id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
doi-org-9857	1	1	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	1	2	multi	multi	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	3	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	4	institutional	institutional	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	5	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	1	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	8	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	1	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	10	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	11	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	1	12	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	1	13	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	1	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	15	learning	learn	VBG
doi-org-9857	1	16	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	17	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	18	post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	19	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	20	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	21	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	22	|	|	CD
doi-org-9857	1	23	SpringerLink	SpringerLink	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	24	Advertisement	Advertisement	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	25	Search	Search	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	26	Log	Log	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	27	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	1	28	Search	Search	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	29	SpringerLink	SpringerLink	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	30	Search	Search	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	31	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	1	32	multi	multi	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	33	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	34	institutional	institutional	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	35	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	1	36	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	37	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	38	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	1	39	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	40	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	41	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	1	42	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	1	43	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	1	44	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	45	learning	learn	VBG
doi-org-9857	1	46	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	47	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	48	post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	49	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	50	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	51	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	52	Download	Download	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	53	PDF	PDF	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	54	Download	Download	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	55	PDF	PDF	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	56	Open	Open	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	57	Access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	1	58	Published	publish	VBN
doi-org-9857	1	59	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	1	60	22	22	CD
doi-org-9857	1	61	September	September	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	62	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	1	63	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	1	64	multi	multi	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	65	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	66	institutional	institutional	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	67	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	1	68	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	69	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	70	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	1	71	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	72	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	73	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	1	74	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	1	75	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	1	76	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	77	learning	learn	VBG
doi-org-9857	1	78	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	79	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	80	post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	81	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	82	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	83	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	84	Lane	Lane	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	85	Fischer1	Fischer1	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	86	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	1	87	John	John	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	88	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	89	III1	III1	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	90	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	1	91	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	92	Jared	Jared	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	93	Robinson2	Robinson2	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	94	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	1	95	David	David	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	96	A.	a.	NN
doi-org-9857	1	97	Wiley3	Wiley3	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	98	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	1	99	Journal	Journal	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	100	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	101	Computing	Computing	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	102	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	1	103	Higher	Higher	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	104	Education	Education	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	105	volume	volume	NN
doi-org-9857	1	106	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	1	107	27	27	CD
doi-org-9857	1	108	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	1	109	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	1	110	pages159–172(2015)Cite	pages159–172(2015)Cite	``
doi-org-9857	1	111	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	1	112	article	article	NN
doi-org-9857	1	113	34k	34k	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	114	Accesses	Accesses	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	115	67	67	CD
doi-org-9857	1	116	Citations	citation	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	117	217	217	CD
doi-org-9857	1	118	Altmetric	Altmetric	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	119	Metrics	Metrics	NNPS
doi-org-9857	1	120	details	detail	VBZ
doi-org-9857	1	121	An	an	DT
doi-org-9857	1	122	Erratum	erratum	NN
doi-org-9857	1	123	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	1	124	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	1	125	article	article	NN
doi-org-9857	1	126	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	1	127	available	available	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	128	Abstract	Abstract	NNP
doi-org-9857	1	129	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	1	130	some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	1	131	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	1	132	settings	setting	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	133	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	1	134	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	135	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	1	136	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	137	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	138	approaches	approach	NNS
doi-org-9857	1	139	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	1	140	even	even	RB
doi-org-9857	1	141	exceeds	exceed	VBZ
doi-org-9857	1	142	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	1	143	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	1	144	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	1	145	tuition	tuition	NN
doi-org-9857	1	146	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	2	1	Given	give	VBN
doi-org-9857	2	2	limited	limited	JJ
doi-org-9857	2	3	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	2	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	2	5	it	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	2	6	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	2	7	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	2	8	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	2	9	better	well	RBR
doi-org-9857	2	10	understand	understand	VB
doi-org-9857	2	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	2	12	impacts	impact	NNS
doi-org-9857	2	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	2	14	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	2	15	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	2	16	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	2	17	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	2	18	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	2	19	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	2	20	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	2	21	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	2	22	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	2	23	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	2	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	3	1	Utilizing	utilize	VBG
doi-org-9857	3	2	digital	digital	JJ
doi-org-9857	3	3	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	3	4	such	such	JJ
doi-org-9857	3	5	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	3	6	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	3	7	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	3	8	substantially	substantially	RB
doi-org-9857	3	9	reduce	reduce	VB
doi-org-9857	3	10	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	3	11	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	3	12	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	3	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	4	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	4	2	purpose	purpose	NN
doi-org-9857	4	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	4	4	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	4	5	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	4	6	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	4	7	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	4	8	analyze	analyze	VB
doi-org-9857	4	9	whether	whether	IN
doi-org-9857	4	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	4	11	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	4	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	4	13	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	4	14	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	4	15	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	4	16	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	4	17	digital	digital	JJ
doi-org-9857	4	18	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	4	19	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	4	20	predicted	predict	VBD
doi-org-9857	4	21	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	4	22	’	’	POS
doi-org-9857	4	23	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	4	24	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	4	25	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	4	26	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	4	27	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	4	28	achievement	achievement	NN
doi-org-9857	4	29	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	4	30	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	4	31	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	4	32	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	4	33	during	during	IN
doi-org-9857	4	34	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	4	35	after	after	IN
doi-org-9857	4	36	semesters	semester	NNS
doi-org-9857	4	37	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	4	38	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	4	39	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	4	40	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	4	41	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	4	42	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	5	1	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	5	2	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	5	3	utilized	utilize	VBD
doi-org-9857	5	4	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	5	5	quantitative	quantitative	JJ
doi-org-9857	5	6	quasi	quasi	JJ
doi-org-9857	5	7	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	5	8	experimental	experimental	JJ
doi-org-9857	5	9	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	5	10	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	5	11	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	5	12	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	5	13	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	5	14	matched	match	VBN
doi-org-9857	5	15	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	5	16	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	5	17	examine	examine	VB
doi-org-9857	5	18	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	5	19	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	5	20	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	5	21	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	5	22	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	5	23	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	5	24	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	5	25	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	5	26	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	5	27	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	5	28	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	5	29	did	do	VBD
doi-org-9857	5	30	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	5	31	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	6	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	6	2	demographics	demographic	NNS
doi-org-9857	6	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	6	4	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	6	5	initial	initial	JJ
doi-org-9857	6	6	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	6	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	6	8	16,727	16,727	CD
doi-org-9857	6	9	included	include	VBD
doi-org-9857	6	10	4909	4909	CD
doi-org-9857	6	11	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	6	12	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	6	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	6	14	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	6	15	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	6	16	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	6	17	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	6	18	pool	pool	NN
doi-org-9857	6	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	6	20	11,818	11,818	CD
doi-org-9857	6	21	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	6	22	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	6	23	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	6	24	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	6	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	7	1	There	there	EX
doi-org-9857	7	2	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	7	3	statistically	statistically	RB
doi-org-9857	7	4	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	7	5	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	7	6	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	7	7	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	7	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	7	9	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	7	10	most	most	RBS
doi-org-9857	7	11	favoring	favor	VBG
doi-org-9857	7	12	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	7	13	utilizing	utilize	VBG
doi-org-9857	7	14	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	7	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	8	1	Introduction	introduction	NN
doi-org-9857	8	2	Textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	8	3	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	8	4	traditionally	traditionally	RB
doi-org-9857	8	5	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	8	6	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	8	7	essential	essential	JJ
doi-org-9857	8	8	part	part	NN
doi-org-9857	8	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	8	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	8	11	post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	8	12	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	8	13	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	8	14	experience	experience	NN
doi-org-9857	8	15	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	8	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	8	17	majority	majority	NN
doi-org-9857	8	18	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	8	19	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	8	20	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	8	21	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	8	22	United	United	NNP
doi-org-9857	8	23	States	States	NNP
doi-org-9857	8	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	9	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	9	2	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	9	3	typical	typical	JJ
doi-org-9857	9	4	scenario	scenario	NN
doi-org-9857	9	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	9	6	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	9	7	professor	professor	NN
doi-org-9857	9	8	assigns	assign	VBZ
doi-org-9857	9	9	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	9	10	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	9	11	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	9	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	9	13	core	core	JJ
doi-org-9857	9	14	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	9	15	material	material	NN
doi-org-9857	9	16	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	9	17	her	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	9	18	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	9	19	;	;	:
doi-org-9857	9	20	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	9	21	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	9	22	obligated	obligate	VBN
doi-org-9857	9	23	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	9	24	purchase	purchase	VB
doi-org-9857	9	25	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	9	26	book	book	NN
doi-org-9857	9	27	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	9	28	use	use	VB
doi-org-9857	9	29	it	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	9	30	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	9	31	study	study	VB
doi-org-9857	9	32	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	9	33	material	material	NN
doi-org-9857	9	34	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	9	35	preparation	preparation	NN
doi-org-9857	9	36	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	9	37	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	9	38	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	9	39	period	period	NN
doi-org-9857	9	40	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	10	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	10	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	10	3	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	10	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	10	5	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	10	6	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	10	7	vary	vary	VBP
doi-org-9857	10	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	10	9	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	10	10	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	10	11	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	10	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	11	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	11	2	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	11	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	11	4	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	11	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	11	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	11	7	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	11	8	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	11	9	series	series	NN
doi-org-9857	11	10	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	11	11	general	general	JJ
doi-org-9857	11	12	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	11	13	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	11	14	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	11	15	including	include	VBG
doi-org-9857	11	16	science	science	NN
doi-org-9857	11	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	11	18	math	math	NN
doi-org-9857	11	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	11	20	humanities	humanity	NNS
doi-org-9857	11	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	11	22	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	11	23	business	business	NN
doi-org-9857	11	24	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	11	25	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	11	26	seven	seven	CD
doi-org-9857	11	27	different	different	JJ
doi-org-9857	11	28	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	11	29	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	11	30	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	11	31	average	average	JJ
doi-org-9857	11	32	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	11	33	price	price	NN
doi-org-9857	11	34	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	11	35	approximately	approximately	RB
doi-org-9857	11	36	$	$	$
doi-org-9857	11	37	90.00	90.00	CD
doi-org-9857	11	38	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	12	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	12	2	all	all	DT
doi-org-9857	12	3	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	12	4	face	face	VBP
doi-org-9857	12	5	high	high	JJ
doi-org-9857	12	6	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	12	7	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	12	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	12	9	individuals	individual	NNS
doi-org-9857	12	10	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	12	11	lower	low	JJR
doi-org-9857	12	12	socioeconomic	socioeconomic	JJ
doi-org-9857	12	13	backgrounds	background	NNS
doi-org-9857	12	14	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	12	15	face	face	VB
doi-org-9857	12	16	particular	particular	JJ
doi-org-9857	12	17	difficulties	difficulty	NNS
doi-org-9857	12	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	13	1	Paulsen	Paulsen	NNP
doi-org-9857	13	2	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	13	3	St.	St.	NNP
doi-org-9857	13	4	John	John	NNP
doi-org-9857	13	5	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	13	6	2002	2002	CD
doi-org-9857	13	7	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	13	8	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	13	9	that	that	RB
doi-org-9857	13	10	low	low	JJ
doi-org-9857	13	11	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	13	12	lower	low	JJR
doi-org-9857	13	13	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	13	14	middle	middle	JJ
doi-org-9857	13	15	income	income	NN
doi-org-9857	13	16	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	13	17	reported	report	VBD
doi-org-9857	13	18	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	13	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	13	20	financial	financial	JJ
doi-org-9857	13	21	implications	implication	NNS
doi-org-9857	13	22	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	13	23	attending	attend	VBG
doi-org-9857	13	24	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	13	25	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	13	26	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	13	27	factors	factor	NNS
doi-org-9857	13	28	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	13	29	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	13	30	choices	choice	NNS
doi-org-9857	13	31	regarding	regard	VBG
doi-org-9857	13	32	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	13	33	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	14	1	Provasnik	Provasnik	NNP
doi-org-9857	14	2	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	14	3	Plenty	Plenty	NNP
doi-org-9857	14	4	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	14	5	2008	2008	CD
doi-org-9857	14	6	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	14	7	reported	report	VBD
doi-org-9857	14	8	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	14	9	individuals	individual	NNS
doi-org-9857	14	10	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	14	11	lower	low	JJR
doi-org-9857	14	12	incomes	income	NNS
doi-org-9857	14	13	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	14	14	more	more	RBR
doi-org-9857	14	15	likely	likely	JJ
doi-org-9857	14	16	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	14	17	delay	delay	VB
doi-org-9857	14	18	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	14	19	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	14	20	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	14	21	wealthier	wealthy	JJR
doi-org-9857	14	22	peers	peer	NNS
doi-org-9857	14	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	15	1	For	for	IN
doi-org-9857	15	2	some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	15	3	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	15	4	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	15	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	15	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	15	7	total	total	JJ
doi-org-9857	15	8	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	15	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	15	10	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	15	11	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	15	12	exceed	exceed	VB
doi-org-9857	15	13	total	total	JJ
doi-org-9857	15	14	tuition	tuition	NN
doi-org-9857	15	15	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	15	16	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	15	17	Goodwin	Goodwin	NNP
doi-org-9857	15	18	2011	2011	CD
doi-org-9857	15	19	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	15	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	16	1	Some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	16	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	16	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	16	4	then	then	RB
doi-org-9857	16	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	16	6	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	16	7	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	16	8	forced	force	VBN
doi-org-9857	16	9	either	either	CC
doi-org-9857	16	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	16	11	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	16	12	purchase	purchase	VB
doi-org-9857	16	13	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	16	14	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	16	15	presumably	presumably	RB
doi-org-9857	16	16	resulting	result	VBG
doi-org-9857	16	17	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	16	18	less	less	JJR
doi-org-9857	16	19	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	16	20	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	16	21	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	16	22	take	take	VB
doi-org-9857	16	23	fewer	few	JJR
doi-org-9857	16	24	classes	class	NNS
doi-org-9857	16	25	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	16	26	resulting	result	VBG
doi-org-9857	16	27	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	16	28	slower	slow	JJR
doi-org-9857	16	29	time	time	NN
doi-org-9857	16	30	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	16	31	graduation	graduation	NN
doi-org-9857	16	32	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	16	33	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	16	34	order	order	NN
doi-org-9857	16	35	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	16	36	manage	manage	VB
doi-org-9857	16	37	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	16	38	reduce	reduce	VB
doi-org-9857	16	39	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	16	40	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	16	41	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	16	42	Buczynski	Buczynski	NNP
doi-org-9857	16	43	2007	2007	CD
doi-org-9857	16	44	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	16	45	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	17	1	Electronic	electronic	JJ
doi-org-9857	17	2	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	17	3	promise	promise	VBP
doi-org-9857	17	4	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	17	5	more	more	RBR
doi-org-9857	17	6	affordable	affordable	JJ
doi-org-9857	17	7	option	option	NN
doi-org-9857	17	8	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	17	9	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	17	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	18	1	Electronic	electronic	JJ
doi-org-9857	18	2	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	18	3	typically	typically	RB
doi-org-9857	18	4	cost	cost	VBP
doi-org-9857	18	5	less	less	JJR
doi-org-9857	18	6	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	18	7	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	18	8	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	18	9	due	due	JJ
doi-org-9857	18	10	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	18	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	18	12	lack	lack	NN
doi-org-9857	18	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	18	14	printing	print	VBG
doi-org-9857	18	15	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	18	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	19	1	Rockinson	Rockinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	19	2	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	19	3	Szapkiw	Szapkiw	NNP
doi-org-9857	19	4	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	19	5	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	19	6	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	20	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	20	2	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	20	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	20	4	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	20	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	20	6	utilizing	utilize	VBG
doi-org-9857	20	7	electronic	electronic	JJ
doi-org-9857	20	8	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	20	9	did	do	VBD
doi-org-9857	20	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	20	11	negatively	negatively	RB
doi-org-9857	20	12	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	20	13	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	20	14	cognitive	cognitive	JJ
doi-org-9857	20	15	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	20	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	21	1	Another	another	DT
doi-org-9857	21	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	21	3	even	even	RB
doi-org-9857	21	4	less	less	RBR
doi-org-9857	21	5	expensive	expensive	JJ
doi-org-9857	21	6	solution	solution	NN
doi-org-9857	21	7	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	21	8	rising	rise	VBG
doi-org-9857	21	9	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	21	10	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	21	11	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	21	12	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	21	13	found	find	VBN
doi-org-9857	21	14	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	21	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	21	16	utilization	utilization	NN
doi-org-9857	21	17	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	21	18	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	21	19	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	21	20	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	21	21	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	21	22	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	21	23	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	21	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	22	1	We	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	22	2	next	next	RB
doi-org-9857	22	3	present	present	VBP
doi-org-9857	22	4	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	22	5	review	review	NN
doi-org-9857	22	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	22	7	literature	literature	NN
doi-org-9857	22	8	relating	relate	VBG
doi-org-9857	22	9	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	22	10	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	22	11	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	22	12	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	22	13	pertaining	pertain	VBG
doi-org-9857	22	14	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	22	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	22	16	perceptions	perception	NNS
doi-org-9857	22	17	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	22	18	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	22	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	22	20	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	22	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	23	1	Review	review	NN
doi-org-9857	23	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	23	3	literature	literature	NN
doi-org-9857	23	4	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	23	5	William	William	NNP
doi-org-9857	23	6	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	23	7	Flora	Flora	NNP
doi-org-9857	23	8	Hewlett	Hewlett	NNP
doi-org-9857	23	9	Foundation	Foundation	NNP
doi-org-9857	23	10	has	have	VBZ
doi-org-9857	23	11	defined	define	VBN
doi-org-9857	23	12	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	23	13	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	23	14	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	23	15	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	23	16	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	23	17	teaching	teaching	NN
doi-org-9857	23	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	23	19	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	23	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	23	21	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	23	22	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	23	23	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	23	24	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	23	25	reside	reside	VBP
doi-org-9857	23	26	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	23	27	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	23	28	public	public	JJ
doi-org-9857	23	29	domain	domain	NN
doi-org-9857	23	30	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	23	31	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	23	32	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	23	33	released	release	VBN
doi-org-9857	23	34	under	under	IN
doi-org-9857	23	35	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	23	36	intellectual	intellectual	JJ
doi-org-9857	23	37	property	property	NN
doi-org-9857	23	38	license	license	NN
doi-org-9857	23	39	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	23	40	permits	permit	VBZ
doi-org-9857	23	41	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	23	42	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	23	43	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	23	44	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	23	45	re	re	NN
doi-org-9857	23	46	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	23	47	purposing	purposing	JJ
doi-org-9857	23	48	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	23	49	others	other	NNS
doi-org-9857	23	50	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	24	1	Open	open	VB
doi-org-9857	24	2	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	24	3	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	4	include	include	VBP
doi-org-9857	24	5	full	full	JJ
doi-org-9857	24	6	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	8	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	24	9	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	11	modules	module	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	13	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	15	streaming	stream	VBG
doi-org-9857	24	16	videos	video	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	18	tests	test	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	20	software	software	NN
doi-org-9857	24	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	22	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	24	23	any	any	DT
doi-org-9857	24	24	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	24	25	tools	tool	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	26	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	27	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	28	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	24	29	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	24	30	techniques	technique	NNS
doi-org-9857	24	31	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	24	32	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	24	33	support	support	VB
doi-org-9857	24	34	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	24	35	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	24	36	knowledge	knowledge	NN
doi-org-9857	24	37	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	24	38	Hewlett	Hewlett	NNP
doi-org-9857	24	39	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	24	40	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	24	41	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	25	1	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	25	2	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	25	3	eschew	eschew	VBP
doi-org-9857	25	4	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	25	5	copyright	copyright	NN
doi-org-9857	25	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	25	7	lieu	lieu	NN
doi-org-9857	25	8	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	25	9	licenses	license	NNS
doi-org-9857	25	10	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	25	11	allow	allow	VBP
doi-org-9857	25	12	others	other	NNS
doi-org-9857	25	13	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	25	14	retain	retain	VB
doi-org-9857	25	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	25	16	reuse	reuse	VB
doi-org-9857	25	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	25	18	revise	revise	NN
doi-org-9857	25	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	25	20	remix	remix	NN
doi-org-9857	25	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	25	22	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	25	23	redistribute	redistribute	VB
doi-org-9857	25	24	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	25	25	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	25	26	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	25	27	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	25	28	et	et	FW
doi-org-9857	25	29	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	25	30	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	26	1	2010	2010	CD
doi-org-9857	26	2	;	;	:
doi-org-9857	26	3	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	26	4	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	26	5	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	26	6	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	27	1	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	27	2	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	27	3	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	28	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	28	2	vast	vast	JJ
doi-org-9857	28	3	majority	majority	NN
doi-org-9857	28	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	28	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	28	6	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	28	7	utilized	utilize	VBN
doi-org-9857	28	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	28	9	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	28	10	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	28	11	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	28	12	available	available	JJ
doi-org-9857	28	13	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	28	14	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	28	15	online	online	NN
doi-org-9857	28	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	29	1	Thus	thus	RB
doi-org-9857	29	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	29	3	digital	digital	JJ
doi-org-9857	29	4	versions	version	NNS
doi-org-9857	29	5	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	29	6	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	29	7	accessed	access	VBN
doi-org-9857	29	8	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	29	9	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	29	10	wide	wide	JJ
doi-org-9857	29	11	variety	variety	NN
doi-org-9857	29	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	29	13	devices	device	NNS
doi-org-9857	29	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	30	1	Open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	30	2	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	30	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	30	4	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	30	5	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	30	6	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	30	7	collection	collection	NN
doi-org-9857	30	8	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	30	9	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	30	10	aggregated	aggregate	VBN
doi-org-9857	30	11	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	30	12	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	30	13	manner	manner	NN
doi-org-9857	30	14	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	30	15	resembles	resemble	VBZ
doi-org-9857	30	16	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	30	17	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	30	18	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	30	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	30	20	take	take	VB
doi-org-9857	30	21	many	many	JJ
doi-org-9857	30	22	shapes	shape	NNS
doi-org-9857	30	23	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	30	24	forms	form	NNS
doi-org-9857	30	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	31	1	Typically	typically	RB
doi-org-9857	31	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	31	3	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	31	4	digital	digital	JJ
doi-org-9857	31	5	versions	version	NNS
doi-org-9857	31	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	31	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	31	8	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	31	9	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	31	10	made	make	VBN
doi-org-9857	31	11	available	available	JJ
doi-org-9857	31	12	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	31	13	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	31	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	32	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	32	2	addition	addition	NN
doi-org-9857	32	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	32	4	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	32	5	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	32	6	wish	wish	VBP
doi-org-9857	32	7	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	32	8	purchase	purchase	VB
doi-org-9857	32	9	print	print	NN
doi-org-9857	32	10	versions	version	NNS
doi-org-9857	32	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	32	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	32	13	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	32	14	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	32	15	do	do	VB
doi-org-9857	32	16	so	so	RB
doi-org-9857	32	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	32	18	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	32	19	prices	price	NNS
doi-org-9857	32	20	as	as	RB
doi-org-9857	32	21	low	low	JJ
doi-org-9857	32	22	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	32	23	$	$	$
doi-org-9857	32	24	5	5	CD
doi-org-9857	32	25	per	per	IN
doi-org-9857	32	26	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	32	27	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	33	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	33	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	33	3	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	33	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	33	5	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	33	6	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	33	7	varies	vary	VBZ
doi-org-9857	33	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	33	9	many	many	JJ
doi-org-9857	33	10	go	go	VBP
doi-org-9857	33	11	through	through	IN
doi-org-9857	33	12	rigorous	rigorous	JJ
doi-org-9857	33	13	editorial	editorial	NN
doi-org-9857	33	14	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	33	15	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	33	16	processes	process	NNS
doi-org-9857	33	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	34	1	Perhaps	perhaps	RB
doi-org-9857	34	2	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	34	3	surprisingly	surprisingly	RB
doi-org-9857	34	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	34	5	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	34	6	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	34	7	favorably	favorably	RB
doi-org-9857	34	8	disposed	disposed	JJ
doi-org-9857	34	9	towards	towards	IN
doi-org-9857	34	10	replacing	replace	VBG
doi-org-9857	34	11	costly	costly	JJ
doi-org-9857	34	12	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	34	13	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	34	14	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	34	15	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	34	16	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	34	17	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	34	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	35	1	Bliss	Bliss	NNP
doi-org-9857	35	2	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	35	3	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	35	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	36	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	36	2	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	36	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	36	4	studied	study	VBD
doi-org-9857	36	5	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	36	6	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	36	7	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	36	8	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	36	9	eight	eight	CD
doi-org-9857	36	10	different	different	JJ
doi-org-9857	36	11	institutions	institution	NNS
doi-org-9857	36	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	36	13	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	36	14	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	36	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	37	1	Fifty	fifty	CD
doi-org-9857	37	2	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	37	3	eight	eight	CD
doi-org-9857	37	4	teachers	teacher	NNS
doi-org-9857	37	5	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	37	6	490	490	CD
doi-org-9857	37	7	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	37	8	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	37	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	37	10	eight	eight	CD
doi-org-9857	37	11	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	37	12	completed	complete	VBD
doi-org-9857	37	13	surveys	survey	NNS
doi-org-9857	37	14	regarding	regard	VBG
doi-org-9857	37	15	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	37	16	experiences	experience	NNS
doi-org-9857	37	17	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	37	18	utilizing	utilize	VBG
doi-org-9857	37	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	37	20	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	37	21	texts	text	NNS
doi-org-9857	37	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	38	1	Bliss	bliss	VB
doi-org-9857	38	2	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	38	3	colleagues	colleague	NNS
doi-org-9857	38	4	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	38	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	38	6	approximately	approximately	RB
doi-org-9857	38	7	50	50	CD
doi-org-9857	38	8	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	38	9	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	38	10	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	38	11	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	38	12	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	38	13	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	38	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	38	15	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	38	16	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	38	17	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	38	18	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	38	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	38	20	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	38	21	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	38	22	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	38	23	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	38	24	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	38	25	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	38	26	nearly	nearly	RB
doi-org-9857	38	27	40	40	CD
doi-org-9857	38	28	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	38	29	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	38	30	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	38	31	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	38	32	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	38	33	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	38	34	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	38	35	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	39	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	39	2	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	39	3	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	39	4	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	39	5	response	response	NN
doi-org-9857	39	6	comments	comment	NNS
doi-org-9857	39	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	39	8	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	39	9	focused	focus	VBD
doi-org-9857	39	10	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	39	11	several	several	JJ
doi-org-9857	39	12	benefits	benefit	NNS
doi-org-9857	39	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	39	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	39	15	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	39	16	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	39	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	39	18	including	include	VBG
doi-org-9857	39	19	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	39	20	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	39	21	savings	saving	NNS
doi-org-9857	39	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	40	1	For	for	IN
doi-org-9857	40	2	example	example	NN
doi-org-9857	40	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	40	4	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	40	5	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	40	6	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	40	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	40	8	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	40	9	I	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	40	10	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	40	11	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	40	12	expendable	expendable	JJ
doi-org-9857	40	13	income	income	NN
doi-org-9857	40	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	41	1	Without	without	IN
doi-org-9857	41	2	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	41	3	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	41	4	text	text	NN
doi-org-9857	41	5	I	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	41	6	would	would	MD
doi-org-9857	41	7	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	41	8	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	41	9	able	able	JJ
doi-org-9857	41	10	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	41	11	take	take	VB
doi-org-9857	41	12	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	41	13	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	41	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	41	15	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	41	16	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	41	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	41	18	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	41	19	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	41	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	41	21	researchers	researcher	NNS
doi-org-9857	41	22	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	41	23	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	41	24	55	55	CD
doi-org-9857	41	25	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	41	26	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	41	27	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	41	28	teachers	teacher	NNS
doi-org-9857	41	29	adopting	adopt	VBG
doi-org-9857	41	30	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	41	31	reported	report	VBD
doi-org-9857	41	32	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	41	33	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	41	34	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	41	35	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	41	36	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	41	37	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	41	38	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	41	39	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	41	40	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	41	41	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	41	42	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	41	43	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	41	44	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	41	45	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	41	46	previously	previously	RB
doi-org-9857	41	47	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	41	48	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	41	49	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	41	50	35	35	CD
doi-org-9857	41	51	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	41	52	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	41	53	felt	feel	VBD
doi-org-9857	41	54	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	41	55	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	41	56	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	41	57	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	41	58	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	42	1	One	one	CD
doi-org-9857	42	2	teacher	teacher	NN
doi-org-9857	42	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	42	4	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	42	5	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	42	6	pointed	point	VBD
doi-org-9857	42	7	out	out	RP
doi-org-9857	42	8	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	42	9	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	42	10	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	42	11	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	42	12	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	42	13	free	free	JJ
doi-org-9857	42	14	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	42	15	my	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	42	16	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	42	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	42	18	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	42	19	reduced	reduce	VBD
doi-org-9857	42	20	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	42	21	barrier	barrier	NN
doi-org-9857	42	22	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	42	23	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	42	24	chances	chance	NNS
doi-org-9857	42	25	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	42	26	academic	academic	JJ
doi-org-9857	42	27	success	success	NN
doi-org-9857	42	28	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	42	29	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	42	30	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	42	31	Stratton	Stratton	NNP
doi-org-9857	42	32	et	et	FW
doi-org-9857	42	33	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	42	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	43	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	43	2	2007	2007	CD
doi-org-9857	43	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	43	4	noted	note	VBD
doi-org-9857	43	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	43	6	results	result	NNS
doi-org-9857	43	7	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	43	8	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	43	9	mixed	mix	VBN
doi-org-9857	43	10	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	43	11	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	43	12	examining	examine	VBG
doi-org-9857	43	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	43	14	relationship	relationship	NN
doi-org-9857	43	15	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	43	16	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	43	17	finances	finance	NNS
doi-org-9857	43	18	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	43	19	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	43	20	success	success	NN
doi-org-9857	43	21	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	43	22	continuing	continue	VBG
doi-org-9857	43	23	through	through	IN
doi-org-9857	43	24	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	43	25	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	43	26	several	several	JJ
doi-org-9857	43	27	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	43	28	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	43	29	indicated	indicate	VBN
doi-org-9857	43	30	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	43	31	greater	great	JJR
doi-org-9857	43	32	financial	financial	JJ
doi-org-9857	43	33	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	43	34	correlate	correlate	VBP
doi-org-9857	43	35	positively	positively	RB
doi-org-9857	43	36	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	43	37	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	43	38	persistence	persistence	NN
doi-org-9857	43	39	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	44	1	For	for	IN
doi-org-9857	44	2	example	example	NN
doi-org-9857	44	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	44	4	Paulsen	Paulsen	NNP
doi-org-9857	44	5	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	44	6	St.	St.	NNP
doi-org-9857	44	7	John	John	NNP
doi-org-9857	44	8	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	44	9	2002	2002	CD
doi-org-9857	44	10	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	44	11	demonstrated	demonstrate	VBD
doi-org-9857	44	12	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	44	13	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	44	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	44	15	responsiveness	responsiveness	NN
doi-org-9857	44	16	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	44	17	poor	poor	JJ
doi-org-9857	44	18	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	44	19	working	working	JJ
doi-org-9857	44	20	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	44	21	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	44	22	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	44	23	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	44	24	tuition	tuition	NN
doi-org-9857	44	25	increases	increase	NNS
doi-org-9857	44	26	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	44	27	alarmingly	alarmingly	RB
doi-org-9857	44	28	high	high	JJ
doi-org-9857	44	29	–	–	:
doi-org-9857	44	30	reducing	reduce	VBG
doi-org-9857	44	31	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	44	32	probability	probability	NN
doi-org-9857	44	33	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	44	34	persisting	persisting	NN
doi-org-9857	44	35	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	44	36	16	16	CD
doi-org-9857	44	37	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	44	38	19	19	CD
doi-org-9857	44	39	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	44	40	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	44	41	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	44	42	respectively	respectively	RB
doi-org-9857	44	43	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	44	44	per	per	IN
doi-org-9857	44	45	$	$	$
doi-org-9857	44	46	1000	1000	CD
doi-org-9857	44	47	increment	increment	NN
doi-org-9857	44	48	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	44	49	tuition	tuition	NN
doi-org-9857	44	50	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	44	51	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	44	52	p.	p.	NN
doi-org-9857	44	53	229	229	CD
doi-org-9857	44	54	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	44	55	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	45	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	45	2	Paulsen	Paulsen	NNP
doi-org-9857	45	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	45	4	St.	St.	NNP
doi-org-9857	45	5	John	John	NNP
doi-org-9857	45	6	did	do	VBD
doi-org-9857	45	7	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	45	8	discuss	discuss	VB
doi-org-9857	45	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	45	10	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	45	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	45	12	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	45	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	45	14	it	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	45	15	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	45	16	interesting	interesting	JJ
doi-org-9857	45	17	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	45	18	note	note	VB
doi-org-9857	45	19	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	45	20	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	45	21	figure	figure	NN
doi-org-9857	45	22	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	45	23	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	45	24	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	45	25	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	45	26	increase	increase	NN
doi-org-9857	45	27	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	45	28	tuition	tuition	NN
doi-org-9857	45	29	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	45	30	$	$	$
doi-org-9857	45	31	1000	1000	CD
doi-org-9857	45	32	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	45	33	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	45	34	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	45	35	approximately	approximately	RB
doi-org-9857	45	36	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	45	37	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	45	38	amount	amount	NN
doi-org-9857	45	39	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	45	40	money	money	NN
doi-org-9857	45	41	full	full	JJ
doi-org-9857	45	42	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	45	43	time	time	NN
doi-org-9857	45	44	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	45	45	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	45	46	typically	typically	RB
doi-org-9857	45	47	spend	spend	VBP
doi-org-9857	45	48	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	45	49	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	45	50	per	per	IN
doi-org-9857	45	51	year	year	NN
doi-org-9857	45	52	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	46	1	Thus	thus	RB
doi-org-9857	46	2	one	one	PRP
doi-org-9857	46	3	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	46	4	argue	argue	VB
doi-org-9857	46	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	46	6	reducing	reduce	VBG
doi-org-9857	46	7	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	46	8	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	46	9	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	46	10	zero	zero	CD
doi-org-9857	46	11	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	46	12	potentially	potentially	RB
doi-org-9857	46	13	increase	increase	VB
doi-org-9857	46	14	persistence	persistence	NN
doi-org-9857	46	15	rates	rate	NNS
doi-org-9857	46	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	47	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	47	2	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	47	3	usually	usually	RB
doi-org-9857	47	4	measured	measure	VBN
doi-org-9857	47	5	directly	directly	RB
doi-org-9857	47	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	47	7	it	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	47	8	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	47	9	possible	possible	JJ
doi-org-9857	47	10	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	47	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	47	12	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	47	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	47	14	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	47	15	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	47	16	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	47	17	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	47	18	low	low	JJ
doi-org-9857	47	19	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	47	20	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	47	21	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	47	22	might	may	MD
doi-org-9857	47	23	free	free	VB
doi-org-9857	47	24	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	47	25	’	’	POS
doi-org-9857	47	26	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	47	27	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	47	28	support	support	VB
doi-org-9857	47	29	increased	increase	VBN
doi-org-9857	47	30	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	47	31	loads	load	NNS
doi-org-9857	47	32	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	47	33	then	then	RB
doi-org-9857	47	34	enhance	enhance	VBP
doi-org-9857	47	35	progress	progress	NN
doi-org-9857	47	36	toward	toward	IN
doi-org-9857	47	37	graduation	graduation	NN
doi-org-9857	47	38	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	48	1	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	48	2	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	48	3	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	48	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	49	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	49	2	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	49	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	49	4	analyzed	analyze	VBD
doi-org-9857	49	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	49	6	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	49	7	savings	saving	NNS
doi-org-9857	49	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	49	9	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	49	10	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	49	11	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	49	12	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	49	13	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	49	14	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	49	15	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	49	16	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	49	17	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	49	18	did	do	VBD
doi-org-9857	49	19	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	49	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	50	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	50	2	average	average	JJ
doi-org-9857	50	3	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	50	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	50	5	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	50	6	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	50	7	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	50	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	50	9	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	50	10	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	50	11	$	$	$
doi-org-9857	50	12	140.85	140.85	CD
doi-org-9857	50	13	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	50	14	represented	represent	VBD
doi-org-9857	50	15	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	50	16	potential	potential	JJ
doi-org-9857	50	17	total	total	JJ
doi-org-9857	50	18	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	50	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	50	20	$	$	$
doi-org-9857	50	21	1,324,017.68	1,324,017.68	CD
doi-org-9857	50	22	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	50	23	that	that	DT
doi-org-9857	50	24	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	50	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	51	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	51	2	that	that	DT
doi-org-9857	51	3	instance	instance	NN
doi-org-9857	51	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	51	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	51	6	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	51	7	have	have	VB
doi-org-9857	51	8	saved	save	VBN
doi-org-9857	51	9	over	over	RP
doi-org-9857	51	10	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	51	11	million	million	CD
doi-org-9857	51	12	dollars	dollar	NNS
doi-org-9857	51	13	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	51	14	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	51	15	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	51	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	51	17	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	51	18	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	51	19	have	have	VB
doi-org-9857	51	20	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	51	21	applied	apply	VBN
doi-org-9857	51	22	directly	directly	RB
doi-org-9857	51	23	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	51	24	tuition	tuition	NN
doi-org-9857	51	25	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	51	26	additional	additional	JJ
doi-org-9857	51	27	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	51	28	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	52	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	52	2	financial	financial	JJ
doi-org-9857	52	3	reasons	reason	NNS
doi-org-9857	52	4	might	may	MD
doi-org-9857	52	5	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	52	6	particularly	particularly	RB
doi-org-9857	52	7	persuasive	persuasive	JJ
doi-org-9857	52	8	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	52	9	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	52	10	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	52	11	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	52	12	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	52	13	stakeholders	stakeholder	NNS
doi-org-9857	52	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	52	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	52	16	core	core	JJ
doi-org-9857	52	17	purpose	purpose	NN
doi-org-9857	52	18	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	52	19	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	52	20	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	52	21	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	52	22	support	support	VB
doi-org-9857	52	23	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	52	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	53	1	If	if	IN
doi-org-9857	53	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	53	3	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	53	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	53	5	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	53	6	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	53	7	decreases	decrease	VBZ
doi-org-9857	53	8	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	53	9	but	but	CC
doi-org-9857	53	10	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	53	11	negatively	negatively	RB
doi-org-9857	53	12	influences	influence	VBZ
doi-org-9857	53	13	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	53	14	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	53	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	53	16	educators	educator	NNS
doi-org-9857	53	17	should	should	MD
doi-org-9857	53	18	well	well	RB
doi-org-9857	53	19	view	view	VB
doi-org-9857	53	20	them	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	53	21	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	53	22	skepticism	skepticism	NN
doi-org-9857	53	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	54	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	54	2	encouraging	encourage	VBG
doi-org-9857	54	3	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	54	4	skepticism	skepticism	NN
doi-org-9857	54	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	54	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	54	7	authors	author	NNS
doi-org-9857	54	8	fully	fully	RB
doi-org-9857	54	9	acknowledge	acknowledge	VBP
doi-org-9857	54	10	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	54	11	institutions	institution	NNS
doi-org-9857	54	12	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	54	13	educators	educator	NNS
doi-org-9857	54	14	everywhere	everywhere	RB
doi-org-9857	54	15	trade	trade	NN
doi-org-9857	54	16	improved	improve	VBD
doi-org-9857	54	17	affordability	affordability	NN
doi-org-9857	54	18	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	54	19	lower	low	JJR
doi-org-9857	54	20	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	54	21	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	54	22	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	54	23	regular	regular	JJ
doi-org-9857	54	24	basis	basis	NN
doi-org-9857	54	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	55	1	For	for	IN
doi-org-9857	55	2	example	example	NN
doi-org-9857	55	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	55	4	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	55	5	universally	universally	RB
doi-org-9857	55	6	forego	forego	JJ
doi-org-9857	55	7	providing	provide	VBG
doi-org-9857	55	8	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	55	9	full	full	JJ
doi-org-9857	55	10	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	55	11	time	time	NN
doi-org-9857	55	12	tutor	tutor	NN
doi-org-9857	55	13	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	55	14	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	55	15	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	55	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	56	1	Even	even	RB
doi-org-9857	56	2	though	though	IN
doi-org-9857	56	3	Bloom	Bloom	NNP
doi-org-9857	56	4	’s	’s	NNP
doi-org-9857	56	5	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	56	6	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	56	7	sigma	sigma	NN
doi-org-9857	56	8	work	work	NN
doi-org-9857	56	9	suggests	suggest	VBZ
doi-org-9857	56	10	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	56	11	would	would	MD
doi-org-9857	56	12	greatly	greatly	RB
doi-org-9857	56	13	increase	increase	VB
doi-org-9857	56	14	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	56	15	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	56	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	56	17	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	56	18	instead	instead	RB
doi-org-9857	56	19	choose	choose	VBP
doi-org-9857	56	20	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	56	21	place	place	VB
doi-org-9857	56	22	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	56	23	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	56	24	educationally	educationally	RB
doi-org-9857	56	25	sub	sub	JJ
doi-org-9857	56	26	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	56	27	optimal	optimal	JJ
doi-org-9857	56	28	but	but	CC
doi-org-9857	56	29	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	56	30	more	more	RBR
doi-org-9857	56	31	affordable	affordable	JJ
doi-org-9857	56	32	classes	class	NNS
doi-org-9857	56	33	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	56	34	many	many	JJ
doi-org-9857	56	35	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	56	36	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	56	37	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	56	38	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	56	39	single	single	JJ
doi-org-9857	56	40	instructor	instructor	NN
doi-org-9857	56	41	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	57	1	Because	because	IN
doi-org-9857	57	2	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	57	3	particular	particular	JJ
doi-org-9857	57	4	trade	trade	NN
doi-org-9857	57	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	57	6	sub	sub	NN
doi-org-9857	57	7	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	57	8	optimization	optimization	NN
doi-org-9857	57	9	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	57	10	affordability	affordability	NN
doi-org-9857	57	11	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	57	12	well	well	RB
doi-org-9857	57	13	established	establish	VBN
doi-org-9857	57	14	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	57	15	broadly	broadly	RB
doi-org-9857	57	16	accepted	accept	VBN
doi-org-9857	57	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	57	18	it	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	57	19	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	57	20	essentially	essentially	RB
doi-org-9857	57	21	invisible	invisible	JJ
doi-org-9857	57	22	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	57	23	many	many	JJ
doi-org-9857	57	24	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	57	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	58	1	By	by	IN
doi-org-9857	58	2	contrast	contrast	NN
doi-org-9857	58	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	58	4	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	58	5	decrease	decrease	NN
doi-org-9857	58	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	58	7	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	58	8	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	58	9	associated	associate	VBN
doi-org-9857	58	10	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	58	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	58	12	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	58	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	58	14	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	58	15	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	58	16	would	would	MD
doi-org-9857	58	17	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	58	18	novel	novel	JJ
doi-org-9857	58	19	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	58	20	likely	likely	JJ
doi-org-9857	58	21	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	58	22	draw	draw	VB
doi-org-9857	58	23	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	58	24	negative	negative	JJ
doi-org-9857	58	25	attention	attention	NN
doi-org-9857	58	26	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	58	27	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	58	28	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	58	29	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	58	30	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	58	31	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	58	32	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	58	33	stakeholders	stakeholder	NNS
doi-org-9857	58	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	59	1	However	however	RB
doi-org-9857	59	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	59	3	if	if	IN
doi-org-9857	59	4	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	59	5	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	59	6	actually	actually	RB
doi-org-9857	59	7	improved	improve	VBN
doi-org-9857	59	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	59	9	settings	setting	NNS
doi-org-9857	59	10	where	where	WRB
doi-org-9857	59	11	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	59	12	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	59	13	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	59	14	utilized	utilize	VBN
doi-org-9857	59	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	59	16	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	59	17	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	59	18	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	59	19	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	59	20	policy	policy	NN
doi-org-9857	59	21	implications	implication	NNS
doi-org-9857	59	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	60	1	Perhaps	perhaps	RB
doi-org-9857	60	2	because	because	IN
doi-org-9857	60	3	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	60	4	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	60	5	relatively	relatively	RB
doi-org-9857	60	6	new	new	JJ
doi-org-9857	60	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	60	8	little	little	JJ
doi-org-9857	60	9	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	60	10	has	have	VBZ
doi-org-9857	60	11	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	60	12	performed	perform	VBN
doi-org-9857	60	13	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	60	14	how	how	WRB
doi-org-9857	60	15	its	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	60	16	utilization	utilization	NN
doi-org-9857	60	17	influences	influence	VBZ
doi-org-9857	60	18	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	60	19	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	60	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	61	1	To	to	IN
doi-org-9857	61	2	date	date	NN
doi-org-9857	61	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	61	4	six	six	CD
doi-org-9857	61	5	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	61	6	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	61	7	compared	compare	VBN
doi-org-9857	61	8	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	61	9	performance	performance	NN
doi-org-9857	61	10	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	61	11	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	61	12	without	without	IN
doi-org-9857	61	13	implementing	implement	VBG
doi-org-9857	61	14	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	61	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	62	1	These	these	DT
doi-org-9857	62	2	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	62	3	vary	vary	VBP
doi-org-9857	62	4	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	62	5	rigor	rigor	NNP
doi-org-9857	62	6	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	62	7	all	all	DT
doi-org-9857	62	8	state	state	NN
doi-org-9857	62	9	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	62	10	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	62	11	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	62	12	limitations	limitation	NNS
doi-org-9857	62	13	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	62	14	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	62	15	findings	finding	NNS
doi-org-9857	62	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	63	1	Nevertheless	nevertheless	RB
doi-org-9857	63	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	63	3	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	63	4	constitute	constitute	VBP
doi-org-9857	63	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	63	6	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	63	7	done	do	VBN
doi-org-9857	63	8	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	63	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	63	10	present	present	JJ
doi-org-9857	63	11	time	time	NN
doi-org-9857	63	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	64	1	Lovett	Lovett	NNP
doi-org-9857	64	2	et	et	FW
doi-org-9857	64	3	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	64	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	65	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	65	2	2008	2008	CD
doi-org-9857	65	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	65	4	measured	measure	VBD
doi-org-9857	65	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	65	6	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	65	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	65	8	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	65	9	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	65	10	statistics	statistic	NNS
doi-org-9857	65	11	module	module	NN
doi-org-9857	65	12	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	65	13	comparison	comparison	NN
doi-org-9857	65	14	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	65	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	65	16	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	65	17	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	65	18	model	model	NN
doi-org-9857	65	19	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	65	20	Carnegie	Carnegie	NNP
doi-org-9857	65	21	Mellon	Mellon	NNP
doi-org-9857	65	22	University	University	NNP
doi-org-9857	65	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	66	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	66	2	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	66	3	separate	separate	JJ
doi-org-9857	66	4	semesters	semester	NNS
doi-org-9857	66	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	66	6	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	66	7	invited	invite	VBD
doi-org-9857	66	8	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	66	9	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	66	10	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	66	11	registered	register	VBN
doi-org-9857	66	12	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	66	13	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	66	14	introductory	introductory	JJ
doi-org-9857	66	15	statistics	statistic	NNS
doi-org-9857	66	16	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	66	17	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	66	18	Carnegie	Carnegie	NNP
doi-org-9857	66	19	Mellon	Mellon	NNP
doi-org-9857	66	20	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	66	21	participate	participate	VB
doi-org-9857	66	22	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	66	23	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	66	24	experimental	experimental	JJ
doi-org-9857	66	25	online	online	JJ
doi-org-9857	66	26	version	version	NN
doi-org-9857	66	27	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	66	28	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	66	29	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	66	30	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	67	1	Of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	67	2	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	67	3	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	67	4	volunteered	volunteer	VBD
doi-org-9857	67	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	67	6	approximately	approximately	RB
doi-org-9857	67	7	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	67	8	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	67	9	third	third	NN
doi-org-9857	67	10	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	67	11	randomly	randomly	RB
doi-org-9857	67	12	selected	select	VBN
doi-org-9857	67	13	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	67	14	take	take	VB
doi-org-9857	67	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	67	16	online	online	JJ
doi-org-9857	67	17	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	67	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	67	19	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	67	20	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	67	21	remaining	remain	VBG
doi-org-9857	67	22	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	67	23	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	67	24	thirds	third	NNS
doi-org-9857	67	25	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	67	26	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	67	27	volunteered	volunteer	VBN
doi-org-9857	67	28	became	become	VBD
doi-org-9857	67	29	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	67	30	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	67	31	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	67	32	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	68	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	68	2	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	68	3	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	68	4	took	take	VBD
doi-org-9857	68	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	68	6	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	68	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	68	8	face	face	NN
doi-org-9857	68	9	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	68	10	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	68	11	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	68	12	face	face	NN
doi-org-9857	68	13	statistics	statistic	NNS
doi-org-9857	68	14	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	68	15	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	68	16	Carnegie	Carnegie	NNP
doi-org-9857	68	17	Mellon	Mellon	NNP
doi-org-9857	68	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	69	1	Researchers	researcher	NNS
doi-org-9857	69	2	compared	compare	VBD
doi-org-9857	69	3	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	69	4	results	result	NNS
doi-org-9857	69	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	69	6	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	69	7	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	69	8	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	69	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	69	10	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	69	11	2005	2005	CD
doi-org-9857	69	12	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	69	13	examining	examine	VBG
doi-org-9857	69	14	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	69	15	test	test	NN
doi-org-9857	69	16	scores	score	NNS
doi-org-9857	69	17	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	69	18	three	three	CD
doi-org-9857	69	19	midterms	midterm	NNS
doi-org-9857	69	20	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	69	21	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	69	22	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	69	23	exam	exam	NN
doi-org-9857	69	24	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	69	25	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	69	26	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	69	27	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	69	28	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	69	29	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	69	30	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	69	31	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	69	32	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	69	33	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	69	34	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	69	35	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	69	36	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	69	37	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	69	38	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	70	1	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	70	2	experiment	experiment	NN
doi-org-9857	70	3	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	70	4	replicated	replicate	VBN
doi-org-9857	70	5	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	70	6	spring	spring	NN
doi-org-9857	70	7	2006	2006	CD
doi-org-9857	70	8	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	70	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	70	10	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	70	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	70	12	non	non	JJ
doi-org-9857	70	13	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	70	14	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	70	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	70	16	result	result	NN
doi-org-9857	70	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	71	1	Thus	thus	RB
doi-org-9857	71	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	71	3	utilizing	utilize	VBG
doi-org-9857	71	4	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	71	5	resulted	result	VBD
doi-org-9857	71	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	71	7	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	71	8	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	71	9	savings	saving	NNS
doi-org-9857	71	10	without	without	IN
doi-org-9857	71	11	improving	improve	VBG
doi-org-9857	71	12	—	—	:
doi-org-9857	71	13	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	71	14	sacrificing	sacrifice	VBG
doi-org-9857	71	15	—	—	:
doi-org-9857	71	16	learning	learn	VBG
doi-org-9857	71	17	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	71	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	72	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	72	2	another	another	DT
doi-org-9857	72	3	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	72	4	focused	focus	VBN
doi-org-9857	72	5	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	72	6	Carnegie	Carnegie	NNP
doi-org-9857	72	7	Mellon	Mellon	NNP
doi-org-9857	72	8	’s	’s	POS
doi-org-9857	72	9	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	72	10	statistics	statistic	NNS
doi-org-9857	72	11	modules	module	NNS
doi-org-9857	72	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	72	13	Bowen	Bowen	NNP
doi-org-9857	72	14	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	72	15	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	72	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	73	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	73	2	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	73	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	73	4	compared	compare	VBD
doi-org-9857	73	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	73	6	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	73	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	73	8	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	73	9	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	73	10	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	73	11	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	73	12	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	73	13	face	face	NN
doi-org-9857	73	14	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	73	15	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	73	16	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	73	17	face	face	NN
doi-org-9857	73	18	lecture	lecture	NN
doi-org-9857	73	19	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	73	20	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	73	21	that	that	DT
doi-org-9857	73	22	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	73	23	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	73	24	blended	blended	JJ
doi-org-9857	73	25	approach	approach	NN
doi-org-9857	73	26	utilizing	utilize	VBG
doi-org-9857	73	27	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	73	28	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	74	1	Six	six	CD
doi-org-9857	74	2	hundred	hundred	CD
doi-org-9857	74	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	74	4	five	five	CD
doi-org-9857	74	5	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	74	6	took	take	VBD
doi-org-9857	74	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	74	8	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	74	9	version	version	NN
doi-org-9857	74	10	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	74	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	74	12	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	74	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	74	14	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	74	15	2439	2439	CD
doi-org-9857	74	16	took	take	VBD
doi-org-9857	74	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	74	18	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	74	19	version	version	NN
doi-org-9857	74	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	75	1	Bowen	Bowen	NNP
doi-org-9857	75	2	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	75	3	colleagues	colleague	NNS
doi-org-9857	75	4	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	75	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	75	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	75	7	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	75	8	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	75	9	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	75	10	utilized	utilize	VBD
doi-org-9857	75	11	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	75	12	scored	score	VBD
doi-org-9857	75	13	slightly	slightly	RB
doi-org-9857	75	14	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	75	15	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	75	16	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	75	17	peers	peer	NNS
doi-org-9857	75	18	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	75	19	standardized	standardized	JJ
doi-org-9857	75	20	exams	exam	NNS
doi-org-9857	75	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	75	22	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	75	23	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	75	24	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	75	25	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	75	26	statistically	statistically	RB
doi-org-9857	75	27	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	75	28	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	76	1	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	76	2	potential	potential	JJ
doi-org-9857	76	3	confound	confound	NN
doi-org-9857	76	4	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	76	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	76	6	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	76	7	utilizing	utilize	VBG
doi-org-9857	76	8	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	76	9	received	receive	VBD
doi-org-9857	76	10	blended	blend	VBN
doi-org-9857	76	11	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	76	12	instead	instead	RB
doi-org-9857	76	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	76	14	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	76	15	face	face	NN
doi-org-9857	76	16	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	76	17	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	76	18	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	76	19	face	face	NN
doi-org-9857	76	20	instruction	instruction	NN
doi-org-9857	76	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	77	1	Thus	thus	RB
doi-org-9857	77	2	it	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	77	3	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	77	4	possible	possible	JJ
doi-org-9857	77	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	77	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	77	7	pedagogy	pedagogy	NN
doi-org-9857	77	8	masked	mask	VBD
doi-org-9857	77	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	77	10	influence	influence	NN
doi-org-9857	77	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	77	12	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	77	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	78	1	Nevertheless	nevertheless	RB
doi-org-9857	78	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	78	3	it	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	78	4	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	78	5	relevant	relevant	JJ
doi-org-9857	78	6	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	78	7	note	note	VB
doi-org-9857	78	8	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	78	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	78	10	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	78	11	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	78	12	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	78	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	78	14	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	78	15	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	78	16	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	78	17	did	do	VBD
doi-org-9857	78	18	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	78	19	lead	lead	VB
doi-org-9857	78	20	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	78	21	lower	low	JJR
doi-org-9857	78	22	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	78	23	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	78	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	79	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	79	2	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	79	3	non	non	JJ
doi-org-9857	79	4	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	79	5	experimental	experimental	JJ
doi-org-9857	79	6	case	case	NN
doi-org-9857	79	7	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	79	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	79	9	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	79	10	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	79	11	Laman	Laman	NNP
doi-org-9857	79	12	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	79	13	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	79	14	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	79	15	compared	compare	VBD
doi-org-9857	79	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	79	17	performance	performance	NN
doi-org-9857	79	18	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	79	19	690	690	CD
doi-org-9857	79	20	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	79	21	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	79	22	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	79	23	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	79	24	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	79	25	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	79	26	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	79	27	introductory	introductory	JJ
doi-org-9857	79	28	psychology	psychology	NN
doi-org-9857	79	29	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	79	30	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	79	31	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	79	32	performance	performance	NN
doi-org-9857	79	33	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	79	34	370	370	CD
doi-org-9857	79	35	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	79	36	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	79	37	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	79	38	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	79	39	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	79	40	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	79	41	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	79	42	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	79	43	previous	previous	JJ
doi-org-9857	79	44	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	79	45	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	80	1	They	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	80	2	concluded	conclude	VBD
doi-org-9857	80	3	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	80	4	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	80	5	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	80	6	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	80	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	80	8	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	80	9	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	80	10	achieved	achieve	VBN
doi-org-9857	80	11	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	80	12	grades	grade	NNS
doi-org-9857	80	13	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	80	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	80	15	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	80	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	80	17	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	80	18	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	80	19	lower	low	JJR
doi-org-9857	80	20	withdrawal	withdrawal	NN
doi-org-9857	80	21	rate	rate	NN
doi-org-9857	80	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	80	23	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	80	24	scored	score	VBD
doi-org-9857	80	25	better	well	RBR
doi-org-9857	80	26	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	80	27	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	80	28	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	80	29	examination	examination	NN
doi-org-9857	80	30	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	81	1	Feldstein	Feldstein	NNP
doi-org-9857	81	2	et	et	FW
doi-org-9857	81	3	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	81	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	82	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	82	2	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	82	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	82	4	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	82	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	82	6	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	82	7	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	82	8	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	82	9	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	82	10	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	82	11	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	82	12	typically	typically	RB
doi-org-9857	82	13	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	82	14	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	82	15	grades	grade	NNS
doi-org-9857	82	16	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	82	17	lower	low	JJR
doi-org-9857	82	18	failure	failure	NN
doi-org-9857	82	19	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	82	20	withdrawal	withdrawal	NN
doi-org-9857	82	21	rates	rate	NNS
doi-org-9857	82	22	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	82	23	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	82	24	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	82	25	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	82	26	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	82	27	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	82	28	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	82	29	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	83	1	However	however	RB
doi-org-9857	83	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	83	3	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	83	4	did	do	VBD
doi-org-9857	83	5	note	note	VB
doi-org-9857	83	6	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	83	7	limitations	limitation	NNS
doi-org-9857	83	8	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	83	9	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	83	10	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	83	11	suggesting	suggest	VBG
doi-org-9857	83	12	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	83	13	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	83	14	provided	provide	VBD
doi-org-9857	83	15	only	only	RB
doi-org-9857	83	16	interesting	interesting	JJ
doi-org-9857	83	17	data	datum	NNS
doi-org-9857	83	18	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	83	19	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	83	20	more	more	RBR
doi-org-9857	83	21	rigorously	rigorously	RB
doi-org-9857	83	22	pursued	pursue	VBN
doi-org-9857	83	23	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	83	24	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	83	25	future	future	NN
doi-org-9857	83	26	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	84	1	Similarly	similarly	RB
doi-org-9857	84	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	84	3	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	84	4	case	case	NN
doi-org-9857	84	5	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	84	6	presented	present	VBN
doi-org-9857	84	7	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	84	8	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	84	9	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	84	10	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	84	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	85	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	85	2	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	85	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	85	4	focused	focus	VBD
doi-org-9857	85	5	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	85	6	four	four	CD
doi-org-9857	85	7	math	math	NN
doi-org-9857	85	8	classes	class	NNS
doi-org-9857	85	9	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	85	10	Scottsdale	Scottsdale	NNP
doi-org-9857	85	11	Community	Community	NNP
doi-org-9857	85	12	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	85	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	86	1	These	these	DT
doi-org-9857	86	2	classes	class	NNS
doi-org-9857	86	3	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	86	4	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	86	5	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	86	6	departmental	departmental	JJ
doi-org-9857	86	7	exam	exam	NN
doi-org-9857	86	8	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	86	9	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	86	10	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	86	11	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	86	12	several	several	JJ
doi-org-9857	86	13	years	year	NNS
doi-org-9857	86	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	86	15	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	86	16	allowed	allow	VBD
doi-org-9857	86	17	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	86	18	members	member	NNS
doi-org-9857	86	19	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	86	20	compare	compare	VB
doi-org-9857	86	21	how	how	WRB
doi-org-9857	86	22	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	86	23	did	do	VBD
doi-org-9857	86	24	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	86	25	department	department	NN
doi-org-9857	86	26	exams	exam	NNS
doi-org-9857	86	27	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	86	28	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	86	29	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	86	30	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	86	31	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	86	32	compared	compare	VBN
doi-org-9857	86	33	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	86	34	previous	previous	JJ
doi-org-9857	86	35	semesters	semester	NNS
doi-org-9857	86	36	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	87	1	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	87	2	replaced	replace	VBD
doi-org-9857	87	3	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	87	4	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	87	5	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	87	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	87	7	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	87	8	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	87	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	87	10	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	87	11	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	87	12	results	result	NNS
doi-org-9857	87	13	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	87	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	87	15	end	end	NN
doi-org-9857	87	16	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	87	17	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	87	18	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	87	19	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	87	20	approximately	approximately	RB
doi-org-9857	87	21	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	87	22	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	87	23	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	87	24	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	87	25	obtained	obtain	VBN
doi-org-9857	87	26	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	87	27	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	87	28	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	87	29	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	87	30	2011	2011	CD
doi-org-9857	87	31	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	87	32	fall	fall	VB
doi-org-9857	87	33	2010	2010	CD
doi-org-9857	87	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	88	1	Pawlyshyn	Pawlyshyn	NNP
doi-org-9857	88	2	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	88	3	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	88	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	89	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	89	2	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	89	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	89	4	found	find	VBD
doi-org-9857	89	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	89	6	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	89	7	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	89	8	material	material	NN
doi-org-9857	89	9	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	89	10	integrated	integrate	VBN
doi-org-9857	89	11	into	into	IN
doi-org-9857	89	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	89	13	math	math	NN
doi-org-9857	89	14	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	89	15	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	89	16	Mercy	Mercy	NNP
doi-org-9857	89	17	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	89	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	89	19	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	89	20	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	89	21	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	89	22	increased	increase	VBD
doi-org-9857	89	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	90	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	90	2	pass	pass	NN
doi-org-9857	90	3	rates	rate	NNS
doi-org-9857	90	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	90	5	math	math	NN
doi-org-9857	90	6	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	90	7	increased	increase	VBD
doi-org-9857	90	8	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	90	9	63.6	63.6	CD
doi-org-9857	90	10	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	90	11	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	90	12	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	90	13	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	90	14	2011	2011	CD
doi-org-9857	90	15	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	90	16	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	90	17	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	90	18	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	90	19	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	90	20	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	90	21	employed	employ	VBN
doi-org-9857	90	22	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	90	23	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	90	24	68.9	68.9	CD
doi-org-9857	90	25	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	90	26	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	90	27	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	90	28	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	90	29	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	90	30	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	90	31	all	all	DT
doi-org-9857	90	32	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	90	33	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	90	34	taught	teach	VBN
doi-org-9857	90	35	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	90	36	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	90	37	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	91	1	Similarly	similarly	RB
doi-org-9857	91	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	91	3	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	91	4	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	91	5	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	91	6	enrolled	enrol	VBN
doi-org-9857	91	7	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	91	8	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	91	9	versions	version	NNS
doi-org-9857	91	10	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	91	11	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	91	12	reading	reading	NN
doi-org-9857	91	13	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	91	14	performed	perform	VBD
doi-org-9857	91	15	better	well	RBR
doi-org-9857	91	16	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	91	17	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	91	18	peers	peer	NNS
doi-org-9857	91	19	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	91	20	enrolled	enrol	VBD
doi-org-9857	91	21	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	91	22	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	91	23	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	91	24	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	91	25	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	91	26	non	non	JJ
doi-org-9857	91	27	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	91	28	OER	oer	JJ
doi-org-9857	91	29	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	91	30	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	92	1	Recent	recent	JJ
doi-org-9857	92	2	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	92	3	indicates	indicate	VBZ
doi-org-9857	92	4	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	92	5	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	92	6	majority	majority	NN
doi-org-9857	92	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	92	8	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	92	9	members	member	NNS
doi-org-9857	92	10	perceive	perceive	VBP
doi-org-9857	92	11	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	92	12	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	92	13	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	92	14	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	92	15	approximately	approximately	RB
doi-org-9857	92	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	92	17	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	92	18	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	92	19	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	92	20	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	92	21	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	92	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	93	1	Allen	Allen	NNP
doi-org-9857	93	2	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	93	3	Seaman	Seaman	NNP
doi-org-9857	93	4	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	93	5	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	93	6	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	93	7	surveyed	survey	VBN
doi-org-9857	93	8	2144	2144	CD
doi-org-9857	93	9	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	93	10	professors	professor	NNS
doi-org-9857	93	11	regarding	regard	VBG
doi-org-9857	93	12	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	93	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	94	1	Of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	94	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	94	3	34	34	CD
doi-org-9857	94	4	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	94	5	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	94	6	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	94	7	729	729	CD
doi-org-9857	94	8	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	94	9	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	94	10	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	94	11	aware	aware	JJ
doi-org-9857	94	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	94	13	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	94	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	94	15	61.5	61.5	CD
doi-org-9857	94	16	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	94	17	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	94	18	indicated	indicate	VBD
doi-org-9857	94	19	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	94	20	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	94	21	about	about	IN
doi-org-9857	94	22	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	94	23	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	94	24	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	94	25	trusted	trusted	JJ
doi-org-9857	94	26	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	94	27	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	94	28	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	94	29	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	94	30	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	94	31	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	94	32	26.3	26.3	CD
doi-org-9857	94	33	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	94	34	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	94	35	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	94	36	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	94	37	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	94	38	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	94	39	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	94	40	superior	superior	JJ
doi-org-9857	94	41	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	94	42	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	94	43	12.1	12.1	CD
doi-org-9857	94	44	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	94	45	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	94	46	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	94	47	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	94	48	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	94	49	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	94	50	superior	superior	JJ
doi-org-9857	94	51	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	95	1	Similarly	similarly	RB
doi-org-9857	95	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	95	3	68.2	68.2	CD
doi-org-9857	95	4	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	95	5	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	95	6	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	95	7	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	95	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	95	9	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	95	10	proven	prove	VBN
doi-org-9857	95	11	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	95	12	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	95	13	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	95	14	about	about	RB
doi-org-9857	95	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	95	16	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	95	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	95	18	16.5	16.5	CD
doi-org-9857	95	19	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	95	20	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	95	21	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	95	22	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	95	23	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	95	24	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	95	25	superior	superior	JJ
doi-org-9857	95	26	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	95	27	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	95	28	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	95	29	15.3	15.3	CD
doi-org-9857	95	30	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	95	31	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	95	32	said	say	VBD
doi-org-9857	95	33	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	95	34	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	95	35	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	95	36	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	95	37	superior	superior	JJ
doi-org-9857	95	38	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	95	39	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	96	1	Allen	Allen	NNP
doi-org-9857	96	2	et	et	FW
doi-org-9857	96	3	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	96	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	97	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	97	2	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	97	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	97	4	studied	study	VBD
doi-org-9857	97	5	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	97	6	experimental	experimental	JJ
doi-org-9857	97	7	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	97	8	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	97	9	478	478	CD
doi-org-9857	97	10	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	97	11	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	97	12	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	97	13	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	97	14	known	know	VBN
doi-org-9857	97	15	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	97	16	ChemWiki	ChemWiki	NNP
doi-org-9857	97	17	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	97	18	its	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	97	19	primary	primary	JJ
doi-org-9857	97	20	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	97	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	97	22	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	97	23	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	97	24	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	97	25	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	97	26	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	97	27	448	448	CD
doi-org-9857	97	28	utilized	utilize	VBD
doi-org-9857	97	29	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	97	30	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	97	31	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	97	32	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	98	1	These	these	DT
doi-org-9857	98	2	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	98	3	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	98	4	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	98	5	taught	teach	VBN
doi-org-9857	98	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	98	7	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	98	8	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	98	9	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	98	10	consecutive	consecutive	JJ
doi-org-9857	98	11	hours	hour	NNS
doi-org-9857	98	12	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	98	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	98	14	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	98	15	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	98	16	member	member	NN
doi-org-9857	98	17	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	98	18	teaching	teaching	NN
doi-org-9857	98	19	assistants	assistant	NNS
doi-org-9857	98	20	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	98	21	order	order	NN
doi-org-9857	98	22	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	98	23	control	control	VB
doi-org-9857	98	24	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	98	25	potential	potential	JJ
doi-org-9857	98	26	confounds	confound	NNS
doi-org-9857	98	27	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	99	1	Students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	99	2	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	99	3	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	99	4	classes	class	NNS
doi-org-9857	99	5	received	receive	VBD
doi-org-9857	99	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	99	7	same	same	JJ
doi-org-9857	99	8	exams	exam	NNS
doi-org-9857	99	9	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	100	1	No	no	DT
doi-org-9857	100	2	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	100	3	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	100	4	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	100	5	found	find	VBN
doi-org-9857	100	6	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	100	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	100	8	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	100	9	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	100	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	101	1	Beginning	begin	VBG
doi-org-9857	101	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	101	3	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	101	4	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	101	5	pre	pre	VBN
doi-org-9857	101	6	-	-	NNS
doi-org-9857	101	7	tests	test	NNS
doi-org-9857	101	8	combined	combine	VBN
doi-org-9857	101	9	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	101	10	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	101	11	exams	exam	NNS
doi-org-9857	101	12	showed	show	VBD
doi-org-9857	101	13	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	101	14	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	101	15	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	101	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	101	17	individual	individual	JJ
doi-org-9857	101	18	learning	learn	VBG
doi-org-9857	101	19	gains	gain	NNS
doi-org-9857	101	20	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	101	21	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	101	22	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	101	23	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	101	24	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	101	25	thus	thus	RB
doi-org-9857	101	26	indicating	indicate	VBG
doi-org-9857	101	27	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	101	28	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	101	29	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	101	30	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	101	31	substituted	substitute	VBN
doi-org-9857	101	32	without	without	IN
doi-org-9857	101	33	any	any	DT
doi-org-9857	101	34	negative	negative	JJ
doi-org-9857	101	35	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	101	36	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	101	37	learning	learn	VBG
doi-org-9857	101	38	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	102	1	While	while	IN
doi-org-9857	102	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	102	3	aforementioned	aforementioned	JJ
doi-org-9857	102	4	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	102	5	provided	provide	VBD
doi-org-9857	102	6	interesting	interesting	JJ
doi-org-9857	102	7	contextual	contextual	JJ
doi-org-9857	102	8	case	case	NN
doi-org-9857	102	9	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	102	10	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	102	11	varying	vary	VBG
doi-org-9857	102	12	degrees	degree	NNS
doi-org-9857	102	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	102	14	statistical	statistical	JJ
doi-org-9857	102	15	rigor	rigor	NN
doi-org-9857	102	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	102	17	much	much	RB
doi-org-9857	102	18	more	more	JJR
doi-org-9857	102	19	work	work	NN
doi-org-9857	102	20	needs	need	VBZ
doi-org-9857	102	21	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	102	22	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	102	23	done	do	VBN
doi-org-9857	102	24	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	102	25	ascertain	ascertain	VB
doi-org-9857	102	26	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	102	27	relationships	relationship	NNS
doi-org-9857	102	28	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	102	29	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	102	30	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	102	31	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	102	32	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	102	33	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	102	34	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	102	35	academic	academic	JJ
doi-org-9857	102	36	performance	performance	NN
doi-org-9857	102	37	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	103	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	103	2	purpose	purpose	NN
doi-org-9857	103	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	103	4	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	103	5	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	103	6	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	103	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	103	8	therefore	therefore	RB
doi-org-9857	103	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	103	10	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	103	11	explore	explore	VB
doi-org-9857	103	12	whether	whether	IN
doi-org-9857	103	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	103	14	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	103	15	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	103	16	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	103	17	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	103	18	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	103	19	10	10	CD
doi-org-9857	103	20	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	103	21	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	103	22	predicted	predict	VBD
doi-org-9857	103	23	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	103	24	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	103	25	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	103	26	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	103	27	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	103	28	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	103	29	16,727	16,727	CD
doi-org-9857	103	30	post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	103	31	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	103	32	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	103	33	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	103	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	104	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	104	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	104	3	present	present	JJ
doi-org-9857	104	4	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	104	5	we	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	104	6	sought	seek	VBD
doi-org-9857	104	7	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	104	8	address	address	VB
doi-org-9857	104	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	104	10	following	follow	VBG
doi-org-9857	104	11	questions	question	NNS
doi-org-9857	104	12	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	104	13	1	1	LS
doi-org-9857	104	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	105	1	Comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	105	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	105	3	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	105	4	utilize	utilize	VBP
doi-org-9857	105	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	105	6	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	105	7	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	105	8	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	105	9	do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	105	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	105	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	105	12	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	105	13	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	105	14	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	105	15	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	105	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	105	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	105	18	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	105	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	105	20	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	105	21	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	105	22	complete	complete	VBP
doi-org-9857	105	23	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	105	24	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	105	25	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	106	1	2	2	LS
doi-org-9857	106	2	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	107	1	Comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	107	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	107	3	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	107	4	utilize	utilize	VBP
doi-org-9857	107	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	107	6	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	107	7	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	107	8	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	107	9	do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	107	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	107	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	107	12	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	107	13	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	107	14	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	107	15	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	107	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	107	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	107	18	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	107	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	107	20	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	107	21	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	107	22	pass	pass	VBP
doi-org-9857	107	23	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	107	24	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	107	25	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	107	26	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	107	27	C-	c-	NN
doi-org-9857	107	28	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	107	29	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	107	30	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	107	31	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	108	1	3	3	LS
doi-org-9857	108	2	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	109	1	Comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	109	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	109	3	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	109	4	utilize	utilize	VBP
doi-org-9857	109	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	109	6	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	109	7	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	109	8	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	109	9	do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	109	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	109	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	109	12	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	109	13	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	109	14	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	109	15	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	109	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	109	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	109	18	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	109	19	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	109	20	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	110	1	4	4	LS
doi-org-9857	110	2	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	111	1	Comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	111	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	111	3	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	111	4	utilize	utilize	VBP
doi-org-9857	111	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	111	6	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	111	7	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	111	8	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	111	9	do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	111	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	111	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	111	12	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	111	13	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	111	14	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	111	15	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	111	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	111	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	111	18	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	111	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	111	20	credits	credit	NNS
doi-org-9857	111	21	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	111	22	take	take	VBP
doi-org-9857	111	23	in	in	RP
doi-org-9857	111	24	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	111	25	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	111	26	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	111	27	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	111	28	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	111	29	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	111	30	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	111	31	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	111	32	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	112	1	5	5	CD
doi-org-9857	112	2	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	113	1	Comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	113	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	113	3	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	113	4	utilize	utilize	VBP
doi-org-9857	113	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	113	6	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	113	7	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	113	8	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	113	9	do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	113	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	113	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	113	12	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	113	13	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	113	14	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	113	15	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	113	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	113	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	113	18	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	113	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	113	20	credits	credit	NNS
doi-org-9857	113	21	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	113	22	take	take	VBP
doi-org-9857	113	23	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	113	24	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	113	25	after	after	IN
doi-org-9857	113	26	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	113	27	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	113	28	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	113	29	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	113	30	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	113	31	utilized	utilize	VBD
doi-org-9857	113	32	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	113	33	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	113	34	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	113	35	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	113	36	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	114	1	Methods	method	NNS
doi-org-9857	114	2	Participants	participant	NNS
doi-org-9857	114	3	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	114	4	initial	initial	JJ
doi-org-9857	114	5	data	datum	NNS
doi-org-9857	114	6	set	set	NN
doi-org-9857	114	7	consisted	consist	VBN
doi-org-9857	114	8	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	114	9	4128	4128	CD
doi-org-9857	114	10	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	114	11	enrolled	enrol	VBN
doi-org-9857	114	12	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	114	13	undergraduate	undergraduate	JJ
doi-org-9857	114	14	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	114	15	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	114	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	114	17	following	follow	VBG
doi-org-9857	114	18	4-year	4-year	CD
doi-org-9857	114	19	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	114	20	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	114	21	Chadron	Chadron	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	22	State	State	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	23	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	24	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	114	25	Mercy	Mercy	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	26	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	27	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	114	28	Peru	Peru	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	29	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	114	30	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	114	31	Pittsburg	Pittsburg	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	32	State	State	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	33	University	University	NNP
doi-org-9857	114	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	115	1	There	there	EX
doi-org-9857	115	2	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	115	3	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	115	4	12,599	12,599	CD
doi-org-9857	115	5	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	115	6	enrolled	enrol	VBN
doi-org-9857	115	7	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	115	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	115	9	following	follow	VBG
doi-org-9857	115	10	community	community	NN
doi-org-9857	115	11	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	115	12	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	115	13	Middlesex	Middlesex	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	14	Community	Community	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	15	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	115	17	Middle	Middle	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	18	Valley	Valley	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	19	Community	Community	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	20	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	115	22	Onondaga	Onondaga	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	23	Community	Community	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	24	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	25	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	115	26	Santa	Santa	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	27	Ana	Ana	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	28	Community	Community	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	29	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	30	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	115	31	Salt	Salt	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	32	Lake	Lake	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	33	Community	Community	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	34	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	35	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	115	36	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	115	37	Tompkins	Tompkins	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	38	Cortland	Cortland	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	39	Community	Community	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	40	College	College	NNP
doi-org-9857	115	41	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	116	1	Courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	116	2	included	include	VBD
doi-org-9857	116	3	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	116	4	wide	wide	JJ
doi-org-9857	116	5	range	range	NN
doi-org-9857	116	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	116	7	content	content	NN
doi-org-9857	116	8	including	include	VBG
doi-org-9857	116	9	mathematics	mathematic	NNS
doi-org-9857	116	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	116	11	English	English	NNP
doi-org-9857	116	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	116	13	psychology	psychology	NN
doi-org-9857	116	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	116	15	biology	biology	NN
doi-org-9857	116	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	116	17	chemistry	chemistry	NN
doi-org-9857	116	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	116	19	business	business	NN
doi-org-9857	116	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	116	21	history	history	NN
doi-org-9857	116	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	116	23	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	116	24	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	116	25	developmental	developmental	JJ
doi-org-9857	116	26	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	116	27	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	117	1	Only	only	RB
doi-org-9857	117	2	15	15	CD
doi-org-9857	117	3	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	117	4	included	include	VBD
doi-org-9857	117	5	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	117	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	117	7	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	117	8	either	either	DT
doi-org-9857	117	9	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	117	10	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	117	11	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	117	12	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	117	13	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	117	14	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	117	15	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	117	16	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	117	17	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	117	18	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	117	19	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	117	20	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	117	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	118	1	Courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	118	2	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	118	3	included	include	VBD
doi-org-9857	118	4	only	only	RB
doi-org-9857	118	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	118	6	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	118	7	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	118	8	only	only	JJ
doi-org-9857	118	9	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	118	10	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	118	11	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	118	12	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	118	13	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	118	14	included	include	VBN
doi-org-9857	118	15	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	118	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	118	17	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	118	18	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	118	19	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	118	20	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	118	21	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	118	22	analyses	analysis	NNS
doi-org-9857	118	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	119	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	119	2	initial	initial	JJ
doi-org-9857	119	3	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	119	4	included	include	VBD
doi-org-9857	119	5	4909	4909	CD
doi-org-9857	119	6	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	119	7	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	119	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	119	9	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	119	10	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	119	11	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	119	12	11,818	11,818	CD
doi-org-9857	119	13	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	119	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	119	15	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	119	16	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	119	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	120	1	Females	female	NNS
doi-org-9857	120	2	represented	represent	VBD
doi-org-9857	120	3	59.8	59.8	CD
doi-org-9857	120	4	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	120	5	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	120	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	120	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	120	8	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	120	9	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	121	1	Minority	minority	NN
doi-org-9857	121	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	121	3	represented	represent	VBD
doi-org-9857	121	4	57.5	57.5	CD
doi-org-9857	121	5	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	121	6	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	121	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	121	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	121	9	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	121	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	122	1	Ages	age	NNS
doi-org-9857	122	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	122	3	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	122	4	ranged	range	VBD
doi-org-9857	122	5	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	122	6	15	15	CD
doi-org-9857	122	7	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	122	8	87	87	CD
doi-org-9857	122	9	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	122	10	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	122	11	mean	mean	NN
doi-org-9857	122	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	122	13	22.63	22.63	CD
doi-org-9857	122	14	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	122	15	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	122	16	standard	standard	JJ
doi-org-9857	122	17	deviation	deviation	NN
doi-org-9857	122	18	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	122	19	6.8	6.8	CD
doi-org-9857	122	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	123	1	Data	datum	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	2	analysis	analysis	NN
doi-org-9857	123	3	We	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	123	4	estimated	estimate	VBD
doi-org-9857	123	5	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	6	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	123	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	123	8	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	123	9	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	123	10	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	123	11	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	12	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	123	13	five	five	CD
doi-org-9857	123	14	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	123	15	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	16	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	123	17	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	18	1	1	LS
doi-org-9857	123	19	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	20	rates	rate	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	21	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	123	22	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	123	23	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	123	24	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	25	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	123	26	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	27	2	2	LS
doi-org-9857	123	28	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	29	rates	rate	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	30	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	123	31	passing	pass	VBG
doi-org-9857	123	32	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	123	33	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	123	34	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	123	35	C-	c-	NN
doi-org-9857	123	36	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	123	37	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	123	38	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	123	39	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	123	40	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	41	3	3	LS
doi-org-9857	123	42	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	43	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	123	44	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	123	45	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	123	46	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	123	47	measured	measure	VBN
doi-org-9857	123	48	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	123	49	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	123	50	numerical	numerical	JJ
doi-org-9857	123	51	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	123	52	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	53	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	123	54	example	example	NN
doi-org-9857	123	55	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	123	56	A	a	NN
doi-org-9857	123	57	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	123	58	=	=	NN
doi-org-9857	123	59	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	123	60	4.0	4.0	CD
doi-org-9857	123	61	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	62	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	123	63	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	64	4	4	LS
doi-org-9857	123	65	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	66	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	123	67	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	123	68	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	69	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	123	70	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	123	71	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	72	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	123	73	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	123	74	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	123	75	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	123	76	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	123	77	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	123	78	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	123	79	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	123	80	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	123	81	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	82	5	5	CD
doi-org-9857	123	83	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	84	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	123	85	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	123	86	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	87	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	123	88	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	123	89	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	90	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	123	91	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	123	92	following	follow	VBG
doi-org-9857	123	93	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	123	94	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	123	95	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	123	96	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	123	97	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	123	98	controlling	control	VBG
doi-org-9857	123	99	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	123	100	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	123	101	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	123	102	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	123	103	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	123	104	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	123	105	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	124	1	Outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	124	2	1	1	CD
doi-org-9857	124	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	124	4	2	2	CD
doi-org-9857	124	5	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	124	6	estimated	estimate	VBN
doi-org-9857	124	7	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	124	8	Chi	Chi	NNP
doi-org-9857	124	9	square	square	JJ
doi-org-9857	124	10	tests	test	NNS
doi-org-9857	124	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	124	12	independence	independence	NN
doi-org-9857	124	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	125	1	Outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	125	2	3	3	CD
doi-org-9857	125	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	125	4	4	4	CD
doi-org-9857	125	5	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	125	6	estimated	estimate	VBN
doi-org-9857	125	7	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	125	8	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	125	9	Independent	Independent	NNP
doi-org-9857	125	10	Samples	Samples	NNPS
doi-org-9857	125	11	t	t	NN
doi-org-9857	125	12	test	test	NN
doi-org-9857	125	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	126	1	Outcome	Outcome	NNP
doi-org-9857	126	2	5	5	CD
doi-org-9857	126	3	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	126	4	estimated	estimate	VBN
doi-org-9857	126	5	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	126	6	analysis	analysis	NN
doi-org-9857	126	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	126	8	covariance	covariance	NN
doi-org-9857	126	9	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	126	10	ANCOVA	ANCOVA	NNP
doi-org-9857	126	11	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	126	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	127	1	Propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	127	2	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	127	3	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	127	4	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	127	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	127	6	entire	entire	JJ
doi-org-9857	127	7	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	127	8	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	127	9	applied	apply	VBN
doi-org-9857	127	10	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	127	11	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	127	12	4	4	CD
doi-org-9857	127	13	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	127	14	5	5	CD
doi-org-9857	127	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	128	1	Because	because	IN
doi-org-9857	128	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	128	3	naturally	naturally	RB
doi-org-9857	128	4	occurring	occur	VBG
doi-org-9857	128	5	average	average	JJ
doi-org-9857	128	6	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	128	7	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	128	8	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	128	9	difficulty	difficulty	NN
doi-org-9857	128	10	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	128	11	departments	department	NNS
doi-org-9857	128	12	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	128	13	teachers	teacher	NNS
doi-org-9857	128	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	128	15	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	128	16	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	128	17	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	128	18	considered	consider	VBN
doi-org-9857	128	19	separately	separately	RB
doi-org-9857	128	20	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	128	21	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	128	22	1–3	1–3	CD
doi-org-9857	128	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	129	1	Propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	129	2	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	129	3	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	129	4	within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	129	5	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	129	6	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	129	7	resulted	result	VBD
doi-org-9857	129	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	129	9	small	small	JJ
doi-org-9857	129	10	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	129	11	sizes	size	NNS
doi-org-9857	129	12	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	129	13	therefore	therefore	RB
doi-org-9857	129	14	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	129	15	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	129	16	applied	apply	VBN
doi-org-9857	129	17	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	129	18	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	129	19	1–3	1–3	CD
doi-org-9857	129	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	130	1	Propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	130	2	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	130	3	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	130	4	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	130	5	order	order	NN
doi-org-9857	130	6	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	130	7	enhance	enhance	VB
doi-org-9857	130	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	130	9	clarity	clarity	NN
doi-org-9857	130	10	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	130	11	prediction	prediction	NN
doi-org-9857	130	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	130	13	persistence	persistence	NN
doi-org-9857	130	14	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	130	15	based	base	VBN
doi-org-9857	130	16	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	130	17	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	130	18	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	130	19	we	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	130	20	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	130	21	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	130	22	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	130	23	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	130	24	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	130	25	create	create	VB
doi-org-9857	130	26	subsets	subset	NNS
doi-org-9857	130	27	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	130	28	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	130	29	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	130	30	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	130	31	statistically	statistically	RB
doi-org-9857	130	32	similar	similar	JJ
doi-org-9857	130	33	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	130	34	three	three	CD
doi-org-9857	130	35	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	130	36	covariates	covariate	NNS
doi-org-9857	130	37	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	130	38	age	age	NN
doi-org-9857	130	39	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	130	40	gender	gender	NN
doi-org-9857	130	41	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	130	42	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	130	43	minority	minority	NN
doi-org-9857	130	44	status	status	NN
doi-org-9857	130	45	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	131	1	Propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	131	2	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	131	3	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	131	4	homogenizes	homogenize	VBZ
doi-org-9857	131	5	comparison	comparison	NN
doi-org-9857	131	6	samples	sample	NNS
doi-org-9857	131	7	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	131	8	reduces	reduce	NNS
doi-org-9857	131	9	variance	variance	NN
doi-org-9857	131	10	associated	associate	VBN
doi-org-9857	131	11	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	131	12	covariates	covariate	NNS
doi-org-9857	131	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	132	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	132	2	Guo	Guo	NNP
doi-org-9857	132	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	132	4	Fraser	Fraser	NNP
doi-org-9857	132	5	2010	2010	CD
doi-org-9857	132	6	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	132	7	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	133	1	Propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	133	2	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	133	3	matching	matching	NN
doi-org-9857	133	4	has	have	VBZ
doi-org-9857	133	5	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	133	6	particularly	particularly	RB
doi-org-9857	133	7	helpful	helpful	JJ
doi-org-9857	133	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	133	9	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	133	10	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	133	11	where	where	WRB
doi-org-9857	133	12	random	random	JJ
doi-org-9857	133	13	assignment	assignment	NN
doi-org-9857	133	14	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	133	15	logistically	logistically	RB
doi-org-9857	133	16	difficult	difficult	JJ
doi-org-9857	133	17	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	133	18	achieve	achieve	VB
doi-org-9857	133	19	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	133	20	see	see	VB
doi-org-9857	133	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	133	22	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	133	23	example	example	NN
doi-org-9857	133	24	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	133	25	Riegle	Riegle	NNP
doi-org-9857	133	26	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	133	27	Crumb	Crumb	NNP
doi-org-9857	133	28	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	133	29	King	King	NNP
doi-org-9857	133	30	2010	2010	CD
doi-org-9857	133	31	;	;	:
doi-org-9857	133	32	Robinson	Robinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	133	33	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	133	34	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	133	35	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	134	1	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	134	2	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	134	3	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	135	1	Using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	135	2	SPSS	SPSS	NNP
doi-org-9857	135	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	135	4	we	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	135	5	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	135	6	logistic	logistic	JJ
doi-org-9857	135	7	regression	regression	NN
doi-org-9857	135	8	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	135	9	create	create	VB
doi-org-9857	135	10	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	135	11	scores	score	NNS
doi-org-9857	135	12	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	135	13	regressing	regress	VBG
doi-org-9857	135	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	135	15	bivariate	bivariate	JJ
doi-org-9857	135	16	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	135	17	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	135	18	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	135	19	age	age	NN
doi-org-9857	135	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	135	21	gender	gender	NN
doi-org-9857	135	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	135	23	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	135	24	minority	minority	NN
doi-org-9857	135	25	status	status	NN
doi-org-9857	135	26	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	136	1	We	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	136	2	created	create	VBD
doi-org-9857	136	3	matched	match	VBD
doi-org-9857	136	4	samples	sample	NNS
doi-org-9857	136	5	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	136	6	nearest	near	JJS
doi-org-9857	136	7	neighbor	neighbor	NN
doi-org-9857	136	8	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	136	9	within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	136	10	calipers	caliper	NNS
doi-org-9857	136	11	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	136	12	Guo	Guo	NNP
doi-org-9857	136	13	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	136	14	Fraser	Fraser	NNP
doi-org-9857	136	15	2010	2010	CD
doi-org-9857	136	16	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	136	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	137	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	137	2	original	original	JJ
doi-org-9857	137	3	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	137	4	included	include	VBD
doi-org-9857	137	5	16,727	16,727	CD
doi-org-9857	137	6	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	137	7	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	137	8	11,818	11,818	CD
doi-org-9857	137	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	137	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	137	11	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	137	12	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	137	13	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	137	14	4909	4909	CD
doi-org-9857	137	15	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	137	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	137	17	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	137	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	138	1	There	there	EX
doi-org-9857	138	2	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	138	3	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	138	4	2.4–1	2.4–1	CD
doi-org-9857	138	5	ratio	ratio	NN
doi-org-9857	138	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	138	7	available	available	JJ
doi-org-9857	138	8	controls	control	NNS
doi-org-9857	138	9	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	138	10	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	138	11	matched	match	VBN
doi-org-9857	138	12	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	138	13	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	138	14	subjects	subject	NNS
doi-org-9857	138	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	139	1	We	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	139	2	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	139	3	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	139	4	formula	formula	NN
doi-org-9857	139	5	ε	ε	NN
doi-org-9857	139	6	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	139	7	≤	≤	JJ
doi-org-9857	139	8	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	139	9	.25	.25	NFP
doi-org-9857	139	10	σρ	σρ	NN
doi-org-9857	139	11	where	where	WRB
doi-org-9857	139	12	ε	ε	NNP
doi-org-9857	139	13	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	139	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	139	15	caliper	caliper	NN
doi-org-9857	139	16	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	139	17	σρ	σρ	NNP
doi-org-9857	139	18	indicates	indicate	VBZ
doi-org-9857	139	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	139	20	standard	standard	JJ
doi-org-9857	139	21	deviation	deviation	NN
doi-org-9857	139	22	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	139	23	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	139	24	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	139	25	scores	score	NNS
doi-org-9857	139	26	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	139	27	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	139	28	original	original	JJ
doi-org-9857	139	29	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	139	30	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	139	31	Rosenbaum	Rosenbaum	NNP
doi-org-9857	139	32	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	139	33	Rubin	Rubin	NNP
doi-org-9857	139	34	1985	1985	CD
doi-org-9857	139	35	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	139	36	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	140	1	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	140	2	resulted	result	VBD
doi-org-9857	140	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	140	4	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	140	5	caliper	caliper	NN
doi-org-9857	140	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	140	7	0.01	0.01	CD
doi-org-9857	140	8	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	140	9	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	140	10	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	140	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	141	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	141	2	initial	initial	JJ
doi-org-9857	141	3	logistic	logistic	JJ
doi-org-9857	141	4	regression	regression	NN
doi-org-9857	141	5	required	require	VBD
doi-org-9857	141	6	subjects	subject	NNS
doi-org-9857	141	7	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	141	8	have	have	VB
doi-org-9857	141	9	all	all	DT
doi-org-9857	141	10	relevant	relevant	JJ
doi-org-9857	141	11	covariates	covariate	NNS
doi-org-9857	141	12	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	141	13	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	141	14	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	141	15	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	141	16	missing	miss	VBG
doi-org-9857	141	17	data	datum	NNS
doi-org-9857	141	18	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	141	19	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	142	1	Given	give	VBN
doi-org-9857	142	2	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	142	3	requirement	requirement	NN
doi-org-9857	142	4	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	142	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	142	6	narrow	narrow	JJ
doi-org-9857	142	7	caliper	caliper	NN
doi-org-9857	142	8	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	142	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	142	10	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	142	11	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	142	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	142	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	142	14	procedure	procedure	NN
doi-org-9857	142	15	matched	match	VBD
doi-org-9857	142	16	4147	4147	CD
doi-org-9857	142	17	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	142	18	subjects	subject	NNS
doi-org-9857	142	19	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	142	20	4147	4147	CD
doi-org-9857	142	21	controls	control	NNS
doi-org-9857	142	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	143	1	Of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	143	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	143	3	4909	4909	CD
doi-org-9857	143	4	available	available	JJ
doi-org-9857	143	5	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	143	6	subjects	subject	NNS
doi-org-9857	143	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	143	8	762	762	CD
doi-org-9857	143	9	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	143	10	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	143	11	included	include	VBN
doi-org-9857	143	12	because	because	IN
doi-org-9857	143	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	143	14	missing	miss	VBG
doi-org-9857	143	15	data	datum	NNS
doi-org-9857	143	16	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	143	17	because	because	IN
doi-org-9857	143	18	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	143	19	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	143	20	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	143	21	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	143	22	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	143	23	subject	subject	NN
doi-org-9857	143	24	within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	143	25	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	143	26	narrow	narrow	JJ
doi-org-9857	143	27	selection	selection	NN
doi-org-9857	143	28	caliper	caliper	NN
doi-org-9857	143	29	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	144	1	Propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	144	2	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	144	3	matching	matching	NN
doi-org-9857	144	4	led	lead	VBD
doi-org-9857	144	5	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	144	6	improved	improved	JJ
doi-org-9857	144	7	balance	balance	NN
doi-org-9857	144	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	144	9	gender	gender	NN
doi-org-9857	144	10	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	144	11	minority	minority	NN
doi-org-9857	144	12	status	status	NN
doi-org-9857	144	13	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	144	14	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	144	15	but	but	CC
doi-org-9857	144	16	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	144	17	little	little	JJ
doi-org-9857	144	18	effect	effect	NN
doi-org-9857	144	19	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	144	20	age	age	NN
doi-org-9857	144	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	144	22	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	144	23	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	144	24	relatively	relatively	RB
doi-org-9857	144	25	well	well	RB
doi-org-9857	144	26	matched	match	VBN
doi-org-9857	144	27	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	144	28	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	144	29	original	original	JJ
doi-org-9857	144	30	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	144	31	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	144	32	see	see	VB
doi-org-9857	144	33	Table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	144	34	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	144	35	1	1	CD
doi-org-9857	144	36	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	144	37	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	145	1	Table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	145	2	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	145	3	1	1	CD
doi-org-9857	145	4	Demographics	demographic	NNS
doi-org-9857	145	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	145	6	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	145	7	before	before	IN
doi-org-9857	145	8	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	145	9	after	after	IN
doi-org-9857	145	10	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	145	11	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	145	12	matchingFull	matchingfull	JJ
doi-org-9857	145	13	size	size	NN
doi-org-9857	145	14	table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	145	15	Results	result	NNS
doi-org-9857	145	16	Completion	Completion	NNP
doi-org-9857	145	17	When	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	145	18	comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	145	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	145	20	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	145	21	within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	145	22	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	145	23	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	145	24	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	145	25	terms	term	NNS
doi-org-9857	145	26	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	145	27	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	145	28	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	145	29	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	145	30	pattern	pattern	NN
doi-org-9857	145	31	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	145	32	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	145	33	15	15	CD
doi-org-9857	145	34	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	145	35	showed	show	VBD
doi-org-9857	145	36	almost	almost	RB
doi-org-9857	145	37	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	145	38	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	145	39	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	145	40	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	146	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	146	2	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	146	3	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	146	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	146	5	Business	business	NN
doi-org-9857	146	6	110	110	CD
doi-org-9857	146	7	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	146	8	Biology	Biology	NNP
doi-org-9857	146	9	111	111	CD
doi-org-9857	146	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	146	11	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	146	12	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	146	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	146	14	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	146	15	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	146	16	showed	show	VBD
doi-org-9857	146	17	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	146	18	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	146	19	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	146	20	rate	rate	NN
doi-org-9857	146	21	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	146	22	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	146	23	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	146	24	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	146	25	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	146	26	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	146	27	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	146	28	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	146	29	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	147	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	147	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	147	3	case	case	NN
doi-org-9857	147	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	147	5	Business	Business	NNP
doi-org-9857	147	6	110	110	CD
doi-org-9857	147	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	147	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	147	9	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	147	10	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	147	11	withdrawal	withdrawal	NN
doi-org-9857	147	12	rates	rate	NNS
doi-org-9857	147	13	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	147	14	quite	quite	RB
doi-org-9857	147	15	clear	clear	JJ
doi-org-9857	147	16	;	;	:
doi-org-9857	147	17	21	21	CD
doi-org-9857	147	18	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	147	19	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	147	20	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	147	21	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	147	22	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	147	23	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	147	24	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	147	25	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	147	26	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	147	27	withdrew	withdraw	VBD
doi-org-9857	147	28	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	147	29	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	147	30	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	147	31	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	147	32	only	only	RB
doi-org-9857	147	33	6	6	CD
doi-org-9857	147	34	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	147	35	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	147	36	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	147	37	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	147	38	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	147	39	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	147	40	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	147	41	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	147	42	withdrew	withdraw	VBD
doi-org-9857	147	43	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	147	44	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	147	45	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	147	46	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	147	47	see	see	VB
doi-org-9857	147	48	Table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	147	49	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	147	50	2	2	CD
doi-org-9857	147	51	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	147	52	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	148	1	Table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	148	2	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	148	3	2	2	CD
doi-org-9857	148	4	Course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	148	5	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	148	6	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	148	7	outcomesFull	outcomesfull	JJ
doi-org-9857	148	8	size	size	NN
doi-org-9857	148	9	table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	148	10	Passing	pass	VBG
doi-org-9857	148	11	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	148	12	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	148	13	C-	c-	NN
doi-org-9857	148	14	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	148	15	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	148	16	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	148	17	When	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	148	18	comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	148	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	148	20	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	148	21	within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	148	22	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	148	23	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	148	24	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	148	25	terms	term	NNS
doi-org-9857	148	26	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	148	27	C-	c-	NN
doi-org-9857	148	28	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	148	29	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	148	30	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	148	31	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	148	32	pattern	pattern	NN
doi-org-9857	148	33	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	148	34	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	148	35	15	15	CD
doi-org-9857	148	36	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	148	37	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	148	38	mixed	mixed	JJ
doi-org-9857	148	39	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	149	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	149	2	nine	nine	CD
doi-org-9857	149	3	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	149	4	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	149	5	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	149	6	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	149	7	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	149	8	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	149	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	149	10	achievement	achievement	NN
doi-org-9857	149	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	150	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	150	2	five	five	CD
doi-org-9857	150	3	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	150	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	150	5	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	150	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	150	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	150	8	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	150	9	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	150	10	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	150	11	more	more	RBR
doi-org-9857	150	12	likely	likely	JJ
doi-org-9857	150	13	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	150	14	pass	pass	VB
doi-org-9857	150	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	150	16	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	150	17	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	150	18	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	150	19	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	150	20	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	150	21	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	150	22	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	150	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	151	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	151	2	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	151	3	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	151	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	151	5	Business	business	NN
doi-org-9857	151	6	110	110	CD
doi-org-9857	151	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	151	8	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	151	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	151	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	151	11	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	151	12	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	151	13	surpassed	surpass	VBD
doi-org-9857	151	14	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	151	15	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	151	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	151	17	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	151	18	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	151	19	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	151	20	terms	term	NNS
doi-org-9857	151	21	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	151	22	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	151	23	percentage	percentage	NN
doi-org-9857	151	24	who	who	WP
doi-org-9857	151	25	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	151	26	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	151	27	C-	c-	NN
doi-org-9857	151	28	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	151	29	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	151	30	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	151	31	see	see	VB
doi-org-9857	151	32	Table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	151	33	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	151	34	2	2	CD
doi-org-9857	151	35	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	151	36	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	152	1	Course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	152	2	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	152	3	When	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	152	4	comparing	compare	VBG
doi-org-9857	152	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	152	6	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	152	7	within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	152	8	each	each	DT
doi-org-9857	152	9	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	152	10	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	152	11	terms	term	NNS
doi-org-9857	152	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	152	13	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	152	14	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	152	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	152	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	152	17	pattern	pattern	NN
doi-org-9857	152	18	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	152	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	152	20	15	15	CD
doi-org-9857	152	21	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	152	22	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	152	23	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	152	24	mixed	mix	VBN
doi-org-9857	152	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	153	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	153	2	10	10	CD
doi-org-9857	153	3	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	153	4	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	153	5	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	153	6	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	153	7	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	153	8	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	153	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	153	10	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	153	11	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	153	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	154	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	154	2	4	4	CD
doi-org-9857	154	3	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	154	4	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	154	5	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	154	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	154	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	154	8	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	154	9	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	154	10	achieved	achieve	VBD
doi-org-9857	154	11	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	154	12	grades	grade	NNS
doi-org-9857	154	13	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	154	14	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	154	15	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	154	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	154	17	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	154	18	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	154	19	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	155	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	155	2	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	155	3	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	155	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	155	5	Business	business	NN
doi-org-9857	155	6	110	110	CD
doi-org-9857	155	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	155	8	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	155	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	155	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	155	11	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	155	12	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	155	13	received	receive	VBD
doi-org-9857	155	14	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	155	15	grades	grade	NNS
doi-org-9857	155	16	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	155	17	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	155	18	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	155	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	155	20	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	155	21	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	155	22	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	155	23	see	see	VB
doi-org-9857	155	24	Table	table	NN
doi-org-9857	155	25	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	155	26	2	2	CD
doi-org-9857	155	27	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	155	28	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	156	1	Enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	156	2	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	156	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	156	4	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	156	5	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	156	6	An	an	DT
doi-org-9857	156	7	independent	independent	JJ
doi-org-9857	156	8	samples	sample	NNS
doi-org-9857	156	9	t	t	NN
doi-org-9857	156	10	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	156	11	test	test	NN
doi-org-9857	156	12	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	156	13	conducted	conduct	VBN
doi-org-9857	156	14	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	156	15	test	test	VB
doi-org-9857	156	16	whether	whether	IN
doi-org-9857	156	17	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	156	18	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	156	19	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	156	20	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	156	21	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	156	22	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	156	23	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	156	24	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	156	25	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	156	26	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	156	27	terms	term	NNS
doi-org-9857	156	28	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	156	29	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	156	30	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	156	31	loads	load	NNS
doi-org-9857	156	32	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	156	33	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	156	34	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	156	35	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	156	36	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	156	37	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	156	38	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	156	39	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	156	40	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	157	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	157	2	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	157	3	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	157	4	’s	’s	POS
doi-org-9857	157	5	mean	mean	NNP
doi-org-9857	157	6	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	157	7	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	157	8	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	157	9	13.29	13.29	CD
doi-org-9857	157	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	157	11	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	157	12	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	157	13	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	157	14	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	157	15	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	157	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	157	17	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	157	18	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	157	19	’s	’s	POS
doi-org-9857	157	20	mean	mean	NN
doi-org-9857	157	21	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	157	22	11.14	11.14	CD
doi-org-9857	157	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	158	1	[	[	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	158	2	t(8101	t(8101	NN
doi-org-9857	158	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	158	4	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	158	5	=	=	NN
doi-org-9857	158	6	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	158	7	27.81	27.81	CD
doi-org-9857	158	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	158	9	p	p	NN
doi-org-9857	158	10	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	158	11	<	<	XX
doi-org-9857	158	12	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	158	13	.01	.01	NFP
doi-org-9857	158	14	]	]	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	158	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	159	1	Enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	159	2	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	159	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	159	4	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	159	5	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	159	6	An	an	DT
doi-org-9857	159	7	ANCOVA	ANCOVA	NNP
doi-org-9857	159	8	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	159	9	conducted	conduct	VBN
doi-org-9857	159	10	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	159	11	test	test	VB
doi-org-9857	159	12	whether	whether	IN
doi-org-9857	159	13	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	159	14	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	159	15	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	159	16	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	159	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	159	18	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	159	19	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	159	20	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	159	21	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	159	22	’	’	POS
doi-org-9857	159	23	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	159	24	loads	load	NNS
doi-org-9857	159	25	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	159	26	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	159	27	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	159	28	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	159	29	controlling	control	VBG
doi-org-9857	159	30	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	159	31	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	159	32	effects	effect	NNS
doi-org-9857	159	33	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	159	34	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	159	35	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	159	36	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	159	37	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	159	38	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	159	39	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	160	1	Credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	160	2	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	160	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	160	4	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	160	5	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	160	6	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	160	7	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	160	8	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	160	9	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	160	10	covariate	covariate	NN
doi-org-9857	160	11	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	160	12	needed	need	VBD
doi-org-9857	160	13	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	160	14	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	160	15	controlled	control	VBN
doi-org-9857	160	16	[	[	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	160	17	F(1	f(1	CD
doi-org-9857	160	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	160	19	6440	6440	CD
doi-org-9857	160	20	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	160	21	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	160	22	=	=	NN
doi-org-9857	160	23	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	160	24	1224.96	1224.96	CD
doi-org-9857	160	25	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	160	26	p	p	NN
doi-org-9857	160	27	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	160	28	<	<	XX
doi-org-9857	160	29	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	160	30	.01	.01	.
doi-org-9857	160	31	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	160	32	]	]	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	160	33	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	161	1	Credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	161	2	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	161	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	161	4	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	161	5	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	161	6	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	161	7	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	161	8	held	hold	VBN
doi-org-9857	161	9	constant	constant	JJ
doi-org-9857	161	10	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	161	11	12.54	12.54	CD
doi-org-9857	161	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	162	1	After	after	IN
doi-org-9857	162	2	removing	remove	VBG
doi-org-9857	162	3	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	162	4	variance	variance	NN
doi-org-9857	162	5	associated	associate	VBN
doi-org-9857	162	6	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	162	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	162	8	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	162	9	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	162	10	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	162	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	162	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	162	13	marginal	marginal	JJ
doi-org-9857	162	14	mean	mean	NNP
doi-org-9857	162	15	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	162	16	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	162	17	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	162	18	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	162	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	162	20	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	162	21	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	162	22	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	162	23	10.71	10.71	CD
doi-org-9857	162	24	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	162	25	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	162	26	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	162	27	marginal	marginal	JJ
doi-org-9857	162	28	mean	mean	JJ
doi-org-9857	162	29	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	162	30	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	162	31	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	162	32	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	162	33	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	162	34	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	162	35	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	162	36	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	162	37	9.16	9.16	CD
doi-org-9857	162	38	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	162	39	see	see	VB
doi-org-9857	162	40	Fig	Fig	NNP
doi-org-9857	162	41	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	163	1	1	1	LS
doi-org-9857	163	2	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	163	3	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	164	1	There	there	EX
doi-org-9857	164	2	remained	remain	VBD
doi-org-9857	164	3	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	164	4	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	164	5	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	164	6	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	164	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	164	8	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	164	9	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	164	10	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	164	11	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	164	12	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	164	13	terms	term	NNS
doi-org-9857	164	14	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	164	15	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	164	16	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	164	17	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	164	18	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	164	19	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	164	20	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	164	21	[	[	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	164	22	F(1	f(1	CD
doi-org-9857	164	23	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	164	24	6440	6440	CD
doi-org-9857	164	25	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	164	26	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	164	27	=	=	VBZ
doi-org-9857	164	28	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	164	29	154.08	154.08	CD
doi-org-9857	164	30	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	164	31	p	p	NN
doi-org-9857	164	32	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	164	33	<	<	XX
doi-org-9857	164	34	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	164	35	.01	.01	.
doi-org-9857	164	36	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	164	37	]	]	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	164	38	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	165	1	Fig	fig	NN
doi-org-9857	165	2	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	166	1	1	1	CD
doi-org-9857	166	2	Difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	166	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	166	4	winter	winter	NN
doi-org-9857	166	5	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	166	6	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	166	7	holding	holding	NN
doi-org-9857	166	8	fall	fall	NN
doi-org-9857	166	9	credit	credit	NN
doi-org-9857	166	10	load	load	NN
doi-org-9857	166	11	constant	constant	JJ
doi-org-9857	166	12	Full	full	JJ
doi-org-9857	166	13	size	size	NN
doi-org-9857	166	14	image	image	NN
doi-org-9857	166	15	Discussion	Discussion	NNP
doi-org-9857	166	16	This	This	NNP
doi-org-9857	166	17	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	166	18	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	166	19	far	far	RB
doi-org-9857	166	20	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	166	21	largest	large	JJS
doi-org-9857	166	22	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	166	23	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	166	24	its	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	166	25	kind	kind	NN
doi-org-9857	166	26	conducted	conduct	VBN
doi-org-9857	166	27	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	166	28	date	date	NN
doi-org-9857	166	29	—	—	:
doi-org-9857	166	30	nearly	nearly	RB
doi-org-9857	166	31	5000	5000	CD
doi-org-9857	166	32	post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	166	33	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	166	34	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	166	35	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	166	36	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	166	37	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	166	38	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	166	39	over	over	IN
doi-org-9857	166	40	11,000	11,000	CD
doi-org-9857	166	41	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	166	42	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	166	43	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	166	44	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	166	45	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	166	46	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	166	47	distributed	distribute	VBN
doi-org-9857	166	48	among	among	IN
doi-org-9857	166	49	ten	ten	CD
doi-org-9857	166	50	institutions	institution	NNS
doi-org-9857	166	51	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	166	52	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	166	53	United	United	NNP
doi-org-9857	166	54	States	States	NNP
doi-org-9857	166	55	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	166	56	enrolled	enrol	VBN
doi-org-9857	166	57	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	166	58	15	15	CD
doi-org-9857	166	59	different	different	JJ
doi-org-9857	166	60	undergraduate	undergraduate	NN
doi-org-9857	166	61	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	166	62	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	167	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	167	2	three	three	CD
doi-org-9857	167	3	key	key	JJ
doi-org-9857	167	4	measures	measure	NNS
doi-org-9857	167	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	167	6	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	167	7	success	success	NN
doi-org-9857	167	8	—	—	:
doi-org-9857	167	9	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	167	10	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	167	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	167	12	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	167	13	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	167	14	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	167	15	C-	c-	NN
doi-org-9857	167	16	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	167	17	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	167	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	167	19	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	167	20	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	167	21	–	–	:
doi-org-9857	167	22	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	167	23	whose	whose	WP$
doi-org-9857	167	24	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	167	25	chose	choose	VBD
doi-org-9857	167	26	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	167	27	generally	generally	RB
doi-org-9857	167	28	performed	perform	VBD
doi-org-9857	167	29	as	as	RB
doi-org-9857	167	30	well	well	RB
doi-org-9857	167	31	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	167	32	better	well	JJR
doi-org-9857	167	33	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	167	34	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	167	35	whose	whose	WP$
doi-org-9857	167	36	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	167	37	assigned	assign	VBD
doi-org-9857	167	38	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	167	39	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	167	40	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	168	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	168	2	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	168	3	key	key	JJ
doi-org-9857	168	4	measures	measure	NNS
doi-org-9857	168	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	168	6	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	168	7	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	168	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	168	9	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	168	10	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	168	11	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	168	12	indicator	indicator	NN
doi-org-9857	168	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	168	14	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	168	15	progress	progress	NN
doi-org-9857	168	16	toward	toward	IN
doi-org-9857	168	17	graduation	graduation	NN
doi-org-9857	168	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	168	19	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	168	20	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	168	21	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	168	22	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	168	23	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	168	24	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	168	25	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	168	26	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	168	27	different	different	JJ
doi-org-9857	168	28	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	168	29	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	168	30	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	168	31	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	168	32	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	168	33	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	168	34	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	168	35	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	169	1	Even	even	RB
doi-org-9857	169	2	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	169	3	controlling	control	VBG
doi-org-9857	169	4	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	169	5	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	169	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	169	7	previous	previous	JJ
doi-org-9857	169	8	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	169	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	169	10	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	169	11	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	169	12	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	169	13	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	169	14	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	169	15	enrolled	enrol	VBD
doi-org-9857	169	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	169	17	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	169	18	significantly	significantly	RB
doi-org-9857	169	19	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	169	20	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	169	21	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	169	22	credits	credit	NNS
doi-org-9857	169	23	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	169	24	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	169	25	next	next	JJ
doi-org-9857	169	26	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	169	27	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	170	1	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	170	2	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	170	3	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	170	4	due	due	IN
doi-org-9857	170	5	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	170	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	170	7	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	170	8	savings	saving	NNS
doi-org-9857	170	9	associated	associate	VBN
doi-org-9857	170	10	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	170	11	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	170	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	171	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	171	2	community	community	NN
doi-org-9857	171	3	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	171	4	settings	setting	NNS
doi-org-9857	171	5	where	where	WRB
doi-org-9857	171	6	tuition	tuition	NN
doi-org-9857	171	7	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	171	8	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	171	9	based	base	VBN
doi-org-9857	171	10	directly	directly	RB
doi-org-9857	171	11	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	171	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	171	13	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	171	14	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	171	15	credits	credit	NNS
doi-org-9857	171	16	taken	take	VBN
doi-org-9857	171	17	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	171	18	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	171	19	cap	cap	NN
doi-org-9857	171	20	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	171	21	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	171	22	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	171	23	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	171	24	full	full	JJ
doi-org-9857	171	25	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	171	26	time	time	NN
doi-org-9857	171	27	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	171	28	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	171	29	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	171	30	funds	fund	NNS
doi-org-9857	171	31	saved	save	VBN
doi-org-9857	171	32	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	171	33	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	171	34	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	171	35	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	171	36	applied	apply	VBN
doi-org-9857	171	37	directly	directly	RB
doi-org-9857	171	38	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	171	39	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	171	40	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	171	41	additional	additional	JJ
doi-org-9857	171	42	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	171	43	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	172	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	172	2	mechanisms	mechanism	NNS
doi-org-9857	172	3	underlying	underlie	VBG
doi-org-9857	172	4	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	172	5	improvements	improvement	NNS
doi-org-9857	172	6	differ	differ	VBP
doi-org-9857	172	7	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	172	8	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	172	9	typically	typically	RB
doi-org-9857	172	10	hypothesized	hypothesize	VBN
doi-org-9857	172	11	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	172	12	underlie	underlie	VB
doi-org-9857	172	13	improvement	improvement	NN
doi-org-9857	172	14	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	172	15	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	172	16	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	172	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	173	1	Historically	historically	RB
doi-org-9857	173	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	173	3	comparison	comparison	NN
doi-org-9857	173	4	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	173	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	173	6	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	173	7	products	product	NNS
doi-org-9857	173	8	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	173	9	often	often	RB
doi-org-9857	173	10	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	173	11	conducted	conduct	VBN
doi-org-9857	173	12	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	173	13	test	test	VB
doi-org-9857	173	14	hypotheses	hypothesis	NNS
doi-org-9857	173	15	about	about	IN
doi-org-9857	173	16	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	173	17	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	173	18	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	173	19	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	173	20	attributable	attributable	JJ
doi-org-9857	173	21	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	173	22	alternate	alternate	VB
doi-org-9857	173	23	modes	mode	NNS
doi-org-9857	173	24	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	173	25	delivery	delivery	NN
doi-org-9857	173	26	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	173	27	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	173	28	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	173	29	approach	approach	NN
doi-org-9857	173	30	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	173	31	see	see	VB
doi-org-9857	173	32	Russell	Russell	NNP
doi-org-9857	173	33	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	173	34	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	173	35	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	174	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	174	2	authors	author	NNS
doi-org-9857	174	3	do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	174	4	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	174	5	believe	believe	VB
doi-org-9857	174	6	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	174	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	174	8	mode	mode	NN
doi-org-9857	174	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	174	10	delivery	delivery	NN
doi-org-9857	174	11	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	174	12	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	174	13	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	174	14	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	174	15	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	174	16	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	174	17	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	174	18	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	174	19	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	174	20	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	174	21	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	174	22	primary	primary	JJ
doi-org-9857	174	23	mechanisms	mechanism	NNS
doi-org-9857	174	24	responsible	responsible	JJ
doi-org-9857	174	25	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	174	26	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	174	27	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	174	28	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	174	29	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	174	30	observed	observe	VBN
doi-org-9857	174	31	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	174	32	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	174	33	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	174	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	175	1	On	on	IN
doi-org-9857	175	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	175	3	contrary	contrary	NN
doi-org-9857	175	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	175	5	our	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	175	6	informal	informal	JJ
doi-org-9857	175	7	review	review	NN
doi-org-9857	175	8	reveals	reveal	VBZ
doi-org-9857	175	9	strikingly	strikingly	RB
doi-org-9857	175	10	similar	similar	JJ
doi-org-9857	175	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	175	12	essentially	essentially	RB
doi-org-9857	175	13	equivalent	equivalent	JJ
doi-org-9857	175	14	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	175	15	designs	design	NNS
doi-org-9857	175	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	175	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	175	18	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	175	19	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	175	20	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	175	21	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	175	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	176	1	We	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	176	2	believe	believe	VBP
doi-org-9857	176	3	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	176	4	effects	effect	NNS
doi-org-9857	176	5	demonstrated	demonstrate	VBN
doi-org-9857	176	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	176	7	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	176	8	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	176	9	result	result	VBP
doi-org-9857	176	10	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	176	11	differing	differ	VBG
doi-org-9857	176	12	degrees	degree	NNS
doi-org-9857	176	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	176	14	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	176	15	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	176	16	affordability	affordability	NN
doi-org-9857	176	17	facilitated	facilitate	VBN
doi-org-9857	176	18	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	176	19	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	176	20	licenses	license	NNS
doi-org-9857	176	21	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	176	22	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	176	23	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	176	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	177	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	177	2	moderate	moderate	JJ
doi-org-9857	177	3	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	177	4	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	177	5	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	177	6	rates	rate	NNS
doi-org-9857	177	7	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	177	8	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	177	9	grades	grade	NNS
doi-org-9857	177	10	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	177	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	177	12	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	177	13	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	177	14	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	177	15	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	177	16	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	177	17	likely	likely	RB
doi-org-9857	177	18	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	177	19	function	function	NN
doi-org-9857	177	20	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	177	21	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	177	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	178	1	Some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	178	2	percentage	percentage	NN
doi-org-9857	178	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	178	4	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	178	5	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	178	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	178	7	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	178	8	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	178	9	probably	probably	RB
doi-org-9857	178	10	failed	fail	VBD
doi-org-9857	178	11	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	178	12	purchase	purchase	VB
doi-org-9857	178	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	178	14	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	178	15	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	178	16	assigned	assign	VBN
doi-org-9857	178	17	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	178	18	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	178	19	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	178	20	due	due	IN
doi-org-9857	178	21	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	178	22	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	178	23	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	178	24	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	178	25	factors	factor	NNS
doi-org-9857	178	26	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	179	1	For	for	IN
doi-org-9857	179	2	example	example	NN
doi-org-9857	179	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	179	4	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	179	5	survey	survey	NN
doi-org-9857	179	6	suggested	suggest	VBD
doi-org-9857	179	7	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	179	8	23	23	CD
doi-org-9857	179	9	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	179	10	%	%	NN
doi-org-9857	179	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	179	12	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	179	13	regularly	regularly	RB
doi-org-9857	179	14	forego	forego	JJ
doi-org-9857	179	15	purchasing	purchasing	NN
doi-org-9857	179	16	required	require	VBN
doi-org-9857	179	17	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	179	18	due	due	JJ
doi-org-9857	179	19	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	179	20	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	179	21	high	high	JJ
doi-org-9857	179	22	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	179	23	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	179	24	Florida	Florida	NNP
doi-org-9857	179	25	Virtual	Virtual	NNP
doi-org-9857	179	26	Campus	Campus	NNP
doi-org-9857	179	27	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	179	28	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	179	29	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	180	1	Students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	180	2	’	’	POS
doi-org-9857	180	3	lack	lack	NN
doi-org-9857	180	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	180	5	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	180	6	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	180	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	180	8	core	core	JJ
doi-org-9857	180	9	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	180	10	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	180	11	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	180	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	180	13	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	180	14	put	put	VBD
doi-org-9857	180	15	them	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	180	16	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	180	17	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	180	18	academic	academic	JJ
doi-org-9857	180	19	disadvantage	disadvantage	NN
doi-org-9857	180	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	181	1	All	all	DT
doi-org-9857	181	2	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	181	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	181	4	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	181	5	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	181	6	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	181	7	had	have	VBD
doi-org-9857	181	8	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	181	9	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	181	10	all	all	PDT
doi-org-9857	181	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	181	12	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	181	13	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	181	14	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	181	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	181	16	very	very	RB
doi-org-9857	181	17	first	first	JJ
doi-org-9857	181	18	day	day	NN
doi-org-9857	181	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	181	20	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	181	21	because	because	IN
doi-org-9857	181	22	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	181	23	were	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	181	24	openly	openly	RB
doi-org-9857	181	25	licensed	license	VBN
doi-org-9857	181	26	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	182	1	Consequently	consequently	RB
doi-org-9857	182	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	182	3	we	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	182	4	would	would	MD
doi-org-9857	182	5	expect	expect	VB
doi-org-9857	182	6	some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	182	7	enhanced	enhanced	JJ
doi-org-9857	182	8	probability	probability	NN
doi-org-9857	182	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	182	10	success	success	NN
doi-org-9857	182	11	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	182	12	members	member	NNS
doi-org-9857	182	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	182	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	182	15	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	182	16	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	182	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	183	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	183	2	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	183	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	183	4	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	183	5	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	183	6	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	183	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	183	8	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	183	9	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	183	10	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	183	11	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	183	12	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	183	13	likely	likely	RB
doi-org-9857	183	14	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	183	15	function	function	NN
doi-org-9857	183	16	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	183	17	affordability	affordability	NN
doi-org-9857	183	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	184	1	Students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	184	2	whose	whose	WP$
doi-org-9857	184	3	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	184	4	assign	assign	NN
doi-org-9857	184	5	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	184	6	save	save	VB
doi-org-9857	184	7	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	184	8	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	184	9	amount	amount	NN
doi-org-9857	184	10	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	184	11	money	money	NN
doi-org-9857	184	12	compared	compare	VBN
doi-org-9857	184	13	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	184	14	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	184	15	whose	whose	WP$
doi-org-9857	184	16	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	184	17	assign	assign	NN
doi-org-9857	184	18	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	184	19	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	184	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	185	1	Some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	185	2	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	185	3	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	185	4	will	will	MD
doi-org-9857	185	5	chose	choose	VBD
doi-org-9857	185	6	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	185	7	reinvest	reinvest	VB
doi-org-9857	185	8	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	185	9	savings	saving	NNS
doi-org-9857	185	10	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	185	11	taking	take	VBG
doi-org-9857	185	12	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	185	13	additional	additional	JJ
doi-org-9857	185	14	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	185	15	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	185	16	order	order	NN
doi-org-9857	185	17	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	185	18	accelerate	accelerate	VB
doi-org-9857	185	19	their	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	185	20	graduation	graduation	NN
doi-org-9857	185	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	186	1	Consequently	consequently	RB
doi-org-9857	186	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	186	3	we	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	186	4	would	would	MD
doi-org-9857	186	5	expect	expect	VB
doi-org-9857	186	6	members	member	NNS
doi-org-9857	186	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	186	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	186	9	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	186	10	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	186	11	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	186	12	take	take	VB
doi-org-9857	186	13	more	more	JJR
doi-org-9857	186	14	credits	credit	NNS
doi-org-9857	186	15	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	186	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	186	17	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	186	18	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	186	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	186	20	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	186	21	average	average	JJ
doi-org-9857	186	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	187	1	Detecting	detect	VBG
doi-org-9857	187	2	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	187	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	187	4	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	187	5	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	187	6	based	base	VBN
doi-org-9857	187	7	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	187	8	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	187	9	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	187	10	affordability	affordability	NN
doi-org-9857	187	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	187	12	rather	rather	RB
doi-org-9857	187	13	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	187	14	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	187	15	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	187	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	187	17	points	point	VBZ
doi-org-9857	187	18	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	187	19	several	several	JJ
doi-org-9857	187	20	new	new	JJ
doi-org-9857	187	21	horizons	horizon	NNS
doi-org-9857	187	22	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	187	23	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	187	24	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	187	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	188	1	Hundreds	hundred	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	188	3	millions	million	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	188	5	dollars	dollar	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	6	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	188	7	person	person	NN
doi-org-9857	188	8	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	188	9	hours	hour	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	10	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	188	11	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	188	12	invested	invest	VBN
doi-org-9857	188	13	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	188	14	improving	improve	VBG
doi-org-9857	188	15	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	188	16	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	188	17	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	188	18	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	188	19	designs	design	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	188	21	intelligent	intelligent	JJ
doi-org-9857	188	22	tutoring	tutoring	NN
doi-org-9857	188	23	systems	system	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	24	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	188	25	adaptive	adaptive	JJ
doi-org-9857	188	26	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	188	27	systems	system	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	28	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	188	29	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	188	30	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	188	31	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	188	32	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	188	33	related	relate	VBN
doi-org-9857	188	34	innovations	innovation	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	35	intended	intend	VBN
doi-org-9857	188	36	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	188	37	improve	improve	VB
doi-org-9857	188	38	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	188	39	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	188	40	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	189	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	189	2	current	current	JJ
doi-org-9857	189	3	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	189	4	demonstrates	demonstrate	VBZ
doi-org-9857	189	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	189	6	at	at	RB
doi-org-9857	189	7	least	least	RBS
doi-org-9857	189	8	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	189	9	non	non	JJ
doi-org-9857	189	10	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	189	11	instructional	instructional	JJ
doi-org-9857	189	12	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	189	13	option	option	NN
doi-org-9857	189	14	exists	exist	VBZ
doi-org-9857	189	15	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	189	16	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	189	17	effectively	effectively	RB
doi-org-9857	189	18	improve	improve	VB
doi-org-9857	189	19	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	189	20	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	189	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	190	1	Limitations	limitation	NNS
doi-org-9857	190	2	Although	although	IN
doi-org-9857	190	3	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	190	4	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	190	5	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	190	6	robust	robust	JJ
doi-org-9857	190	7	sample	sample	NN
doi-org-9857	190	8	size	size	NN
doi-org-9857	190	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	190	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	190	11	nesting	nesting	NN
doi-org-9857	190	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	190	13	subjects	subject	NNS
doi-org-9857	190	14	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	190	15	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	190	16	relatively	relatively	RB
doi-org-9857	190	17	limited	limited	JJ
doi-org-9857	190	18	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	190	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	190	20	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	190	21	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	190	22	included	include	VBD
doi-org-9857	190	23	both	both	DT
doi-org-9857	190	24	treatment	treatment	NN
doi-org-9857	190	25	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	190	26	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	190	27	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	190	28	precluded	preclude	VBD
doi-org-9857	190	29	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	190	30	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	190	31	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	190	32	multi	multi	JJ
doi-org-9857	190	33	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	190	34	level	level	JJ
doi-org-9857	190	35	modeling	modeling	NN
doi-org-9857	190	36	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	190	37	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	190	38	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	190	39	have	have	VB
doi-org-9857	190	40	helped	help	VBN
doi-org-9857	190	41	account	account	VB
doi-org-9857	190	42	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	190	43	some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	190	44	patterns	pattern	NNS
doi-org-9857	190	45	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	190	46	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	190	47	results	result	NNS
doi-org-9857	190	48	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	191	1	Multi	multi	JJ
doi-org-9857	191	2	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	191	3	level	level	JJ
doi-org-9857	191	4	modeling	modeling	NN
doi-org-9857	191	5	might	may	MD
doi-org-9857	191	6	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	191	7	supported	support	VBN
doi-org-9857	191	8	when	when	WRB
doi-org-9857	191	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	191	10	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	191	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	191	12	nests	nest	NNS
doi-org-9857	191	13	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	191	14	greater	great	JJR
doi-org-9857	191	15	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	191	16	twenty	twenty	CD
doi-org-9857	191	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	191	18	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	191	19	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	191	20	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	191	21	possible	possible	JJ
doi-org-9857	191	22	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	191	23	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	191	24	case	case	NN
doi-org-9857	191	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	192	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	192	2	examination	examination	NN
doi-org-9857	192	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	192	4	three	three	CD
doi-org-9857	192	5	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	192	6	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	192	7	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	192	8	restricted	restrict	VBN
doi-org-9857	192	9	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	192	10	rough	rough	JJ
doi-org-9857	192	11	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	192	12	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	192	13	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	192	14	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	192	15	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	192	16	analyses	analysis	NNS
doi-org-9857	192	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	193	1	Although	although	IN
doi-org-9857	193	2	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	193	3	overall	overall	JJ
doi-org-9857	193	4	pattern	pattern	NN
doi-org-9857	193	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	193	6	results	result	NNS
doi-org-9857	193	7	seems	seem	VBZ
doi-org-9857	193	8	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	193	9	have	have	VB
doi-org-9857	193	10	emerged	emerge	VBN
doi-org-9857	193	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	193	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	193	13	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	193	14	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	193	15	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	193	16	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	193	17	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	193	18	analysis	analysis	NN
doi-org-9857	193	19	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	193	20	less	less	JJR
doi-org-9857	193	21	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	193	22	ideal	ideal	JJ
doi-org-9857	193	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	194	1	Within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	194	2	those	those	DT
doi-org-9857	194	3	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	194	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	194	5	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	194	6	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	194	7	matching	matching	NN
doi-org-9857	194	8	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	194	9	contraindicated	contraindicate	VBN
doi-org-9857	194	10	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	194	11	leaves	leave	VBZ
doi-org-9857	194	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	194	13	apparent	apparent	JJ
doi-org-9857	194	14	pattern	pattern	NN
doi-org-9857	194	15	more	more	RBR
doi-org-9857	194	16	confounded	confound	VBN
doi-org-9857	194	17	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	194	18	might	may	MD
doi-org-9857	194	19	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	194	20	desired	desire	VBN
doi-org-9857	194	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	195	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	195	2	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	195	3	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	195	4	matching	match	VBG
doi-org-9857	195	5	used	use	VBN
doi-org-9857	195	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	195	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	195	8	analyses	analysis	NNS
doi-org-9857	195	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	195	10	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	195	11	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	195	12	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	195	13	have	have	VB
doi-org-9857	195	14	given	give	VBN
doi-org-9857	195	15	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	195	16	clearer	clear	JJR
doi-org-9857	195	17	picture	picture	NN
doi-org-9857	195	18	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	195	19	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	195	20	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	195	21	outcome	outcome	NN
doi-org-9857	195	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	195	23	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	195	24	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	195	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	196	1	Even	even	RB
doi-org-9857	196	2	so	so	RB
doi-org-9857	196	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	196	4	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	196	5	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	196	6	matching	matching	NN
doi-org-9857	196	7	should	should	MD
doi-org-9857	196	8	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	196	9	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	196	10	considered	consider	VBN
doi-org-9857	196	11	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	196	12	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	196	13	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	196	14	panacea	panacea	NN
doi-org-9857	196	15	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	196	16	guarantees	guarantee	VBZ
doi-org-9857	196	17	causal	causal	JJ
doi-org-9857	196	18	claims	claim	NNS
doi-org-9857	196	19	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	197	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	197	2	does	do	VBZ
doi-org-9857	197	3	homogenize	homogenize	VB
doi-org-9857	197	4	comparison	comparison	NN
doi-org-9857	197	5	groups	group	NNS
doi-org-9857	197	6	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	197	7	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	197	8	confounds	confound	NNS
doi-org-9857	197	9	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	197	10	enhances	enhance	VBZ
doi-org-9857	197	11	statements	statement	NNS
doi-org-9857	197	12	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	197	13	probability	probability	NN
doi-org-9857	197	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	198	1	However	however	RB
doi-org-9857	198	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	198	3	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	198	4	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	198	5	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	198	6	variety	variety	NN
doi-org-9857	198	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	198	8	confounds	confound	NNS
doi-org-9857	198	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	198	10	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	198	11	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	198	12	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	198	13	so	so	RB
doi-org-9857	198	14	large	large	JJ
doi-org-9857	198	15	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	198	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	198	17	even	even	RB
doi-org-9857	198	18	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	198	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	198	20	most	most	RBS
doi-org-9857	198	21	sophisticated	sophisticated	JJ
doi-org-9857	198	22	controls	control	NNS
doi-org-9857	198	23	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	198	24	causal	causal	JJ
doi-org-9857	198	25	claims	claim	NNS
doi-org-9857	198	26	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	198	27	rarely	rarely	RB
doi-org-9857	198	28	justified	justify	VBN
doi-org-9857	198	29	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	199	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	199	2	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	199	3	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	199	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	199	5	conclusions	conclusion	NNS
doi-org-9857	199	6	should	should	MD
doi-org-9857	199	7	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	199	8	taken	take	VBN
doi-org-9857	199	9	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	199	10	statements	statement	NNS
doi-org-9857	199	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	199	12	enhanced	enhanced	JJ
doi-org-9857	199	13	probability	probability	NN
doi-org-9857	199	14	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	199	15	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	199	16	causation	causation	NN
doi-org-9857	199	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	200	1	Future	future	JJ
doi-org-9857	200	2	directions	direction	NNS
doi-org-9857	200	3	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	200	4	authors	author	NNS
doi-org-9857	200	5	hope	hope	VBP
doi-org-9857	200	6	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	200	7	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	200	8	will	will	MD
doi-org-9857	200	9	encourage	encourage	VB
doi-org-9857	200	10	others	other	NNS
doi-org-9857	200	11	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	200	12	pursue	pursue	VB
doi-org-9857	200	13	similar	similar	JJ
doi-org-9857	200	14	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	200	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	201	1	Very	very	RB
doi-org-9857	201	2	little	little	JJ
doi-org-9857	201	3	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	201	4	known	know	VBN
doi-org-9857	201	5	about	about	IN
doi-org-9857	201	6	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	201	7	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	201	8	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	201	9	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	201	10	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	201	11	additional	additional	JJ
doi-org-9857	201	12	large	large	JJ
doi-org-9857	201	13	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	201	14	scale	scale	NN
doi-org-9857	201	15	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	201	16	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	201	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	201	18	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	201	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	201	20	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	201	21	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	201	22	needed	need	VBN
doi-org-9857	201	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	202	1	As	as	IN
doi-org-9857	202	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	202	3	number	number	NN
doi-org-9857	202	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	202	5	courses	course	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	6	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	202	7	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	202	8	proliferate	proliferate	NN
doi-org-9857	202	9	within	within	IN
doi-org-9857	202	10	institutions	institution	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	202	12	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	202	13	especially	especially	RB
doi-org-9857	202	14	as	as	IN
doi-org-9857	202	15	some	some	DT
doi-org-9857	202	16	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	17	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	202	18	use	use	VB
doi-org-9857	202	19	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	202	20	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	21	while	while	IN
doi-org-9857	202	22	others	other	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	23	use	use	VBP
doi-org-9857	202	24	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	202	25	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	202	26	institutions	institution	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	27	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	202	28	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	202	29	able	able	JJ
doi-org-9857	202	30	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	202	31	conduct	conduct	VB
doi-org-9857	202	32	multi	multi	JJ
doi-org-9857	202	33	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	202	34	level	level	JJ
doi-org-9857	202	35	modeled	model	VBN
doi-org-9857	202	36	designs	design	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	37	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	202	38	account	account	VBP
doi-org-9857	202	39	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	202	40	department	department	NN
doi-org-9857	202	41	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	202	42	teacher	teacher	NN
doi-org-9857	202	43	influences	influence	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	44	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	202	45	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	202	46	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	203	1	Thus	thus	RB
doi-org-9857	203	2	far	far	RB
doi-org-9857	203	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	203	4	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	203	5	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	203	6	been	be	VBN
doi-org-9857	203	7	compared	compare	VBN
doi-org-9857	203	8	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	203	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	203	10	availability	availability	NN
doi-org-9857	203	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	203	12	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	203	13	versus	versus	IN
doi-org-9857	203	14	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	203	15	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	203	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	204	1	There	there	EX
doi-org-9857	204	2	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	204	3	several	several	JJ
doi-org-9857	204	4	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	204	5	covariates	covariate	NNS
doi-org-9857	204	6	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	204	7	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	204	8	considered	consider	VBN
doi-org-9857	204	9	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	205	1	Both	both	DT
doi-org-9857	205	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	205	3	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	205	4	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	205	5	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	205	6	commercial	commercial	JJ
doi-org-9857	205	7	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	205	8	should	should	MD
doi-org-9857	205	9	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	205	10	evaluated	evaluate	VBN
doi-org-9857	205	11	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	205	12	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	205	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	206	1	There	there	EX
doi-org-9857	206	2	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	206	3	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	206	4	guarantee	guarantee	NN
doi-org-9857	206	5	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	206	6	either	either	DT
doi-org-9857	206	7	resource	resource	NN
doi-org-9857	206	8	would	would	MD
doi-org-9857	206	9	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	206	10	particularly	particularly	RB
doi-org-9857	206	11	effective	effective	JJ
doi-org-9857	206	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	207	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	207	2	Open	Open	NNP
doi-org-9857	207	3	Textbook	Textbook	NNP
doi-org-9857	207	4	Initiative	Initiative	NNP
doi-org-9857	207	5	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	207	6	http://open.umn.edu	http://open.umn.edu	NNP
doi-org-9857	207	7	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	207	8	has	have	VBZ
doi-org-9857	207	9	undertaken	undertake	VBN
doi-org-9857	207	10	efforts	effort	NNS
doi-org-9857	207	11	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	207	12	evaluate	evaluate	VB
doi-org-9857	207	13	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	207	14	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	207	15	across	across	IN
doi-org-9857	207	16	ten	ten	CD
doi-org-9857	207	17	dimensions	dimension	NNS
doi-org-9857	207	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	208	1	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	208	2	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	208	3	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	208	4	very	very	RB
doi-org-9857	208	5	encouraging	encouraging	JJ
doi-org-9857	208	6	development	development	NN
doi-org-9857	208	7	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	209	1	An	an	DT
doi-org-9857	209	2	additional	additional	JJ
doi-org-9857	209	3	important	important	JJ
doi-org-9857	209	4	covariate	covariate	NN
doi-org-9857	209	5	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	209	6	how	how	WRB
doi-org-9857	209	7	much	much	JJ
doi-org-9857	209	8	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	209	9	actually	actually	RB
doi-org-9857	209	10	used	use	VBD
doi-org-9857	209	11	either	either	CC
doi-org-9857	209	12	resource	resource	NN
doi-org-9857	209	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	210	1	Rather	rather	RB
doi-org-9857	210	2	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	210	3	conclude	conclude	VB
doi-org-9857	210	4	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	210	5	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	210	6	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	210	7	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	210	8	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	210	9	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	210	10	outcome	outcome	NN
doi-org-9857	210	11	based	base	VBN
doi-org-9857	210	12	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	210	13	availability	availability	NN
doi-org-9857	210	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	210	15	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	210	16	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	210	17	usage	usage	NN
doi-org-9857	210	18	covariates	covariate	NNS
doi-org-9857	210	19	would	would	MD
doi-org-9857	210	20	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	210	21	helpful	helpful	JJ
doi-org-9857	210	22	controls	control	NNS
doi-org-9857	210	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	211	1	Additional	additional	JJ
doi-org-9857	211	2	covariates	covariate	NNS
doi-org-9857	211	3	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	211	4	consider	consider	VB
doi-org-9857	211	5	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	211	6	prior	prior	RB
doi-org-9857	211	7	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	211	8	achievement	achievement	NN
doi-org-9857	211	9	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	211	10	teacher	teacher	NN
doi-org-9857	211	11	effects	effect	NNS
doi-org-9857	211	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	212	1	It	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	212	2	may	may	MD
doi-org-9857	212	3	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	212	4	that	that	IN
doi-org-9857	212	5	teachers	teacher	NNS
doi-org-9857	212	6	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	212	7	explore	explore	VBP
doi-org-9857	212	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	212	9	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	212	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	212	11	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	212	12	develop	develop	VB
doi-org-9857	212	13	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	212	14	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	212	15	systematically	systematically	RB
doi-org-9857	212	16	different	different	JJ
doi-org-9857	212	17	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	212	18	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	212	19	teachers	teacher	NNS
doi-org-9857	212	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	213	1	Subsequent	subsequent	JJ
doi-org-9857	213	2	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	213	3	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	213	4	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	213	5	approximate	approximate	VB
doi-org-9857	213	6	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	213	7	covariates	covariate	NNS
doi-org-9857	213	8	will	will	MD
doi-org-9857	213	9	result	result	VB
doi-org-9857	213	10	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	213	11	cleaner	clean	JJR
doi-org-9857	213	12	estimates	estimate	NNS
doi-org-9857	213	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	213	14	possible	possible	JJ
doi-org-9857	213	15	differences	difference	NNS
doi-org-9857	213	16	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	213	17	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	213	18	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	213	19	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	213	20	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	213	21	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	213	22	non	non	JJ
doi-org-9857	213	23	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	213	24	OER	oer	JJ
doi-org-9857	213	25	sections	section	NNS
doi-org-9857	213	26	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	214	1	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	214	2	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	214	3	focused	focus	VBD
doi-org-9857	214	4	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	214	5	five	five	CD
doi-org-9857	214	6	measures	measure	NNS
doi-org-9857	214	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	214	8	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	214	9	success	success	NN
doi-org-9857	214	10	—	—	:
doi-org-9857	214	11	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	214	12	completion	completion	NN
doi-org-9857	214	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	214	14	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	214	15	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	214	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	214	17	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	214	18	grade	grade	NN
doi-org-9857	214	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	214	20	C-	c-	NN
doi-org-9857	214	21	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	214	22	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	214	23	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	214	24	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	214	25	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	214	26	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	214	27	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	214	28	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	214	29	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	214	30	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	214	31	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	214	32	following	follow	VBG
doi-org-9857	214	33	semester	semester	NN
doi-org-9857	214	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	215	1	Replicative	replicative	JJ
doi-org-9857	215	2	studies	study	NNS
doi-org-9857	215	3	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	215	4	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	215	5	areas	area	NNS
doi-org-9857	215	6	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	215	7	needed	need	VBN
doi-org-9857	215	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	216	1	Moreover	moreover	RB
doi-org-9857	216	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	216	3	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	216	4	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	216	5	several	several	JJ
doi-org-9857	216	6	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	216	7	areas	area	NNS
doi-org-9857	216	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	216	9	which	which	WDT
doi-org-9857	216	10	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	216	11	success	success	NN
doi-org-9857	216	12	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	216	13	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	216	14	measured	measure	VBN
doi-org-9857	216	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	217	1	For	for	IN
doi-org-9857	217	2	example	example	NN
doi-org-9857	217	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	217	4	do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	217	5	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	217	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	217	7	classes	class	NNS
doi-org-9857	217	8	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	217	9	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	217	10	receive	receive	VBP
doi-org-9857	217	11	more	more	JJR
doi-org-9857	217	12	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	217	13	A	a	NN
doi-org-9857	217	14	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	217	15	grades	grade	NNS
doi-org-9857	217	16	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	217	17	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	217	18	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	217	19	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	217	20	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	217	21	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	218	1	Is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	218	2	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	218	3	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	218	4	quantifiable	quantifiable	JJ
doi-org-9857	218	5	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	218	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	218	7	how	how	WRB
doi-org-9857	218	8	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	218	9	perform	perform	VBP
doi-org-9857	218	10	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	218	11	final	final	JJ
doi-org-9857	218	12	exams	exam	NNS
doi-org-9857	218	13	based	base	VBN
doi-org-9857	218	14	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	218	15	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	218	16	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	218	17	they	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	218	18	use	use	VBP
doi-org-9857	218	19	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	219	1	These	these	DT
doi-org-9857	219	2	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	219	3	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	219	4	similar	similar	JJ
doi-org-9857	219	5	questions	question	NNS
doi-org-9857	219	6	could	could	MD
doi-org-9857	219	7	be	be	VB
doi-org-9857	219	8	profitably	profitably	RB
doi-org-9857	219	9	pursued	pursue	VBN
doi-org-9857	219	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	220	1	We	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	220	2	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	220	3	believe	believe	VBP
doi-org-9857	220	4	there	there	EX
doi-org-9857	220	5	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	220	6	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	220	7	opportunities	opportunity	NNS
doi-org-9857	220	8	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	220	9	improve	improve	VB
doi-org-9857	220	10	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	220	11	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	220	12	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	220	13	manipulate	manipulate	VBP
doi-org-9857	220	14	variables	variable	NNS
doi-org-9857	220	15	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	220	16	than	than	IN
doi-org-9857	220	17	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	220	18	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	220	19	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	220	20	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	220	21	instruction	instruction	NN
doi-org-9857	220	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	220	23	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	220	24	hope	hope	VB
doi-org-9857	220	25	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	220	26	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	220	27	will	will	MD
doi-org-9857	220	28	encourage	encourage	VB
doi-org-9857	220	29	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	220	30	researchers	researcher	NNS
doi-org-9857	220	31	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	220	32	search	search	VB
doi-org-9857	220	33	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	220	34	these	these	DT
doi-org-9857	220	35	variables	variable	NNS
doi-org-9857	220	36	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	221	1	References	References	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	2	Allen	Allen	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	221	4	G.	G.	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	221	6	Guzman	Guzman	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	7	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	221	8	Alvarez	Alvarez	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	221	10	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	221	12	Molinaro	Molinaro	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	221	14	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	221	16	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	221	17	Larsen	Larsen	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	221	19	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	221	20	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	221	21	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	221	22	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	221	23	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	222	1	Assessing	assess	VBG
doi-org-9857	222	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	222	3	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	222	4	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	222	5	efficacy	efficacy	NN
doi-org-9857	222	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	222	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	222	8	Open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	222	9	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	222	10	Access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	222	11	ChemWiki	ChemWiki	NNP
doi-org-9857	222	12	Textbook	Textbook	NNP
doi-org-9857	222	13	Project	Project	NNP
doi-org-9857	222	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	223	1	Educause	Educause	NNP
doi-org-9857	223	2	Learning	Learning	NNP
doi-org-9857	223	3	Initiative	Initiative	NNP
doi-org-9857	223	4	Brief	Brief	NNP
doi-org-9857	223	5	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	224	1	Allen	Allen	NNP
doi-org-9857	224	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	224	3	I.	I.	NNP
doi-org-9857	224	4	E.	E.	NNP
doi-org-9857	224	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	224	6	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	224	7	Seaman	Seaman	NNP
doi-org-9857	224	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	224	9	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	225	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	225	2	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	225	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	225	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	226	1	Opening	open	VBG
doi-org-9857	226	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	226	3	curriculum	curriculum	NN
doi-org-9857	226	4	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	226	5	Open	open	VB
doi-org-9857	226	6	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	226	7	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	226	8	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	226	9	US	US	NNP
doi-org-9857	226	10	higher	high	JJR
doi-org-9857	226	11	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	226	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	226	13	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	226	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	227	1	Pearson	Pearson	NNP
doi-org-9857	227	2	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	227	3	Babson	Babson	NNP
doi-org-9857	227	4	Survey	Survey	NNP
doi-org-9857	227	5	Research	Research	NNP
doi-org-9857	227	6	Group	Group	NNP
doi-org-9857	227	7	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	228	1	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	2	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	3	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	228	4	Bliss	Bliss	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	228	6	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	7	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	228	9	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	10	III	III	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	228	12	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	228	14	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	228	16	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	228	18	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	228	19	Thanos	Thanos	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	228	21	K.	K.	NNP
doi-org-9857	228	22	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	228	23	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	228	24	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	228	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	229	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	229	2	cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	229	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	229	4	quality	quality	NN
doi-org-9857	229	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	229	6	online	online	JJ
doi-org-9857	229	7	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	229	8	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	229	9	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	229	10	Perceptions	perception	NNS
doi-org-9857	229	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	229	12	community	community	NN
doi-org-9857	229	13	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	229	14	faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	229	15	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	229	16	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	229	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	230	1	First	First	NNP
doi-org-9857	230	2	Monday	Monday	NNP
doi-org-9857	230	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	230	4	18(1	18(1	CD
doi-org-9857	230	5	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	230	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	230	7	1–7	1–7	CD
doi-org-9857	230	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	231	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	231	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	231	6	Bowen	Bowen	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	231	8	W.	W.	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	9	G.	G.	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	231	11	Chingos	Chingos	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	231	13	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	14	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	231	16	Lack	Lack	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	231	18	K.	K.	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	19	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	231	21	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	231	22	Nygren	Nygren	NNP
doi-org-9857	231	23	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	231	24	T.	t.	NN
doi-org-9857	231	25	I.	i.	NN
doi-org-9857	232	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	232	2	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	232	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	232	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	233	1	Interactive	interactive	JJ
doi-org-9857	233	2	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	233	3	online	online	RB
doi-org-9857	233	4	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	233	5	public	public	JJ
doi-org-9857	233	6	universities	university	NNS
doi-org-9857	233	7	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	233	8	Evidence	evidence	NN
doi-org-9857	233	9	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	233	10	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	233	11	six	six	CD
doi-org-9857	233	12	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	233	13	campus	campus	NN
doi-org-9857	233	14	randomized	randomized	JJ
doi-org-9857	233	15	trial	trial	NN
doi-org-9857	233	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	234	1	Journal	Journal	NNP
doi-org-9857	234	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	234	3	Policy	Policy	NNP
doi-org-9857	234	4	Analysis	Analysis	NNP
doi-org-9857	234	5	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	234	6	Management	Management	NNP
doi-org-9857	234	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	234	8	33(1	33(1	CD
doi-org-9857	234	9	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	234	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	234	11	94–111	94–111	NNP
doi-org-9857	234	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	235	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	235	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	235	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	235	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	235	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	235	6	Buczynski	Buczynski	NNP
doi-org-9857	235	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	235	8	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	236	1	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	237	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	237	2	2007	2007	CD
doi-org-9857	237	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	237	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	238	1	Faculty	faculty	NN
doi-org-9857	238	2	begin	begin	VBP
doi-org-9857	238	3	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	238	4	replace	replace	VB
doi-org-9857	238	5	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	238	6	with	with	IN
doi-org-9857	238	7	“	"	``
doi-org-9857	238	8	freely	freely	RB
doi-org-9857	238	9	”	"	''
doi-org-9857	238	10	accessible	accessible	JJ
doi-org-9857	238	11	online	online	JJ
doi-org-9857	238	12	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	238	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	239	1	Internet	internet	NN
doi-org-9857	239	2	Reference	Reference	NNP
doi-org-9857	239	3	Services	Services	NNP
doi-org-9857	239	4	Quarterly	Quarterly	NNP
doi-org-9857	239	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	239	6	11(4	11(4	CD
doi-org-9857	239	7	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	239	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	239	9	169–179	169–179	CD
doi-org-9857	239	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	240	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	240	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	240	6	Feldstein	Feldstein	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	8	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	10	Martin	Martin	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	12	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	14	Hudson	Hudson	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	16	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	18	Warren	Warren	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	20	K.	K.	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	22	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	23	III	III	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	24	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	25	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	26	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	27	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	240	28	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	29	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	240	30	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	240	31	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	240	32	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	240	33	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	240	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	241	1	Open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	241	2	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	241	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	241	4	increased	increase	VBN
doi-org-9857	241	5	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	241	6	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	241	7	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	241	8	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	241	9	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	242	1	European	European	NNP
doi-org-9857	242	2	Journal	Journal	NNP
doi-org-9857	242	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	242	4	Open	Open	NNP
doi-org-9857	242	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	242	6	Distance	Distance	NNP
doi-org-9857	242	7	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	242	8	E	E	NNP
doi-org-9857	242	9	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	242	10	Learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	242	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	243	1	Retrieved	retrieve	VBN
doi-org-9857	243	2	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	243	3	http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?article=533	http://www.eurodl.org/index.php?article=533	JJ
doi-org-9857	243	4	Florida	Florida	NNP
doi-org-9857	243	5	Virtual	Virtual	NNP
doi-org-9857	243	6	Campus	Campus	NNP
doi-org-9857	243	7	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	244	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	244	2	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	244	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	244	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	245	1	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	245	2	Florida	Florida	NNP
doi-org-9857	245	3	Student	Student	NNP
doi-org-9857	245	4	Textbook	Textbook	NNP
doi-org-9857	245	5	Survey	Survey	NNP
doi-org-9857	245	6	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	246	1	Tallahassee	Tallahassee	NNP
doi-org-9857	246	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	246	3	FL	FL	NNP
doi-org-9857	246	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	247	1	Retrieved	retrieve	VBN
doi-org-9857	247	2	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	247	3	http://www.openaccesstextbooks.org/%5Cpdf%5C2012_Florida_Student_Textbook_Survey.pdf	http://www.openaccesstextbooks.org/%5Cpdf%5C2012_Florida_Student_Textbook_Survey.pdf	NNP
doi-org-9857	247	4	Goodwin	Goodwin	NNP
doi-org-9857	247	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	247	6	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	247	7	A.	a.	NN
doi-org-9857	247	8	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	247	9	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	247	10	2011	2011	CD
doi-org-9857	247	11	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	247	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	248	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	248	2	Open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	248	3	Course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	248	4	Library	Library	NNP
doi-org-9857	248	5	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	248	6	Using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	248	7	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	248	8	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	248	9	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	248	10	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	248	11	improve	improve	VB
doi-org-9857	248	12	community	community	NN
doi-org-9857	248	13	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	248	14	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	248	15	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	248	16	Unpublished	unpublished	JJ
doi-org-9857	248	17	doctoral	doctoral	JJ
doi-org-9857	248	18	dissertation	dissertation	NN
doi-org-9857	248	19	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	248	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	249	1	Pullman	Pullman	NNP
doi-org-9857	249	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	249	3	WA	WA	NNP
doi-org-9857	249	4	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	249	5	Washington	Washington	NNP
doi-org-9857	249	6	State	State	NNP
doi-org-9857	249	7	University	University	NNP
doi-org-9857	249	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	250	1	Guo	Guo	NNP
doi-org-9857	250	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	250	3	S.	S.	NNP
doi-org-9857	250	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	250	5	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	250	6	Fraser	Fraser	NNP
doi-org-9857	250	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	250	8	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	250	9	W.	W.	NNP
doi-org-9857	250	10	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	250	11	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	250	12	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	250	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	251	1	Propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	251	2	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	251	3	analysis	analysis	NN
doi-org-9857	251	4	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	251	5	Statistical	statistical	JJ
doi-org-9857	251	6	methods	method	NNS
doi-org-9857	251	7	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	251	8	applications	application	NNS
doi-org-9857	251	9	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	251	10	Vol	Vol	NNP
doi-org-9857	251	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	252	1	11	11	CD
doi-org-9857	252	2	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	252	3	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	253	1	Thousand	thousand	CD
doi-org-9857	253	2	Oaks	Oaks	NNPS
doi-org-9857	253	3	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	253	4	Sage	Sage	NNP
doi-org-9857	253	5	Publications	publication	NNS
doi-org-9857	253	6	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	254	1	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	254	2	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	254	3	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	254	4	Hewlett	Hewlett	NNP
doi-org-9857	254	5	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	254	6	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	254	7	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	254	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	255	1	Open	open	VB
doi-org-9857	255	2	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	255	3	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	255	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	256	1	http://www.hewlett.org/programs/education-program/open-educational-resources	http://www.hewlett.org/programs/education-program/open-educational-resources	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	2	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	3	III	III	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	5	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	6	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	8	Gaudet	Gaudet	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	10	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	12	Clark	Clark	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	14	P.	P.	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	16	Robinson	Robinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	18	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	20	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	256	21	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	256	23	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	256	24	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	256	25	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	256	26	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	256	27	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	257	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	257	2	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	257	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	257	4	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	257	5	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	257	6	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	257	7	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	257	8	one	one	CD
doi-org-9857	257	9	community	community	NN
doi-org-9857	257	10	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	257	11	math	math	NNP
doi-org-9857	257	12	department	department	NNP
doi-org-9857	257	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	258	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	258	2	International	International	NNP
doi-org-9857	258	3	Review	Review	NNP
doi-org-9857	258	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	258	5	Research	Research	NNP
doi-org-9857	258	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	258	7	Open	Open	NNP
doi-org-9857	258	8	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	258	9	Distributed	Distributed	NNP
doi-org-9857	258	10	Learning	Learning	NNP
doi-org-9857	258	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	258	12	14(4	14(4	CD
doi-org-9857	258	13	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	258	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	258	15	37–50	37–50	CD
doi-org-9857	258	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	259	1	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	2	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	3	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	259	4	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	5	III	III	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	259	7	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	8	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	259	10	Robinson	Robinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	259	12	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	13	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	259	15	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	259	17	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	18	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	259	20	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	259	21	Ackerman	Ackerman	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	259	23	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	24	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	259	25	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	259	26	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	259	27	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	259	28	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	260	1	Cost	cost	NN
doi-org-9857	260	2	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	260	3	savings	saving	NNS
doi-org-9857	260	4	achieved	achieve	VBN
doi-org-9857	260	5	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	260	6	two	two	CD
doi-org-9857	260	7	semesters	semester	NNS
doi-org-9857	260	8	through	through	IN
doi-org-9857	260	9	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	260	10	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	260	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	260	12	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	260	13	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	260	14	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	260	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	261	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	261	2	International	International	NNP
doi-org-9857	261	3	Review	Review	NNP
doi-org-9857	261	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	261	5	Research	Research	NNP
doi-org-9857	261	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	261	7	Open	Open	NNP
doi-org-9857	261	8	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	261	9	Distributed	Distributed	NNP
doi-org-9857	261	10	Learning	Learning	NNP
doi-org-9857	261	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	261	12	15(2	15(2	CD
doi-org-9857	261	13	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	261	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	261	15	1–18	1–18	CD
doi-org-9857	261	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	262	1	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	2	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	3	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	262	4	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	5	III	III	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	262	7	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	8	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	262	10	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	262	11	Laman	Laman	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	262	13	C.	C.	NNP
doi-org-9857	262	14	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	262	15	2012	2012	CD
doi-org-9857	262	16	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	262	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	263	1	One	one	CD
doi-org-9857	263	2	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	263	3	’s	’s	POS
doi-org-9857	263	4	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	263	5	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	263	6	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	263	7	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	263	8	psychology	psychology	NN
doi-org-9857	263	9	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	263	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	264	1	Open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	264	2	Learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	264	3	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	264	4	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	264	5	Journal	Journal	NNP
doi-org-9857	264	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	264	7	Open	Open	NNP
doi-org-9857	264	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	264	9	Distance	Distance	NNP
doi-org-9857	264	10	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	264	11	e	e	NNP
doi-org-9857	264	12	-	-	:
doi-org-9857	264	13	Learning	Learning	NNP
doi-org-9857	264	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	264	15	27(3	27(3	CD
doi-org-9857	264	16	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	264	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	264	18	265–272	265–272	CD
doi-org-9857	264	19	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	265	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	265	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	265	6	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	7	III	III	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	265	9	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	10	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	265	12	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	265	14	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	265	16	Stein	Stein	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	265	18	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	19	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	265	20	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	265	21	Johnson	Johnson	NNP
doi-org-9857	265	22	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	265	23	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	266	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	266	2	2010	2010	CD
doi-org-9857	266	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	266	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	267	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	267	2	four	four	CD
doi-org-9857	267	3	‘	'	``
doi-org-9857	267	4	R	r	NN
doi-org-9857	267	5	’s	’s	NN
doi-org-9857	267	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	267	7	openness	openness	NN
doi-org-9857	267	8	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	267	9	ALMS	alms	NN
doi-org-9857	267	10	analysis	analysis	NN
doi-org-9857	267	11	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	267	12	Frameworks	framework	NNS
doi-org-9857	267	13	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	267	14	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	267	15	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	267	16	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	267	17	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	268	1	Open	Open	NNP
doi-org-9857	268	2	Learning	Learning	NNP
doi-org-9857	268	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	268	4	25(1	25(1	CD
doi-org-9857	268	5	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	268	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	268	7	37–44	37–44	NNP
doi-org-9857	268	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	269	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	269	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	269	6	Lovett	Lovett	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	269	8	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	269	10	Meyer	Meyer	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	269	12	O.	O.	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	269	14	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	269	15	Thille	Thille	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	269	17	C.	C.	NNP
doi-org-9857	269	18	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	269	19	2008	2008	CD
doi-org-9857	269	20	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	269	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	270	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	270	2	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	270	3	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	270	4	initiative	initiative	NN
doi-org-9857	270	5	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	270	6	Measuring	measure	VBG
doi-org-9857	270	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	270	8	effectiveness	effectiveness	NN
doi-org-9857	270	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	270	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	270	11	OLI	OLI	NNP
doi-org-9857	270	12	statistics	statistic	NNS
doi-org-9857	270	13	course	course	NN
doi-org-9857	270	14	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	270	15	accelerating	accelerate	VBG
doi-org-9857	270	16	student	student	NN
doi-org-9857	270	17	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	270	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	271	1	Journal	Journal	NNP
doi-org-9857	271	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	271	3	Interactive	Interactive	NNP
doi-org-9857	271	4	Media	Media	NNP
doi-org-9857	271	5	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	271	6	Education	Education	NNP
doi-org-9857	271	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	271	8	2008(1	2008(1	CD
doi-org-9857	271	9	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	271	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	271	11	Art-13	Art-13	NNP
doi-org-9857	271	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	272	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	272	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	272	6	Paulsen	Paulsen	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	272	8	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	9	B.	B.	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	272	11	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	272	12	St	St	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	13	John	John	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	272	15	E.	E.	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	16	P.	P.	NNP
doi-org-9857	272	17	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	272	18	2002	2002	CD
doi-org-9857	272	19	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	272	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	273	1	Social	social	JJ
doi-org-9857	273	2	class	class	NN
doi-org-9857	273	3	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	273	4	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	273	5	costs	cost	NNS
doi-org-9857	273	6	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	273	7	Examining	examine	VBG
doi-org-9857	273	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	273	9	financial	financial	JJ
doi-org-9857	273	10	nexus	nexus	NN
doi-org-9857	273	11	between	between	IN
doi-org-9857	273	12	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	273	13	choice	choice	NN
doi-org-9857	273	14	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	273	15	persistence	persistence	NN
doi-org-9857	273	16	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	274	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	274	2	Journal	Journal	NNP
doi-org-9857	274	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	274	4	Higher	Higher	NNP
doi-org-9857	274	5	Education	Education	NNP
doi-org-9857	274	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	274	7	73(2	73(2	CD
doi-org-9857	274	8	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	274	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	274	10	189–236	189–236	CD
doi-org-9857	274	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	275	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	275	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	275	6	Pawlyshyn	Pawlyshyn	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	275	8	N.	N.	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	275	10	Braddlee	Braddlee	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	275	12	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	275	14	Casper	Casper	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	275	16	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	275	18	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	275	19	Miller	Miller	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	275	21	H.	H.	NNP
doi-org-9857	275	22	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	275	23	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	275	24	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	275	25	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	276	1	Adopting	adopt	VBG
doi-org-9857	276	2	OER	OER	NNP
doi-org-9857	276	3	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	276	4	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	276	5	case	case	NN
doi-org-9857	276	6	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	276	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	276	8	cross	cross	JJ
doi-org-9857	276	9	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	276	10	institutional	institutional	JJ
doi-org-9857	276	11	collaboration	collaboration	NN
doi-org-9857	276	12	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	276	13	innovation	innovation	NN
doi-org-9857	276	14	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	277	1	http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/adopting-oer-case-study-crossinstitutional-collaboration-and-innovation	http://www.educause.edu/ero/article/adopting-oer-case-study-crossinstitutional-collaboration-and-innovation	NNP
doi-org-9857	277	2	Provasnik	Provasnik	NNP
doi-org-9857	277	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	277	4	S.	S.	NNP
doi-org-9857	277	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	277	6	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	277	7	Planty	Planty	NNP
doi-org-9857	277	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	277	9	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	277	10	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	277	11	2008	2008	CD
doi-org-9857	277	12	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	277	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	278	1	Community	community	NN
doi-org-9857	278	2	colleges	college	NNS
doi-org-9857	278	3	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	278	4	Special	special	JJ
doi-org-9857	278	5	supplement	supplement	NN
doi-org-9857	278	6	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	278	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	278	8	condition	condition	NN
doi-org-9857	278	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	278	10	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	278	11	2008	2008	CD
doi-org-9857	278	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	279	1	Statistical	Statistical	NNP
doi-org-9857	279	2	Analysis	Analysis	NNP
doi-org-9857	279	3	Report	Report	NNP
doi-org-9857	279	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	280	1	NCES	NCES	NNP
doi-org-9857	280	2	2008	2008	CD
doi-org-9857	280	3	-	-	SYM
doi-org-9857	280	4	033	033	CD
doi-org-9857	280	5	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	281	1	National	National	NNP
doi-org-9857	281	2	Center	Center	NNP
doi-org-9857	281	3	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	281	4	Education	Education	NNP
doi-org-9857	281	5	Statistics	Statistics	NNPS
doi-org-9857	281	6	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	282	1	Riegle	Riegle	NNP
doi-org-9857	282	2	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	282	3	Crumb	Crumb	NNP
doi-org-9857	282	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	282	5	C.	C.	NNP
doi-org-9857	282	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	282	7	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	282	8	King	King	NNP
doi-org-9857	282	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	282	10	B.	B.	NNP
doi-org-9857	283	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	283	2	2010	2010	CD
doi-org-9857	283	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	283	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	284	1	Questioning	question	VBG
doi-org-9857	284	2	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	284	3	white	white	JJ
doi-org-9857	284	4	male	male	JJ
doi-org-9857	284	5	advantage	advantage	NN
doi-org-9857	284	6	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	284	7	STEM	STEM	NNP
doi-org-9857	284	8	examining	examine	VBG
doi-org-9857	284	9	disparities	disparity	NNS
doi-org-9857	284	10	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	284	11	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	284	12	major	major	JJ
doi-org-9857	284	13	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	284	14	gender	gender	NN
doi-org-9857	284	15	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	284	16	race	race	NN
doi-org-9857	284	17	/	/	SYM
doi-org-9857	284	18	ethnicity	ethnicity	NN
doi-org-9857	284	19	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	285	1	Educational	Educational	NNP
doi-org-9857	285	2	Researcher	Researcher	NNP
doi-org-9857	285	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	285	4	39(9	39(9	CD
doi-org-9857	285	5	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	285	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	285	7	656–664	656–664	CD
doi-org-9857	285	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	286	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	286	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	286	6	Robinson	Robinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	286	8	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	9	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	286	11	Fischer	Fischer	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	286	13	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	286	15	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	286	17	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	286	19	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	286	20	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	286	21	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	286	22	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	287	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	287	2	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	287	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	287	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	288	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	288	2	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	288	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	288	4	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	288	5	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	288	6	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	288	7	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	288	8	science	science	NN
doi-org-9857	288	9	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	288	10	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	288	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	289	1	Educational	Educational	NNP
doi-org-9857	289	2	Researcher	Researcher	NNP
doi-org-9857	289	3	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	289	4	43(7	43(7	CD
doi-org-9857	289	5	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	289	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	289	7	341–351	341–351	CD
doi-org-9857	289	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	290	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	290	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	290	6	Rockinson	Rockinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	7	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	290	8	Szapkiw	Szapkiw	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	290	10	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	11	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	290	13	Courduff	Courduff	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	290	15	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	290	17	Carter	Carter	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	18	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	290	19	K.	K.	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	20	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	290	21	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	290	22	Bennett	Bennett	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	23	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	290	24	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	290	25	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	290	26	2013	2013	CD
doi-org-9857	290	27	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	290	28	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	291	1	Electronic	electronic	JJ
doi-org-9857	291	2	versus	versus	IN
doi-org-9857	291	3	traditional	traditional	JJ
doi-org-9857	291	4	print	print	NN
doi-org-9857	291	5	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	291	6	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	291	7	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	291	8	comparison	comparison	NN
doi-org-9857	291	9	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	291	10	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	291	11	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	291	12	influence	influence	NN
doi-org-9857	291	13	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	291	14	university	university	NN
doi-org-9857	291	15	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	291	16	’	’	POS
doi-org-9857	291	17	learning	learning	NN
doi-org-9857	291	18	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	292	1	Computers	Computers	NNP
doi-org-9857	292	2	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	292	3	Education	Education	NNP
doi-org-9857	292	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	292	5	63	63	CD
doi-org-9857	292	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	292	7	259–266	259–266	CD
doi-org-9857	292	8	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	293	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	293	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	293	6	Rosenbaum	Rosenbaum	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	293	8	P.	P.	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	9	R.	R.	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	293	11	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	293	12	Rubin	Rubin	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	293	14	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	293	15	B.	B.	NNP
doi-org-9857	294	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	294	2	1985	1985	CD
doi-org-9857	294	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	294	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	295	1	Constructing	construct	VBG
doi-org-9857	295	2	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	295	3	control	control	NN
doi-org-9857	295	4	group	group	NN
doi-org-9857	295	5	using	use	VBG
doi-org-9857	295	6	multivariate	multivariate	NN
doi-org-9857	295	7	matched	match	VBD
doi-org-9857	295	8	sampling	sampling	NN
doi-org-9857	295	9	methods	method	NNS
doi-org-9857	295	10	that	that	WDT
doi-org-9857	295	11	incorporate	incorporate	VBP
doi-org-9857	295	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	295	13	propensity	propensity	NN
doi-org-9857	295	14	score	score	NN
doi-org-9857	295	15	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	296	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	296	2	American	American	NNP
doi-org-9857	296	3	Statistician	Statistician	NNP
doi-org-9857	296	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	296	5	39(1	39(1	CD
doi-org-9857	296	6	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	296	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	296	8	33–38	33–38	CD
doi-org-9857	296	9	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	297	1	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	297	2	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	297	3	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	297	4	Russell	Russell	NNP
doi-org-9857	297	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	297	6	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	297	7	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	297	8	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	297	9	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	297	10	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	297	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	298	1	No	no	DT
doi-org-9857	298	2	significant	significant	JJ
doi-org-9857	298	3	difference	difference	NN
doi-org-9857	298	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	299	1	Retrieved	retrieve	VBN
doi-org-9857	299	2	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	299	3	http://www.nosignificantdifference.org/	http://www.nosignificantdifference.org/	``
doi-org-9857	299	4	Stratton	Stratton	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	299	6	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	7	S.	S.	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	299	9	O’Toole	O’Toole	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	299	11	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	12	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	13	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	299	14	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	299	15	Wetzel	Wetzel	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	299	17	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	18	N.	N.	NNP
doi-org-9857	299	19	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	299	20	2007	2007	CD
doi-org-9857	299	21	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	299	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	300	1	Are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	300	2	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	300	3	factors	factor	NNS
doi-org-9857	300	4	affecting	affect	VBG
doi-org-9857	300	5	dropout	dropout	NN
doi-org-9857	300	6	behavior	behavior	NN
doi-org-9857	300	7	related	relate	VBN
doi-org-9857	300	8	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	300	9	initial	initial	JJ
doi-org-9857	300	10	enrollment	enrollment	NN
doi-org-9857	300	11	intensity	intensity	NN
doi-org-9857	300	12	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	300	13	college	college	NN
doi-org-9857	300	14	undergraduates	undergraduate	NNS
doi-org-9857	300	15	?	?	.
doi-org-9857	301	1	Research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	301	2	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	301	3	Higher	Higher	NNP
doi-org-9857	301	4	Education	Education	NNP
doi-org-9857	301	5	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	301	6	48(4	48(4	CD
doi-org-9857	301	7	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	301	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	301	9	453–485	453–485	CD
doi-org-9857	301	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	302	1	Article	Article	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	2	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	302	3	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	4	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	5	  	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	302	6	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	302	8	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	9	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	302	10	Bliss	Bliss	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	11	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	302	12	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	13	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	302	15	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	302	16	McEwen	McEwen	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	302	18	M.	M.	NNP
doi-org-9857	302	19	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	302	20	2014	2014	CD
doi-org-9857	302	21	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	302	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	303	1	Open	open	VB
doi-org-9857	303	2	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	303	3	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	303	4	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	303	5	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	303	6	review	review	NN
doi-org-9857	303	7	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	303	8	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	303	9	literature	literature	NN
doi-org-9857	303	10	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	304	1	In	in	IN
doi-org-9857	304	2	Handbook	Handbook	NNP
doi-org-9857	304	3	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	304	4	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	304	5	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	304	6	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	304	7	communications	communication	NNS
doi-org-9857	304	8	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	304	9	technology	technology	NN
doi-org-9857	304	10	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	304	11	pp	pp	NNP
doi-org-9857	304	12	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	305	1	781–789	781–789	CD
doi-org-9857	305	2	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	305	3	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	306	1	New	New	NNP
doi-org-9857	306	2	York	York	NNP
doi-org-9857	306	3	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	306	4	Springer	Springer	NNP
doi-org-9857	306	5	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	307	1	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	307	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	307	3	D.	D.	NNP
doi-org-9857	307	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	307	5	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	307	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	307	7	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	307	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	307	9	Fischer	Fischer	NNP
doi-org-9857	307	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	307	11	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	307	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	307	13	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	307	14	Puente	Puente	NNP
doi-org-9857	307	15	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	307	16	B.	B.	NNP
doi-org-9857	308	1	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	308	2	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	308	3	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	308	4	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	309	1	Mad	mad	JJ
doi-org-9857	309	2	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	309	3	glad	glad	JJ
doi-org-9857	309	4	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	309	5	sad	sad	JJ
doi-org-9857	309	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	309	7	rad	rad	NN
doi-org-9857	309	8	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	309	9	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	309	10	framework	framework	NN
doi-org-9857	309	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	309	12	evaluating	evaluate	VBG
doi-org-9857	309	13	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	309	14	academic	academic	JJ
doi-org-9857	309	15	return	return	NN
doi-org-9857	309	16	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	309	17	investment	investment	NN
doi-org-9857	309	18	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	309	19	textbooks	textbook	NNS
doi-org-9857	309	20	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	309	21	other	other	JJ
doi-org-9857	309	22	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	309	23	materials	material	NNS
doi-org-9857	309	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	310	1	Manuscript	manuscript	NN
doi-org-9857	310	2	submitted	submit	VBN
doi-org-9857	310	3	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	310	4	publication	publication	NN
doi-org-9857	310	5	Download	Download	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	6	references	reference	VBZ
doi-org-9857	310	7	Acknowledgments	acknowledgment	NNS
doi-org-9857	310	8	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	310	9	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	310	10	was	be	VBD
doi-org-9857	310	11	funded	fund	VBN
doi-org-9857	310	12	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	310	13	a	a	DT
doi-org-9857	310	14	Grant	Grant	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	15	from	from	IN
doi-org-9857	310	16	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	310	17	Bill	Bill	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	18	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	310	19	Melinda	Melinda	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	20	Gates	Gates	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	21	Foundation	Foundation	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	22	#	#	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	23	OPP1063523	OPP1063523	NNP
doi-org-9857	310	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	311	1	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	311	2	Gates	Gates	NNP
doi-org-9857	311	3	Foundation	Foundation	NNP
doi-org-9857	311	4	funded	fund	VBD
doi-org-9857	311	5	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	311	6	independently	independently	RB
doi-org-9857	311	7	conducted	conduct	VBN
doi-org-9857	311	8	research	research	NN
doi-org-9857	311	9	without	without	IN
doi-org-9857	311	10	influence	influence	NN
doi-org-9857	311	11	over	over	IN
doi-org-9857	311	12	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	311	13	design	design	NN
doi-org-9857	311	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	311	15	data	datum	NNS
doi-org-9857	311	16	collection	collection	NN
doi-org-9857	311	17	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	311	18	analysis	analysis	NN
doi-org-9857	311	19	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	311	20	interpretation	interpretation	NN
doi-org-9857	311	21	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	311	22	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	311	23	results	result	NNS
doi-org-9857	311	24	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	312	1	Author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	2	information	information	NN
doi-org-9857	312	3	Affiliations	Affiliations	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	4	Brigham	Brigham	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	5	Young	Young	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	6	University	University	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	7	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	8	340-E	340-E	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	9	MCKB	MCKB	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	11	Provo	Provo	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	13	UT	UT	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	15	84602	84602	CD
doi-org-9857	312	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	17	USA	USA	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	18	Lane	Lane	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	19	Fischer	Fischer	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	20	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	312	21	&	&	CC
doi-org-9857	312	22	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	312	23	John	John	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	24	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	25	III	III	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	26	Michigan	Michigan	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	27	State	State	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	28	Department	Department	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	29	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	312	30	Education	Education	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	31	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	32	Lansing	Lansing	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	33	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	34	MI	MI	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	35	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	36	USA	USA	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	37	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	38	Jared	Jared	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	39	Robinson	Robinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	40	Lumen	Lumen	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	41	Learning	Learning	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	42	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	43	Portland	Portland	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	44	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	45	OR	or	CC
doi-org-9857	312	46	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	312	47	USA	USA	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	48	David	David	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	49	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	50	Wiley	Wiley	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	51	Authors	Authors	NNPS
doi-org-9857	312	52	Lane	Lane	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	53	FischerView	FischerView	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	54	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	55	publications	publication	NNS
doi-org-9857	312	56	You	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	312	57	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	312	58	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	312	59	search	search	VB
doi-org-9857	312	60	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	312	61	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	312	62	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	63	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	312	64	PubMed	PubMed	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	65	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	312	66	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	67	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	68	John	John	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	69	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	70	IIIView	iiiview	NN
doi-org-9857	312	71	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	72	publications	publication	NNS
doi-org-9857	312	73	You	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	312	74	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	312	75	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	312	76	search	search	VB
doi-org-9857	312	77	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	312	78	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	312	79	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	80	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	312	81	PubMed	PubMed	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	82	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	312	83	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	84	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	85	T.	T.	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	86	Jared	Jared	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	87	RobinsonView	RobinsonView	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	88	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	89	publications	publication	NNS
doi-org-9857	312	90	You	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	312	91	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	312	92	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	312	93	search	search	VB
doi-org-9857	312	94	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	312	95	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	312	96	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	97	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	312	98	PubMed	PubMed	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	99	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	312	100	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	101	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	102	David	David	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	103	A.	A.	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	104	WileyView	WileyView	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	105	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	106	publications	publication	NNS
doi-org-9857	312	107	You	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	312	108	can	can	MD
doi-org-9857	312	109	also	also	RB
doi-org-9857	312	110	search	search	VB
doi-org-9857	312	111	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	312	112	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	312	113	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	114	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	312	115	PubMed	PubMed	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	116	 	  	_SP
doi-org-9857	312	117	Google	Google	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	118	Scholar	Scholar	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	119	Corresponding	Corresponding	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	120	author	author	NN
doi-org-9857	312	121	Correspondence	Correspondence	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	122	to	to	IN
doi-org-9857	312	123	Lane	Lane	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	124	Fischer	Fischer	NNP
doi-org-9857	312	125	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	313	1	Ethics	Ethics	NNP
doi-org-9857	313	2	declarations	declaration	VBZ
doi-org-9857	313	3	Conflict	conflict	NN
doi-org-9857	313	4	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	313	5	interest	interest	NN
doi-org-9857	313	6	The	the	DT
doi-org-9857	313	7	authors	author	NNS
doi-org-9857	313	8	have	have	VBP
doi-org-9857	313	9	no	no	DT
doi-org-9857	313	10	conflict	conflict	NN
doi-org-9857	313	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	313	12	interest	interest	NN
doi-org-9857	313	13	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	313	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	313	15	execution	execution	NN
doi-org-9857	313	16	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	313	17	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	313	18	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	313	19	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	313	20	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	313	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	314	1	Rights	right	NNS
doi-org-9857	314	2	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	314	3	permissions	permission	NNS
doi-org-9857	314	4	This	this	DT
doi-org-9857	314	5	article	article	NN
doi-org-9857	314	6	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	314	7	published	publish	VBN
doi-org-9857	314	8	under	under	IN
doi-org-9857	314	9	an	an	DT
doi-org-9857	314	10	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	314	11	access	access	NN
doi-org-9857	314	12	license	license	NN
doi-org-9857	314	13	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	315	1	Please	please	UH
doi-org-9857	315	2	check	check	VB
doi-org-9857	315	3	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	315	4	'	'	``
doi-org-9857	315	5	Copyright	Copyright	NNP
doi-org-9857	315	6	Information	Information	NNP
doi-org-9857	315	7	'	'	''
doi-org-9857	315	8	section	section	NN
doi-org-9857	315	9	for	for	IN
doi-org-9857	315	10	details	detail	NNS
doi-org-9857	315	11	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	315	12	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	315	13	license	license	NN
doi-org-9857	315	14	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	315	15	what	what	WP
doi-org-9857	315	16	re	re	NN
doi-org-9857	315	17	-	-	NN
doi-org-9857	315	18	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	315	19	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	315	20	permitted	permit	VBN
doi-org-9857	315	21	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	316	1	If	if	IN
doi-org-9857	316	2	your	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	316	3	intended	intend	VBN
doi-org-9857	316	4	use	use	NN
doi-org-9857	316	5	exceeds	exceed	VBZ
doi-org-9857	316	6	what	what	WP
doi-org-9857	316	7	is	be	VBZ
doi-org-9857	316	8	permitted	permit	VBN
doi-org-9857	316	9	by	by	IN
doi-org-9857	316	10	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	316	11	license	license	NN
doi-org-9857	316	12	or	or	CC
doi-org-9857	316	13	if	if	IN
doi-org-9857	316	14	you	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	316	15	are	be	VBP
doi-org-9857	316	16	unable	unable	JJ
doi-org-9857	316	17	to	to	TO
doi-org-9857	316	18	locate	locate	VB
doi-org-9857	316	19	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	316	20	licence	licence	NN
doi-org-9857	316	21	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	316	22	re	re	NN
doi-org-9857	316	23	-	-	VB
doi-org-9857	316	24	use	use	VB
doi-org-9857	316	25	information	information	NN
doi-org-9857	316	26	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	316	27	please	please	UH
doi-org-9857	316	28	contact	contact	VB
doi-org-9857	316	29	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	316	30	Rights	Rights	NNPS
doi-org-9857	316	31	and	and	CC
doi-org-9857	316	32	Permissions	Permissions	NNPS
doi-org-9857	316	33	team	team	NN
doi-org-9857	316	34	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	317	1	About	about	RB
doi-org-9857	317	2	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	317	3	article	article	NN
doi-org-9857	317	4	Cite	cite	VB
doi-org-9857	317	5	this	this	DT
doi-org-9857	317	6	article	article	NN
doi-org-9857	317	7	Fischer	Fischer	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	8	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	317	9	L.	L.	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	10	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	317	11	Hilton	Hilton	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	12	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	317	13	J.	J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	14	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	317	15	Robinson	Robinson	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	16	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	317	17	T.J.	T.J.	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	18	et	et	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	19	al	al	NNP
doi-org-9857	317	20	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	318	1	A	a	DT
doi-org-9857	318	2	multi	multi	JJ
doi-org-9857	318	3	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	318	4	institutional	institutional	JJ
doi-org-9857	318	5	study	study	NN
doi-org-9857	318	6	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	318	7	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	318	8	impact	impact	NN
doi-org-9857	318	9	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	318	10	open	open	JJ
doi-org-9857	318	11	textbook	textbook	NN
doi-org-9857	318	12	adoption	adoption	NN
doi-org-9857	318	13	on	on	IN
doi-org-9857	318	14	the	the	DT
doi-org-9857	318	15	learning	learn	VBG
doi-org-9857	318	16	outcomes	outcome	NNS
doi-org-9857	318	17	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	318	18	post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	318	19	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	318	20	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	318	21	students	student	NNS
doi-org-9857	318	22	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	319	1	J	J	NNP
doi-org-9857	319	2	Comput	Comput	NNP
doi-org-9857	319	3	High	High	NNP
doi-org-9857	319	4	Educ	Educ	NNP
doi-org-9857	319	5	27	27	CD
doi-org-9857	319	6	,	,	,
doi-org-9857	319	7	159–172	159–172	CD
doi-org-9857	319	8	(	(	-LRB-
doi-org-9857	319	9	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	319	10	)	)	-RRB-
doi-org-9857	319	11	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	320	1	https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-015-9101-x	https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-015-9101-x	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	2	Download	Download	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	3	citation	citation	NN
doi-org-9857	320	4	Published	publish	VBN
doi-org-9857	320	5	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	320	6	22	22	CD
doi-org-9857	320	7	September	September	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	8	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	320	9	Issue	issue	NN
doi-org-9857	320	10	Date	date	NN
doi-org-9857	320	11	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	320	12	December	December	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	13	2015	2015	CD
doi-org-9857	320	14	DOI	DOI	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	15	:	:	:
doi-org-9857	320	16	https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-015-9101-x	https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-015-9101-x	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	17	Keywords	Keywords	NNPS
doi-org-9857	320	18	Open	open	VBP
doi-org-9857	320	19	educational	educational	JJ
doi-org-9857	320	20	resources	resource	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	21	Improving	improve	VBG
doi-org-9857	320	22	classroom	classroom	NN
doi-org-9857	320	23	teaching	teach	VBG
doi-org-9857	320	24	Media	medium	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	25	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	320	26	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	320	27	Pedagogical	Pedagogical	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	28	issues	issue	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	29	Post	post	JJ
doi-org-9857	320	30	-	-	JJ
doi-org-9857	320	31	secondary	secondary	JJ
doi-org-9857	320	32	education	education	NN
doi-org-9857	320	33	Download	Download	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	34	PDF	PDF	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	35	Advertisement	Advertisement	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	36	Over	over	IN
doi-org-9857	320	37	10	10	CD
doi-org-9857	320	38	million	million	CD
doi-org-9857	320	39	scientific	scientific	JJ
doi-org-9857	320	40	documents	document	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	41	at	at	IN
doi-org-9857	320	42	your	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	320	43	fingertips	fingertip	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	44	Switch	Switch	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	45	Edition	Edition	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	46	Academic	Academic	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	47	Edition	Edition	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	48	Corporate	Corporate	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	49	Edition	Edition	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	50	Home	Home	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	51	Impressum	Impressum	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	52	Legal	Legal	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	53	information	information	NN
doi-org-9857	320	54	Privacy	Privacy	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	55	statement	statement	NN
doi-org-9857	320	56	California	California	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	57	Privacy	Privacy	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	58	Statement	Statement	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	59	How	how	WRB
doi-org-9857	320	60	we	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	320	61	use	use	VBP
doi-org-9857	320	62	cookies	cookie	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	63	Manage	manage	VBP
doi-org-9857	320	64	cookies	cookie	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	65	/	/	SYM
doi-org-9857	320	66	Do	do	VBP
doi-org-9857	320	67	not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	320	68	sell	sell	VB
doi-org-9857	320	69	my	-PRON-	PRP$
doi-org-9857	320	70	data	datum	NNS
doi-org-9857	320	71	Accessibility	Accessibility	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	72	Contact	Contact	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	73	us	-PRON-	PRP
doi-org-9857	320	74	Not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	320	75	logged	log	VBN
doi-org-9857	320	76	in	in	IN
doi-org-9857	320	77	-	-	HYPH
doi-org-9857	320	78	40.76.139.33	40.76.139.33	CD
doi-org-9857	320	79	Not	not	RB
doi-org-9857	320	80	affiliated	affiliate	VBN
doi-org-9857	320	81	Springer	Springer	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	82	Nature	Nature	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	83	©	©	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	84	2020	2020	CD
doi-org-9857	320	85	Springer	Springer	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	86	Nature	Nature	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	87	Switzerland	Switzerland	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	88	AG	AG	NNP
doi-org-9857	320	89	.	.	.
doi-org-9857	321	1	Part	part	NN
doi-org-9857	321	2	of	of	IN
doi-org-9857	321	3	Springer	Springer	NNP
doi-org-9857	321	4	Nature	Nature	NNP
doi-org-9857	321	5	.	.	.