# pos

id: cord-288703-wdh1jiry
pos: NNP
token:
  https://scroll.in/pulse/843567/india-is-expandingzika-surveillance-but-there-was-an-element-of-luckin-finding-the-tamil-nadu-case

lemma:
  https://scroll.in/pulse/843567/india-is-expandingzika-surveillance-but-there-was-an-element-of-luckin-finding-the-tamil-nadu-case


# ent

id: cord-003792-v48xeqdz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  infectious Zika virus in the offspring of artificially infected Ae aegypti and Ae albopictus mosquitoes


id: cord-003403-ypefqm71
type: ORG
entity:
  Collaborative Study to Evaluate a Candidate World Health Organization International Standard for Zika Virus


id: cord-002341-v4r5d26a
type: DISEASE
entity:
  prostate male ovary uterus female kidney urinary bladder spleen liver pancreas intestine heart lung and salivary gland


id: cord-002341-v4r5d26a
type: DISEASE
entity:
  testis epididymis ovary uterus kidney spleen small intestine pancreas and salivary gland of the dexamethasone


id: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh
type: ORG
entity:
  Walter Reed Army Institute of Research NIAID National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease VRC Vaccine Research Center


id: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Ethical Considerations for Zika Virus Human Challenge Trials National Institutes of Health Bystander


id: cord-002602-2qvyhjlp
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  INDUSEM Joint Working Group JWG Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons IHR 2005 Emergency Committee


id: cord-293871-hzes7mwt
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus Interim Guidance Update Isolation


id: cord-322206-roxa3ix6
type: DNA
entity:
  Totivirus and Alphamensonivirus assembled genomes 16 319 and 40 521 respectively representing 0 09 and 0 22


id: cord-322206-roxa3ix6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis Biology of Negative Strand


id: cord-322206-roxa3ix6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Pacheco Luis G P d Almeida João P M d A Belitardo Emilia M S Pinheiro Carina S Campos Gúbio R G R Aguiar Eric title High Quality Resolution of the Outbreak Related Zika Virus Genome and Discovery of New Viruses


id: cord-002581-r7mskri0
type: ORG
entity:
  Microcephaly Brazil Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection United States Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak United States Human


id: cord-002581-r7mskri0
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nieto Lucas Avelino Silva Vivian I Trindade Mateus Nogueira Juliana Oliveira Consuelo S Maestri Alvino Felix Alvina


id: cord-002581-r7mskri0
type: DISEASE
entity:
  somatic mutations Class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of virus neutralizing antibodies


id: cord-278286-1xk31726
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti rabbit mouse Alexa 568 488 647 conjugated goat antibodies Life Technologies 4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole DAPI Life Technologies


id: cord-278286-1xk31726
type: DISEASE
entity:
  ZIKV infected Vero hOEC and mOEC cells Fig S2 were almost identical to those obtained for hCMEC D3 cells Fig 5 To examine the virus persistence


id: cord-319691-yrt8fq9m
type: PERSON
entity:
  los recipientes de almacenamiento de agua fregar las paredes de los recipientes de almacenamiento de agua asistencia


id: cord-319691-yrt8fq9m
type: ORG
entity:
  Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus Current Status Challenges and Research Priorities Sexual Transmission and Prevention


id: cord-262944-9k64f0tw
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Institutes for Health National Institute for Child Health and Development R01HD091218 to


id: cord-262944-9k64f0tw
type: ORG
entity:
  Human Placental Trophoblasts Confer Protection against Zika Virus Infection Selective Activation of Type II


id: cord-003187-qdbcdn2j
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A virus polymerase Biochemical evaluation of the inhibition properties of favipiravir and 2 C methyl cytidine triphosphates


id: cord-266202-3qku90ml
type: ORG
entity:
  the European Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization Zika Epidemiological Update


id: cord-339886-th1da1bb
type: ORG
entity:
  Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin


id: cord-296309-i1mpov7k
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV influenza virus hepatitis B virus HBV and hepatitis C virus HCV the sequencing of partial genomes


id: cord-005885-r3qtoqu1
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Untersuchungsbefunde Blutkulturen TPPA Treponema pallidum Partikelagglutinationsassay und HIV Suchtest negativ Leptospiren


id: cord-005885-r3qtoqu1
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mindestens 3 Monate mit Kondomen zu verhüten Einige der genannten Erkrankungen sind nach dem Infektionsschutzgesetz IfSG meldepflichtig Namentlich zu melden sind der Verdacht einer Erkrankung


id: cord-273326-gmw8gl2r
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  interferon activating small molecule 1 2 fluorophenyl 2 5 isopropyl 1 3 4 thiadiazol 2 yl 1 2 ihydrochromeno 2 3 c pyrrole 3 9 dione AVC


id: cord-273326-gmw8gl2r
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  1 2S butan 2 yl N 4 6 dimethyl 2 oxo 1H pyridin 3 yl methyl 3 methyl 6 6 piperazin 1 ylpyridin 3 yl indole 4 carboxamide GSK 126


id: cord-283314-i59ewz88
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  moins de 4 jours après l apparition des symptômes peuvent être faussement négatifs L évolution clinique rapidement


id: cord-283314-i59ewz88
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  tout malade présentant une maladie à virus Zika suspectée ou confirmée pendant la période fébrile sous moustiquaire ou dans un local avec fenêtres fermées afin d éviter


id: cord-283314-i59ewz88
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  petites articulations des extrémités poignets chevilles phalanges de myalgies de céphalées d une éruption maculopapuleuse L évolution est le plus souvent favorable


id: cord-290385-0smnl70i
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  lactate dehydrogenase aspartate aminotransferase g glutamyl transferase fibrinogen ferritin C reactive protein


id: cord-290385-0smnl70i
type: DISEASE
entity:
  coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus influenza viruses and Ebola virus 2e11


id: cord-327948-stwmxpbv
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Towards Protein Assays on Paper Platforms with Potentiometric Detection A Disposable Planar Paper Based Potentiometric Ion Sensing Platform Paper


id: cord-260336-kwzo8puo
type: ORG
entity:
  Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee Institutional Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee


id: cord-319781-6thdg2up
type: GGP
entity:
  Rev DOI 10 1016 j sxmr 2020 06 003 sha ed553038440e4874986451ca8d5e1832e8ef19fd doc_id 319781 cord_uid 6thdg2up


id: cord-319781-6thdg2up
type: DISEASE
entity:
  genitalia testis orchitis prostate reproductive semen sperm hormones endocrine luteinizing hormone folliclestimulating


id: cord-326512-iex98lr1
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti human CD20 FITC Invitrogen Carlsbad CA IgG APC H7 CD3 Pacific Blue CD27 PerCP Cy5 5 BD Biosciences Franklin Lakes NJ


id: cord-321741-aq76s37x
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  darunavir cobicistat emtricitabine tenofovir Symtuza lopinavir ritonavir Kaletra ledipasvir sofosbuvir


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocyte Toxicity By Supernatant of Long Term Stored Red Blood Cells


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: DNA
entity:
  RhD protein IVS1 29C rs2301153 IVS3 1 117C rs28521909 and IVS3 1 124A rs28562109 Two 15 4 were D1 and heterozygous


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: DNA
entity:
  RHD wildtype exon 9 mutant RHD c 1154G C mutant RHD c 1154 31C T and double RHD mutants c 1154G C plus c 1154 31C T


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  blood center RBC 2RBC PLT P PLT PLT RBC P PLT RBC 2PLT 2PLT RBC 2PLT P donations 47990 63 1775 10832 968 476 67 1150 142 10252 Citrate exposure mls 41 85 71 138 263 266 300 322 349 478 Study Design Method A randomized 2 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  ABO Rh Beckman Coulter PK System Blood Grouping and Phenotyping during the period 7 1 2008 4 1 2017 ABO


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Cell SaverV R HaemoneticsV R Braintree MA patients own blood shed during surgery is collected washed concentrated and reinfused lessening the need for transfusion support This study sought to examine the amount of allogeneic donor RBC


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: DNA
entity:
  ceJAL ceMO ceBI 7 0 7 0 7 0 Total 106 8 110 4 113 2 142A TRANSFUSION 2017 Vol 57 Supplement S3 reagents


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Immucor Gamma clone Series 4 and 5 and Quotient ALBAclone blend and alpha anti D Papain treated RBCs


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti Mur Brian Adkins 1 Princess Maynie 1 Carol Chandler 1 Shelia Garret 1 and Pampee Young 2 1 Vanderbilt 2


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: GGP
entity:
  gHb 7 6 6 0 3 a 5 2 6 0 3 7 3 6 0 2 a 5 5 6 0 3 7 3 6 0 4 a 4 9 6 0 5 Extracellular Lactate mM 5 6 1 a 6 6 1 7 6 0 8 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 1 Extracellular Glucose mM 32 6 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: GGP
entity:
  Impl periods 3 4 Table More severe reactions showed an increasing trend that only became significant in Post Impl periods 3 4


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CL
entity:
  allogeneic blood donors and autologous donors which were intended to represent a hospitalized patient population to determine a mean and range of normal levels This 2 5 year retrospective study was performed to assess levels of RBC bound IgG IgA and IgM in normal donors Study Design Method Residual EDTA


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  TPE Cytoreductive Therapy for Cellular Hyperviscosity Utility of Cytapheresis Treatment for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Washington University School of Medicine 3 Nationwide Children s Hospital Background Case Studies Transfusion


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Clinical Oral Abstract Session Novel Approaches to Processing and Assessing Cell Therapy Products A Paradigm Shift in Stem Cell Isolation and Storage Jeffrey Drew Cells4life Group LLP Background Case Studies Widespread


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: EVENT
entity:
  A Streamlined Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction MLR Assay for Evaluation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Immunomodulation Activity Christopher P Delavan 1 Maryanne C Herzig 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  US Army Institute of Surgical Research 2 U S Army Institute of Surgical Research Background Case Studies


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Using Genetic Markers to Select Responders and Non Responders Sickle Cell Disease SCD Patients for Transfusion with RH Haplotype Matching Red Blood


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Pathology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 2 Department of Medicine Division of Hematology University of Colorado Hospital 3


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  University of California San Francisco 4 Nationwide Children s Hospital 5 Academic Medical Center 6 Canadian Blood Services Background Case


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  US Army Institute of Surgical Research 2 U S Army Institute of Surgical Research 3 University of Washington


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Red Cell Concentrate Volume and Manufacturing Method Impact Post Thaw Quality in Cryopreserved Products


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  National University Hospital 3 National University Hospital Singapore Background Case Studies Plasma


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 2 UT Southwestern Medical Center Background Case Studies


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  mother s sisters Management of Severe Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia A Case Report of an Infant Treated with Manual Whole Blood Exchange


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  anti e Automated Eluates Comparison of Solid Phase Red Cell Adherence and Gel Automated Eluate Testing Jayanna Slayten 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  University Medical Center Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology Background Case Studies Antibody


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine College of Medicine National Taiwan University 3 Division of Hepatogastroenterology Department of Internal Medicine


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  the FDA Guidance entitled Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Zika Virus Transmission by Blood


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Microbiology Department Cerus Corporation 2 Scientific Affairs Department Cerus Corporation Background Case Studies


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health Insurance and Health Promotion Administration


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Transfusion Transmissible Infections Among Blood Donors and Strategy on Direct Laboratory Testing Cost of Blood Screening


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Federal State Regulations Inventory Structure Management Product Storage Testing Tracking Traceability Emergency Release Protocol


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Transfusion Service Workflow Comparison of Two High Volume High Throughput Analyzers Aaron Samson 1 Kimberly Monnin 1


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Merging of Immunohematology Reference Lab s IRL Inventories Using Technology to Create Advanced Search


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: ORG
entity:
  Guidance for Industry Recommendations for Donor Screening Deferral and Product Management to Reduce the Risk of Transfusion Transmission of Zika Virus


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cheryl Lobo 4 Michael Paul Busch 3 Susan L Stramer 2 and Jeffrey M Linnen 1 1 Grifols Diagnostic Solutions Inc 2 American Red Cross 3 Blood Systems Research Institute 4 New York Blood


# url

id: cord-288703-wdh1jiry
domain: scroll.in
url:
  http://scroll.in/pulse/843567/india-is-expandingzika-surveillance-but-there-was-an-element-of-luckin-finding-the-tamil-nadu-case


# bib

id: cord-002341-v4r5d26a
author: Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo
date: 2016-11-12
txt: ./txt/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002341-v4r5d26a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5161441/
doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.017
summary:
  To establish a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection, we compared the clinical, histological, and virological findings of male (group 1) and female (group 2) mice with dexamethasone immunosuppression and ZIKV inoculation with those of the appropriate controls (groups 3 to 8) (Table 1 ). The dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice with ZIKV inoculation in our study developed disseminated infection with viremia and multi-organ involvement, including the brain, urogenital tract, intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, lung, and salivary gland as evident by ZIKV-NS1 protein expression on immunohistochemical staining and/or detectable viral load in these tissues. Our findings provided an additional explanation for the pathogenesis of fatal ZIKV infection, which has been proposed to be related to uncontrolled virus dissemination in previously described mouse models utilizing types I/II interferon-signaling-/receptor-deficient mice that were unable to mount a robust host innate immune response.

title:
  Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Disseminated or fatal Zika virus (ZIKV) infections were reported in immunosuppressed patients. Existing interferon-signaling/receptor-deficient mouse models may not be suitable for evaluating treatment effects of recombinant interferons. METHODS: We developed a novel mouse model for ZIKV infection by immunosuppressing BALB/c mice with dexamethasone. RESULTS: Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed male mice (6–8 weeks) developed disseminated infection as evidenced by the detection of ZIKV-NS1 protein expression and high viral loads in multiple organs. They had ≥ 10% weight loss and high clinical scores soon after dexamethasone withdrawal (10 dpi), which warranted euthanasia at 12 dpi. Viral loads in blood and most tissues at 5 dpi were significantly higher than those at 12 dpi (P < 0.05). Histological examination revealed prominent inflammatory infiltrates in multiple organs, and CD45 + and CD8 + inflammatory cells were seen in the testis. These findings suggested that clinical deterioration occurred during viral clearance by host immune response. Type I interferon treatments improved clinical outcome of mice (100% vs 0% survival). CONCLUSIONS: Besides virus dissemination, inflammation of various tissues, especially orchitis, may be potential complications of ZIKV infection with significant implications on disease transmission and male fertility. Interferon treatment should be considered in patients at high risks for ZIKV-associated complications when the potential benefits outweigh the side effects of treatment.


id: cord-002581-r7mskri0
title: A human inferred germline antibody binds to an immunodominant epitope and neutralizes Zika virus
author: Magnani, Diogo M.
date: 2017-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-002581-r7mskri0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002581-r7mskri0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5481143/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005655
summary:
  title: A human inferred germline antibody binds to an immunodominant epitope and neutralizes Zika virus The isolation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) against the Zika virus (ZIKV) might lead to novel preventative strategies for infections in at-risk individuals, primarily pregnant women. Here we describe the isolation of 18 plasmablast-derived human mAbs, sorted 12 days post onset of symptoms from a ZIKV-patient in São Paulo, Brazil. Interestingly, one of these mAbs (P1F12) exhibited no nucleotide mutations when compared to its corresponding germline sequences, but still recognized a ZIKV immunodominant epitope and neutralized the virus. Virus capture assay and recombinant E protein ELISA P1F12 binding was determined by both virus capture assay (VCA) and recombinant (r)E ELISAs. The VCA plates were coated overnight with the mouse-anti-Flavivirus monoclonal antibody 4G2 (clone D1-4G2-4-15, EMD Millipore) followed by incubation with viral stocks (ZIKV or DENV). Molecular determinants of human neutralizing antibodies isolated from a patient infected with Zika virus

abstract:
  The isolation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) against the Zika virus (ZIKV) might lead to novel preventative strategies for infections in at-risk individuals, primarily pregnant women. Here we describe the characterization of human mAbs from the plasmablasts of an acutely infected patient. One of the 18 mAbs had the unusual feature of binding to and neutralizing ZIKV despite not appearing to have been diversified by affinity maturation. This mAb neutralized ZIKV (Neut(50) ~ 2 μg/ml) but did not react with any of the four dengue virus serotypes. Except for the expected junctional diversity created by the joining of the V-(D)-J genes, there was no deviation from immunoglobulin germline genes. This is a rare example of a human mAb with neutralizing activity in the absence of detectable somatic hypermutation. Importantly, binding of this mAb to ZIKV was specifically inhibited by human plasma from ZIKV-exposed individuals, suggesting that it may be of value in a diagnostic setting.


id: cord-002602-2qvyhjlp
author: Roy, Amrita
date: 2017-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-002602-2qvyhjlp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002602-2qvyhjlp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5503262/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180632
summary:
  Subsequently with selective isotope-labeling using NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrated that C-terminal residues (R73-K100) of NS2B is highly disordered without any stable tertiary and secondary structures in the Zika NS2B-NS3pro complex in the free state. Therefore, our results suggest that in the Zika NS2B-NS3pro complex, NS2B has a portion of residues undergo μs-ms dynamics which made their NMR peaks too broad to be detectable; while the rest of NS2B is highly disordered and lacks tight tertiary packing, which results in a narrowly-dispersed HSQC spectrum (S2B Fig) . Together with recent reports on the crystal structures of Zika NS2B-NS3pro complexes in both open and closed conformations [34, 43] , our current results reveal that in solution the NS2B residues over Arg73-Lys100 are highly disordered in the open conformation. Unfortunately, as previously observed on Dengue-2 NS2B-NS3pro complexes [21, 30, 43] , our linked Zika complex also underwent significant μs-ms dynamics, thus making its NMR signals too broad to be detected (Fig 1A and 1B) .

title:
  Solution conformations of Zika NS2B-NS3pro and its inhibition by natural products from edible plants

abstract:
  The recent Zika viral (ZIKV) epidemic has been associated with severe neurological pathologies such as neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome but unfortunately no vaccine or medication is effectively available yet. Zika NS2B-NS3pro is essential for the proteolysis of the viral polyprotein and thereby viral replication. Thus NS2B-NS3pro represents an attractive target for anti-Zika drug discovery/design. Here, we have characterized the solution conformations and catalytic parameters of both linked and unlinked Zika NS2B-NS3pro complexes and found that the unlinked complex manifested well-dispersed NMR spectra. Subsequently with selective isotope-labeling using NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrated that C-terminal residues (R73-K100) of NS2B is highly disordered without any stable tertiary and secondary structures in the Zika NS2B-NS3pro complex in the free state. Upon binding to the well-characterized serine protease inhibitor, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI), only the extreme C-terminal residues (L86-K100) remain disordered. Additionally, we have identified five flavonoids and one natural phenol rich in edible plants including fruits and vegetables, which inhibit Zika NS2B-NS3pro in a non-competitive mode, with Ki ranging from 770 nM for Myricetin to 34.02 μM for Apigenin. Molecular docking showed that they all bind to a pocket on the back of the active site and their structure-activity relationship was elucidated. Our study provides valuable insights into the solution conformation of Zika NS2B-NS3pro and further deciphers its susceptibility towards allosteric inhibition by natural products. As these natural product inhibitors fundamentally differ from the currently-known active site inhibitors in terms of both inhibitory mode and chemical scaffold, our finding might open a new avenue for development of better allosteric inhibitors to fight ZIKV infection.


id: cord-002754-xlk4xpv2
author: Mögling, Ramona
date: 2017-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-002754-xlk4xpv2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002754-xlk4xpv2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5685210/
doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.36.30609
summary:
  title: Status, quality and specific needs of Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostic capacity and capability in National Reference Laboratories for arboviruses in 30 EU/EEA countries, May 2016 To assess the capacity, quality, operational specifics (guidelines and algorithms), technical and interpretation issues and other possible difficulties that were related to ZIKV diagnostics in European countries, a questionnaire was conducted among national reference laboratories in 30 countries in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) in May 2016. To map ZIKV expertise and identify diagnostic capacity and capability gaps in Europe during the initial phase of the PHEIC in February 2016, the European Commission (EC) asked the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) for a rapid assessment of the capacity of laboratories in Europe to detect ZIKV infections and the specific needs for support. The availability of validation materials, positive controls and personnel were indicated as the main challenges for implementation of ZIKV diagnostics in the reference laboratories of the 30 EU/EEA countries.

title:
  Status, quality and specific needs of Zika virus (ZIKV) diagnostic capacity and capability in National Reference Laboratories for arboviruses in 30 EU/EEA countries, May 2016

abstract:
  With international travel, Zika virus (ZIKV) is introduced to Europe regularly. A country's ability to robustly detect ZIKV introduction and local transmission is important to minimise the risk for a ZIKV outbreak. Therefore, sufficient expertise and diagnostic capacity and capability are required in European laboratories. To assess the capacity, quality, operational specifics (guidelines and algorithms), technical and interpretation issues and other possible difficulties that were related to ZIKV diagnostics in European countries, a questionnaire was conducted among national reference laboratories in 30 countries in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) in May 2016. While the coverage and capacity of ZIKV diagnostics in the EU/EEA national reference laboratories were found to be adequate, the assessment of the quality and needs indicated several crucial points of improvement that will need support at national and EU/EEA level to improve ZIKV preparedness, response and EU/EEA ZIKV surveillance activities.


id: cord-002921-i5jxn1vj
title: Pandemic Zika: A Formidable Challenge to Medicine and Public Health
author: Morens, David M
date: 2017-12-15
txt: ./txt/cord-002921-i5jxn1vj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002921-i5jxn1vj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5853239/
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix383
abstract: nan
summary:
  Because of the pandemic''s uniqueness and the insidious ability of Zika virus to harm unborn children, the pandemic has captured the attention of infectious disease researchers and practitioners of clinical and public health medicine around the world, as well as the attention of allied colleagues working in entomology, vector control, informatics, teratology, immunology, and a host of other disciplines [3] [4] [5] . Furthermore, some studies have suggested that preexisting flavivirus immunity (eg, from prior dengue virus infection) might potentiate Zika [16] via antibody-dependent infection enhancement in some circumstances [17] , while other research has countered this view [18] . As with most flaviviruses, small-animal models of Zika virus infection and disease have been problematic, but considerable progress has nonetheless been made, including important new information bearing on teratogenicity and vaccine design strategy [20] . Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes


id: cord-002952-13v4qvhg
title: Preprints: An underutilized mechanism to accelerate outbreak science
author: Johansson, Michael A.
date: 2018-04-03
txt: ./txt/cord-002952-13v4qvhg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002952-13v4qvhg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5882117/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002549
summary:
  • With broader adoption by scientists, journals, and funding agencies, preprints can complement peer-reviewed publication and ensure the early, open, and transparent dissemination of science relevant to the prevention and control of disease outbreaks. On February 10, 2016, more than 30 of the world''s largest and most prestigious public health journals and funding agencies issued a landmark statement on the importance of preprints and data sharing in public health emergencies such as the Ebola and Zika epidemics [2] . It is unclear to what extent journals are able to accelerate publication in outbreaks, but it is clear that every time there is an editorial or peer review decision, rejection, or revision there are delays, and that preprint posting precludes delays in broad access to the information. Despite this need and the 2016 statement on preprints and data sharing, less than 5% of Ebola and Zika journal articles were posted as preprints prior to publication in journals.

abstract:
  In an Essay, Michael Johansson and colleagues advocate the posting of research studies addressing infectious disease outbreaks as preprints.


id: cord-003041-v9uevz3l
author: Zukor, Katherine
date: 2018-02-23
txt: ./txt/cord-003041-v9uevz3l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003041-v9uevz3l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5992253/
doi: 10.1007/s13365-017-0595-z
summary:
  This study demonstrates that a contemporary strain of ZIKV can widely infect astrocytes and neurons in the brain and spinal cord of adult, interferon α/β receptor knockout mice (AG129 strain) and cause progressive hindlimb paralysis, as well as severe seizure-like activity during the acute phase of disease. This study demonstrates that a contemporary strain of ZIKV can widely infect astrocytes and neurons in the brain and spinal cord of adult, interferon α/β receptor knockout mice (AG129 strain) and cause progressive hindlimb paralysis, as well as severe seizurelike activity during the acute phase of disease. This study demonstrates that a contemporary strain of ZIKV (PRVABC59) can widely infect astrocytes and neurons in the brain and spinal cord of adult AG129 mice and cause rapidly progressing hindlimb paralysis, as well as severe seizure activity, during the acute phase of disease.

title:
  Zika virus-induced acute myelitis and motor deficits in adult interferon αβ/γ receptor knockout mice

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) has received widespread attention because of its effect on the developing fetus. It is becoming apparent, however, that severe neurological sequelae, such as Guillian-Barrë syndrome (GBS), myelitis, encephalitis, and seizures can occur after infection of adults. This study demonstrates that a contemporary strain of ZIKV can widely infect astrocytes and neurons in the brain and spinal cord of adult, interferon α/β receptor knockout mice (AG129 strain) and cause progressive hindlimb paralysis, as well as severe seizure-like activity during the acute phase of disease. The severity of hindlimb motor deficits correlated with increased numbers of ZIKV-infected lumbosacral spinal motor neurons and decreased numbers of spinal motor neurons. Electrophysiological compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes in response to stimulation of the lumbosacral spinal cord were reduced when obvious motor deficits were present. ZIKV immunoreactivity was high, intense, and obvious in tissue sections of the brain and spinal cord. Infection in the brain and spinal cord was also associated with astrogliosis as well as T cell and neutrophil infiltration. CMAP and histological analysis indicated that peripheral nerve and muscle functions were intact. Consequently, motor deficits in these circumstances appear to be primarily due to myelitis and possibly encephalitis as opposed to a peripheral neuropathy or a GBS-like syndrome. Thus, acute ZIKV infection of adult AG129 mice may be a useful model for ZIKV-induced myelitis, encephalitis, and seizure activity. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13365-017-0595-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-003187-qdbcdn2j
author: Bassi, Maria Rosaria
date: 2018-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-003187-qdbcdn2j.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6125542/
doi: 10.1128/aac.00380-18
summary:
  Although the two viruses are inhibited by the same three drugs, ZIKV is relatively more susceptive to serial passage in the presence of purine analogues (favipiravir and ribavirin), while USUV replication is suppressed more efficiently by 5-fluorouracil. We observe that ribavirin, favipiravir, and 5-fluorouracil are all inhibitors of both ZIKV and USUV, and that consecutive passage of virus in the presence of these drugs can lead to the complete extinction of infectivity. To investigate whether ZIKV replication could be affected by increased mutagenesis, we tested four different compounds known to be mutagenic for diverse viruses, 5-fluorouracil, ribavirin, favipiravir, and decitabine (25, 32, 35, (37) (38) (39) . To investigate whether the antiviral activities observed during treatment with favipiravir, ribavirin, and 5-fluorouracil are connected to their predicted mutagenic activity, we analyzed the mutation frequencies of both ZIKV and USUV rescued after 5 passages in the presence of these compounds.

title:
  Extinction of Zika Virus and Usutu Virus by Lethal Mutagenesis Reveals Different Patterns of Sensitivity to Three Mutagenic Drugs

abstract:
  Flaviviruses constitute an increasing source of public health concern, with growing numbers of pathogens causing disease and geographic spread to temperate climates. Despite a large body of evidence supporting mutagenesis as a conceivable antiviral strategy, there are currently no data on the sensitivity to increased mutagenesis for Zika virus (ZIKV) and Usutu virus (USUV), two emerging flaviviral threats. In this study, we demonstrate that both viruses are sensitive to three ribonucleosides, favipiravir, ribavirin, and 5-fluorouracil, that have shown mutagenic activity against other RNA viruses while remaining unaffected by a mutagenic deoxyribonucleoside. Serial cell culture passages of ZIKV in the presence of these compounds resulted in the rapid extinction of infectivity, suggesting elevated sensitivity to mutagenesis. USUV extinction was achieved when a 10-fold dilution was applied between every passage, but not in experiments involving undiluted virus, indicating an overall lower susceptibility than ZIKV. Although the two viruses are inhibited by the same three drugs, ZIKV is relatively more susceptive to serial passage in the presence of purine analogues (favipiravir and ribavirin), while USUV replication is suppressed more efficiently by 5-fluorouracil. These differences in sensitivity typically correlate with the increases in the mutation frequencies observed in each nucleoside treatment. These results are relevant to the development of efficient therapies based on lethal mutagenesis and support the rational selection of different mutagenic nucleosides for each pathogen. We will discuss the implications of these results to the fidelity of flavivirus replication and the design of antiviral therapies based on lethal mutagenesis.


id: cord-003403-ypefqm71
title: Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience
author: Roberts, Christine C.
date: 2018-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-003403-ypefqm71.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6313918/
doi: 10.3390/vaccines6040070
summary:
  When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. In an outbreak situation, such as with Zika, it is important to have the ability to quickly develop both diagnostic kits for public health purposes and vaccine clinical assays to support pre-clinical studies and early stage clinical trials. Additionally, cross-reactivity in a number of immunological assays and the short time frame in which viremia can be detected in bodily fluids necessitated the institution of an algorithm to confirm ZIKV infection that was based on a combination of risk factors, clinical symptoms and diagnostic test results [71] . Rapid response to an emerging infectious disease-lessons learned from development of a synthetic DNA vaccine targeting Zika virus

abstract:
  From the perspective of vaccine development, it is imperative to accurately diagnose target infections in order to exclude subjects with prior exposure from evaluations of vaccine effectiveness, to track incident infection during the course of a clinical trial and to differentiate immune reactions due to natural infections from responses that are vaccine related. When vaccine development is accelerated to a rapid pace in response to emerging infectious disease threats, the challenges to develop such diagnostic tools is even greater. This was observed through the recent expansion of Zika virus infections into the Western Hemisphere in 2014–2017. When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. The diagnosis of Zika virus infection is still an area of active research and development on many fronts. Here we review emerging infectious disease vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with a special focus on the state of Zika virus clinical assays and diagnostics.


id: cord-003482-f1uvohf0
author: Malmlov, Ashley
date: 2019-02-04
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6382173/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007071
title:
  Experimental Zika virus infection of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) and possible entry of virus into brain via activated microglial cells

abstract:
  The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the New World has led to more than 200,000 human infections. Perinatal infection can cause severe neurological complications, including fetal and neonatal microcephaly, and in adults there is an association with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). ZIKV is transmitted to humans by Aedes sp. mosquitoes, yet little is known about its enzootic cycle in which transmission is thought to occur between arboreal Aedes sp. mosquitos and non-human primates. In the 1950s and ‘60s, several bat species were shown to be naturally and experimentally susceptible to ZIKV with acute viremia and seroconversion, and some developed neurological disease with viral antigen detected in the brain. Because of ZIKV emergence in the Americas, we sought to determine susceptibility of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis), one of the most common bats in the New World. Bats were inoculated with ZIKV PRVABC59 but did not show signs of disease. Bats held to 28 days post-inoculation (PI) had detectable antibody by ELISA and viral RNA was detected by qRT-PCR in the brain, saliva and urine in some of the bats. Immunoreactivity using polyclonal anti-ZIKV antibody was detected in testes, brain, lung and salivary glands plus scrotal skin. Tropism for mononuclear cells, including macrophages/microglia and fibroblasts, was seen in the aforementioned organs in addition to testicular Leydig cells. The virus likely localized to the brain via infection of Iba1(+) macrophage/microglial cells. Jamaican fruit bats, therefore, may be a useful animal model for the study of ZIKV infection. This work also raises the possibility that bats may have a role in Zika virus ecology in endemic regions, and that ZIKV may pose a wildlife disease threat to bat populations.


id: cord-003792-v48xeqdz
title: Natural Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Larval Aedes aegypti Populations, Morelos, Mexico
author: Izquierdo-Suzán, Mónica
date: 2019-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-003792-v48xeqdz.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6649329/
doi: 10.3201/eid2508.181533
summary:
  We characterized natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in pools of Aedes aegypti larvae hatched from eggs collected in Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico. We characterized natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in pools of Aedes aegypti larvae hatched from eggs collected in Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico. Several studies carried out under laboratory conditions have demonstrated that Zika virus can infect many different Aedes mosquito species (3) ; still, the key species for the transmission of Zika virus to humans are Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (4) (5) (6) . In this study, we sought to demonstrate natural vertical transmission in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes by detecting viral RNA and isolating infectious Zika virus from larvae hatched from field-collected eggs. In this work, we were also able to demonstrate the natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes by the successful isolation of infectious Zika virus (31N) from larvae raised from field-collected eggs.

abstract:
  We characterized natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in pools of Aedes aegypti larvae hatched from eggs collected in Jojutla, Morelos, Mexico. Of the 151 pools analyzed, 17 tested positive for Zika virus RNA; infectious Zika virus was successfully isolated from 1 of the larvae pools (31N) in C6/36 cells. Real-time quantitative PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assays confirmed the identity of the isolate, named Zika virus isolate 31N; plaque assays in Vero cells demonstrated the isolate’s infectivity in a mammalian cell line. We obtained the complete genome of Zika virus isolate 31N by next-generation sequencing and identified 3 single-nucleotide variants specific to Zika virus isolate 31N using the meta-CATS tool. These results demonstrate the occurrence of natural vertical transmission of Zika virus in wild Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and suggest that this transmission mode could aid in the spread and maintenance of Zika virus in nature.


id: cord-003926-ycdaw2vh
title: Zika Vaccine Development—Current Progress and Challenges for the Future
author: Maslow, Joel N.
date: 2019-07-14
txt: ./txt/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003926-ycdaw2vh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6789600/
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030104
summary:
  Of note, the first demonstration of immunoprotection was as part of a 1953 study to define the ultrastructural characteristics of Zika virus, that found intramuscular vaccination of mice with infectious viral filtrates protected against cerebral infection [36] . In pre-clinical studies, vaccinated mice and non-human primates were shown to develop B and T-cell immune responses against the Zika virus envelope and protected against development of neurologic disease and death in immunosuppressed, interferon α, β receptor deficient (IFNAR) mice [43] . A subsequent study in non-human primates vaccinated twice at four-week intervals with alum generated binding and microneutralization antibody titers of 3.54 and 3.55 log10, respectively, and complete protection against viremia and viruria following challenge with either Brazilian or Puerto Rican strains of Zika virus [47] . Guillain-Barre Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study

abstract:
  Zika virus is an emergent pathogen that gained significant importance during the epidemic in South and Central America as unusual and alarming complications of infection were recognized. Although initially considered a self-limited benign infection, a panoply of neurologic complications were recognized including a Guillain–Barré-like syndrome and in-utero fetal infection causing microcephaly, blindness, and other congenital neurologic complications. Numerous Zika virus vaccines were developed, with nine different vaccines representing five different platforms entered into clinical trials, one progressing to Phase II. Here we review the current landscape and challenges confronting Zika virus vaccine development.


id: cord-004020-qtwcbn7m
title: Identification of Novel Natural Products as Effective and Broad-Spectrum Anti-Zika Virus Inhibitors
author: Gao, Yaning
date: 2019-11-02
txt: ./txt/cord-004020-qtwcbn7m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004020-qtwcbn7m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6893700/
doi: 10.3390/v11111019
summary:
  A combination of gossypol with any of the three natural products identified in this study, as well as with bortezomib, a previously reported anti-ZIKV compound, exhibited significant combinatorial inhibitory effects against three ZIKV human strains tested. Gossypol-treated ZIKV was incubated with Vero E6 cells at 37 • C for 1 h in the presence of DMEM containing serial dilutions of each of the other three natural products identified, such as curcumin, digitonin, and conessine, or anti-ZIKV compound control (bortezomib). Based on Table 1 , four "hit" natural products, including gossypol, curcumin, digitonin, and conessine ( Figure 2A -D), were selected, since they demonstrated inhibitory activity against ZIKV infection with no obvious cytotoxicity in Vero E6 cells when observed under a microscope. Since gossypol demonstrated the highest antiviral activity individually against all ZIKV strains tested, we next investigated the potential combinatorial effects of the combination of gossypol with three other natural products identified, namely curcumin, digitonin, and conessine, as well as anti-ZIKV compound control (bortezomib).

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy leads to severe congenital Zika syndrome, which includes microcephaly and other neurological malformations. No therapeutic agents have, so far, been approved for the treatment of ZIKV infection in humans; as such, there is a need for a continuous effort to develop effective and safe antiviral drugs to treat ZIKV-caused diseases. After screening a natural product library, we have herein identified four natural products with anti-ZIKV activity in Vero E6 cells, including gossypol, curcumin, digitonin, and conessine. Except for curcumin, the other three natural products have not been reported before to have anti-ZIKV activity. Among them, gossypol exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against almost all 10 ZIKV strains tested, including six recent epidemic human strains. The mechanistic study indicated that gossypol could neutralize ZIKV infection by targeting the envelope protein domain III (EDIII) of ZIKV. In contrast, the other natural products inhibited ZIKV infection by targeting the host cell or cell-associated entry and replication stages of ZIKV. A combination of gossypol with any of the three natural products identified in this study, as well as with bortezomib, a previously reported anti-ZIKV compound, exhibited significant combinatorial inhibitory effects against three ZIKV human strains tested. Importantly, gossypol also demonstrated marked potency against all four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) human strains in vitro. Taken together, this study indicates the potential for further development of these natural products, particularly gossypol, as the lead compound or broad-spectrum inhibitors against ZIKV and other flaviviruses, such as DENV.


id: cord-004418-08dljap3
author: Young, Ginger
date: 2020-02-26
txt: ./txt/cord-004418-08dljap3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004418-08dljap3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7044319/
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-60415-6
summary:
  In this study we evaluated the antibody responses and efficacy of an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted purified inactivated Zika vaccine (PIZV) against challenge with Zika virus (ZIKV) strain PRVABC59. As with neutralizing antibodies, all PIZV doses were immunogenic and no anti-Zika IgG was detected in the control group prior to ZIKV challenge. PIZV elicited a dose dependent neutralizing antibody immune response and an anti-Zika IgG response which correlated with a reduction in ZIKV vRNA post-challenge (Table 2 ). Vaccinating with a broad range of PIZV dose levels enabled us to correlate both neutralizing and anti-Zika IgG antibody titers to protection against ZIKV infection. A Zika RVP assay (Sonnberg et al., manuscript in preparation) was used to determine neutralizing antibody titers in serum following the administration of PIZV (study days 1, 29, 57, and 71), and 30 days post-ZIKV challenge (day 101).

title:
  Complete Protection in Macaques Conferred by Purified Inactivated Zika Vaccine: Defining a Correlate of Protection

abstract:
  A critical global health need exists for a Zika vaccine capable of mitigating the effects of future Zika epidemics. In this study we evaluated the antibody responses and efficacy of an aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted purified inactivated Zika vaccine (PIZV) against challenge with Zika virus (ZIKV) strain PRVABC59. Indian rhesus macaques received two doses of PIZV at varying concentrations ranging from 0.016 µg − 10 µg and were subsequently challenged with ZIKV six weeks or one year following the second immunization. PIZV induced a dose-dependent immune response that was boosted by a second immunization. Complete protection against ZIKV infection was achieved with the higher PIZV doses of 0.4 µg, 2 µg, and 10 µg at 6 weeks and with 10 ug PIZV at 1 year following vaccination. Partial protection was achieved with the lower PIZV doses of 0.016 µg and 0.08 µg. Based on these data, a neutralizing antibody response above 3.02 log(10) EC50 was determined as a correlate of protection in macaques. PIZV elicited a dose-dependent neutralizing antibody response which is protective for at least 1 year following vaccination.


id: cord-005301-0rl7cyqj
title: Zika, public health, and the distraction of abortion
author: de Campos, Thana Cristina
date: 2016-11-29
txt: ./txt/cord-005301-0rl7cyqj.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089507/
doi: 10.1007/s11019-016-9739-9
summary:
  On February 5th, 2016 the United Nations (UN) High Commissioner for Human Rights Mr Zeid Ra''ad Al Hussein urged abortion-banning Latin American countries affected by the Zika outbreak to legalize abortion, and allow pregnant women affected by the virus to choose whether to terminate their pregnancy (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 2016). The link between the Zika outbreak and abortion could prove a major distraction from what would actually help the most vulnerable and affected: meeting their basic health needs (i.e. preventive measures), and fostering research and development (R&D) leading to a vaccine or treatment for Zika. Being a neglected disease, Zika has two main root problems directly linked to poverty: lack of basic health care (i.e. preventive measures such as basic sanitation), and lack of R&D conducive to a vaccine or treatment.

abstract:
  This paper suggests that the focus on abortion legalization in the aftermath of the Zika outbreak is distracting for policy and lawmakers from what needs to be done to address the outbreak effectively. Meeting basic health needs (i.e. preventive measures), together with research and development conducive to a vaccine or treatment for the Zika virus should be priorities.


id: cord-005885-r3qtoqu1
title: Exantheme nach Auslandsreisen
author: Hellmich, Luisa
date: 2019-10-09
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095896/
doi: 10.1007/s00105-019-04489-y
abstract:
  In view of globalization and the associated transport of goods as well as rising travel activity, imported infections with subtropical and tropical pathogens are increasing in Germany. In returning travelers presenting with fever, general symptoms and skin rash, a number of diseases need to be considered. The clinical appearance of the skin rash, accurate travel history and epidemiological information on country-specific risks are helpful in making the correct diagnosis. In this article we provide an overview of the most common exanthemas in travelers who have returned, associated symptoms, diagnostic methods, therapies, as well as prevention strategies.


id: cord-010119-t1x9gknd
title: Abstract Presentations from the AABB Annual Meeting San Diego, CA ctober 7‐10, 2017
author: nan
date: 2017-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-010119-t1x9gknd.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169716/
doi: 10.1111/trf.14286
abstract: nan
summary:
  Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip).


id: cord-010996-2ua7dzjk
author: Olawoyin, Omomayowa
date: 2020-01-14
txt: ./txt/cord-010996-2ua7dzjk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010996-2ua7dzjk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223258/
doi: 10.1007/s11538-019-00681-2
summary:
  In this article, we develop the first Zika and dengue transmission model that includes coinfection (in humans and mosquitoes), altered vector infectivity, and ADE for both viruses (i.e., viral enhancement of Zika given dengue antibodies and enhancement of dengue given Zika antibodies). It is worth noting that the four parameters which describe the dengue-Zika interplay do not appear in either virus''s BRN but do appear in the two IRNs, specifically human ADE (k d , k z ) through the terms K hd and K hz , and altered infectivity for coinfected vectors (ν d , ν z ) through the terms K vd and K vz .

title:
  Coinfection, Altered Vector Infectivity, and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement: The Dengue–Zika Interplay

abstract:
  Although dengue and Zika cocirculation has increased within the past 5 years, very little is known about its epidemiological consequences. To investigate the effect of dengue and Zika cocirculation on the spread of both pathogens, we create a deterministic dengue and Zika coinfection model, the first to incorporate altered infectivity of mosquitoes (due to coinfection). The model also addresses increased infectivity due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) within the human population. Central to our analysis is the derivation and interpretation of the basic reproductive number and invasion reproductive number of both pathogens. In addition, we investigate how model parameters impact the persistence of each disease. Our results identify threshold conditions under which one disease facilitates the spread of the other and show that ADE has a greater impact on disease persistence than altered vector infectivity. This work highlights the importance of ADE and illustrates that while the endemic presence of dengue facilitates the spread of Zika, it is possible for high Zika prevalence to prevent the establishment of dengue.


id: cord-016663-qnp99m7o
title: Medical Words Linked to Places
author: Taylor, Robert B.
date: 2017-02-01
txt: ./txt/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121021/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50328-8_5
summary:
  In addition to causing fever and malaise, when the patient is pregnant, the Zika virus may also cause birth defects, notably microcephaly (from Greek words meaning "small" and "head"). In addition to mosquito-borne infection, we now have discovered sexually transmitted Zika virus disease and continue to learn more each year. The West Nile virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the Latin flavus, meaning "yellow." The family was named for the yellow fever virus, which tends to cause liver damage, giving its victims a yellow jaundiced appearance ( Fig. 5.2 ). The disease is caused by Borrelia bacteria, notably Borrelia burgdorferi, and is spread by the same vector as Nantucket fever/babesiosis: the Ixodes tick, also called the deer tick. Also sometimes called tick typhus or blue disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first recognized in 1896 in the Snake River Valley in the Rocky Mountains of the Western United States.

abstract:
  Many medical terms come from places: towns, rivers, islands, forests, mountains, valleys, countries, and continents. These toponymous diseases, syndromes, descriptors, and other entities bring us colorful names that help us recall some of their history. Today we have Zika virus, its name coming from the Zika Forest in Ghana. Caucasian comes from the Caucasus Mountains, lesbian from the island of Lesbos, and Epsom salts from a mineral spring in Epsom, Surrey, England. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-319-50328-8_5 tells the stories behind these place-named diseases and how many of them affect us today.


id: cord-018632-azrqz6hf
title: Artificial Intelligence Applications in Tracking Health Behaviors During Disease Epidemics
author: Ganasegeran, Kurubaran
date: 2019-11-21
txt: ./txt/cord-018632-azrqz6hf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018632-azrqz6hf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123557/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-35139-7_7
summary:
  Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers new hope in not only effectively pre-empting, preventing and combating the threats of infectious disease epidemics, but also facilitating the understanding of health-seeking behaviors and public emotions during epidemics. The human population is currently able to access potentially useful massive data sources of infectious disease spread through sentinel reporting systems, national surveillance systems (usually operated by national or regional disease centers such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC)), genome databases, internet search queries (also called infodemiology and infoveillance studies) [10] [11] [12] , Twitter data analysis [13, 14] , outbreak investigation reports, transportation dynamics [15] , vaccine reports [16] and human dynamics information [17] . With such high fluxes of health-seeking behavior using computers, a group of Italian researchers'' evaluated Google Trends search queries for terms related to "Ebola" outbreak at the global level and across countries where primary cases of Ebola were reported [26] .

abstract:
  The threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases to global population health remains significantly enormous, and the pandemic preparedness capabilities necessary to confront such threats must be of greater potency. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers new hope in not only effectively pre-empting, preventing and combating the threats of infectious disease epidemics, but also facilitating the understanding of health-seeking behaviors and public emotions during epidemics. From a systems-thinking perspective, and in today’s world of seamless boundaries and global interconnectivity, AI offers enormous potential for public health practitioners and policy makers to revolutionize healthcare and population health through focussed, context-specific interventions that promote cost-savings on therapeutic care, expand access to health information and services, and enhance individual responsibility for their health and well-being. This chapter systematically appraises the dawn of AI technology towards empowering population health to combat the rise of infectious disease epidemics.


id: cord-257539-01s21vh0
title: Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models
author: Delvecchio, Rodrigo
date: 2016-11-29
txt: ./txt/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257539-01s21vh0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27916837/
doi: 10.3390/v8120322
summary:
  Immunofluorescence staining corroborated these results ( Figure 1B ) and additionally, chloroquine decreased the production of infectious ( Figure 1C ) and total ( Figure 1D ) virus particles, including defective viral particles, by ZIKV-infected cells. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h postinfection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ). To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. To evaluate which step of the viral cycle was susceptible to inhibition, chloroquine was added to Vero cells at different time points post-infection with ZIKV MR766. Incubation of Vero cells with chloroquine at 0 h post-infection had a greater impact on the production of ZIKV particles, decreasing viral RNA 64-fold over the controls ( Figure 3A ).

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in utero might lead to microcephaly and other congenital defects. Since no specific therapy is available thus far, there is an urgent need for the discovery of agents capable of inhibiting its viral replication and deleterious effects. Chloroquine is widely used as an antimalarial drug, anti-inflammatory agent, and it also shows antiviral activity against several viruses. Here we show that chloroquine exhibits antiviral activity against ZIKV in Vero cells, human brain microvascular endothelial cells, human neural stem cells, and mouse neurospheres. We demonstrate that chloroquine reduces the number of ZIKV-infected cells in vitro, and inhibits virus production and cell death promoted by ZIKV infection without cytotoxic effects. In addition, chloroquine treatment partially reveres morphological changes induced by ZIKV infection in mouse neurospheres.


id: cord-260336-kwzo8puo
author: Si, Lulu
date: 2019-09-27
txt: ./txt/cord-260336-kwzo8puo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260336-kwzo8puo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02250
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02250
summary:
  Here we showed that intraperitoneally administered Z2 could also be distributed to testis and epididymis, resulting in the reduction of ZIKV RNA copies in testicular tissue and protection of testis and epididymis against ZIKV-induced pathological damage and poor sperm quality in type I interferon receptor-deficient A129 mice. Student''s unpaired two-tailed t-test was used to monitor the distribution of Z2 in male A129 mouse body and testicular tissue and to analyze the difference of viral RNA level in sera or tissues between Z2-and vehicle-treated A129 mice. ZIKV RNA copies in (A) testes, (B) epididymides, and (C) sperm of Z2-or vehicle-treated ZIKV-infected male A129 mice at day 16 were detected by qRT-PCR. Zika virus infection in the testicular tissue not only damages male testicular tissue, resulting in pathological lesion of testes and epididymides, but also produces ZIKV-infected semen, causing infertility.

title:
  A Peptide-Based Virus Inactivator Protects Male Mice Against Zika Virus-Induced Damage of Testicular Tissue

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) was a re-emerging arbovirus associated with Guillain–Barré Syndrome in adult and congenital Zika syndrome in fetus and infant. Although ZIKV was mainly transmitted by mosquito bites, many sexual transmission cases have been reported since the outbreak in 2015. ZIKV can persist in testis and semen for a long time, causing testicular tissue damage and reducing sperm quality. However, no drug has been approved for prevention or treatment of ZIKV infection, especially infection in male testicular tissue. Previously reported peptide Z2 could inactivate ZIKV, inhibiting ZIKV infection in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, Z2 could inhibit vertical transmission of ZIKV in pregnant mice, reducing ZIKV infection in fetus. Here we showed that intraperitoneally administered Z2 could also be distributed to testis and epididymis, resulting in the reduction of ZIKV RNA copies in testicular tissue and protection of testis and epididymis against ZIKV-induced pathological damage and poor sperm quality in type I interferon receptor-deficient A129 mice. Thus, Z2, a ZIKV inactivator, could serve as an antiviral agent for treatment of ZIKV infection and attenuation of ZIKV-induced testicular tissue damage.


id: cord-262944-9k64f0tw
title: Viral-Immune Cell Interactions at the Maternal-Fetal Interface in Human Pregnancy
author: Parker, Elaine L.
date: 2020-10-07
txt: ./txt/cord-262944-9k64f0tw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262944-9k64f0tw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33117336/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.522047
summary:
  In this review, we describe mechanisms of pathogenicity of two such viral pathogens, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) at the maternal-fetal interface. We will focus on the viruses human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV, which are known causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes and delve into how they interact with various decidual immune cells to promote their survival and replication. We will explore further the role that NK cells play in specific viral infections in pregnancy TORCH PATHOGENS HCMV Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was first described in 1954 by Margaret Smith, who replicated a virus from two newborn babies who had died from cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID) (41) . A study performed using decidual and chorionic villous tissue from early and mid-gestation human pregnancy shows that ZIKV appears to elevate type I and III IFN expression, which does not occur in HCMV infection (131) .

abstract:
  The human decidua and placenta form a distinct environment distinguished for its promotion of immunotolerance to infiltrating semiallogeneic trophoblast cells to enable successful pregnancy. The maternal-fetal interface also successfully precludes transmission of most pathogens. This barrier function occurs in conjunction with a diverse influx of decidual immune cells including natural killer cells, macrophages and T cells. However, several viruses, among other microorganisms, manage to escape destruction by the host adaptive and innate immune system, leading to congenital infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we describe mechanisms of pathogenicity of two such viral pathogens, Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) at the maternal-fetal interface. Host decidual immune cell responses to these specific pathogens will be considered, along with their interactions with other cell types and the ways in which these immune cells may both facilitate and limit infection at different stages of pregnancy. Neither HCMV nor ZIKV naturally infect commonly used animal models [e.g., mice] which makes it challenging to understand disease pathogenesis. Here, we will highlight new approaches using placenta-on-a-chip and organoids models that are providing functional and physiologically relevant ways to study viral-host interaction at the maternal-fetal interface.


id: cord-266202-3qku90ml
author: Billington, John
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-266202-3qku90ml.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266202-3qku90ml.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0043
doi: 10.1089/hs.2020.0043
summary:
  8 At the same time, national and regional government programs like the US Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) 9 and the European Union''s Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) 10 have sustained their commitment to R&D for EID response. 17 Although 4 vaccines based on the new strain were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and shipped globally just 4 months after WHO had declared H1N1 a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), they came too late and in insufficient quantities to prevent the estimated 151,700 to 575,400 deaths that occurred worldwide in the first year of the pandemic. 24, 25 While responding to global infectious disease emergencies is central to the vaccine industry''s public health mission, business leaders may not always act, and shareholders may not always approve the necessary investments, because the business risks of EID vaccine development tend to outweigh any return on investment.

title:
  Developing Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and Future Epidemics and Pandemics: Applying Lessons from Past Outbreaks

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic is a stark reminder of the heavy toll that emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) with epidemic and pandemic potential can inflict. Vaccine development, scale-up, and commercialization is a long, expensive, and risky enterprise that requires substantial upfront planning and offers no guarantee of success. EIDs are a particularly challenging target for global health preparedness, including for vaccine development. Insufficient attention has been given to challenges, lessons learned, and potential solutions to support and sustain vaccine industry engagement in vaccine development for EIDs. Drawing from lessons from the most recent Ebola epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the 2009 H1N1 influenza, 2014-2016 Ebola, and 2015-16 Zika outbreaks preceding it, we offer our perspective on challenges facing EID vaccine development and recommend additional solutions to prioritize in the near term. The 6 recommendations focus on reducing vaccine development timelines and increasing business certainty to reduce risks for companies. The global health security community has an opportunity to build on the current momentum to design a sustainable model for EID vaccines.


id: cord-273326-gmw8gl2r
title: Host-Directed Antivirals: A Realistic Alternative to Fight Zika Virus
author: Saiz, Juan-Carlos
date: 2018-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-273326-gmw8gl2r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273326-gmw8gl2r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30149598/
doi: 10.3390/v10090453
summary:
  In this line, and contrary to above mentioned report [73] , CQ, an FDA-approved anti-inflammatory 4-aminoquinoline and an autophagy inhibitor widely used as an anti-malaria drug that is administered to pregnant women at risk of exposure to Plasmodium parasites, was shown to have anti-ZIKV activity in different cell types (Vero cells, human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), and human neural stem cells (NSCs)), affecting early stages of the viral life cycle, possibly by raising the endosomal pH and inhibiting the fusion of the envelope protein to the endosomal membrane [74, 75] . Similarly, by using a drug repurposing screening of over 6000 molecules, it was found that emricasan, a pan-caspase inhibitor that restrains ZIKV-induced increases in caspase-3 activity and is currently in phase 2 clinical trials in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients, protected human cortical neural progenitor cells (NPC) in both monolayer and three-dimensional organoid cultures, showing neuroprotective activity without suppression of viral replication [82] .

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was an almost neglected pathogen until its introduction in the Americas in 2015, where it has been responsible for a threat to global health, causing a great social and sanitary alarm due to its increased virulence, rapid spread, and an association with severe neurological and ophthalmological complications. Currently, no specific antiviral therapy against ZIKV is available, and treatments are palliative and mainly directed toward the relief of symptoms, such as fever and rash, by administering antipyretics, anti-histamines, and fluids for dehydration. Nevertheless, lately, search for antivirals has been a major aim in ZIKV investigations. To do so, screening of libraries from different sources, testing of natural compounds, and repurposing of drugs with known antiviral activity have allowed the identification of several antiviral candidates directed to both viral (structural proteins and enzymes) and cellular elements. Here, we present an updated review of current knowledge about anti-ZIKV strategies, focusing on host-directed antivirals as a realistic alternative to combat ZIKV infection.


id: cord-276916-j53i5xfs
title: Reconstruction and prediction of viral disease epidemics
author: Kraemer, M. U. G.
date: 2018-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-276916-j53i5xfs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276916-j53i5xfs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30394230/
doi: 10.1017/s0950268818002881
summary:
  Some pathogens that were previously not considered to pose a general threat to human health have emerged at regional and global scales, such as Zika and Ebola Virus Disease. During emerging infectious disease outbreaks, empirical information and mathematical modelling techniques are now commonly used to characterise and predict the spatio-temporal dynamics of the spread of pathogens. Common spatiotemporal analyses of pathogen genomes focus on mapping and predicting virus lineage exchange among locations, with the underlying aim of reconstructing the pathways of disease introduction and spread, albeit at a coarse spatial resolution, and often retrospectively [2, 8, 33, 35, 37, 38] . In the recent yellow fever outbreak in southern Brazil, linking epidemiological, spatial and genomic data and techniques could provide insights into the transmission potential and risk of urban transmission [102] .

abstract:
  A growing number of infectious pathogens are spreading among geographic regions. Some pathogens that were previously not considered to pose a general threat to human health have emerged at regional and global scales, such as Zika and Ebola Virus Disease. Other pathogens, such as yellow fever virus, were previously thought to be under control but have recently re-emerged, causing new challenges to public health organisations. A wide array of new modelling techniques, aided by increased computing capabilities, novel diagnostic tools, and the increased speed and availability of genomic sequencing allow researchers to identify new pathogens more rapidly, assess the likelihood of geographic spread, and quantify the speed of human-to-human transmission. Despite some initial successes in predicting the spread of acute viral infections, the practicalities and sustainability of such approaches will need to be evaluated in the context of public health responses.


id: cord-278286-1xk31726
title: Basic insights into Zika virus infection of neuroglial and brain endothelial cells
author: Mutso, Margit
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-278286-1xk31726.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278286-1xk31726.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001416
doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001416
summary:
  This study characterizes the in vitro infection of laboratory-adapted ZIKV African MR766 and two Asian strains of (1) brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cell line) and (2) olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) (the neuroglia populating cranial nerve I and the olfactory bulb; both human and mouse OEC lines) in comparison to kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells, in which ZIKV infection is well characterized). To characterize infection by different ZIKV strains (MR766, PRVABC59 and BeH819015), brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and neuroglial olfactory ensheathing cells (hOEC and mOEC) were infected at an m.o.i. of 0.1. To examine the virus persistence in neuroglia and human brain endothelial cell cultures, the viral RNA copy numbers in hCMEC/D3, hOEC and mOEC cells infected with MR766, PRVABC59 and BeH819015 for 2 months were quantified using RT-qPCR (Fig. 6) .

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) has recently emerged as an important human pathogen due to the strong evidence that it causes disease of the central nervous system, particularly microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome. The pathogenesis of disease, including mechanisms of neuroinvasion, may include both invasion via the blood–brain barrier and via peripheral (including cranial) nerves. Cellular responses to infection are also poorly understood. This study characterizes the in vitro infection of laboratory-adapted ZIKV African MR766 and two Asian strains of (1) brain endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3 cell line) and (2) olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) (the neuroglia populating cranial nerve I and the olfactory bulb; both human and mouse OEC lines) in comparison to kidney epithelial cells (Vero cells, in which ZIKV infection is well characterized). Readouts included infection kinetics, intracellular virus localization, viral persistence and cytokine responses. Although not as high as in Vero cells, viral titres exceeded 10(4) plaque-forming units (p.f.u.) ml(−1) in the endothelial/neuroglial cell types, except hOECs. Despite these substantial titres, a relatively small proportion of neuroglial cells were primarily infected. Immunolabelling of infected cells revealed localization of the ZIKV envelope and NS3 proteins in the cytoplasm; NS3 staining overlapped with that of dsRNA replication intermediate and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Infected OECs and endothelial cells produced high levels of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Nevertheless, ZIKV was also able to establish persistent infection in hOEC and hCMEC/D3 cells. Taken together, these results provide basic insights into ZIKV infection of endothelial and neuroglial cells and will form the basis for further study of ZIKV disease mechanisms.


id: cord-283314-i59ewz88
title: Agents infectieux émergents
author: Chidiac, C.
date: 2016-09-17
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1246782016300428
doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2016.08.007
abstract:
  Emergence of many emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases have occurred over the past decade, some of which are major public threat. SARS, MERS-CoV, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1), Ebola virus disease have raised concerns because of their virulence, their mortality, and/or their modality of transmission, or their impact on maternofoetal transmission (Zika virus). The witness of these emergences have conducted health authorities to have policies and plans and to imagine new organizations for health systems in order to identify any case of highly communicable virulent disease for immediate isolation, and adequate management.


id: cord-284646-fhruiw23
author: Jaeger, Anna S.
date: 2020-05-24
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0042682220300921
doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.005
title:
  Spondweni virus causes fetal harm in Ifnar1(-/-) mice and is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

abstract:
  Spondweni virus (SPONV) is the most closely related known flavivirus to Zika virus (ZIKV). Its pathogenic potential and vector specificity have not been well defined. SPONV has been found predominantly in Africa, but was recently detected in a pool of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Haiti. Here we show that SPONV can cause significant fetal harm, including demise, comparable to ZIKV, in a mouse model of vertical transmission. Following maternal inoculation, we detected infectious SPONV in placentas and fetuses, along with significant fetal and placental histopathology, together suggesting vertical transmission. To test vector competence, we exposed Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to SPONV-infected bloodmeals. Aedes aegypti could efficiently transmit SPONV, whereas Culex quinquefasciatus could not. Our results suggest that SPONV has the same features that made ZIKV a public health risk.


id: cord-288703-wdh1jiry
title: A Call to Introduce Structured Zika Surveillance in India
author: Ishtiaq, Farah
date: 2017-11-15
txt: ./txt/cord-288703-wdh1jiry.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-288703-wdh1jiry.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153262/
doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.10.008
summary:
  India has the climatic conditions conducive to year-round transmission of Zika virus, and a structured disease surveillance program should be implemented to prevent an outbreak. Farah Ishtiaq 1, * India has the climatic conditions conducive to year-round transmission of Zika virus, and a structured disease surveillance program should be implemented to prevent an outbreak. In fact, India is an ideal place to explore the coevolutionary dynamics of this host-parasite system because of several factors: (i) the high volume of human movements [5] , (ii) the apparent immunity to Zika from circulating strains of the virus [1] , and (iii) the possibility of transmission in less immunocompetent hosts, such as pregnant women and the elderly viii , and (iv) adults with a prior history of malaria or dengue infections, which may help facilitate transmission and pathogenesis of Zika, potentially resulting in a positive feedback loop [12] .

abstract:
  India has the climatic conditions conducive to year-round transmission of Zika virus, and a structured disease surveillance program should be implemented to prevent an outbreak. Such a program should (i) start screening before an outbreak arises; (ii) collect baseline data to assess future disease risk and monitor potential birth defects; and (iii) provide new insights into the ecology of the disease and inform public health policy following the one health concept.


id: cord-290385-0smnl70i
title: Zika fever and congenital Zika syndrome: An unexpected emerging arboviral disease
author: Chan, Jasper F.W.
date: 2016-03-03
txt: ./txt/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290385-0smnl70i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016344531600061X
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.02.011
summary:
  Unlike its mosquito-borne relatives, such as dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, which can cause severe human diseases, Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged from obscurity by its association with a suspected "congenital Zika syndrome", while causing asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections which are dengueor rubella-like in infected individuals. ZIKV RNA could be detected in breast milk and saliva of infected women, although replicative virus particles have not been demonstrated 78, 79 Perinatal transmission of other arboviruses, including DENV, CHIKV, WNV, and YFV, has also been reported. 115,120 74/ 8750 (0.8%) patients with suspected ZIKV infection in the French Polynesia outbreak developed neurological syndromes after presenting with a Zika fever-like illness. Zika fever-related death appears to be extremely rare but a number of probable cases have been reported, especially among immunocompromised patients and neonates with suspected congenital ZIKV infection.

abstract:
  Unlike its mosquito-borne relatives, such as dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, which can cause severe human diseases, Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged from obscurity by its association with a suspected “congenital Zika syndrome”, while causing asymptomatic or mild exanthematous febrile infections which are dengue- or rubella-like in infected individuals. Despite having been discovered in Uganda for almost 60 years, <20 human cases were reported before 2007. The massive epidemics in the Pacific islands associated with the ZIKV Asian lineage in 2007 and 2013 were followed by explosive outbreaks in Latin America in 2015. Although increased mosquito breeding associated with the El Niño effect superimposed on global warming is suspected, genetic changes in its RNA virus genome may have led to better adaptation to mosquitoes, other animal reservoirs, and human. We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, virology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, management, and prevention of this emerging infection. Laboratory diagnosis can be confounded by cross-reactivity with other circulating flaviviruses. Besides mosquito bite and transplacental transmission, the risk of other potential routes of transmission by transfusion, transplantation, sexual activity, breastfeeding, respiratory droplet, and animal bite is discussed. Epidemic control requires adequate clearance of mosquito breeding grounds, personal protection against mosquito bite, and hopefully a safe and effective vaccine.


id: cord-290788-6y0vjhux
title: Isolation of Monoclonal Antibodies from Zika Virus-Infected Patient Samples
author: Wang, Qihui
date: 2020-05-05
txt: ./txt/cord-290788-6y0vjhux.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290788-6y0vjhux.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367373/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0581-3_20
summary:
  The combination of sorting antigen-specific memory B cells with determining immunoglobulin (Ig) genes at the single-cell level enables the isolation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in individuals. Currently, multiple strategies have been reported to generate human neutralizing mAbs against Zika infection, including sequencing antigen-specific memory B cells [8, 9] or generating Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized memory B cells from Zika patient samples [10] , and identifying functional mAbs from phage display naïve antibody libraries [11] . Here, we introduce a method to apply Zika envelope (E) glycoproteins, which play pivotal roles in virus entry and contain important neutralizing epitopes, to sort single memory B cells from a convalescent Zika patient. Fig. 4 Strategy to clone and express Zika E-specific human mAbs. The Ig genes from the sorted cells were determined and cloned into the expression vectors by a reported approach with some modifications [13, 18] .

abstract:
  The combination of sorting antigen-specific memory B cells with determining immunoglobulin (Ig) genes at the single-cell level enables the isolation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in individuals. This method requires a small amount of blood (usually 10 mL) and is rapid (less than 2 weeks to isolate antigen-specific mAbs). Due to the application of antigens as the bait to capture the specific memory B cells, the majority of isolated mAbs are true binders to the antigen, which increases the isolation efficiency. Here, applying this approach, we describe the characterization of mAbs against Zika virus from a convalescent patient sample. From 10 mL whole blood, we sorted 33 Zika envelope (E) protein-interacting single memory B cells. The Ig genes from 15 cells were determined, and 13 mAbs were found that bind to Zika E protein with varied binding affinities.


id: cord-293562-69nnyq8p
author: Imran, Mudassar
date: 2018-08-15
txt: ./txt/cord-293562-69nnyq8p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293562-69nnyq8p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30003923/
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.002
summary:
  We consider a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of the Zika virus infectious disease that spreads in, both humans and vectors, through horizontal and vertical transmission. We consider a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of the Zika virus infectious disease that spreads in, both humans and vectors, through horizontal and vertical transmission. An in-depth stability analysis of the model is performed, and it is consequently shown, that the model has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1. An in-depth stability analysis of the model is performed, and it is consequently shown, that the model has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number R 0 < 1. Since the only way to control the disease is to isolate patients who have been infected with the Zika virus, we included a new population compartment consisting of hospitalized individuals.

title:
  Mathematical analysis of the role of hospitalization/isolation in controlling the spread of Zika fever

abstract:
  The Zika virus is transmitted to humans primarily through Aedes mosquitoes and through sexual contact. It is documented that the virus can be transmitted to newborn babies from their mothers. We consider a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of the Zika virus infectious disease that spreads in, both humans and vectors, through horizontal and vertical transmission. The total populations of both humans and mosquitoes are assumed to be constant. Our models consist of a system of eight differential equations describing the human and vector populations during the different stages of the disease. We have included the hospitalization/isolation class in our model to see the effect of the controlling strategy. We determine the expression for the basic reproductive number R(0) in terms of horizontal as well as vertical disease transmission rates. An in-depth stability analysis of the model is performed, and it is consequently shown, that the model has a globally asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium when the basic reproduction number R(0) < 1. It is also shown that when R(0) > 1, there exists a unique endemic equilibrium. We showed that the endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable when it exists. We were able to prove this result in a reduced model. Furthermore, we conducted an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to recognize the impact of crucial model parameters on R(0). The uncertainty analysis yields an estimated value of the basic reproductive number R(0) = 1.54. Assuming infection prevalence in the population under constant control, optimal control theory is used to devise an optimal hospitalization/isolation control strategy for the model. The impact of isolation on the number of infected individuals and the accumulated cost is assessed and compared with the constant control case.


id: cord-293871-hzes7mwt
title: Pretravel Considerations for Non-vaccine-Preventable Travel Infections
author: McGuinness, Sarah L.
date: 2018-11-26
txt: ./txt/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293871-hzes7mwt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323546966000070
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-54696-6.00007-0
summary:
  In this chapter, pretravel considerations for major non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are covered, including specific advice for dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. 25 Male-to-female, male-to-male, and femaleto-male transmission to unprotected sexual contacts of returning Following a short incubation period, with symptoms typically beginning 4-7 days (range 3-14 days) after exposure, dengue can present with a wide spectrum of illnesses, from asymptomatic infection to severe and fatal disease.

abstract:
  Pretravel advice should be tailored to the individual following a thorough review of his or her itinerary, planned activities, and host characteristics. In addition to vaccinations and malaria chemoprophylaxis, a pretravel consultation should include advice on regionally endemic or emerging non–vaccine-preventable infections that can cause severe illness or chronic morbidity. These include mosquito-borne infections such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, and regionally endemic severe respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and some strains of avian influenza. Zika virus is notable given its capacity for sexual transmission and association with congenital birth defects. Preventive advice for other potentially relevant infections associated with specific exposures or activities (e.g., schistosomiasis and leptospirosis from freshwater exposure) should be provided where relevant. Understanding the epidemiology and prevention of these infections is crucial to providing a comprehensive pretravel consultation.


id: cord-295351-0zr2e8lh
title: Endoplasmic reticulum: a focal point of Zika virus infection
author: Mohd Ropidi, Muhammad Izzuddin
date: 2020-01-20
txt: ./txt/cord-295351-0zr2e8lh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295351-0zr2e8lh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31959174/
doi: 10.1186/s12929-020-0618-6
summary:
  Following ZIKV infection, the accumulation of misfolded virus polyproteins in the ER lumen overwhelms the ER protein-folding capacity leading to ER stress and triggers the activation of the UPR (Fig. 2) [47] . Following the dissociation of GRP78 that unmasks the GLS, ATF6 translocate to the Golgi apparatus and undergoes sequential proteolytic processing by Fig. 2 ZIKV-induced ER stress initiates host cell unfolded protein response (UPR). ZIKV infection induces ER stress due to the increased amount of unfolded/misfolded viral (red strand) and host cell (grey strand) protein aggregates in the ER lumen. To summarize, ZIKV virus bypasses the UPR by inhibiting stress granules assembly and reticulophagy to ensure continuous viral protein translation and virion production while simultaneously protecting the virus from host cell defense mechanisms.

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. It is an arbovirus that can cause congenital abnormalities and is sexually transmissible. A series of outbreaks accompanied by unexpected severe clinical complications have captured medical attention to further characterize the clinical features of congenital ZIKV syndrome and its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ER-related proteins are essential in ZIKV genome replication. This review highlights the subcellular localization of ZIKV to the ER and ZIKV modulation on the architecture of the ER. This review also discusses ZIKV interaction with ER proteins such as signal peptidase complex subunit 1 (SPCS1), ER membrane complex (EMC) subunits, and ER translocon for viral replication. Furthermore, the review covers several important resulting effects of ZIKV infection to the ER and cellular processes including ER stress, reticulophagy, and paraptosis-like death. Pharmacological targeting of ZIKV-affected ER-resident proteins and ER-associated components demonstrate promising signs of combating ZIKV infection and rescuing host organisms from severe neurologic sequelae.


id: cord-296309-i1mpov7k
title: Clinical and biological insights from viral genome sequencing
author: Houldcroft, Charlotte J.
date: 2017-01-16
txt: ./txt/cord-296309-i1mpov7k.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.182
doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.182
summary:
  We will also explore two areas in which viral WGS has recently proven its clinical utility: metagenomic sequencing to identify viruses that cause encephalitis (BOX 1) ; and the role of WGS in molecular epidemiology and public health management of the Pan-American Zika virus outbreak (BOX 2) . However, the increasing number of resistance genes that are located across viral genomes, together with decreasing costs of sequencing and the use of sequence data for transmission studies, are driving a reappraisal of the need for WGS. The numerous phylogenetically informative variant sites that can be obtained from full-length or near full-length genomes removes the need for high-quality sequences, which enabled the robust linking of cases of Ebola virus infection and public health interventions in real time during the 2015 epidemic 39 . There are several methods that are available to achieve WGS of viruses from clinical samples; amplicon sequencing, target enrichment or metagenomics.

abstract:
  Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of pathogens is becoming increasingly important not only for basic research but also for clinical science and practice. In virology, WGS is important for the development of novel treatments and vaccines, and for increasing the power of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genomics. In this Opinion article, we suggest that WGS of viruses in a clinical setting will become increasingly important for patient care. We give an overview of different WGS methods that are used in virology and summarize their advantages and disadvantages. Although there are only partially addressed technical, financial and ethical issues in regard to the clinical application of viral WGS, this technique provides important insights into virus transmission, evolution and pathogenesis. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.182) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-298166-045evk7g
title: The molecular tweezer CLR01 inhibits Ebola and Zika virus infection
author: Röcker, Annika E.
date: 2018-02-08
txt: ./txt/cord-298166-045evk7g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298166-045evk7g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0166354217308458
doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.003
summary:
  As no preventive vaccines or antiviral drugs against these two re-emerging pathogens are available, we evaluated whether the molecular tweezer CLR01 may inhibit EBOV and ZIKV infection. The tweezer inhibited infection of epidemic ZIKV strains in cells derived from the anogenital tract and the central nervous system, and remained antivirally active in the presence of semen, saliva, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Methods describing the effect of CLR01 on pseudotyped lentiviral particles (2.3.), Ebola virus infection (2.4.), the detection of ZIKV infection by a colorimetric MTT assay (2.5.) or by cell-based ZIKV immunodetection assay (2.6.), flow cytometry (2.7.) and confocal microscopy (2.8.) as well as the RNA release assay (2.9.) and the antiviral activity of CLR01 in body fluids (2.10) can be found in the supplement.

abstract:
  Ebola (EBOV) and Zika viruses (ZIKV) are responsible for recent global health threats. As no preventive vaccines or antiviral drugs against these two re-emerging pathogens are available, we evaluated whether the molecular tweezer CLR01 may inhibit EBOV and ZIKV infection. This small molecule has previously been shown to inactivate HIV-1 and herpes viruses through a selective interaction with lipid-raft-rich regions in the viral envelope, which results in membrane disruption and loss of infectivity. We found that CLR01 indeed blocked infection of EBOV and ZIKV in a dose-dependent manner. The tweezer inhibited infection of epidemic ZIKV strains in cells derived from the anogenital tract and the central nervous system, and remained antivirally active in the presence of semen, saliva, urine and cerebrospinal fluid. Our findings show that CLR01 is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of enveloped viruses with prospects as a preventative microbicide or antiviral agent.


id: cord-299255-wnf8fozk
title: Infections in Pregnancy
author: Chan, M.Y.
date: 2017-11-27
txt: ./txt/cord-299255-wnf8fozk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299255-wnf8fozk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128012383642939
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64293-9
summary:
  To protect the health of pregnant women and their offspring, additional research is needed to understand how these intrauterine infections adversely affect pregnancies and/or neonates in order to develop prevention strategies and treatments. The condition in which the membranes that surround the fetusdthe chorion and amnion, and the amniotic fluiddare infected by bacteria is commonly referred to as "chorioamnionitis." Chorioamnionitis complications are associated with significant and/or long-term adverse outcomes for the mother (postpartum infections and sepsis) and/or the infant (stillbirth, premature birth, neonatal sepsis, chronic lung disease, and brain injury) (Tita and Andrews, 2010) . Infection during pregnancy can cause spontaneous preterm labor, fetal loss, and illness or death in newborn infants (CDC, 2013c; Richardson et al., 2010) . Infection may lead to severe health conditions such as septicemia, pneumonia, or meningitis and in about 25% of cases, the occurrence of preterm delivery with birth weights lower than normal or stillbirth may occur (Mylonakis et al., 2002) .

abstract:
  Infections during pregnancy may affect a developing fetus. If left untreated, these infections can lead to the death of the mother, fetus, or neonate and other adverse sequelae. There are many factors that impact infection during pregnancy, such as the immune system changes during pregnancy, hormonal flux, stress, and the microbiome. We review some of the outcomes of infection during pregnancy, such as preterm birth, chorioamnionitis, meningitis, hydrocephaly, developmental delays, microcephaly, and sepsis. Transmission routes are discussed regarding how a pregnant woman may pass her infection to her fetus. This is followed by examples of infection during pregnancy: bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal infections. There are many known organisms that are capable of producing similar congenital defects during pregnancy; however, whether these infections share common mechanisms of action is yet to be determined. To protect the health of pregnant women and their offspring, additional research is needed to understand how these intrauterine infections adversely affect pregnancies and/or neonates in order to develop prevention strategies and treatments.


id: cord-300459-tu2xrt9x
author: Li, Cui
date: 2018-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-300459-tu2xrt9x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300459-tu2xrt9x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2211124718305345
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.005
summary:
  We previously reported on a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from the longitudinal samples of a ZIKV-convalescent individual and characterized their neutralizing activities, epitope specificities, and development timeline over the course of infection . Here, we use the mouse models of ZIKV infection and microcephaly to analyze the in vivo protective activities of six human mAbs and compare the findings with our reported in vitro neutralization activity, as measured by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). mAbs that target DIII with potent neutralizing activity have also been isolated by other groups, derived from either infected humans or mice, and have been shown to be effective in various models of ZIKV pathogenesis (Fernandez et al., 2017; Magnani et al., 2017; Robbiani et al., 2017; Stettler et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017b; Zhao et al., 2016) .

title:
  A Single Injection of Human Neutralizing Antibody Protects against Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly in Developing Mouse Embryos

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that is generally benign in humans. However, an emergent strain of ZIKV has become widespread, causing severe pre- and post-natal neurological defects. There is now an urgent need for prophylactic and therapeutic agents. To address this, we investigated six human monoclonal antibodies with ZIKV epitope specificity and neutralizing activity in mouse models of ZIKV infection and microcephaly. A single intraperitoneal injection of these antibodies conveyed distinct levels of adult and in utero protection from ZIKV infection, which closely mirrored their respective in vitro neutralizing activities. One antibody, ZK2B10, showed the most potent neutralization activity, completely protected uninfected mice, and markedly reduced tissue pathology in infected mice. Thus, ZK2B10 is a promising candidate for the development of antibody-based interventions and informs the rational design of ZIKV vaccine.


id: cord-318771-mk0eyceg
author: Bendezu-Quispe, Guido
date: 2017-12-27
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29259764/
doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12639.2
title:
  Utility of massive open online courses (MOOCs) concerning outbreaks of emerging and reemerging diseases

abstract:
  The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases such as Ebola, chikungunya, and Zika increase the necessity of knowledgeable and skilled health professionals. Massive open online courses (MOOCs) arise as opportunities that allow people around the world to participate in higher education courses. A search was conducted on specialized MOOC platforms to find courses related to outbreaks, using terms included in the list of the WHO disease outbreaks from January 1st to December 31 (st), 2016. We found seven courses about Ebola, two about Zika, three about the dynamics of epidemics and pandemics, and only one course about dengue, chikungunya, and malaria. Most of the courses were conducted in English. The courses on Ebola, Zika and chikungunya were released after their last outbreak. MOOCs could be used to learn about health issues of global relevance, and with the necessity of fast divulgation of knowledge and skills. Translating the courses into more languages could give these courses more traction, and allow participation of professionals in regions affected by these outbreaks.


id: cord-319691-yrt8fq9m
author: Pinchoff, Jessie
date: 2019-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-319691-yrt8fq9m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319691-yrt8fq9m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00188
doi: 10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00188
summary:
  The resulting 7 evidence-based preventive behaviors have high potential to strengthen SBC programming''s impact in USAID''s Zika response: (1) apply mosquito repellent, (2) use condoms during pregnancy, (3) remove standing water, (4) cover water storage containers, (5) clean/remove mosquito eggs from water containers, (6) seek antenatal care, and (7) seek family planning counseling. 5 The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and other U.S. government entities and international partners began working together through existing country systems to reduce the risk of new Zika infections, particularly in pregnant women, and to provide care for those affected through interventions in vector control, social and behavior change (SBC), and health service delivery. To more effectively coordinate the Zika response among implementing partners and increase the rate of behavior adoption among target populations, the Breakthrough ACTION þ Research Projects, in collaboration with USAID, developed an evidence-based process to identify priority behaviors with the highest potential for preventing Zika acquisition and transmission.

title:
  Evidence-Based Process for Prioritizing Positive Behaviors for Promotion: Zika Prevention in Latin America and the Caribbean and Applicability to Future Health Emergency Responses

abstract:
  Since the 2015 Zika outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean, a plethora of behavior change messages have been promoted to reduce Zika transmission. One year after the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) initiated its Zika response, more than 30 variants of preventive behaviors were being promoted. This situation challenged social and behavior change (SBC) programming efforts that require a coordinated response and agreed upon set of focus behaviors to be effective. To support USAID implementing partners in harmonizing prevention efforts to reduce Zika infection, we developed an evidence-based process to identify behaviors with the highest potential to reduce Zika infection and transmission. We compiled a full list of behaviors and selected the most promising for a full evidence review. The review included systematic keyword searches on Google Scholar, extraction of all relevant published articles on Aedes-borne diseases between 2012 and 2018, review of seminal papers, and review of gray literature. We examined articles to determine each behavior's potential effectiveness in preventing Zika transmission or reducing the Aedes aegypti population. We also developed assessment criteria to delineate the ease with which the target population could adopt each behavior, including: (1) required frequency; (2) feasibility of the behavior; and (3) accessibility and cost of the necessary materials in the setting. These behaviors were refined through a consensus-building process with USAID's Zika implementing partners, considering contextual factors. The resulting 7 evidence-based preventive behaviors have high potential to strengthen SBC programming's impact in USAID's Zika response: (1) apply mosquito repellent, (2) use condoms during pregnancy, (3) remove standing water, (4) cover water storage containers, (5) clean/remove mosquito eggs from water containers, (6) seek antenatal care, and (7) seek family planning counseling. This case study documents a flexible process that can be adapted to inform the prioritization of behaviors when there is limited evidence available, as during many emergency responses.


id: cord-319781-6thdg2up
author: Payne, Kelly
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-319781-6thdg2up.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319781-6thdg2up.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.06.003
doi: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.06.003
summary:
  To understand factors that may contribute to viral spread and address long-term health sequelae for survivors, it is important to review evidence regarding viral presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and possible effects on fertility. We review evidence for the following viruses: Ebola, Zika, West Nile, pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Then, we present the state of current research regarding presence in semen, sexual transmission, and fertility effects for the Zika virus (ZIKV), Ebola virus (EBOV), West Nile virus (WNV), pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ( Table 1) . In this article, we have reviewed the presence in semen, possibility of sexual transmission, and fertility implications of each of the major recent viral pandemics: Zika, Ebola, West Nile, pandemic influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2.

title:
  Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility Implications in Men

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: The 21st century has seen a series of viral pandemics that have collectively infected millions of individuals. To understand factors that may contribute to viral spread and address long-term health sequelae for survivors, it is important to review evidence regarding viral presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and possible effects on fertility. AIM: To review the current literature regarding the sexual transmissibility of recent viral pandemics and their effects on semen parameters and fertility. We review evidence for the following viruses: Ebola, Zika, West Nile, pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: A literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Titles and abstracts were reviewed for relevance. References from identified articles were searched and included, if appropriate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure of this study was reviewing of peer-reviewed literature. RESULTS: Both the Ebola virus and Zika virus are present in semen, but only the Zika virus shows consistent evidence of sexual transmission. Current evidence does not support the presence of the West Nile virus, pandemic influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 in semen. The Zika virus appears to alter semen parameters in a way that diminishes fertility, but the effect is likely time limited. The West Nile virus and SARS have been associated with orchitis in a small number of case reports. Viruses that cause febrile illness, such as pandemic influenza, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2, are associated with decreased sperm count and motility and abnormal morphology. SARS and SARS-CoV-2 may interact with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors present in the testes, which could impact spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: We have reported the presence in semen, sexual transmission potential, and fertility side effects of recent viral pandemics. Overall, semen studies and fertility effects are highly understudied in viral pandemics, and rigorous study on these topics should be undertaken as novel pandemics emerge. Payne K, Kenny P, Scovell JM, et al. Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility Implications for Men. Sex Med Rev 2020;XX:XXX–XXX.


id: cord-320940-e7ic2pnc
title: Nanosensor networks for health-care applications
author: Yang, Jiancheng
date: 2020-02-14
txt: ./txt/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128198704000232
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819870-4.00023-2
summary:
  Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). For biological and medical sensing applications, disease diagnosis by detecting specific biomarkers (functional or structural abnormal enzymes, low molecular weight proteins, or antigen) in blood, urine, saliva, or tissue samples has been established using a number of approaches, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), particle-based flow cytometric assays, electrochemical techniques based on impedance and capacitance, electrical measurement of micro-cantilever resonant frequency change, and conductance measurement of semiconductor nanostructures [1À3] . In this chapter, we describe the use of semiconductor transistor-based systems in which specific functional layers are placed directly on the gate region of the transistor or connected to it from disposable glass or plastic slides to provide a sensor capable of fast response and excellent detection sensitivity.

abstract:
  Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). A hallmark of this approach is high specificity, rapid response (<5 minutes), and ability to be integrated with wireless data transmission capabilities. The ultimate goal is hand-held point-of-care detection that can streamline patient diagnosis.


id: cord-321741-aq76s37x
title: Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents
author: Andersen, Petter I.
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-321741-aq76s37x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321741-aq76s37x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S120197122030076X
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.018
summary:
  Although the concept of BSAAs has been around for almost 50 years, the field received a new impetus with recent outbreaks of Ebola, Zika, Dengue, influenza and other viral infections, the discovery of novel host-directed agents, as well as development of drug repositioning methodology. The discovery of novel activities of BSAAs starts with exposing cells to the candidate antiviral agent at different concentrations and infecting the cells with a virus or mock. Given that emetine also inhibits ZIKV, EBOV, RABV, CMV, HCoV-OC43 and HIV-1 infections (Chaves Valadao et al., 2015; MacGibeny et al., 2018; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2018) , and that it is an FDA-approved anti-protozoal drug, it may represent a promising safe-in-man BSAA candidate. Thereby, novel antiviral activities of BSAAs should be further validated in primary human cells using different viral strains (including wild-type viruses), different viral loads, different times of compound addition, different endpoint measurements and compound concentration range.

abstract:
  Abstract Viral diseases are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Virus-specific vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most powerful tools to combat viral diseases. However, broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs, i.e. compounds targeting viruses belonging to two or more viral families) could provide additional protection of the general population from emerging and re-emerging viral diseases, reinforcing the arsenal of available antiviral options. Here, we review discovery and development of BSAAs and summarize the information on 120 safe-in-man agents in a freely accessible database (https://drugvirus.info/). Future and ongoing pre-clinical and clinical studies will increase the number of BSAAs, expand the spectrum of their indications, and identify drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections as well as co-infections.


id: cord-322206-roxa3ix6
author: I. Sardi, Silvia
date: 2020-07-21
txt: ./txt/cord-322206-roxa3ix6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322206-roxa3ix6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32708079/
doi: 10.3390/v12070782
summary:
  Herein, we used RNA-based metatranscriptomics associated with Ion Torrent deep sequencing to allow for the high-quality reconstitution of an outbreak-related Zika virus (ZIKV) genome (10,739 nt), with extended 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR regions, using a newly-implemented bioinformatics approach. Besides allowing for the assembly of one of the largest complete ZIKV genomes to date, our strategy also yielded high-quality complete genomes of two arthropod-infecting viruses co-infecting C6/36 cell lines, namely: Alphamesonivirus 1 strain Salvador (20,194 nt) and Aedes albopictus totivirus-like (4618 nt); the latter likely represents a new viral species. Altogether, our results demonstrate that our bioinformatics approach associated with Ion Torrent sequencing allows for the high-quality reconstruction of known and unknown viral genomes, overcoming the main limitation of RNA deep sequencing for virus identification. Here, we applied RNA-based metatranscriptomics associated with Ion Torrent deep sequencing and a newly developed Bioinformatics approach to the high-quality reconstitution of viral genomes.

title:
  High-Quality Resolution of the Outbreak-Related Zika Virus Genome and Discovery of New Viruses Using Ion Torrent-Based Metatranscriptomics

abstract:
  Arboviruses, including the Zika virus, have recently emerged as one of the most important threats to human health. The use of metagenomics-based approaches has already proven valuable to aid surveillance of arboviral infections, and the ability to reconstruct complete viral genomes from metatranscriptomics data is key to the development of new control strategies for these diseases. Herein, we used RNA-based metatranscriptomics associated with Ion Torrent deep sequencing to allow for the high-quality reconstitution of an outbreak-related Zika virus (ZIKV) genome (10,739 nt), with extended 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR regions, using a newly-implemented bioinformatics approach. Besides allowing for the assembly of one of the largest complete ZIKV genomes to date, our strategy also yielded high-quality complete genomes of two arthropod-infecting viruses co-infecting C6/36 cell lines, namely: Alphamesonivirus 1 strain Salvador (20,194 nt) and Aedes albopictus totivirus-like (4618 nt); the latter likely represents a new viral species. Altogether, our results demonstrate that our bioinformatics approach associated with Ion Torrent sequencing allows for the high-quality reconstruction of known and unknown viral genomes, overcoming the main limitation of RNA deep sequencing for virus identification.


id: cord-325444-k6s8v9fs
title: Zika Virus Focuses the Gain-of-Function Debate
author: Imperiale, Michael J.
date: 2016-04-06
txt: ./txt/cord-325444-k6s8v9fs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325444-k6s8v9fs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27303723/
doi: 10.1128/msphere.00069-16
abstract: nan
summary:
  The task of researching the various approaches to performing a risk-benefit analysis was contracted to Gryphon Scientific, a company that consults on biosecurity and other life science-related policy issues. Their report, which weighed in at over 1,000 pages, begins with a thorough summary of the GOF landscape and subsequently presents various risk and benefit scenarios for MERS, SARS, and three categories of influenza, seasonal, pandemic, and avian (7) . On the other hand, the Zika virus outbreak is an example of what concerns the anti-GOF proponents, the rapid spread of a new virus in human populations with the potential to cause devastating damage in those populations. Doing diligence to assess the risks and benefits of life sciences gain-of-function research Risks and benefits of gain-offunction experiments with pathogens of pandemic potential, such as influenza virus: a call for a science-based discussion Potential risks and benefits of gain-of-function research Framework for conducting risk and benefit assessments of gain-of-function research Risk and benefit analysis of gain of function research


id: cord-326512-iex98lr1
author: Niu, Xuefeng
date: 2019-05-25
txt: ./txt/cord-326512-iex98lr1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326512-iex98lr1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31130109/
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1614885
summary:
  title: Convalescent patient-derived monoclonal antibodies targeting different epitopes of E protein confer protection against Zika virus in a neonatal mouse model To examine antibody response in a patient infected with ZIKV, we used single-cell PCR to clone 31 heavy and light chain-paired monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to ZIKV envelope (E) proteins isolated from memory B cells of a ZIKV-infected patient. The SHM rates of these heavy chains compared with their predicted germline sequences were relatively low, at 4.51% for 7B3H, 3.47% for 1C11H, and 4.17% for 6A6H, which is lower than that of antibodies isolated from annual trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) donors [34] and chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 patients (>30%) [27, 35] . In a separate experiment, an unrelated mAb, 2G11, which is specific for H7N9 influenza virus, showed no protective effects on ZIKV-infected neonatal SCID mice (data not shown). Molecular determinants of human neutralizing antibodies isolated from a patient infected with Zika virus

title:
  Convalescent patient-derived monoclonal antibodies targeting different epitopes of E protein confer protection against Zika virus in a neonatal mouse model

abstract:
  The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and its link to microcephaly triggered a public health concern. To examine antibody response in a patient infected with ZIKV, we used single-cell PCR to clone 31 heavy and light chain-paired monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to ZIKV envelope (E) proteins isolated from memory B cells of a ZIKV-infected patient. Three mAbs (7B3, 1C11, and 6A6) that showed the most potent and broad neutralization activities against the African, Asian, and American strains were selected for further analysis. mAb 7B3 showed an IC50 value of 11.6 ng/mL against the circulating American strain GZ02. Epitope mapping revealed that mAbs 7B3 and 1C11 targeted residue K394 of the lateral ridge (LR) epitope of the EDIII domain, but 7B3 has a broader LR epitope footprint and recognizes residues T335, G337, E370, and N371 as well. mAb 6A6 recognized residues D67, K118, and K251 of the EDII domain. Interestingly, although the patient was seronegative for DENV infection, mAb 1C11, originating from the VH3-23 and VK1-5 germline pair, neutralized both ZIKV and DENV1. Administration of the mAbs 7B3, 1C11, and 6A6 protected neonatal SCID mice infected with a lethal dose of ZIKV. This study provides potential therapeutic antibody candidates and insights into the antibody response after ZIKV infection.


id: cord-327948-stwmxpbv
title: Whole virus detection using aptamers and paper‐based sensor potentiometry
author: Dolai, Subhashish
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-327948-stwmxpbv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327948-stwmxpbv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838210/
doi: 10.1002/mds3.10112
summary:
  Our work shows for the first time that a potentiometric paper sensor can reliably detect a whole virus using standard printer papers functionalized with antigens or aptamers. All rights reserved developed a proof-of-concept device ( Fig. 2(a) ) that can be printed with silver paint contacts and show that the paper-based Zika sensor can be connected to an LCD for electronic readout. The charge distribution and ionic transport of differently charged species in the paper device and the resulting open-circuit voltage can be explained using the phase boundary model formed by two different ionic species (aptamer in the background and Zika added on the anode side). We measured the open-circuit voltage (V oc ) of the paper device as a function of time as buffer, aptamer, and Zika were added to the sensor. All rights reserved To verify the presence of aptamers and Zika in the paper-based devices, we carried out two additional experiments.

abstract:
  Paper‐based sensors, microfluidic platforms, and electronics have attracted attention in the past couple of decades because they are flexible, can be recycled easily, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive. Here we report a paper‐based potentiometric sensor to detect the whole Zika virus with a minimum sensitivity of 0.26 nV/Zika and a minimum detectable signal (MDS) of 2.4x10(7) Zika. Our paper sensor works very similar to a P‐N junction where a junction is formed between two different regions with different electrochemical potentials on the paper. These two regions with slightly different ionic contents, ionic species and concentrations, produce a potential difference given by the Nernst equation. Our paper sensor consists of 2‐3 mm x 10 mm segments of paper with conducting silver paint contact patches on two ends. The paper is dipped in a buffer solution containing aptamers designed to bind to the capsid proteins on Zika. We then added the Zika (in its own buffer) to the region close to one of the silver‐paint contacts. The Zika virus (40 nm diameter with 43 kDa or 7.1x10(‐20) gm weight) became immobilized in the paper’s pores and bonded with the resident aptamers creating a concentration gradient. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were carried out to verify that both the aptamer and Zika become immobilized in the paper. The potential measured between the two silver paint contacts reproducibly became more negative upon adding the Zika. We also showed that a Liquid Crystalline Display (LCD) powered by the sensor can be used to read the sensor output.


id: cord-336212-ueh4q408
author: Koenig, Kristi L.
date: 2016-04-04
txt: ./txt/cord-336212-ueh4q408.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336212-ueh4q408.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2016.3.30188
doi: 10.5811/westjem.2016.3.30188
summary:
  The identify-isolate-inform (3I) tool, originally conceived for initial detection and management of Ebola virus disease patients in the ED, and later adjusted for measles and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, can be adapted for real-time use for any emerging infectious disease. This paper describes the adaptation of the identify-isolateinform (3I) tool (initially developed for Ebola virus disease 8, 9 and modified for measles 10 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)) 11 for use in the detection and management of potential Zika virus patients presenting to the ED, including women who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy, and their partners. The identify-isolate-inform (3I) tool, initially developed for Ebola virus disease and subsequently adapted for measles and MERS, can be modified for the ED evaluation and management of patients under investigation for Zika ( Figure 3 ). The identify-isolate-inform (3I) tool is an instrument that can be used real-time on the front lines to rapidly detect and manage patients at risk for Zika virus disease presenting to the ED.

title:
  Identify-Isolate-Inform: A Tool for Initial Detection and Management of Zika Virus Patients in the Emergency Department

abstract:
  First isolated in 1947 from a monkey in the Zika forest in Uganda, and from mosquitoes in the same forest the following year, Zika virus has gained international attention due to concerns for infection in pregnant women potentially causing fetal microcephaly. More than one million people have been infected since the appearance of the virus in Brazil in 2015. Approximately 80% of infected patients are asymptomatic. An association with microcephaly and other birth defects as well as Guillain-Barre Syndrome has led to a World Health Organization declaration of Zika virus as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in February 2016. Zika virus is a vector-borne disease transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Male to female sexual transmission has been reported and there is potential for transmission via blood transfusions. After an incubation period of 2–7 days, symptomatic patients develop rapid onset fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, often associated with headache and myalgias. Emergency department (ED) personnel must be prepared to address concerns from patients presenting with symptoms consistent with acute Zika virus infection, especially those who are pregnant or planning travel to Zika-endemic regions, as well as those women planning to become pregnant and their partners. The identify-isolate-inform (3I) tool, originally conceived for initial detection and management of Ebola virus disease patients in the ED, and later adjusted for measles and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, can be adapted for real-time use for any emerging infectious disease. This paper reports a modification of the 3I tool for initial detection and management of patients under investigation for Zika virus. Following an assessment of epidemiologic risk, including travel to countries with mosquitoes that transmit Zika virus, patients are further investigated if clinically indicated. If after a rapid evaluation, Zika or other arthropod-borne diseases are the only concern, isolation (contact, droplet, airborne) is unnecessary. Zika is a reportable disease and thus appropriate health authorities must be notified. The modified 3I tool will facilitate rapid analysis and triggering of appropriate actions for patients presenting to the ED at risk for Zika.


id: cord-339152-wfakzb6w
title: Viral Emerging Diseases: Challenges in Developing Vaccination Strategies
author: Trovato, Maria
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-339152-wfakzb6w.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33013898/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02130
summary:
  Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. The occurrence of significant disease outbreaks-such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) originating in China in 2002 (8) , the 2009 H1N1 swine flu pandemic from Mexico (9) , MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) that occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 (10) , the West African outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in late 2013 (11) , the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak originating in Brazil in 2015 (12) , the 2018 health emergence in Nigeria caused by Lassa virus (13) , and the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic (14) -has renewed interests in developing strategies to faster prevent, treat, and/or control emerging and re-emerging viruses with high epidemic potential.

abstract:
  In the last decades, a number of infectious viruses have emerged from wildlife or re-emerged, generating serious threats to the global health and to the economy worldwide. Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa fever, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, West Nile fever, Zika, and Chikungunya vector-borne diseases, Swine flu, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recent Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are examples of zoonoses that have spread throughout the globe with such a significant impact on public health that the scientific community has been called for a rapid intervention in preventing and treating emerging infections. Vaccination is probably the most effective tool in helping the immune system to activate protective responses against pathogens, reducing morbidity and mortality, as proven by historical records. Under health emergency conditions, new and alternative approaches in vaccine design and development are imperative for a rapid and massive vaccination coverage, to manage a disease outbreak and curtail the epidemic spread. This review gives an update on the current vaccination strategies for some of the emerging/re-emerging viruses, and discusses challenges and hurdles to overcome for developing efficacious vaccines against future pathogens.


id: cord-339886-th1da1bb
title: Towards a genomics-informed, real-time, global pathogen surveillance system
author: Gardy, Jennifer L.
date: 2017-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-339886-th1da1bb.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29129921/
doi: 10.1038/nrg.2017.88
summary:
  Given that outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) most often occur in settings with minimal laboratory capacity, where routine culture and bench-top sequencing are simply not feasible, the need for a portable diagnostic platform capable of in situ clinical metagenomics and outbreak surveillance is evident. Portable genome sequencing technology and digital epidemiology platforms form the foundation for both real-time pathogen and disease surveillance systems and outbreak response efforts, all of which exist within the One Health context, in which surveillance, outbreak detection and response span the human, animal and environmental health domains. For example, genome sequences from a raccoon-associated variant of rabies virus (RRV), when paired with fine-scale geographic information and data from Canadian and US wildlife rabies vaccination programmes, demonstrated that multiple cross-border incursions were responsible for the expansion of RRV into Canada and sustained outbreaks in several provinces 70 ; this finding led to renewed concern about and action against rabies on the part of public health authorities 71 .

abstract:
  The recent Ebola and Zika epidemics demonstrate the need for the continuous surveillance, rapid diagnosis and real-time tracking of emerging infectious diseases. Fast, affordable sequencing of pathogen genomes — now a staple of the public health microbiology laboratory in well-resourced settings — can affect each of these areas. Coupling genomic diagnostics and epidemiology to innovative digital disease detection platforms raises the possibility of an open, global, digital pathogen surveillance system. When informed by a One Health approach, in which human, animal and environmental health are considered together, such a genomics-based system has profound potential to improve public health in settings lacking robust laboratory capacity. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.88) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-344576-upsc9cf8
author: Taylor-Robinson, Andrew W
date: 2016-07-05
txt: ./txt/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344576-upsc9cf8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30050335/
doi: 10.2147/rrtm.s108992
summary:
  In February this year, the World Health Organization declared that further to the then unconfirmed association between the virus and the clinical manifestations of microcephaly and also Guillain-Barré syndrome, the Zika epidemic was a "public health emergency of international concern". No anti-Zika therapy, vaccine or drug, is currently available and while the production of the former has now been prioritized by multiple funding agencies, the history of infectious disease vaccine development indicates that this may take several years to reach the market place. A more rapid spread of the virus via the intercontinental travel of infected persons is an additional concern, although for Zika to become established in a location distant to an endemic area requires local transmission of the initially imported focus of infection; this is dependent on the availability of the vector. Local transmission of Zika virus infection is possible in Australia but should be contained by current vector control measures

title:
  A vaccine effective against Zika virus is theoretically possible but may not be delivered anytime soon

abstract:
  Following the first report in May 2015 of the unexpected emergence of Zika in north east Brazil, there has been an explosive epidemic of this infection across Latin America. The outbreak has caused alarm among social and news media as to the virulence and transmission potential of the Aedes mosquito-borne virus. This debate is heightened by the proximity, both in time and distance, to the forthcoming Olympic Games to be held in Rio de Janeiro this August, provoking fears for the safety of athletes and spectators alike. The threat, real or perceived, is exacerbated by the movement between nations in the same or separate continents of persons who act unwittingly as asymptomatic carriers. Pregnant females are considered at greatest risk because microcephaly in newborn infants is linked to, if not yet proven as caused by, Zika infection. In February this year, the World Health Organization declared that further to the then unconfirmed association between the virus and the clinical manifestations of microcephaly and also Guillain-Barré syndrome, the Zika epidemic was a “public health emergency of international concern”. No anti-Zika therapy, vaccine or drug, is currently available and while the production of the former has now been prioritized by multiple funding agencies, the history of infectious disease vaccine development indicates that this may take several years to reach the market place. The fact that Zika is a close relative of yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis viruses, for both of which there are already effective vaccines, provides a rational basis for the fast-tracked laboratory-based preparation of a candidate vaccine. However, undertaking clinical trials on pregnant females provides ethical and practical hurdles to overcome before licensure is granted for public administration. Meanwhile, public health management strategies, including mosquito control programs to reduce breeding, are needed to limit the global spread of this re-emerging disease.


id: cord-354546-lgkqwm6u
author: Yin, Yingxian
date: 2016-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-354546-lgkqwm6u.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.100
doi: 10.1038/emi.2016.100
summary:
  7 By far, Aedes aegypti is considered the principal transmission vector of ZIKV, 8 although Aedes albopictus, which caused several outbreaks of dengue fever in Guangdong Province of South China in the last two decades, may play a role in the spread of this virus because A. These four infected individuals were first confirmed by real-time reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in Baiyun International Airport of Guangzhou, where the youngest one (the son) had developed fever, and the family was then isolated by the local department of public health. 28 A previous study Figure 4 Phylogenetic tree based on E gene sequences of Zika virus isolates. First imported familial ZIKV cases in China Y Yin et al showed that a patient had prolonged shedding of viral RNA in saliva and urine for up to 29 days after symptom onset. In previous research, E gene sequences of ZIKV isolates were usually utilized to construct phylogenetic trees 19 based on experience from molecular study of dengue virus.

title:
  Epidemiologic investigation of a family cluster of imported ZIKV cases in Guangdong, China: probable human-to-human transmission

abstract:
  Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that can potentially threaten South China. A Chinese family of four returning from Venezuela to China was found to be positive for ZIKV when the youngest son's fever was first detected at an airport immigration inspection. They were isolated temporarily in a local hospital in Enping city, Guangdong province, where their clinical data were recorded and urine and saliva were collected to isolate ZIKV and to obtain viral sequences. All of them except the mother presented mild symptoms of rash and fever. Envelope gene sequences from the father, daughter and son were completely identical. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this strain is similar to several imported strains reported in recent months, which are all clustered into a group isolated from 2015 ZIKA outbreaks in Brazil. Together with the climatic features in Venezuela, New York and Guangdong in February, it can be concluded that our subjects are imported cases from Venezuela. With the same viral sequence being shared between family members, neither direct human-to-human nor vector transmission can be ruled out in this study, but the former seems more likely. Although our subjects had mild illness, epidemiologists and public health officials should be aware of the risk of further expansion of ZIKV transmission by local competent vectors.


id: cord-354848-7aakik9a
title: Contemporary Understanding of Ebola and Zika Virus in Pregnancy
author: Sayres, Lauren
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-354848-7aakik9a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-354848-7aakik9a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33153665/
doi: 10.1016/j.clp.2020.08.005
summary:
  In particular, Ebola virus is associated with high case fatality and pregnancy and neonatal loss rates, while Zika virus has been associated with multiple congenital anomalies; these features present critical clinical dilemmas for management of pregnant and reproductive aged women. The Monitored Emergency Use of Unregistered and Investigational Interventions ethical framework recommends that vulnerable Contemporary Understanding of Ebola and Zika Virus populations including pregnant women be offered similar treatments to the nonpregnant population when potential benefits can outweigh risks. 75 Attention must be paid to the successes and failures of the response to the Ebola and Zika outbreaks as physicians strive to provide excellent care for pregnant women who are affected by or at risk for emerging infectious diseases. Prevention of Ebola virus includes containment of infected substances and personal protection equipment use, and prevention of Zika virus entails protection against mosquito bites, avoidance of high-risk regions, and delay of childbearing.

abstract:
  Understanding the pathophysiology, management, and prevention of emerging infectious diseases among pregnant women is imperative to achieve a successful response from the medical community. Ebola and Zika viruses represent infections with profound public health implications. In particular, Ebola virus is associated with high case fatality and pregnancy and neonatal loss rates, while Zika virus has been associated with multiple congenital anomalies; these features present critical clinical dilemmas for management of pregnant and reproductive aged women. The objective of this article is to summarize key background information and best practices for management of Ebola and Zika virus in pregnancy.


