id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
work_552watderbbqtpb7wclbewe4vq	Casey Helgeson	Modus DarwinReconsidered	2016	21	.pdf	application/pdf	9089	643	58	argument that Sober attributes to Darwin in the Origin of Species, and to subsequent evolutionary biologists who have reasoned in the same way. observations (how species are distributed about the globe), Sober develops a variant of modus Darwin that proceeds from observed geographical proximity rather So using Sober's likelihood framework to interpret similarity/proximity as evidence bearing on common ancestry requires knowledge of branch lengths. that Darwin explicitly calculated any likelihood ratios, but Sober's rigorous probabilistic framework articulates a line of reasoning that can also be appreciated constraints from geology and physics.7 Consider again the essence of Sober's likelihood reasoning: In any given case, are the observed similarities more like what To summarize, dependence on branch length does not undermine Sober's demonstration that similarity can sometimes be evidence for common ancestry. Sober's model of character state evolution along the branches of any Figure 4 tree	./cache/work_552watderbbqtpb7wclbewe4vq.pdf	./txt/work_552watderbbqtpb7wclbewe4vq.txt