teach a PoS course for science students from disciplines as far philosophy of science courses for PhD students. examen philosophicum which requires a course of philosophy of science for all undergraduate students. science students and that philosophers are experts in: (i) scientific conduct, (ii) experimentation with animals and humans (iii) reflecting on consequences of research, (iv) teaching philosophers of science—but what relevance has it to the science students Clearly, to teach a successful PoS course requires using many examples from science, and hence work_ta44ni6b5bglbis67oxt2jd25e ain, after his Thomas Kuhn: a Philosophical History of Our Times Whereas Popper clearly separated justification and criticism, in Kuhn (as well separation is achieved, instead of positing authorities to guarantee and criticize actions and opinions, the aim becomes that of constructing a philosophical programme to foster the growth of knowledge and to counteract within a given scientific community, an immediate consequence of Kuhn''s science as a social institution and his attempt to define scientific knowledge, saying that for most of the time leading scientists rightly shield from criticism the ruling scientific idea of the day Kuhn and Rorty utterly disregard Popper advanced an evolutionary epistemology according to which ideas are subjected to sharp competition, science is a revolutionary activity dedicated to pursuing truth by overthrowing error, and (2002) ''Kuhn''s Way'', Philosophy of the Social Sciences 32: 394–430. W. (2000) Thomas Kuhn: a Philosophical History of Our Times. work_tb7x4akbmfhkddoblkomy2qnfe Hendry, Robin (2016) ''Immanent philosophy of X.'', Studies in history and philosophy of science part A., 55 . The Departments of Biological Sciences, Chemistry and Physics at Durham University are about, the ways in which science (or particular parts of it, including theories, results, in different sets of ways non-actual science might have been, and may disagree about what disciplines, will take science and its actual history as a starting point and source of evidence, If science is shared territory, ranged over by historians, philosophers and sociologists, the science than there are working historians, philosophers and sociologists observing the philosophers and sociologists of science include their systematically differing tendencies to constraints on the history and sociology of science, philosophers are free to explore is an instance ''immanent metaphysics of X,'' where X is some particular empirical science. understanding how, from the point of view of modern chemistry, the world is, in the respects work_tc25em62kzcmbg47uevaaslaum sciences is over at what ''level'' our explanations of cognitive systems ought lower level still, and suggest that the best explanations of cognitive systems way to explain cognition is in terms of large scale neural dynamics (see Realizing the important role that the body and environment play in cognitive processes may alter the nature of the brain''s representations and In mechanistic explanation however successively lower-level mechanisms account for different aspects of the phenomena in question. That is, we might explain the behavior of the agent in its environment over time as coupled dynamical systems, using something like It is also quite common for those who prefer dynamical explanations to find mental representation unnecessary, whether they take cognition to be wide (Kugler et behavioral dynamics can be characterized as self-organizing systems generated by complex feedback mechanisms and relationships. the relevant features of this case do map onto dynamical systems explanations in cognitive science and neuroscience. work_tcizryiqiffuhmovsa2yivnyae Centre for Time Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences The Centre for Time was established in 2002, supported by the Australian Research Council and the University of Sydney, in conjunction with a Federation Fellowship awarded to Professor Huw Price. Since 2015, we have been funded by a series of Australian Research Council grants in conjunction with the support of the University of Sydney. the psychology and philosophy of temporal phenomenology, where we collaborate with researchers in the University''s School of Psychology and international partners at the University of California and City College of New York. to provide the global research community with new clarity about what belongs where, across the academic disciplines, in the study of time The Centre for Time comprises academics and researchers from the University of Sydney and welcomes researchers in various disciplines from throughout Australia and around the world. University of Sydney, work_tcnuo2ymgjhe5kz5cq737ob34u We argue that the health sciences make causal claims on the basis of evidence both of physical mechanisms, and of probabilistic dependencies. the health sciences require a theory of causality that unifies its mechanistic and probabilistic infer causal relations from mixed evidence: on the one hand, mechanisms and theoretical knowledge, and, on the other, statistics and probabilities. that the cause makes a difference to the effect, and mechanisms allow causal relationships to explain the occurrence of an effect. mechanisms explain the dependencies, and in the health sciences causal relationships Assessment of causality depends on the presence of a plausible mechanism and on probabilistic evidence, i.e., on cancer frequency in a population or on Probabilistic evidence did not on its own distinguish this common-causal claim from the claim that smoking causes lung cancer. scientists use two types of evidence for a single causal claim, ''C causes E'', not for two work_tdjfwixy6nf3fg3fggup2pvium An infinite lottery machine, as I shall construe it here, chooses from a countable infinity Section 4 that we choose a sense of physical possibility fitting to the infinite lottery''s role as a require that an additive measure can describe the chance properties of the infinite lottery machine In the following, label independence of any proposal for an infinite lottery machine will markings 1, 2, 3, … We might imagine it as delivering the infinite lottery machine''s outcome. HHHHHTTTTTTTTTTTTT… The outcome of the infinite lottery machine is the natural number outcomes are probabilistically independent, the probability that no row encodes a finite number The lottery machine is successful if any row encodes any finite number. operation of the infinite lottery machine is not assured, but is nonmeasurable in the probability found a design for an infinite lottery machine that employs only finite randomizers, like binary work_tdtthogcqfdmpkpih5mzdjxb34 In a material theory of induction, inductive inferences are warranted by facts that probability calculus is not the universal logic of induction. facts properly and then the universal inductive logic that really governs the examples will come The material theory urges that facts warrant inductions. 2.5 How to Infer Inductively about Indeterministic Systems The translation of the material facts in the physics to the inductive logic is illustrated in the If probability measures are to have meaning as a logic of induction, their additive measures of probability theory are now offered as devices for generating all other logics, new measures the Universal Logic of Induction. subjective Bayesian assign a specific probability measure to the time of excitation? The inductive logic of indeterministic systems such as the dome and the masses and which the probability calculus provides the appropriate inductive logic, we pass to systems that Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability. work_tf3ulzq57repvebbykem6nwray Reference models of the earth''s interior play an important role in the acquisition of Reference models of the earth''s interior play an important role in the Deviations between the observations one would expect if the reference model were an geophysics, the Preliminary Reference Earth Model or PREM2 (Dziewonski and From the standpoint of Weisberg''s picture, Earth reference models would As we shall see, earth reference models involve Galilean idealization, so I The earth reference models that I have mentioned in this paper are idealized determined by constructing idealized earth models and comparing expected travel Earth reference models, such as PREM, are used in many ways, but what is residuals—that is, the deviations from the travel times predicted by a reference model above, one-dimensional reference models are often used for the construction of threedimensional earth models using travel time residuals as observations. is used in the construction of three-dimensional models of the earth, it would ideally work_tgniclpogvda3cogh5la5kriri of the method of natural science to the study of ABSTRACT Auguste Comte''s positivist claim of sociology was readily accepted by the succeeding generations of techniques of empirical research rather than with the logic of scientific procedure. made to develop general theories, these were far from satisfactory. been trying to emulate, the terms science and scientific methodology have no longer the same meaning as in Newton''s the applicability of the methods of natural science objective truth of scientific knowledge. concerning the nature of scientific knowledge, method employed by science, the validity of the observation-based inductive method, which the idea of necessary truth and the correspondence theory because he believed that we have of empirical sciences led Hume to reject the idea accepted view that empirical sciences used method of science and towards scientific practice, meaning of science and the scientific method, and the relation between scientific theory and work_ti3vlnedcfh35jeiwg2wtlzuee Keywords: Karl Brunner, philosophy of economics, philosophy of science, logical Karl Brunner''s Philosophy of Science: Macroeconomics through the higher level theory of the economy (e.g., the IS/LM model or Brunner and Meltzer''s in his view is that it lacks a developed theory (Brunner 1977, p. Brunner also suggests that the macroeconometric modelers fail to account for the In Brunner''s view, the Keynesian macroeconometric modeling project is a failure, meaningful tests of the cognitive value of their models (Brunner 1973, p. logically salient tests of the theory (Brunner 1980, pp. the cognitive role of the theoretical model in generating forecasts (Brunner 1973, p. Brunner also faults not only the Keynesian macroeconometric modelers, but As Brunner approached the end of his life, the Keynesian macroeconometric modelers, Brunner''s dissent from new classicism derives from his philosophy of science. macroeconometric modelers (Brunner 1980, p. Second, the point of theory for Brunner is to provide a cognitive resource for work_tik2z3thqzdrjkohoij676irlm research questions about music, necessitating a focus on integration. instance, the scientist interested in psychological models of music will be largely interested in how adult humans process musical information, and the psychological misplaced: if, as we argue, the biological and cultural aspects of music evolved Research questions about music can be organised along a temporal scale: some from research agendas covering the origin of music, its evolution and subsequent anthropological studies of musical expression across human cultures. be interested in positing mental models to explain human musical behaviour and aspects of music, emphasized by different research agendas. We suggested that the concepts of ''musicality'' in Honing and Ploeger''s and in Cross'' analogies for human musical cognition (see Currie, 2013 for a discussion of the role of (2008) Musicality and the human capacity for culture. (2012a) Cognitive science and the cultural nature of music. (2015) Cross-cultural perspectives on music and work_tknh374wvfbubdzr3xvbaqmyba Truth and Provability – A Comment on Redhead (Redhead 2004), a simple argument which aims to show that humanly certifiable truth Redhead''s arguments require a comment. Redhead''s own argument focuses on the weaker Robinson Arithmetic Q (Redhead calls it, following Lucas, ''sorites arithmetic'', but I prefer to use the standard talking about numbers.'' Redhead contrasts them with the induction axiom (or scheme), concludes that the induction scheme is not analytically true. and hence, induction, is analytic in Redhead''s sense. Redhead introduces the notion of truth (or, ''is case in which certifiable truth outruns provability. Redhead''s argument thus assumes, already in the beginning, something that goes beyond One of Redhead''s conclusions was that human minds can know the truth of obvious truth about natural numbers, is not provable in Robinson Arithmetic Q. does not justify the conclusion that ''certifiable truth outruns provability'' (neither would shows that there are true sentences of arithmetic which cannot be proved in any work_tlj67jaxlbh4ddfqrtt6ff6kva "chemical revolution," which is accepted by Chang and Kusch, I argue that Lavoisier shared with the Lavoisier made no systematic contribution to the flourishing chemical sub-field studying proximate organic components. "chemical revolution."3 In Lavoisier''s theories several substancesdphlogiston, oxygen, caloric, water, acids, and permanent variety of substances than Lavoisier did in the context of his selfpronounced chemical revolution. kinds of "reversible chemical operations."6 Among the many substances studied by early modern chemists, it was a very distinct "chemical substances," along with studies of the reversible operations carried out with them, that resulted in a new sub-field of the early modern concept of chemical compound differed from "mixts" and first "chemical compound" in the early modern sense was a substance chemists'' flat ontology of chemical substances, implied in their question of whether Lavoisier changed chemists'' ontology of substances. If Lavoisier did not change chemists'' ontology of substances, work_tmr7pcfdu5h7xe7zh4dw3tpxiu Frisch claims to have proven that classical electrodynamics is an inconsistent physical theory. Frisch''s (2004, 525, 538–539) second claim is that all attempts by physicists to revise CED to a theory that is consistent and has in some sense The electromagnetic field is mathematically represented by a once-differentiable antisymmetric tensor-valued function on of rank 2, the charge-current densityF M Frisch considers a point particle carrying electric charge . section, in most descriptions or explanations of electromagnetic phenomena in the domain of CED, the self-fields are ignored, that is, the antecedent of step 2 is taken aboard as an approximation or idealization. of the accelerated electron is obtained from a specified homogeneous magnetic induction field by solving the equation of motion, neglecting Fself charge and the electromagnetic fields, the mathematics breaks down because the solution (32) of the Maxwell equations is singular at precisely equation of motion for point charges that was derived about 30 years work_trhrfxqn7zeyplsvzzvk5gcqyu A recent attempt to compute a (recursion–theoretic) non–computable function using the quantum adiabatic algorithm is criticized and found wanting. The common view is that quantum algorithms such as Shor''s may help to redescribe the complexity space of computational problems, but recently it has been 1The term Hypercomputer was coined by Copeland (1998) to denote a machine that can compute non–recursive functions by performing infinite number computational steps in a finite time. The crux of the quantum adiabatic algorithm lies in the possibility of encoding a specific instance of a given decision problem in a certain Hamiltonian.3 identify whether the quantum system has indeed reached its ground state, no matter what T is.4 If not, according to Kieu, one needs only to enlarge the evolution global minimum for the ''computed'' function exists by construction (which ensures a non–zero energy gap and hence a finite evolution time) is of no consequence. work_tthopiwg4bb4xjdi7c6f6jodui I argue that the Hole Argument is based on a misleading use of the mathematical formalism presented by Earman and Norton (1987), the Hole Argument concerns two metaphysical of philosophy of physics where the Hole Argument is invoked, such as the literature on gauge theories and of setting aside the Earman-Norton interpretation of the Hole Argument to focus on the Mathematically, the Hole Argument trades on a construction analogous to the first two variations on Newtonian spacetime, Hole Argument, the bare manifold) to generate an isomorphism between two other objects. manifold, one is committed to taking isometric spacetimes to have the capacity to represent the same physical situations, since isometry is the standard of isomorphism given in relativity theory, on which one represents spacetime with a Lorentzian manifold, the Hole of the manifold would represent different property assignments to the same spacetime points, [The Hole Argument assumes] that a substantivalist identifies spacetime points work_tuafyuatsvettksfttgua7355u possibility of a comparativist theory of health, which would begin by defining a other gradable concepts, which, like health, have both comparative and noncomparative forms. fundamentally non-comparative?7 Is health more like tallness, in that healthier for a theory of health -and their proposal applies to populations, not individuals. are healthy.9 There are some idealistic theories of health, but the majority are choice between a traditional theory of health and a comparative one. them as being perfectly healthy, the metric seems to be working with a noncomparative conception of health. need to construct a non-subscripted concept of comparative health, from a traditional, functionalist theories of health have a comparative counterpart health as fundamentally non-comparative, though. Back in section three, I defined traditional theories of health as non-comparative idealist about health would say that neither Allie nor Alys Even though theories of health have, formally, been non-comparative, work_tvcaw2qvi5ci7cn77t4xjnfwom Since my previous work bringing together philosophy of science and questions of gender has consisted in using philosophy to illuminate the role gender and associated ideologies play in certain selected research programs, I took the question as a challenge to articulate a closer relation between gender To the first question, then: can we do philosophy of science without taking into account the gender, race, and class of scientists? Outsiders will assess a theory or hypothesis advanced and supported by a given community in relation to its and their own standards and in reference to different course, who do not reject science out of hand, must insist on a distinction between scientific inquiry as a human project and its pursuit by historically and One activity of philosophers of science is to study the cognitive goals of given scientific communities, to ask what is required for their attainment, to ask what goals are work_tvlzrwtnzrdzthpgrpu4gggfca The key idea of the interpretation to be developed here is that the category of probability measure spaces with an infinite set of random events for which a classical interpretation of probability shown that Labeling Invariance does not hold in the category of Haar probability measure spaces This interpretation of Bertrand''s Paradox makes it possible to formulate precisely the extra condition on re-labelings that ensures that re-labelings do preserve the probabilities of events; the condition • "Measure theoretic probability" (the triplet (X,S,p)) also describes mathematically the elementary situations where the set of random events is finite. Probabilities understood in the spirit of the elementary classical interpretation based on the Principle of Indifference have the property we call here Labeling Invariance: the probability measure probability measure spaces with a finite number of random events or to re-labelings that preserve the work_tvw7nge7zbbijmr67bwuljtp2a Dan Hausman Home After teaching intermediate school in the Bronx and earning a Master of Arts in Teaching degree at New York University, he spent two years studying moral sciences at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge before earning his Ph.D. in philosophy in 1978 at Columbia University. He has taught at the University of Maryland at College Park, Carnegie Mellon University, and, since 1988 at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and he has visited at the Institute for Advanced Studies and the London School of Economics. His most recent book is the third edition of Economic Analysis, Moral Philosophy, and Public Policy (co-authored with Michael McPherson and Debra Satz), published in 2017. Philosophy of Science Page Philosophy 341, Spring 2005 Philosophy 341, Spring 2005 Philosophy 341, Spring 2005 Philosophy 341, Spring 2005 Philosophy 341, Spring 2005 Philosophy 341, Spring 2005 Tel: (608) 354-6120 Fax: (608) 265-3701 Park Street, Madison, WI 53706-1474 work_tvxyuk66zfejbhok5ygxsonmee At the heart of Bayesian confirmation theory is Bayes'' rule of conditionalization, which dictates how one''s subjective probabilities ought to change when one learns that a piece of evidence e has been observed, one''s new probability for a hypothesis h, which I will write P +(h), ought to be set equal to Bayesian confirmation theory appears to show, in an utterly straightforward way, that the Quine-Duhem thesis is false. 3. Posterior Objectivism: There are no objectively justified rules for assigning values to the prior probabilities. the priors, Bayesian conditionalization can be shown to produce posterior probabilities with certain objectively desirable properties. formula, the posterior probabilities P +(h) and P +(a) act in objectively desirable ways.4 Howson and Urbach (1993, §7.h) add further historical arguments of course, does not tell us much about the Quine-Duhem problem, which demands that an objective basis for the probability shifts be provided. work_twmvb3ybfvbvnlcliz67m4nuoq version of Bovens and Hartmann''s model and reproduce one of their results against the variety-of-evidence thesis.4 The model uses three types of • The reliability variable Ri 5 fri; :rig, where ri stands for the proposition that the evidential source i ðthe one having as output EiÞ is The probability distribution PIð�Þ associated with the network in figure 1A is meant to capture the idea that two sources are reliability independent ði.e., R1 ⫫ R2Þ. the evidential report is positive, given that the source is unreliable. for all admissible parameter values—that is, we should have a higher confidence in the hypothesis if our two positive reports come from reliabilityindependent sources as compared to reliability-shared sources. concordant report in the shared-reliability model thus contributes to confirmation in the following way: "we feel more confident that the instrument is variety-of-evidence thesis explicitly compares more independent to less independent evidential elements, the comparison made with our two models is work_txeipm4oondyjpcpscdu4hzoha Abstract The paper focuses on interpreting ceteris paribus conditions as normal After discussing six basic problems for the explication of normal conditions accounting for normal conditions and of dealing with those problems. (multiply) exceptional conditions from the point of view of a given epistemic state or basically six problems with explicating the truth conditions of cp laws, which somehow epistemic interpretation, which explicates cp laws and normal conditions directly by It defines normal conditions to be such that given them the hypothesis is In the previous section I explained normal and exceptional conditions with respect to a In each case, we expect that normal conditions obtain and that the hypothesis state distinguishing between normal and (multiply) exceptional conditions in the way 0) > 0 in the hypothesis {Y = y1} given the normal condition N 0) > 0 in the hypothesis {Y = y1} given the normal condition N work_tyfktqx6mfgu7ieokpmmfdas2a work_tzeeoomruvdateoyr7mcl7xpum There is a widely shared belief that the higher level sciences can provide better explanations than that higher level explanations are better because they omit details. provides better explanations than higher level science. examples to argue that omitting details improves an explanation, and that higher level explanations lower level explanations.1 In this section I will explain the opposing arguments, then suggest how they a preference for logical strength explains our judgments about omitting details and higher level (A) We can generate a higher level explanation by omitting details of the chemical, Higher level laws9 generated by omitting details in the antecedent (A) are logically stronger than lower So I will argue that omitting details in the antecedent of the law improves the explanation provide better explanations; higher level links formed by using functional predicates provide worse The main point remains に omitting details from the antecedent of the link improves the explanation. work_u2tni6erwjedrdasa4t2hynqpq probabilistic inductive support, as conceived of, for example, in the Bayesian degree to which evidence e supports a hypothesis h is given by the measure: Popper and Miller call s probabilistic support; what they question is whether it The Popper-Miller critique of the theory of probabilistic inductive support the two examples, the degree of the evidence''s probabilistic inductive piece of evidence''s deductive support for a hypothesis (item (i) above, that is, the evidence''s deductive support and its probabilistic inductive countersupport All of this is consistent with (*) and the fact that evidence only probabilistically supports the part of a hypothesis that it deductively implies and an item deductively implied by the evidence doesn''t mean that that support is the purely inductive aspects of the evidence''s support of the hypothesis. probabilistically supports the part of the hypothesis that the evidence in nature and support of a deductively implied hypothesis, it is easy to see that their work_u2zvyifzs5dz3cwfdevyxeblqq singularity, matter creation and the origin of the universe. Maddox 1989; Narlikar 1977, 1988) for confusing the concept of "creation" of the universe with a finite temporal limit. Griinbaum has been critical of the general practice in physics and philosophy of science of the use of the words "creation" and "annihilation" of "creation" in the context of the big bang and steady state cosmologies. The most fundamental question in cosmology is: "Where did the matter we see around us originate in the first place?" This point has never will argue that as a physical theory, the classical big bang cosmology is framework of this model, as a solution of Einstein''s field equations derived from the Hilbert action. The conservation law of energy-momentum requires time translation in the most fundamental observation of cosmology, namely, the expansion of the universe is brought into the framework of physics (1989), "The Pseudo-Problem of Creation in Physical Cosmology", Philosophy of Science 56: 373-394. work_u3hv3ubbkjcb7ilch6scl74fc4 How Explanatory Reasoning Justifies Pursuit: A Peircean View of IBE Abstract: This paper defends an account of explanatory reasoning generally, and inference Peirce held that only empirical investigations can justify accepting a hypothesis, insisting that abduction gives us no reason to regard a hypothesis as true, except insofar as it leads to general account of pursuit and then, in Section 4, show how explanatory reasoning can Since scientists generally aim to discover good explanations, if a hypothesis 4. How Explanatory Reasoning Justifies Pursuit explanatory reasoning justifies pursuing a hypothesis H by showing that it would be more that the most explanatory hypothesis is true would be the optimal epistemic outcome as far pursuing the most explanatory hypothesis (given that we focus on epistemic goals). considering a possible objection: Justifying the pursuit of a hypothesis still involves more reason to pursue a hypothesis. work_u3jbyw2z2ze3xlzseipcdtddhu Core Faculty Member, History and Philosophy of Science, Florida State University, Fall 2008 – present Environmental Ethics, Logic and Formal Epistemology, History of Analytic Philosophy (esp. Conservation Biology.]" Philosophy of Science 71 (2004): 232–235. • International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology, Montpellier, July 2013 • IHSPT, Université Paris – Florida State University Philosophy of Biology Workshop, Paris, July 2013 • Biology Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, January 2011 • Biology Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee, February 2009 • International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology, Guelph, July 2005 • International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology, Quinnipiac, July 2001 International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology, Brisbane, July 2009 International Society for the History, Philosophy and Social Studies of Biology, Brisbane, July 2009 Philosophy of Ecology and Conservation Science [Graduate: S12; Undergraduate: F12] work_u5fvrvqcozbtllt6hszpqxmqka Moreover, I present a concrete example in which causal underdetermination persists despite exhaustive experimentation and argue that such cases undermine the appeal of an interventionist account of causation as its dependence on other assumptions is not spelled out. experiment intervening only on y would distinguish the three causal structures: it would make x independent of y if the first structure is true, but not can uniquely identify the true causal structure among a set of variables given Similar results can be obtained without experiments but by instead strengthening the assumptions one makes about the underlying causal structure. acyclicity are assumed, the two causal structures in figure 2 cannot be distinguished by any set of experiments that intervene on only one variable in Alternatively, without additional assumptions, causal discovery requires a large set of very demanding experiments, each intervening on a large number of variables simultaneously. experiments are in the worst case necessary to discover the causal structure among n variables. work_u5pmzhjdpnhcrakq324k5xhjpq The formalism is an extension of the Bayesian network (BN) formalism, already used to model same-level causal relations probabilistically (Pearl, In RBNs, higher-level variables decompose into lower-level causal BNs. This proposal was recently criticized by Gebharter (2014) and Gebharter and motivation—which was only implicit in (Casini et al., 2011)—is that decomposing variables has the additional advantage of making ''interlevel causation'' intelligible, by uncoupling (problematic) cases of interlevel downward or upward causation into two (less-problematic) steps, a constitutional, across-level step and a values denoting a lower-level (standard) BN that represents a state of the mechanism for cancer. On the other hand, when C is assigned value 0 we have a network c0 representing a malfunction of the growth mechanism, with no dependence (and no causal RCMC adds to CMC the condition that variables at different levels also stand in relations that fulfil a MC, namely variables network variables that stand for lower-level causal structures. work_u5pz2iwbczfjfm2lo7k6kzzkla work_u6xw6xvpe5h6zlvtjo2wc6ufka ''creative'' function as thick epistemic concepts in practice (Williams 1985; Dancy Creativity, like other thick epistemic concepts, entails a sui generis form of value, practices as a case in point, I try to spell out what the sui generis value of creativity usually analysis of the value of creative instances in other epistemic contexts, as well as these ways, because, as a matter of fact, our attributions of value to creative objects and attribute the concept ''creative'' to certain objects, ideas, and people in their practices. I have thus far argued that creativity, as a thick epistemic concept, includes value in its identify the epistemic value of creative instances in science with their ability to clarify a denominator of epistemic value shared by creative instances in science. A good example of a creative scientific model whose epistemic value can be spelt Creativity becomes an important epistemic value precisely in these contexts. work_uagz3tszkrg6pcp33rmq6f33qy Indeed, from the point of view of neurosciences and cognitive1 sciences the question is: ''How do we extract numbers from our perceiving the surrounding world?''. Frege''s views, since the answers to the question are based on the process of natural selection, the neurobiological architecture of the brain and the psychological operations of the sixth sense, the ''number sense'', which provides animals and humans with a sensory perception of the ''numerosity'' of the objects in a group or a collection. understand what cardinal numbers mean, that is to say we grasp without any calculation how big is the numerical size of objects and events: animals and babies discriminate between two different quantities (between one dot and two dots on a screen) and In the object-file model there is no explicit, no direct representation of number (Feigenson, Carey, and Hauser 2002; Carey 2009; Piazza et al. See also Harnad (1987), Neisser (1987), Medin (1989); Rips, Bloomfield, and work_ubkt3elydnb7nlkfao37xuaype Symposium on " ''Style'' as a Category of the History and A symposium on " ''Style'' as a Category of the History and Philosophy of Science" was organized by Michael Otte, Universitat Bielefeld, Institut fur Didaktik der Mathematik. The following papers were given: Analysis" "Is the Concept of the Style Relevant to Mathematical "Style in the History of Medicine" "Certain Aspects of the Mathematical Style of Sir W. "Language, Discourse and Science-an Overview" "How to Recognize Mathematical Style in Economical Century Germany" "Style in Mathematics French Textbooks at the End of "The Denominative Style in Medieval Pure and Applied Mathematics" 18th Century" 18th Century" "Worrying about Style in Mathematics" of Arabic Science The symposium was organized by the University of Aleppo, Institute for the Culture, and Science, Institute for Arabic Manuscripts. The following conferences were included: P. LETTINCK (Holland): "Problems in Aristotle''s Physics" TAHEEN (Pakistan): "Arab Contribution to Mathematical Sciences" work_uf33zdhu3fexbe6r4debo4dmry Psychological capacities occupy a high level of explanation relative to the cellular and Consequently, according to this model, psychological capacities are a particular way of describing the activities that occur at the role in explaining the relationship between psychological capacities and neurobiological activities. The third feature of Lycan''s account is a hierarchy of levels of nature. The three features just discussed are used by Lycan to generate an account of the relationship between psychological capacities and neurobiology activities. Because each entity occurs at a level of nature, each can be characterized functionally The entities at this lower level of nature have functional characterizations, and they are 4Lycan locates psychological capacities just below the level of the organism itself (the organism is decomposition of psychological capacities into neurobiological (and lower level) entities Psychological capacities are just a particular type of description of the activities that occur at the cellular level of organization. work_ufccow2r45gynnocnf654odhji any case where faithfulness is satisfied, the true model satisfies frugality as well. distribution over the variables in the model is given by the Causal Markov Condition: Of the principles for choosing among the set of Markovian DAGs, the Causal Faithfulness DAG is faithful to a distribution if it entails all of the conditional independencies (CIs) found Definition 3 (Faithfulness) Given a set of variables V , a DAG G, and a probability The CFC significantly shrinks the set of candidate Markovian DAGs. It is well known that the faithfulness assumption is violated in cases where there are two Definition 6 (Frugality Condition:) Given a probability distribution P on V , the true DAG In the presented case, there is no DAG faithful to the probability distribution, but the correct DAGs satisfying frugality entail more basic independencies than those that do not, and are It follows that for a given set of variables, DAGs satisfying frugality work_ufqgro6z6rgrpllbasl7u72b5m related causal and non-­‐causal explanations, complementing one another in ways the more we reveal closely related causal and non-­‐causal explanations for slight forth across the distinction between causal and non-­‐causal explanation, which is in the explanandum will change the relevant explanation(s) from causal to non-­‐ explanandum will change the relevant explanation(s) from causal to non-­‐causal and be explained results in shifting between causal and non-­‐causal explanations for the explanations involve situating explananda in the network of causal relations in the model that holds in this way will be causal explanations. 4.2 Two ways a model can hold, yielding causal versus mathematical 4.2 Two ways a model can hold, yielding causal versus mathematical first is a causal explanation involving situating the L-­‐V model in the network of one way, to one part of the causal network, it yields mathematical explanations; the complementary roles for distinctively mathematical and causal explanations work_ufsaqui4i5brvclk5uzdsun2oq Bayesian confirmation theory offers an explicatum for a pretheoretic concept of confirmation. to this problem consist in showing that irrelevant conjuncts reduce the degree of confirmation; they have the drawbacks that (i) they don''t hold for all ways of measuring Bayesian confirmation theory offers an explicatum for a vague concept Bayesian explicatum and the problem of irrelevant conjunction. concept is the explicandum for Bayesian confirmation theory. Then the Bayesian explicatum for "E confirms H given K" is C(H, E, Earman, Rosenkrantz, and Fitelson all offer Bayesian solutions to the problem of irrelevant conjunction. Earman and Rosenkrantz assumed that degree of confirmation is measured by d; only Fitelson took account of the fact that there are other that r is not a good measure of degree of confirmation (Fitelson 2002, the problem of irrelevant conjunction, or indeed Bayesian confirmation One is that if p is a good explicatum for inductive probability, as Bayesianism maintains, then C must work_ufsmtfsdlzbnrnnc6u6dwtacgq The Black-Scholes(-Merton) model of options pricing establishes a theoretical relationship known as options on some underlying asset.1 From this model, one can derive a formula, known as the Black-Scholes formula, relating the theoretically "fair" price of an option to 1I will return to the details of the BSM model below, including a discussion of what an "option" is. a history of these ideas, including a discussion of the origins of the BSM model, see Weatherall (2013) and background on options and the BSM model, including a discussion of the assumptions in volatilities deduced from market prices of all options with the same underlier and Nevertheless, traders everywhere use implied BSM volatilities to quote options prices. Indeed, one could accept all of the assumptions of the BSM model, but take the volatility smile to show that market participants trading options with different parameters tend to have BSM model despite the volatility smile. Black-Scholes and Beyond: Option Pricing Models. work_ugsw5u5x6befpjt2peudxi72jq On What We Know About Chance | Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 10575085On What We Know About Chance author={Frank Arntzenius and Ned Hall}, journal={The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science}, Background Citations Citation Type Citation Type Sort by Most Influenced Papers On background: using two-argument chance Principled Chances The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 2 excerpts, cites methods and background Bayesian chance View 1 excerpt, references background Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License ACCEPT & CONTINUE work_uhjckvwcjnbrvgafp2p32y34jq usual, on the probability but on the confirmation of a coherent set and its members. if a coherence measure satisfies different confirmation transmission properties, then Coherence measures are defined relative to a given finitely additive Kolmogorov probability function P on the language. For any formulae E,H such that E confirms H, there exists a (non-trivial8) coherence threshold c = cE,H ∈ R such that, for any set S ∈ S containing H with coherence C(S) ≥ c, E confirms each member of S. Theorem 2 Olsson''s coherence measure CO satisfies (CT) and (CTC), with coherence threshold in both cases given by cE,H = set S ∈ S of size n containing H with coherence C(S) ≥ c, E confirms each member where C is some coherence measure satisfying confirmation transmission (CT), then Theorem 3 Fitelson''s and Olsson''s coherence measures both satisfy (CT∗), with coherence measure C satisfying (CT∗) (for instance, Olsson''s or Fitelson''s but not work_uhq6ja4cafchxgtnv3x3ecqqhi Wayne (1995) critiques the Bayesian explication of the confirmational significance of evidential diversity (CSED) offered by Horwich Wayne (1995) gives one reconstruction of Horwich''s (1982) Bayesian account of would undermine Horwich''s account of CSED, if Wayne''s reconstruction were in Fitelson (1997a) which is based on a Bayesian account of independent inductive support and its relationship to the diversity and confirmational power of c-diverse data set confirms the hypothesis under test more strongly than a more c-diverse evidence confirms the hypothesis under test. wants sets of evidence with greater c-diversity to have lesser prior probability (e.g., Horwich diverse8 sets of evidence (e.g., E1) will confirm the hypothesis under test (e.g., Horwich''s H1 says that a more c-diverse set of evidence E1 will tend to "ruleout more of the plausible alternative hypotheses Hj 6=1" than a less c-diverse kind of ''non-canonical'' confirmational context — in which a more i-diverse data work_uiqsjigdmzfkvla3qtctjskhry Noether concerning global and local symmetries of the free matter-field Lagrangian, in the following referred to as of the free field theory, they are not sufficient to derive a true interaction coupling to a new gauge field. how could a new physical field be derived from a mere analysis of the symmetry structure of A true gauge field theory should be considered as a coupling the missing empirical principle in gauge field theories. In this way, GEP implies a non-flat connection, i.e. a gauge potential which is irrevocably Based on Noether''s second theorem it connects the local (i.e. spacetimedependent) symmetry of a free field theory with the suggested structure of the coupling however, the gauge principle only implies flat connections and, hence, no non-vanishing for the physical formulation of quantum field theories, since both the coupling structure (vertex and Holger Lyre (2000), Fiber Bundle Gauge Theories and "Field''s work_ujau4mrtrbekdef5cydwhpllua might come to be appropriated to a new context, and how simple concepts might coevolve with rule-following behavior. In particular, we consider how the transitive inferential rule-following behavior exhibited by pinyon and scrub jays might evolve in the appropriation of a rule to a new context and discuss how such a model allows for the evolution of basic concepts. Indeed, in this case, on 1,000 runs, the composite system, using only simple reinforcement, evolves to successfully match the new tone stimuli to the corresponding old the new tone stimuli to the corresponding old color-ordering system with When trained on a complete, unbiased set of tone stimuli, the old transitive rule is nearly always appropriated to the new context in such a way jays, the old evolved rule also induces a strong bias in how the new nonadjacent stimuli are ordered. work_ujqkuwlcffh5fnr3egmaok5rkq David Wallace, who claim that, contrary to the standard folklore among philosophers of physics, local symmetries may have direct empirical significance no less two states of the universe as a whole which are connected by a space-time symmetry represent one and the same physical situation.4 For example, two universe The idea to focus on subsystem symmetries to elucidate matters of direct empirical significance is suggested already in (Brown and Sypel [1995]), taken up in 5See (Guilini [1995]) for a defence of the view that symmetry transformations which act differently from the identity transformation at space-time-like infinity in a gauge theory are "physical" Greaves and Wallace argue that the symmetry which has direct empirical significance ''in this case will be purely relational, in the sense that the intrinsic properties of both subsystem and environment separately are entirely unaffected, and it work_ulegolobxjcv3mairhrhmtfuiq If different models (partially and approximately true though they might be) veridically represent relevant properties essential and inconsistent with one another, a problem of metaphysical inconsistency arises (i.e., model M1 delivers a partial, veridical representation Two preliminary clarifications: the first is about the link between perspectival models and what I have called the "realist quest" (or, more generally, A good starting point is Morrison''s aforementioned observation that "perspectivism is the view that: from the perspective of theory T, model M represents system S in a particular way" (2015, 159). relatively uncontroversial assumption that scientific models (partially) represent relevant aspects of a given target system S—hides, at a closer look, Truth-by-truthmakers States of affairs ascribe essential properties to particulars, and, as such, they act as ontological grounds that make the knowledge claims afforded by the model (approximately) true.5 4. Scientific perspectivism implies that different models provide different accurate, partial, de re representations for the same target system S. work_um6tyhx7ufgupoemabj3572pb4 contexts, optimality and game-theoretic models best explain some central types of The optimality approach offers a way to model natural selection purely phenotypically, without directly representing the system of genetic transmission. below, I think that in some important contexts, optimality models best explain that, in some cases, are better than other types of explanations, including those offered by (sufficiently accurate) models incorporating genetic information. The conditions favor explanations that focus only on what I will call a modular part of the causal process that led to the event to be explained. In certain circumstances, optimality models meet the conditions for best explanations that I set out above. The contexts of inquiry in which optimality models best explain is, optimality models are maximally general explanations of the designated evolutionary phenomena, in the designated contexts of inquiry, within the limits created This is, of course, not to say that optimality models are always the best explanations for evolutionary change. work_umyokwijjrfrtm52ecusxp4ykm work_un6dfqx6ofdnzo7u4csruxeywa debates in Critical Data Studies and philosophy of science have neglected the problem of error management and error Big Data, epistemology, software, complexity, error, Critical Data Studies of Big Data techniques by powerful institutions is a careful account of the epistemic limits of computational the central role of software in Big Data projects, traditional accounts of epistemic reliability drawn from that has direct bearing on Big Data involves the problem of tackling error in large software systems. Given that many problems involving Big Data techniques are of a dynamic nature, in real time and involving changing demarcations and inputs, the N ¼ All they offer limited insight into the novel epistemic features of computational methods such as Big Data. and simulations, in the philosophy of science to questions of reliability and error in Big Data. Big Data can also address problems involving complex systems where the relevant dynamics are not obviously accessible except through surveying vast amounts work_un7lvrgrg5fafftifavkmr6w7i Albert (2000) suggests that all three asymmetries share the same microstatistical foundations, which involve crucially what he calls the past hypothesis—the assumption that the universe began its life in a state of a probability postulate, according to which all micro-states compatible both with the universe''s macro-state at time t, M(t), and PH mechanical account that possible evolutions of the universe form a treestructure and that small differences in the micro-conditions at t that do past macro-state has a probability close to 1, given the present macrostate, where the probabilities are those induced by the statistical mechanical probability distribution. case of decision counterfactuals, M(t0) is the macro-state at the time of past (unlike the future) is fixed by the present macro-state does not imply the past hypothesis constrains possible initial macro-states of the universe, that the proposal can at most account for a time asymmetry of counterfactuals positing micro-changes in chaotic systems. work_unyplyd7hja7tpmb36mvymrzz4 Infinite regress in decision theory, philosophy of science, Infinite regresses have had a mixed reception in philosophy. a First Cause, a Highest Good, or a Causa Sui. Infinite regresses have been discussed in practically all branches of philosophy, The papers in the present volume are about infinite regress in decision theory, philosophy of science, and formal epistemology. John Barker is associate professor of Philosophy at the University of Illinois at Paul Bartha is professor of Philosophy at the University of British Columbia. philosophy of science and decision theory, with particular attention to issues relating Regress, funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). School of Social Sciences at the Australian National University. formal epistemology and on the foundations of decision theory, with applications Science at the University of Pittsburgh. (Jeanne Peijnenburg''s Free Competition subsidy for research on infinite regresses in Infinite regress in decision theory, philosophy of science, and formal epistemology work_uq3eskxzjfbspfmcv52wui64qi " Then I show that Alan Turing was likely aware of Descartes''s ''language test''. Turing proposes to replace the question ''can machines think'' wit Still, someone might argue, this only shows that Turing lacks contency in his presentation; although he veers away from his behavist line in defending from criticism the claim that machines can ring is a behaviorist, Dennett writes, ''Perhaps [Turing] was inired by Descartes, who in his Discourse on Method, plausibly ared that there was no more demanding test of human Descartes'' comments in the Discourse use qualifications to deribe the possibility of machines that pass the language test, but that passing the Turing test is a sufficient condition for having a Both Turing and Descartes hold their test i 784Turing was aware of Descartes'' language test, and likely was in784Turing was aware of Descartes'' language test, and likely was in- work_uqawynlwgrduti4opadhdhwycm The first issue of JGPS was published in 1970 as „Band I Heft 1"of Zeitschrift für allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie—Journal for General Philosophy of Science with Franz The three editors standing behind this statement were as energetic as they were competent representatives of philosophy of science: Alwin Diemer (*1920, †1986), Gert König from other journals turned JGPS into an important source of information for the philosophy of science community. The development of JGPS during the last few years reflects to some extent the increasing specialisation and diversification that took place in philosophy of science. With respect to the practical aspects of journal publishing, practice-oriented philosophy of science raises a number of challenges for authors, reviewers and editors. authors, reviewers and journal editors in the area of philosophy of science with the task of Editorial: Fifty Years Journal for General Philosophy of Science Editorial: Fifty Years Journal for General Philosophy of Science Editorial: Fifty Years Journal for General Philosophy of Science work_url5gebz3zgadmjo2mjhh2ma2u Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_urxdmypru5hvbfjcfm2olld4qu Furthermore, there are a number of interpretations of probability that are objective and would be consistent with deterministic evolution and indeterministic evolution. Which interpretations of probability in evolutionary theory are consistent with determinism and indeterminism? arguments, with the exception of Sober''s, do not provide fully characterized interpretations of probability under determinism. This transition probability equation is a simple one that takes into account only two factors: the size of the population and its initial frequency. 4. Interpretations of Probability in Evolutionary Theory. Under propensity interpretations, probability is the physical tendency or disposition of a system to produce a certain kind of outcome. propensity interpretation that views probabilities as adhering to kinds or evolutionary theory that seems sympathetic to the ''''anything goes'''' position that I attribute to Popper: in discussing the fact that different characterizations lead to different probability assignments, Sober states that evolutionary probabilities as propensities of population-specified kinds work_uryuq4iuvbajxlglzuca5cwuya will see, Joyce''s argument and the arguments of other epistemic utility theorists only work for a certain class of measures called strictly proper scoring A measure of inaccuracy, or scoring rule, is meant to quantify how close a credence in a proposition is to its truth-value at a world. However, from the point of view of the epistemic utility theorist, even some strict scoring rules fail to generate the results she wants. Surprisingly, it is relatively easy to identify exactly what further major restriction on measures of inaccuracy is needed to generate Joyce''s results: every probability function must assign itself minimum expected inaccuracy.7 Since scoring rules are loss functions, we will describe Alice as an expected loss minimizer instead of as an In this more general case, we can determine Alice''s valuation of a credence x with the merely proper scoring rule G 5 (g1, g0): work_usrwi6rckncqjazezsyyn3kkpu So the probability of error is open to the physical interpretation. possibility; with\ the de re, or physical, interpretation of probability; and Thus, by the end of the eighteenth century, Laplace, defining probability by equipossibility, could seem to be following an old tradition. also publishes the epistemological interpretation of probability. Leibniz has come to associate the word "probability" with the epistemological interpretation, and, as he makes plain elsewhere, it is a logical we first estimate the facility (i.e. physical probability) of events of kind a probability in terms of possibility. Remember that probability is supposed to be defined in terms of equally possible cases, and which probability is defined in terms of "equally possible combinations" "probability of a possibility". epistemological terminology of "equally possible cases", that is not a He speaks of the probability that the possibility of an event It seems that "probability of a possibility" occurs only when Laplace work_utpfbabu4na35oyirkgutf3ugm interpretation of quantum mechanics is a philosophical problem in detail, but with Looks at Quantum Mechanics'' the ''Many Worlds'' interpretation proposed Most laypeople, when they hear that quantum mechanics predicts non-local correlations, immediately conclude that this shows that ''causal signals can travel faster than light'', thus contradicting Einstein''s theories of Special and General Relativity. For myself, and for any other ''scientific realist'', the whole so-called interpretation problem in connection with quantum mechanics is just this: whether If I am to explain why there is a problem with understanding quantum mechanics in a way that is compatible with scientific realism, I first have to say what been interpretations of quantum mechanics in which collapse has nothing to For many years after that, I tried to come up with an interpretation of quantum mechanics that would solve the problems I have described. quantum mechanics says that there is a ''collapse of the state function'' or it work_uuosfw6vvnevva5v5757ns22mi constitution relation between levels in a mechanism and intra-­‐level causal relations level parts and higher-­‐level mechanisms and causation as a relation between entities at the high-­‐level mechanisms can be identified, but that the effects on the parts when the whole 2. When Top-­‐Down Causation Seems Problematic: Levels of Mechanisms how, as a result of the organized parts orchestrating their operations, the mechanism Parts are, in a rather natural sense, at a lower level than the mechanism BMAL1 and CLOCK.2 These genes and proteins occupy a lower level than the mechanism mechanism is that the parts are those entities whose activities or operations are A graph representation uses nodes (ovals) to represent entities and edges to nodes found in modules in network representations of biological systems. nodes of different modules correspond to entities at the same level or whether the sub-­‐ graph theoretic representations of systems, I have identified mechanisms as dynamical work_uupxrvhg7jhdhdnrcu7zc2xdhu I am Presidential Professor of Philosophy at City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center. My current project is a book titled, Cognitive Ontology: Taxonomic Practices in the Mind-Brain Sciences, which is supported by an Insight Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). More information about publications, teaching, and political writings can be accessed through the links at the top right. In recent years, essentialism has been the dominant account of natural kinds among philosophers, but the essentialist view has encountered resistance, especially among naturalist metaphysicians and philosophers of science. Informed by detailed examination of classification in the natural and social sciences, this book argues against essentialism and for a naturalist account of natural kinds. On the basis of this account, he maintains that there can be natural kinds in the social sciences as well as the natural sciences. work_uw6vl55rqjcqhjhoopaptl7q7q Keywords: Experiment, Models, Stem cells, Technology, Uncertainty Abstract: Stem cells are defined by capacities for both self-renewal and differentiation. capacities relative to an experimental context; the stem cell concept imposes evidential Section 2 explicates the general stem cell concept, focusing on processes of self-renewal Stem cells are defined as cells capable of both self-renewal and differentiation. become more similar to an adult cell type either by changing values of a set of characters C (x1 to This basic method identifies stem cells by three sets of characters: of organismal source, Yet measurement of their values is the linchpin of stem cell experiments. Stem cell experiments involve two sets of measurements, both of which provide data about capacities as a stem cell parent has the same potential for differentiation and for self-renewal. Figure 2 The stem cell concept: (a) self-renewal, (b) differentiation, (c) both. work_uwmo7ee6nnb5jpcabxeltsy6di laws of motion based on Sklar''s proposal that capture the content of Newton''s theory. Sklar did not propose a detailed theory, but many defenders of relationalism relationalist interpretation of Newton''s theory fails to meet those constraints. I think it is obvious that a relationalist interpretation of Newton''s theory whether there is a relationalist interpretation of Newton''s theory, it is because absolute acceleration to the relationalist initial data. theory, the initial data (at a given time) are: (i) the distance between each pair Sklar denies that his absolute accelerations are defined as the rates of change same way that absolute accelerations are defined in Newton''s theory, the two Sklar''s initial data — masses, relative distances and velocities, and absolute Sklar''s initial data contains absolute accelerations in addition to interparticle failure of Sklar''s theory, since they may not agree on the absolute acceleration (like Sklar) thinks that relationalist theories must meet a certain challenge, work_ux2na7wlezh45aitukkrjzctlm Michael Strevens offers an account of causal explanation according to which explanations that cite multiply realizable properties; changes the explanatory role of causal factors with small effect; and undermines Strevens'' titular explanatory virtue, Strevens (2004, 2009) outlines a two-factor causal account of explanation, according to Strevens'' two-factor account of explanation comprises a metaphysical dependence relation The explanatory framework also enables Strevens to account for the distinction often utility, frameworked explanations are in Strevens'' view always inferior to deep standalone high-level properties, or sideline causal factors that qualify as difference-makers. On Strevens'' view, deep standalone explanations cite higherlevel properties if and only if they represent causally contiguous fundamental-level causal processes, whereas frameworked explanations freely appeal to multiply realizable properties, substitute functional specifications for lower-level causal dynamics, and/or willfully of frameworked explanations would resolve some difficulties facing Strevens'' account of 1974; Putnam, 1975; Garfinkel, 1981; Kitcher, 1984; Jackson and Pettit, 1992; Sober, 1999). work_uyfrsnm3mfeqdctm43c5du3lmm People | Department of Philosophy UC Santa Barbara Skip to main content Department of Philosophy UC Santa Barbara Main menu Home News Graduate Undergraduate Courses Student Life Why Philosophy? Placement Giving People People People Faculty in Residence Adjunct & Visiting Faculty Affiliated Faculty Emeritus Faculty Staff Graduate Students Department of Philosophy University of California, Santa Barbara Tel: (805) 893-7488 Fax: (805) 893-8221 Campus MailCode: 3090 Campus Maps Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday Wednesday Staff Undergraduate Advisor Samantha Little Staff Graduate Advisor Rene Marchington South Hall 3432E South Hall 3432E College of Letters and Science UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Accessibility Appropriate Use Privacy Media Credits Box Webmaster The Regents of the University of California. All Rights Reserved. UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Search form Search work_uykbooqs5zdgvfuj46y5ejgerm comprises retarded radiation associated with charges plus source-free fields. appears to be retarded with an advanced solution, so long as we include the right free-field term. one in which there is only retarded radiation (plus different free fields). with the right free field, the retarded solution can represent radiation that seems to be absorbed, only retarded radiation even though the laws have advanced solutions. free field plus a given solution to the inhomogeneous wave equation, we can rewrite that field is then what justifies our using the retarded solution to represent the radiation of our radiation is retarded or advanced, such as a universe with only source-free fields or a universe at the puzzle as follows: Why do accelerated charges produce retarded and not advanced radiation? Frisch thinks we want to explain why advanced solutions, with no free-field term, puzzle is to explain why accelerated charges produce retarded and not advanced radiation: we work_v2w3m3bxt5ecfpbbpp2huspvnu experience and research on similar problems from software engineering and provide evidence that the solutions adopted there can be transferred to the biological Sections on "The dilemma of formal and informal descriptions", "The need to express degrees of confidence about present the identified problems, solutions from software engineering and evidence of its application to modelling of cancer. Running example: Throughout this paper, we will employ the model of Gatenby and Gillies (2004) for cell p.122) introduces the term "model-based view" to generically refer to the different "semantic" accounts. We argue that the underlying idea, i.e. the two-button approach, may make formal models of cancer more appealing defines an informal model, while the (interpreted) formal specification can be (formally) related to some expression of a mathematical model. Mathematical mechanistic models of cancer described in Table 4 A structured argument for one of the hypotheses contained in the model of Gatenby and Gillies (2004) work_v42zogqmhrdlnmk3ml2fjj2sj4 estimate the size of a linguistic data set. a given linguistic data set. explicitly addressing this matter, by suggesting an operationalized characterization of an expression type. is similar to familiar cases involving multivariate data sets, with one exception: the irrelevance of negative associations. matter of estimating the size of a linguistic data set. some (explicit) means for estimating the size of a data set. a theory is that new, redundant data are all too easy to generate. Importantly, however, redundancy is a holistic affair, potentially involving most or all of the data set. be relative to both a given data set and the particular theory at hand. Instead, determining the relevant properties of expressions may be a matter of a "bootstrap" procedure (Glymour 1980) as the theory is developed linguist uses current theory to hypothesize some relevant structure thought set of n vectors could have the correlations of its nonnegative variant. work_v6wpv74vn5hvpasgyosd47bs6u In section 2 we describe the Nash demand game, which will be the base model employed here to capture discrimination in academic collaboration. A large body of research from across the social sciences finds epistemic benefits of personal diversity ranging from financial gains in firms where a significant portion of the leadership are women and members of racial minorities (Richard, 7. We follow authors like Young (1993) in labeling emergent patterns of group-level behavior in models as ''norms'', though this is obviously a thin representation of real-world demand 4, and, at least initially, this happens with probability 5/9.11 In contrast, a majority group member having one link to the minority would have a Bruner and O''Connor (2017) find that in epistemic communities, discriminatory norms can disincentivize collaboration between social groups. possible links, they could not form all 20 links to other minority group members), simulations show that the collaboration network reliably evolves to a point where at least work_v7vszsjn5rcibbxmvevbqkn66e The descriptions of natural selection rendered by population genetics models are in general neither parameters in the model, for example, fitnesses, mutation rates, and effective population size. The crucial parameter related to selection in population genetics models is fitness or its analytical relative, a selection for these limitations are simple: population genetics models evolving populations with the wrong variables related by the wrong equations employing the wrong kinds of parameters. selection because such models are predictively and explanatorily incompetent in important respects, and their use in developing a general theory It follows that fitnesses and functions of them are not endogenous variables in population genetics models. good estimates, of the expected rates of reproductive success given environment E, a vector of values for the variables in E, whatever they are. variables representing these causes do not appear in the dynamical equations of population genetics models. work_vaab6jabdvfulpmgjiwgwwaowi are topological, any formal representation of those processes and molecules as "codes" The definition of ''biological code'' should not be simply an ad hoc redescription of translation; if it is not at least possible that other, non-genetic causal In general, coding is a relation between sets (possibly of infinite cardinality) of objects. marked vertices; and (ii) recursive formation rules.7 A set of graphs S is complete with respect to a set of formation rules and marked vertex types iff S contains all graphs that A biological code is any relation between two sets of macromolecules A and B that Clearly, translation is a relation of biological coding between the set of possible mature natural correspondence rules for representing the set of all possible mRNA transcripts essential properties of code relations—namely that sets of molecules are related through alphabets, the causally relevant subunits involved in a coding process. work_vafw6yot3jdx3cll4suji2uiq4 I am a full professor at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Bergen and part of the Toppforsk-programme. My publications include an introduction to the philosophy of causation entitled "Kausalitaet und kausales Schliessen" (2004) and numerous papers on causation, causal reasoning, regularity theories, Coincidence Analysis (CNA), interventionism, mechanistic constitution, non-reductive physicalism, epiphenomenalism, determinism, logical formalization, argument reconstruction/evaluation, modeling in the social sciences, QCA, and the slingshot argument. New paper showcasing the CNA method in the flagship journal of implementation science: R.G. Whitaker, N. (2020) Coincidence analysis: a new method for causal inference in implementation science, Implementation Science 15, 108 (2020). Ambühl (forthcoming), Optimizing Consistency and Coverage in Configurational Causal Modeling, Sociological Methods & Research. Baumgartner (forthcoming), Robustness and Model Selection in Configurational Causal Modeling, Sociological Methods & Research. New paper: L. Baumgartner (forthcoming), The PC Algorithm and the Inference to Constitution, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. work_vajad46ebrbdddkqtcc35n6o7q in the form of group theory, but also a degree of modeling at the "phenomenological" level, and thus offers a nice example of the kinds of relationships we are interested in. a scientific theory should have a theoretical model such that all the appearances (the structures described in experimental reports) are isomorphic of empirical adequacy, by stressing the role of partial isomorphism between the appearances and the theoretical structures, and that this illuminates heuristic considerations at the level of theory pursuit (see French partial structures approach outlined above, we suggest that the relationship between mathematical and physical theories can be thought of in to be modeled comes to be regarded as a "macroscopic" quantum phenomenon and the explanation of it ultimately ties in to very high level mathematical structures of a group theoretical nature. Clearly, representing the relationships between the London model and both Bose-Einstein statistics on the work_vau57b3sdrcuddxtlsisg44dke that most philosophers of science know little or nothing about how scientific profession''s most fundamental activity is design (see, for example, Petroski, 2003). believes that planning and design are more important features of engineering than engineering is applied behavior analysis, whose products are new patterns of other examples of behavioral engineering, the products are, of course, important, engineering to experimental science, we would have to say that the design of philosophy of engineering, the design of experiments is critical for the evaluation Knowledge of research design is therefore basic to a philosophy of science, a requirement for any philosopher who wishes to evaluate a particular methods used to arrive at the data and theories were faulty, a philosopher who REMARKS ON RESEARCH TACTICS AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE the philosophy of behavioral science. acquaint themselves with design details have any utility for experimental behavior Tactics of scientific research: Evaluating experimental data in work_vb274whcsnazvcjiqe5gicde6m Logic in General Philosophy of Science: logic in general philosophy of science, which is aimed at a broader audience. defend and advertise the application of logical methods in philosophy of science, Keywords: Logic, Philosophy of Science, Vienna Circle mind: the logical analysis of scientific concepts, sentences, and methods.) Finally: not even the logico-philosophical analysis of empirical secondly, the logical analysis of issues in general philosophy of science logically analysing the structural content of theories in some way, the the Vienna Circle, we should expect new logical theories to take over philosophy of science back to logic, it should be possible to refine the Is the application of new logical methods in philosophy of science Logic in Philosophy of Science 13 Logic in Philosophy of Science 13 Logic in Philosophy of Science 13 Logic in Philosophy of Science 13 Logic in Philosophy of Science 13 Logic in Philosophy of Science 13 work_vbhyhnpturauzcr4uwqapjfv6y abilities to segment and track objects have increased the fitness and reproductive success of our ancestors (Millikan 2000; Pylyshyn 2003, 2007; Carey First, one might hold that visual reference involves the operation of object representations such as object files (sec. Nonrepresentational Account: The mechanisms that underlie the activation and maintenance of object files lack representational content. Pylyshyn''s central claim is that the reference of object files "is quite different from a representational or intentional Pylyshyn accepts that an object file can carry representational content, provided that it is attached to a predicate. Pylyshyn''s contention that representations of the properties of objects Recall that ICA imposes a matching condition on successful visual reference: if the thin-indexed pre-objective elements do not belong to one combination of elements in the world, the iconic representation will be (partially) thin indexes and pre-objective elements in the world, one can hold that nondescriptive modes of reference have representational content without being work_vbxf2jjtmrenjj7ine2cmrk4rm Wybo Houkes''s paper suggests that our knowledge of an artefact''s possible and proper know the functions of artefacts is that we do so by making use of our capacities for practical reasoning—conceptualizing and prioritizing our aims, thinking out actions that might Though acquiring the skill of using an object to achieve an end can give one the knowledge how to use the object, it is not the only way. difference at this stage between knowing the possible functions of artefacts and of natural knowledge of the functions of other objects in its environment of use: it has to fit into a This is one reason that the cabin problem is hard: so many of the artefacts in the cabin are new that the weekend guest cannot identify the function of any one of of objects found in a cabin is not likely to be great enough to support very conclusive reasoning from overall pattern to individual function, though it is unlikely that all of the work_vc2qa6ocwfd2nc7eux7ysmhwfi Are Homologies (Selected Effect or Causal Role) Function Free? This article argues that at least very many judgments of homology rest on prior attributions of selected-effect (SE) function, and that many of the "parts" of biological very important biological kinds—including homologous kinds—are, constitutively, SE functional kinds. case, such morphological criteria could perhaps suffice for prior specification of the similarities to be explained, and they are also highly suggestive of homology. make SE functions (of developmental and intermediate structures) indispensable for character individuation, as in the case of the inner ear bones, homology against a set of arguments designed to show that all biological categories are defined, at least in part, by selection function. the view that, "unless anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, developmental biology, and so forth turn their attention to specifically evolutionary questions, they investigate function in the causal sense" (Griffiths homologous kinds of traits are in part constituted by SE functions. functions in classifying these traits as homologous, because causal-role work_vceij6bxljavndqh7sxyrdtzta The Journal is fortunate, however, in now having Professor I t is impossible at present to give statistics for the numbers of subscribers to the Journal, but the publishers, Messrs. appeared in a number of philosophical and scientific journals published in Woodger proceeded to show how a language for natural science (called WL) contains two kinds of signs : (1) names, and (2) operation signs. either signs of operations on names, by which new names are constructed, or signs of operations on statements by which new statements are constructed. Three simple syntactical rules suffice to define "statement in W L " . simplest statements are formed by the juxtaposition of two names ; the remaining statements are those resulting from the application of the operations A simple statement is true if everything Professor Woodger pointed out some of the problems which terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://www.cambridge.org/core work_vceu34cnjnarjnv4oeqhdalhzu Behaviourism is the view that preferences, beliefs, and other mental states in socialscientific theories are nothing but constructs re-describing people''s behaviour. In Section 8, we distinguish mentalism from, and argue against, the radical neuroeconomic view that socio-economic behaviour should be explained in terms of In essence, Gul and Pesendorfer hold that (positive) economics should be the science of choice behaviour, and that its evidence base, ontology of the world, and formal In line with psychological behaviourism, Gul and Pesendorfer argue that the only evidence that should be used to test economic theories is evidence about people''s choice content of any economic theory consists solely in its choice-behavioural implications; two But even if the evidence base of economic theories were restricted to observable choice theory in economics is restricted to agents'' choice behaviour. our best theories of economic decision-making are committed to certain mental-state work_vdbeagt4brchte47ch7wagha5u French, S & Massimi, M 2013, ''Philosophy of Science A Personal Peek into the Future'', Metaphilosophy, justice even to the two chosen trends (history and philosophy of science [HPS] and metaphysics of science) When it comes to new directions in the vast field of philosophy of science, it is hard not to mention the recent revival of the trend that goes under the name of HPS, or history and philosophy of science. contemporary philosophy of science has explored promising new ways of drawing on the history of science Wilson 2010.) How could Kant''s philosophy ever illuminate the nature of contemporary physics without natural science possible?" contemporary HPS scholars find themselves asking similar questions. contemporary philosophy of science comes from a serious engagement with scientific practice. Kant''s philosophy of natural science was having shed new light on the role of our scientific history both for philosophy of science and, more broadly, work_vdpy3wh3jreojlvnfr77ye35u4 devoted to elucidate and analyze the concept of information in its different meanings. authors interested in the use of the concept of information for interpreting physical sought to base a semantic notion of information on Shannon''s theory." (Timpson 2004, technical concept of semantic information, with its links with knowledge, meaning and there are different technical concepts of information other than Shannon''s (Fisher information generated at the source and received at the destination, respectively. information generated at the source and received by the destination without reference to concept of information which are different from the "abstract-noun" reading, in destination, a token of the type produced by the information source. notice that information in Shannon''s theory is even more abstract than types. Timpson''s general argumentation, the abstract nature of information is the cornerstone a meaningful physical interpretation of the concept of information. Shannon''s theory (Timpson 2003), the relation between information transmission and work_ve7acfbx4behtllb5ia4vozede Robustness and Conceptual Analysis in Evolutionary Game Theory Robustness and Conceptual Analysis in Evolutionary Game Theory As a descriptive project, evolutionary game theoretic accounts are subject to robustness objections. 1. A good introduction to a variety of evolutionary game theoretic models may be that the Stag Hunt game, which differs significantly from both the Prisoner''s Dilemma and Divide-the-Cake, should be the focus of our investigations into the evolution of the social contract (2001, 2004). overstate how important assortative mechanisms have been in game theoretic explanations of prosocial behaviors, both in philosophical, economic, and biological work. While many games are of theoretical interest, most are not easily interpreted as representing ''fairness'', ''cooperation'', or any related normative concept. Divide-the-Cake as a model of ''fairness'', ''justice'', ''cooperation'', ''modesty'', and ''the existing implicit social contract''. different behaviors in the evolutionary models, we will always be challenged to justify our choice of game. work_vggjnyhgvbcf5jxyvgch3xz4bm with the original argument may in fact be instances in which mutually supporting cultural variants are learned from different individuals. the second puzzle by arguing that probabilistic models of epistemological coherence can be reinterpreted as models of mutual support between cultural variants. real-world cases that seem to conflict with the original argument may in fact be instances in which mutually supporting cultural variants are learned from different Figure 1: Cultural transmission from randomly chosen "parents" in discrete generations, with time moving from top to bottom. In ESELS'' model, this is 𝑝, the probability of transmitting the cultural variant 𝐶 without error. This close relationship between ESELS'' model and Waxman and Loewe''s truncated ratchet shows that failing to learn from a single cultural parent is so closely what would happen in ESELS'' single-parent model if we increased the transmission probability 𝑝: It would take longer for culture to disappear, but it would still work_vgry7molpzbhbevvzvs4nmopbu which conditions failure to find an alternative to H confirms the theory any phenomenon described by H, non-empirical evidence for H can, for example, consist in observations about the research process leading up to the (NAA).1 If valid, it would demonstrate the possibility of non-empirical theory In order to understand the problem of non-empirical theory confirmation, we The number k of possible scientific theories which can account for a certain set of data is in turn relevant for the degree of belief in the empirical the Yk, the non-empirical evidence FA confirms H under plausible conditions. In the No Alternatives Argument or NAA, the non-empirical evidence consists in the observation that scientists have not yet found an alternative to Following this line of reasoning, we reconstruct NAA based on the notion that there exists a specific but unknown number k of possible scientific work_vgzdaamcqzeqtddougnuhv6ohe Thought experiment acquires evidential significance only on particular metaphysical physics and other disciplines, but not in sciences that emphasize variety and contingency, such as Aristotelian natural philosophy and some forms of historiography. assume that thought experiments in science possess evidential significance In response to this problem, Galileo proposed that evidential significance in mechanics be withdrawn from observations of natural occurrences, and vested in new sources of evidence that, he believed, were better I suggest that Galileo devised thought experiment as a source of evidence about phenomena for use where all feasible concrete experiments did Galileo resort to thought experiment in the study of free fall? In Galileo''s terms, such concrete experiments fail to display the phenomenon "free fall" in accident-free form. He holds that Galileo''s thought experiment on free fall self-evidently Let us return to Galileo''s thought experiment on free fall. Against his thought experiment on free fall, for example, work_vhcsprztmfewzl4wd6nfw47zji A Modeling Approach for Mechanisms Featuring Causal Cycles. A Modeling Approach for Mechanisms Featuring Causal Cycles. A Modeling Approach for Mechanisms Featuring Causal Cycles. https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/a-modeling-approach-for-mechanisms-featuring-causal-cycles(baf8a541-4636-4433-af52-b5931f0e7fe1).html Zhang (2008), for example, shows how the effects of interventions can be computed in models featuring bidirected arrows, and Richardson (2009) develops a factorization If an acyclic causal model satisfies CMC, then its graph determines the following Markov factorization (54): suggests a representation of mechanisms by a causal model''s arrows. arrows represent a mechanism, by another causal model M 0 that contains a way that it can be used to model mechanisms featuring causal cycles. detailed causal model M1 of the MLCM satisfies CMC, we rather require M1 problems when it comes to modeling mechanisms with causal cycles. approach can be used for modeling mechanisms whose causal cycles have the most detailed causal model M1 has to satisfy the d-connection condition work_vhjvptmltbgmlcqg2jrve4fvxq Phenomenal Experiences, First-Person Methods, and the Artificiality of Experimental Data first-person reports in the science of perception, I raise questions about the criteria by of first-person data, i.e., the kinds of data one gets as a result of asking subjects to report some another respect, looking at the use of first-person methods in the study perception, specifically on the use of first-person reports about phenomenal experience in the study of perception. requires data about subjective phenomenal experience, first-person reports are going to be first-person reports of phenomenal experience as their empirical data. I argue that if a subject is asked to report their experience of a given atomistic external approach of the Gestalt psychologists, elicits reports about phenomenal experience. of perception design very different kinds of experiments to elicit first-person reports about person reports of experiences did not reveal elements of sensation, it was too easy to say that work_vicmzmdibfe37knifga5o3v4aq Realization: Metaphysics, Mind, and Science This paper surveys some recent work on realization in the philosophy of mind and the This paper provides some sense of the distinct views of realization by discussing four recent proposals in the literature. Talk of the neural correlates of, or of the neural mechanisms for, a given psychological capacity was loose science-speak for something like the relation of realization. to think of realizations as being physically inside individuals, and so as Entity-bounded realizations motivate a methodology of constitutive decomposition, a methodology familiar in the physical sciences and which that individual forms a part (in the case of wide realizations). cognitive systems have an entity-bounded rather than a wide realization, from thinking of (individual) mental states or properties as being realized views of realization we have already discussed. Craver, Carl (2001), "Role Functions, Mechanisms, and Hierarchy", Philosophy of Science Craver (2000), "Thinking about Mechanisms", Philosophy of Science 67: 1–25. work_viodez34rrdcbpxd3sggbow3by People | Department of Philosophy UC Santa Barbara Skip to main content Department of Philosophy UC Santa Barbara Main menu Home News Graduate Undergraduate Courses Student Life Why Philosophy? 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UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Search form Search work_visjxrhh6bf4jjlalvcchkeiui account of the world unfolding in time, I am accepting, with Albert, that the quantummechanical state description is, or ought to be, a representation of the state of a system, and not operator), we cannot give a quantum-mechanical account of the state of the system.6 condition in a quantum context, what we will require is that differences in states on distinct We will demand that state transitions satisfy the local evolution condition: obtainable from the state ρ(σ) via an operation local to the region Γ between the two quantum field theories exhibit what Albert calls dynamical compatibility with special relativity, and this state transition is a selective operation local to the region in which the measurement state transitions from one hypersurface to another are solely the result of local operations. With or without collapse, relativizing quantum states to spacelike hypersurfaces is not a merely work_vj4bkj72ujcpxn7y33oo725rqm ontological focus is traditional for philosophical accounts of scientific explanation. explanations must depict dependence relations: what, out in the world, bears a good explanation depends on both the explainer and the audience for the an ontic sense, depends on the explainer and the audience. explanation is the nature of the explanatory dependence relations (Levy, draft). This way of accommodating the audience''s influence on scientific explanations is represent different dependence relations, each responsible for the same phenomenon. the audience''s interests, the explanation misleadingly suggests a form of dependence to be whatever dependence relation (relevant to explanation-seekers'' interests) is explain selective food-sharing, but not when the audience''s interests make it so that part of the ontic explanation for selective food-sharing in vampire bats? For scientific explanations, the audience''s influence on what is explanatory is largely dependence relations, thereby influencing the ontic explanation in the way I sketched explanation featuring different dependence relations. work_vjldpjbioffipkmd252tbihxfy The central notion of this conception, evolutionary independence, is commonly operationalized by taxonomists in multiple, diverging ways. argue that species delimitation can be considered objective and reliable if we understand the sophisticated integrative approach as assessing the coherence between the idealized models of multiple operationalizations of evolutionary independence. when knowledge on the differences between various operationalizations can be implemented in species delimitation (Degnan and Rosenberg 2009; Haber 2016). to solve the POD by adopting a novel approach to species delimitation called ''integrative taxonomy'', which uses multiple operationalizations of evolutionary independence for species delimitation (Dayrat 2005; Padial et al. integration of multiple fallible operationalizations, some of which are explicitly assumed to be erroneous, can increase the objectivity and reliability of species delimitation. delimitation to show that sophisticated integrative species delimitation, like measurement, is objective and reliable in a substantial sense. relies on convergence between multiple operationalizations for reliable species delimitation while avoiding the standard approach''s problem of false negatives. work_vjuvrxky5vgodnxio45hxa76pe In his "A New Program for Philosophy of Science?", Ronald Giere expresses qualms political project takes us outside the professional pursuit of philosophy of science. In "A New Program for Philosophy of Science?" Ronald Giere sheds Reflecting on these activities and on current and future policy needs, historian of science John Heilbron has called for research and medical authorities embraced hormone replacement therapy as an effective disease preventive and recommended it at menopause for nearly all as the National Women''s Health Network—a network of 300 organizations plus more than 8000 individual members—rejected hormone replacement therapy as an effective disease preventive for nearly all women. thought of as diseased and hence in need of prolonged, possibly even lifelong, hormone replacement therapy); and women should take charge of But even if egalitarian values like the ones given above were fully justified, Giere is still reluctant to allow them to intervene in cases of underdetermination. work_vkale6l5ebbxhlx32dniy3qshe Keywords Bayesian modelling; Unification; Causal-mechanical explanation; Cue integration; sections, most Bayesian models are not hypotheses about the mechanisms that produce particular integration is one of the most studied phenomena within Bayesian cognitive science. that brains perform Bayesian inference and encode probability distributions (Knill and Pouget behavioural results were predicted by a Bayesian linear model of the type described above, where The kind of unification afforded by Bayesian models to cognitive phenomena does not reveal per se Bayesian model to certain phenomena is constrained by general mathematical results, rather than by cognitive science, and about whether the type of unification afforded by Bayesian modelling to Bayesian models that unify phenomena displayed in many psychophysical tasks (Rao [2004]; Ma et The unification afforded by Bayesian modelling in cognitive science has heuristic value in postulated by the abstract Bayesian model unifying behavioural-level phenomena (Ma and Pouget obviously linked to causal-mechanical explanation: unification in Bayesian cognitive science is work_vkjcwqfndzevrfbva2i5ad7tmm While the phenomena associated with quasi-particles pass the entity realist''s argue, subverts the entity realist''s criterion of manipulative success in a novel way, by Quasi-particles are no proper kinds of entities at all—they are merely collective The success in using electrons and positrons, thereby manipulating the behaviour of the sphere, should, according to Hacking, suffice to convince us of Entities have the role of truth-makers—not for theories, but for judgements concerning the success of acts of interfering in other parts of nature. The criterion of manipulative success appeals to a causal theory of reference to bridge against his conviction that manipulative success, rather than any explanatory or theoretical desideratum, is the criterion for the reality of entities. appealing to a level of theory that goes beyond the entity realist''s home truths. For "manipulation" to be a success term, entities must be truth-makers for positive the entity realist''s criterion of manipulative success, they should therefore be considered work_vknqfhzydfgclg7xv5i4j4stra of time reduces the amount of information that the present provides about the past. Royall''s suggestion entails that the probabilistic process just described has the consequence that Present 5 0 provides strong evidence favoring Past 5 0 over Past 5 1, since the likelihood The second property we stipulate is sometimes referred to, in the timehomogeneous, finite-state setting, as the Markov chain''s being "regular"; we How much information does that observation provide about the state of the population at some earlier time? case, the present state of the population provides information about its past Comparing Rij values for five processes, assuming infinite temporal separation of Past from Present and zero mutation. concerning the population''s past state if trait A evolved because of natural selection. Frequency-dependent selection for the majority trait is better than drift in terms of how much information the present state of a lineage provides about its past. work_vkuluxvgavg23cdykulcujeelu specific heat of diamond, and Bohr''s old quantum theory with respect to Balmer''s formula for This relation predicts that the specific heats of solids that conform reasonably well to Einstein''s assumptions should be very low at low temperatures, and will approach the value predicted by classical theories at much higher temperatures. The second instance of old evidence I will be considering is the expression of Balmer''s formula for the spectrum of hydrogen, and its account in terms of Bohr''s old quantum theory as likely if it accounts for the specific heat of diamond while classical theory does not, as opposed This reflects the idea that if classical theory could account for the specific heat values and QP In our particular example, this expresses the idea that the quantum postulate''s ability to account for the specific heat of diamond when classical theory could not was work_vl2lkllhlzgxvpaxvcsxhg5hja the benefit of beginning with present applications of category theory to physics (indeed, the ones suggested by Bain''s argument) and extracting from these two forms of application in TQFTs. Finally, Section 4.3 discusses the differences between (GenDual) and (GenCat), and the role that category theory plays in each of these forms of Bain (2013) takes as his starting point the assumption that physical objects, i.e. relata, are represented by elements of structured sets5, and proceeds to develop two argumentative strategies. G2: The set-theoretic entities of G1 are to be represented in categorytheoretic language by considering the category whose objects are the relevant structured sets, and whose morphisms are functions that preserve with the premises, but also to draw out conceptual issues concerning Bain''s interpretation of category-theoretic methods in physics, not least what he means by ''structure'' In particular, we shall discuss (i) how Bain''s examples of structural differences between categories leads us to another form of generalization, viz. work_vlakgjphyvd7ddnlqwijtye3ou The kinds of models discussed in this paper function as measuring instruments. phenomenon should cover an invariant relationship between properties of the phenomenon to be measured and observable associated attributes of a measuring instrument. The kinds of models discussed in this paper function as detection instruments—more specifically, as measuring instruments. theory, measurement is the mapping of a property of the empirical world The problem, however, is that the representational theory of measurement has turned too much into a pure mathematical discipline, leaving In his plea for a correlative interpretation, Heidelberger traces the origins of the representational theory of measurement in Maxwell''s method To determine the scale of the thermometer, no prior measurement of the expansion of the mercury column is required; by convention it is decided in how many equal parts the interval between two Although Chang (2001) discusses only one part of the measurement problem, namely the choice of the associated property, in this case the choice work_vn5jmst7gnf4rlmyccjvip4b3a All human behavior originates in the use of symbols. Man uses symbols; no other creature A symbol is a thing, the value or meaning of which is bestowed upon it by those who use it. symbols are derived from and determined by the organisms who use them; meaning is bestowed by human organisms upon physical forms which thereupon become symbols.(5) The word then functions as a sign, rather than as a symbol.(7) Its meaning Words are both signs and symbols to man; The difference between the behavior of man and other animals then, is that the lower cultural anthropologist to take the ability to use symbols, possessed by man alone, as given. culture, are dependent upon a faculty possessed by man alone, the ability to use symbols, the difference between the behavior of man and of all other creatures is not merely great, but basic about symbolic, i.e., human, behavior. work_vnths7alonajzlhvuwjbkqrjsu ''Fine-Tuning Argument'' (FTA) and the ''Objection from Anthropic Bias'' that According to LP*, when calculating likelihoods, we have to assume information I about the relevant process of observation ''on the right'', i.e. by conjoining I to the expression on the right-hand side of the conditionalization bar. another fact about the process of observation in Eddington''s fish case is that the process of observation results in my catching a large fish. process of observation too, so if the information that the net has large holes is observation resulted in my catching a large fish shouldn''t be included as well. the information that the process of observation resulted in my catching a large making observations'' should be included in I in the FTA, whereas the analogous information shouldn''t be included in I in these cases. sometimes the information I about the process of observation is itself evidence work_vqcap2lx5nh3vat7cy67zjbljq More generally, probabilistic (in)dependence between X and Y conditional on (fixed values of) a set of variables U these CMs condition (T) states that (for all X, Y  V) XY implies t(X) < t(Y), i.e., causes precede their effects in time. 2. Interactive Causes: Violation of (SCC) in Indeterministic Decay Processes between the conditional dependence between effects of an interactive cause and that between effects of a common cause with an additional causal link between them. probability of less than one, many authors have argued for the existence of some intermediate cause q* (described by variable Q*) in the form of a breaking event or state of the connected by such an arc are d*-connected conditional on their interactive cause (see fig. Fig. 11: Two interactive causes may share an effect: Z1 and Z2 are d*-connected and dependent only if Y is in the conditioning set. (10) Definition: An interactive causal model (V,E,I,P) satisfies the revised Markov condition (M*) iff every XV is work_vrdl4naxtfei7dpo4jwded2vse empirically correct and satisfies a certain cardinality condition on its theoretical ([2001]), is that the structural content of a theory Θ is given by its Ramsey sentence extra-logical predicates of this language are interpreted by three sequences of realworld relations: = (O1, O2, ...) (the ''observational'' relations), = (M1, M2, semantical relation of a sentence''s being true in a model, a notion which Tarski also defined, but in a So, a Henkin structure for the language L2(O) satisfies a Ramsey sentence just in observational consequences are true, then the truth of the Ramsey sentence follows as a theorem of set theory or second-order logic, provided our initial relation to the so-called ''model-theoretic view'' of scientific theories. observational consequences are true, then the truth of the Ramsey sentence follows as a theorem of set theory or second-order logic'' (Demopoulos and Friedman [1985], p. work_vsi5y56mpba7zehmgfffjszwge according to this view, one needn''t make the move to Galilean spacetime in order not to be committed to absolute velocities; there is a way of understanding symmetry-related models, but they do not allow us to interpret that theory is, I believe that one can, in fact, be in possession of a metaphysically perspicuous characterisation of the reality underlying symmetry-related models even in However, it is possible to be in possession of a metaphysically perspicuous characterisation of the reality underlying symmetry-related models even Such a metaphysically perspicuous characterisation is possible just in case the symmetry-related models in question are view, then (and to repeat slightly), absent a metaphysically perspicuous characterisation of the reality underlying these symmetry-related models, we have to Newton-Cartan theory is not by itself sufficient for one to be able to transparently understand as physically equivalent all symmetry-related models of Newtonian theory set in flat work_vswals33wjfxldvnx5yhouast4 causal explanation is simply not as widespread or important in physics as Woodward and yet they do not fall under any of the types of non-causal explanation Woodward describes yet they do not fall under any of the types of non-causal explanation Woodward describes physics that neither Woodward nor any other proponent of causal explanation has We have seen that on Woodward''s account, causal explanation requires counterfactuals Woodward uses this example to illustrate how his causal model of explanation solves the Woodward does say that successful causal explanation must include relevant dependency explanatory role of dependency relations in the local pendulum model. Woodward allows that not all explanations in physics need be causal and notes that physics is taken seriously, there are highly idealized models of significant explanatory value. explanation via highly idealized models in physics need to be examined in detail. Woodward''s claim that many (non-fundamental) explanations in physics are causal. work_vuw22gafnjgt7i3aws45mfmgwu Jacob Beck – York Research Chair in Philosophy of Visual Perception and Associate Professor of Philosophy at York University in Toronto Associate Professor of Philosophy at York University in Toronto Jacob Beck is York Research Chair in the Philosophy of Visual Perception and Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at York University in Toronto, Canada. Beck''s research makes progress on longstanding philosophical puzzles about mental representation and consciousness by reconceptualizing them in light of contemporary cognitive science. Beck''s articles have appeared in such venues as The Journal of Philosophy, Mind, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Cognition, Mind & Language, and The Atlantic. Before coming to York, Beck taught in the Department of Philosophy at Texas Tech University and served as a James S. He earned his Ph.D. in Philosophy from Harvard University, and his B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, where he majored in philosophy and minored in cognitive science. work_vviroa2garesfjvqh57vvghste order to argue that RG explanations are non-causal in virtue of being mathematical potentially non-causal elements (RG transformations and the flow of Hamiltonians) of an Batterman concludes that the causal model of scientific explanation cannot accommodate pointed out, many perfectly legitimate causal explanations in these sciences do in fact various physical details without losing the causal character of the explanation (Craver 2007, Second, Batterman''s characterization of the causal model of scientific explanation – (b) explanations whose explanatory powers stems from "distinctively mathematical" facts. Lange thinks of causal information – in the context of mathematical explanations – as a mathematics'' is not sufficient for rendering an explanation non-causal. In the case of a mathematical explanation, the non-causal component e is a Lange''s ''distinctively'' mathematical facts exhaust the class of explanatory non-causal mathematical facts explain in a non-causal way. 10 However, when discussing the distinctively mathematical explanation of the behavior of work_vvnfiwol35fjdkq3wcwestvtsa QTAIM and the Interactive Conception of Chemical Bonding quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), developed by Richard F.W. Bader and debate, I argue that QTAIM embodies a distinctive interactive conception of bonding that is At the same time, the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM), a The quantum theory of atoms in molecules developed by Bader (1990) and colleagues of bonds as "material parts of the molecule that are responsible for spatially localized submolecular relationships between individual atomic centers (Hendry 2008, 917)." Binding and 4. Interpreting QTAIM''s Conception of Atoms and Bonding presence of a bond path linking a pair of nuclei implies that the corresponding atoms are and nuclei, QTAIM posits atoms as interacting systems within the molecule. given was that of an Argon atom trapped within a C60 molecule which features a bond path They also note that atoms in molecules that are not linked by bond work_vvvxfvnwdrahtgtk3rr25togpm Instead, I''ll be arguing that the current incarnation of the regularity theory cannot cleave the laws from the accidental truths. external critics have argued that the BSA''s reliance on strength and simplicity don''t connect with the practice of science so the regularity theory must be The regularity theory holds that laws of nature are merely generalizations. laws, scientists are looking for generalizations that best balance simplicity and So the simplicity requirement of the BSA is not capturing those features of laws Fortunately, the BSA''s account of the role of laws is not the only regularity The Näıve Epistemic Account holds that laws are those generalizations for which we have a high degree of inductive support. Epistemic Role Account (era): The laws of nature are those The ERA identifies a role for laws distinct from that provided by the BSA. [2013]: ''Simplicity in the Best Systems Account of Laws of work_vwifqlfyavhkhfrgru6uweda7a anthropomorphism, is a heuristic used by our unconscious folk psychology to understand the understand and control intuitive anthropomorphism, we must treat is as a cognitive bias, and look views get intuitive anthropomorphism wrong, and as a result, fail to control its effect on the to an intuitive anthropomorphic bias.2 To understand what this means, I look to the empirical cognitive biases and unconscious processing generally will help understand intuitive suggests that existing strategies for controlling intuitive anthropomorphism are ineffective Eddy 1997), our intuitive folk psychology most likely evolved to inform social interactions with the subtlety of cognitive biases generally, mean that the effects of anthropomorphic bias can be bias that consistently overestimates intelligence, but, first, intuitive anthropomorphism does not evidence are potentially subject to intuitive anthropomorphic bias. overestimating intelligence is one effect of intuitive anthropomorphism, it is only one of them. One effect that the dynamic between intuitive anthropomorphism and Morgan''s Canon work_vx4ncicwxzejnl2i4bbf7eblke The Heuristic Role of Sewall Wright''s 1932 Adaptive Landscape Diagram Sewall Wright''s adaptive landscape is the most influential heuristic in evolutionary biology. Wright''s biographer, Provine, criticized Wright''s adaptive landscape, claiming that its heuristic value is 1. This paper offers a new interpretation of the heuristic role of Wright''s (1932) adaptive landscape and Ruse claim that the diagram plays its heuristic role as an illustration of Wright''s "shifting balance" dynamical behavior of population genetics models, but that Wright''s use of it as such is of dubious value. In Wright''s 1932 paper, he used the adaptive landscape diagram to demonstrate why he thought such an Wright''s adaptive landscape diagram does not successfully illustrate his view of the evolutionary process. Provine''s doubts about the heuristic value of the adaptive landscape diagram are adaptive landscape diagram as a visual heuristic to evaluate the dynamical behavior of population Fig. 1B is Wright''s adaptive landscape diagram. work_vxfm4mkqrnbdhlsdiwqicszrma mechanics, Gibbsian fine-grained entropy is taken as the analogue of thermodynamical It is generally believed that classical statistical mechanics can reproduce all of thermodynamics, when we restrict ourselves to equilibrium We identify states of thermal equilibrium with probability distributions over the phase space at the theory of thermodynamics itself (?2), and the successful reproduction of it by statistical mechanics in the case of equilibrium (?3). seen that thermodynamic entropy is only defined for equilibrium states. From this it follows immediately that the second law of thermodynamics does not, as is sometimes claimed, say that entropy increases monThis content downloaded from 131.211.208.19 on Wed, 07 Dec 2016 09:35:42 UTC turn to a discussion of the well-known procedure of deriving equilibrium thermodynamics from statistical mechanics; this will, as noted Second, thermodynamic quantities are either identified with ensemble averages of phase functions (for instance energy and pressure), or with work_vxuzih4vhjatxerrlszizp3pme Second, and less obviously, your evidence globally constrains your epistemically rational degrees of confidence, as follows: for any hypothesis h, your confidence in h at a particular time t should be—as a matter of epistemic rationality—proportional to the degree to which the total evidence that h. And epistemic rationality does not require that your confidence in h be proportional to the degree to which only a proper part of your evidence supports what epistemic rationality requires is that your confidence in h at t be proportional to the degree to which h is supported by all and only the evidence that stated above about epistemic rationality, evidence, and degree of confidence, total evidence implies that epistemic rationality issues requirements concerning epistemic rationality requires that our confidence in a hypothesis be proportional to the support that our total evidence gives that hypotheses; but if the our evidence to determine our rational degrees of confidence in hypotheses work_vycsnfrhizdvjac2te2fifjqcy Abstract: According to mainstream linguistic phonetics, speech can be modeled as a string of discrete sound segments or "phones" drawn from a universal phonetic inventory. Phonetics produces an inventory of speech sound types or "phones" individuated according to (PP) Speech can be modeled as a series of discrete sound units drawn from a universal "phone" represented in a universally available phonetic inventory (IPA 1999). speech score into sound segments, analyzes their physical characteristics, pairs them to a mental speech sound types picked from a universal phonetic inventory. noisy nature of speech, evidence that individual phones are implemented by different languages symbolic phonetic scores, real-time speech analysis should be modeled within a dynamicembodied framework of the sort introduced by van Gelder (1995), Kelso (1995), and Clark As for (a), the argument is that our putatively natural ability to segment speech into phones "Introduction." In The Segment in Phonetics and Phonology, edited by work_vyzvvevewbgxphbpto455s2cny for which the preference for quantitatively parsimonious hypotheses is demonstrably preference for quantitative parsimony might be justified on rational grounds. explaining the missing spin, then the following series of alternative neutrino Hn n neutrinos, each with a spin of 1/2n are emitted in each case of Beta quantitative parsimony (roughly, the number of individual things postulated). -spin neutrino postulated by the more parsimonious qualitative parsimony; each postulates exactly one new kind of particle.2 Prior to the postulation of neutrinos in Beta decay, other particles with case of Beta decay, and hypothesis H207, which postulates 207 neutrinos each quantitatively parsimonious hypotheses in science has been as successful as it neutrino case are that total spin is conserved for particles in a closed system, less quantitatively parsimonious alternative hypotheses. additive hypotheses differing only in their quantitative parsimony will have The use of quantitative parsimony in additive cases such as this one is not Less quantitatively parsimonious hypotheses can work_w3pbsjrjlzdwplwzasilriz32m ‡ The author wishes to thank Janet Kourany for initiating this exchange and the reviewer for Philosophy of Science who provided a conscientious reading and insightful I contend that Janet Kourany''s "A Philosophy of Science for the Twenty-First Century" contains three levels of projects: (1) a naturalistic project, (2) a critical project, The critical project encompasses both the evaluation of scientific research programs and of empirical conclusions. Still further, Kourany wants philosophy of science to be "a socially Kourany contrasts her program with "the socially disengaged philosophies of science" practiced by "most twentieth-century philosophers of science" who have been " . The critical philosopher of science evaluates specific scientific projects and conclusions, and argues publicly for the evaluations. It is a view of science in which Kourany''s critical project makes sense, but is a politically engaged critical philosophy of science. (1990), Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific work_w4ymipkbxfcvlbjdd2op5uw5ai Supporters of the de Broglie-Bohm (dBB) interpretation of quantum theory argue that because the theory, like classical mechanics, concerns the motions of point particles in 3D space, it is specially suited to recover classical 2For brevity, I refer to the de Broglie-Bohm interpretation of quantum theory as "dBB In Section 3, I explain the basic mechanism whereby environmental decoherence helps to recover macroscopic classical behavior in dBB In Section 4, I summarize the analysis of macroscopic classical behavior furnished by decoherence theory on the bare formalism of quantum Bohm''s theory posits that the state of any closed system is given by a wave associated with S always follows the classical trajectory of the wave packet Since the wave function in dBB theory obeys the same Schrodinger dynamics as was assumed in the analysis of the previous section, the quantum work_w52vihhgsjciblwsmlbpbpamqi Keywords Creative abduction · Theoretical concepts · Bayes nets · Unification · is based on the idea that inferences to theoretical concepts unifying empirical correlations among dispositions can be justified by Reichenbach''s (1956) principle of the empirical correlations among dispositions and how it can be justified by Reichenbach''s (1956) principle of the common cause. of underdetermination, and the connection of modeling successful instances of creative abduction Bayesian style to epistemic challenges tackled in the causal inference Like in Schurz'' (2008) original approach, creative abduction provides unification if modeled Bayesian style. In the Bayes net setting, pairwise empirical correlations between n lower-level dispositions D1, ..., Dn consist in Given n correlated lower-level dispositions, u(n) measures the ratio between x(n) empirical statements to be unified and y(n) unifying If these conditional dependencies are also taken into account, then creative abduction Bayesian style provides a tremendous gain in unificatory power (see Fig. 2, work_w7ha3kinrrdgrmgvjlrugtpbne Jeffrey Sanford Russell Philosophy I mainly work on logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and decision theory. I regularly teach The Limits of Logic (PHIL 450), which is about If you''ve taken intro logic (or suitable courses in math, computer science, or linguistics) and you''re interested in taking 450, contact me. I also regularly teach graduate seminars and undergraduate classes in metaphysics, epistemology, decision theory, philosophy of religion, philosophy of language, and philosophy of math. Seminar in Epistemology: Puzzles and Models (with John Hawthorne, PHIL 570, Spring 2020) Probability and Rational Choice (PHIL 258g, Fall 2019) Probability and Rational Choice (PHIL 258g, Spring 2019) Philosophy of Religion (PHIL 361, Spring 2019) The Limits of Logic (PHIL 450, Fall 2018) The Limits of Logic (PHIL 450, Fall 2018) The Limits of Logic (PHIL 450, Spring 2017) Philosophy of Religion (Spring 2014) The Limits of Logic (Fall 2014) Seminar on the Epistemology and Metaphysics of Time and Space (Fall 2014) work_wacyg4svd5faliwdhq3forsiai work_wakcafoy2bho5dxxy25samvp2m Phylogenetic methods increasingly are brought to bear on questions of subspecies taxonomy, but several recent I propose an amendment to the phylogenetic species concept to include a subspecies category. Keywords: diagnosability, effect size, Polioptila californica, reciprocal monophyly, subspecies species and subspecies limits (Patten 2010, Tobias et al. whether 2 populations correspond to 2 subspecies (Patten subspecies ought to differ in the same way that (phylogenetic or other lineage-based) species would. be that a subspecies was viewed as ''''lower than a species,'''' every biological species must go through a subspecies As such, any genetic assessment of subspecies ought to focus on identification and subspecies classification for research and conservation biological species concept, a diagnosably distinct, geographically circumscribed segment not reproductively subspecies and not a species. phylogenetic species concept, a (morphologically) diagnosably distinct, geographically circumscribed clade that Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology 20:1584–1594. subspecies: A case of genetic but not morphological work_wbtuhzbz6nhdbadmalih434diy In this paper I consider critically Richard Rudner''s account of the objectivity of I show that Rudner''s analysis provides neither a sufficient condition nor a necessary condition for one method being more objective than another. continuing to believe or coming to believe false sentences than is the other method. Given this account of objectivity Rudner argues that a method is maximally Hence, his account is not a sufficient condition for the objectivity of method. his account does not provide a necessary condition of the objectivity of method. method A is less likely than method B to result in its users continuing to believe, or coming to believe, false sentences. given Rudner''s definition for users of this method neither continue to believe of extreme caution would be absolutely reliable and thus it would be more objective than scientific method. coming to believe, false sentences and (b) the users of method A continue to work_wciwx5u23vcrrllfvwzidbva3m two assumptions are fairly widespread: first, research efforts are mainly directed toward explaining phenomena, and second, the explanations in question are likely to be mechanistic. expression "object of research" from the more commonly used "phenomenon," arguing that in the existing literature the latter term is used in an ambiguous fashion, which can result in the conflation of several distinct philosophical issues, thereby detracting from some of the roles that phenomena play in say that objects of research are epistemically blurry, I do not mean that scientists lack a theoretical explanation for an already clearly delineated empirical explanandum but that the very question that empirical data are even I argue that experimentally created phenomena often function as evidence in the course of scientific attempts to provide empirical descriptions of objects of research. in the context of research practices in psychology, phenomena are not always "objects of discovery and explanation," as Bogen and Woodward initially thought. work_wdxadinbrvaxbmy5svjeoxes4u result is evidence of the claimed strength for the hypothesis of primary (2) An evidence claim based on the combined results of independent sources can be made more secure against being categorically On the error statistical account, an experimental result E counts as evidence for a hypothesis H the assumptions underlying an evidence claim based on results from T1. Discriminant validation requires that the different sources of evidence do not yield convergent results when the phenomenon to be detected or measured is absent. The degree of convergence amongst results can itself be treated as evidence for an assumption about reliability: "If all six jet vertexing tags are valid), it is evidence supporting the claim that the jet vertexing results b-tagging algorithms could have been combined into a single result supporting (as primary evidence) the top quark hypothesis. single evidence claim based on the combined result is distinct from CDF''s work_we5um7e6wvexvpkr7wlouhgtem An interpretation of John Dewey''s views about realism, science, and naturalistic philosophy is presented. issue of realism in metaphysics, Dewey''s basic allegiance is to a view that 2. Dewey''s Naturalism and Its Relation to Realism. treat these as raising separate, although related, problems in the interpretation of Dewey''s philosophy. Dewey''s claims about the role of thought, or mind, or knowledge in the which Dewey''s philosophy of science is an unorthodox form of realism, Dewey''s claim that the function of mind and knowledge is to make directed changes to goings-on in the world. kind of structure that science aims to describe, not a view about a nondescriptive role for theories or the goals of scientific work. Dewey was very far from the view that theory-choice in science must be to Reichenbach''s "non-realistic" reading of his views on science, Dewey That is, when Dewey claims that science is concerned with relations, work_we6sjdaubzfrjkkgsd2eagwkpu gene expression feedback loop was initially posited for the molecular clock). biology, further research generally uncovers additional parts and operations with complex dimensions, a diagram can visually depict a phenomenon or the organized parts and Circadian phenomena are dynamic, so diagrams conveying them generally 4. Diagrams to identify the parts, operations, and organization of a mechanism A major use of diagrams in mechanistic science is to present a proposed mechanism by diagram by mentally simulating the different operations and their consequences mechanism that explained behavioral circadian oscillations. molecular mechanism for circadian oscillations in terms of a negative feedback loop. A second major way in which such a diagram can serve reasoning about a mechanism is by In using this diagram to reason about the mechanism, researchers follow the action of mechanism encoded in a diagram to see if they are adequate to explain the phenomenon. work_wg53fhkdgncurpt4uvzwlbl7dm 1,3cyclo.cdx HCH3 trans-1,3 dimethylcyclohexane cis-1,3 dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2 dimethylcyclohexane. Lowest energy configuration of Lowest energy configuration of cis-1,2 dimethylcyclohexane. and 2,3 C-C bonds) of trans isomer showing and methyl group. Newman Projection (looking down the 6,5 and 2,3 C-C bonds) of cis isomer showing and equitorial methyl groups. Figure 3: Structural Formulas as Models. The top row shows the two distinct structural formulas for These formulas reveal only the information contained in the systematic names, which are reproduced below the corresponding formula. The second and third rows contain structural formulas that bring out the steric differences between the lowest energy chair configurations of these distinct compounds. The assignment of boiling points based on structural formulas used as names -the first row -was incorrect. The correct assignment required recognizing and comparing the conformations available to these compounds as facilitated by the formulas in the second and third rows. work_whsdfua6p5c4bosueq7jx7apcu case that a person has a reason to do or believe or desire something, and a fact making it the Accordingly there are many cases where someone has a reason not to use a particular artefact The fact that a particular artefact is good or poor matches certain criteria that people use to these features, if a person p wishes to achieve the result of K-ing, then p has a reason to use these features, if a person p wishes to achieve the result of K-ing, then p has a reason to use these features, if a person p wishes to achieve the result of K-ing, then p has a reason to use working, good, poor, malfunctioning, and so forth, artefact, express normative facts of malfunctions mean that a person p has a reason not to use x on moral grounds? work_whvmb2mn7rbxxljw34vwfdq7l4 On this view it looks as though Hydra prior to making her measurement, if she is to believe Everett, Greaves apparently recognises this since she makes an appeal to socalled temporal counterpart theory and would say that Hydra has to expect to see each outcome (2004: sec. Sider''s stage theory makes it intelligible for Hydra, in attempting to believe Everett, to say that she will What I shall do now is attempt to show that a concept of postmeasurement uncertainty which is generally recognised within Everett theory can be used to motivate Hydra''s been to give a specific argument to show how counterfactual post-measurement uncertainty can underwrite premeasurement decision making in the context of Everett theory without appeal to any general principles calling Having acknowledged the relevance of the Born-Vaidman rule to Everettian quantum mechanics stage theory, that before doing the experiment Hydra must believe that there are future branches where her only work_wifrg3qgpvemhnot4te6gqbd7e biological functions, the organizational (or systems-theoretic) approach. function by virtue of the way it contributes to a complex, organized, system, and thereby New theories of function continue to abound. Here, I argue that we should reject the organizational theory of function. unifying idea: a trait token can acquire a function by virtue of the way it contributes to a Contributions to self-persistence, however, are not necessary for creating new functions. Some trait tokens, like bee stingers, have functions but do not contribute to their own The basic organizational theory holds, roughly, that trait T has function F either because the "organizational account" of functions (Mossio et al. One way a proponent of the organizational account might respond is to say that functions desideratum for a theory of function, one should reject McLaughlin''s view. nomologically, impossible for components of panic disorder to have functions. "A generalized selected effects theory of function." Philosophy work_wm5bmm5h3zga5o2oexzddecnki The problem arises for anyone who models scientific reasoning by means of Bayesian Conditionalization. A famous case of old evidence in science is the Mercury perihelion anomaly ðGlymour 1980; Earman 1992Þ. Bayesian account, E confirms T if and only if the posterior degree of belief evidence E can substantially confirm theory T, whereas the degree of confirmation is 0 for measures that compare the prior and posterior probability scope of Jeffrey''s solution: why should probable theories not be confirmed last section is devoted to placing my proposal in the literature and to a general synopsis of the relation between POE and Bayesian Confirmation Theory ðBCTÞ. are interested in the dynamic POE—modeling our increase in degree of belief in T—then by assumption, old evidence E cannot confirm T. "Bayesian Problems of Old Evidence." In Scientific Theories, ed. "Old Evidence and Logical Omniscience in Bayesian Confirmation Theory." In work_wmvqxiemyvedjejgtvbyellgpq a higher-level science can be explained by physics. The multiple realizability argument against reductionism does not deny that higher-level properties are determined by lowerlevel properties. person may deploy different physical realizations of the same psychological properties. multiply realized by properties discussed in a lower-level science. the idea of multiple realizability to argue that laws in a higher-level The third and fourth premises state bridge principles that connect a property discussed in a higher-level science with on the issue of reductionism as follows: We now need statements formulated in higher-level sciences because present day physics is not able Higher-level sciences describe properties that are multiply realizable and that provide good explanations. If higher-level sciences provide good explanations of phenomena argument-higher-level sciences "abstract away" from the physical details that make for differences among the micro-realizations that a explanations formulated by higher-level sciences can be illuminating, work_wo2ljopgxvaajc2xcxx5422xvi Von wesentlich anderer Art scheint der Versuch zu sein, die Naturwissenschaft aus ihrem Ursprung zu begreifen, durch Riickblick auf den Weg, den sie Zusammen mit seinen naturwissenschaftlichen Neigungen haben sie das Fundament gebildet, auf dem Willy Hartners Dezember desselben Jahres wurde Willy Hartner auf Grund dieser Arbeit (28.2) 3 von der studieren, wozu jeweils ein Teilnehmer sich schon vorher iiber den betreffenden Text genau informiert hatte und dann nach der gemeinsamen LektLire die Harmer hat sich bei seiner Arbeit im Chinainstitut bewundernswerte Kenntnisse der klassischen chinesischen Sprache erarbeitet, die ihn bald schon zu In Willy Hartners Abhandlung verbinden sich philologischinterpretatorisches K6nnen und die zur Nachprfifung erforderliche Beherrschung der astronomischen Theorie in glficklichster Weise. Die Universit~it Frankfurt hatte noch auf einem weiteren Gebiet Anregunfen zu bieten, die ffir Willy Hartner von entscheidender Bedeutung geworden sich fiir seine Arbeit ein, und im Jahre 1943 hatte der damalige Oberbiirgermeister Krebs den Mut, die Griindung eines Instituts fiir Geschichte der work_wo6efkmu7vbs7jto3rtycs35mm language-dependence of the accuracy of predictions can be applied to Joyce''s (1998) notion of the accuracy of "estimates of numerical truth-values" (viz., Joycean credences). This leads to a potential problem for Joyce''s accuracy-dominance-based argument for the conclusion that credences (understood as "estimates of numerical truth-values" in Table 1: Canonical example of the language dependence of the accuracy of predictions According to Joyce (1998), if we view credences (of rational agents) as numerical estimates Now, following Joyce, we will associate the truth-value True with the number 1 and the truthvalue False with the number 0. Joyce''s theorem entails the existence of a coherent set of estimates (b0) of � and , which is same numerical inter-translation will yield such a reversal for any coherent function b0 that "credences are (numerical) estimates of (numerical) truth-values". there are crucial disanalogies between "estimation" (in Joyce''s sense) and "prediction" (in "estimates" (in Joyce''s sense) of the quantities hx;yi\. work_wpxp5byu4vfv7bnizq2go6q3yy In section 3, I question the idea that theories have well-defined nominalistic content and the idea that causal activity is a necessary condition for commitment to the reality of an entity. follows from the truth of (literally understood) scientific theories and (b) (NSR) and to retreat to the nominalistic adequacy of theories. concept of nominalistic adequacy and to argue that even if scientific theories cannot be nominalized, even if mathematics is theoretically indispensable, commitment to abstracta is avoided. theories purport to refer not just to theoretical entities but to mathematical about concrete causal entities (its nominalistic content) from whatever it (NC) Empirical science has a purely nominalistic content that captures its ''complete picture'' of the physical world. n-adequacy thus: A (mathematized) theory "S is nominalistically adequate iff the concrete core of the actual world is an exact intrinsic duplicate of the concrete core of the abstract content of scientific theories (including the mathematical one) work_wpylgmp4cvb33e5457qe5kenda of a more general research program, which he calls "domain-portrayal semantics." In section 1, I point out some features of color vision which complicate Churchland''s conclusion, in particular, the context sensitive and of that objective target feature-domain in virtue of which the internal structure of our phenomenological color spindle constitutes an of reflectance profiles correlated with phenomenological color space in a manner conditions, Churchland''s argument fails to exhibit sensitivity to the role of context in color perception. environments within which the test lights occur), and βi (X) is the value in phenomenological color space induced by spectral power distribution X in context taken the theory of metamers for spectral power distributions of light and applied it, mutatis mutandis, to surface reflectance properties of objects, it seems space of surface reflectance properties is that it matches phenomenological color providing a detailed enough account of the relationship between phenomenological color space and reflectance properties (or even between idealized neural work_ws7kb5kxonezxdyhxdrrbihjdm either reject that orientations of enantiomorphs are determinate, or furnish space or objects direction of time are at variance with the claim that orientation of enantiomorphic objects Second, reductive explanations of the orientation of processes in time are seen to be at argues that time-asymmetric processes are in fact enantiomorphic objects. fact that time-asymmetric processes are enantiomorphic, the article turns to reductionism about the direction of time. Following up on this, Section 8 discusses certain reductive explanations of the consistent orientation of enantiomorphic processes. Much like the object bF, the process is given by an assignment of certain descriptions, consisting of colour states, to a partition, consisting of time slices in a flat change-related state descriptions with opposite temporal orientation differ intrinsically, in which case they supposedly determine the orientation of the process. I now turn to the problems that the intrinsic orientation of time-asymmetric processes time direction of the spacetime region, both processes are oriented identically. work_wsd7obse4vfnfmp5blvwxlmr3m Background theories in science are used to both prove and disprove that theory choice is underdetermined by data. The familiar Duhemian argument for underdetermination begins with the observation that experiments in modern science often require appeal to auxiliary At this point, many philosophers are tempted to ask about the choice not between theories but between packages of Total Science. theory or observation X is added to Total Science S.10 this approach, strong conclusions are drawn from underdetermination that obtains between empirically equivalent Total Sciences. theory by evidence is about empirically adequate total science. background theories are already included in each Total Science. Total Sciences could not be compared to evidence, so they could neither be determined nor underdetermined by data. conceptual point that two empirically adequate total theories would be nondefeasibly underdetermined by the evidence" [HR94, p. by packaging the background theories in the rival Total Sciences. work_wubsz2caongeplss3ljbbgdcoi Two successes of old quantum theory are particularly notable: Bohr''s prediction of the spectral lines of ionised helium, and Sommerfeld''s prediction of the fine-structure of the hydrogen spectral introduce the old quantum theory (OQT) of Bohr and Sommerfeld as one such relevant the theories of Bohr and Sommerfeld achieved both types of predictive success: usenovel for lines already known about, and temporally-novel for lines not known about at Sommerfeld in his theory of the fine structure of the hydrogen lines achieved such a Sommerfeld''s theory was not very successful, and so they don''t need to make a realist However, in this case the level of success of the theory is clear: Sommerfeld derived the done much of the work required to explain the success of Bohr''s derivation in realist Bohr''s derivation are still true according to the new quantum theory. same fine structure formula as Sommerfeld''s theory.30 work_wv6nyffcxveq7eeddtkbryi6jm theory is committed to a wave-function that is a physical entity over and above the particles, space and Ψt the wave-function of that particle configuration at time t. To start with, we recall the open questions that the traditional view of considering the wavefunction as an element of physical reality that guides the motion of the particles faces (section concept of a universal wave-function, figuring in the fundamental law of motion for all the wave-function in terms of the particle positions, and nothing in the formulation of the law objective law of motion formulated in terms of a universal wave-function. disposition of motion at a time as represented by the wave-function as input, the Bohmian law for a certain form of motion of the configuration of particles in the universe is timedependent, so is the universal wave-function that is grounded in that disposition and, work_wvtyfv2j4fcxbdmmn4xvot636a I examine two claims that arise in Brown''s account of inertial motion in Physical Relativity free particles in Newtonian theory and special relativity are coordinated. objectionable about inertial motion in Newtonian theory and special relativity. In this essay I will examine Brown''s account of inertial motion in Newtonian theory and 2This is not to say that Newton''s views on space, time, and motion are free of philosophical intuitions. space-time structure explains the motion of free particles. space-time, is reminiscent of Einstein''s view of inertia in Newtonian theory and special relativity. equivalence principle, one would have in Newtonian theory and special relativity space-time While Einstein held that inertial structure in Newtonian theory and special relativity third law of motion is to old-fashioned Newtonian theory as the conservation principles are to the I set out to evaluate Brown''s account of inertial motion in Newtonian theory and special work_wvyt7dlzazb6vh3zoi7lrvmlay molecular structure and argues that it is coherent only if one assumes a diachronic reflexive notion of downward causation. notion of downward causation, the strong emergence of molecular structure faces First, the putative empirical evidence presented for the strong emergence of molecular structure equally undermines supervenience, which is one of namely Robin Hendry''s account of the strong emergence of molecular structure. Hendry argues that the structure of a molecule strongly emerges from its quantum Hendry defines strong emergence in terms of downward causation as follows: molecule''s structure possess token causal powers that produce certain of the quantum Assuming that the molecule''s chemical entities supervene on its quantum mechanical Interpretation (3): If quantum mechanical explanations are conditioned on assumptions that are ad hoc, then this constitutes evidence for strong emergence. Hendry takes that this criterion supports DC because the quantum mechanical description is nomologically sufficient for specifying the structure of a molecule, only after the work_wwzxl7ipsnanrhrtmdi5cnc5xu models of, or theories about, normal cognitive processes are developed, Models of normally functioning cognitive processes should provide theoretically motivated accounts of acquired disorders. theory that has already been informed by the findings of cognitive neuropsychological case studies. Thus, one possible model of the reading aloud process in normal subjects performance of normal subjects on various tasks involving faces can be cognitive processes involved in face recognition, and Malcolm and Hamlyn processes implicated, for example, in face recognition: philosophical challenges which would—in the limits—consign to mythology the cognitive psychological accounts of face recognition in normal subjects, and of P.H.''s cognitive psychological explanation in terms of levels of unconscious information processing that are amongst the causal antecedents of overt recognition. another non-competitive option, upon which the folk psychological explanation is the whole story about the interference effect in normal subjects, while The cognitive psychological model of face recognition that is supported by work_wx6kk7nggjedxmvbnjl23jeen4 Shuford, Albert and Massengill proved, a half century ago, that the logarithmic scoring rule is the only proper measure of inaccuracy determined by a di�erentiable function of probability assigned the actual cell of a scored partition. 1We shall assume that agents adopt credence functions obeying the probability axioms. 3To see this, consider a scoring rule assigning value f(p), where p is the agent''s credence in the actual Only a rule for which score is a function of credence assigned the actual cell alone can have Suppose that there is a scoring rule S and credence functions A = (a1;a2;a3) and B = rule gives an inaccuracy score of in�nity to an agent with zero credence in a realized cell credence function by a rule that doesn''t score by the actual cell alone is apt to become Since scoring rules that are not functions of the actual cell alone generally depend on work_wye4ud3tvzeghhnydzxtmy7mnq My aim, in this paper, is not to argue for the legitimacy or conservation of race but to defend Du Bois''s idea that kinds of people can be both made that there are no biological races and no natural differences between humans marked by our system of racial classification. explain how a social category, a kind like race, can be both invented and Though we divide ourselves by both, research in the social sciences routinely sorts us into black or white but not In the social sciences, real taxonomy is less about generalizations and more about regulations; we divide ourselves not by discovering Social categories, unlike those in the natural sciences, are normative. the OMB divides Americans as black or white, then these races are illusions and to use them in sociology or epidemiology is not science but d o divide themselves into a black and a white race. work_wzeaoeqgiredtb2opksbm2ukny I conclude that the epistemic possibility of gaining access to scientific knowledge about certain subjects depends (in some cases) on the technological possibility for making responsible investigations. material and conceptual means to bring about a desired state of affairs, and argue that the epistemic possibility of gaining access to scientific knowledge depends (in some cases) on the technological possibility for carrying out certain I will develop a novel account of epistemic possibility that takes into consideration practical conditions for requires a definition of epistemic possibility that includes both a practicability criterion and a responsibility criterion. a subject''s knowledge context, and these responsibilities are relevant to evaluating what is epistemically possible for epistemic possibility sensitive to the knowledge or information available to the entire group to which S makes her claim. Let me be clear: the relevant constraint on epistemic possibility in a case like this is whether (and when) the scientists work_wzfaitnb5rbvjhmukqzzmjq3iu Sustainability science seeks to extend scientific investigation into domains characterized by a distinct problem-solving agenda, We propose a critical engagement between sustainability scientists and philosophers of science with raise concerning current sustainability science and the contributions philosophers can make to resolving them. hired philosophers of science (including some of us) to collaborate with sustainability scientists. methodological, and ethical progress in sustainability science: (1) epistemological issues, (2) conceptual questions, of sustainability science has completely settled or solidified, we do not wish to impose any definitions on developing practices. From early on, sustainability science has been characterized as a field devoted to studying—and ultimately transforming—the way human societies interact with and depend Philosophers of science have been working on these methodological questions for decades, scrutinizing scientific we suggest that the philosophy of science could complement efforts to develop the methodology of sustainability work_wzmqutwoovd5lo4yeg4eqsz6fi I show that the two most devastating objections to Shogenji''s formal account of coherence necessarily involve information sets of cardinality n ≥ 3. proposed for Bayesian accounts of coherence such as Shogenji''s (Bovens and Hartmann, 2003; Olsson, 2005) and rebuttals to these have been attempted (Douven up to Douven and Meijs'' general schema for a measure of coherence as a weighted Responding to this challenge, Meijs argues that Fitelson''s desideratum is intuitively incompatible with any formal measure that takes coherence to be a function an information set, then one''s coherence measure should provide a maximal value It seems quite clear that whenever one adds an irrelevant proposition to an otherwise coherent information set, the new set (resulting from the addition) must various degrees of coherence (which is a necessary part of my generalized version of Shogenji''s measure) the relative weight given to deeper levels of an information set and avoid the Problem of Irrelevant work_x23fdj3d5nafzcduwyfrwf6bna evolutionary game theoretic models, however, learning generalization does present evolutionary game theoretic models of learning generalization and I present simulation results showing that despite the long-term success of nongeneralized learning, under certain parameter settings higher levels of that in evolutionary game theoretic models where short-term learning is important, learning generalization can evolve. These results indicate that the intuitive argument is right, and that ignoring short term behaviour of learning rules can lead evolutionary analyses significantly astray. Furthermore, as I shall show later in the article, considering games with large state spaces is relevant for understanding why generalized learning might evolve. A model of an approximation game evolved using these learning rules will What happens to the strategy of an actor using a GRL rule in the approximation game in the long run? Consider a model where a population of actors learns to play an approximation game using either Herrnstein learning or various GRL rules. work_x25adkztareqdmoj26gbfezc44 given, the ''metaphysical hierarchy'' on which group structural realism rests is overly extravagant and ultimately unmotivated. In particular, structural realists have been correct to insist on the fundamental importance of symmetry groups in the foundations of quantum theory. Structural realist accounts of the metaphysics of theory change, such as Ladyman The existing entities described by quantum theory are organized into a hierarchy, in which a particular symmetry group occupies the top, most fundamental Similarly, Ladyman and Ross argue that, ''elementary particles are hypostatizations of sets of quantities that are invariant under the symmetry groups of particle physics'' Unlike many more abstract accounts of structural realism, quantum theory provides GSR In particular, GSR places group structure at the top of the metaphysical hierarchy. example of angular momentum, the fundamental structure is the rotational symmetry group SO(3). approach to structural realism provided by Wigner''s legacy, we elevated the rotation group SO(3) work_x2brr2bomvdclgxoms3lrkql5m view it to be a goal of developing a theory of extra-mathematical explanation that such a A theory of extra-mathematical explanation will offer an account of the explanatory relation explanation to handle extra-mathematical cases.5 On such a theory the R-relation is a relation extra-mathematical explanation.7 The theory is then refined in light of two problems (Sections A theory of extra-mathematical explanation focused on the cicada case A theory of extra-mathematical explanation will provide an account of the explanatory The Basic DM Theory of Extra-Mathematical Explanation needed to handle the notion of informational containment described in Section Six. 19The use of relevance logic as a basis for understanding mathematical explanation has DM theory analyses extra-mathematical explanation in terms of informational containment to that account, mathematical claims carry information about physical systems in the same explanation is just a way of bringing the relevant physical and mathematical information work_x72nvl4qhbddde3x7suqrzs2xa show that our current best theories enjoy far higher degrees of success than any of the by adherence to the following inductive principle, which I call the successto-truth principle: if a theory is successful, then it is approximately true. omit the term "approximately" in describing the consequent of the successto-truth principle and simply state that successful theories are true. Realists typically support the success-to-truth principle (or similar principles) with the no-miracles argument (NMA): "Given that a theory enjoys the refuted theories of the past with respect to degrees of success. success of a theory at a given time is in part determined by the total number I will now aim to compare the degrees of success of the refuted theories In order to compare the degrees of success of current best theories with increase in degrees of success of our current best theories. theories of those times, in particular the degrees of success of the refuted work_xamvqfao4fggddankxgbtsg2c4 What is commonly known as the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, regarded as Copenhagen interpretation was, in fact, Bohr''s view. only in part to Bohr''s view, here termed the complementarity interpretation. Bohr''s complementarity interpretation makes no mention of wave packet collapse or any of the existence of a unitary Copenhagen view on interpretation, and neither is flattering to Bohr. quantum domain unlike the detached observer of classical physics, which view opens the door to 3. The Invention of the "Copenhagen Interpretation." Everything not found in Bohr''s interpretation of the quantum theory" (Heisenberg 1955, 12). Heisenberg''s advocating a subjectivist interpretation of quantum mechanics was nothing Bohr and Heisenberg were together committed to a subjectivist interpretation of quantum -------(2002), "Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", The Stanford Encyclopedia -------(1959), "Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory", American Journal of Physics -------([1955] 1958), "The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory", Chapter 3 of work_xcgq3mv7qjb5piktpei2v2m74m plausible, then our probabilistic inference to NNP in the actual world is extremely number of physical duplicates of the actual world (Nnnp + Nnon-nnp): huge number of physical duplicates of @ that differ in phenomenal property distributions, with E scenario entails that the actual world being in NNP has probability zero (assuming probability zero or infinitesimal, so the actual world is not in NNP almost surely.14 conceivable observers in all physical duplicates of the actual world? physical duplicates of the actual world with different patterns of phenomenal physical duplicates of the actual world but phenomenally different. laws based on actual observation and (ii) the case of mental-physical correlations in worlds that are physical duplicates of actuality, but with different distributions of property instantiations in the actual world on any own case physical particularities. indifference principle, I can probabilistically infer that the actual world is in NNP, work_xcsylbiduzdbjhrddh44tnf2oa Accueil Institut | Nicod Accéder directement au contenu Accéder directement à la navigation Toggle navigation HAL HAL HALSHS TEL MédiHAL Liste des portails AURéHAL API Data Episciences.org Episciences.org Revues Documentation Documentation Sciencesconf.org Connexion Connexion Connexion avec ORCID se connecter avec Fédération Créer un compte Mot de passe oublié ? 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Contact Support Support Informations Données personnelles Mentions légales Conformité RGAA Accessibilité work_xgauczncv5e23jhlrxwubuuzqq https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/bayesian-models-delusional-beliefs-and-epistemic-possibilities(a2a7c1fa-9fb3-4b55-8db7-8ae6a3a9df86).html BAYESIAN MODELS, DELUSIONAL BELIEFS, AND EPISTEMIC POSSIBILITIES BAYESIAN MODELS, DELUSIONAL BELIEFS, AND EPISTEMIC POSSIBILITIES essay is that Capgras subjects also have a delusional conception of epistemic possibility, In particular, I shall argue that nondelusional subjects do not think it is epistemically possible for an imposter to have modelling how a delusional subject comes to believe a specific hypothesis in the face of subjective probability that one assigns to ~p that is epistemically possible or impossible. subject''s epistemic community know many things that are incompatible with Stranger. that a non-delusional subject might consider epistemic impossibilities like Stranger whether or not a subject''s conception of epistemic possibility is delusional. about epistemic possibility, yet not delusional, but also say that a Capgras subject is in the Capgras delusion involve a delusional sense of epistemic possibility and that this delusional conception of epistemic possibility, a Capgras subject''s prior level of credence work_xgiutywie5ai5goh7jme6notei of one-shot laboratory games to measure social preferences of stability or robustness: it must be possible to detect or measure preferences in laboratory contexts and then generalize or export this information to other contexts, including real life field contexts under conditions experimental results described in Section 2 fail to show that subjects exhibit non-self-interested behavior and/or have social preferences? use of evidence from one-shot games to measure social preferences. Alternatively, subjects may play the laboratory game by importing (perhaps conSOCIAL PREFERENCES IN EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS 651 with selfish preferences in the repeated game into the one-shot laboratory importation of patterns of play that are sustained by self-interested preferences in repeated games. the preferences that explain cooperative behavior in the real life repeated On the one hand, the proponent wants to use cooperative behavior in one-shot games to show that subjects have nonselfish preferences; on the assumption that play in repeated games can be explained work_xh4uzyqad5ayjnuqr3hvegkgua apparent physical inequivalence of symmetry-related states. equivalence between the states of two representations in quantum theory is possible only in identity or haecceity; physical states related by spacetime symmetry transformations is a unique possible world with least energy, although the state space of our physical theory Plausibly, two sets of states cannot be physically equivalent unless they are intertranslatable in the sense explained by Glymour (1971). Weyl relations determine the set of all physical quantities for a finite quantum theory, along operator on the GNS representation.13 But if T is a broken symmetry, ground states are not Leibniz equivalence entails that no spacetime symmetry transformation can relate physically The theorem of Halvorson and Clifton indicates that no spontaneously broken symmetry transformation can relate physically equivalent representations. Together with the physical possibility of broken spacetime symmetry, these criteria entail that states related by global rotations work_xhamjbryibem3i4vvucwugd3qi that mass and energy are distinct properties of physical systems and that it is possible that interpretations of Einstein''s equation that claim that matter is convertible into energy (or these interpretations treat mass and energy as properties of physical systems. Einstein''s equation entails that mass and energy are actually the same property. The second property interpretation of mass-energy equivalence stands in contrast to the same-property interpretation, for it holds that mass and energy are different different-properties, conversion interpretation of mass-energy equivalence. Bondi and Spurgin, Einstein''s equation does not tell us that mass and energy are the same The claim that mass is a real property but energy is not places Lange''s Furthermore, Lange argues that the purported "conversion" of mass and energy is an different-properties, no-conversion interpretation of mass-energy equivalence fails to be a adopting the same-property interpretation of mass-energy equivalence. the different-properties, conversion interpretation of Einstein''s equation. the different-properties, conversion interpretation of Einstein''s equation. work_xiaisvrp6ffgtmhh5qatwk3wcq Department of Philosophy | College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences | Virginia Tech Universal Access Toggle Academics Submenu Toggle Departments and Schools Submenu Toggle Research Submenu Toggle Graduate Student Research Centers and Labs Submenu Toggle Race and Social Policy Research Center News and Features Submenu Toggle Human Sciences News International Initiatives Submenu Toggle News Stories on International Initiatives International Research Stories Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships Part of every Virginia Tech plate purchase funds scholarships College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences / Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Human Development and Family Science Department of Political Science Department of Political Science In the Department of Philosophy, we publish cutting-edge philosophy research and train students to become critical thinkers. Study Abroad, Research, Internships Research News Briefs work_xid7ih6zsffb7bszcqfccioduy Lessons from the history and philosophy of science regarding the Research Assessment Exercise philosophy of science (henceforth HPS) is relevant to the RAE. strong point in favour of any researcher according to the usual RAE In considering how the RAE might affect research in science in 3. First Case-History: Frege and Mathematical Logic Frege carried out his researches in mathematical logic for purely because the members of the RAE consider only research which has research time to develop his mathematical logic. The failure of the research community to recognise Semmelweis''s work had of course much more serious consequences than Copernicus'' research, like that of Frege and Semmelweis, had RAE type, would have been deprived of his research time, and Further research in the philosophy of science has shown that (1) The RAE rules out the research strategy of working Copernicus, Frege, Semmelweis and Wittgenstein, and examine the work_xikbmrhzg5eedbo65njok5nldy There is a famous idea about the relationship between the symmetries, or automorphisms, of a mathematical object and the structure of the object: An of the mathematical object suffices to define the piece of invariant structure. Symmetries would then provide us with insight into a mathematical object''s constitution because they tell us precisely which structures the is definable from the basic structure of a mathematical object, then it is invariant not provide us with a complete guide to the definable structures of the object. necessarily imply that it is definable from the object''s basic structure. A piece of structure is invariant under the symmetries of a mathematical object if and only if it is definable from the basic structure of the object. A piece of structure is invariant under the symmetries of a mathematical object if and only if it is definable from the basic structure of the object. work_xjs6qnqs4bc4fdvc73bf4qdtee Simple computation is a form of theory articulation, whereas true simulation is analogous to an experimental procedure. analytical models, and computer simulations provide one way of dealing social sciences into four basic categories: microsimulations, discretizations, Monte Carlo simulations, and models based on cellular automata 1995), but those based on analytical models are published either in economics journals Kenneth Judd (1997) puts the methodological choice between analytical models and simulations in terms of However, the perfect model should also be analytically tractable; complex causal interaction and numerical accuracy can and should be sacrificed in order to retain the methodological integrity of economics. A typical pair of analytical economic results might state, for example, that the equilibrium value of Y is in model , and 1 in(b � c)/2 M5 Simulations also seem to lack the generality of analytical models in is therefore just as possible with simulation models as with analytical work_xkcm5yiehbajpfyjpf65kylxdy In this paper, I offer a fresh look at the interventionist account of causation and its applicability to thermodynamics. Thermodynamic theorizing is structured around the characterization of equilibrium states and the processes by which systems move from one equilibrium A thermodynamic equilibrium state is the state of a system that is not undergoing a change (thermal, mechanical, or chemical). on those boundaries constitute external interventions on the system; they effectively set various thermodynamic variables to take on certain values. effectively imposes equilibrium conditions by external intervention. external manipulations or interventions, which impose values on certain thermodynamic variables, are entirely consistent with the concept of an intervention interventionist account of causation, an intervention directly forces a variable entity or structure playing the role of setting certain variable values or holding them fixed can fulfill the requirements for intervention. entropy: volume VA, the set of particle numbers for each species NA, temperature TA, and internal energy UA. work_xkdydj4jxbh5fli24jt6rnverm (element-2) and Paneth''s proposed intermediate position for philosophy of chemistry. Vollmer correctly reports that my article includes an analysis of Paneth''s writings on the concept of an "element." This issue concerns the In fact it is not atoms that Paneth claims to be property-less but the elements themselves. Vollmer''s move to discuss the persistence of the color of elements in persistence of an element and therefore the identity of a chemical element are, Paneth''s implication seems to be, properties that are not of Paneth the answer lies in adopting an intermediate position between regarding the manifest chemical properties of elements and compounds realistically, on one hand, and the reductive view from physics that tells us 3. The Question of Isotopes as "Atoms." In the 1920s Paneth drew on this properties as atomic number and weight; in the latter case, it refers to of atoms but of the nature of elements such as sodium. work_xkgk36hsbnfdrca3bqldbf4rne course, whether historians can learn something from philosophers of science. Gould, for the moment an honorary philosopher, persists in interpreting Darwin''s theory as rejecting progress. good philosopher of science tests his or her conceptions, not usually against the given, Historians can take the meaning of theory, hypothesis, observation, explanation, and so on from the historical events themselves-Darwin, for instance, used all other philosophers who have tried to determine the explanatory logic of Darwin''s theory, especially as represented in the Origin of Species, have assumed, or I would say, The historian will understand Darwin''s theory to have These two ways of regarding theory, the philosopher''s and the historian''s, mark history of science-but this is not enough; it''s certainly not the way historians themselves become trained. Arguments in a Sartorial Mode, or the Asymmetries of History and Philosophy of Science [pp. Arguments in a Sartorial Mode, or the Asymmetries of History and Philosophy of Science [pp. work_xkxcrejmijeino3gisaosgyktm this paper, I argue that one particular model is a natural fit: an ontology of dispositional properties coherently production of a particular end state, that network realises a dispositional property.4 dispositional properties are responsible for establishing a causal link of functional co-variance of state-values causal process initiated and mediated by dispositional properties present in biological systems, and it is distinct systems defines a particular dispositional property – thus, many distinct underlying causal graphs of discrete sets of systems – developmental modules each responsible for the development of a particular structures that developmental modules are central to the discipline of evo-devo: they are the naturally ontology of dispositional properties – functional individuation and activity, multiple realisability, and goaldirectedness – are quite naturally applicable in the contemporary realm of evolutionary developmental developmental modules play within evo-devo just is a dispositional role. dispositional properties, defined via their higher-order generative role with respect to a particular work_xmptkfju5rboxphmjwmwomhprm We describe a simple, flexible exercise that can be implemented in the philosophy of science classroom: students are asked to determine the contents of a closed container without opening it. On the first day of our undergraduate philosophy of science classes, our students are handed a syllabus typical of syllabi for such presentations will be given letter grades reflecting quality and thoroughness, and these will determine your group''s grade for the Box Project. In the absence of rigorous assessment we offer the discussion to follow—much of which turns on the surprising ways the Box Project naturally illuminates a number of science''s most interesting features— students to central questions and issues in the philosophy of science suggests that the exercise is relevant to a more serious problem: the poor grasp Of course, while the Box Project is robust, requiring little from an instructor to set up, it does not teach the philosophy of science by itself. work_xn6m4qryafha7dhpr3eg52if5e patters challenge common philosophical models of the relation between folk concepts and natural kinds. outline a positive model of taxonomic convergence-divergence patterns that is based on Slater''s [2014] notion of "stable property clusters" and Franklin-Hall''s [2014] discussion of natural kinds as "categorical bottlenecks." Finally, I argue While philosophical debates about natural kinds often involve folk-biological examples such as natural kinds and to develop a general model of the relation between indigenous and scientific Sections 1-3 discuss three models of the relation between indigenous and scientific kinds that are diverge from scientific taxa because they fail to refer to natural kinds. that divergence of indigenous and scientific taxonomies undermines the very idea of natural kinds For example, a folk-biologist may successfully refer to a natural kind such empirical evidence of taxonomic convergence of indigenous and scientific kinds and even of nested assumption of three taxonomies that consider different properties: An indigenous folk-biologist work_xnertpmnzne6fmbds7f4ipjv3a [PDF] Decoherence: the view from the history and philosophy of science | Semantic Scholar Corpus ID: 12448034Decoherence: the view from the history and philosophy of science title={Decoherence: the view from the history and philosophy of science}, journal={Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences}, We present a brief history of decoherence, from its roots in the foundations of classical statistical mechanics, to the current spin bath models in condensed matter physics. Sort by Most Influenced Papers Sort by Citation Count Do We Really Understand Quantum Mechanics?: Consistent families of histories Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_xoculevqcncjjdvvjerdciffcq This paper poses a problem for Lewis'' Principal Principle in a subjective Bayesian problem points to a tension between the Principal Principle and the claim that conditional degrees of belief are conditional probabilities. We show in Section 1 that standard subjective Bayesianism has a problem in accommodating David Lewis'' Principal Principle. In the context of CBCP and Bayesian Conditionalisation, the Principal Principle implies that at time t, if one''s evidence includes the proposition that the current chance of A is x then one should believe A to degree x, as long as one''s other evidence E does not include anything that defeats this ascription of rational belief. It is apparent, then, that standard subjective Bayesianism does not provide a satisfactory framework for Lewis'' Principal Principle. While the Principal Principle uses evidence to constrain rational degrees of belief, By avoiding CBCP, this version of objective Bayesianism is immune to the problem developed in Section 1. work_xqk6tt6p6vd37jwr3xcieqogii work_xqonqbslxzeezjajrw3agvcaui 1999, Siekmann 1998, Gad-el-Hak 1998, Anderson 1997, Wegener 1996, Tokaty 1994, Vincenti 1990, Böhme 1978, Kármán 1954.) Practical engineering problems in fluid dynamics – like flow of objects in water or air Prandtl''s model is not a physical representation of the Navier-Stokes equations, but of a theory whose mathematical content is an approximation to these equations. In Prandtl''s case, this would amount to the following: The fundamental theory, as presented by the Navier-Stokes equations, does not suggest by itself how it is to be represented How does Prandtl''s model differ either from received physical representations of the basic equations or from representations of approximations to them? A new explanation achieves an increase in breadth in relation to a precursor if the theory covers "a wider range of occurrences than do the empirical laws previously established." And it deepens our understanding if at least one of the following conditions is fulfilled: 1. work_xqr7gte2cfbefgboy6hasyyzbi the quantum-mechanical description of similar particles conflicts with Leibniz''s Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII); and that (B) the only way to save PII is of similar particles in all their physical states, pure and mixed, in all infinite-dimensional or finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces can be categorically discerned on the basis of quantum mechanical postulates. The state postulate (StateP) associates some super-selected sector Hilbert space to every given physical system and represents every physicalH S permitted to discern the particles, roughly, all physical relations and all system of a finite number of similar particles, all particles are categorically weakly discernible in every physical state, pure and mixed, The actual proof of the categorical weak discernibility for all particles having nonzero spin magnitude is at bottom a notational variant of the proof of Theorem 1. discernible in every physical state, pure and mixed, for every finitedimensional Hilbert space by using only their spin degrees of freedom. work_xquxy34frja4tmcbokhhpna5z4 attempt to treat induction formally (Norton, 2003, 2005, 2010, 2014, 2019). The distinction between formal and material theories of induction was first drawn, at least facts, not the schema, Norton says, power the inductive inference. inference" are Norton''s slogans for his material theory of induction. But, by Norton''s understanding, formal inductive methods differ from deductive or but not universally true, and that fact, Norton says, makes any inference using the principle an inferences that Norton must class as inductive. inductive theories of Socrates, Valla, Bacon, and Whewell as material, not formal. someone might find a formal theory that works or an inductive inference inexplicable by a between material and formal theories of induction. Norton insists it is not any formal rules of reasoning that warrant inductive inference; it is John Norton is right that trying to treat induction as a formal sort of inference leads to work_xu3ljy2ivnbsnol7kk5w3pl67i [PDF] Can Mathematics Explain Physical Phenomena? Corpus ID: 25963763Can Mathematics Explain Physical Phenomena? title={Can Mathematics Explain Physical Phenomena?}, Batterman ([2010]) raises a number of concerns for the inferential conception of the applicability of mathematics advocated by Bueno and Colyvan ([2011]). Sort by Most Influenced Papers View 3 excerpts, cites background and methods Structural accounts of mathematical representation View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background View 1 excerpt, cites background On the Explanatory Role of Mathematics in Empirical Science Philosophy, Mathematics An Inferential Conception of the Application of Mathematics View 8 excerpts, references background and methods Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License work_xunznfzwhza7jnljqi3ekdgvgm study of "science in practice", by which the organizers of the Society meant both of science in practice'' pursued by SPSP, and secondly to introduce the topics of the In many of its traditional forms, philosophy of science has focused on the relation And what we learn from history of science is that scientific practices fostering the pursuit of a philosophy of science that considers theory, practice and Traditional debates in the philosophy of science concerning epistemological short, focusing on practice allows philosophy of science to return to fundamental within biology, have distorted our view of science and of scientific practice, and may of various subfields and approaches within the philosophy of science. on our methodologies for examining science and its practices, including limitations models give us useful knowledge through scientific practice, arguing that what they approaches to philosophy of science. Introduction: philosophy of science in practice Introduction: philosophy of science in practice work_xvcjgrz6ifc4zlwc52w6b3hhkq Like each of Professor Savage''s difficulties in the theory of personal probability, J. Savage, "Difficulties in the Theory of Personal Probability," in this issue of Philosof what Savage calls "logical implication." Philosophers know, to their cost, the Classical personalism offers a theory of rational belief and reasonable decision. leads to a well known argument for what I shall call the static assumption of personalism: For any &A, and at least any f c A, Probf(h)is defined and satisfies the the model of learning is that Prob(h/e) represents one''s personal probability after the same conditional probability symbol represents my confidence or betting rate for the axioms for personal probability, but in such a way that no practical application betting rates must satisfy the probability axioms or else be open to a Dutch book. In the theory of slightly more realistic personal probability, "possible" is construed realistic personal probability if he assigns a betting rate of 0.4 on each inequality, work_xwb4lxijvfcg7prlrkfudj5iiu identity thesis – the identification of propensities with objective probabilities. The difference between long run and single case propensity theories may be in the long run version of the theory, the single case – or the particular outcome event – ascribing propensities relative to the set of ''repeatable generating conditions''. case in ascribing propensities to the chance set up and in no way to sequences. Propensities and probabilities alike then turn out to be features of the sequences generated fact, it is arguable that for any objective conditional probability that represents a propensity, matter of fact, shows not the failure of the probability-to-propensity half (Identity1), but those cases where a conditional probability may receive a propensity interpretation, its not arise as to whether this conditional probability may be interpreted as propensity. conditional probabilities are perhaps not propensities at all. conditional probabilities cannot be interpreted as propensities. example illustrates, most propensities cannot be represented as conditional probabilities. work_xwcyjdy6szfqxnv2rkbq4c4qvy The question of the relationship of the making of value judgments in a typically ethical sense to the methods and procedures of science has been discussed Those who contend that scientists do essentially make value judgments generally support their contentions by either To such arguments, a great many empirically oriented philosophers and scientists have responded that the value judgments involved in our decisions to In general then, before we can accept any hypothesis, the value decision must more than the acceptance by the scientist of the hypothesis that the degree of confidence is p or that the strength of the evidence is such and such; and as these men have may use the term) rational reconstruction of the method of science must comprise the statement that the scientist qua scientist accepts or rejects hypotheses; deny the essential involvement of the making of value judgments in the procedures of science by insisting that concern with external questions, admittedly work_xwln2w4vandwpkw7mmve5347ty Helen Longino''s The Fate of Knowledge offers a positive view of how to elaboration is by way of a three-part commitment to the idea that individual scientists have aims and accept statements. Interactionist Socialism: Individual scientists accept statements as the One strand in traditional philosophy of science (call it the Realist Package) combines Veritism, Correspondentism, Methodism, Reliabilism, and an obvious way to try: build on to the Realist Package Interactionist Socialism and Social Methodism; of course, this will require an explicit rejoinder to arguments thought to favor Social Skepticism; but this version But Longino''s seems to me preferable to the alternatives, and, in particular, to those third way accounts that commit themselves to Monism. respects to appropriate degrees, we might suggest that among the statements science aims to accept is a class describing this kind of fit. of Longino''s position: science would be seen as aiming at significant truth, work_xx4ce5wo4be2ljwvdreiyhpwyu Extensive measurement is called weak if the axioms allow two objects [a] will denote the Archimedean equivalence class (AEC) A pair of elements a, b in A is called anomalous if a * b Analoguously, two elements form an anomalous pair if 2For results on the relation between Archimedean equivalence and anomalous pairs Anomalous pairs may exist even if certain Archimedean properties In what follows, we shall give representations admitting anomalous pairs. Theorem I (Archimedean Case). Condition (4) is an Archimedean axiom stating that any two elements holds in any AEC, Theorem 1 implies that a fully ordered semigroup consisting of one AEC P of positive elements is order-homomorphic Theorem 2 (Non-Archimedean Case). practice: it follows from Theorem 1 that a O b > b O a in an AEC an anomalous pair with a null element; this is prohibited by the definition "Measurement Without Archimedean Axioms," Philosophy of Science work_xxkkrf6a7ne2poybzsuiflum4u Today, mechanisms and mechanistic explanation are very popular in philosophy of science I argue that (1) all complex-systems mechanisms ontologically must rely on stable regularities, while (2) the reverse need not hold. that explanation involves mechanistic models (i.e., descriptions of mechanisms) instead of strict laws, might be very welcome. A generalization is a pragmatic law if it allows for prediction, explanation, or between mechanistic models and pragmatic laws is still an open question, which I address in this article. Glennan [2002], Woodward [2002], and Craver [2007], all of whom explicitly endorse the role of what I call ''causal P-laws'' in the mechanistic they both present mechanisms and mechanistic explanation as an alternative to strict laws of nature and D-N explanation. the concepts of strict law/regularity and D-N explanation (in the context assessment of both strict laws/regularities and D-N explanation. section 5, I argue that this is no coincidence: cs-mechanisms are ontologically dependent on the existence of regularities. work_xxrs2tfkcfeppemfaw6reuxpyi Keywords: Finite additivity; modesty; orgulity; probability; topology Argument based on finitely additive probability theory are surprisingly robust. The Orgulity Argument is a critique of the epistemological significance often attributed to the Bayesian convergence-to-the-truth theorem. Topological Condition #1 Do not assign probability 1 to a meager set. particular reply to the Orgulity Argument based on finitely additive probability. According to the modest Orgulity Argument, a probability P is modest concerning some hypothesis H P B if P assigns the failure set for H positive probability. some comeager failure set, it follows that finitely additive Bayesianism is consistent Topological Condition #4 It is permissible (in some circumstances) to assign positive probability to every comeager failure set. Topological Condition #4 It is permissible (in some circumstances) to assign positive probability to every comeager failure set. Following Elga, we have also defended a reply to the modest Orgulity Argument that appeals to finitely additive probability. work_xyw5ml64h5dtzf5ycsfdbzxame case of the quincunx, the phenomenon stands in for theoretical accounts. 4 Striking, Ingenious, and Crude Phenomena: Experiments with the Airpump For instance, striking-phenomenon instruments challenge any purely methodological account of scientific experimentation and any purely theory-oriented Brown [1990)]: Ihde [1991]), and they provide a fresh variant to the longstanding concern with the historical and epistemological primacy of technology over theoretical science (compare u.g., Heidegger [1976]). vis theory is the second salient feature of the striking-phenomenon instrument, and dependability of the phenomenon represent the unchallenged technological certainty that-(10)-the pulse glass exhibits an instance of natural fact-well-put as a salient feature of the striking-phenomenon instrument, it electrophore as a striking-phenomenon instrument: for the Lichtenberg-figures, instrument and phenomenon are perfectly Priestley''s and Wright''s views of the airpump do not rest on the vacuum-invacuo experiment which provided clever experimental proof. Like the airpump, our fourth and last striking-phenomenon instrument with the other striking-phenomenon instruments, the physical production of work_y3bfscbc2nh3rdnkmi6353x5qi outcomes of space-like separated measurements on entangled particles are causally related. Do standard counterfactual analyses of causation (CACs) imply that the measurement indecisive about space-like correlations between measurement outcomes, but yield the firm For simplicity, assume that the antecedent of the counterfactual in question concerns a pointsized region of space-time.13 Then that the relevant worlds are ''exactly like our actual world at counterfactuals concerning time-like separated events, Analysis 1 yields the same verdicts no In cases like ours, standard CACs take counterfactual dependence to be both necessary counterfactuals like (CC1) and (CC2), standard CACs that are founded upon Analysis 1 don''t in the case of correlated outcomes of space-like separated measurement events, their treatment the combination of standard CACs with Analysis 2 yields the verdict that that the spin values causation between our correlated but space-like separated measurement outcomes (which are counterfactual dependence but also frame-relative causation between our measurement work_y55ukrbgyncpjovewtq72c65bm work_y56bpwglvffkvom3yrwsyx4nxe defined a model for both the analysis and derivation of logical arguments or proposals that substantive argument or claim can be evaluated based on the assumptions it presumes (warrants) and the strength of the evidence base (backing). in the pedagogy of doctoral level Philosophy of Science or Nursing Theory courses. Keywords: Toulmin, argument, research process, hypothesis formation, nursing education research question does indeed require an understanding of the philosophy of nursing as a scientific discipline. science course to the nursing research and scholarship processes required of doctoral students. application by interdisciplinary students and novice researchers in all of the health and social sciences. practice of the social and health sciences is that of the necessity for logical appraisal of facts and propositions that may The "warrants" are series of logical statements that support a connection between the claim clinical or health care systems problem statement for which Philosophy of science in doctoral nursing education work_y7mvjwp5kjdubeknzgj27nz2ba Cosmologists often use certain global properties to exclude "physically unreasonable" Recent results show one sense in which the global structure of space-time cannot be fully established (Manchak 2009a). predicament even under the inductive assumption that "the normal physical laws we determine in our space-time vicinity are applicable at all other A property on a space-time is local if, given any twoP It seems that, although our universe may be inextendible, isotropic, globally hyperbolic, and hole-free, we can never know the statement that all physically reasonable space-times are globally hyperbolic (see Joshi 1993; Earman 1995). be the motivating force behind the assumption that all physically reasonable space-times are hole-free. inextendible, globally hyperbolic space-times are not hole-free (Manchak it does follow that every inextendible, globally hyperbolic space-time, must satisfied by all physically reasonable space-times. believing that all physically reasonable cosmological models are inextendible, isotropic, globally hyperbolic, and hole-free. characteristic of physically reasonable space-time? work_y7qmurqwvrhjtnsghdd4cozgoy Globalized Parochialism : Consequences of English As Lingua Franca in Philosophy of Science Let me unequivocally state right at the outset: there is in the near future no alternative to English as lingua franca of science and philosophy. Being a natural language in various countries, English as lingua franca creates fundamental asymmetries between NES and non-native English speakers (NoNES). and the peer reviewers of the ''leading'' journals in philosophy of science are overwhelmingly, in some cases even exclusively, Anglophone. positive example is, by the way, the host of the fourth biennial conference of the European Philosophy of Science Association, EPSA13, the University of Helsinki with its Let me unequivocally state here a second point: the actual Anglophone preponderance in philosophy of science is in my view not only a consequence of English as lingua Although there are publications in ''leading'' Anglophone journals and although it is discussed among European philosophers of science, work_ya3vpbmrojg75ca23gpbxiplqm Focused Correlation, Confirmation, and the Jigsaw Puzzle of Variable Evidence Focused correlation compares the degree of association within an evidence set to the tracking between incremental confirmation measures and focused correlation. evidence sets is tracked by a difference in their focused correlation, even problematic class of models because one of the conditions for the comparison result is that all individual items of evidence have equal relevance the class of incremental confirmation measures and focused correlation. Proposition 1 tells us that focused correlation tracks incremental confirmation and vice versa, but the proof leans on A2 to isolate the effect the condition under which a larger degree of focused correlation for evidence set than for implies larger confirmation of the{E , E } {E , E }1 2 1 3 which the confirmation measures fail to track focused correlation.c(H, E) tracking of focused correlation by the confirmation measures . work_yackcg6wmbbn3doex36dpxpooe work_yb4raxq2pvhjdnzrpzenoxtrae Smith (Monash University): "Boole''s Annotations on Kettle (Monash University): "Mijbius'' Early Life and Newman (Australian National University): "A Study in A display of early mathematical books in the Monash University Library included the second edition (1713) of Newton''s Principia Mathematics. A demonstration of The University of interest (see Historia Mathematics 7 (21, 1980, #1401). Anyone who wishes further information on the Australian Conference may write to Professor John N. Crossley, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. The National Committee for the History and Philosophy of Science of the Royal Irish Academy has announced a Symposium, Perspectives in the History and Philosophy of Science, to be Perspectives in the History and Philosophy of Science, to be Dawson Street, Dublin 2. the History or the Philosophy of Science. Science and Ireland. or to receive further information should write to! National Committee for the History and Philosophy of Science Royal Irish Academy 19 Dawson Street work_yb6rpcvbkfax7i26glea3kzkpa According to Huemer, we can think of the inductivist, the skeptic, and the counterinductivist as offering competing constraints on the probability distribution for the phenomenon in question. To respond to the inconsistency objection, Huemer offers the Explanatory Priority Proviso (EPP) to the Principle of Indifference: when applying the PI, one ought to assign Solution 1 : Apply the PI to the possible lamp states, assigning 1/2 probability to each apply the PI a second time across this sub-partition, yielding a 1/4 probability for blue presumably Huemer must be thinking that the level of possible objective chances is explanatorily prior In that case, Huemer identified a new partition at the level of possible psychological makes certain assumptions about how to partition the level of possible probabilistic laws (assumptions I note in every other case in the paper, Huemer uses the PI to assign prior probabilities. into those level-specific hypotheses with a constant time-to-objective chance function, work_ybauya4lfjarjl7ck33y34cxdi reviewed work, European Philosophy of Science—Philosophy of Science in Europe and Stadler, which is Volume 17 of the Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, is just about science and (2) the celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the Vienna Circle Institute. The Vienna Circle Institute plays an important role also in the context of (1). logical empiricism, (2) works in the context of and related to European philosophy, and (3) Six chapters are devoted to the history and philosophy of logical empiricism. The second chapter concerning logical empiricism is by Richard Creath about Carnap''s Two chapters are devoted to logical empiricists'' philosophy of science. logical empiricism, usually connected to the Vienna Circle Institute. Maria Carla Galavotti, Elisabeth Nemeth, and Friedrich Stadler (eds) (2014) European Philosophy of Science: Philosophy of Science in Europe and the Viennese Heritage (Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Volume 17) Springer, ISBN: 9783319018980, 409 pp, $179.00 (hardback) work_ybhi6cpljjbwldddqf7wpyur5u Van Fraassen (2008) argues that data provide the target-end structures scientific models ultimately represent, and by implication, accurately or inaccurately target whilst granting that it accurately represents the data on pain of a pragmatic data model to locate the target system in logical space induces certain pragmatic pragmatic equivalence between taking scientific models to accurately represent data the scientist simply cannot doubt that the model accurately represents the target claim that ''this [data model] is my representation of the deer population growth'' represent the target system, S locates T in the logical space provided by the model (V. and when S uses a data model to locate a target system T in such a way, S represents T model accurately represents the deer population then provides the analogy with Invoking acceptance when an agent uses a data model to represent a target doesn''t given context, taking a scientific model to accurately represent data and the work_ybifxbu6gjgare2zpwvqmzczo4 reviews the research on science teachers'' educational change. analogy is made with the process of scientific change, analyzing and evaluating the contributions of the different models taken from the philosophy of science -positivism, Popper''s development is the process of change in science teachers considered in its science teaching programs and teacher education (Matthews 1992). the science teacher by establishing an analogy between scientific change To this end, we selected a set of theories, on the basis of which we shall set up analogies with teachers'' educational change. Analogously, the basic aspects of teachers'' theories and practices are strongly resistant to change, and when this does teachers do not easily change their conceptions, and even less their educational practices. teachers make changes in their conceptions and educational practices when and Teacher Learning and Innovative Practices'', Science Education 87(1): 3--10. Scientific Conception: Toward a Theory of Conceptual Change'', Science Education 66(2): work_ye72d6oaabalfm543uim4ly3di If a nonlinear model has only the slightest SME, then its ability to generate decision-relevant predictions is compromised. To account for their limited knowledge about initial conditions, each apprentice comes up with a probability distribution over relevant initial states, we mean the condition when the dynamical equations of the model differ forecasts are good in the sense that, conditioned on the information the Demon allows her ðspecifically her initial probability distribution p0 xð ÞÞ, she Evolution of the initial probability distribution under the Freshman''s Even though the Freshman''s dynamics are very close to the Demon''s, his probabilities are off track: he regards events that do not happen Casino now offers odds reflecting the Freshman''s probabilities. We see that the trajectories of the true initial condition under the two dynamical laws soon becomes completely different, and any prediction generated with the model is, work_yhfrutxxrfejlhnjicl4kw4kxu be illustrated and supported by a case study on the smoking/lung cancer controversy in Alternatively, when we say that we have evidence e for a scientific hypothesis h, we may mean that we have ''proof'' or ''warrant'' that h or that e provides direct support for a causal hypothesis, a study that shows that no account for h''s direct support is true or (b) an alternative hypothesis able to the causal hypothesis "I causes D" were true, the standard theories of causation provide the following answers:4 I will focus my remarks mainly on a single case study, the controversy surrounding the hypothesis that smoking causes lung cancer in the 1950s. In general, an empirical reason is required for taking an alternative account of the direct support (or prior indirect support) to be relevant. the causal hypothesis in the smoking/lung cancer case), the standards for work_yiofg3ounja3bhhlauhrxk4gaa Second, many of the Third World authors envision and plan to develop fully moder sciences within the cultural legacies and progressive political tendencies of their own societies (beleagured from within and without as these tendencies frequently are). that Western sciences are to be reformed for Third World uses but, instead, that other scientific traditions are to be "edited" and strengthened to make them more effective for In important ways these accounts are inside Western scientific and philosophic traditions as well as clearly critical of certain aspects of them. After all, occasionally contributions of other cultures to the advance of moder Western sciences do appear in the margins of the standard accounts. This is just one example, fourth, of a way to reoccupy our own Western, indigenous scientific and philosophic traditions so as to produce philosophies of science Such tendencies in Western philosophies of science will direct the development work_yipw4ecmenfenj4zsfmjk36jji The chance of a physical event is the objective, single-case probability that it will In probabilistic physical theories like quantum mechanics, the chances of the model of the values of the basic physical quantities as intrinsic properties pertaining to a system at a time.'' Certain accounts of the nature of In particular, any view of chance which allows for underminable statements are intrinsic or bad news for the view that the chances supervene on (nonchance) history, but by arguing against the combination of the two views, chance, the so-called actual frequentist view according to which the any view according to which the chance distribution at a world supervenes properties at a later time t'', the existence of underminable chance statements can only mean that the t-chances are not in general an intrinsic objective chances of w at t is not an intrinsic physical property of w at t. work_yizjdtsfpngldk3tpbpgeazm2q Values, Epistemic Risk, and the GMO Debate recent work of the role of values and interests in science, focusing particularly on inductive risk Values in science; inductive risk; disagreement; framing; philosophy of science in and whether there are significant health and safety risks of some GMOs (Section 4)—and argue Different ways of framing the problem of GM crops involve epistemic risk. argue that the determination of health and safety risks can and should be done in a value regarding health and safety risks concerns the question of how long animal studies need to be studies have not found significant health-and-safety risks resulting from consumption of GMOs. There are epistemic risks in research on health-and-safety impacts of GMOs, and it the assessment of health and safety risks of GM crops. rational disagreement in evaluations of the risks of GM crops, and differences in values play Inductive Risk: Case Studies of Values in Science, ed. work_yjoejpqd2rf2zmn6rkgbwynx54 good reasons to think that science''s best theories are close to the truth. our best scientific theories are true, since theory evaluation is comparative, and since scientists true from a set of competing theories, scientists have no good reason to believe that any of the In evaluating theories scientists merely rank the competitors comparatively. successful scientific theories are well-confirmed and approximately true of the world" (Psillos believe that successful scientific theories are approximately true. This argument is a bad inductive generalization because current theories are not quite like past reasons to believe that a theory is comparatively true (i.e., that T1 is closer to the truth than T2, reasonably claim that the theories we have tested are closest to the truth (i.e., likely true), privileged in a way that allows him/her to make good (i.e., true) Xs (i.e., scientific theories), just comparative judgments, about the truth of scientific theories. work_yk27dsuohfh6zkeesd6cos4jv4 rather than projections), and communicate to Bob her results so that he can coordinate the local operations he performs on his particle with the outcomes Alice In particular, we can allow Alice and Bob to perform non-tracepreserving selective local operations, in which they drop from further consideration certain members of their initial ensemble—on the basis of certain measurements results they obtain—and communicate classically between them to ensure after all is said (between Alice and Bob) and done (by their collective local operations), an initial entangled state that, as a result of ''preprocessing'' changes to initial state, but for all of Alice and Bob''s preprocessing and the Bell correlations two cbits into the state of two qubits, and Bob chooses a Bell operator measurement that allows him to retrieve as much information as he possibly can. Alice and Bob share is replaced by any Bell correlated entangled state (Horodecki work_yk4ulqwqeffpteokgfhm7rn5rq Logical Positivism and Existentialism are outstanding representatives of the two main antagonistic tendencies in contemporary philosophy. logical positivist, philosophy is analysis of the language of science, Any philosophy that considers itself scientific can get into a meaningful discussion with Logical Positivism. Although empiricist, and therefore bound to undogmatic philosophy, the logical positivist is usually among the most dogmatic philosophers when his eet of criteria is questioned. If there were standards of meaningfulness common to Existentialism and Logical Positivism, argumentation between them could be useful. To an objective outsider committed to no philosophy, Logical Positivism and Existentialism are contradictory in And to the existentialist, Logical Positivism is just one more expression of a metaphysical Urentscheidung, that, namely, of man as And the issue between Logical Positivism and Existentialism is really not a fight within philosophy but Esta auto-interpretación del hombre como el ente que comprende al ser, work_yka5texcs5gghdthaye24v536a Many scientific models lack an established representation relation to actual targets and Learning from a model M, I suggest, is constituted by a change in confidence in certain hypotheses, justified by reference In the cases discussed here, however, the knowledge processed by the model is different: it contains beliefs about possible entities, processes, or properties, which cannot be obtained by establishing an adequate representation of the model to actual target systems. having a certain property, produced by a possible process from actual background conditions !what Forber #2010$ calls "local" how-possibly explanations". Thus, the model system that produces the segregation pattern is not established as an adequate representation of any real-world system. Thus, the model produces the behavioral phenomenon from two merely possible elements, neither of which is justified actual initial conditions through a set of possible model processes. However, Trivers''s model does not employ actual but rather possible background conditions. work_ykwolezdqncbhbxl6czwqhz6ve This paper aims to provide a new criterion of formal equivalence of theories that is suitable for being supplemented with preservation conditions This paper puts forward a new criterion of formal equivalence of theories. In Section 3, I introduce the criterion of definable categorical equivalence (DCE), which The basic idea behind GDE is to count theories as formally equivalent just in case equivalent, the models in each formalism should have su�cient internal structure equivalence does not imply that the models of each theory are somehow definable However, we will now see that if we endow their models with coordinate systems, the resulting versions of Minkowski and Euclidean geometry become GDequivalent but not DC-equivalent. T1 and T2 are DC-equivalent with definable inner isomorphisms i↵ there are functors F : Cat (T1) ! T1 and T2 are DC-equivalent with definable inner isomorphisms i↵ there are functors F : Cat (T1) ! work_ym46piiszjhy7kik27uuggukna Cognitive and neural models may depict different, reading, a cognitive model is neurally plausible to the extent that its structure and processing This suggests a way of cashing out neural plausibility: a cognitive model is plausible to cognitive and systems neuroscience (a) the variables in the model correspond to components, assignment of elements of the cognitive model to distinct structural elements of the neural If cognitive functions are localized in separate, naturally circumscribed neural regions, this view, cognitive functions depend on the coordinated activity of many different neural neural organization is one in which many brain regions are linked with a single cognitive of causal structure for the mind/brain, network and massive redeployment models depict a elements of a model (cognitive or neural) constitute control variables for the behavior of the By the same token, models of neural structure and function may be treated as depicting work_ymncsnivn5bmlbzzluflbykxf4 Biological organization and cross-generation functions Biological organization and cross-generation functions maintaining a unified organizational account of biological functions. Within a self-maintaining organization, in particular, functions are Since functions are characterized as contributions of parts to selfmaintaining organizations, and since self-maintaining organizations are a "splitting account", according to which intra-generation and crossgeneration functions are in fact two different kinds of biological function, cross-generation functions contribute to the maintenance of systems which cross-generation functions, which emphasizes, instead of the selfreproduction of the trait, the self-maintenance of the whole organization as account for cross-generation function with respect to other organizational instance of the trait self-reproduces in the case of intra-generation functions, self-maintaining organization is the relevant ground of functional discourse. function if, and only if, it is subject to organizational self-maintenance in a with distinct organizations, then self-maintenance, organizational closure defining functions as the self-reproduction of traits within complex systems, work_yp5gzwumgjf5jcz4bsj5yknjly is to argue that we should be loyal to the scientific research program of teleosemantics and make it more progressive by updating the concept of biological function it uses. An important feature of the concept of function that any theory needs to be able to account for is the possibility of malfunctioning. And as, according to those versions of teleosemantics that use the etiological function, mental content is determined by The problem is that there is no coherent noncircular way of individuating trait types that is available to the etiological theory of function. According to the etiological theory, the function of my token heart is determined by some facts about what happened to some other traits that were But the etiological theory of function cannot help itself to this way of individuating trait representation''s carrying information about the action-properties it represents would contribute to the organism''s fitness. work_ypgs6bec6nejrmyuz4mbrrkhbm deductive accounts of confirmation and the problem of irrelevant conjunction. see Earman 1992, 63–65 for a canonical contemporary Bayesian discussion of the problem of irrelevant conjunction. Bayesian account (and understanding) of the problem of irrelevant conjunction. However, Bayesian confirmation does still suffer from this problem in the case of deductive evidence. With regard to the problem of irrelevant conjunction, Earman''s analysis employs the difference measure d. Bayesian analysis and resolution of the problem of irrelevant conjunction. sin of ''irrelevant conjunction'' vitiates Bayesian confirmation theory Bayesian relevance measures of the degree to which evidence confirms Bayesian solution to the problem of irrelevant conjunction should be directly extendable to non-deductive cases, and should draw on a probabilistic relevant result for Bayesian confirmation theory and the problem of irrelevant conjunction: theorem which holds for all Bayesian measures of confirmation currently being used in the philosophical literature, except for the ratio work_yq2elqp4kjdvddcng6zterowey sys_1000 wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk wp-p1m-39.ebi.ac.uk exception exception Params is empty Params is empty Params is empty if (typeof jQuery === "undefined") document.write(''[script type="text/javascript" src="/corehtml/pmc/jig/1.14.8/js/jig.min.js"][/script]''.replace(/\[/g,String.fromCharCode(60)).replace(/\]/g,String.fromCharCode(62))); // // // window.name="mainwindow"; .pmc-wm {background:transparent repeat-y top left;background-image:url(/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/wm-nobrand.png);background-size: auto, contain} .print-view{display:block} Page not available Reason: The web page address (URL) that you used may be incorrect. 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Find a specific article by its citation (journal, date, volume, first page, author or article title). http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/ work_yq77oan73na55bawmwrnj4uooy relations on background beliefs is illustrated by discussions of the MichelsonMorley experiment and the discovery of oxygen. beliefs, hypotheses, theories, assign the status of evidence to objects way, states of affairs are taken as evidence in light of regularities is taken as evidence differs: in the one case I believe that red spots The same state of affairs can also be taken as evidence for different the same state of affairs can be evidence for different hypotheses, of differing background beliefs, and it can be taken as evidence for I have discussed the dependence of evidential relations on background beliefs or assumptions and shown that given appropriately differing background beliefs the same state of affairs can be taken background beliefs determine what states of affairs count as evidence Evidence and Hypothesis: An Analysis of Evidential Relations [pp. Evidence and Hypothesis: An Analysis of Evidential Relations [pp. Evidence and Hypothesis: An Analysis of Evidential Relations [pp. work_yrwuw7mrqbcgpm3h3jz7fvol5q imprecise view is that in certain cases, our imprecise credence in a particular proposition will remain the same no matter how much evidence we receive. the question of what prior credal state an evidentially motivated imprecise Bayesian Bayesianism, her prior credal state must include all credence functions that satisfy A rational agent updates her degrees of belief over time by conditionalizing her credence function on all the evidence she has received. To unpack this principle, we need a substantive account of what it takes for a credence function to be compatible with a body of evidence. A rational agent''s credal state contains all and only those credence functions that are given as the expected value of some probability density the imprecise case, priors are given by the set of credence functions an agent adopts impose on the credence functions in our prior credal state are the principal principle credence functions in the prior credal state to satisfy the principal principle, another work_ysycdvbkzzab7d6fjod2n6disu The concept of levels of organization is prominent in science and central to a variety Investigating causal processes at different scales allows for a notion of quasi levels that entities are composed of (and only of ) lower-level entities, but the prevalent concept of hierarchical organization involves stronger claims as well. Feibleman claims that entities at each successive higher level of organization cannot be predicted, explained, or reduced by lower-level properties, insofar as the organization of components is crucial to the properties'' emergence (Kim 1999; Mitchell, forthcoming). more causally complex than their lower-level parts.1 O''Neill et al. Many ecologists look for ecological explanations at lower levels of organization, whether in population dynamics (MacArthur 1968; Wilson levels of organization in science and philosophy of science is a compositional hierarchy. [2007] argues that uniformity of composition fails at higher levels.) Guttman provides a variety of examples demonstrating that objects at some different from the causal significance attributed to classic levels of organization. work_ytgyloczibbqphnxbaq3kksggi Draper, History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (New York: D. Moreover, the publication of Copernicus'' books was not allowed for about 300 years in Catholic countries, which attests to the obvious influence the Church''s condemnation of Galileo had on science. that evolutionary theory denies God''s creation of humans written in the support from the Korean Church, creation science succeeded in establishing a bridgehead in schools as well. In the year following the founding of the KACR, the Institute of Natural Sciences at Inha University held a symposium under the title ―Evolution versus Creation,‖ where many scientists (including evolutionist Yang Aguillard decision, which barred the teaching of creation science alongside evolutionary theory in public schools, as 2009, 30 percent of the Korean people do not accept the theory of evolution, while 60 percent believe that creation science and evolutionary theory should both be taught in schools. creation science, Intelligent Design. work_yu2pb4j4xvblhixz4y6ebc3kpq between quantum nonseparability and the nonseparability exhibited by the holonomy interpretation of classical electromagnetism. An examination of these differences, I shall argue below, shows that the nonseparability exhibited by the classical electromagnetism on the holonomy interpretation is closer to separability than of taking this representation of classical electromagnetism, the holonomy representation, as basic, and in particular, its consequences for locality and separability. view the state descriptions of classical electromagnetism exhibit a form of nonseparability (see §5, below). of the electromagnetic state of the world an assignment of holonomy values to states to supervene on properties assigned to spacetime points. intrinsic to points with talk of local properties, then, in spite of the nonseparability evinced by classical electromagnetism in the holonomy representation, this Separability is satisfied, then the state of the world can be specified by an assignment of properties to elements of an arbitrarily fine covering, and laws can work_yuhttmrpgfh2jo67xwhrsmrfly is eliminable, a subjective interpretation of probability, and instrumentalism; (2) Indeterminism combined with the claim that the statistical character is ineliminable, a I point out some internal problems in these positions and show that the relationship between determinism, eliminability, realism, and the interpretation of probability is more complex than previously Thus, like in quantum mechanics, there are ontological reasons for the statistical nature of evolutionary theory, which means it is ineliminable. Even if determinism is true and the statistical character of evolutionary theory is in principle eliminable, neither GHR''s instrumentalism instrumentalism about biology rests partly on his considerations of reduction (see Weber 1996 for a critique) and partly on his account of probability and the statistical nature of evolutionary theory. The basic strategy of Rosenberg''s argument is to show that an omniscient being would have no need for a statistical evolutionary theory. work_yurt6zjecrgudapbjpd7nzuxui In their paper, "Discerning Fermions," Muller and Saunders (2008) argue that identical particles Quantum mechanics challenges the truth of Leibniz''s principle in that identical particles in states like the singlet state (4) are thought to be distinct particles and yet have no property to discern Though identical particles fail to be strongly discernible, Muller and Saunders claim that they and yet in order to justify its application to the singlet state we need an ''opposite spin''-observable though far from obvious, is that there is a one-to-one mapping from physical properties to quantum mechanical hermitian operators (observables), such that if a state Ψ is the ith eigenvector of According to Muller and Saunders, the following are the conditions for ascribing a physical relation 7According to Muller and Saunders "We represent a quantitative physical property mathematically the properties and relations to be physically meaningful" (Muller and Saunders, 527). of the singlet state that the particles have opposite spin. work_yzsj6wb6qngjbacgv62v7b6xg4 Independence and Parameter Independence, in the context of common cause explanations of EPR correlations (San Pedro, 2012) . common causes of EPR correlations as a locality condition, expressing the requirement cause models of EPR correlations in which MI is violated but PI hold are not new. Before proceeding to my comments on the above let me note that Conjecture 1 was formulated in the context of a common cause model I developed in the same paper (San Pedro, (a) The model postulates a common cause C that is explicitly dependent on the EPR have examples of common cause models that would satisfy PI but violate MI. Price''s common cause model constitutes a counterexample to Conjecture 1 of the Recall that I formulated Conjecture 1 in the context of a specific common cause model suggests that common cause models such as the one I put forward in San Pedro (2012), work_yzxe36ofujf4hcym6b55qq3bym suggests that distributed patterns of neural firing may represent probability In Signals Brian Skyrms argues for the existence of "non-propositional" contents [The informational content vector tells us how the probability of each state is be giving an account of contents that consist of probability distributions of world plausibly represents a probability distribution over a worldly parameter (like direction this behaviour, and that at two stages distributed patterns of neural firing represent a While probabilistic population coding in the brain supports the suggestion about nonpropositional representation, it also cuts against the idea that facts about information, information carried by distributed patterns of firing in various neural areas are not, that distributed patterns of activation in the brain probably do carry information about For example, the distributed pattern of firing in LIP carries information, All the various varieties of information carried by a distributed pattern of firing are work_yzyekno6lzh6dkbjdtjxlhprnu The most natural way of applying the principle of deductive consistency to degrees of belief is provided by probability theory. Probabilism-Representation Theorem Arguments and Dutch Book Arguments-depend crucially on positing certain connections between beliefs and preferences, which are not clearly within the epistemic domain. Probabilism: Ideally rational agents have probabilistically coherent degrees of belief. Of course, we cannot simply posit that such an agent''s preferences maximize EU relative to her beliefs and utilities. We may maintain such a principle while acknowledging the psychological possibility of a certain amount of dissonance between an agent''s degrees of belief and her preferences, even when 2. An agent''s degrees of belief sanction as fair monetary bets at odds While other versions see a definitional or metaphysical connection between an agent''s degrees of belief and her bet-evaluations, the A simple agent''s degrees of belief sanction as fair monetary bets agent''s degrees of belief and her preferences. work_z3fc3rehujg6pjyqjqcfcyq4sy In fact, Kant does not succeed in proving the second which is not called regulative is that Kant says things about concepts which includes that of cause, Kant says (A 112): Kant denies that the concept of cause can be derived from thus seems to claim the true notion causal necessity to be concept by pointing to universal statements which Hume Just because Kant does not attack Hume in this misguided way, there a problem over what attack he does think The first way in which Kant thinks that Hume cannot do the principle of causality itself.'' This says that Kant brings If Kant is saying that the only true universal statements While Hume thinks of causal laws as universal statements notion of regulativeness and Kant''s view that genuine explanations demand a strongly quantified science. degree of causal order, Kant claims to have proved that total work_z3nfx7qpojda7hzdakzlb77l2m if attributions of degrees of belief are understood either antirealistically or purely qualitatively, or if the representation theorems are supplemented by arguments based on utility f ~ ~ n c t i o n s defined by the representation, and degrees of belief similarly defined that conform to the laws of probability, which are as follows: His preferences obey the axioms of expected utility theory, and so he claims (in line with the Reality Condition it is possible they might accept only the view that degrees of belief, utilities, and preferences are not "independently existing, interacting mental states" without the further definition of Maurice''s degrees of belief as what is common to all probability functions that can represent his preferences in the usual manner all subjective probabilities that occur in some expected utility representation of their preferences, then such people would have no degrees of of degree of belief in expected utility theory over Maurice''s definition, such work_z4f6qbm3yfaj5d7zz552bqm7je Scientific realists endeavor to secure inferences from empirical success to approximate truth by arguing that, despite the demise of empirically successful theories, the parts is to counter this argument by identifying successful theory parts independently from history of science is littered with once-successful theories that were ultimately abandoned as false in the wake of scientific revolutions. class of theory parts whose credentials for empirical success can be demonstrated independently of their survival. Many scientific realists take the successful reference of a theory''s central theoretical terms to be a necessary condition the view that only certain parts of theories are empirically successful and, the ability to tell which parts of theories are empirically successful and, prior to their survival which parts of theories are empirically successful. about which theory parts were essential or empirically successful. Theory parts are neither (approximately) true nor empirically successful for the view that at least some empirically successful parts of theories, work_z4vs4dnorvbbxc2p6kwqfix2kq Abstract Under so-called primitive ontology approaches, in fully describing the history of a quantum system, one thereby attributes interesting properties to regions of Bohmian particles and versions of spontaneous collapse theories in which by specifying the history of the quantum state one determines the (physically real) mass than for others: in taking the specification of a history of a quantum system to involve the attribution of properties to regions of spacetime primitive ontologists provide themselves with resources of the same sort employed by classical theories in particles and a wave-function encoding the quantum state of the system. world-particle in the system''s configuration space.12 Only the first of these two options amounts to a primitive ontology approach to understanding quantum mechanics, n-particle wave-functions as corresponding to multi-fields on ordinary three-space We can think of each of the approaches under consideration as arising via generalization from the field interpretation of single-particle Bohmian mechanics. work_z7buqjviyjcf3o7lhp6jk77j5q 404 Page not found University of St Andrews Skip to content Students Page not found The page you were looking for may have been moved or deleted. If you typed the web address, check it is correct. If you pasted the web address, check you copied the entire address. You can also search the website or browse from the homepage to find the information you need. Current students Postgraduate Postgraduate Staff Staff Semester dates Jobs at St Andrews Policies, procedures and guidance Navigation Study at St Andrews Subjects Research Alumni and donors Community facilities Business services Visiting News Events School websites Art History Computer Science Earth and Environmental Sciences Film Studies Graduate School History International Education Institute International Relations Contact us University of St Andrews University of St Andrews St Andrews St Andrews © 2020 The University of St Andrews is a charity registered in Scotland, No: SC013532 Website help work_zc74kwvonjdgrm4hhlcepz23ay ''distinctively mathematical'' explanations; they are non-causal scientific Although it has been suggested that distinctively mathematical explanations in science are ''non-causal'', this idea requires careful elaboration (as distinctively mathematical explanations in science to be non-causal, then I have argued that an explanation that fails to cite any causes may nevertheless qualify as causal if it explains by describing the world''s network of By the same token, some distinctively mathematical explanations, though non-causal, nevertheless happen to cite the explanandum''s But in the distinctively mathematical explanation of Mother''s failure, the fact that twentythree cannot be divided evenly by three does not possess its power to explain about the world''s causal network per se is not responsible for its explanatory power in the distinctively mathematical scientific explanation. Furthermore, even if every distinctively mathematical explanation in science used no laws of nature, this feature would not distinguish is an ordinary, causal explanation, not distinctively mathematical. work_zcqcbotlwjgdtlqkvxpogorjoa conducive to overall scientific progress: The latter, explorer-type scientists, point the way to fruitful areas of research, and the former, extractor-type scientists, more fully explore those implausible modeling choices, and present an alternative agent-based ''epistemic landscape'' large: explorer-type scientists point the way to fruitful new areas of research, and extractortype scientists extract all the important results. benefits to this type of division of labor with an agent-based ''epistemic landscape'' model. approach, they allow us to represent explorer-type and extractor-type behavior as different Weisberg and Muldoon and I, he does not use an epistemic landscape model. Weisberg and Muldoon''s model assumes that epistemic significance is not distributed different types of scientists do at exploring the epistemic landscape, and how they interact, in My model describes explorertypes as scientists who like to follow approaches that are very different from those of others, following: Division of labor between explorer-type and extractor-type scientists is beneficial work_zfe5ys7zljaqvbv7pc4sfxy6im cause completability of classical, Kolmogorovian probability measure spaces. It is known that common cause incomplete probability spaces exist and it also is Boolean algebra of finite cardinality can be common cause closed and that purely nonatomic probability spaces are common cause closed (Proposition 7 in [9]). Given a classical probability measure space, events a, b ∈ S are called correlated in p the corresponding probability algebra Ŝ are correlated; moreover c ∈ S is a common cause The probability space (X, S, p) is common cause incomplete if there exist Given a common cause incomplete probability space, it is natural to ask if it can be Every probability space has a purely non-atomic common cause closed In particular, every probability space is common cause completable with respect every common cause incomplete probability space is "locally" (i.e. with respect to a given, extension exists that is common cause closed but is not purely non-atomic but has one work_zgvz3qr7ubeablvj6hkcpf2zt4 we first discuss in section 2 as an empirical consequence of the local gauge symmetry of that theory. Examples of internal symmetries that are interior include gauge transformations which coincide with the identity on a neighbourhood of the boundary same possible world, such a subsystem transformation does not lead to a distinct situation, hence no (nontrivial) empirical symmetry is associated with such way for a subsystem symmetry σS to be boundary-preserving on all states is 3. Non-interior symmetries that are not boundary-preserving on the subsystem states of interest can have direct empirical significance, but, in boundary of W , then it defines a gauge transformation which is an interior symmetry of the subsystem: it is the restriction to the subsystem of the universe According to the general theory of empirical symmetries developed in sections 3 and 5, this means that ''local'' subsystem gauge transformations that are work_zjavbbj23rffndd5b5a2zulg74 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320814365_Optogenetics_Pluralism_and_Progress?enrichId=rgreq-0debb18feaba168f524ac3cbaaefc80a-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMyMDgxNDM2NTtBUzo1NTY0MTk1MTk5MTM5ODRAMTUwOTY3MjE1OTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320814365_Optogenetics_Pluralism_and_Progress?enrichId=rgreq-0debb18feaba168f524ac3cbaaefc80a-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMyMDgxNDM2NTtBUzo1NTY0MTk1MTk5MTM5ODRAMTUwOTY3MjE1OTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf https://www.researchgate.net/project/Philosophy-of-Scientific-Experimentation-Neuroscience?enrichId=rgreq-0debb18feaba168f524ac3cbaaefc80a-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMyMDgxNDM2NTtBUzo1NTY0MTk1MTk5MTM5ODRAMTUwOTY3MjE1OTM4NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_9&_esc=publicationCoverPdf In this paper, I demonstrate by means of a case study that optogenetic techniques neural and behavioral context in which the targets of optogenetic interventions are In this paper, I use a case study to demonstrate that optogenetic techniques will only test causal hypotheses linking the brain to behavior. either transient or permanent intervention techniques to alter neural activity before, a single brain area, neural circuit, synapse, cell or molecule in a single set of changes in brain area.2 As Ölveczky and colleagues put the point, "transient circuit manipulations neuroscience and used optogenetic techniques to intervene in neural activity in the PMFC historically those areas of neuroscience that use intervention techniques to link neural experimental tests of causal hypotheses linking the brain to behavior more severe. the power of these techniques to establish causal links between the brain and behavior is work_zmcyohkwtjfdpecuw7mtioo6fq Actual causation by probabilistic active paths extension of active-path analyses of actual causation. remains an actual cause of BS = 1 using a redundancy range to In the actual case, the trainee shoots, the If c (vs c′) is an actual cause of e, there must be a redundant background b′ where Here, Boulder Falls (F=1) is also an actual cause. that actually E = e (S = 1 in this case), the accounts of Halpern & Pearl and Hitchcock deny F in this case the status of actual cause. calling a Falling Boulder an actual cause of Survival, when its activity all pulls in rather than undermines, the status of falling boulders as actual causes in such V1 is an actual cause for all reasonable values of ε. cause in the actual background, because it has a small ∆1 that is nevertheless work_zmgj6te4rvbhxkoacjwssexyxe Microsoft Word Generality and Causal Interdependence in Ecology Preprint.docx A popular view in sciences that study complex systems is that achieving generality reduces ecology only became a truly scientific discipline when it applied simple, general models from Another strategy is the search for general models (that apply to many systems) (Levins achieve generality by omitting all the causal factors specific to particular systems and For Matthewson, ecological systems are not merely made up of many interacting parts plants interact with the same species of soil microbes across different systems (e.g. A representative ecological example of causal heterogeneity and its effect on model generality, constrained to within particular types of phenomena or systems is often sufficient so increasing generality results in decreasing the ability of models to include enough factors to "Finding Generality in Ecology: a Model for Globally Distributed "Do Simple Models Lead to Generality in Ecology?." Trends in work_zmoksocskbfhzmn27r77diyk2u [PDF] C R I T I C a L N O T I C E | Semantic Scholar Skip to search formSkip to main content> Semantic Scholar''s Logo Search Judea Pearl''s new book contains both a remarkable array of new mathematical techniques concerned with causality, and also much philosophical discussion and analysis of the notion. Philosophy of science or mathematics at its best usually has a close relation to scienti®c or mathematical practice. Create Alert SHOWING 1-8 OF 8 REFERENCES Probabilistic reasoning in intelligent systems networks of plausible inference Computer Science Causality: Models, Reasoning and Inference Stay Connected With Semantic Scholar About Semantic Scholar Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Dataset License ACCEPT & CONTINUE work_znzksnn44rekpcgbsiy6u2echu The bookie''s epistemic strategy is coherent if there is no possible bettor''s strategy which makes a Dutch book against him (the bettor''s strategy TODAY: Offer to sell the bookie at her fair price: cunning bettor''s offer fair according to her revised probability, Pre(A). day after tomorrow if the bookie decided not to bet today would not maximize expected utility for the cunning bettor in the belief state he would bookie''s initial strategy is either to choose updating by conditioning or If the bookie chooses the strategy of updating by conditioning, then Thus the strategy combination in which the bookie updates by conditioning and the bettor does not bet at all is an equilibrium in the sense bookie whose epistemic strategy is at odds with conditioning is also subject to a Dutch book in this stronger sense. (1987), "Dynamic Coherence and Probability Kinematics", Philosophy of Science 54: 1-20. work_zr7swuxxazgyfob62y5dtvtq4y infinite sequence of gods each intends to raise a barrier iff a traveller reaches where The set S is the unbegun set, ℝ+, and condition ANB, for all x in S, there is a barrier at Condition ANB has a surprising consequence for unbegun sets. to imply the man is stopped by interacting with the set of non-existent barriers and Perez Laraudogoitia his point with respect to non-existent barriers then his claim that condition placed on the gods in Perez Laraudogoitia''s new variants is in each case condition ANB and that the set S in each case is unbegun. To think that the contact principle applies to infinitely many barriers is to commit the the contact principle for infinite fusions) resolves the two dichotomies Benardete intervals {ℑ ⊆ℝ: ℑ= [1/2n+1, 1/2n], n ∈ℕ}, which set is unbegun, and condition ANB Angel could have made use of Hawthorne''s rejection of the contact principle by work_zrfjipfydbgb7ihjaibvetpwcy Experiences in Sense Making: Health Science Students'' I-Positioning in an Online Experiences in sense making: Health science students'' I-Positioning in an online philosophy Experiences in sense making: Health science students'' I-Positioning in an online philosophy The study explored how health science students'' reflections on their work and discipline-related Current educational policies recognize a need for continuing professional development and lifelong learning if workers are to participate effectively in society and working life (Collin, Van der personal meaning to learning activities, and at the same time provide possibilities for the renegotiation of one''s I-Positions and "being, thinking and doing" (Akkerman et al., 2012; Gee, fact a negotiated space, and the dialogue between different perspectives or positions (the selfdialogue) can be seen as an important resource for meaning-making and development. of different scientific approaches in positioning one''s Self as a professional or as a student of work_zs5ausgjcvc4dlpgnnzp7g3fsy number of possibilities for tomorrow''s price vector. the market if and only if the price vector today falls outside the convex cone spanned by the possible price vectors tomorrow.2 the convex cone spanned by tomorrow''s possible price vectors, then (by One possible price vector tomorrow is $1 for an apple, $1 fall within the convex cone spanned by the degrees of belief tomorrow. price vectors tomorrow, so that the convex cone becomes the two-dimensional object (x, y nonnegative), as shown in Figure 2.z p x � y could not trade in tickets that pay off $1 if tomorrow''s price vector is p The prices of these tickets represent subjective probabilities today about subjective probabilities tomorrow. coherence requires belief change by conditioning, that is to say, conditioning on propositions about what probabilities will be tomorrow (see vectors tomorrow may have the same probabilities conditional on p and ——— (1987), "Dynamic Coherence and Probability Kinematics," Philosophy of Science work_zuadggqe6jepza3agcez3tits4 Carnegie Mellon University research repository Browse Browse Discover research from Carnegie Mellon University Follow AllCategoriesgroupsSEARCH Hide footerAboutHow to DepositPreparing DataDMP ToolDeposit SupportContactDeposit AgreementTermsPrivacyToolsFAQsDisclaimerSitemap figshare. credit for all your research. work_zwifdhjuovfcjfrjmcfqsybuo4 �� " ��� ������ ������� ��� �� ���� ��������� �� � �������� �����4�� $ 7���� �����4����� % �� �� ����� �� �� � ������ ���������" ��� ��$�������� 7����#��� ��� �������� ���������� �� �����������% #� #��� �� ����� ������ ��������� #��� � ���������% $�� ��� !�� ���� ����������" �������� ��� ��������� #����� ������� ���� ����������� �����$�� )������% ��������, ��� ���� �� �� $����� ��������� ���������" ������ % �������� ���!� �� ���� ����� ��� �����!� ������� ��� ������� ���������� $� ������F ��� ������ ������� ���� �������� ����� ����� ������ �� ��� ���� �������� #��!� ����� ��� ������� ���������� ���� ����� �����3���� ���������� #��� ������� ��������% �� ��!� � ����� ���� ��# ��4�������� �� �� ����� �������� �� ��� ����� ������" 6� ������ ���� ��!� ������� �@��� �� ���� )5����% �������,% ��� ����� ������ �������� ��4�������� �� �������� ��4�������� ��� �� $� ��������� #��� ����" ����% #� ������ ����� ��� work_zx7vuyqa7ngttekpen37ug2kcq space of classical physics has been replaced with the four-dimensional, variably curved spacetime of general relativity (GR), but the question faced by manifests itself as a constant average curvature of empty spacetime, a builtin tendency of the universe to expand, it is an instance of nontrivial causal which describes only the gravitational field, it is not a property of spacetime. ...geometric structures, such as the metric tensor, are clearly physical fields in spacetime... As it is, the matter field described by Tij can gain or lose energy and momentum. field as causally efficacious – gravitational waves have the power to accelerate matter. of an entity''s potential to cause motion, and if the gravitational stress-energy the new field equations entail constant average curvature of spacetime in the Minkowski spacetime, and gravitational causation between physical objects localizable as the energy of matter fields described by Tij. Hoefer''s argument work_zxaleptnwndhjcni2rmqrqo7f4 We begin with a few preliminaries concerning the relevant background formalism of general relativity.1 An n-dimensional, relativistic space-time ðfor n ≥ 2Þ is a pair of mathematical objects ðM; gabÞ. time-like and causal pasts and futures of a point p: I −ðpÞ 5 fq : q ≪ pg, Let ðK; gabÞ be a globally hyperbolic space-time. A space-time ðM; gabÞ is hole-free if, for every set K ⊆ M Any space-time that is geodesically complete is hole-free The space-time in example 2 is inextendible and hole-free. A space-time ðM; gabÞ has an epistemic hole if there are two space-time to be free of epistemic holes. In order to not count Minkowski space-time as having epistemic holes, Geodesic observers γ1 and γ2 in Minkowski space-time with one point down the class of inextendible space-times and the class of hole-free spacetimes. used to rule out "holes" in space-time. work_zxdghdgnofcnzoqzlohcqjvvmm Elliott Sober) argue that natural selection does not explain the genotypic random mutations create genetic plans, and natural selection chooses gene pool, and so genetic evolution by natural selection will occur. (iii) Besides natural selection, there are other factors involved in evolution, such as mutation, migration, genetic drift, and environmental consider, for example, the question: ''Does natural selection explain our Natural selection does not explain why I have an opposable thumb of individual level facts that natural selection can explain. way in which the role of natural selection in explaining individual traits is Cummins also argues that natural selection does not explain the Because natural selection can''t explain adaptations. natural selection answers Persistence Questions instead of Creation Natural selection, in contrast, explains changes in a population by not natural selection, explains the creation of genetic sequences and the true that natural selection does not explain change in a population by work_zyqsrxy2dzdhpjwe2rl4sps46y refer to the term corresponding to the concept in question, so SPECIES should be taken to mean the species definitions are adopted for different theoretical uses.5 This is intended to cover cases thinkers take conceptual fragmentation as justification for retaining the different individual meanings whilst eliminating the original term that has been subject to In Section 3 we ask the question under what circumstances conceptual fragmentation warrants an eliminativist approach to the term/concept in question, and two are so many different proposed definitions of any given term no one of which is of a given term/concept is theoretically useful.12 various definitions already in the literature can be useful in different contexts, but we do we really mean to refer to are the various different definitions of a single term (which is often assumed by the use the same terms in a very wide variety of different ways, and meanings are being work_zzsadocxbve6plu2sq7q4f2bsu With few exceptions, the stream of criticism of climate science from academic relativists has dwindled since denialism, directed in particular at climate and environmental science.1 Business Scientific knowledge claims about global climate change should thus be seen "as climate change and other environmental issues in terms of cultural constructions of risk His analysis "does not suggest here that, because science has socially constructed global environmental threats, they do not really exist" (Wynne 1996, p. Wynne expressed sympathy for the argument by Buttel and coworkers that "dominant scientific knowledge, as constructed in the supercomputer climate models used by Referring back to sociological studies of climate science from the 1990s, he claimed for social science that follow from the scientific consensus on anthropogenic climate The support among epistemic relativists of contrarian views on climate science was not that academic epistemic relativists have contributed to climate science denialism. Environmental sociology as science and social movement.