_________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR =DPERDQJD�6WDWH�&ROOHJH�RI�0DULQH�6FLHQFHV�DQG�7HFKQRORJ\��WKH�3KLOLSSLQHV Ateneo de Zamboanga University, the Philippines decastro@zscmst.edu.ph, aqohsidyep812@gmail.com Abstract English preposition is one of the hardest features to learn and master, especially by ‘nonnative’ speakers of the English language; hence, several Filipinos tend to interchange particle/preposition in phrasal verbs (PhVs) (e.g., ¿OO�XS�and ¿OO�RXW). As such, this study aimed to compare the semantic features and idiomatic status of selected same-verb different-particle PhVs, and describe their syntactic features utilizing the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE- PHI) and the Global Web-based English Corpus (GloWbE) Philippines. This study revealed evidence that clearly shows the interchange of particle/preposition for the same verb. A new meaning has been found for two PhVs. Most of the PhVs follow the type 2 (transitive) pattern, while others follow the type 1 (intransitive) pattern. They generally occur in the medial position, rarely in the beginning position, and YHU\�UDUHO\�LQ�WKH�¿QDO�SRVLWLRQ��7KH�VWXG\�VXJJHVWV�WKDW�GHVSLWH�WKH�LQWHUFKDQJH�� Filipinos generally follow the American English (AmE) usage of PhVs. Also, GHVSLWH� WKH�IDFW� WKDW�3K9�LV�QRW�DQ�LQKHUHQW�FKDUDFWHULVWLF� LQ� WKH�¿UVW� ODQJXDJH�� )LOLSLQRV�VWLOO�VKRZ�DGHTXDWH�NQRZOHGJH�DQG�SUR¿FLHQF\�LQ�WKH�XVH�RI�3K9V�LQ� their utterances. The interchange of particle/preposition may be considered as an emerging feature of Philippine English (PhE). Keywords: Language variation, Philippine English, phrasal verbs, semantics 1. Introduction Since the emergence of the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE-PHI) compiled by Bautista et al. (2004), and years before it was compiled, it can still be considered that relatively few studies have explored Philippine English (PhE) (e.g., Bautista, 2011; Biermeier, 2011; Borlongan, 2011; Collins, 2011; Coronel, 2011; David, 2019; Dita, 2011; Ella & Dita, 2017; Friginal, 2011; Gonzalez, 1996; Hundt, 2011; Llamzon, 1997; Munalim, 2019; Pauwels & Winter, 2011; Schneider, 2011), considering that PhE is so vast and has subvarieties (see Gonzales, 2017), although some claim (e.g., Paz, 2020) that studies in 3K(�DUH�TXLWH�H[WHQVLYH�DOUHDG\��%HVLGHV��3K(�FDQ�VWLOO�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�D�QHZ�¿HOG�LQ�WKH�VWXGLHV� of varieties of the English language. In these studies, pieces of evidence emerged that clearly show how English in the Philippines is unique and different, but mutually intelligible, from _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 222 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ other varieties. These variations may have been brought about by the country’s architecture of conventions of native languages, sociolinguistic variables, and other extralinguistic factors. It is also evident that some aspects of English in the Philippines are no longer the same as the AmE. Deviations from the so-called ‘standard,’ although there is no such thing as that as far as descriptive linguistics and World Englishes are concerned, are considered a language drift or a case of indigenization where an English variety has particular linguistic features, which are very unlike the AmE or British English (BrE) varieties (Malicsi, 2007). It is for this reason that the question “When does an error become a feature of PhE?” had been a subject of debates. Gonzalez (1983) answered this question arguing that errors become features when educated elites in society commit them. In effect, these errors, when diffused (Malicsi, 2007), will eventually be accepted by society as the ‘standard.’ Llamzon (1969) referred to this kind of English as “the type of English which educated Filipinos speak and which is acceptable in educated Filipino circles” (p. 15). This view is seen to be one of the major inadequacies in the study of PhE as it is generally reserved only to the educated few, disregarding the “class-based, regionally-marked, and other potentially differentiating varieties” of PhE (Paz, 2020, p. 49) and misrepresenting the true identity of PhE as a whole. To acknowledge other VXEVWUDWH�LQÀXHQFHG� YDULHWLHV� DQG� PDNH� 3K(� LQFOXVLYH�� *RQ]DOHV� ������� DUJXHV� WKDW� WKH� notion ‘Philippine Englishes’ should be adopted by scholars, invalidating the ‘standard’ PhE previously described by some Filipino scholars. Scholars have different views on the status of PhE in reference to Schneider’s (2003) dynamic model. Schneider (2003) located PhE in the nativization stage where it is fossilized. Martin (2014) supported this claim and debunked the concept that PhE is already at the endonormative stabilization stage citing that PhE is disregarded by Filipinos as an identity carrier by still choosing Anglo-American literature such as the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Washington Irving instead of those Philippine in origin, a case that is unlike the Singapore English. Borlongan (2016), however, debunked Martin’s (2014) claim and argued that PhE has already met the criteria of the endonormative VWDELOL]DWLRQ�VWDJH�LQ�WKDW�HYHQW�;��ZKLFK�LV�WKH�YHU\�VSHFL¿F�HYHQW�WKDW�WUDQVLWLRQV�DQ�(QJOLVK� using state or territory from phase 3 to phase 4 (see Schneider, 2007), has already taken place in the development of PhE. Gonzales (2017) showed evidence that PhE is at the dawn of differentiation stage on the basis of the birth of other PhE dialects and the construction of identities of communities, although some prerequisites were acknowledged to have not been met yet. In a more recent study, Tatel (2019) claimed that PhE is now entering the endonormative stabilization phase. The reason for this is the weakening of the complaint tradition or of widespread phenomenon where the public expresses its dismay in the apparent decline in the so-called language ‘standards.’ Nonetheless, PhE is recognized as a legitimate nativized variety of English (Bautista & Bolton, 2009; Borlongan, 2016; Gonzales, 2017; 0DOLFVL��������6FKQHLGHU��������������EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�RXWHU�FLUFOH�LQ�.DFKUX¶V�������������� 1990, 1992) concentric circle model and has different lexical, phonological, and grammatical features that are uniquely Filipino (Dita & Borlongan, 2020). In line with the present study, it has been observed that two different particles/ prepositions are used interchangeably for the same verb in the PhV constructions, but they refer to or convey the same meaning. These include make up of and make out of, come up ZLWK�and�FRPH�RXW�ZLWK, FRPSDUH�ZLWK�and compare to,�¿OO�XS�and ¿OO�RXW, connect to and _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 223 _________________________________________________________________________________ FRQQHFW�ZLWK, base on and base from, set up and set out,�ZRUN�RQ�and�ZRUN�RXW, hand in and hand over, end up and�HQG�ZLWK,�DVVRFLDWH�ZLWK and associate to, among others. Having observed these differences and the interchange of particles/prepositions for the same verb in the PhV constructions among Filipino speakers who naturally utter them, this study was formulated. Thus, the main aim of this study was to investigate the semantic and syntactic features of binary PhVs utilizing two large corpora of English in the Philippines. 1.1 Theoretical Framework Multi-word verbs (MWVs) are a combination of a verb and one or two particles or prepositions �4XLUN�HW�DO����������0:9V�DUH�FODVVL¿HG�LQWR�WKUHH�W\SHV��SKUDVDO�YHUEV��3K9V���SUHSRVLWLRQDO� verbs (PVs), and phrasal-prepositional verbs (PPVs). PhVs are multi-word units that consist of a verb followed by an adverbial particle, which have core spatial or locative meanings but generally used with extended meanings (e.g., carry out). PVs consist of a verb and a preposition (e.g., talk about). PPVs consist of both an adverbial particle and a preposition (e.g., FRPH�XS�ZLWK) (see Biber et al., 1999). In some cases, a PhV is used to refer to all three types of MWVs; hence, it is a multi-word unit consisting of a verb followed by a particle or a preposition. According to Cambridge Dictionary (2018), the most common particles used to form PhVs are around, at,�DZD\,�GRZQ, in, off, on, out, round, and up. PhVs consist of a verb and a particle (e.g., drop out, end up, live out,�SXW�GRZQ, etc.). There are two types of PhVs in terms of syntactic feature: type 1 (intransitive) and type 2 (transitive). Intransitive PhVs consist of a verb, and an adverb particle, which functions like a predication adjunct and is usually inseparable from its lexical verb. These are also considered as idiomatic and cohesive. Examples are cited below. 1. Elena has been dropped out. 2. I did my best, but I ended up unsatisfactory. Transitive PhVs, on the other hand, take a direct object, which can either be preceded or followed by a particle. This means that a phrasal verb may be split to insert in between the direct object. Examples are cited below. 3. Thank you for bringing that (matter) up. 4. Thank you for bringing up that matter. In terms of semantic features, meanings of MWVs can be determined in replacement by a single-word verb, e.g., request for appeal to, meet for bump into, HWF���4XLUN�HW�DO��� �������0:9V�DUH�FODVVL¿HG�LQWR�WKUHH�FDWHJRULHV��QRQ�LGLRPDWLF��VHPL�LGLRPDWLF��DQG�KLJKO\� idiomatic constructions. Non-idiomatic constructions are MWVs “where individual meanings of the components are apparent from their constancy in possible substitutions,” e.g., take out, bring in,�UXQ�GRZQ, HWF���4XLUN�HW�DO���������S���������6HPL�LGLRPDWLF�FRQVWUXFWLRQV�DUH� MWVs where “the relation between the verb and particle is similar to that between a stem RI�DQ�DI¿[�LQ�ZRUG�IRUPDWLRQ��LQ�WKDW�WKH�VXEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�RQH�YHUE�IRU�DQRWKHU��RU�RQH�SDUWLFOH� _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 224 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ for another, is constrained by limited productivity,” e.g., ¿QG�RXW�for discover, cut up for cut into pieces��HWF���4XLUN�HW�DO���������S��������������+LJKO\�LGLRPDWLF�FRQVWUXFWLRQV�DUH� “thoroughly idiomatic in that there is no possibility of contrastive substitution,” e.g., hang on for ZDLW�or hold tightly,�SDVV�DZD\�for die �4XLUN�HW�DO���������S�������. However, it is imperative to note that the difference in the use of particles or prepositions for the same verb in PhV constructions may be attributed to conformance to either AmE or BrE. For instance, the particles ZLWK�and to are used interchangeably for the verb compare when estimating the similarity or difference between things. When the PhV is in the intransitive form, the former particle is preferred in BrE, while the latter is slightly more frequent in AmE. However, in some cases, to is obligatory when used to make an analogy between two different things or to say that one thing resembles another (Oxford Dictionaries, 2018). The difference may also be attributed to deviations from these varieties, forming a feature uniquely of its own. For example, the particle out in the PhV ¿OO�RXW�is commonly interchanged with up, especially when the PhV is used for the word form (e.g., ¿OO�XS�WKH�IRUP���'HYLDWLRQV�RU�GLIIHUHQFHV�PD\�UHVXOW�IURP�LQVXI¿FLHQW�NQRZOHGJH�RI�RU� UHODWLYHO\�ORZ�SUR¿FLHQF\�LQ�XVLQJ�WKH�VR�FDOOHG�VWDQGDUGL]HG�(QJOLVK�YDULHWLHV��H�J���$P(� or BrE), but such view is error-oriented, static, monocentric, and dichotomous. Anchored in .DFKUX¶V��������������������������FRQFHQWULF�FLUFOH�PRGHO��WKHVH�GLIIHUHQFHV�RU�GHYLDWLRQV� are already a process called norm-developing. It is therefore essential to be reoriented and to recognize the different contexts (i.e., sociolinguistic, functional, pragmatic, and attitudinal) that contribute to the emergence of new English varieties. 1.2 Studies on Phrasal Verbs ,QWHUHVWLQJO\��VWXGLHV�LQ�3K9V�KDYH�VKRZQ�VLJQL¿FDQW�DQG�QRWHZRUWK\�¿QGLQJV�WKDW�DUH�SLYRWDO� in understanding the different roles and meanings of PhVs. Various theoretical perspectives and approaches have also emerged relative to PhVs’ linguistic features including lexicon, syntax, and semantics. For instance, according to the principle of lexical integrity, “the syntax neither manipulates nor has access to the internal structure of words” (Anderson, 1992, p. 84). Hence, analyzing the morphological aspect of PhVs is a violation (Iacobini, 2009, p. 99). However, in the case of Italian PhVs, the formation of such constructions has been determined by lexicalization and grammaticalization. Evidence of correspondences between PhVs and clear morphological structures revealed an overlapping between the range RI�GLUHFWLRQDO�PHDQLQJV�FRQYH\HG�E\�SUH¿[HG�YHUEV�DQG�3K9V��,DFRELQL�������� Following the cognitive-linguistics-based methodology, Mahpeykar and Tyler (2015) analyzed the semantics of verbs and particles in four PhV constructions and revealed the compositional nature of PhVs that show multiple meanings. Through the interaction of polysemic networks of component verbs and particles, these meanings can be systematically accounted for. Dagut and Laufer (1985) endeavored to classify 15 PhVs into three types, i.e., literal, ¿JXUDWLYH��DQG�FRPSOHWLYH��ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�D�EDVLV�IRU�VWXG\LQJ�RWKHU�3K9V�RI�(QJOLVK�DQG�DQ\� other languages in various approaches, especially corpus-based. For example, in the study of Liao and Fukuya (2004), it was revealed that Chinese learners tended to produce literal PhVs WKDQ�¿JXUDWLYH�RQHV� _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 225 _________________________________________________________________________________ In line with the present study, Ella and Dita (2017) investigated MWVs in PhE, VSHFL¿FDOO\�339V�XVLQJ�,&(�3+,��DQG�IRFXVHG�RQ�WKH�V\QWDFWLF�DQG�VHPDQWLF�IHDWXUHV�RI�WKH� six most frequent PPVs in the said corpus, i.e., FRPH�XS�ZLWK, get out of,�ORRN�IRUZDUG�WR, come RXW�ZLWK, hold on to, and FDWFK�XS�ZLWK. Most of which are used in the active voice. The study revealed that the semantic features of the said PPVs conform to standard meanings from online dictionaries. Ella and Dita (2017) noted that Filipinos show minimal usage of PPVs and are conservative in using them in their utterances as ‘nonnative’ speakers of English, the fact that phrasal verbs do not exist in Filipino. As such, Filipinos tend to deviate from the so- called standardized usage of phrasal verbs and to form new, unique features. 1.3 The Study 7R� GDWH�� QR� VWXG\� LV� DYDLODEOH� \HW� UHODWLYH� WR� WKH� VHPDQWLFV� RI� 3K9V�� VSHFL¿FDOO\� 3K9V� whose particle/preposition is often interchanged. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the ELQDU\�SKUDVDO�YHUEV�LQ�3K(��7R�DFKLHYH�WKLV��WKH�VWXG\�VSHFL¿FDOO\�DLPHG�WR�����FRPSDUH�WKH� semantic features of the binary PhVs, (2) determine their idiomatic status, and (3) describe their syntactic features. 2. Method This study utilized descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods following the corpus linguistics approach to analyze, compare, and contrast same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs. A total of 44,356,871 tokens were utilized for the data: 1,106,778 from ICE-PHI compiled by Bautista et al. (2004), and 43,250,093 from GloWbE. The data are considered naturally occurring language. The ICE-PHI consists of nonprofessional writing, correspondence, academic and nonacademic writing, reportage, instructional writing, persuasive writing, creative writing, private and public dialogues, and scripted and unscripted monologues; while the GloWbE consists of informal blogs, online news, magazines, and company websites (Davies, 2015). The list of PhVs investigated was derived from the researcher’s observation of everyday interaction. The particles/prepositions of these PhVs were found to have been frequently interchanged by Filipino speakers; hence, these items were examined in the corpora. The PhVs included were: base from and base on,�FRPH�RXW�ZLWK�and�FRPH�XS�ZLWK, compare to and�FRPSDUH�ZLWK, connect to and�FRQQHFW�ZLWK,�¿OO�RXW�and�¿OO�XS, leave to and OHDYH�ZLWK, made out of and made up of, relate to and�UHODWH�ZLWK, and talk to and WDON�ZLWK� These PhVs were individually searched using AntConc 3.5.8 and GloWbE search system designed to provide frequency counts and concordance samples. The PhVs in the past tense (e.g., compared to), third-person singular (e.g., compares to) and plural (e.g., compare to), and progressive aspect (e.g., comparing to) were included in the search and analysis. For the quantitative part, each PhV was analyzed using the observed absolute frequency (OAF) to determine the number of occurrences in both corpora. For the semantic IHDWXUHV��HDFK�3K9�ZDV�DQDO\]HG�LQ�WHUPV�RI�WKHVH�FDWHJRULHV�IROORZLQJ�4XLUN�HW�DO�¶V�������� semantic criteria for idiomatic status: “non-idiomatic, semi-idiomatic and highly idiomatic” (p. 1162). The meanings of the PhVs were described according to how they were used in _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 226 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ context. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2018) was consulted for the single-word meaning of each of the PhVs. Then the binary PhVs were compared in terms of meaning. For the syntactic features, each PhV was analyzed in terms of concord, transitivity and intransitivity, and separability and inseparability. 3. Results and Discussion The data in Table 1 show that same-verb different-particle PhVs were explicitly used in both corpora with GloWbE containing a higher number of occurrences for all PhVs as compared with ICE-PHI. This is possibly because the number of tokens in the former is greater than the latter. Nevertheless, an interchange of particles for the same verb is prevalent in PhE. Table 1 2EVHUYHG�DEVROXWH� IUHTXHQF\��DQG�V\QWDFWLF�DQG�VHPDQWLF� IHDWXUHV�RI�SKUDVDO�YHUEV� LQ� Philippine English Phrasal Verb ICE- PHI GloWbE Total Syntactic Feature Semantic Feature Idiomatic Status OAF OAF base from 6 119 125 T2 - To use particular ideas or facts to make a decision Semi- idiomatic base on 223 7623 7846 T2 come out with 23 346 369 T1 - To produce, create, devise, or think up Highly Idiomatic come up with 75 2151 2226 T1 - To produce, create, devise, or think up compare to 112 3783 3895 T2 - To equate or differentiate between things Non- idiomatic compare with 48 1097 1145 T2 connect to 26 1621 1647 T2 - To join two things together or to relate one thing with another Non- idiomatic connect with 17 1301 1318 T2 ¿OO�RXW 9 381 390 T2 - To complete a form or application Semi- idiomatic ¿OO�XS 13 679 692 T2 - To make something full - To complete a form or application Non- idiomatic Semi- idiomatic _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 227 _________________________________________________________________________________ Table 1 continued... Phrasal Verb ICE- PHI GloWbE Total Syntactic Feature Semantic Feature Idiomatic Status OAF OAF ¿OO�XS 13 679 692 T2 - To make something full - To complete a form or application Non- idiomatic Semi- idiomatic leave to 29 1713 1742 T2 - To leave someone or something to someone - To depart Non- idiomatic leave with 28 765 793 T2 - To leave someone or something with someone or something - To leave with someone or something - To depart with someone or something made out of 4 247 251 T1 - Something that has been changed or transformed one thing into another - Made from something Semi- idiomatic made up of 18 585 603 T1 - Consist of something - Something that has been changed or transformed one thing into another Highly Idiomatic relate to 110 4011 4121 T2 - To show or make connection between two or more things Non- idiomatic relate with 7 151 158 T2 talk to 156 4018 4174 T1 - To converse with someone Non- idiomatictalk with 34 809 843 T1 To better understand the similarities and differences of the two-type PhVs, the following subsections are presented: _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 228 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ EDVH�RQ and EDVH�IURP This study found that the PhVs base from and base on are semantically the same. The verb base means to make, form, or serve as basis for something. The particle from is used as a function word to indicate a starting point of something, while on is used as a function word to indicate position in contact with or supported by the top surface. Combining the verb to its preposition, the PhVs base from and base on mean to use particular ideas or facts to make a decision. Both are considered semi-idiomatic because the particles show limited productivity, and generally occur in the medial position (1, 2, 4, 5, 6) and rarely in the beginning position (3). They follow the type 2 (transitive) pattern and are separable when they are in the active voice. Examples are cited below. (1) Literature during the Colonial America were written EDVHG�IURP the experiences of the writer, that’s why it was called as the /LWHUDWXUH�RI�H[SHULHQFH�DQG�VRPHWLPHV�ZLWK�LPDJLQDWLRQ���,&(� PHI:W1A-015#84:2> (2) You may also agree that it’s not measured EDVHG�IURP where class RI�VRFLHW\�DQ�LQGLYLGXDO�EHORQJV�WR���*OR:E(��7KH�5ROOHU�&RDVWHU� Ride of a Happy and Matured Rider> (3) Based on the quotation submitted by PENTAGRAFIX, Inc. ( the company that will produce the said printed material), it seems that the most reasonable package to take is OPTION 2, considering WKH�SDSHU��VL]H��FRORU��QXPEHU�RI�SDJHV�DQG�SURFHVV�VSHFL¿FDWLRQV�� �,&(�3+,�:�%����������! (4) The latter is EDVHG�RQ algorithms determined by your website’s UHOHYDQF\� WR� WKH� VHDUFK� LWHP�� �*OR:E(�� 2QOLQH� 0DUNHWLQJ� Services You have to know about Social Media> (5) Such tables can be EDVHG� RQ� LPDJH� KLVWRJUDPV�� �,&(� PHI:W2A-034#19:1> (6) It EDVHV its decisions principally on the results of the Ateneo College Entrance Test, on past academic performances, on the recommendations of teachers, and on information contained in the DSSOLFDWLRQ�IRUP���,&(�3+,�:�'���������! Many dictionaries such as Macmillan Dictionary (2018), Thesaurus Dictionary (2018), and Cambridge Dictionary (2018) do not acknowledge base from as a standard PhV. Since the word base can imply a source of the basis or foundation of something, it may be the reason why the preposition from was/is used in some cases in PhE. Nevertheless, it can be assumed that such a feature of PhE is likely the same as the AmE variety considering that the PhV base on (OAF=7846) is preferred than base from (OAF=125). come up with and come out with It is worthy to note that the PhVs FRPH�XS�ZLWK (OAF=2226) and FRPH�RXW�ZLWK�(OAF=369) are semantically the same in PhE. Both mean to produce, create, devise, or think up; therefore, _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 229 _________________________________________________________________________________ they can be used interchangeably. The verb come means WR�PRYH�WRZDUG�VRPHWKLQJ. It also means to reach, approach, or advance. The particle up is used as a function word to indicate motion to or toward, or situation at a higher point. Linking the verb come to the particle up suggests a movement from a lower to a higher position. The particle out, on the other hand, is used as a function word to indicate an outward movement. Combining the verb come to the particle out means WR�FRPH�LQWR�SXEOLF�YLHZ. The particle ZLWK�is used to say that people or things are together in one place, or that two or more people or things are doing something together or are involved in something. It also means having (a particular characteristic, possession, etc.). Combining the three elements (i.e., FRPH�XS�ZLWK�and FRPH�RXW�ZLWK), they become PPVs and are therefore highly idiomatic. Both follow the type 1 (intransitive) pattern and are inseparable. However, while FRPH�XS�ZLWK�generally occurs in the medial position (7) DQG�UDUHO\�LQ�WKH�¿QDO�SRVLWLRQ������FRPH�RXW�ZLWK�generally occurs only in the medial position (9, 10). It should be noted that in other instances, the preposition ZLWK�is not really a part of the PhV come out, which, when put together, literally means to appear (11). (7) I am sure other banks will come up with a similar program soon. �*OR:E(��,QTXLUHU��0D\���������! (8) Then and then you integrate it with the visuals and I want to see you know I wanna hear my voice and then I wanna see what kind of visuals you come up with.��,&(�3+,�6�$�����������$! ���� 1RZ�XK���!�RI�FRXUVH�WKHUH�LV�WKDW�JHVWDWLRQ�SHULRG�WKDW�ZH�KDYH� to pass through uh we cannot avoid uh that uh stage even if we were to start after uh ten years we still have to pass through that uh gestation period uh but I I as I have said uh the government uh can uh if only it has the political will can uh come out with the necessary measures to cushion the impact of this on on the ZRUNHUV���,&(�3+,�6�%����������$! (10) Soon after the Manila Times came out with a public apology from its publisher Robina Gokongwei-Pe talk surfaced that the threat of an audit by the Bureau of Internal Revenue was the last straw WKDW��"!�EURXJKW���"!�WKH�IDPLO\�WR�SXEOLVK�DQ�DSRORJ\�WR� WKH� 3UHVLGHQW���,&(�3+,�6�%����������(! (11) The brand came out with a series of photos of her wearing giant PLII\�HDUV«��*OR:E(��https://triciagosingtian.com/> Cambridge Dictionary (2018) and MacMillan Dictionary (2018) suggest that the PhV FRPH�XS�ZLWK�means to think of or suggest an idea or plan. It also means to produce RU�SURYLGH�VRPHWKLQJ�WKDW�SHRSOH�ZDQW�(MacMillan Dictionary, 2018). Thus, the meaning of FRPH�XS�ZLWK�in this study is the same as the meaning in the said dictionaries. However, both dictionaries do not suggest that FRPH�RXW�ZLWK�means the same thing as what was found in this study (9). MacMillan Dictionary also suggests that FRPH�RXW�ZLWK�means to say something suddenly, usually something that surprises or shocks people or WR�LQWURGXFH�D�QHZ�SURGXFW�� For Cambridge Dictionary, it means to make something available to the public. As seen in the examples, it is apparent that the meaning is the same as the suggested meanings in the dictionaries. _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 230 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ compare to and compare with 7KH�¿QGLQJV�DOVR�UHYHDOHG�WKDW�WKH�3K9V� compare to and FRPSDUH�ZLWK�are semantically the same. The verb compare means to say that something is similar to something else, or to examine the character or qualities of something, especially in order to discover resemblances or differences. The particle to is used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or something moves toward. It is used as a function word to indicate similarity, correspondence, dissimilarity, or proportion. In addition, the particle ZLWK�is also used as a function word to indicate the object of a statement of comparison or equality, or to indicate a manner of action. When the verb is combined with the particle to or ZLWK��it becomes a PhV that means WR�HTXDWH�RU�GLIIHUHQWLDWH�EHWZHHQ�WKLQJV; hence, both are non-idiomatic or literal. Further, WKH�H[DPSOHV�LQ������DQG������DI¿UP�WKH�FODLP�RI�(QJOLVK�2[IRUG�/LYLQJ�'LFWLRQDULHV�������� that when the verb compare is used to resemble one thing with another or to make an analogy between two different things, the preposition to is obligatory. Examples are given below. (12) Compared to nucleotide sequencing which is labor intensive and UHTXLUHV� VWURQJ� DPSOL¿FDWLRQ� RI� WKH� '1$�� 3&5�66&3� DOORZV� SURFHVVLQJ� RI� D� ODUJHU� QXPEHU� RI� VDPSOHV� �� �IRUHLJQ!� H�J�� �� IRUHLJQ!������VDPSOHV�SHU�JHO����,&(�3+,�:�$���������! (13) You have to put it in perspective by comparing it to our economic RXWSXW�IRU�H[DPSOH��RU�YLV�D�YLV�JRY¾W�UHYHQXHV��HWF����*OR:E(�� Inquirer, September 13, 2012> (14) Compared with the performance for the same species in the whole of Asia, the country’s cattle industry again lagged behind whereas WKRVH� RI� JRDWV� DQG� �LQGLJ!� FDUDEDR� ��LQGLJ!� ZHUH� ZLWKLQ� WKH� $VLDQ�DYHUDJHV���,&(�3+,�:�$���������! (15) Management then compares their own processes with these industry best practices to identify areas of improvement or effective models that they should consider adopting or adapting for WKHLU�RZQ�RUJDQL]DWLRQV���*OR:E(��6*9��,QGXVWU\�EHQFKPDUNLQJ� of taxpayers, September 10, 2012)> Syntactically, both PhVs follow type 1 (intransitive) pattern and are separable, occurring most frequently in the medial position (13 and 15) and rarely in the beginning position (12 and 14). Semantically, PhE follows both AmE and BrE varieties; however, it appears that the PhV compare to (OAF=3895) is preferred than FRPSDUH�ZLWK (OAF=1145). connect to and connect with This study also revealed that the PhVs connect to and FRQQHFW�ZLWK�are the same in meaning. The verb connect means WR� MRLQ� WZR�RU�PRUH� WKLQJV� WRJHWKHU� or to place or establish a relationship. Having known the meanings of to and ZLWK�in the previous discussion, when the verb is linked to either of these prepositions, it becomes a PhV that literally means WR�MRLQ�WZR� things together or�WR�UHODWH�RQH�WKLQJ�ZLWK�DQRWKHU. Thus, both are interchangeable and non- _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 231 _________________________________________________________________________________ idiomatic. However, in the case where there is a physical connection (16), the preposition to is used and can be considered obligatory. Examples are given below. (16) This reactor is equipped with a motor on top where the propeller is connected to���,&(�3+,�:�$���������! (17) Doris Erestain-Reytas who is now the President of Ernie’s company but still connected to the Civil Service Commission was DOVR�SUHVHQW���,&(�3+,�:�%���������! (18) Mr. Chief Justice we have to object again on the ground that uh it does not have a tendency to connect the testimony of the witness to�DQ\�RI�WKH�SDUDJUDSKV�RI�DUWLFOH�WZR���,&(�3+,�6�%� 070#46:1:C> (19) With what agency or agencies are you connected with"��,&(� PHI:S1B-067#22:1:D> (20) It connects God with� QDWXUH� DQG� ZLWK� FXOWXUH�� �,&(� PHI:W1B-007#155:2> Since the PhV connect to means WR�MRLQ�WZR�WKLQJV�WRJHWKHU�and FRQQHFW�ZLWK�means WR�VKRZ�RU�SURYLGH�D�OLQN�RU�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�WZR�WKLQJV, it can be assumed that these PhVs are the same in meaning with both the AmE and the BrE varieties. At a closer look, it can be gleaned that connect to (OAF=1621) is preferred than FRQQHFW�ZLWK (OAF=1301), DOEHLW�WKH�GLIIHUHQFH�LV�LQVLJQL¿FDQW��6\QWDFWLFDOO\��ERWK�3K9V�IROORZ�WKH�W\SH����LQWUDQVLWLYH�� and type 2 (transitive) patterns and are separable, occurring generally in the medial position ��������DQG�����DQG�UDUHO\�LQ�WKH�¿QDO�SRVLWLRQ�����DQG����� ¿OO�RXW�and ¿OO�XS Contrary to the assumption of several, if not all, Filipino English language teachers and VR�FDOOHG�(QJOLVK�SUR¿FLHQW�VSHDNHUV��¿OO�RXW�and ¿OO�XS�are the same in meaning and are employed interchangeably when both used with a form or document (21, 22 and 23). Both mean to complete a form or application, but in most cases, ¿OO�XS�means to make something full. In the same vein, the verb ¿OO�means to make something full, or�WR�VXSSO\�ZLWK�D� full complement. Having known the meanings of up and out earlier in the discussion, when the verb is linked to these prepositions, these PhVs can be considered as semi-idiomatic when they are used to complete a form or application because the particles do not indicate direction, hence limited in function. On the other hand, when ¿OO�XS�is used to indicate a greater amount or a higher level (24), it can be considered non-idiomatic. Cambridge (2018) and Collins (2018) dictionaries suggest that ¿OO�XS�means to make something full or become full, while ¿OO�RXW�means to make or become fuller, thicker, or rounder; to make more substantial; and to complete a form or application or to make (a GRFXPHQW��HWF���FRPSOHWH�E\�LQVHUWLQJ�RU�VXSSO\LQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ. Thus, the PhV ¿OO�XS��which is used to complete a document or application, has a new or additional meaning. _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 232 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ In addition, the PhVs ¿OO�RXW�and ¿OO�XS�follow the type 2 (transitive) pattern and are separable. Both PhVs occur in the beginning and the medial positions. (21) Applicants for scholarship must ¿OO�RXW a Scholarship/Financial $LG�4XHVWLRQQDLUH���,&(�3+,�:�'���������! (22) Fill out and submit the form and exam permit, together with all RWKHU�UHTXLUHPHQWV��DW�WKH��EROG!�2I¿FH�RI�$GPLVVLRQ�DQG�$LG��� EROG!�RU�DW�WKH��EROG!�3URYLQFLDO�7HVWLQJ�&HQWHU���EROG!����S!�� �,&(�3+,�:�'���������! (23) Applicants will ¿OO�XS a form providing information like name, address, contact number, brand of the helmet, date the helmet was acquired and the name of the store where the helmet was bought. �*OR:E(��,QTXLUHU��-XO\���������! (24) FILL it up�ZLWK�ZDWHU�XS� WR� WKH�HGJH�RI� WKH�FRQWDLQHU���,&(� PHI:W2D-011#48:1> leave to and leave with This study found similarities and differences in meaning for PhVs leave to (OAF=1742) and�OHDYH�ZLWK (OAF=793). The PhV leave to means to entrust or delegate something to someone (25) and to depart (26). The PhV OHDYH�ZLWK�means to leave someone or something ZLWK�VRPHRQH�RU�VRPHWKLQJ�(27 and 29) or WR�OHDYH�ZLWK�VRPHRQH�RU�VRPHWKLQJ�(28), and WR�GHSDUW�ZLWK�VRPHRQH�RU�VRPHWKLQJ, especially when separable where a location or event is in between the verb and the particle (30). Hence, in some cases, these PhVs are used interchangeably, especially when the meaning does not vary whichever particle is used. (25) We leave it to the people’s judgment whether or not our Armed Forces have become modernized because of those exercises whether or not we learned of the latest technologies because even the guns and the tanks and the planes furnished us like the Huey helicopters are admittedly hand-me-down equipments destined to limit our progress and keep us attuned to mendicancy. ICE- PHI:S2A-068#86:1:A> (26) Today and happily for people leaving close to airports, or under ÀLJKW�SDWKV��WKHUH�LV�QR�PRUH�IDOOLQJ�PDQXUH���*OR:E(��$VLDVSLULW�� https://asiaspirit.com/lavatory.html> (27) To end, I’d like to leave everyone of you with these pieces of DGYLFH�� �*OR:E(�� ,QWHJUDWHG� &KHPLVWV� RI� WKH� 3KLOLSSLQHV�� October 12, 2012> (28) She left her room with Nisha Narvane along with riding the T for a Honda parked outside her own two-storey house off 1HZEXU\�VWUHHW��LQ�D�GLVWULFW�OLQHG�ZLWK�PDJQROLDV����S!���,&(� PHI:W2F-019#83:1> _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 233 _________________________________________________________________________________ (29) The Chinese were left with the minority group, who would HYHQWXDOO\�UHEHO�IRU�WKH�ORYH�RI�PXVLF���,&(�3+,�:�$���������!� (30) I can’t just leave this game with�\RX���*OR:E(��*DLD�2QOLQH�� https://www.gaiaonline.com/forum/soul-crash/spins-taking-1- cash-without-displaying-that-it-would/t.81488309/> Further, the verb leave means to depart,�WR�JLYH�E\�PHDQV�RI�D�ZLOO, or to permit to be or remain subject to another’s action or control. Having known the meaning of the preposition to, when the verb is linked to it, it becomes a PhV in the non-idiomatic category. Likewise, when it is combined with the preposition ZLWK��it becomes a non-idiomatic PhV. Mc- Graw Hill Dictionary (2002) suggests that OHDYH�ZLWK�means to leave someone or something ZLWK�VRPHRQH�RU�VRPHWKLQJ, or to depart in company of someone; while leave to means to leave someone or something to someone. In this study, it is evident that the meanings of the PhVs leave to and OHDYH�ZLWK are similar to those in the AmE variety. In terms of their syntactic function, it is noteworthy to determine that both PhVs follow the type 2 (transitive) pattern and are separable, occurring generally in the medial position. made out of and made up of Generally, the PhVs made out of (OAF=251) and made up of (OAF=603) are not the same in meaning, but in a very rare case, they are the same. As seen in the example cited below, the PhV made out of in (31 and 32) means something that has been changed or transformed from one thing into another �L�H���VKULPSV�DQG�¿VK��DQG�EDPERR��RU�something is an outcome of something. On the contrary, the PhV made up of in example (33) means consists of something. However, in example (34) it is apparent that the soda bottle is made out of polyethylene; therefore, it also means something that has been changed or transformed from one thing into another. In another view, the verb made means built, formed, or VKDSHG�LQ�D�VSHFL¿HG�ZD\� The preposition of is used as a function word to indicate origin. Having known the meaning of the prepositions out and up in the previous discussion, when the three elements are combined (i.e., made out of and PDGH�XS�RI�, they become PPVs. The PhV made out of is semi-idiomatic because the preposition out is limited in function. One can just say made of. On the contrary, the PhV made up of LV�KLJKO\�LGLRPDWLF�LI� WKH�¿UVW�PHDQLQJ�LV� meant like in example (33), while it is semi-idiomatic if the second meaning is conveyed like in example (34). Thesaurus Dictionary (2018) suggests that made up of means including, containing, etc. The PhV made out of means that something has been changed or transformed from one thing into another. Hence, the meanings of the PhVs made out of and made up of are the same as the suggested meanings in the dictionary, except in the case where made up of has a new or additional meaning. (31) They they have some that are made out of uh shrimps tiny tiny shrimps some that are made out of� ¿VK�� �,&(�3+,�6�$� 054#153:3:A> _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 234 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ (32) It is located in the Loboc River and as you can see is made out of�EDPERR���*OR:E(��http://allthings.clangsy.net/> (33) Not too long ago, in another Congress, largely made up of the same members, it was discovered that money made the rounds to JHW�DQRWKHU�ELOO�SDVVHG����S!���,&(�3+,�:�(���������! (34) Now the cover that they use for the soda bottle is made up of high- GHQVLW\�SRO\HWK\OHQH���,&(�3+,�6�$�����������$! Regarding their syntactic function, both PhVs follow the type 1 (intransitive) pattern and are inseparable, occurring generally in the medial position. relate to and relate with The PhVs relate to and UHODWH�ZLWK are semantically the same. The verb relate means WR�VKRZ� RU�PDNH�D�FRQQHFWLRQ�RU�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�WZR�RU�PRUH�WKLQJV. Linking the verb to either the preposition to or ZLWK�means WR�VKRZ�RU�PDNH�FRQQHFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WZR�RU�PRUH�WKLQJV. Both PhVs are non-idiomatic because the meaning is apparent. The PhVs follow the type 2 (transitive) pattern, occurring generally in the medial position. Examples are given below. (35) Naturally, he related this to his elder brother Paciano, who it seems ZDV�DOVR�SV\FKLF�EHFDXVH�RQH�QLJKW�DIWHU��LQGLJ!��LW!�6LPEDQJ� *DEL� ��LW!� ��LQGLJ!� 5L]DO� UHODWHG� WKH� GUHDPV� KH� ZDV� KDYLQJ� DERXW� WKH� IDPLO\� JRLQJ� WKURXJK� D� SHULRG� RI� WURXEOH� �� �LQGLJ!� �LW!�NDJXOXKDQ���LW!���LQGLJ!���EXW�KH�FRXOG�QRW�PDNH�RXW�RU�WHOO� whether the family would lose or gain from this “ trouble. UGTXR���,&(�3+,�:�%���������! (36) Since the GLIP coverage is related to staff salaries, opportunities are given periodically for staff to increase the DLDIP coverage RI�WKHLU�VSRXVHV��LQ�SURSRUWLRQ�WR�LQFUHDVHV�LQ�VWDII�VDODULHV����S!�� �,&(�3+,�:�%���������! (37) Uh the proper format will be to give the data then after giving the data is to to try to relate that data with�RXU�VWXG\���,&(�3+,�6�$� 011#51:1:A> (38) Out of habit, I guess, since they normally relate with deaf children. �,&(�3+,�:�%����������! Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2018) suggests that the PhV relate to means to connect �VRPHWKLQJ��ZLWK��VRPHWKLQJ�HOVH�; to understand and like or have sympathy for (someone RU�VRPHWKLQJ�;�WR�GHVFULEH�KRZ�VRPHRQH�WDONV�WR�RU�EHKDYHV�WRZDUG��VRPHRQH�HOVH�; and WR�EH�FRQQHFWHG�ZLWK��VRPHRQH�RU�VRPHWKLQJ�. In several dictionaries and in the so-called standardized usage, the PhV UHODWH�ZLWK�is not recognized as a norm. This likely suggests that the PhV UHODWH�ZLWK�is an emerging feature and may be considered a variant for relate to in PhE. Nonetheless, PhE generally uses relate to (OAF=4121) than UHODWH�ZLWK�(OAF=158). _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 235 _________________________________________________________________________________ talk to and talk with This study also found that the PhVs talk to (OAF=4174) and WDON� ZLWK� (OAF=843) are semantically the same; however, the former is preferred than the latter. The verb talk means to converse, to speak, etc. When the verb is combined with either the preposition to or ZLWK�� it becomes a PhV that means WR�FRQYHUVH�RU�VSHDN�ZLWK�VRPHRQH. Both PhVs are considered non-idiomatic because the meaning is literal. Furthermore, both PhVs follow the type 2 (transitive) pattern and are inseparable. Moreover, they both occur generally in the medial position. Examples are cited below. (39) Lately I’ve been talking to Lourdes regarding their wedding. �,&(�3+,�:�%����������! (40) When I received the invitation I talked with Chairman Alcala I VDLG�GR�ZH�KDYH�D�QHZ�SROLF\�DQG�KH�VDLG�QRQH���,&(�3+,�6�$� 031#23:1:A> 7KLV�¿QGLQJ�DI¿UPV�WKH�FODLP�RI�$OOHQ��������DQG�(VSUHVVR�(QJOLVK��Q�G���WKDW�talk to and WDON�ZLWK�mean WR�FRQYHUVH�ZLWK�VRPHRQH and that in almost all cases, they can be used interchangeably. However, for Writing Explained (n.d.), talk to implies a one-sided conversation such as between a supervisor and an employee, while WDON�ZLWK�means holding a conversation and that it is likely used for conversation among peers, equals, or friends. This claim is contrary to example (40), which clearly shows a one-sided conversation. Nadiger (2016) also claimed that there is a subtle difference in meaning between these two PhVs. On the one hand, the PhV talk to implies a one-way communication, which can mean that one person is talking and the other is listening. On the other, the PhV WDON�ZLWK�implies a two-way conversation. 4. Conclusion This study aimed to compare the semantic features and idiomatic status, and to describe the syntactic features of same-verb different-particle PhVs in PhE by utilizing the ICE- 3+,�DQG�*OR:E(�FRUSRUD��7KH�¿QGLQJV�UHYHDOHG�WKDW�VRPH�SDUWLFOHV�SUHSRVLWLRQV�DUH�XVHG� interchangeably. At least two PhVs were found to have a new meaning (i.e., ¿OO�XS� and made up of), which may be considered as lexicalization cases. Most PhVs follow the type 2 �WUDQVLWLYH��SDWWHUQ�DQG�DUH�VHSDUDEOH��RFFXUULQJ�JHQHUDOO\�LQ�WKH�PHGLDO�SRVLWLRQ��7KH�¿QGLQJV� also suggest that the interchange of particles/prepositions for the same verb to form a PhV is a prevalent phenomenon in PhE. Despite this pervasiveness, PhE still generally follows or is the same as the AmE variety and somewhat the BrE variety in using PhVs. This likely VXJJHVWV�WKDW�DOWKRXJK�3K9V�DUH�JHQHUDOO\�QRW�DQ�LQKHUHQW�FKDUDFWHULVWLF�LQ�WKH�¿UVW�ODQJXDJH�� Filipino speakers still show adequate knowledge of its use, although alternative features are also exhibited. These new features may be taken as variational or alternative features as a result of lexical and semantic innovations and creativity, breaking the “normative perspective on language use” and “making English an Asian and a Philippine language” (Paz, 2020, p. 15). _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 236 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ Several factors can be drawn for the interchange of particles/prepositions. One example is the absence of PhVs in the native language, which has resulted in the conservative use of PhVs among Filipino speakers of English (Ella & Dita, 2017). From a deviational and learning-acquisition point of view, it can be assumed that the use of prepositions in a sentence is generally problematic among second language (L2) learners and speakers (Chua et al., 2015; Paz, 2020); hence, choosing an appropriate preposition for a PhV appears to be problematic as well among Filipino speakers. In fact, speakers of AmE do not always follow the doctrine, if there is such, in the use of prepositions. This aspect of the language seems to be “the most frequent lexical items” anomalous to an AmE speaker (Gonzalez, 1983, p. 177). $V�D�¿QDO�QRWH��WKH�¿QGLQJV�RI�WKLV�VWXG\�PD\�EH�RI�JUHDW�KHOS�IRU�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�RU� publishers in their quest to describe and establish a dictionary of PhVs in PhE. For language teachers, while it is good to teach the use of PhVs in the AmE variety, especially for academic writing, the counterparts or variants and emerging features should also be taught for purposes of raising awareness on how PhE is unique in the use of PhVs and strengthening learners’ SUR¿FLHQF\�LQ�XVLQJ�3K9V�LQ�GLIIHUHQW�YDULHWLHV�DQG�FRQWH[WV�DV�ZHOO� References Allen, S. (2016). Talk to vs. talk with–which should I use? https://www.grammarly.com/blog/ talk-to-vs-talk-with/ Anderson, S.R. (1992). A-morphous morphology. Cambridge University Press. Bautista, M.L.S. (Ed.). (2011). Some notes on ‘no’ in Philippine English. Anvil Publishing, Inc. %DXWLVWD��0�/�6��� �%ROWRQ��.���(GV������������Philippine English: Linguistic and literary perspectives. Anvil Publishing, Inc. Bautista, M.L.S., Lising, J.L.V., & Dayag, D.T. (2004). Philippine English data for the International Corpus of English project��8QLYHUVLW\�5HVHDUFK�&RRUGLQDWLRQ�2I¿FH�� De La Salle University. Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman grammar of VSRNHQ�DQG�ZULWWHQ�(QJOLVK��Longman. Biermeier, T. (2011). Lexical trends in Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the international corpus of English (pp. 223-247). Anvil Publishing, Inc. Borlongan, A.M. (2011). Some aspects of the morphosyntax of Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 187-200). Anvil Publishing, Inc. _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 Same-verb different-particle phrasal verbs in Philippine English 237 _________________________________________________________________________________ Borlongan, A.M. (2016). Relocating Philippine English in Schneider’s dynamic model. Asian Englishes, 18(3), 232-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2016.1223067 Cambridge Dictionary (2018). https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ &KXD��5�0���)HUUHU��5���4XLMDQR��/�-��� �6DQWRV��-�$����������,QWHUIHUHQFH�EHWZHHQ�)LOLSLQR�DQG� English prepositions: A comparative analysis of male and female Filipino bilingual learners in the World Englishes paradigm in the Philippine setting. Proceedings of the '/68�5HVHDUFK�&RQJUHVV, 3, 1-9. Collins Dictionary (2018). https://www.collinsdictionary.com/ Collins, P. (2011). Variable agreement in the existential there-construction in Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 175-186). Anvil Publishing, Inc. &RURQHO��/�0����������3DWWHUQV�RI�LQWHQVL¿HU�XVDJH�LQ�3KLOLSSLQH�(QJOLVK��,Q�0�/�6��%DXWLVWD� (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 93-116). Anvil Publishing, Inc. Dagut, M., & Laufer, B. (1985). Avoidance of phrasal verbs—A case for contrastive analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 7(1), 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0272263100005167 David, A.C.M. (2019). The modal must in Philippine English: A corpus-based analysis. 7KH� Journal of English as an International Language, 13(2.2), 211-218. Davies, M. (2015). Introducing the 1.9 Billion Word Global Web-Based English Corpus (GloWbE). 21st�&HQWXU\�7H[W��. Dita, S.N. (2011). The grammar and semantics of adverbial disjuncts in Philippine English. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 33-50). Anvil Publishing, Inc. Dita, S.N., & Borlongan, A.M. (2020). 7KH�OHJLWLPDF\�RI�3KLOLSSLQH�(QJOLVK [Special Online Lecture]. Ella, J.R., & Dita, S.N. (2017). 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(2016). ,V�³WDONLQJ�ZLWK´�RU�³WDONLQJ�WR´�JUDPPDWLFDOO\�FRUUHFW�(QJOLVK"�https:// www.quora.com/Is-talking-with-or-talking-to-grammatically-correct-English Oxford Dictionaries. (2018). English Oxford living dictionaries. Oxford University Press. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/usage/compare-with-or-compare-to Pauwels, A., & Winter, J. (2011). Generic pronouns and gender-inclusive language reform in the English of Singapore and the Philippines. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 145-158). Anvil Publishing, Inc. Paz, R.M.O. (2020). A corpus-based analysis of prepositions of time and location in Filipino students’ written essays. International Journal on Language, Research and Education Studies, 4(1), 1-17. _________________________________________________________________________________ Asian Journal of English Language Studies (AJELS) Volume 8, December 2020 240 *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR _________________________________________________________________________________ 4XLUN��5���*UHHQEDXP��6���/HHFK��*��� �6YDUWYLN��-����������A comprehensive grammar of the English language. Longman. Schneider, E.W. (2003). The dynamics of new Englishes: From identity construction to dialect birth. Language, 79(2), 233-281. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4489419 Schneider, E.W. (2007). 3RVWFRORQLDO� (QJOLVK�� 9DULHWLHV� DURXQG� WKH� ZRUOG�� Cambridge University Press. Schneider, E.W. (2011). The subjunctive in Philippine English: An updated assessment. In M.L.S. Bautista (Ed.), Studies of Philippine English: Exploring the Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (pp. 159-174). Anvil Publishing, Inc. Tatel, F.B. (2019). One step closer to Phase 4 in Schneider’s dynamic model. Philippine Journal of Linguistics, 50, 67-83. https://www.pjl-phil.com/article/2019/50/NA/ One-step-closer-to-phase-4-in-Schneider%E2%80%99s-Dynamic-Model Thesaurus Dictionary. (2018). https://www.thesaurus.com Writing Explained. (n.d.). 7DON�WR�RU�WDON�ZLWK�±�:KDW¶V�WKH�GLIIHUHQFH" https://writingexplained. org/talk-to-talk-with-difference Declaration of Interest 7KH�DXWKRU�GHFODUHV�QR�SRWHQWLDO�FRQÀLFWV�RI�LQWHUHVW�ZLWK�UHVSHFW�WR�WKH�UHVHDUFK��DXWKRUVKLS�� and/or publication of this research article. *H¿OOR\G�/��'H�&DVWUR�is a graduate of Master of Arts in English Language Studies, and has completed the academic requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Language Studies at Ateneo de Zamboanga University, the Philippines. At present, he is a college instructor and internal quality auditor at Zamboanga State College of Marine Sciences and Technology (ZSCMST). He served as Target Language Expert Reviewer at the National Foreign Language Center, University of Maryland, USA. His research interests include language teaching, Philippine Creole Spanish, and Philippine English.