ID $8 O'Sullivan, Frank Dalton The detective instructor. SUCCESSFUL DETECTIVES ARE MEN WHO HAVE STUDIED Below is listed twenty of the most wonderful lectures ever written One set was printed for YOU. Every lecture as interesting as a detective story! An encyclopedia of crime and a manual for its detection Order anyone or all, as you wish. PREPARATORY LECTURES ON DETECTIVE SCIENCE, 1. Cause and Effect, 2. The Study of the Various Types of Mankind, 3. Weaving the Web, 4. Methods of Identification, 5. The Origin of Crime, 6. Insurance and Criminal Cunning 7. Psychology of Suggestion, 8. Laws Governing and Applying to Detectives, 9. Detection in Handwriting Swindling, 10. Detective Science as Related to Hotels and Dept. Stores 11. Applied Railroad and Industrial Ericiency 12. Laws, Evidence and Investigation Price $1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .. 1.00 LECTURES ON APPLIED DETECTIVE SCIENCE AND CRIMINOLOGY 1-A Tudustrial Efficiency as Related to Detective Science, $1.00 2-B. Modern Methods of Crime Detection 3-0. Applied Psychology as Related to Criminology 100 Microscopical Pius Chemical Aids in Crimite Detection, 1.00 The Habitual Criminal 1.00 6- Scientific Methods af Tovestigation. 1.00 7-G. Criminal Sociology 1.00 1.00 We publish and distribuire all classes of locand works on CHniinology. Write y circulars. If there is any ticular liggle relating to the detective Gience or criminology, that you want and cannot locate send us your order and we will get it for you. DINTORMATION RELATIVE TO THE DUTTIVE PROFESSION CHIER FULLY FURNISHEDDRESS ALL SECH COSMUNICATIONS TOE DAL'DON QUI LIVAN CHICACO-GNARK BLDG. CEHICAGO DE The O'Sullivan Publishing Company Chicago-Clark BHA Chicago THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR By F. DALTON O'SULLIVAN AUTHOR OF "ENEMIES OF THE UNDERWORLD”, “THE DEFENSE PLEADS INSANITY”, “THE SCIENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY”, “THE DETECTIVE ADVISER”, “PRE- PARATORY LECTURES ON DETECTIVE SCIENCE”, “LECTURES ON AP- PLIED CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY” and various other works along the line of Secret Service information. THE O'SULLIVAN PUBLISHING COMPANY 310-312 Chicago-Clark Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Copyright 1925 by THE O'SULLIVAN PUBLISHING COMPANY Chicago. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR the best possible description and marks of Q. 10.-The dead body of a new born child identification, such as initials, numbers, etc. is found in a vacant lot, wrapped in a pillow- I would send or have sent, the description case, which has an unknown, private laundry of the goods, to every pawnshop and jewelry mark on it. What would be your course of dealer in the city, also flyers to all large action if assigned to the case. cities. I would make a careful examination A.-I would make inquiries as to the con- as to jimmy marks, foot prints, and finger ditions under which the child was found, as prints. I would make inquiry in the neigh- to who in the neighborhood might have been borhood and try to find someone who might the likely person to have left the child, and have seen the thieves leave the house. If I would have photographs made of the laun- I did, I would take that person to the Rogues' dry mark. I would then send a copy of this Gallery in the Identification Bureau and see photograph to every laundry in the city to whether he could not identify pictures of ascertain if possible, to whom this particular criminals who specialize in house jobs of that pillow case might have been delivered, and character. If he picked out pictures of men then make an investigation that might lead like those seen in the neighborhood immed to the person who might have given birth to iately before or after the robbery took place, the child. If found I would arrest her on I would consult the records to ascertain if the charge of infanticide. the suspected were at large and could pos- sibly have committed the robbery. If I Q. 11.—A building contractor was found found that one of the men was serving time, Sunday morning, dead at his desk in the tem- I would eliminate him for the reason that porary office on the lot where he was erect- he could not be in prison and commit rob- ing a factory. A discharged revolver was beries at the same time. I would have a lying on the desk in front of him. In a large general order sent out to all districts ask tin bucket were some ashes of burnt papers. ing for the arrest of the suspects, and make If you were detailed to the case, tell how diligent search myself for the men in their you would determine whether it was a suicide haunts or the neighborhood where they were or murder. If murder, how would you detect supposed to belong. I would also get the the murderer or murderers? Assume what- assistance of such detectives as had personal ever circumstances are probable and neces- knowledge of the suspects by reason of pre sary. vious arrests. Aside from that I would also A.-If detailed on this case I would make continue my investigation of the premises a careful investigation and study the place and in the neighborhood in the hope of secur- in which the man was found dead. I would ing other clues. look for signs indicating whether or not there had been a struggle, and if there were footprints in the room, to determine whether Q. 6.-Define Evidence. there had been anyone else present just A.-Evidence is a matter of fact which is prior to the discovery of the dead man. I furnished or given in a court of record for would try and find someone who had last the purpose of ascertaining some other mat- seen him alive. I would try to learn whether ter of fact, which in criminal cases is gener- he went to the office Sunday morning, or if ally the guilt or innocence of the accused. he had been there since the day before, as well as to learn also his customary daily Q. 7.-Give an illustration of Direct Evi- routine. I would ascertain if he came there dence. Sunday, what the purpose was. Were there A.-If John Smith is accused of killing a money or papers missing; motive for murder man and a witness swears he saw John Smith or robberv: financial condition; motive for strike the blow, or aim and discharge the suicide; domestic affairs; health, etc. I gun, that is direct evidence. would examine the ashes of burnt papers to find any possible clue to a disastrous love Q. 8.-Describe Corroborative Evidence. affair. If my conclusions pointed to murder A.-If John Smith is accused of killing a and robbery, I would find out what, if any- man and a witness testifies that he saw him thing, was missing when the body was found. I would try to find out whether or not he was commit the act, and John Jones testifies that he heard the witness say to John Smith," I probably followed and set upon by one or more of his employes who knew his habits. saw you do it,” that is corroborative evidence. Monday, the next working day, I would check up all his emploves to see if any of Q. 9.–Give an illustration of circumstan them were missing, and if so, conduct an tial evidence. investigation that would lead to their ap- A.-John Smith is accused of killing a man prehension on suspicion of having committed and witness testifies he saw him leave the the crime. Finger prints on the revolver house where the crime was committed, with more than anything else might clear up the blood on his hands, and the body of the de- mystery by showing the position in which ceased is found in the house stortly after it was held, thus indicating either murder or wards, that is circumstantial evidence. suicide. 10 THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR “Whenever a criminal commits a crime, providence finds a witness.” THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR 11 to look over building operations on their Q. 29.-Why is it that no two cases can be beats and arrest the man when found. Pri- worked in the same way? vate detectives would follow the same line of A.-Because every crime is different, and investigation, except that they would have to handle them successfully the detective must their own men, instead of the policemen, in- be able to meet and overcome the various vestigate the non-union building operations. new angles as they present themselves. Q. 23.-A pawnbroker is suspected of be- Q. 30.—What do you consider the detec- ing a “Fence.” If you were assigned to find tive instinct? out, what would be your course of action? A.-The detective instinct may be a myth, A.-I would have the pawnbroker's place still many men are better qualified by nature watched carefully, to see if there were any for the work than others. Instinct in detec- articles that might have been stolen, pledged tive work, I should consider, as aptness for by persons of the criminal class. I would the work, a naturally close observer, alert- have an article fully described as stolen, ness of mind and body, ability to concentrate pledged with him, and then see if he re- on what might appear on the surface as ported that article on the daily sheet that is being but a minor detail. The possessor of returned to the pawnbroker's division of the the "detective instinct" is one who goes Detective Bureau. If he did not, I would about his work naturally, in a business like have him reported to the captain in charge, fashion; he thinks and acts for himself. and if he could not be prosecuted, he should have his license taken away from him on the Q. 31.-Do you believe the detective pos- grounds that he was an unfit person to con- sessing self-control to a marked degree is duct a pawnbroking business. more successful than the one who does not? Define self-control. Q. 24.-In your opinion, what is the best A.-Yes, the detective who has acquired way to secure information. Do you think the art of self-control should in every way the brusque method of demanding facts is outdistance the detective who permits him- the better plan, or is the diplomatic system self to become excited over trivial matters. the more favorable? Self-control is the elimination of all outward A.-A detective should always endeavor to appearance of passion such as anger, joy, act the part of a gentleman. At times this fear, dismay, surprise, etc. The faculty of method is not possible, especially when deal- self-control must also include the ability to ing with hardened criminals. But in making direct the mental functions in a cool and investigations, nine time out of ten, a gentle composed manner as well as the physical man can make more headway and secure expressions. more information than a man who is domi- neering, and acts the part of a bully. .Q. 32.—How many classes of criminals are there. How would you define them? Q. 25.-Is there any difference in crime in A.-Various Criminologists classify crim- different parts of the world? inals differently. Ferri, the great Italian A.-No, crime is universally the same. criminalogist classifies them as follows: First, -Insane Criminal. Second,-Born Criminal. Q. 26.–To what do you attribute the sys. Third, Habitual Criminal. Fourth, -Oc- tem of universal punishment from crime? casional Criminal. Fifth,-Criminal by Pas- A.—To the fact the whole world recog- sion. While Parmalee adds two other crim- nizes, that human life and liberty must be inals,-namely—The Moron, or feebleminded protected from the vicious. Hence the Bib. criminal, and the Psychopathic Criminal. lical mandate of early days, “An eye for an Lombroso adds,—The Pseudo Criminal, and eye, and a tooth for a tooth." -the Political Criminal. Q. 27.-What is your understanding of Q. 33.—What distinguishes the habitual statutory regulations? from the instinctive criminal? A.-In this country, every state has it's A.–The habitual criminal is in reality a own statutory regulations, and they vary professional criminal. There may be a dis- somewhat in degree and amount of punish tinction between major and minor profes- ment attached to particular crimes in the sional criminals. The habitual criminal be- different states. However, on the whole, the comes such often through environment. punishment is about the same in each state, Early in life he is convicted of some small with the exception in cases of murder. crime, usually theft, and is sent to a place of confinement. When released he usually fol- Q. 28.-What is the difference between a lows a life of crime. The instinctive crim- felony and a misdemeanor? inal is the born criminal. What is meant by A.-Felonies are such crimes as may be that is, that the criminal was born to a life punishable by death or imprisonment in a of crime. I personally doubt the truth of penitentiary. All other unlawful acts are this assertion unless the child is brought up misdemeanors. in an atmosphere of crime. Then environ- THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR 5 A.—The first step is to establish a theory most common forgery is the signing of an- or a motive. In constructing a theory the other person's name to a check or promis- detective should be careful to keep an open sory note, where the payment of such note mind and allow for all the various contin- will devolve upon another person. Chang- gencies which may arise, Clues should be ing the figures on a bank note or check to sought with diligence, then assorted in such make them of a larger denomination, is a manner that they become related facts forgery. instead of a tangled mass of unrelated evi- Q. 44.-Define homicide and give outline dence. of essential proof of same. Q. 41.-Give an illustration of the common A.-Homicide, to kill by act, by procure- term used, namely: Cause and Effect. ment or by omission. In homicide cases it is A.-If there has been a heavy electrical absolutely essential that the identity of the storm and you see a man lying dead under body be established. The "Corpus Delicti” a tree which is torn down and splintered, must be established. The clothing of the you see not only the effect, but the self- victim is often of prime importance as evi- evident cause-lightning. The natural de. dence. If a gun was used, empty shells and duction is of course that the man was killed the ball or balls are vital evidence. The by the lightning, and the chain of reasoning position of the body, furniture, doorways, from cause to effect is a simple one. But, windows, etc. must be noted in order that if you should find a may lying senseless or the detective as a witness may be able to dead from no apparent cause, the cause is paint a verbal picture of the crime. If the not self-evident and must be detected. Here victim is still alive on the arrival of the de- then is where detective work is necessary,– tective, he should if possible, secure an ante to discover the unknown causes for known mortem statement. There are four kinds of effects. This is especially true if the effect homicide. Murder, manslaughter, excusable relates to some criminal action or apparently homicide, and justifiable homicide. criminal action. Q. 45.—How long do you think a detective Q. 42.—The owner of a small grocery should persevere in a case which has all the store receives the following letter: “When a evidences of a hopeless failure? man comes into your store and asks for five A.—No other than a detective can appre- and one-half pounds of sugar overweight, ciate what great perseverance is required in give him the sugar and $50 in the bag with some cases. Hours, weeks, often months the sugar. If you don't, you will be shot. must be spent in waiting and watching, and There is no use to notify the police, for you yet at no minute must the detective be off are being watched.” What would you do? his guard. It is trying and sometimes al- A.-I would conceal myself in a place most maddening, but invariably the man who where I could see and not be seen. If the perseveres to the end succeeds. I would say person coming in and making the request that the only time a detective is justified in such as the one contained in the letter should dropping a case, is right after he has termin- be a stranger to the grocery man, I would ated it successfully. place him under arrest. Then I would in- vestigate and see if the person under arrest Q. 46—What is meant by the term reci. and the writer of the letter were the same, divism in criminals? or if there was a conspiracy in which there A.-A study of criminal statistics shows were a number of persons involved. If, by that many prisoners have had previous jail a prearranged sign the grocer should let me and penitentiary experience. This recurrence know that the man lived in the neighbor- of crime in the same individual is character- hood, I would let him go until such time as ized as habitual criminality, due to innate I could investigate the neighborhood, and depravity, by some criminologists; as de- have the suspect and his house covered by veloped moral insensibility by others, and as other detectives. If my investigation proved a resultant of social conditions by still others. that the person buying the sugar either wrote The old saying of once a criminal always a the letter or was in a conspiracy with others, criminal, seems to hold good in present day I would make arrests and also notify the pos- crime. tal authorities for violations of the postal laws. I would be sure to have the $50 in Q. 47.-In your opinion does the criminal marked bills so that if there were more than make his environment, or is he made by his one in the conspiracy, all would have enough environment? of the marked money so that the burden of A.-High police officers and other author- proof as to how they came into possession ities differ in opinion on this vital question. of it, would be on the defendant. If environment makes a criminal, then we can well understand how a depressing en- Q. 43.-Define forgery. vironment due to economic conditions might A.-Forgery is the crime of falsely alter lead to an increase in crime. Certain it is ing or counterfeiting any document. It that crime is born of poverty and reaches must be with the intent to defraud. The adulthood in a poverty stricken environment. THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR Q. 63.—How are measurements made for identification purposes, and what parts of the human body are given place on the form- ula for anthropometrical signalment? A.-The living human frame may be meas- ured accurately with calipers of very simple construction. There are innumerable meas- urements of the human body which can be discretion to the winds, as they trusted faith- fully to the fallibility of man. Q. 59.-Give your views as to the compara- tive value of the "Rogues Gallery," and the Bertillon System, and the Finger Print Sys- tem, as a means of identifying criminals. A.-The Bertillon System is a means of identifying criminals from certain permanent marks on the body and certain characteristics in the physical make-up of the individual which are not subject to change, and which are not identical with those in another per- son. Finger Print identification is more re- cent than the Bertillon Svstem and by many it is thought more accurate. The old Rogues Gallery was not reliable for the reason that the appearance of a person was sure to under- go change as time passed. Then again, criminals frequently altered their appear- ance, often shaving off, or growing a beard. But with the new systems it is different, as the lines in the fingers and certain boney measurements never change. Q. 60.-What is the difference between theory and practice in detective work? A.-Theory is the guide to practice, and Theory is the guide to practice and practice the ratification and life of theory. The theory which absorbs the greatest num- ber of facts and persists in doing so regard- less of the changes of opinion and detail, is the one that must rule all conclusions. Q. 61.-In your opinion which is the more difficult,—to outline and direct the perform- ance of a case, or to actually perform the work itself? A.-I think it easier to outline or design the work than to perform the duty. The reason may be explained thus. As a case develops or unfolds, frequently new and un- thought of conditions arise and must be met. If an investigator is following strictly laid down rules he is handicapped. The man in the office is in much the same position as the man who teaches navigation from land, - to him the sea is always smooth and the wind always favorable. Investigators should be given a free rein. used. Height (man standing). Trunk, (height of man sitting). Width of head. Width of right ear. Length of the left mid- dle finger. Length of the left forearm. Reach, (length of outstretched arm). Length of head. Length of the right ear. Length of head Length of the rid of the left foot. Length of the left little finger. Q. 64.-What are the appliances necessary for taking finger prints? A.—The appliances required for making finger print impressions are few and inexpen- sive. Ordinary white paper with the surface not too highly glazed, some printers ink and a roller for spreading it, consisting of a wooden cylinder 342 inches long, and 1 inch in diameter, over which a piece of rubber tubing has been tightly stretched. At either end of the cylinder brass pins are driven in to form an axle on which the handle works. A pointer for counting ridge tracing can be made from a penholder handle. Q. 65.—What are the different designations of finger prints? A.-As a result of much experimenting, a fourfold classification has been adopted which apparently meets all requirements. These four are: Arches, Loops, Whorls, and Com- posites. These are sub-divided under num- erous designations. Q. 66.—What is necessary when finger prints are to be used as evidence in a court of record? A.-When finger prints are to be used as evidence in cases it is often necessary to have photographic enlargements made, so that the presiding judge or jury may be able to see for themselves the similarities or dissimilarities which are relied on in the case. Such enlargements to be admissible must be proved in the manner laid down by the law of Evidence, the provision of which should be consulted by detectives concerned in con- ducting cases in which finger prints are ex- hibited. According to existing law, the testi- mony of finger prints is admissible and rele- vant, when such testimony is given by an expert. Q. 67.–Name three incidents in which it is not unlawful to use force or violence upon the person of another. A.-First-When defending one's self, one's property from assault, or the forceable Q. 62.—How is the prisoner accounted for after he is turned over to the warden of a modern prison? A.-In prison practice, the signaletic card accompanies every reception and delivery of a human individual. This card shows a com- plete record of the case. On this card is noted every legal action which transpired during the incarceration of the prisoner. In case of discharge or transfer, or merely noti- fication of a judicial or executive decision, notation is made on the record card. This system tends to help identify a prisoner at some future time, did the necessity arise. 80 THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR “An idle theory lessens the weight of the good one you had before." 38 THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR “The business of eradicating crime is not by making punish- ment familiar, but formitable.” 40 THE Detective INSTRUCTOR The INSTRUCTOR DETECTIVE “The virtue of the coward is suspicion.” THE DETECTIVE INSTRUCTOR 45 Q. 171.–What is the legal definition of hold-up? How is it defined? A.-The legal definition of hold-up is rob- bery. It is defined as taking by force or threats of personal injury any goods or valuables from the person of another. Q. 172.-What are the physical and dis- tinguishing characteristics of the Pickpocket, and how does he work? A.-As a rule, Pickpockets traval in mobs, and work in congested spots, or on street cars at busy hours, or where there are large gatherings, where the mind and eyes of the crowd are occupied in witnessing some spec- tacle, such as a parade, show, or accident. Where Pickpockets work in mobs there is but one actual "dip"; the rest of the mob spots the subject to be robbed, and jolts and jockeys him into the crowd so that the “dip” can reach the victim's pockets conveniently. As a rule the dip is a furtive, shifty eyed individual of very small stature, with long, slender fingers which are as quick as light- ning. His hands are soft and smooth. The rest of the mob are invariably burly ruflians who crowd and smash their way through gatherings and attract attention to them- selves rather than the "dip" who is following mildly in their wake, but who has no appar- ent connection with them. Pickpockets seldom carry weapons. They usually dress to correspond with the class of people they are working among. Q. 173. In an outlying district of Chicago a passenger train has been wrecked and many people killed and injured. Heavy ob- stacles placed on the rails were found to be the cause of the wreck. After the wreck oc. curred two men were seen robbing the dead and injured. Their descriptions correspond with that of two men seen in the vicinity before the wreck. The description of these men corresponds with that of two well known criminals who are wanted. If directed to secure the evidence in this case what would you do? What crimes have been com- mitted? A.-I would first locate the persons who saw the two men in that vicinity prior to the wreck. Would get as complete a de- scription of them as possible. I would also interview all persons who saw the men rob- bing the injured persons after the wreck. Would get the names and addresses of all those injured, or who in any way, could give testimony or identify the criminals. I would take all of these witnesses to the Bureau of Indentification and show them the pictures and descriptions of the two criminals sus- pected, and others of a similar description. I would have duplicate descriptions and pic- tures made to show any of the injured who could not come to the Bureau. Would also send out these descriptions broadcast. Would search all criminal haunts, especially those of the two criminals under suspicion. The crimes committed were those of Murder, Destruction of Property, -and Robbery. are worespond weapons. them. Q. 174.-What is the difference between the duties of the patrolman and a detective? A.-In some respects they are similar as both are required to preserve the peace, en- force the laws, and arrest all offenders. The detective though has greater latitude and a larger field of operations. He is es- pecially called upon to ferret out crime, in- vestigate criminal methods and procure evi- dence thereon. The detective is the greatest power in the world for law enforcement and for the preservation of human safety.