Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. Eric Lease Morgan May 27, 2019 Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 46 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 69281 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 67 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 man 30 God 25 thing 19 life 18 nature 17 great 17 good 14 world 10 time 9 reason 9 mind 8 truth 8 philosophy 8 form 7 idea 7 Plato 7 Mr. 7 Kant 7 England 7 Christianity 6 way 6 like 6 human 6 german 6 Paris 6 Jews 6 Greek 5 true 5 soul 5 power 5 law 5 cause 5 Socrates 5 Schopenhauer 5 New 5 Aristotle 4 work 4 science 4 footnote 4 find 4 fact 4 experience 4 christian 4 body 4 Spencer 4 Rome 4 Locke 4 John 4 James 4 Hegel Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 13798 man 10763 thing 6672 nature 5743 life 4851 world 4758 time 4540 idea 4516 mind 4278 soul 4173 body 3920 reason 3911 part 3643 power 3585 truth 3417 fact 3352 nothing 3325 way 2926 philosophy 2918 object 2873 thought 2851 law 2826 matter 2814 one 2787 form 2780 being 2688 cause 2629 sense 2601 word 2505 principle 2462 work 2431 knowledge 2385 existence 2333 order 2260 science 2226 place 2177 day 2130 year 2101 other 2020 experience 2000 action 1885 something 1866 kind 1854 people 1813 case 1775 system 1674 hand 1633 opinion 1595 end 1541 state 1535 universe Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 26450 _ 4121 God 1451 de 1412 thou 1041 la 970 Nietzsche 859 James 842 Mr. 808 Plato 801 Greek 639 Nature 614 et 610 le 605 M. 593 Philo 548 Christianity 540 que 538 les 520 Kant 517 . 515 Soul 509 Socrates 497 New 490 Christ 456 Henry 448 à 437 I. 434 Seneca 427 des 420 Paris 407 England 405 Spinoza 401 II 396 Footnote 395 W. 378 IV 361 De 360 Jews 360 Aristotle 353 Antoninus 343 Rome 340 J. 332 du 329 Intelligence 318 Paul 312 Bible 308 Mill 306 Mrs. 306 Germany 303 vol Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 43181 it 24158 he 17743 we 15825 i 13551 they 8880 you 8873 them 7930 him 5608 us 4025 itself 3833 himself 3656 me 2237 themselves 2195 she 1136 one 879 ourselves 824 her 723 myself 469 herself 387 yourself 383 thee 367 thyself 184 yours 91 ii 79 oneself 74 ours 62 mine 51 theirs 40 his 33 je 17 ye 14 yourselves 9 thou 9 hers 8 ourself 8 ''s 8 ''em 7 thy 7 pappenheim 7 iv 5 à 4 hodgson,--i 4 ce 3 pillon,--i 2 whosoever 2 whereof 2 whence 2 thee.--but 2 i.--hence 2 harry,--i Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 137297 be 34397 have 13253 do 7519 say 7300 make 5126 see 4567 give 4337 know 3793 take 3791 find 3497 think 3086 come 3086 become 2862 call 2665 go 2376 seem 2323 follow 2256 exist 2219 live 2108 show 1951 let 1899 consider 1835 believe 1823 write 1777 appear 1695 feel 1657 produce 1624 accord 1609 speak 1592 mean 1589 understand 1524 get 1520 remain 1433 form 1393 possess 1385 look 1385 bring 1367 use 1245 act 1220 leave 1211 pass 1206 bear 1191 lead 1151 conceive 1147 receive 1133 hold 1126 suppose 1122 put 1115 regard 1107 seek Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 27084 not 9347 so 8181 more 7973 only 7538 other 5009 great 4791 then 4755 same 4717 most 4454 own 4321 good 4013 such 3871 even 3862 as 3820 well 3745 first 3678 very 3480 also 3413 human 3212 now 3132 much 2983 true 2954 far 2906 thus 2820 many 2807 therefore 2494 never 2341 long 2335 up 2247 just 2247 certain 2178 out 2166 always 2146 still 2146 here 2121 different 2061 high 1960 less 1866 too 1861 however 1854 little 1829 general 1793 new 1729 natural 1697 ever 1639 necessary 1566 old 1502 indeed 1498 whole 1470 moral Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 895 least 884 good 852 most 682 high 578 great 148 low 137 early 120 bad 101 simple 99 slight 96 strong 94 small 84 deep 84 Most 74 manif 71 noble 69 wise 60 near 60 late 56 fine 55 large 45 old 44 pure 38 happy 35 clear 32 wide 27 mean 26 dear 22 sure 22 common 21 long 20 true 20 rich 20 lofty 19 close 18 full 17 warm 15 young 14 sweet 14 innermost 14 easy 14 e 13 short 13 rare 13 hard 13 fit 13 fair 13 eld 13 broad 13 bitter Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3865 most 141 well 123 least 4 worst 4 goethe 3 sayest 3 near 2 wakest 2 soon 2 remainest 2 rejectest 2 lookest 2 long 2 lest 2 highest 1 tremblest 1 quick 1 oldest 1 latest 1 l''est 1 hard 1 greatest 1 firmest 1 farthest 1 easiest 1 deepest 1 askest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 www.freeliterature.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www.freeliterature.org Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 81 _ is _ 53 man is not 48 nothing is more 41 _ see _ 37 man does not 37 one does not 33 god is not 31 soul is not 30 things are not 25 _ are _ 24 mind is not 24 soul does not 24 things do not 20 body does not 19 one is not 18 mind does not 18 thing is not 18 truth is not 17 men do not 17 thought is not 15 body is not 15 matter is not 15 reason is not 14 _ do _ 14 nature does not 14 nature is not 13 god does not 13 life is not 13 nothing is so 12 things are so 11 idea is not 11 matter does not 11 nature is so 11 soul is immortal 11 world does not 10 mind is united 10 object is not 10 philosophy is not 9 _ has _ 9 _ have _ 9 god has not 9 ideas are not 9 man has not 9 men are not 9 mind is passive 9 thing is true 9 things are _ 9 things are good 9 world is not 8 _ be _ Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 god is not only 5 things are not so 3 god is no more 3 man is not more 2 _ does not necessarily 2 _ is not _ 2 body is no longer 2 god is not absolutely 2 god is not meat 2 idea does not adequately 2 man has no idea 2 man has no right 2 man is no evil 2 man is not competent 2 man is not even 2 man is not only 2 man was not likely 2 matter does not even 2 mind does not only 2 mind have no relation 2 mind is not eternal 2 mind is not only 2 nature has no external 2 nature has not so 2 power is no less 2 soul is not more 2 thing is not good 2 things are no more 2 things are not consistent 2 things are not mere 2 things are not only 2 thought is not necessary 2 truth is not something 2 world is no more 1 _ are no longer 1 _ are not ideas 1 _ are not subject 1 _ are not systematic 1 _ are not very 1 _ are not yet 1 _ do not _ 1 _ exists no more 1 _ has not that 1 _ has not yet 1 _ have no _ 1 _ have not _ 1 _ is no longer 1 _ is no more 1 _ is not normal 1 _ is not so Sizes of items; "Measures in words, how big is each item?" ---------------------------------------------------------- 149221 39977 145079 36208 138002 8910 125915 33727 125062 38091 121939 39964 121781 8909 121384 31205 112479 40307 110929 42968 108829 42931 107802 38907 102347 26659 91573 23640 88591 3800 86608 10846 82511 42930 82109 49316 76378 15877 68239 14657 66483 20768 62199 10661 59830 6920 56906 52090 52811 5116 52363 13726 51507 7495 51389 40089 48275 17556 46035 10715 39282 10214 38488 10741 37805 10714 37205 38145 35214 48495 34224 19322 33768 5621 30668 10732 29588 10833 26737 42208 24601 15268 23732 46759 23065 59 22991 27814 17922 7514 17054 49203 Readability of items; "How difficult is each item to read?" ----------------------------------------------------------- 84.0 10661 82.0 52090 81.0 38091 81.0 5621 80.0 15877 80.0 13726 78.0 40307 78.0 3800 77.0 6920 75.0 23640 74.0 46759 74.0 49203 73.0 17556 72.0 7514 72.0 7495 71.0 10732 71.0 10715 71.0 10846 70.0 42930 69.0 10714 69.0 5116 69.0 19322 68.0 36208 68.0 14657 68.0 49316 68.0 42931 67.0 10741 67.0 20768 67.0 26659 66.0 48495 65.0 31205 65.0 10833 64.0 38145 62.0 38907 62.0 39964 59.0 42208 58.0 15268 57.0 10214 56.0 33727 55.0 42968 54.0 40089 54.0 39977 53.0 27814 50.0 8909 48.0 8910 41.0 59 Item summaries; "In a narrative form, how can each item be abstracted?" ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 10214 Of all the dogmas of Plato, that concerning the first principle of things subsistence of the things of which it is the principle or cause. Plato, venerably preserving his ineffable exemption from all things, and energy, a multitude of divine natures, according to Plato, immediately In short, with respect to every thing self-subsistent, the summit this with great propriety; for all divine natures, and such things as gods, but Plato in the second place receiving an all-perfect science of nature, but in the first and most excellent causes of all things, which These forms beheld in divine natures possess a fabricative power, but according to nature or art should be prior to the things produced; but life, intellect, soul, nature and body depending; monads suspended from motive of all bodies; it follows that nature must be the cause of things through this the soul, according to Plato, becomes divine, and in another 10661 one man will not see the use of things which are and which happen: Philosophy does not propose to secure for a man any external thing. then, when a man sustains damage and does not obtain good things, that which we have been busied are in no man''s power; and the things which Can then a man think that a thing is useful city, then the man too perishes: and in this consist the great things. God. Against (or with respect to) this kind of thing chiefly a man should For that there are three things which relate to man--soul, body, and this or that man may act according to nature, for that is a thing which does good to another, but that a man''s opinions about each thing, is about all these things; no man has power over me. every man who has the power over the things which another person wishes 10714 A man''s style shows the _formal_ nature of all his thoughts--the really great writer tries to express his thoughts as purely, clearly, whilst a man should, if possible, think like a great genius, he should An author who writes in the prim style resembles a man who dresses thought into few words stamps the man of genius. Good writing should be governed by the rule that a man can think only The man who thinks for himself, forms his own opinions and learns the thinks for himself creates a work like a living man as made by Nature. For the work comes into being as a man does; the thinking mind is opinion recorded in the works of great men who lived long ago. If a man wants to read good books, he must make a point of avoiding thoughtful work, a mind that can really think, if it is to exist and 10715 after the pleasures of life and finds himself their dupe; the wise man way of happiness than any form of practical life, with its constant it may be said that solitude is the original and natural state of man, In making his way through life, a man will find it useful to be ready People of similar nature, on the other hand, immediately come to feel In the great moments of life, when a man decides upon In this way the earliest years of a man''s life lay the foundation of But why is it that to an old man his past life appears so short? that time of life a man can make more out of the little that he knows. man''s life; and yet often, in the one case no less than in the other, At that time of life, _what a man has in himself_ is of 10732 desires to reach old age; in other words, a state of life of which it life are made much worse for man by the fact that death is something man, on the other hand, manages to make so-called natural death the But the fact is that man attains the natural term of years just as The brute is much more content with mere existence than man; the plant This vanity finds expression in the whole way in which things exist; life when his misfortunes become too great; the bad man, also, when natures--men who really think and look about them in the world, and many a man has _a degree of existence_ at least ten times as high as general nature of it perfectly well; I mean, the kind of thing that is A man sees a great many things when he looks at the world for himself, 10741 pre-eminently strong; a man placed like this will never feel happy all great development in man, whose intellect is Nature''s crowning point, knowledge, this intellectual life, like a slowly-forming work of art, The ordinary man places his life''s happiness in things external to the latter point of view, to be _a man of honor_ is to exercise what The feelings of honor and shame exist in every man who is not utterly Honor, therefore, means that a man is not _Official honor_ is the general opinion of other people that a man who military honor, in the true sense of the word, the opinion that people the man who is insulted remains--in the eyes of all _honorable application of the principle of honor: the man who recognized no human As a general rule, the longer a man''s fame is likely to last, the The truth is that a man is made happy, not by fame, 10833 any religion which looked upon the world as being radically evil endeavored to present his view of two of the great religions of the various religions are only various forms in which the truth, which taken but the world and humanity at large, religion must conform to the Religion must not let truth appear in its naked form; or, to use a pressure put upon philosophy by religion at all times and in all places. impossible by the natural differences of intellectual power between man you want to form an opinion on religion, you should always bear in mind agree in placing at not more than some hundred times the life of a man fundamental truth that life cannot be an end-in-itself, that the true are a means of awakening and calling out a man''s moral nature. Christianity makes between man and the animal world to which he really 10846 Marcus Annaeus Seneca, the father of the philosopher, was by rank a power of life or death rested in his father''s hands; he had no freedom, Of Marcus Annaeus Seneca, the father of our philosopher, we know few ordinary wants of life, I often longed to leave school a poor man. The personal notices of Seneca''s life up to the period of his manhood and that the line of Seneca, like that of so many great men, became To a man who, like Seneca, aimed at being not only "Seneca," says Niebuhr, "was an accomplished man of the world, who and the many shortcomings of Seneca''s life and character to the fact "The world knows nothing of its greatest men." Seneca Seneca (_Letter_ 20): "_He is a high-souled man who sees riches spread life, in his old age for a noble death.[59] And let us not forget, that 13726 city, of having put that wise man, Socrates, to death. saying the same thing--''Socrates,'' it said, ''apply yourself to and Whereupon Simmias replied, "But, indeed, Socrates, Cebes appears to me "You speak justly," said Socrates, "for I think you mean that I ought to "I do not think," said Socrates, "that any one who should now hear us, "Our souls, therefore," said Socrates, "exist in Hades." "Nothing whatever, I think, Socrates," replied Cebes; "but you appear to "And do all men appear to you to be able to give a reason for the things "Most assuredly, Socrates," said Simmias, "there appears to me to be "But how does it appear to Cebes?" said Socrates; "for it is necessary said, does the soul appear to you to be more like and more nearly "But what," said he, "of all the things that are in man? "It shall be done," said Crito; "but consider whether you have any thing 14657 Greek culture, and Philo finds a symbol of their place in life in the world''s wisdom at Alexandria in his day; and Philo, like the other nations should go up there together, to do worship to the One God. Sparse as are the direct proofs of Philo''s connection with Palestinian intellect, the works of Philo, like the rest of the Hellenistic-Jewish interpretation of Jewish law for the Greek world, and also an ideal the day he sets the law of life that God revealed to His greatest Philo''s life-aim, as we have seen,[187] was to see God in all things philosophical treatment of Jewish tradition, just as Philo''s legal Jewish conception of man''s relation to God. The religious preconceptions of Philo drew him to Plato above all philosophy was banned from Jewish thought, and Philo''s works are not world Philo was "the Jew"; to his own people, "the Alexandrian." Greek philosophers, Philo''s relation to, 48, 52; 15268 Mill and Bentham lived for many years on terms of great intimacy, in was during the last few years of Bentham''s life," said James Mill''s define very clearly the political ground taken by Mr. Mill, Mr. Fonblanque, and those who had then come to be called Philosophical work was "A System of Logic," the result of many years'' previous appeared "Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy," great and loving heart, her noble soul, her clear, powerful, original, course of philosophical and political writing on which he entered. man who follows any branch of natural science in this way is almost probably no other examination for which it is necessary to read Mr. Mill''s "Logic" and "Political Economy." This fact affords the most thought and discussion in all political and religious questions it was very greatest work of Mr. Mill,--his ''Political Economy.'' Locke lived 15877 A man must live conformably to the universal nature, which means, the ruling part; consider thus: Thou art an old man; no longer let this Thou seest how few the things are, the which if a man lays hold of, he does a thing seem to thee to be a deviation from man''s nature, when it must come from such things: but the man has reason, it will be said, and Whatever of the things which are not within thy power thou shalt No man will hinder thee from living according to the reason of thy 8. Let not future things disturb thee, for thou wilt come to them, if it Nature which governs the whole will soon change all things thou according to the nature of the universal; and in a little time thou wilt If a thing is in thy own power, why dost thou do it? 17556 The following treatise on Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism Maccoll, _The Greek Sceptics from Pyrrho to Sextus_, London, Scepticism makes no dogmatic statements of any kind, Sextus things considered they think without doubt that Sextus belonged part of Sextus to think of starting the Sceptical School in Sextus in discussing this subject calls Scepticism an [Greek: [Greek: dunamis][4] of Scepticism is to oppose the things of ideas of the Sceptical Tropes were original with Aenesidemus, Sceptics, Sextus gives the five Tropes which he attributes to Sextus claims that all things can be included in these Tropes, thing, the [Greek: ataraxia] that the Sceptic desired. since the same things appear different according to the 59 _In what does the Sceptical School differ from the Philosophy _In what does the Sceptical School differ from the Philosophy differ from the Sceptics, perhaps even in saying that all things 19322 the place of the Christian ideal of the "good" man, prudently abased anti-Christian things--the abandonment of the purely moral view of life, profound instinct of self-preservation stands against truth ever coming of "God," the word "natural" necessarily took on the meaning of A criticism of the _Christian concept of God_ leads inevitably to the be possible, God must become a person; in order that the lower instincts as a copy: the Christian church, put beside the "people of God," shows a speaks only of inner things: "life" or "truth" or "light" is his word called "faith" the specially Christian form of _shrewdness_--people rights in the concepts of "God," "the truth," "the light," "the spirit," Christian God, we''d be still less inclined to believe in him.--In a with priests and gods when man becomes scientific!--_Moral_: science is is by no means merely Jewish and Christian; the right to lie and the 20768 save those that separate the things of Nature from those of human art. talked "shop" to every person, young or old, great or little, learned the truth of things is after all their living fulness, and some day, persons to things and to times and places. getting little, he had, I think, a certain consciousness of living in Old age changes men in different ways. We all say and think that we believe this sort of thing; but Davidson the dramatically probable human way, I think differently of the whole Stating the thing broadly, the human individual thus lives usually far things to keep account of, in a busy city man''s or woman''s life, seem This natural sort of feeling forms, I think, the innermost soul of impress a mind like General Lea''s as so much human blubber. such thing.'' But a live man''s answer might be in this way: What is the 23640 undeveloped man." But Socrates was a great admirer of human beauty, wisest man of his time, a fact I here state in order to show the vanity Rome had evolved our old friend, the Sophist, the man who lived but to years old, and when Marcus was ten, time got stuck, he thought, and beautiful, and that a man and a woman loving each other should live And to bring about the good time when men shall live in peace, he man who gave the lectures and clarified his thought by explaining things Philosophy refers directly to the life of man--how shall we live Emerson says, "Let a man do a thing incomparably well, and the world Frederick thought he had bound the great man to him for life. Herbert Spencer never wrote a thing more true than this: "The man to man who has ever lived has at times thought so; but to proclaim the 26659 moral life, just as common-sense conceives these things, may remain in things in human history; but when from now onward I use the word I mean persons the physical order of nature, taken simply as science knows it, nature, that men can live and die by the help of a sort of faith that with regard to the facts yet to come the case is far different. stultifying their sense for the living facts of human nature as not to worth are themselves mere matters of fact; that the words ''good'' and The word ''God'' has come to mean many things in the total nature of things in a way that carries practical consequences the mind has the power to impose on department Number Two. Our volitional nature must then, until the end of time, exert a explained by any abstract moral ''nature of things'' existing certain place, bring in a total condition of things more ideal than 27814 Feuerbach''s philosophy as well as of that of Marx and Engels. development of society, the facts and forms of human life and history materialistic philosophy of history, as developed by Marx--to the With Hegel universal philosophy comes to an end, on the one hand, thought-product, the Idea, according to this view, appears as the great historic development was rendered impossible, and history served Feuerbach that he never grasped the natural evolutionary philosophy word means according to the historical development of its true If Feuerbach wants to place true religion upon the basis of real in real historic conditions and the world of history. here, for the first time in the history of the materialistic philosophy, the economic foundations, take the form of philosophy and religion. realm of history, just as the dialectic philosophy of nature renders Instead of a philosophy forced from nature and history there 31205 infinite attribute of thought which is the mind of Nature or God. Man, Reason is not, according to Spinoza, a constitutive power in man''s life; consists in the intellectual love of Nature or God. Thus Spinoza passes natural faculties depends on our knowledge of God and His eternal laws; that the universal laws of nature, according to which all things exist laws of Nature, so far from demonstrating to us the existence of God, All things have necessarily followed from the given nature of God nature of the human mind, or in so far as He forms the essence of the nature of the human mind; or, whatever happens in the object of the idea absolute nature of God, but the body is determined to existence and man, from the nature of which necessarily follow those things which Excepting man, we know no individual thing in Nature in whose mind we 33727 genuineness, under the present conditions of science and social life, of world is contrary to fact, then the problem of how self or mind or activity of a self or subject or organism makes a difference in the real objectivity (while subjective in the sense just suggested means specific consciousness or mind in the mere act of looking at things modifies As a matter of fact, the pragmatic theory of intelligence means that the or sense-data, and ideas, terms and relations, are the subject-matter of human act of knowing and the operations that constitute the real world. the objective and independent processes that constitute the real logical consciousness the concepts involved in their world of experience, the objective world in the experience of the individual. If in experience the forms of the objective world are suggests, (_a_) that no reasons in experience or in logic exist for 36208 between fact and right.--Common sense, true and false philosophy. LECTURE XVI.--GOD THE PRINCIPLE OF THE IDEA OF THE GOOD 325 reason of man is in possession of principles which sensation precedes The same good sense which admits universal and necessary truths, easily the absolute truth of universal and necessary principles rests upon the nature are destitute of order and reason except in the head of man." science and natural truth, between good and bad philosophy, both of with God. All that is great, beautiful, infinite, eternal, love alone Place yourself before an object of nature, wherein men recognize beauty, Thus, God is the principle of the three orders of beauty that we have of ideal beauty to its principle, which is God.--True mission of of ideal beauty to its principle, which is God.--True mission of [229] See lecture 16, _God, the Principle of the Idea of the Good_. 3800 follows therefrom that a thing necessarily exists, if no cause or existence--in a word, God must be called the cause of all things, Proof--All things necessarily follow from the nature of God ideas owns for cause God, in so far as he is a thinking thing. nature of God, in so far as he is a thinking thing, and therefore existing, and this idea involves the nature of the external body. Q.E.D. Note.--The idea which constitutes the nature of the human mind infinite essence of God. Proof.--The idea of a particular thing actually existing eternal and infinite essence of God. Proof.--The human mind has ideas (II. thing occur in God, in so far as he has the idea of our body (II. involves the nature of any external body, the human mind will involves the nature of any external body, the human mind will Proof.--Emotion towards a thing, which we conceive to exist, 38091 "In the course of the year he asked the men each to write some word of in the A.M. and read Kant''s Life all day, so as to be able to lecture on DEAR JIM,--Thanks for your noble-hearted letter, which makes me feel DEAR OLD HENRY,--You see I have worked my way across the Continent, and, begin the Gifford lectures, writing, say, a page a day, and having all DEAR OLD FRIEND,--Every day for a month past I have said to Alice, At this time James''s thirteen-year-old daughter was living with family long--by working I mean writing and reading philosophy." This estimate DEAR HENRY,--Thanks for your letter of the other day, etc. But I''m going to write one book worthy of you, dear Mrs. Agassiz, and of the Thayer expedition, if I am spared a couple of years thoughts and things, and the old-time New England rusticity and 38145 not-feeling: then the world and every thing (Ding) have no interest for man knows can be changed into a purely logical nature. may be far more desirable things in the general happiness of a man, than and present things: therefore, that man is to be made responsible for existence of an individual: [in order to] let man become whatever he =Ethic as Man''s Self-Analysis.=--A good author, whose heart is really in two points of view are sufficient to explain all bad acts done by man to calculable and certain in our experiences, that man is the rule, nature whole feeling is much lightened and man and the world appear together in The man loves himself once more, he feels it--but this very new natural with which man connects the idea of badness and sinfulness (as, comes to look upon himself, after a long life lived naturally, so 38907 that Kant started a new movement of the human mind, proposed original Feeling Philosophy,'' his thought survived, and even entered on a new a new world since reading the ''Critique of Pure Reason.'' Principles I world; the mind was a living energy; ideas were things; principles were such sympathy: he based it on the idea that man was by nature religious, contribution to the spiritual life of the New World--Coleridge, Carlyle, Transcendentalism regards it as a natural endowment of the human mind, Association, entitled "The Philosophy of Man''s Spiritual Nature in God and man, spirit and matter, soul and body, heaven and earth, in the result of it was a harvest in the ideal world, a new sense of life''s Taking his faith with him into the world of nature and of human life, Materialism to sink God and man in nature, and Transcendentalism to 39964 concepts the truth of which cannot be proved by reason, like the natural thought, in order to understand thus by the unit of human reason the philosophy can be a general and objective understanding, or "truth in nature of all concepts, of all understanding, all science, all thought understanding of the general method of thought processes to our special understand the nature of things, or their true essence, by means of Existence, or universal truth, is the general object, there arise quantities, general concepts, things, true perceptions, or Truth, like reason, consists in developing a general concept, the human being, of understanding the nature of things which is hidden nature of reason consists in generalizing sense perceptions, in natural universe is not a mere sum of all things, but truth and life. of logical reasoning to know that truth is the common nature of the 39977 physical, organic, mental and social, as Science has now for the first time merely to make out the best case, we might dwell upon the opinion of Dr. Carpenter, who says that "the general facts of Palæontology appear to generate in an adult organism; that a like multiplication of effects must As might be expected, we find that, having a common origin and like general objects is of like nature--is made up of facts concerning them, so grouped in one class, all those cases which present like relations; while the process of evolution--points to a past time when the matter now forming the have in one part of the Earth changed the organic forms into those which evidence of a general progress in the forms of life. In the lowest forms of individual and social organisms, there exist neither we may say that the form of organization is comparable to one very general 40089 that common-sense knowledge of nature out of which science takes its future philosophy is to clarify men''s ideas as to the social and moral the true principle and aim of knowledge--control of natural forces. of men to question received ideas in science and philosophy--to think philosophy by that changed conception of nature, animate and inanimate, intelligent men of olden times thought they lived was a fixed world, a means, as in modern science, origin of new forms, a mutation from an old Two things have rendered possible a new conception of experience and a is the change that has taken place in the actual nature of experience, suggest aims and methods for developing a new and improved experience. knowledge and the nature of true philosophy to the existing practice of This change of human disposition toward the world does not mean that man knowledge as the method of active control of nature and of experience. 40307 absorbed in work, went to the door and said "he was sorry Mrs. James was Agassiz says, as I begin to use my eyes a little every day, I feel like Williams); books read, good stories heard, girls fallen in love I got a letter from Mother the day after I wrote last week to Harry, entry made by his sister Alice, a few years later says: "In old days, He has had good reason, I know, to feel a little state, and shall write you a page or so a day till the letter is James sailed in June a good deal fagged by his year''s work, and got back WHITMAN,--How good a way to begin the day, with a letter good in each day as if life were to last a hundred years. He was twelve years James''s senior; a man whose best work was 42208 The nature of the influence of general ideas upon practical affairs is a modern history of philosophical thought with practical social affairs. material for the legislation of reason in the natural world is sense. world, man''s possession of moral freedom is the final sign and seal of determining work of reason forms not merely the Idealism of the Kantian GERMAN MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY GERMAN MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Kant''s philosophy of Morals and of the State. the natural state and the truly or rational moral condition to which man into a final philosophy of science, morals and the State; as conclusion, of the gradual realization in the Germanic State of the divine idea, philosophy, it expresses, in a way, the quality of German life and on, idealization of past Germanic history and appeal to the nation to basic ideas of the State and of history were absorbed in the philosophy 42930 Intelligence World-Soul and Daemon or guardian, and the lower us consider the nature of this alleged soul-body. SOUL IS A SIMPLE SUBSTANCE, WHILE EVERY BODY IS COMPOSED OF MATTER AND (c.) (Every body is a composite of matter and form, while the soul is form in respect to matter, in the body the soul animates. WORLD CONTAINS THE SOUL ITSELF AND INTELLIGENCE ITSELF. intelligible world exists everywhere; therefore all that the soul receiving from Intelligence ideas, the soul receives from matter THE SOUL''S RELATION TO INTELLIGENCE IS THAT OF MATTER TO FORM. immortal essence, every intelligence, every divinity, every soul; a part of the Soul remains in the intelligible world. objects, the soul always imposes on matter the form of things, because THE SOUL RECEIVES HER FORM FROM INTELLIGENCE. that the soul has an intelligible nature, and is of divine condition; soul forms part of the intelligible world, we must, in another manner, 42931 THE BODY''S RELATION TO THE SOUL IS A PASSAGE INTO THE WORLD OF LIFE. (Let us study) the relation of the (world) Soul to bodies. the universal Soul simultaneously contains all things, all lives, all confines of the intelligible world, the soul often gives the body the soul, which belonged entirely to the intelligible world, and which or that the whole universal Soul exists entire, not in a body, but from the universal Soul, have remained in the intelligible world, in thought or desire.[112] Souls, thus contemplating different objects, Soul, or when matter existed without form.[117] But these things can be reason in virtue of the entire universal Soul''s independent power of souls, these must also reason in the intelligible world; but then they things that the body derives from the soul by participations. NOR WILL THE SOUL BE IN THE BODY AS FORM IN MATTER. 42968 approve, we hear ideas on the nature of God, of the world, of man, and important and most highly developed group in the animal world was development of a number of different vertebrates in my _Natural History all organic forms, and a firm conviction of a common natural origin. half-century elapsed before the great idea of a natural development whole structure of human knowledge as Darwin''s theory of the natural organic world, since it only concerns the "soul" of man and of the of _Mental Evolution in the Animal World_; it presents, in natural stage of development of the animal organization consciousness arises, The _sponges_ form a peculiar group in the animal world, which differs Although the psychic organs of the higher species of animals differ less human form, as an organism which thinks and acts like a man--only Origin and Development of the Sense-Organs,"[32] the great service of 46759 He assigns a large place in life to pleasures and passions; but he that accompanies man in the course of his life," says M. It is necessary, in this great game of life, to All of us were, at a certain moment of our unborn life, fishes; There are in this theory, two things to consider: life itself, and found a man who would wish to live his life over again exactly as it advance,--a life such as the coming year brings? Even a happy life lived twice would scarcely possess times found a bitter taste to life, even among those who, like M. eye said to me one day, speaking of the Bièvre, a little stream which In olden days, when the world was happy, things were far different. Neither the leaves nor the days fall at the same time for all men, and Life, said an old man, is a regret. 48495 Nietzsche''s notion of the overman is in truth the ideal of all mankind, the Christians, and chiün, the superior man, or to use Nietzsche''s Nietzsche''s so-called "real world" is one ideal among many others. In agreement with this conception of order, Nietzsche says of man, the of the true "overman"; but Nietzsche knows nothing of self-control; Nietzsche is in a certain sense right when he says that truth in itself Nietzsche, discard truth, reason, virtue, and all moral aspirations. the love of truth originates from instincts, Nietzsche treats it as a This kind of higher man is the very opposite of Nietzsche''s overman, Nietzsche''s self is not ideal but material; it is not thought, not even world, all things are self-contradictory"; "we (adds Nietzsche) carry Nietzsche argued that our conception of truth and our ideal world peaceful man; but unlike Stirner, Nietzsche had a hankering for power. 49203 office, only to receive as reply the words "_Russian government deeply government and church and society, and as bold as he was in his reform rebellion against the government and the church, the Czar is said to government on thousands of Russia''s noblest sons and daughters. long before the evils that are harrowing your people in the old world had gone to Russia to see the Czar, and I saw a greater man instead. social relationship, Tolstoy replied: "Our church has not yet arrived This letter tells of the attitude of the church towards Tolstoy better The church hated Tolstoy because the government hated had far more reason to hate Tolstoy than had the church. Five years long he lived the life of a peasant, when a call to arms Little wonder that the government had no love for Tolstoy, and that The religion of Russia of the future will be largely that which Tolstoy 49316 great, but also a man: that a philosopher, in a life time, spends less Nietzsche shows that the device of putting man-made rules of morality Nietzsche found that all existing moral ideas might be divided into national unity as possible is the thing Nietzsche calls slave-morality. "In this case," says Nietzsche, "one man or race has enough a man to reject all ready-made moral ideas and to so order his life Nietzsche maintains that Christianity urges a man to make no such Sympathy, says Nietzsche, consists merely of a strong man giving up therefore Nietzsche, in his later books, urges that every man should be The average man, said Nietzsche, has the power of "Thus," said Nietzsche, "would I have man and woman: the man who regards women as an enemy to be avoided," says Nietzsche, Nietzsche says that the thing which best differentiates man from the 5116 In point of fact it is far less an account of this actual world than oddly-named thing pragmatism as a philosophy that can satisfy both kinds means the right kind of thing for the empiricist mind. sense, as meaning also a certain theory of TRUTH. old truth and grasp new fact; and its success (as I said a moment ago) no meaning in treating as ''not true'' a notion that was pragmatically so of fact we mean to cover the whole of it by our abstract term ''world'' or what it may mean to say ''the world is One.'' ABSOLUTE generic unity would results we actually know in is world have in point of fact been purposed ultra-monistic way of thinking means a great deal to many minds. By ''realities'' or ''objects'' here, we mean either things of common sense, Realities mean, then, either concrete facts, or abstract kinds of things 52090 penser; car pour les autres, qui sont volontairement esclaves des De deux choses l''une; ou tout est illusion, tant la Nature même, que la Elles se trouvent sans nombre dans les Fastes des médecins, qui Le corps humain est une machine qui monte elle-même ses ressorts; que comme le singe l''est lui-même; je veux dire par une physionomie en même temps par les yeux la figure des corps, dont ces mots sont dans eux, et même dans les hommes, que ne pas sentir ce qui affecte Qu''on ne m''objecte point que les animaux sont pour la plupart des êtres de faire observer que, dans tout le règne animal, les mêmes vues sont les corps polis qui ont la même propriété: que l''oeil est à la vérité subtil, et plus merveilleux qui les anime tous; il est la source de from the matter of these bodies, to a substance of a different nature 5621 Diderot''s Works, Paris, 1821, Vol. XII p. (Paris, 1835, 2 vols., 8vo) called _Le Baron d''Holbach_, the events of Holbach''s most intimate and life-long friend among the great figures private letters of Holbach''s to Hume, Garrick, and Wilkes, is a long and in Paris, was a very good friend of Mme. Holbach and Mlle. Holbach''s translations of German scientific works are as follows: Macquer m''a écrit une lettre qui a pour objet les mêmes choses dont vous In 1767 Holbach published his first original work, a few copies of remarques qui montrent que l''auteur s''est trompé sur les faits les plus In 1773 Holbach published his _Recherches sur les Miracles_, a much réfutation des ouvrages qui ont pour titre, l''un Système Social etc. une lettre à l''auteur du _Système de la Nature_ par un homme du for Holbach''s English friends mentioned in his letters to 59 is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men; and opinions touching a single matter that may be upheld by learned men, complex; assigning in thought a certain order even to those objects our thoughts the order necessary for the deduction of one truth from circumstance that I thought to doubt of the truth of other things, it knew to be true, I thought that I must likewise be able to discover the dependencies on my own nature, in so far as it possessed a certain certain that God, who is this Perfect Being, is, or exists, as any also observed certain laws established in nature by God in such a the heart by the veins, cannot on that account prevent new blood from first place, the difference that is observed between the blood which from certain germs of truths naturally existing in our minds In the 6920 the ruling part, consider thus: Thou art an old man; no longer let this among the things readiest to thy hand to which thou shalt turn, let there thing seem to thee to be a deviation from man''s nature, when it is not Whatever of the things which are not within thy power thou shalt No man will hinder thee from living according to the reason of thy 8. Let not future things disturb thee, for thou wilt come to them, if it Nature which governs the whole will soon change all things which thou according to the nature of the universal; and in a little time thou wilt If a thing is in thy own power, why dost thou do it? If, then, it happens to thee in such way as thou art formed by nature Let it not be in any man''s power to say truly of thee that thou art 7495 efforts to win souls to Christ and to help bring about Christian union different peoples of the earth who know not the revelation of God in restored to me Christ, God and his Word of truth. care, "all things work together for good to them that love God." When I believe and know that he is the Christ of God (John 17:20, 23). Word of God, the question naturally arose, which church shall I join, The primary meaning of the word _church_ is a local body of Christians A Christian''s work in the local church is obligatory under Christ. needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth" (2 Tim. 2:15); "I charge thee therefore before God and the Lord Jesus Christ, The Bible names given to the church and to the followers of Christ, church of New Testament times will satisfy the demands of God''s Word. 7514 words ''with nature,'' thus completing the well-known Stoic formula rational animal, his work as man lay in living the rational life. Philosophy was defined by the Stoics as ''the knowledge of things Physics meant the nature of God and the Universe. was one of the things which the Stoics admitted to be devoid of body. Chrysippus in his work on Law that impulse is ''the reason of man Things were divided by Zeno into good, bad, and indifferent. To say that the good of men lay in virtue was another way of saying As reason was the only thing whereby Nature had distinguished man high Stoic doctrine, there was no mean between virtue and vice. The good man of the Stoics was variously known as ''the sage'', or, appellation which the Stoics had for the sage was ''the urbane man'', As the man is in one sense the soul, in another the body, and in a 8909 PART I--Laws of Nature.--Of man.--The faculties of the soul. LAWS OF NATURE--OF MAN--THE FACULTIES OF THE SOUL--DOCTRINE OF Man, in fact, finds himself in Nature, and makes a part of it: he acts universe, generated in the mind of man the idea of ORDER; this term, Nature_: man finds order in every thing that is conformable to his the manner of man''s considering the natural and necessary effects, which the natural means to render the beings with whom he lives happy; to _Happiness_ is a mode of existence of which man naturally wishes the The ideas which man forms to himself of happiness depend not only on his Whatever may be the cause that obliges man to act, society possesses manner which is but little accordant with the nature of things: each man The passion for existence is in man only a natural consequence man has designated the concealed causes acting in nature, and their 8910 If a faithful account was rendered of man''s ideas upon the Divinity, he ideas on the powers of nature, which gave birth to the gods they for want of contemplating nature under her true point of view, that man weak imagination of man is able to form; that when this nature appears reconcile man to the idea that the puny offspring of natural causes is knowledge--HIS REASON, it would naturally occur to the mind of man, that although in man, as well as the other beings of nature, it is evidence spring out of natural causes; that man as well as all the other beings Thus every thing proves that nature, or matter, exists necessarily; that of nature, applied to the conduct of man in society; that this reason thing proves to us, that it is not out of nature man ought to seek the