Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 176 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4982 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 178 Wuhan 61 China 54 SARS 52 COVID-19 23 patient 17 covid-19 11 January 9 Hubei 8 case 8 CoV-2 6 MERS 6 Coronavirus 5 infection 5 clinical 5 February 4 PCR 4 Fig 4 ACE2 3 coronavirus 3 Shanghai 3 PJP 3 ICU 3 Health 3 HCV 3 EHV 2 nurse 2 international 2 health 2 control 2 Table 1 waste 1 virus 1 uso 1 una 1 transport 1 time 1 student 1 spike 1 severe 1 score 1 respiratory 1 recomienda 1 que 1 protein 1 preprint 1 por 1 population 1 peptide 1 para 1 paper Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 6494 patient 5830 case 5388 % 3413 infection 3221 study 3062 coronavirus 2693 disease 2583 number 2255 outbreak 1946 virus 1943 transmission 1896 datum 1848 day 1830 time 1794 epidemic 1749 city 1462 model 1377 symptom 1370 health 1370 analysis 1363 population 1345 pneumonia 1322 rate 1262 treatment 1222 risk 1184 control 1161 hospital 1051 author 1047 period 1013 result 1010 preprint 967 level 955 group 874 measure 864 characteristic 862 death 841 contact 833 people 828 country 784 province 780 spread 764 effect 759 response 740 individual 737 syndrome 725 factor 717 laboratory 707 care 689 cell 678 license Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 4957 Wuhan 3937 COVID-19 3867 SARS 3813 China 3030 de 2278 CoV-2 1836 la 1682 y 1548 el 1243 al 1154 January 966 Hubei 892 los 849 que 789 Coronavirus 766 CoV 754 et 713 PCR 686 Health 681 February 679 con 606 para 551 Table 544 Fig 539 del 523 MERS 507 un 501 . 425 CT 415 pacientes 411 las 395 March 394 una 382 Province 369 en 368 Disease 357 Novel 348 ACE2 324 mcr-9 315 December 314 Hospital 293 o 285 RNA 282 Se 279 por 278 como 245 National 241 CC 239 K. 238 C Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 3385 we 2214 it 744 they 395 i 316 them 163 he 108 us 52 itself 47 she 43 themselves 42 one 36 mcr-9 33 you 13 him 10 me 6 her 5 myself 4 em 3 s 2 ya 2 ourselves 2 oneself 2 mg 1 β 1 zinc00011032 1 zero 1 yourself 1 yjay3t38 1 u 1 theirs 1 nsp10 1 mine 1 il)-2r 1 hydroxychloroquine 1 himself 1 herself 1 -1840 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 28223 be 6428 have 2290 use 1711 confirm 1695 report 1581 include 1537 show 1209 infect 1130 base 973 find 949 estimate 846 increase 838 associate 812 do 754 cause 713 follow 694 make 694 consider 692 reduce 667 compare 664 indicate 655 provide 630 identify 600 take 579 develop 537 suggest 517 relate 507 display 505 spread 489 suspect 465 accord 462 control 445 occur 444 need 444 grant 441 give 440 isolate 414 perform 413 collect 376 describe 373 receive 372 detect 370 affect 369 observe 364 assume 360 know 358 see 352 present 351 hospitalize 349 lead Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2581 not 2158 clinical 1843 other 1832 high 1643 severe 1642 respiratory 1602 also 1594 more 1560 novel 1318 covid-19 1291 - 1124 early 1113 first 1074 medical 1059 human 949 most 930 acute 895 however 889 such 875 different 859 low 847 only 831 public 821 new 816 viral 803 well 734 available 706 large 689 infectious 650 infected 605 potential 601 social 597 chinese 585 positive 575 as 570 respectively 563 epidemiological 561 further 560 negative 513 non 502 significant 501 important 498 many 484 asymptomatic 473 local 466 similar 465 daily 453 several 452 international 444 therefore Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 389 most 129 high 128 least 108 large 100 Most 86 good 64 late 38 early 32 low 18 bad 15 great 15 close 9 big 7 fast 6 short 6 near 5 strong 5 long 4 new 3 small 2 strict 2 slow 2 simple 2 deep 2 deadly 2 common 2 cold 2 Least 1 χ²-t 1 ® 1 young 1 topmost 1 tight 1 testret 1 sick 1 quick 1 poor 1 old 1 hard 1 clear 1 cheap 1 Gamma(3.16 1 CoV-2-host 1 -Off Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 560 most 70 least 12 well 4 worst 4 hard 2 long 1 early 1 -detect Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 275 doi.org 11 github.com 9 qianxi.baidu.com 7 orcid.org 6 www.nhc.gov.cn 6 links.lww.com 4 www.who.int 4 www.stats.gov.cn 3 wwwnc.cdc.gov 3 www.progenie-molecular.com 3 www.medrxiv.org 3 www.gov.cn 3 www.certest 3 gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com 2 zinc15.docking.org 2 www.whtv.com.cn 2 www.r-project.org 2 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2 www.mdpi.com 2 www.gisaid.org 2 www.frontiersin.org 2 www 2 index.baidu.com 2 blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.wjx.cn 1 www.who 1 www.tianqi.com 1 www.sas.com 1 www.proteinatlas.org 1 www.ncbi.nlm 1 www.ebi.ac.uk 1 www.cubigdata.cn 1 www.cnn.com 1 www.cnemc.cn 1 www.cbs.dtu.dk 1 www.cancer.gov 1 www.bmj.com 1 www.biorxiv 1 wsjkw.hlj.gov.cn 1 wsjkw.gd.gov.cn 1 wp.m.163.com 1 wjw.wuhan.gov.cn 1 wjw.hubei.gov.cn 1 vixra.org 1 virological.org 1 us.weibo.com 1 swwassmodel.expasy.org 1 scitechdaily.com 1 rpubs.com 1 prosite.expasy.org Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 28 http://doi.org/10 25 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20202531 25 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02 18 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030593 15 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20183228 14 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 12 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.04.20026005 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20049387 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.27.20029009 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039834 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20050781 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030353 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.20018986 7 http://qianxi.baidu.com/ 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033118 7 http://doi.org/10.1101 5 http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20087692 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.20088385 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20035246 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.09.20033126 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02.20030080 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.20132423 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.06.20056127 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.15.20023440 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.31.20019901 3 http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/ 3 http://www.progenie-molecular.com/PJIR-U-IN.pdf 3 http://www.medrxiv.org/ 3 http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-05/25/content 3 http://www.certest 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.23.20026856 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.17.20024075 3 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.12.020 2 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ 2 http://www.whtv.com.cn/p/17571.html 2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 2 http://www.gisaid.org/ 2 http://www 2 http://qianxi.baidu.com 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042424 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.13.20034082 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.09.20021360 2 http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi 1 http://zinc15.docking.org/substances/search/?q=$mol 1 http://zinc15.docking.org/ 1 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/ 1 http://www.wjx.cn/app/survey.aspx 1 http://www.who.int/healthtopics/coronavirus 1 http://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 2 wang6@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn 1 support@bmj.com.visi 1 mzkxlz@126.com 1 hjp@lzu.edu.cn 1 andreas.gutzeit@hirslanden.ch 1 srinivas.murthy@cw.bc.ca 1 hiroki.ueyama@mountsinai.org Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 coronavirus indicating person 28 epidemic spread rate 27 coronavirus causing respiratory 21 patients did not 13 symptoms were fever 12 covid-19 is higher 12 patients were younger 11 cases is less 11 patient did not 11 study has several 10 cases is highly 10 cases was not 10 cases were men 10 data are available 10 patients was significantly 10 study are available 10 virus is very 9 cases are precise 9 cases had several 9 cases is lower 9 cases reported here 9 cases using data 9 cases were not 9 china has not 9 china have recently 9 china is large 9 china is mainly 9 cov-2 are informative 9 data were well 9 disease is mainly 9 disease is nonspecific 9 disease were not 9 outbreak has undoubtedly 9 outbreak including case 9 outbreak is on 9 outbreaks are still 9 patient was retrospectively 9 patients is challenging 9 patients taking immunosuppressive 9 patients was lower 9 patients were pork 9 study is urgently 9 study using samples 9 symptom was low 9 symptoms were also 9 wuhan is serious 9 wuhan were not 8 patients showed bilateral 8 patients were more 7 outbreak is still Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 cases was not enough 3 patients showed no abnormalities 3 study had no role 2 cases were not able 2 china is not ready 2 cov-2 is not only 2 infection has not yet 2 patients showed no abnormal 2 wuhan had no hospital 1 % had no definite 1 case had no exposure 1 case is not officially 1 cases are not infectious 1 cases had no symptoms 1 cases have not yet 1 cases was not very 1 china are not severe 1 china were not severe 1 cities are not as 1 cities is not similar 1 cities were not yet 1 cov-2 had no fever 1 covid-19 is not necessary 1 covid-19 showed no benefit 1 covid-19 was not higher 1 covid-19 was not obvious 1 data does not directly 1 data were not clear 1 data were not normally 1 days had no destructive 1 disease are not yet 1 epidemic has not yet 1 epidemic is not completely 1 epidemic is not valid 1 epidemic was not over 1 health have not only 1 infection has not well 1 infection was not clear 1 model is not applicable 1 model is not statistically 1 number is not very 1 numbers are not large 1 numbers are not physically 1 numbers were not very 1 patients are not infectious 1 patients did not necessarily 1 patients found no association 1 patients had no history 1 patients had no link 1 patients has no clear A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-320955-xhp96abg author = Allam, Zaheer title = The First 50 days of COVID-19: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the Pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = China; Coronavirus; Wuhan summary = Interestingly, on this pandemic, though it took health official approximately 38 days to identify that they were dealing with a new kind of coronavirus, an artificial intelligence (AI)epowered algorithm developed by BlueDot, a Canadian startup tech company, provided early warnings that the world might be experiencing a new virus outbreak (Bowles, 2020) . In these first 50 days of the COVID-19 pandemic, despite the virus having spread to two more countries outside China, most of the global community were not particularly worried, as the perception was that only those who had come into contact with the Wuhan seafood market had the highest probability of being infected. For this reason, information from Chinese authorities (Wuhan City Health Committee, 2020) and those of the WHO (WHO, 2020a) stated that the December 8, 2019, marked the onset of the first 41 cases that were tested and which were later confirmed positive with COVID-19, then known as "2019-nCoV." doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00001-2 id = cord-333581-icp0xwhx author = Aziz, Muhammad title = Gastrointestinal predictors of severe COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-07-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; Wuhan; clinical summary = Articles were selected if they reported data on COVID-19 patients with respect to gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea/vomiting) or laboratory findings (serum AST, ALT, or TB). Our meta-analysis demonstrated significant correlations between gastrointestinal parameters (diarrhea, elevated serum ALT, AST and TB) and severe disease outcomes, i.e., respiratory distress, ICU admission, and/or death. • We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of the available literature through May 31 st , 2020 to assess these manifestations with respect to disease severity • Our results indicate that diarrhea, abnormal ALT, AST and TB were associated with severe disease (intensive care unit admission, respiratory distress, and/or mortality) • Based on the current study results, patients with these manifestations should be stratified as highrisk and managed appropriately Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.20524/aog.2020.0527 id = cord-315525-u8goc7io author = Backer, Jantien A. title = The incubation period of 2019-nCoV infections among travellers from Wuhan, China date = 2020-01-28 keywords = Wuhan summary = Using the travel history and symptom onset of 88 confirmed cases that were detected outside Wuhan, we estimate the mean incubation period to be 6.4 (5.6 7.7, 95% CI) days, ranging from 2.1 to 11.1 days (2.5th to 97.5th percentile). Early January 2020, a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV, has been identified as the infectious agent that causes an outbreak of viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, where the first cases had their symptom onset in December 2019 [1] . Here we present the distribution of incubation periods estimated for travellers from Wuhan with confirmed 2019-nCoV infection, using their reported travel histories and symptom onset dates. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.20018986 doi: medRxiv preprint 5 Fig. 1 Time line for each case with travel history from Wuhan, sorted by symptom onset date. We characterized the distribution of incubation periods for Chinese travellers infected with 2019-nCoV in Wuhan, who were reported as cases between 20 and 28 January 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.01.27.20018986 id = cord-030934-t7akdu6x author = Bahrami, Afsane title = Genetic and pathogenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2: a review date = 2020-08-26 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan; coronavirus summary = The first case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in December 2019. Bioinformatics analysis of the viral genome from one COVID-19 patient shared 89 and 82% sequence similarity with bat SARS-like-CoVZXC21 and human SARS-CoV, respectively [41] . In a recent report it was shown that SARS-CoV-2''s S-protein entry into 293/human ACE2 receptor cells is primarily mediated via endocytosis, and that PIKfyve, a TPC2 and cathepsin L are crucial for virus entry. Findings of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial among 22 infected patients indicated that hydroxychloroquine treatment significantly reduced viral load in COVID-19 cases and its effectiveness is promoted by azithromycin [99] . The M, E, and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly, trafficking, and release of virus-like particles Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0129 id = cord-355528-y4a1g6km author = Balla, Mamtha title = COVID-19, Modern Pandemic: A Systematic Review From Front-Line Health Care Providers’ Perspective date = 2020-03-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = The main aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive clinical summary of all the available data from high-quality research articles relevant to the epidemiology, demographics, trends in hospitalization and outcomes, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment methods of COVID-19, thus increasing awareness in health care providers. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) infection, which is a global pandemic declared on March 11, 2020, by World Health Organization (WHO), was reported to have infected 168,000 cases worldwide in about 148 countries and territories and killed more than 6,610 people around the world as of March 16, 2020 [1]. According to the study by Xu et al, 60% of people diagnosed with COVID-19 had traveled to Wuhan or nearby regions (60%), 36% had close contact with novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) patients and 4% had no definite exposure [12] . Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan doi = 10.14740/jocmr4142 id = cord-285315-7r44j3q9 author = Bein, Berthold title = SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; China; Patienten; SARS; Wuhan summary = Die Case Fatality Rate (Zahl der Infizierten, die verstirbt; Letalität) von SARS-CoV-2 beträgt aktuellen Berechnungen nach nur 1,4 %, wobei das Risiko für eine symptomatische Infektion mit zunehmendem Alter ansteigt (ca. Die Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) zitiert in ihren kürzlich publizierten Empfehlungen zur Behandlung von Patienten mit COVID-19 eine aktuelle Metaanalyse, in der keine Überlegenheit von speziellen "respiratory masks" (analog unseren FFP2/FFP3-Masken) gegenüber konventionellem Mund-Nasen-Schutz bezüglich einer Ansteckung von medizinischem Personal, das infektiöse Patienten betreut hatte, gefunden werden konnte [30] . Das bedeutet konkret, dass die Behandlung von Patienten mit COVID-19 zuallererst auf "Best Standard Care" beruht, also auf einer optimalen Anwendung evidenzbasierter Therapieempfehlungen, die für die Therapie des akuten Lungenversagens (Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS) erarbeitet wurden [33] . doi = 10.1055/a-1146-8674 id = cord-306189-ugxou9z1 author = Bherwani, Hemant title = Valuation of air pollution externalities: comparative assessment of economic damage and emission reduction under COVID-19 lockdown date = 2020-06-10 keywords = Table; Wuhan summary = The air quality during the lockdown period for majorly polluted cities (i.e., Delhi, Wuhan, Paris, and London) is of high significance in determining the baseline pollution level and attributable health risk, to evaluate the potential fluctuation in monetary damages. An unprecedented attempt has been made to quantify the economic benefit due to reduction in an excess number of health risk subject to mortality/morbidity attributable to lower air pollutant (PM 2.5 , PM 10 , NO 2 , and SO 2 ) concentration in Wuhan, Paris, London, and Delhi. Ambient air quality for Delhi, London, Paris, and Wuhan cities for the lockdown month with the number of days for the years 2019 and 2020 as shown in Table 1 is considered for calculating the health damage cost due to air pollutants. doi = 10.1007/s11869-020-00845-3 id = cord-352797-xuaqump9 author = Bian, Xiaoen title = Influence of Asymptomatic Carriers With COVID-19 on Transplantation Resumption in Wuhan date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Wuhan summary = As of May 24, 6 574 093 NAT tests have been completed, with a total of 227 new asymptomatic carriers and 1 new confirmed case 1 . Due to the superficial understanding of COVID-19 and presence of asymptomatic infection in Wuhan, we instituted a protocol to prevent organ donor transmission of COVID-19. Before transplantation both deceased donors and potential recipients undergo SARS-CoV-2 NAT and antibody tests as well as CT scans, which are repeated twice, to avoid the known false negative rates of single tests in COVID-19 patients and detect patients in the early stages of developing symptomatic disease. To minimize transmission caused by asymptomatic carriers, potential deceased donors are quarantined in intensive care for >7 days while being tested. There have been no cases of COVID-19 detected among organ transplant donors and recipients. Wuhan Reopened for a Week, and No Case of Asymptomatic Infection Was Confirmed A case of coronavirus disease 2019-infected liver transplant donor doi = 10.1097/tp.0000000000003356 id = cord-299584-zpiaka80 author = Biscayart, Cristian title = The next big threat to global health? 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): What advice can we give to travellers? – Interim recommendations January 2020, from the Latin-American society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) date = 2020-02-29 keywords = China; Wuhan; case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101567 id = cord-262104-oig3qrr7 author = Brüssow, Harald title = COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data date = 2020-06-08 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan; case; covid-19; infection summary = Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1''400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development. doi = 10.1111/1462-2920.15118 id = cord-297168-t6zf5k99 author = Brüssow, Harald title = The Novel Coronavirus – A Snapshot of Current Knowledge date = 2020-03-06 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan; coronavirus summary = While bats are still considered the most likely source for this novel coronavirus, bats were already hibernating at the time of onset of this epidemic and no bats were sold at the Huanan food market in Wuhan, suggesting an intermediate animal host where adaptation to human transmission might have occurred. W. Tan and colleagues, who now constitute the China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team, described subsequently the isolation of further coronaviruses from three patients in Wuhan who tested negative for 18 viral and four bacterial respiratory pathogens. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients Outside Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1111/1751-7915.13557 id = cord-336963-evjmz49u author = Chen, Dong title = Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a high transmission setting increases the risk of severe COVID-19 compared to exposure to a low transmission setting? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a high transmission setting increases the risk of severe COVID-19 compared to exposure to a low transmission setting? 1 However, the higher mortality persisted in Wuhan despite the fact that after the initial epidemic peak same clinical management guidelines were applied throughout China, and case fatality rates remained higher even when more medical personnel was deployed to Wuhan. 6 The high mortality in Northern Italy was also initially attributed to the fact that hospitals were overwhelmed by the onstorm of cases. But maybe there is another factor inherent to high transmission settings that lead to a higher case fatality rate as observed in our study? In conclusion, our study highlights that SARS-CoV-2 infection in a hotspot or epicentre with high transmission intensity may adversely impact mortality rates compared to infection in a low transmission area. doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa094 id = cord-352509-qrzt4zva author = Chen, Haohui title = Social distance and SARS memory: impact on the public awareness of 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak date = 2020-03-16 keywords = SARS; Wuhan; awareness summary = This study examines publicly available online search data in China to investigate the spread of public awareness of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. We use the continuing Wuhan coronavirus outbreak as our case study to estimate the effects of social distance and SARS memory on the spread of public awareness. The effects of social distance and SARS memory on the lead-time advantage are estimated according to Eq. 4, controlled by Euclidean distances, GDP per capita and the city''s administrative level (Table 1) . That means cities of strong SARS memory and which are closer to Wuhan in terms of Social distances develop early awareness. Through controlling for development, administrative levels, and Euclidean distances, we observe cities that were struck by SARS and have more migration to the epicentre, Wuhan, showed earlier, stronger and more durable public awareness of the outbreak. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.11.20033688 id = cord-261246-m40kwgcg author = Chen, Nanshan title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study date = 2020-01-30 keywords = China; Jan; Wuhan; patient summary = title: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study We describe epidemi ological data (ie, shortterm [occasional visits] and longterm [worked at or lived near] exposure to Huanan seafood market); demographics; signs and symptoms on admission; comorbidity; labora tory results; coinfection with other respiratory pathogens; chest radiography and CT findings; treatment received for 2019nCoV; and clinical outcomes. This study is, to our knowledge, the largest case series to date of 2019-nCoV infections, with 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals all over Wuhan, and provides further information on the demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of patients. This is an extended descriptive study on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of the 2019nCoV, including data on 99 patients who were transferred to Jinyintan Hospital from other hospitals across Wuhan. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7 id = cord-289322-5ciaonf0 author = Chen, X. title = Epidemiological and clinical features of 291 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in areas adjacent to Hubei, China: a double-center observational study date = 2020-03-06 keywords = China; Wuhan; patient summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.03.03.20030353 id = cord-325012-yjay3t38 author = Chen, Ze-Liang title = Distribution of the COVID-19 epidemic and correlation with population emigration from Wuhan, China date = 2020-02-28 keywords = Hubei; January; Wuhan summary = Data on population migration from Wuhan city and Hubei province were extracted from Baidu Qianxi, and their correlation with the number of cases was analyzed. The relative risk according to time increased steadily from January 20 onwards and the upward trend continued as of January 30 [ Figure 2C ], indicating that the number of cases nationwide is on the rise. From January 1 to 23, 2020, the population that migrated out of Wuhan city and Hubei province increased steadily, peaking on January 21 and 22 [ Figure 4A ]. To analyze the correlation between the number of cases and the emigration in Wuhan city and Hubei province, population migration data were collected from Baidu Qianxi. The correlation coefficient between the provincial number of cases and emigration from Wuhan increased to 0.943, with the highest coefficient of 0.996 observed between Wuhan and other cities of Hubei provinces [ Figure 4E and 4F; Supplementary Tables 3 and 4 , http://links.lww.com/ CM9/A210]. doi = 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000782 id = cord-278325-ykcd7d59 author = Cheung, Carmen Ka Man title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Haematologist''s Perspective date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; ICU; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Two meta-analyses showed that a lower platelet count is associated with an increased risk of severe disease and mortality in patients with COVID-19 and may serve as a marker for progression of illness [53, 54] . Experience from previous SARS patients, caused by SARS-CoV-1, suggested that coronavirus could cause thrombocytopenia by direct viral infection of bone marrow haematopoietic stem cells via CD13 or CD66a, formation of auto-antibodies and immune complexes, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), and consumption of platelet in lung epithelium [61, 62] . The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) suggested all patients (including non-critically ill) who require hospital admission for COVID-19 infection should receive a prophylactic dose of LMWH unless contraindicated (Table 2 ) [102] . Clinical Course and Outcomes of Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Preliminary Report of the First 28 Patients from the Korean Cohort Study on COVID-19 doi = 10.1159/000510178 id = cord-252804-u7tz6xzz author = Ciotti, Marco title = COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Wuhan summary = Inoculation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from patients with pneumonia of unknown origin into human airway epithelial cells and Vero E6 and Huh7 cell lines led to the isolation of a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, previously named 2019-nCov [1] . As soon as on January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities had declared that a novel coronavirus was responsible for this outbreak of pneumonia in Wuhan, a European network of academic and public laboratories designed an rRT-PCR protocol based on the comparison and alignment of previously available SARS-CoV and bat-related coronavirus genome sequences as well as five sequences derived from the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 made available by the Chinese authorities [23] . Regarding the sites under positive selective pressure found on the Spike glycoprotein, the results have shown that amino acid position 536 in COVID-19 has an Asn residue, while the Bat SARS-like coronavirus has a Gln 4 DOI: 10.1159/000507423 residue; the SARS virus, instead, has an Asp residue. Phylogenetic analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes showed that the novel coronavirus responsible for the pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China, belongs to the Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus [37] . doi = 10.1159/000507423 id = cord-029100-gxn15jgt author = Clark, Anthony E. title = Conclusion date = 2020-07-14 keywords = China; Perboyre; Wuhan summary = It was written as the COVID-19 virus was sweeping across the globe, and Clark reflects upon the comparisons between the virus'' outbreak at Wuhan in 2019 and two French Catholic missionaries, François-Régis Clet, and Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, who were martyred in the Wuchang district of Wuhan in the mid-nineteenth century. It struck me that both of these missionaries, François-Régis Clet (1748-1820) and Jean-Gabriel Perboyre (1802-1840), were executed in a fashion uniquely relevant to the way in which this particular virus attacks those whom it infects, and that their stories might help explain how the contours of China''s Christian history connect to our own time. doi = 10.1007/978-981-15-6182-5_5 id = cord-266963-belin2jq author = Cowling, Benjamin J title = Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak date = 2020-02-13 keywords = China; Wuhan; infection summary = It is now 6 weeks since Chinese health authorities announced the discovery of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) [1] causing a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, the major transport hub of central China. A number of important characteristics of 2019-nCoV infection have already been identified, but in order to calibrate public health responses we need improved information on transmission dynamics, severity of the disease, immunity, and the impact of control and mitigation measures that have been applied to date. For severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), infectivity peaked at around 10 days after illness onset [7] , consistent with the peak in viral load at around that time [8] . In conclusion, there are a number of urgent research priorities to inform the public health response to the global spread of 2019-nCoV infections. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.6.2000110 id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; clinical; coronavirus; human; infection; novel; outbreak summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id = cord-317465-ucwuptgg author = FANG, H. title = Human Mobility Restrictions and the Spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China date = 2020-03-26 keywords = Hubei; January; Wuhan; city summary = In this paper, we exploit the exogenous variations in human mobility created by lockdowns of Chinese cities during the outbreak of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and utilize a variety of high-quality data sets, to study the effectiveness of an unprecedented cordon sanitaire of the epicenter of COVID-19, and provide a comprehensive analysis on the role of human mobility restrictions in the delaying and the halting of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also estimate the dynamic effects of up to 22 lagged population inflows from Wuhan and other Hubei cities, the epicenter of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, on the destination cities'' new infection cases ( Figure 4 ). In this paper, we quantify the causal impact of human mobility restrictions, particularly the lockdown of the city of Wuhan on January 23, 2020, on the containment and delay of the spread of the Novel Coronavirus, and estimate the dynamic effects of up to 22 lagged population inflows from Wuhan and other Hubei cities, the epicenter of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, on the destination cities'' new infection cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042424 id = cord-351880-iqr419fp author = Fan, Changyu title = Prediction of Epidemic Spread of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Driven by Spring Festival Transportation in China: A Population-Based Study date = 2020-03-04 keywords = Hubei; Province; Wuhan; population summary = Total 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 11,999 Hubei 1514 1508 1487 1465 1477 1547 8998 Henan 113 134 109 159 170 125 810 Anhui 59 58 55 53 56 46 327 Hunan 57 46 68 54 41 36 302 Jiangxi 58 40 53 57 49 34 291 Chongqing 34 29 34 33 33 35 198 Zhejiang 22 29 25 33 25 33 167 Sichuan 22 30 45 21 22 27 167 Fujian 14 17 16 15 39 19 120 Jiangsu 38 13 16 19 13 11 110 Shandong 12 18 11 13 8 12 74 Guangdong 7 8 18 18 14 8 73 Hebei 0 1 5 Tianjin 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 Shanghai 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 Inner Mongolia 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 Xizang 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 Ningxia 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 According to the current infectious features of 2019-nCoV, which are that middle-aged and elderly people have a high risk of infection, and transmission can occur between individuals, families and communities, we assessed several main variables. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17051679 id = cord-284376-plwyjhl8 author = Fu, Xinmiao title = Simulating and forecasting the cumulative confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 in China by Boltzmann function-based regression analyses date = 2020-05-31 keywords = China; EHV; Fig; HCV; Health; PCR; PJP; SARS; Wuhan summary = All specimens tested negative by direct examination for PJ, whereas 27 were positive by real-time PCR (BAL, n = 18; sputa, n = 7, and TA, n = 2); Following stringent clinical, microbiological and imaging criteria ( Table 1 ) , PJP was deemed to be the most probable diagnosis in 12 episodes occurring in unique patients. In contrast, corticosteroid use within the month before sampling was not different between The probability of Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJ) pneumonia (PJP) for each patient was retrospectively evaluated by an expert committee including infectious diseases and microbiology specialists at both centers, on the basis of (i) documented PJ presence in respiratory specimens by microscopy; (ii) compatibility of clinical signs and symptoms (at least 2 of the following: subtle onset of progressive dyspnea, pyrexia, nonproductive cough, hypoxaemia and chest pain), (iii) compatible (suggestive) radiological findings (chest radiograph and/or high-resolution computed tomographic scan detection of interstitial opacities and/or diffuse infiltration infiltrates); (iv) complete resolution of symptoms after a full course of anti-PJP treatment; (v) absence of alternative diagnosis. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.019 id = cord-343715-y594iewi author = Gavriatopoulou, Maria title = Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection date = 2020-07-27 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan; clinical; patient summary = Patients infected with this new coronavirus present with a variety of symptoms, which range from asymptomatic disease to mild and moderate symptoms (mild pneumonia), severe symptoms (dyspnoea, hypoxia, or > 50% lung involvement on imaging) and symptoms of critical illness (acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, shock or multiorgan system dysfunction). A large retrospective observational study from China showed that among 214 hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, 36.4% had neurological manifestations [114] . The correlation of disease severity with neurological symptoms was confirmed by another retrospective study from France, reporting a prevalence of 84% of neurological manifestations in 58 hospitalized patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19 [115] . Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1007/s10238-020-00648-x id = cord-314311-xbpb9nfi author = Ge, Huipeng title = The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19 date = 2020-04-14 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = In November 2002, a novel betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in Guangdong, China, and resulted in more than 8000 infections and 774 deaths in 37 countries. This review makes a comprehensive introduction about this disease, including the genome structure and receptor of SARS-CoV-2, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19. The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients ranged from mild non-specific symptoms to severe pneumonia with organ function damage. The COVID-19 patients around the world were diagnosed based on World Health Organization interim guidance [65] , and China updated the novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosis and treatment program (trial version) (in Chinese) according to epidemic situation and improved awareness of disease. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z id = cord-273692-jwqrfb6h author = Golinelli, D. title = The impact of early scientific literature in response to COVID-19: a scientometric perspective date = 2020-04-18 keywords = CIS; Wuhan; paper summary = The study consisted of: 1) review of the scientific literature produced in the first 30 days since the first COVID-19 paper was published; 2) analysis of papers'' metrics with the construction of a Computed-Impact-Score (CIS) that represents a unifying score over heterogeneous bibliometric indicators. Specifically, the study consisted of the two following phases: 1) review of the scientific literature produced in the first 30 days since the first COVID-19 paper was published on MEDLINE/Pubmed; 2) identification of the Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) for each paper and analysis of citations and metrics measures to quantify their communicative impact (i.e. scientometric analysis). In particular, the 3 articles with higher CIS were "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China" (Huang 2020) , "First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States" (Holshue 2020) , and "A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster" (Chan 2020) , as reported in Table 3 . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066183 id = cord-301633-t8s4s0wo author = Gralinski, Lisa E. title = Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV date = 2020-01-24 keywords = MERS; SARS; Wuhan summary = Similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections, patients exhibited symptoms of viral pneumonia including fever, difficulty breathing, and bilateral lung infiltration in the most severe cases [1] . A range of disease has been observed highlighted by fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and leukopenia; patients have included mild cases needing supportive care to severe cases requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; however, compared to SARS-CoV (10% mortality) and MERS-CoV (35% mortality), the 2019-nCoV appears to be less virulent at this point with the exception of the elderly and those with underlying health conditions. In the early part of the outbreak, the absence of infection in health care workers argued for inefficient human to human spread and distinguished 2019-nCoV from both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. doi = 10.3390/v12020135 id = cord-303203-1kpw4ru0 author = Guo, Jing title = Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and Negative Impact on Livelihood Predict Elevated Mental Health Problems in Chinese Adults date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; health summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113857 id = cord-279415-s823mver author = Guo, Xiaodong title = Survey of COVID-19 Disease Among Orthopaedic Surgeons in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China date = 2020-04-23 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = We investigated the situation of infection of orthopaedic surgeons and trainees working in general wards, outpatient clinics, intensive care units, or operating rooms in Wuhan hospitals, and we further explored the possible risk factors at the individual level using a matched case-control study. The questionnaire included the information about demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, awareness to the outbreak at an early stage, COVID-19 exposure history, availability of and participation in the infection control training provided by the hospital, and individual protection practices (e.g., good hand-washing hygiene and wearing face masks). There was confirmed transmission from these doctors to others in 25% of cases, including to family members Severe fatigue of orthopaedic surgeons during the 2 months before the outbreak of COVID-19 was found to be a risk factor for the infection (Table IV) (OR, 4 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1 to 16]). doi = 10.2106/jbjs.20.00417 id = cord-281102-ohbm78it author = Gutzeit, Andreas title = What can European radiologists learn from the outbreak of COVID-19 in China? A discussion with a radiologist from Wuhan date = 2020-04-08 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = communication is to determine what we can learn from the Chinese experience and how hospitals and radiology departments all around the world can prepare for a widespread outbreak of this disease. The training content was standard prevention, personal protection, correct use of protective equipment, procedures to optimize putting on and removing protective equipment, hand hygiene, isolation measures, medical waste management, and air and environmental surface cleaning and disinfection. The director of the clinical and medical technology department in Wuhan was the most important person during the coronavirus crisis. The Hospital Infection Management established an inspection system to strengthen the guidance and supervision of the implementation of the clinical department''s control measures and the correct wearing of protective equipment. In Wuhan, desktop, computer, and intercom systems in the radiology departments were regularly cleaned after use with 250-500 mg/L chlorinated disinfectant or 75% (v/v) medical ethanol. doi = 10.1007/s00330-020-06841-6 id = cord-273064-c58nf9vb author = Hallowell, Benjamin D. title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Prevalence, Seroprevalence, and Exposure among Evacuees from Wuhan, China, 2020 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = SARS; United; Wuhan summary = At arrival in the United States and again at the quarantine facility, evacuees were asked to complete a US Traveler''s Health Declaration form disclosing any symptoms; they were also screened for illness and fever, asked about symptoms in the past 72 hours, and asked about any high-risk exposures (including working in or visiting healthcare settings; caring for or visiting persons with fever, respiratory illness, or a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis; or visiting any live animal markets) in Wuhan in the past 14 days. The survey captured information on demographics, clinical signs/ symptoms, travel outside of Hubei Province, face mask use, limitation of time spent in public, and past high-risk exposures (including contact with confirmed COVID-19 case-patients; persons with fever, acute respiratory illness, or both; healthcare and laboratory facilities; and animals and live animal markets). doi = 10.3201/eid2609.201590 id = cord-316990-kz9782rj author = Han, Xuehua title = Using Social Media to Mine and Analyze Public Opinion Related to COVID-19 in China date = 2020-04-17 keywords = Beijing; Shanghai; Weibo; Wuhan summary = A secondary classification was implemented to divide "personal response", "opinion and sentiments", and "seeking help" into 13 more detailed sub-topics, including "fear and worry", "questioning the government and media", "condemning bad habits", "objective comment", "taking scientific protective measures", "blessing and praying", "appealing for aiding patients", "willing to return work", "staying at home and taking necessary precautions", "popularizing anti-epidemic knowledge in family", "seeking medical help", "seeking relief materials", and "other". Figure 5b shows the spatial distribution of the kernel density with a search radius of 200 km, indicating that the high-density areas of Weibo related to COVID-19 were in Wuhan In order to explore the correlation between public opinion and the epidemic situation, this study used Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) software to perform Spearman correlation analysis on the number of relevant Weibo texts and confirmed cases in provincial level (number is 34). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17082788 id = cord-031001-x4iiqq5e author = Hou, Fan Fan title = Personnel protection strategy for healthcare workers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 epidemic date = 2020-07-20 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = DESIGN: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 943 healthcare staff sent from Guangzhou to Wuhan to care for patients with suspected/confirmed COVID-19 received infection precaution training before their mission and were equipped with Level 2/3 personal protective equipment (PPE), in accordance with guidelines from the National Health Commission of China. The seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG, IgM, or both IgG/IgM positive) was 3.4% (53 out of 1571) in local healthcare workers from Wuhan with Level 2/3 PPE working in isolation areas and 5.4% (126 out of 2336) in healthcare staff with Level 1 PPE working in non-isolation medical areas, respectively. The seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgG, IgM, or both IgG/IgM positive) was 3.4% (53/1571) in local healthcare workers from Wuhan with Level 2/3 PPE working in isolation areas and 5.4% (126/2336) in healthcare staff with Level 1 PPE working in non-isolation medical areas, respectively (Table 3) . doi = 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa024 id = cord-283891-m36un1y2 author = Hu, Bisong title = First, second and potential third generation spreads of the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China: an early exploratory study incorporating location-based service data of mobile devices date = 2020-05-17 keywords = China; Hubei; Wuhan summary = Methods We used spatiotemporal data of COVID-19 cases in mainland China and two categories of location-based service (LBS) data of mobile devices from the primary and secondary epidemic sources to calculate Pearson correlation coefficient,r, and spatial stratified heterogeneity, q, statistics. Here, using location-based service (LBS) data of mobile devices, we analyzed the spatiotemporal association of the confirmed COVID-19 cases and human movements from the sources of the epidemic outbreak, and revealed the first, second and potential third generation spreads of the COVID-19 epidemic in mainland China. Based on the above datasets of COVID-19 cases in mainland China and two categories of location-based service data of mobile devices from the epidemic sources, we calculated their Pearson correlation coefficient, r, and spatial stratified heterogeneity (SSH), q, statistics. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.048 id = cord-278638-2dm54f6l author = Huang, Ian title = Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-05-24 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; Wuhan summary = Research articles in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with information on lymphocyte count and several outcomes of interest, including mortality, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), intensive care unit (ICU) care, and severe COVID-19, were included in the analysis. We used standardized forms that included author, year, study design, age, gender, cardiac comorbidities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, lymphocyte count, lymphopenia, mortality, ARDS, ICU care, and severe COVID-19. Random-effects meta-regression analysis showed that the association between lower lymphocyte count in patients with composite poor outcome was affected by age (p = 0.034) (Fig. 3a) , but not by gender (p = 0.109), cardiac comorbidity (p = 0.953) (Fig. 3b) , hypertension (p = 0.065) (Fig. 3c) , diabetes mellitus (p = 0.931), COPD (p = 0.798), and smoking (p = 0.581). This meta-analysis showed that lower lymphocyte count was associated with increased mortality, ARDS, need for ICU care, and severe COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s40560-020-00453-4 id = cord-298881-u6uqroi0 author = Huang, Ian title = Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression() date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia – A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression() Meta-analysis showed that DM was associated with composite poor outcome (RR 2.38 [1.88, 3.03], p < 0.001; I(2): 62%) and its subgroup which comprised of mortality (RR 2.12 [1.44, 3.11], p < 0.001; I(2): 72%), severe COVID-19 (RR 2.45 [1.79, 3.35], p < 0.001; I(2): 45%), ARDS (RR 4.64 [1.86, 11.58], p = 0.001; I(2): 9%), and disease progression (RR 3.31 [1.08, 10.14], p = 0.04; I(2): 0%). Data extraction was performed independently by two authors (IH and RP), we used standardized forms that include author, year, study design, age, gender, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, DM, need for ICU care, and severe COVID-19. This comprehensive meta-analysis of 30 studies showed that DM was associated with poor outcome that comprises of mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, and disease progression in patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.018 id = cord-294810-mq9vjnro author = Huang, Qiong title = Clinical characteristics and drug therapies in patients with the common-type coronavirus disease 2019 in Hunan, China date = 2020-05-14 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; patient summary = doi = 10.1007/s11096-020-01031-2 id = cord-285772-4xt4anq5 author = Huang, Rui title = Clinical findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Jiangsu province, China: A retrospective, multi-center study date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and identify the risk factors for severe illness of COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, China. Several studies have reported the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in Wuhan (the outbreak center of the infection) [4, 6, 7] . conducted a retrospective, single-center study which included 99 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan and found that the virus was more likely to infect older men with comorbidities, and the mortality rate was as high as 11% [4] . Another single-center study which analyzed 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Wuhan, found that 26% of patients received ICU care and the mortality rate was only 4.3% [7] . In this multi-center study, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 and to identify the risk factors of severe illness among inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 in Jiangsu province, which is located in the east of China. doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008280 id = cord-303799-9hh17k86 author = Huang, Ying title = Clinical characteristics of 36 non-survivors with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-02-29 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.02.27.20029009 id = cord-290758-kz0qfy3r author = Hui, David S. title = The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China date = 2020-02-29 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = title: The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health -The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China The 2019-nCoV infection in Wuhan appears clinically milder than SARS or MERS overall in terms of severity, case fatality rate and transmissibility, which increases the risk of cases remaining undetected. The rapid identification and containment of a novel coronavirus virus in a short period of time is a reassuring and a commendable achievement by China''s public health authorities and reflects the increasing global capacity to detect, identify, define and contain new outbreaks. The latest analysis show that the Wuhan CoV cluster with the SARS CoV.10 (Novel coronavirus -China (01) Whilst several important aspects of MERS-CoV epidemiology, virology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, have been defined, there remain many unanswered questions, including source, transmission and epidemic potential. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009 id = cord-304490-q9ab1pji author = Iqbal, Najaf title = Nexus between COVID-19, temperature and exchange rate in Wuhan City: New findings from Partial and Multiple Wavelet Coherence date = 2020-04-22 keywords = Wuhan; chinese; covid-19 summary = We employ 24-h daily average temperature, daily new confirmed cases of a covid-19 in Wuhan, and RMB exchange rate to represent the weather, covid-19 outbreak, and Chinese economy, respectively. The Renminbi exchange rate showed a negative coherence at specific time-frequency spots suggesting a negative but limited impact of the covid-19 outbreak in Wuhan on the Chinese export economy. In such a scenario, it is interesting to know how the Chinese RMB exchange rate moved with the emerging situation of the covid-19 outbreak, explicitly speaking the number of new daily confirmed cases in Wuhan during this period. This study attempts to document the relationship between local weather (Temperature), economy (Exchange rate of RMB), and covid-19 outbreak (Daily number of new confirmed covid-19 cases) in the Chinese city of Wuhan where it was first reported, using wavelet analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138916 id = cord-342822-d7jx06mh author = Izadi, N. title = The epidemiologic parameters for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; Wuhan summary = Knowledge regarding epidemiological characteristics and parameters of the infectious diseases such as, incubation period (time from exposure to the agent until the first symptoms develop), serial interval (duration between symptom onset of a primary case and symptom onset of its secondary cases), basic reproduction number (R 0 ) (the transmission potential of a disease) and other epidemiologic parameters is important for modelling and estimation of epidemic trends and also implementation and evaluation of preventive procedures (8) (9) (10) (11) . Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: A Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic predictions doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088385 id = cord-029550-qodmamov author = Jandrić, Petar title = Review of Fang Fang (2020). Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City. Trans. M. Berry: New York: HarperCollins. 377 pp. ISBN 9780063052659 (E-Book) date = 2020-07-23 keywords = Diary; Fang; Wuhan summary = On 25 January 2020, day one of the Lunar New Year and two days after the city of Wuhan entered lockdown, the famous Chinese writer Fang Fang started writing her online diary in her flat not far from the local Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market identified as a possible source of Covid-19 (Maron 2020) . This powerful spatio-temporal symbolic, combined with Fang''s poignant writing and her 3.8 million strong social media following at the time of publishing her first entry, has soon launched her online Wuhan diary towards huge popularity. On 15 May, English translation of Fang''s online diary was compiled into a book and published as Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City (Fang 2020) . The assemblage of Wuhan Diary: Dispatches from a Quarantined City (Fang 2020 ) and its responses is an almost perfect example of a postdigital dialogue (Jandrić 2017; Jandrić et al. doi = 10.1007/s42438-020-00173-w id = cord-304839-lesa5u2n author = Jiang, Fang title = Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-04 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-05762-w id = cord-325032-3x5wklr4 author = Jiang, Shanhe title = Semiformal Organizations and Control During the COVID-19 Crisis in China date = 2020-10-30 keywords = China; Jiang; Wuhan; control summary = Using a survey data collected during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in China, this study investigated the prevalence and importance of semiformal organizations, formal organizations, and informal groups participating in social control and social service and the predictors of the perceived importance of these three forms of social control mechanisms. The table is based on the data from the respondents'' answers to this question: "During the COVID-19 lockdown period, who participated in the following activities: checkpoint inspection, health screening, food supplies, drug supplies, sanitization, and information distribution." The choices included residents'' or village committee, government agencies or officers, community police or police officers, volunteers, regular citizens, and no action. In sum, formal organizations, government agencies and police, the semiformal organizations, residents'' committee in urban areas and village committee in rural areas, and informal groups or individuals, volunteers, and regular citizens, all participated in community control and service. doi = 10.1007/s11417-020-09334-z id = cord-103533-k1lg8c7q author = Jin, C. title = Development and Evaluation of an AI System for COVID-19 date = 2020-03-23 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = We developed and evaluated a deep learning based COVID-19 diagnosis system, using multi-center data, which includes 756 subjects (496 COVID-19 positives and 260 negatives) collected in Wuhan Union Hospital, Western Campus of Wuhan Union Hospital, and Jianghan Mobile Cabin Hospital in Wuhan, the major epidemic area in China (detailed information is in Table 1 ). https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039834 doi: medRxiv preprint sists of five key components (Figure 1 a) , (1) a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model for segmenting the lung, (2) a COVID-19 diagnosis model, (3) an abnormal slices locating block to locate abnormal slices in positive cases, (4) a network visualization module for interpreting the attentional region of deep networks, and (5) an image phenotype analysis module for explaining the features of the attentional region. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.20.20039834 id = cord-286854-0s7oq0uv author = Jin, Xi title = Virus strain from a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution potentially related to Furin cleavage site date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Furin; SARS; Wuhan; ZJ01 summary = title: Virus strain from a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution potentially related to Furin cleavage site The evolutionary pattern of SARS-CoV-2 towards FCS formation may result in its clinical symptom becoming closer to HKU-1 and OC43 caused mild flu-like symptoms, further showing its potential in differentiating into mild COVID-19 subtypes. Sequence alignment analysis indicated 38 mutation sites for ZJ01 compared with other SARS-CoV-2 family members ( Figure 2(A) ). Further comparative alignment analysis of GZ02 (SARS viral strain), Wuhan-Hu-1 (the earliest sequenced SARS-CoV-2), RaTG13, HKU9-1 (the potential ancestor of SARS and SARS-CoV-2), HKU-1 and OC43 showed that the variation of FCS sequence had certain regularity in coronavirus evolution ( Figure 4(B) ). We speculated that, despite the gene similarity between ZJ01 and Wuhan-Hu-1, the mutation near the FCS changed the protein structure conformation and surface electrostatic potential of ZJ01, which further influenced its binding capacity with Furin. doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1781551 id = cord-309478-yhmgopmr author = Jin, Ying-Hui title = Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-05-11 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; infection summary = title: Perceived infection transmission routes, infection control practices, psychosocial changes, and management of COVID-19 infected healthcare workers in a tertiary acute care hospital in Wuhan: a cross-sectional survey Results showed that they experienced psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline healthcare workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19. All 105 infected medical staff with COVID-19 in our hospital was invited, finally 103 cases agreed with the consent and finished our questionnaire was included for analysis (response rate: 98.1%), Table 1 presented their basic characteristics. Protective equipment should be upgraded in hospital at the onset of a new disease especially for staff conducting procedures involving close contact and caring for high risk patients. How to train the health personnel for protecting themselves from novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection during their patient or suspected case care doi = 10.1186/s40779-020-00254-8 id = cord-284890-s73hljz9 author = Kang, Lijun title = Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-03-30 keywords = PHQ-9; Wuhan; health; mental summary = title: Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study The severe 2019 outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which was first reported in Wuhan, would be expected to impact the mental health of local medical and nursing staff and thus lead them to seek help. In addition, to reduce the psychological damage of COVID-19 among medical and nursing staff, mental health workers in Wuhan are also taking action by establishing psychological intervention teams and providing a range of psychological services, including providing psychological brochures, counseling and psychotherapy (Kang et al., 2020) . The questionnaire consists of six parts: basic demographic data, mental health assessment, risks of direct and indirect exposure to COVID-19, mental healthcare services accessed, psychological needs, and self-perceived health status compared to that before the COVID-19 outbreak. doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.028 id = cord-265206-ddg87zxv author = Kanny, G. title = Maladies respiratoires, allergies et infections à COVID-19. Premières nouvelles de Wuhan date = 2020-04-01 keywords = Wuhan summary = Nos confrères de Wuhan [2] nous informent sur l''impact de l''infection à ce nouveau virus, COVID-19 chez les personnes asthmatiques, allergiques ou porteuses de bronchopneumopathie obstructive chronique. ont étudié les caractéristiques cliniques et le statut allergique de 140 patients infectés par COVID-19 hospitalisés du 16 janvier au 3 février 2020 dans un hôpital de Wuhan [2] . L''asthme ou une autre maladie allergique (rhinite, allergie alimentaire, dermatite atopique) ne sont pas rapportés par ces patients alors que la prévalence de l''asthme est estimée à 4,3 % en Chine [3] et la rhinite allergique à 17,2 % à Wuhan en 2011 [4] . Ces taux sont faibles eu égard à la prévalence de la BPCO chez les sujets de plus de 40 ans en Chine qui est de 13,7 % La majorité (99,3 %) présentait des images caractéristiques au scanner. L''asthme, les maladies allergiques et la BPCO n''apparaissent pas comme étant des facteurs de risque dans cette population de patients hospitalisés. doi = 10.1016/j.reval.2020.03.003 id = cord-298563-346lwjr8 author = Kaplan, Edward H. title = Containing 2019-nCoV (Wuhan) coronavirus date = 2020-03-07 keywords = Wuhan; time summary = doi = 10.1007/s10729-020-09504-6 id = cord-304710-gjb6zo81 author = Khan, S. title = Novel coronavirus: how things are in Wuhan date = 2020-02-11 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = There is a great risk of medical and clinical staff (and workers) becoming infected with 2019n-CoV because of their direct interaction with infected and suspected individuals. Working for long hours, disturbed daily routines including eating and sleeping schedules and fear of being infected are key factors that increase the risks of stress and anxiety for doctors and nurses, and may lead to their working less efficiently in terms of providing better treatment and care to patients. However, the increasing number of patients every day and the expected peak in the coming days [6] may cause a further shortage of medical staff and health and logistic issues for the frontline healthcare provider. China coronavirus: Wuhan medical staff being infected at much faster pace than reported as national death toll hits 26 Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.02.005 id = cord-351167-4gpq5syb author = Koenig, Kristi L. title = 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus date = 2020-01-31 keywords = Novel; Wuhan summary = 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is an emerging infectious disease closely related to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV that was first reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool, originally conceived for the initial detection and management of Ebola virus and later adjusted for other infectious agents, can be adapted for any emerging infectious disease. Due to the dynamic nature of the outbreak, exposure criteria may change depending on where new cases of 2019-nCoV are detected, the degree of transmissibility, and when additional information regarding the origin of the virus is discovered and reported. Emergency physicians (EPs), emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, and other healthcare workers who encounter patients with suspected 2019-nCoV infection must inform the appropriate authorities, including but not limited to hospital infection control and local or state public health agencies. doi = 10.5811/westjem.2020.1.46760 id = cord-316757-p370gjjn author = Kofi Ayittey, Foster title = Updates on Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic date = 2020-02-10 keywords = Wuhan summary = What emerged in December 2019 as a cluster of respiratory ailments with inexplicable etiological findings in Wuhan has now claimed roughly 259 lives, sickened nearly 12 thousand more, and spread to at least 26 more nations including Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao. [10] [11] [12] In late December 2019, some local health facilities reported cases of patients with pneumonia of unknown causes that were epidemiologically related to seafood and wet animal wholesale According to a recent publication by Chan et al, 14 the disease has shown person-to-person or nosocomial transmission features, implying that it can easily pass on from one person-to-another. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Chinese Researchers Reveal Draft Genome of Virus Implicated in Wuhan Pneumonia Outbreak Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan Updates on Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus epidemic doi = 10.1002/jmv.25695 id = cord-347257-s0w95qdn author = Kraemer, Moritz U. G. title = The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China date = 2020-03-25 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = We use real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation on transmission in cities across China and ascertain the impact of control measures. Following the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside Wuhan. We estimated the incubation period from 38 travelling cases returning from Wuhan with known dates of symptom onset, entry and exit. In order to accurately forecast the number of cases on Jan 28th, we must also include the relative amount of mobility out of Wuhan into various provinces in the regression model. Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China doi = 10.1126/science.abb4218 id = cord-341135-gmi1ewc2 author = Kucharski, Adam J title = Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study date = 2020-02-02 keywords = January; Wuhan summary = Methods: We combined a stochastic transmission model with data on cases of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Wuhan and international cases that originated in Wuhan to estimate how transmission had varied over time during January and February 2020. We estimate how transmission has varied over time, identify a decline in the reproduction number in late January to near 1, coinciding with the introduction of large scale control measures, and show the potential implications of estimated transmission for outbreak risk new locations. Based on the median reproduction number estimated during January before travel restrictions were introduced, we estimated that a single introduction of 2019-nCoV with SARS-like or MERS-like individual-level variation in transmission would have a 20-28% probability of causing a large outbreak ( Figure 3A ). Combining a mathematical model with multiple datasets, we found that the median daily reproduction number, R t , of SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan likely varied between 1.6-2.6 in January 2020 prior to travel restrictions being introduced. doi = 10.1101/2020.01.31.20019901 id = cord-355531-1cpli8kv author = LIANG, Jingbo title = The impacts of diagnostic capability and prevention measures on transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Wuhan date = 2020-04-06 keywords = February; Wuhan summary = However, most of the recent studies focused on the early outbreaks without considering improvements in diagnostic capability and effects of prevention measures together, thus the estimated results may only reflect the facts in a given period of time. Methods: We constructed a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infected-quarantined-recovered (SEIQR) model, embedding with latent periods under different prevention measures and proportions of documented infections to characterize the Wuhan COVID-19 transmission cross different stages of the outbreak. In this study, we have developed a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infected-quarantinedrecovered (SEIQR) model, embedding with latent periods and the transportation restriction control under the different proportion of documented infections to describe the Wuhan COVID-19 transmission pattern after the initial outbreak stage. This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of transportation restriction measures together with the improvement of diagnostic capacity on the transmission dynamics in Wuhan. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.31.20049387 id = cord-304418-k9owyolj author = Le Maréchal, M. title = COVID-19 in clinical practice: a narrative synthesis date = 2020-09-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Plasmatic detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been reported but only with low viral titers, and mainly in clinically severe cases [44] ; bloodstream infectivity has yet to be demonstrated. The first large clinical trial published on LPV/RTV on SARS-CoV-2 compared 99 patients receiving the antiviral vs 100 receiving SoC alone [124] ; there was no difference between the 2 groups regarding the primary end point (time to improvement) (15 vs 16 days, p=0.09). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.09.012 id = cord-279569-289fu2yb author = Lei, Yu title = Clinical features of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Tibetan patients in the Plateau area date = 2020-03-13 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = title: Clinical features of imported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 in Tibetan patients in the Plateau area Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly spread throughout China, but the clinical characteristics of Tibetan patients living in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau are unknown. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in Epidemiological, clinical laboratory and radiological characteristics, chronic medical histories, clinical symptoms, treatment and outcome data were obtained from electronic medical records and analysed by two independent researchers. With advancing time, the medical history associated with case exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infected patients from Wuhan has become less obvious. In conclusion, imported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Tibetan patients were generally mild in this high-altitude area. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan doi = 10.1101/2020.03.09.20033126 id = cord-258748-nzynerfu author = Li, Jinghua title = Estimation of the epidemic properties of the 2019 novel coronavirus: A mathematical modeling study date = 2020-02-20 keywords = China; January; Wuhan summary = Methods We conducted a mathematical modeling study using five independent methods to assess the basic reproduction number (R0) of COVID-19, using data on confirmed cases obtained from the China National Health Commission for the period 10th January to 8th February. In this study we used data from the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China 12 (NHC) for the period from the 10 th January to the 8 th February to estimate the basic reproduction number of COVID-19 using five mathematical modeling methods conducted independently. We used these modeling methods to estimate the basic reproduction number both before and after the closure of Wuhan city, and across the whole time period of the epidemic. For example, a previous paper using the assumption of exponential growth found a value of " of 2.68 (95% Credible interval 2.47 -2.86) 5 using an SEIR model with Metropolis-Hastings MCMC estimates of uncertainty, but our modeling has shown that this method likely underestimated the basic reproduction number during the pre-closure period. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.18.20024315 id = cord-339044-qy4jab37 author = Li, Man title = Analysis of the Risk Factors for Mortality in Adult COVID-19 Patients in Wuhan: A Multicenter Study date = 2020-08-25 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = The multivariate regression analysis showed increased odds of in-hospital deaths associated with age, D-dimer levels >1,000 ng/L, platelet count <125, and higher serum creatinine levels. Meanwhile, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named "COVID-19." In China, according to the National Health Commission (2), a total of 82,341 cases were diagnosed, of which 77,892 patients were discharged, and 3,342 died as of April 15. In this study, we explored the potential host risk factors associated with death in a retrospective cohort of 245 laboratoryconfirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the two appointed hospitals in Wuhan. Though the epidemiology of patients with COVID-19 is widely studied and reported, the death-related risk factors and detailed clinical characteristics of the disease have not been well-described. In addition to age factors, we also found D-dimer levels >1,000 ng/L, and platelet counts < 125 × 10 9 /L on admission were associated with fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00545 id = cord-353862-7xe3fvd5 author = Li, Na title = Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia: a case-control study date = 2020-03-30 keywords = SARS; Wuhan; covid-19 summary = METHODS: We conducted a case-control study to compare clinical characteristics, maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with and without COVID-19 pneumonia. An earlier study by Chen et al reported nine pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia, who took cesarean section in a tertiary hospital of Wuhan [8] . To date, none of previous studies have investigated the adverse effects of COVID-19 infection on pregnancy, by comparing maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia to those without pneumonia. Similar to two previous reports of nine and one pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 infection [8, 22] , we did not find any evidence to support the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus via placenta or during cesarean section. Second, we collected the data of sixteen pregnant women with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and eighteen suspected cases with typical CT imaging. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa352 id = cord-344423-jhdfscyw author = Lian, Xinbo title = Impact of city lockdown on the air quality of COVID-19-hit of Wuhan city date = 2020-06-30 keywords = Wuhan summary = The lockdown had a substantial environmental impact, because traffic pollution and industrial emissions are important factors affecting air quality and public health in the region. Due to the lack of central heating and chemical industry, in addition to the emissions from coal-fired enterprises such as power plants and the pollution transported from surrounding rural biomass burning activities, vehicle emissions are responsible for the most important pollution source affecting the air quality and public health in Wuhan (Daoru Liu, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 5 2020). Compared with the corresponding periods, the rate of good days (AQI < 100) increased by 37.4%, which means that during the lockdown, the air quality in Wuhan had no significant effect on human health, and only some pollutants may have had a weak impact on the health of a small number of unusually sensitive people. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140556 id = cord-285153-schpgyo0 author = Lin, Chen title = COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan: An analysis of the radiographic and clinical features date = 2020-04-24 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan: An analysis of the radiographic and clinical features The purpose of this case report is to describe the CT and clinical features of a COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan, China. The purpose of this case report is to describe the radiographic and clinical features of a COVID-19 pneumonia patient without clear epidemiological history outside Wuhan, China. After 7 days of treatment (February 6, 2020), the patient''s HRCT showed that her bilateral pulmonary lesions had improved and a little fibrous stripe was evident ( Figures 1E and 1F ). Current research demonstrated that the most common HRCT features of COVID-19 pneumonia are patchy/punctate ground glass opacities (85.7%), patchy J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f consolidation (19.0%) that are mainly distributed in a sub-pleural area, and the presence of fibrous stripes after the patient''s condition improves [2] . doi = 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.04.023 id = cord-309569-b9jcgx4s author = Lin, Qiu-Shi title = Further explanations for the eq. (3) in “Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan” date = 2020-09-15 keywords = Wuhan summary = To avoid possible confusions to the readers, we provide further explanations for the eq. (3) in the research article "Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan" published in the Infectious Diseases of Poverty. In our study [1] , we proposed a new model to estimate the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan. To make our model clearer, here x t is in fact the number of infected individuals that travelled from Wuhan to places outside Hubei province on Day t − d. But the date of confirmation is available for each of the 10 940 cases, so we use the cumulative number of imported cases outside Hubei province as of Day t as apEstimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan Estimating the daily trend in the size of the COVID-19 infected population in Wuhan doi = 10.1186/s40249-020-00749-5 id = cord-311585-h4holhit author = Ling, R. title = Seroprevalence and epidemiological characteristics of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-19 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = Background The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be a more reliable approach to detect true infected population, particularly in asymptomatic persons. This retrospective study estimated the seroprevalence of IgM and IgG and compared the epidemiological characteristics of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected population. Hubei province including IgM and IgG tests for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, nucleic acid tests from March 26 to April 28, 2020 among people aged 16-64 years who went back to work. Clinical data were collected from March 26 to April 28, 2020, including serum IgG positivity and IgM positivity or negative results for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, nucleic acid testing, clinical symptoms, previous medical history, and chest CT. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.16.20132423 doi: medRxiv preprint study, the IgG seroprevalence was higher in females than in males, indicating that women were more likely to have asymptomatic infections. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.16.20132423 id = cord-354717-4vrqzbof author = Linton, Natalie M. title = Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data date = 2020-02-17 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data Using publicly available event-date data from the ongoing epidemic, the present study investigated the incubation period and other time intervals that govern the epidemiological dynamics of COVID-19 infections. The median time delay of 13 days from illness onset to death (17 days with right truncation) should be considered when estimating the COVID-19 case fatality risk. Using publicly available data from the ongoing epidemic with known case event dates, the present study aimed to estimate the incubation period and other time intervals that govern the interpretation of epidemiological dynamics of COVID-19 infections. The median time from illness onset to hospital admission was estimated at 3.3 days (95% CI: 2.7, 4.0) among living cases and 6.5 days (95% CI: 5.2, 8.0) among deceased cases using the gamma distribution, which provided the best fit for both sets of data. doi = 10.3390/jcm9020538 id = cord-292537-9ra4r6v6 author = Liu, Fenglin title = Predicting and analyzing the COVID-19 epidemic in China: Based on SEIRD, LSTM and GWR models date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; China; Hubei; Wuhan summary = For the study of infectious diseases like COVID-19, SARS, and Ebola, most of the literature used descriptive research or model methods to assess indicators and analyze the effect of interventions, such as combining migration data to evaluate the potential infection rate [18, 19] , understanding the impact of factors like environmental temperature and vaccines that might be potentially linked to the diseases [20, 21] , using basic and time-varying reproduction number (R 0 & R t ) to estimate changeable transmission dynamics of epidemic conditions [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] , calculating and predicting the fatal risk to display any stage of outbreak [28] [29] [30] , or providing suggestions and interventions from risk management and other related aspects based on the results of modeling tools or historical lessons [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238280 id = cord-339743-jxj10857 author = Liu, H. title = Synchronized travel restrictions across cities can be effective in COVID-19 control date = 2020-04-06 keywords = Hubei; Wuhan summary = Previous studies established the impact of population outflow from Wuhan on the spatial spread of coronavirus in China and hinted the impact of the other three mobility patterns, i.e., population outflow from Hubei province excluding Wuhan, population inflow from cities outside Hubei, and intra-city population movement. Here we apply the cumulative confirmed cases and mobility data of 350 Chinese cities outside Hubei to explore the relationships between all mobility patterns and epidemic spread, and estimate the impact of local travel restrictions, both in terms of level and timing, on the epidemic control based on mobility change. We assume, after the Wuhan lockdown, the local travel restrictions in cities outside Hubei contributed to the epidemic control by influencing population mobility. The daily population outflow from Hubei (excluding Wuhan), inter-city population movement, and intra-city population movement after Feb 03, 2019, aligned by the Chinese lunar calendar with Jan 23, 2020, were used as proxy mobility data for the no local travel restrictions status in cities outside Hubei. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.02.20050781 id = cord-295386-voeptwrw author = Liu, J. title = Analysis of Collective Response Reveals that COVID-19-Related Activities Start From the End of 2019 in Mainland China date = 2020-10-16 keywords = China; October; Wuhan summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20202531 doi: medRxiv preprint "cough" (20 th ), are included within the top keywords To analyze the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, we study the correlation of the search index of the high-ranked keywords between any two of the four regions (Wuhan, China, the US, and the world), using DCCA for each year between 2014 and 2020. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.14.20202531 doi: medRxiv preprint the correlations between Wuhan and the world, Wuhan and the US, the world and China, and the US and China have significantly changed and have dropped to negative in 2020, while the overall trends of search index dramatically increased in the same time, compared with other years. From the analysis, we can see that the general public in Beijing exhibited a high level of attention to the overall event as the search volume of a majority of keywords, e.g., "nucleic acid," "epidemic," "mask," "sore throat," and "fever," surges significantly following the outbreak on June 11th, where the search index of "nucleic acid" shown in Figure 2 is an example. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.14.20202531 id = cord-352030-hnm54k4r author = Liu, Jie title = Epidemiological, Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Medical Staff Infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Case Series Analysis date = 2020-03-13 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = These included age, sex, occupation (doctor, or nurse), body mass index (BMI ≥ 24, or <24 kg/m 2 ), current smoking status (yes, or no), disease severity (non-severe, or severe), date of symptom onset, symptoms before hospital admission (fever, cough, fatigue, sore throat, myalgia, sputum production, difficulty breathing or chest tightness, chill, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and chest pain), coexisting conditions (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, etc.), laboratory testing indicators on admission (leucocyte count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, D-dimer, creatinine, creatine kinase, lactose dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hemoglobin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, Amyloid A, total bilirubin, procalcitonin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lymphocyte subsets, etc.), radiologic assessments of chest CT (lung involvement, lung lobe involvement, predominant CT changes, predominant distribution of opacities, etc.), treatment measures (antibiotics agents, antiviral agents, traditional Chinese medicine, immune globulin, thymosin, corticosteroids and oxygen therapy), and complications (e.g. pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, shock, etc.). doi = 10.1101/2020.03.09.20033118 id = cord-288432-n2y9cunc author = Liu, Kun title = Population movement, city closure in Wuhan and geographical expansion of the 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection in China in January 2020 date = 2020-04-17 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = BACKGROUND: The unprecedented outbreak of 2019-nCoV pneumonia infection in Wuhan City caused global concern, the outflowing population from Wuhan was believed to be a main reason for the rapid and large-scale spread of the disease, so the government implemented a city closure measure to prevent its transmission considering the large amount of travelling before the Chinese New Year. METHODS: Based on the daily reported new cases and the population movement data between January 1 and 31, we examined the effects of population outflow from Wuhan on the geographical expansion of the infection in other provinces and cities of China, as well as the impacts of the city closure in Wuhan in different scenarios of closing dates. Thus, we conducted this study with the following objectives: 1) to evaluate the impacts of the population movement on the spatial transmission of the 2019-nCoV cases at the provincial and city levels in China; 2) to estimate the potential outbreak risk at areas with the population outflowed from Wuhan; 3) to evaluate the effectiveness of the city closure measures on the epidemic control. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa422 id = cord-309001-erm705tg author = Liu, Q. title = Laboratory findings and a combined multifactorial approach to predict death in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = To describe the laboratory findings of cases of death with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to establish a scoring system for predicting death, we conducted this single-centre, retrospective, observational study including 336 adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, who had definite outcomes (death or discharge) between 1 February 2020 and 13 March 2020. This single-centre, retrospective, observational study included adult patients (≥18 years old) with severe or critically ill COVID-19 admitted in two wards of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan. Therefore, in this research study, we analysed the laboratory examination indicators of patients who died and hoped to find out the risk factors that could predict the outcome of death. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001442 id = cord-310676-125o0o7x author = Liu, Qibin title = Prediction of the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients using T lymphocyte subsets with 340 cases from Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study and a web visualization tool date = 2020-04-11 keywords = Wuhan; patient summary = title: Prediction of the clinical outcome of COVID-19 patients using T lymphocyte subsets with 340 cases from Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study and a web visualization tool Multivariate logistic regression model with death or discharge as the outcome resulted in the following significant predictors: age (OR 1.05, p 0.04), underlying disease status (OR 3.42, p 0.02), Helper T cells on the log scale (OR 0.22, p 0.00), and TH/TS on the log scale (OR 4.80, p 0.00). The death event occurred more quickly among elderly patients ( We also performed a multivariate logistic regression model using age, underlying disease status, and the baseline T lymphocyte subsets test as the predictors to predict the patient outcome (death or hospital discharge). In this study we have identified that older age, underlying diseases, and low T cell counts may be risk factors for poor clinical outcomes in COVID-10 positive patients. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.06.20056127 id = cord-305054-4d84b2g6 author = Liu, Yuan title = The selection of reference genome and the search for the origin of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-11 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = The assembly obtained using RaTG13 as reference showed better statistics in total length and N50 than the assembly guided by SARS-CoV-2, indicating that RaTG13 maybe a better reference for assembling CoV in pangolin or other potential intermediate hosts. Zhang, Wu, and Zhang [13] re-analyzed the RNA-Seq reads from two pangolins carrying coronavirus using reference-guided de novo assembly method, with Wuhan-Hu-1 as the reference genome. They also performed RNA sequencing in five archived pangolins samples from Guangdong, and assembled the genomes using WIV04, another SARS-CoV-2 genome from human, as reference genome. Using de novo assembly method, they obtained viral genome that showed 90.32% and 90.24% of whole genome identify to Wuhan-Hu-1and Bat-CoV RaTG13, respectively. RaTG13, which is a bat CoV, had 1,287 reads mapped to it, and the resulting assembly has total length of 21,925 and N50 of 1,428. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.10.245290 id = cord-320930-9yiu0080 author = Liu, Zeming title = Association Between Diabetes and COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study With a Large Sample of 1,880 Cases in Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; patient summary = title: Association Between Diabetes and COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study With a Large Sample of 1,880 Cases in Leishenshan Hospital, Wuhan Aims: This study aimed to investigate the clinical courses and outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. Conclusions: Our study results suggested that diabetes had no effect on the prognosis of COVID-19 patients but had a negative association with their clinical courses. In this study, we investigated the association between diabetes as a comorbidity and negative clinical courses and outcomes of COVID-19 in a large sample of patients from a single hospital in Wuhan, China. Similarly, our data supported that the proportion of severe or critical COVID-19 cases among patients with diabetes was higher than that among those without diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased mortality and severity of disease in COVID-19 pneumonia -a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression doi = 10.3389/fendo.2020.00478 id = cord-343767-nnx8adtl author = Liu, Ziyuan title = Path Optimization of Medical Waste Transport Routes in the Emergent Public Health Event of COVID-19: A Hybrid Optimization Algorithm Based on the Immune–Ant Colony Algorithm date = 2020-08-12 keywords = CVRP; Wuhan; transport; waste summary = To a certain extent, the model and the algorithm are proposed to solve the problem of medical waste disposal, based on transit temporary storage stations, which we are convinced will have far-reaching significance for China and other countries to dispatch medical waste in response to such public health emergencies. In this paper, the immune algorithm, the q-value method, and the improved ant colony algorithm are applied to the model to solve the path planning problem of the transport of medical waste. The studies of this paper are to establish a number of transport stations and an efficient medical waste transport model between hospitals and transport stations and, eventually, optimize the transportation paths. For the path optimization problem between the transport station and the hospitals, we used the ant colony optimization algorithm and the tabu search algorithm to solve it, which is a vehicle routing problem with load constraints (CVRP). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165831 id = cord-314273-xhnv5cje author = Lytras, Theodore title = Estimating the ascertainment rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China: implications for management of the global outbreak date = 2020-03-26 keywords = February; Wuhan summary = We sought to estimate the ascertainment ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China, using a modified Bayesian SEIR model with publicly reported case data. With the outbreak having already turned into the latest global pandemic, one of the key unknowns that will determine its public health impact is the Infection Fatality Rate (IFR), i.e. the number of deaths as a proportion of all persons infected with the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus, the causative pathogen of COVID-19. The ascertainment rate was estimated at just 0.465% (95% CrI 0.464-0.466%), meaning that for every confirmed case in Wuhan there had been approximately 200 SARS-CoV-2 infections that were not detected. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Assuming a variable contact rate over the study period, the R0 estimate would be as high as 5.33 until the Wuhan lockdown, falling to 2.09 until 10 February then up again to 3.83, with an ascertainment rate of 0.48%. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042218 id = cord-332387-rmmmhrjy author = Ma, Chang-Jin title = Air Quality Variation in Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo during the Explosive Outbreak of COVID-19 and Its Health Effects date = 2020-06-09 keywords = Daegu; Tokyo; Wuhan summary = This study was designed to assess the variation of the air quality actually measured from the air pollution monitoring stations (AQMS) in three cities (Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo), in Asian countries experiencing the explosive outbreak of COVID-19, in a short period of time. Wuhan, which had the largest decrease of PM(2.5) concentration due to COVID-19, also marked the largest reduced Dose(PM)(2.5 10-year-old children) (μg) (3660 μg at Br. and 6222 μg at AI), followed by Daegu (445 μg at Br. and 1287 μg at AI), and Tokyo (18 μg at Br. and 52 μg at AI), over two months after the city lockdown/self-reflection. In this study, the air quality variation with the trend of COVID-19 at Wuhan in China, Daegu in South Korea, and Tokyo in Japan experienced explosive outbreaks in a short period of time, which was estimated based on the actual measured data from air pollution monitoring stations (AQMS). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17114119 id = cord-315598-qwh72inx author = Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title = ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = AMCI; COVID-19; Care; China; Coronavirus; Disease; EPP; FUNDAMENTO; HCQ; PCR; PEEP; SARS; SDRA; TCZ; UCI; Wuhan; acute; clinical; como; con; del; las; los; pacientes; para; patient; por; que; recomienda; respiratory; una; uso summary = De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004 id = cord-296182-hhswage4 author = Meng, Lingzhong title = Intubation and Ventilation amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Wuhan’s Experience date = 2020-04-08 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; China; Wuhan; patient summary = Healthcare providers, who are tasked with taking care of critically ill patients, need to perform the best practices of intubation and ventilation tailored explicitly to the victims of this sweeping COVID-19 outbreak and, at the same time, adhere to strict self-protection precautions. The Chinese Society of Anesthesiology Task Force on Airway Management released a fast-track publication with the recommendation to proceed with endotracheal intubation for patients showing no improvement in respiratory distress, tachypnea (respiratory rate greater than 30 per minute), and poor oxygenation (Pao 2 to Fio 2 ratio less than 150 mmHg) after 2-h highflow oxygen therapy or noninvasive ventilation. Although the aerosol-generating potential of noninvasive ventilation is a potential concern to some providers, 19 the bilevel positive airway pressure machine is widely used amid this outbreak for patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in Wuhan and the rest of China. doi = 10.1097/aln.0000000000003296 id = cord-261079-rarud78k author = Meng, Mei title = Rapidly organize redeployed medical staff in coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: what we should do date = 2020-09-20 keywords = Wuhan summary = By March 4, 2020 , approximately 43,000 medical staff from different regions across the country were assigned to different hospitals in Hubei province, working in the frontline of the outbreak and treating patients with COVID-19. They arrived in Wuhan at midnight and received the training of prevention and control of hospital infection the next day. Governments and hospitals took responsibility for supplying PPE for medical staff teams, which assured that all teams participating in managing COVID-19 patients were well protected from virus contracting and spreading. The governments and hospitals attached great importance to preventing infection of medical staff in the frontline fighting the epidemic. In addition, hospital infection experts were responsible for supervising the personal protection of all team members. [8] Fourth, Communication is a Key Element for Optimizing the Effectiveness of the Medical Team Frontline medical staff in Wuhan had numerous difficulties, including missing their family, worrying about becoming infected, and potential shortages of protective equipment. doi = 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001033 id = cord-267548-7mcfehzc author = Mizumoto, Kenji title = Estimating Risk for Death from Coronavirus Disease, China, January–February 2020 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = We estimated the time-delay adjusted risk for death from COVID-19 in Wuhan, as well as for China excluding Wuhan, to assess the severity of the epidemic in the country. The elevated death risk estimates are probably associated with a breakdown of the healthcare system, indicating that enhanced public health interventions, including social distancing and movement restrictions, should be implemented to bring the COVID-19 epidemic under control. S ince the first case of coronavirus disease (COVwas identified in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan in the Hubei Province of China, the novel virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) has continued to spread around the world, resulting in several thousand reported cases in multiple countries. During the course of the outbreak, our model-based posterior estimates of time-delay adjusted CFR have much higher values than the observed crude CFR, except for the early stage in Wuhan and the later stage in China excluding Hubei Province. doi = 10.3201/eid2606.200233 id = cord-350822-m3t7l9zw author = Mo, Yuanyuan title = Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; nurse summary = AIMS: To investigate the work stress among Chinese nurses who are supporting Wuhan in fighting against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection and to explore the relevant influencing factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the work stress load among Chinese nurses who support Wuhan in fighting against COVID-19 infection and to explore the relevant influencing factors for the development of psychological interventions for Chinese nurses in order that they can adjust to public health emergencies. The results showed that whether the participants are the only child in their families, working hours per week and anxiety were the main factors influencing the stress load of nurses assisting in the fight against COVID-19, which can explain 52.1% of the total variation, as shown in Table 2 . doi = 10.1111/jonm.13014 id = cord-275835-z38cgov9 author = Mogharab, Vahid title = The first case of COVID-19 infection in a 75-day-old infant in Jahrom City, south of Iran date = 2020-04-13 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: The first case of COVID-19 infection in a 75-day-old infant in Jahrom City, south of Iran The first case of COVID-19 infection in a 75day-old infant in Jahrom City, south of Iran 3 On January 20, 2020, a 55-year-old woman working in Wuhan, arrived at Taiwan and was referred to quarantine authorities with symptoms of sore throat, dry cough, fatigue, and feeling low-grade fever on January 11. study, most studies have reported the infection to be more severe in adults rather than the child, the dissemination of COVID-19 in children implies that it has high transmitting potential in a specific transmission dynamics. World Health organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) The first case of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: implication for infection prevention and control measures First case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in Taiwan doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.03.015 id = cord-262693-z9dolxky author = Nishiura, Hiroshi title = Initial Cluster of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infections in Wuhan, China Is Consistent with Substantial Human-to-Human Transmission date = 2020-02-11 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: Initial Cluster of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infections in Wuhan, China Is Consistent with Substantial Human-to-Human Transmission Reanalysis of the epidemic curve from the initial cluster of cases with novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in December 2019 indicates substantial human-to-human transmission. To support the hypothesis of zoonotic origin of 2019-nCoV stemming from the Huanan seafood market, the index case should have had exposure history related to the market and the virus should have been identified from animals sold at the market. The clinical summary of the earliest cases of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections in Wuhan, China was recently published [1] , showing the majority of cases were exposed to the Huanan seafood market, which also had wild animals, suggesting the possibility of zoonotic transmission in the market. Second, without identifying the virus in Second, assuming a constant SI of 8 days, the epidemic curve of cases by the date of illness onset can be transformed to that by generation of cases. doi = 10.3390/jcm9020488 id = cord-338001-jig46hsk author = Ong, Jacqueline S. M. title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Critically Ill Children: A Narrative Review of the Literature date = 2020-04-21 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Wuhan summary = In the small cohort from Tongji Hospital (6), Wuhan, one out of the six children with COVID-19 was admitted to intensive care. Given that children appear to have mild disease and may have a clinical picture similar to that of viral bronchiolitis, the use of noninvasive ventilation (NIV), and/or high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) for respiratory support would likely be preferred amongst PICU clinicians. Caregivers are close contacts of the infected patient, although they may be asymptomatic at the time-in the Wuhan Children''s Hospital series with active case finding of close contacts, 90% of confirmed cases had family members who were either confirmed or suspect disease (5) . Given the low rates of critical illness due to COVID-19, this process will likely exert more impact on day-to-day processes in PICUs than sick patients with confirmed infection. Paediatric Intensive Care Society UK: PICS Guidance on Management of Critically Ill Children With COVID-19 Infection doi = 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002376 id = cord-286683-mettlmhz author = Ortiz-Prado, Esteban title = Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; infection; patient; severe summary = Interestingly, the increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in serum associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage described both in SARS [59] and MERS diseases [60] were also reported in the early study of 41 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan [41] . A recently published case report of a patient with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 revealed the presence of an increased activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), follicular helper T cells (TFH cells), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies, suggesting that both cellular and humoral responses are important in containing the virus and inhibiting severe pathology [82] . Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 id = cord-320953-1st77mvh author = Overton, ChristopherE. title = Using statistics and mathematical modelling to understand infectious disease outbreaks: COVID-19 as an example date = 2020-07-04 keywords = Wuhan; case; household; individual; model summary = These include interpreting symptom progression and fatality ratios with delay distributions and right-censoring, exacerbated by exponential growth in cases leading to the majority of case data being on recently infected individuals; lack of clarity and consistency in denominators; inconsistency of case definitions over time and the eventual impact of interventions and changes to behaviour on transmission dynamics. We then develop a household-based contact tracing model, with which we investigate the extinction probability under weaker isolation policies paired with contact tracing, thus shedding light on possible combinations of interventions that allow us to feasibly manage the infection while minimising the social impact of control policies. Applying household isolation at 65% adherence ( 0.65 W α = ) manages to reduce the spread of infection, but appears insufficient in this model and with baseline parameters for controlling the outbreak in the long-term, unless other intervention strategies that reduce the global transmission (increasing ε) are adopted at the same time. doi = 10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.008 id = cord-297470-lx3xwg92 author = Pan, Yunbao title = Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin antibodies in Wuhan, China: part of the city-wide massive testing campaign date = 2020-10-07 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.044 id = cord-312399-7oaerpee author = Park, Joo-Hyun title = The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis date = 2020-05-01 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: The Clinical Manifestations and Chest Computed Tomography Findings of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients in China: A Proportion Meta-Analysis OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical features and chest computed tomography (CT) findings of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to compare the characteristics of patients diagnosed in Wuhan and in other areas of China by integrating the findings reported in previous studies. All type of reports in the English language that contained the descriptions of clinical features and CT findings except for the review articles were included in a data-set for detailed review, and two reviewers included only studies with data on four or more patients (case-series, cohort, or observational study) into the data-set to provide a higher level of evidence Fever was found to be the most common clinical manifestation in all coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. doi = 10.21053/ceo.2020.00570 id = cord-280970-gy0kfhy6 author = Peng, Fujun title = Management and Treatment of COVID-19: The Chinese Experience date = 2020-04-17 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = Since mid-December 2019, there has been a worldwide outbreak of COronaVIrus Disease 90 (COVID)-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 (formerly 2019-nCoV or and first detected in 91 Wuhan, China. 52 However, 421 a single-center in Wuhan shared that early, low-dose and short-term (1-2mg/kg/d for 5-7 days) 422 corticosteroids was associated with a faster improvement of clinical symptoms and absorption of 423 focal lung lesions in severe cases of COVID-19. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Early, low-dose and short-term application of corticosteroid treatment in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: single-center experience from Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.010 id = cord-327096-m87tapjp author = Peng, Liangrong title = Epidemic analysis of COVID-19 in China by dynamical modeling date = 2020-02-18 keywords = Hubei; Wuhan; case summary = As shown in Fig. 3e-f , the predicted total infected cases at the end of epidemic, as well as the the inflection point, at which the basic reproduction number is less than 1 6 , both show a positive correlation with the infection rate β and the quarantined time δ −1 and a negative correlation with the protection rate α. 16.20023465 doi: medRxiv preprint of COVID-19 since its onset in Mainland * , Hubei * , and Wuhan (Beijing and Shanghai are not considered due to their too small numbers of infected cases on Jan. 20th). Based on detailed analysis of the public data of NHC of China from Jan. 20th to Feb. 9th, we estimate several key parameters for COVID-19, like the latent time, the quarantine time and the basic reproduction number in a relatively reliable way, and predict the inflection point, possible ending time and final total infected cases for Hubei, Wuhan, Beijing, Shanghai, etc. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.16.20023465 id = cord-337324-jxtch47t author = Qian, Guo-Qing title = Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series date = 2020-02-25 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan summary = title: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of 91 Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang, China: A retrospective, multi-centre case series 8 Three further cases were reported in Ningbo cohort as clinical-diagnosed COVID-19 pneumonia because of their epidemiological history, signs, symptoms and chest CT evidence according to National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China guidance, though they tested negative for the SARS-CoV-2. This report, to our knowledge, is the largest case study to date of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Zhejiang province, which is outwith of Wuhan and Hubei. Our study provided three cases as clinical-confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia because of their epidemiological history, signs, symptoms and chest CT evidence according to guidance, though they tested negative for the SARS-CoV-2. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1101/2020.02.23.20026856 id = cord-293831-28ddm9um author = Qian, Mengcen title = Psychological responses, behavioral changes and public perceptions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China: a population based cross-sectional survey date = 2020-02-20 keywords = SARS; Shanghai; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.02.18.20024448 id = cord-255905-ti9b1etu author = Qiu, Chengfeng title = Transmission and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in 104 outside-Wuhan patients, China date = 2020-03-06 keywords = Wuhan; patient; preprint summary = This report included the hospitalized patients with COVID-19 to assess the transmission and clinical characteristic of two hospitals, which designated as the treatment center for the NCP in Huaihua and Shaoyang cities, Hunan Province, China. In this study, we recruited confirmed patients with COVID-19 from two hospitals, the First People''s Hospital of Huaihua and the Central Hospital of Shaoyang which designated as the treatment center of Huaihua and Shaoyang city, Huanan Province, China from Jan 22, 2020 to Feb 12, 2020 . In cluster 17, C''3 (not included in this study population) returned Shaoyang city from Wuhan on Jan19, 2020, three relatives of C''3 were identified as COVID-19 infection after several days of closely contacted with C''3. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.04.20026005 doi: medRxiv preprint a notable feature is clustering occurrence, most patients were infected from their family members, relatives or friends through a close contact. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1101/2020.03.04.20026005 id = cord-354095-4sweo53l author = Qiu, Yun title = Impacts of social and economic factors on the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China date = 2020-05-09 keywords = China; February; Hubei; January; Wuhan summary = First, our instrumental variable approach helps isolate the causal effect of virus transmissions from other confounded factors; second, our estimate is based on an extended time period of the COVID-19 pandemic (until the end of February 2020) that may mitigate potential biases in the literature that relies on a shorter sampling period within 1-28 January 2020; third, our modeling makes minimum assumptions of virus transmissions, such as imposing fewer restrictions on the relationship between the unobserved determinants of new cases and the number of cases in the past; fourth, our model simultaneously considers comprehensive factors that may affect virus transmissions, including multiple policy instruments (such as closed management of communities and shelter-at-home order), population flow, within-and between-city transmissions, economic and demographic conditions, weather patterns, and preparedness of health care system. doi = 10.1007/s00148-020-00778-2 id = cord-314591-ylokznn5 author = Quilty, Billy J. title = The effect of travel restrictions on the geographical spread of COVID-19 between large cities in China: a modelling study date = 2020-08-19 keywords = China; January; Wuhan summary = Due to the volume of outbound travel from Wuhan in scenario 1, we estimate that sustained local transmission was likely to have already occurred in the four cities in early January, several weeks prior to the introduction of the cordon sanitaire (Table 2) . No substantial difference was observed in the daily incidence in the scenarios with and without travel restrictions in the four cities after the cordon sanitaire was imposed on 23 January; there were enough infected people to sustain local transmission in the absence of imported infections ( Fig. 3 and Additional file 1: Figure S4 ). By utilising publicly available mobility data to model the spread of the outbreak from Wuhan to other large population centres in China, we find that infected travellers from Wuhan likely led to local transmission in other major Chinese cities weeks before the cordon sanitaire. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01712-9 id = cord-351567-ifoe8x28 author = Rabi, Firas A. title = SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far date = 2020-03-20 keywords = ACE-2; COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = However, by that time, travelers had carried the virus to many countries, sparking memories of the previous coronavirus epidemics, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and causing widespread media attention and panic. To assess the magnitude of the risk posed by the SARS-CoV-2, we review four parameters that we believe important: the transmission rate, the incubation period, the case fatality rate (CFR), and the determination of whether asymptomatic transmission can occur. A small study of 17 patients showed that nasal viral load peaks within days of symptom onset, suggesting that transmission of disease is more likely to occur early in the course of infection [40] . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)-China 2020 Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia doi = 10.3390/pathogens9030231 id = cord-257556-lmws8eed author = Rafiq, Danish title = Three months of COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan summary = 2 While several other human coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1 cause mild respiratory disease, others like the zoonotic Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV tend to have a higher fatality rate 6 (summarized in Table 1 ). Typical of respiratory viruses like influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2019 can spread through large droplets (with a transmission risk restricted tõ 6 ft from the patient). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: a data-driven Modelling analysis of the early outbreak Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak doi = 10.1002/rmv.2113 id = cord-287515-oe7adj91 author = Rello, Jordi title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A critical care perspective beyond China date = 2020-03-03 keywords = Wuhan; patient summary = Prior experience with viral pneumonia, including influenza and MERS-coronavirus, suggest that steroids can contribute to higher mortality, increase viral replication with longer periods of viral clearance and more superinfections (including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, as already reported in the Wuhan cohort) [5, 6] . Another difference is that most COVID-19 infected patients were diagnosed with viral pneumonia, whereas acute exacerbations of COPD or bronchospasm or myocarditis were more common in influenza. Use of noninvasive ventilation is controversial, showing limited efficacy in MERS and is associated with very high levels of aerosol spread, exposing staff at much greater risk of infection [11, 12] . Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a singlecentered, retrospective, observational study High-flow nasal therapy in adults with severe acute respiratory infection: a cohort study in patients with 2009 influenza A/H1N1 v doi = 10.1016/j.accpm.2020.03.001 id = cord-259368-k8t8brjy author = Ren, Xiang title = Evidence for pre‐symptomatic transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in China date = 2020-08-07 keywords = Wuhan; case summary = A novel coronavirus named "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in January 2020 as the pathogen responsible for a cluster of cases of atypical pneumonia in Wuhan, a large city located in Hubei province in central China. 13 Here, we retrospectively analyse data on cases identified outside of Hubei province through the Chinese Public Health Event Surveillance System at the early stage of transmission in China, in order to provide insights on the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. In these pairs of primary and secondary cases, we fitted a normal distribution to the serial intervals between illness onset dates, allowing for negative and zero serial intervals, and correcting for growth rates in the early stage of an epidemic. [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Pre-symptomatic infectiousness is generally not thought to occur for most respiratory viruses, but measles is a well-known example of a respiratory infection that can be spread before symptom onset, 27 and viral shedding during the incubation period has also been reported for influenza. doi = 10.1111/irv.12787 id = cord-333262-xvfl7ycj author = Robson, B. title = COVID-19 Coronavirus spike protein analysis for synthetic vaccines, a peptidomimetic antagonist, and therapeutic drugs, and analysis of a proposed achilles’ heel conserved region to minimize probability of escape mutations and drug resistance date = 2020-04-11 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; KRSFIEDLLFNKV; SARS; Wuhan; bind; peptide; protein; spike; virus summary = The Wuhan and related isolates revealed a coronavirus that resides in the subgenus Sarbecovirus of the genus Betacoronavirus [2] , and although genetically distinct from its predecessor SARS-CoV it appeared to have similar external binding proteins, meaning here the spike glycoprotein discussed extensively in the present paper. In brief summary, the justifications for the ensemble pharmacophore in the coronavirus case, i.e. the contributions to "fuzziness", include parsimony, that proteins and parts of proteins sometimes have more than one function [12] encouraged by limited numbers of accessible sites (due to e.g. glycosylation) and exemplified by parallel alternative mechanisms of cell entry, multiple methods of drug action, escape from scientific defense measures by virus mutation, polymorphism of human proteins involved, different expression levels of human proteins involved, and the potential problem of the "specter of vaccine development" (concerns about missing the appropriate region of the virus that allows common cold viruses to escape the appropriate immune response). doi = 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103749 id = cord-254538-vcf44w1k author = Rocha Filho, C. R. title = PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CLINICAL COURSE OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: PROTOCOL FOR A RAPID LIVING SYSTEMATIC REVIEW date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavírus; Wuhan summary = title: PROGNOSTIC FACTORS FOR CLINICAL COURSE OF PATIENTS WITH COVID-19: PROTOCOL FOR A RAPID LIVING SYSTEMATIC REVIEW We will perform the critical appraisal of included studies with the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool and the certainty of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Thus, the purpose of this rapid living systematic review is to identify the evidence about prognostic factors in patients with COVID-19, considering the following research questions: This rapid living review will systematically evaluate the best available evidence to identify the risk and protective factors of COVID-19, which we expect will help the front line on their decision making processes. We believe that the strengths of this rapid systematic review include the transparency, the strict methods, the evaluation of the quality of evidence, and the extensive and more sensitive searches. Assessing Bias in Studies of Prognostic Factors doi = 10.1101/2020.05.06.20087692 id = cord-259229-e8m8m4ut author = Samidurai, Arun title = Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies date = 2020-09-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Emerging evidence reveals a direct interplay between COVID-19 and dire cardiovascular complications, including myocardial injury, heart failure, heart attack, myocarditis, arrhythmias as well as blood clots, which are accompanied with elevated risk and adverse outcome among infected patients, even sudden death. Respiratory illness and acute cardiac injury are major clinical manifestations observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the late stage complications of the disease [38] . Based on the available clinical data, potential myocardial injury is a relevant challenge among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with increased risk of mortality; therefore, it is essential for multidisciplinary assessment, including blood pressure control in hypertensive patients as well as cardiovascular evaluation and therapy to reduce the morality for COVID-19 infection. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients with Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China doi = 10.3390/ijms21186790 id = cord-306690-s5mxes4r author = Shangguan, Ziheng title = What Caused the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: From the Perspective of Crisis Management date = 2020-05-08 keywords = COVID-19; China; January; Wuhan summary = Since the first known case of a COVID-19 infected patient in Wuhan, China on 8 December 2019, COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries, causing a worldwide public health crisis. This article attempts to fill this research gap through analysis of big data, officially released information and other social media sources to understand the root cause of the crisis as it relates to China''s current management system and public health policy. Since the first known case of a COVID-19 infected patient in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China on 8 December 2019 [1] , COVID-19 has spread to more than 200 countries and infected over three million people worldwide (as of 28 April 2020), causing a worldwide public health crisis. This article attempts to fill this research gap through analysis of big data, officially released information and other social media sources to understand the root cause of the crisis from the aspects of China''s current management system and public health policy. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093279 id = cord-349276-viq01q8l author = Shaw, Rajib title = Governance, technology and citizen behavior in pandemic: Lessons from COVID-19 in East Asia date = 2020-04-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; February; January; March; Wuhan summary = The above description shows that within two months (from 13th of January, when first case was reported in Thailand, outside China to 13th of March, when USA declared emergency), the virus has taken a significant number of lives, affected a large number of people, and brought down many countries, including the economic hubs under lockdown. (1) The occurrence of first confirmed case and subsequent successful initial management: From the beginning of the COVID-19 situation, the Korean government, centered around the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), has shared information with related organizations and established an effective response system. On top of that, as the government-wide response became more vital due to the rapid increase in the number of confirmed cases, MoIS took charge of the monitoring and management of people self-isolating, finding and surveying those who had visited the Wuhan region and may be contagious, locating and securing temporary living facilities and lifetime treatment centers through Countermeasures Support Headquarters (CSHQs). doi = 10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100090 id = cord-338231-uni4aqxo author = Shi, Puyu title = Clinical characteristics of imported and second-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shaanxi outside Wuhan, China: a multicentre retrospective study date = 2020-09-30 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: Clinical characteristics of imported and second-generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Shaanxi outside Wuhan, China: a multicentre retrospective study In this study, we focused on Shaanxi province as a region with imported and second-generation cases and described the clinical and laboratory characteristics of 134 COVID-19 cases in this province with a hope to provide some insight into the prevention and treatment of the disease in China and elsewhere. This retrospective study included 134 confirmed cases of COVID-19 admitted and treated in 10 designated hospitals across nine cities (Xi''an, Ankang, Baoji, Hanzhong, Weinan, Xianyang, Shangluo, Yan''an and Tongchuan) in Shaanxi province from 23 January 2020 to 7 March 2020 (Supplementary Table S1 ). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1017/s0950268820002332 id = cord-292144-jprbp1ua author = Song, Haitao title = Using traveller-derived cases in Henan Province to quantify the spread of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05859-1 id = cord-344688-uu3b529c author = Song, Xue-Jun title = Pain Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Lessons Learned date = 2020-04-22 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = In the initial stages of the pandemic spanning late January to early February, medical systems in Wuhan faced overwhelming shortages of health care workers and key medical resources including medical-grade personal protective equipment, as well as limited space in hospitals for managing the surge of patients with COVID-19. With the help of public health systems, we were able to keep most patients home and provide them with necessary medical services including telemedicine support. Telemedicine became a convenient and effective way to provide necessary medical services to patients with chronic pain during the initial periods of the epidemic, as it allowed patients with nonemergent conditions to remain at home and allowed hospitalized patients who had been discharged early to maintain continuity of care. The epidemic provided many medical professionals an opportunity to incorporate telemedicine into pain management for the first time due to the urgent need for remote health care services. doi = 10.1093/pm/pnaa143 id = cord-283048-hyjzofps author = Steele, Edward J. title = Origin of new emergent Coronavirus and Candida fungal diseases—Terrestrial or cosmic? date = 2020-07-14 keywords = COVID-19; Candida; China; Wickramasinghe; Wuhan summary = The origins and global spread of two recent, yet quite different, pandemic diseases is discussed and reviewed in depth: Candida auris, a eukaryotic fungal disease, and COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive strand RNA viral respiratory disease. 5-7, particularly the symmetrical pattern in Fig. 7 it actually looks like a huge viral bomb explosion took place near or over Wuhan and then the radial fall-out of the disease causing viral particles to land on the millions of people either laterally or from above-some of those infected would be susceptible and who then have succumbed to the respiratory illness (in Appendix A, in relation to the expected fall of viruses through the stratosphere is an analysis by way of quantitative analogy, of the expectation of radioactive fall-out patterns from an atmospheric nuclear test in 1958). doi = 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.04.002 id = cord-259149-svryhcgy author = Su, Yue title = Examining the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy: A Psycholinguistic Analysis on Weibo and Twitter date = 2020-06-24 keywords = LIWC; Lombardy; Wuhan summary = We achieved the aim by (1) sampling Weibo users (geo-location = Wuhan, China) and Twitter users (geo-location = Lombardy, Italy); (2) fetching all the users'' published posts two weeks before and after the lockdown in each region (e.g., the lockdown date of Wuhan was 23 January 2020); (3) extracting the psycholinguistic features of these posts using the Simplified Chinese and Italian version of Language Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) dictionary; and (4) conducting Wilcoxon tests to examine the changes in the psycholinguistic characteristics of the posts before and after the lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy, respectively. In this study, we used the simplified Chinese version of LIWC and Italian LIWC to measure people''s psychological status before and after the lockdown in Wuhan and Lombardy, respectively. These linguistic features imply that social media users'' psychological states were impacted after the COVID-19 lockdown, in both Wuhan and Lombardy. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17124552 id = cord-282652-2w3bx6p8 author = Sun, Haoyang title = Estimating number of global importations of COVID-19 from Wuhan, risk of transmission outside mainland China and COVID-19 introduction index between countries outside mainland China date = 2020-02-20 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = For each country or territory outside of mainland China (denoted by ), we assumed that the total number of COVID-19 cases imported from Wuhan ( ) followed a Poisson distribution with rate parameter proportional to the number of air travelers from Wuhan during January 2020 ( → , ), with an unknown coefficient 0 to be estimated from data (more detail in supporting information): Next, we propagated the uncertainty in the estimated number of imported COVID-19 cases from Wuhan, and estimated the probability that a local outbreak would occur and sustain for at least three generations (hereinafter referred to as "local outbreak risk") for each country or territory outside mainland China. The copyright holder for this preprint Table 2 : Countries or territories having a local outbreak risk greater than 50% in the main analysis (i.e. assuming immediate isolation of all the reported cases imported from Wuhan). doi = 10.1101/2020.02.17.20024075 id = cord-351651-6dbt99h0 author = Sun, Zhong title = Potential Factors Influencing Repeated SARS Outbreaks in China date = 2020-03-03 keywords = China; SARS; SARS-2; Wuhan summary = Thus, if bats were the natural hosts of SARS-CoVs, cold temperature and low humidity in these times might provide conducive environmental conditions for prolonged viral survival in these regions concentrated with bats. A study on the genome sequence of diseased pangolins smuggled from Malaysia to China found that pangolins carry coronavirus, suggesting that pangolins may be intermediate hosts for SARS-COV-2 [35] . However, the only source of bats that have been publicly identified as carrying virus phylogenetically close to SARS-CoV-2 is far away from Wuhan in Zhoushan, Zhejiang. However, to confirm this scenario, it is necessary to find wild bats in Wuhan and its neighboring areas that carry CoVs identical to those isolated from various SARS-2 patients. This mini-review evaluated the common epidemiological patterns of both SARS epidemics in China and identified cold, dry winter as a common environmental condition conducive for SARS virus infection to human beings. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17051633 id = cord-287499-zcizdc7s author = Thompson, Hayley A title = SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence on repatriation flights from Wuhan City, China date = 2020-08-24 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = title: SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence on repatriation flights from Wuhan City, China Highlight: We estimated SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in cohorts of repatriated citizens from Wuhan to be 0.44% (95% CI: 0.19%-1.03%). Although not representative of the wider population we believe these estimates are helpful in providing a conservative estimate of infection prevalence in Wuhan City, China, in the absence of large-scale population testing early in the epidemic. By focusing on flights where all passengers were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection with real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), regardless of symptoms, a more accurate estimate of infection prevalence can be obtained compared to relying on symptomatic surveillance testing alone. 8 The repatriation flights we considered represent a globally diverse population of foreign nationals who were residing in Wuhan City leading up to the outbreak for variable periods of time and for a variety of reasons: students, work-related travel, visiting friends and families and tourism. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in repatriation flights to Greece from three European countries doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa135 id = cord-294385-6dlgv3tb author = Tong, Xin title = Surveillance of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection among frontline health care workers in Wuhan during COVID‐19 outbreak date = 2020-08-20 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = The radiological analysis revealed that there was no typical chest CT scan of COVID‐19 among 222 HCWs. Consistently, anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM or IgG was also found to be negative among 191 HCWs. CONCLUSIONS: There was no nosocomial infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 among our cohort of the frontline HCWs, suggesting that zero occupational infection is an achievable goal with appropriate training, strict compliance, and psychological support for the frontline HCWs. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging infectious disease, first described in Wuhan, China, has rapidly spread throughout worldwide. 2 The ever-increasing number of COVID-19 cases, overwhelming workload, the depletion of personal protection equipment (PPE), physical fatigue, and psychological stress during the early outbreak has resulted in at least 22 073 cases of COVID-19 among HCWs. 3 A study from China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) showed that as of 17 February 2020, 3.8% confirmed COVID-19 cases were among HCWs. 4 A report from Italy revealed 11% of COVID-19 cases were HCWs. 5 All the evidence suggested a high risk of occupational infection of SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1002/iid3.340 id = cord-348327-rgikd4g8 author = Ueyama, Hiroki title = Gender Difference Is Associated With Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: An Insight From a Meta-Analysis date = 2020-06-19 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included in our meta-analysis if it was published in peer-reviewed journals and recorded patient characteristics of severe versus nonsevere or survivor versus nonsurvivor in coronavirus disease 2019 infection. The following search terms were applied to include all relevant studies documenting gender information on COVID-19 infection and its association with outcomes: "coronavirus 2019 or 2019-nCoV or sars cov 2 or COVID-19 or COVID; sex or gender or male or female or clinical characteristic or clinical features of clinical course or risk factor. Studies were included in our meta-analysis when it was: 1) published in peer-reviewed journals and 2) study that recorded patient characteristics of severe versus nonsevere or survivor versus nonsurvivor in COVID-19 infection. The salient findings of this meta-analysis are that males were more likely to develop severe COVID-19 infections compared with females, while there was no significant difference in mortality between gender. doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000148 id = cord-301983-aks5z29t author = Vakili, K. title = Critical Complications of COVID-19: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis study date = 2020-06-16 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.14.20130955 id = cord-288616-7i1kukmn author = Wan, Kelvin H. title = The end of cordon sanitaire in Wuhan: the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions date = 2020-05-14 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.007 id = cord-280786-944pn0k9 author = Wang, Chaolong title = Evolving Epidemiology and Impact of Non-pharmaceutical Interventions on the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-03-06 keywords = February; January; Wuhan summary = 1 Although some studies with varying sample sizes have described the clinical characteristics of patients with Covid-19, 2-7 and a previous study has reported the early transmission dynamics of the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan, 8 most recent data are required to illustrate the full spectrum of the epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak in Wuhan. During the outbreak, the Chinese authorities have implemented a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control the epidemic (details in Fig. 1 Several modelling studies have used the international cases exported from Wuhan to extrapolate the severity of epidemic in Wuhan, which estimated much larger numbers of infected cases than those officially reported, implying a substantial amount of unascertained cases. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.03.20030593 doi: medRxiv preprint 474,897 (410,660 to 537,448) if the trend of the second period was assumed (Fig. 4D) , both were much higher than the current ascertained case number of 25,961. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.03.20030593 id = cord-350338-lcsa06gm author = Wang, Kun title = Clinical and laboratory predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a cohort study in Wuhan, China date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = title: Clinical and laboratory predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19: a cohort study in Wuhan, China We then validated these models by randomly collecting COVID-19 patients in the Infection department of Union Hospital in Wuhan from January 1, 2020, to February 20, 2020. The laboratory model developed with age, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), neutrophil and lymphocyte count, D-dimer, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) had a significantly stronger discriminatory power than the clinical model (p=0.0157), with AUC of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99); threshold, -2.998; sensitivity, 100.00%; specificity, 92.82% and NPV, 100.00%. We developed a clinical model and laboratory model for predicting the in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients, the AUCs (95% CI) were 0.88 (0.80, 0.95) and 0.98 (0.92, 0.99) in training cohort, and 0.83 (0.68, 0.93) and 0.88 (0.77, 0.95) in validation cohort, respectively. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa538 id = cord-321727-xyowl659 author = Wang, Lishi title = Real-time estimation and prediction of mortality caused by COVID-19 with patient information based algorithm date = 2020-07-20 keywords = Hubei; PIBA; Wuhan summary = We report a new methodology, the Patient Information Based Algorithm (PIBA), for estimating the death rate of a disease in real-time using publicly available data collected during an outbreak. PIBA estimated the death rate based on data of the patients in Wuhan and then in other cities throughout China. The death rates based on PIBA were used to predict the daily numbers of deaths since the week of February 25, 2020, in China overall, Hubei province, Wuhan city, and the rest of the country except Hubei province. The PIBA uses patient data in real-time to build a model that estimates and predicts death rates for the near future. Based on the days between confirmation of COVID-19 and the days of death in the hospital, calculated from Wuhan, as mentioned in method 1 and information from the whole country and Hubei Province, we tested the number of days from diagnosis to death, that most likely reflects the actual death rate. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138394 id = cord-294333-6azdm42x author = Wang, S title = Sleep disturbances among medical workers during the outbreak of COVID-2019 date = 2020-05-06 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1093/occmed/kqaa074 id = cord-027758-vgr6ht3a author = Wang, Tianbing title = A four-compartment model for the COVID-19 infection—implications on infection kinetics, control measures, and lockdown exit strategies date = 2020-05-28 keywords = Fig; Italy; Wuhan summary = OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact and repercussions of the surge in healthcare demand in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, assess the potential effectiveness of various infection/disease control measures, and make projections on the best approach to exit from the current lockdown. The model captures the effectiveness of various disease suppression measures in three modifiable factors: (a) the per capita contact rate (β) that can be lowered by means of social distancing, (b) infection probability upon contacting infectious individuals that can be lowered by wearing facemasks, personal hygiene, etc., and (c) the population of infectious individuals in contact with the susceptible population, which can be lowered by quarantine. Analysing the different lockdown exit strategies showed that a lockdown exit strategy with a combination of social separation/general facemask use may work, but this needs to be supported by intense monitoring which would allow re-introduction/tightening of the control measures if the number of new infected subjects increases again. doi = 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa018 id = cord-258113-mnou31j3 author = Wang, Yaping title = Clinical Characteristics of Patients Infected With the Novel 2019 Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Guangzhou, China date = 2020-05-19 keywords = SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = title: Clinical Characteristics of Patients Infected With the Novel 2019 Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) in Guangzhou, China CONCLUSIONS: Most of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Guangzhou, China are not severe cases and patients with older age, male, and decreased albumin level were more likely to develop into severe ones. [5] studied the clinical features of 99 patients with COVID-19 and found that SARS-Cov-2 was more likely to infect older men with comorbidities and to lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Among all patients, univariate analysis indicated that age, sex, imported disease, incubation period, interval between hospital admission and symptom onset, any coexisting medical condition, leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, PCT, LDH, CK, ALB, AST, and D-dimer were associated with disease severity. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1093/ofid/ofaa187 id = cord-323481-uz6usokd author = Wang, Yixuan title = Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID‐19) implicate special control measures date = 2020-03-29 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan summary = title: Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID‐19) implicate special control measures By 27 February 2020, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused 82 623 confirmed cases and 2858 deaths globally, more than severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (8273 cases, 775 deaths) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (1139 cases, 431 deaths) caused in 2003 and 2013, respectively. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China The guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (the sixth edition draft) issued by the National Health Commission of China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Clinical features and virological analysis of a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection doi = 10.1002/jmv.25748 id = cord-333226-o23da4x2 author = Wang, Yuke title = Strongly Heterogeneous Transmission of COVID-19 in Mainland China: Local and Regional Variation date = 2020-06-19 keywords = China; Wuhan; case summary = We studied the variation in transmission of COVID-19, locally in Wuhan, as well as on a larger spatial scale, among different cities and even among provinces in mainland China. The sizes of outbreak in provinces of mainland China mainly depended on the numbers of cases imported from Wuhan as the local reproduction numbers were low. Second, to evaluate the role of "the Market" in Wuhan and estimate the numbers of cases caused by contact with this source (its reproduction number) in early transmission, data for the first confirmed 425 COVID-19 cases with date of symptom onset and exposure information to "the Market" was extracted from a recently published report (6) . (B) Distribution of the serial interval for onset of clinical symptoms, estimated from COVID-19 clusters with partially known links ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00329 id = cord-326804-5psqro9d author = Wei, Chen title = The focus and timing of COVID-19 pandemic control measures under healthcare resource constraints date = 2020-04-19 keywords = Wuhan; figure; international summary = Furthermore, prolonging outbreak duration by applying an intermediate, rather than strict, transmission control would not prevent hospital overload regardless of bed capacity, and would likely result in a high ratio (21% ~ 84%) of the population being infected but not treated. The availability of a complete set of data and detailed records of adopted control policies from Wuhan enables us to construct and test an epidemic model that accounts for the factors deciding an outbreak profile, including the control policy''s evolution through time as well as the healthcare system capacity. A modified SEIR model ( Figure 1 ) with time-dependent transmission rate control, timedependent case isolation and testing rate, non-Markovian patient discharge was proposed (see Methods for details). Subsequently, the synergistic effect of increasing transmission control and isolation rate effectively reduced the daily reproduction number (see Suppression success in Methods) to be below 1 by Feb 28, 2020, subsequently resulting in a suppressed COVID-19 transmission ( Figure 2B ). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067611 id = cord-302159-exexcag6 author = Wei, Yanqiu title = Analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection and clinical characteristics of outpatients: An epidemiological study from a fever clinic in Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-16 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.26175 id = cord-284393-s9qp9a4e author = Wei, Yiping title = Clinical characteristics of 276 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Zengdu District, Hubei Province: a single-center descriptive study date = 2020-07-29 keywords = Wuhan; Zengdu; covid-19 summary = title: Clinical characteristics of 276 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Zengdu District, Hubei Province: a single-center descriptive study BACKGROUND: We aimed to report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in Zengdu District, Hubei Province, China. Our study on 276 inpatients in Zengdu Hhospital confirms that COVID-19 patients in the areas surrounding the core COVID-19 outbreak region showed mainly mild and moderate illness with fever and lymphocytopenia as the main clinical features. Moreover, compared to studies in which only seriously ill COVID-19 patients were admitted, our admission criteria better reflect the disease characteristics in the area around the outbreak point, so as to provide a decision-making reference for hospitals in the residential area to decide which patients should stay at home for observation and which high-risk patients should be hospitalized in a timely manner. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05252-8 id = cord-319770-ddq2q1pg author = Wen, Ying title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in Shenzhen, the largest migrant city of China date = 2020-03-23 keywords = Shenzhen; Wuhan summary = We conducted a retrospective study among 417 confirmed COVID-19 cases from Jan 1 to Feb 28, 2020 in Shenzhen, the largest migrant city of China, to identify the epidemiological and clinical features in settings of high population mobility. As such, we investigated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all 417 cases that were confirmed in Shenzhen is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Patients'' information including sociodemographic characteristics, exposure history, close contacts, time-lines of illness onset, medical visit, hospitalization, and PCR confirmation, symptoms, and clinical outcomes, was extracted to construct a dataset with no personal identity. Our study reported preliminary findings on the clinical severity of COVID-19 in is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Other studies also suggested that these factors were associated with poorer outcomes in patients in Wuhan and elsewhere (5, 15) . doi = 10.1101/2020.03.22.20035246 id = cord-342012-1w3x0g42 author = Wu, Joseph T. title = Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China date = 2020-03-19 keywords = Supplementary; Table; Wuhan; case summary = For a completely novel pathogen, especially one with a high (say, >2) basic reproductive number (the expected number of secondary cases generated by a primary case in a completely susceptible population) relative to other recently emergent and seasonal directly transmissible respiratory pathogens 4 , assuming homogeneous mixing and mass action dynamics, the majority of the population will be infected eventually unless drastic public health interventions are applied over prolonged periods and/or vaccines become available sufficiently quickly. We therefore extended our previously published transmission dynamics model 4 , updated with real-time input data and enriched with additional new data sources, to infer a preliminary set of clinical severity estimates that could guide clinical and public health decision-making as the epidemic continues to spread globally. Given that we have parameterized the model using death rates inferred from projected case numbers (from traveler data) and observed death numbers in Wuhan, the precise fatality risk estimates may not be generalizable to those outside the original epicenter, especially during subsequent phases of the epidemic. doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-0822-7 id = cord-335460-g8rsiiy7 author = Wu, Yu-ping title = CT manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 of imported infection versus second-generation infection in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) of this disease: An observational study date = 2020-05-22 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: CT manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 of imported infection versus second-generation infection in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) of this disease: An observational study Group A and B were composed of 15 patients with a history of exposure to the original district (Wuhan, China) in short-term (i.e., imported infection), and 7 with a close contact with the patients with confirmed COVID-19 or with the healthy individuals from the original district (i.e., second-generation infection), respectively. Thus, the purpose of our research was to determine the discrepancy in CT manifestations of COVID-19 in patients outside the original district (Wuhan, China) between cases with imported infection and with second-generation infection, aiming to help clinicians outside the original district formulate more accurate and effective prevention and treatment measures. In contrast, none of patients in group B with abnormal CT findings on initial scans had lesion density score of more than 5 (P < .001), indicating that the COVID-19 in second-generation infected patients could be milder when compared with those with imported infection. doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000020370 id = cord-336546-wcxqn5z2 author = Xi, Aiqi title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of discharged patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 on the Qinghai plateau date = 2020-05-21 keywords = Qinghai; Wuhan summary = Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was first reported in Wuhan, a series of confirmed cases of COVID‐19 were found on the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau. Coronavirus disease 2019 , caused by infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China in December 2019 [1] [2] [3] [4] and rapidly spread worldwide. In this study, we report the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, and outcomes of all 18 confirmed COVID-19 patients in Qinghai including family clusters who returned to Qinghai from Wuhan, and family members who did not travel to Wuhan. For this retrospective study, we enrolled all 18 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 from the hospitals designated for treatment by the Health Commission of Qinghai Province from Jan 21 to April 6, 2020. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1002/jmv.26032 id = cord-289451-yjrh5l4u author = Xiao, Huidi title = Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities date = 2020-07-14 keywords = China; Wuhan; covid-19; student summary = title: Social Distancing among Medical Students during the 2019 Coronavirus Disease Pandemic in China: Disease Awareness, Anxiety Disorder, Depression, and Behavioral Activities We enrolled medical students studying public health in Beijing and Wuhan to assess their COVID-19 awareness and to evaluate their mental health status/behaviors using a self-administered questionnaire. A 2020 COVID-19 survey in China found that many respondents (including students) reported symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety and depression [8] . We studied the associations between COVID-19 distancing and the lives of public health students on anxiety [14] , depression, and other behaviors. We also examined the differences among public health students in two universities, Capital Medical University (CCMU) in Beijing, and Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in Wuhan, the early epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among the medical students in two schools of public health at two universities: CCMU in Beijing and HUST in Wuhan. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17145047 id = cord-326721-2v5wkjrq author = Xiao, Wenlei title = A Cybernetics-based Dynamic Infection Model for Analyzing SARS-COV-2 Infection Stability and Predicting Uncontrollable Risks date = 2020-03-17 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = Distinguished with other epidemiological models, such as SIR, SEIR, etc., that compute the theoretical number of infected people in a closed population, CDIM considers the immigration and emigration population as system inputs, and administrative and medical resources as dynamic control variables. is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint : Effective infectious increment (can be negative); : Total non-isolated cases (asymptomatic carriers); : Patient increment (symptom onset); : Total isolated cases (confirmed patients after symptom onset); Figure 4 : Basic principle of the cybernetics-based dynamic infection model be made. In the view of this, we used the data from Shanghai, a relatively well controlled city, to identify and calibrate the key parameters of the incubation period and the basic reproductive number. In Shanghai Model, there is no worry about the shortage of medical supplies, so a negative summation channel performs a direct control effect on the positive feedback infection loop, which is thus of paramount importance in reducing the number of total infectious cases. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.13.20034082 id = cord-279976-juz9jnfk author = Xie, Mingxuan title = Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus — an updated intrim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV date = 2020-04-01 keywords = China; MERS; SARS; Wuhan summary = METHODS: Based on recently published literatures, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies, we reviewed the virology and origin, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection, in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. The COVID-19 generally had a high reproductive number, a long incubation period, a short serial interval and a low case fatality rate (much higher in patients with comorbidities) than SARS and MERS. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) identified a novel beta-coronavirus called 2019-nCoV, now officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Gorbalenya et al., 2020) , that responsible for the pandemic. Further search words were above keywords, "SARS" OR "SARS-CoV" OR "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "MERS" OR "MERS-CoV" OR "middle east respiratory syndrome", in combinations of with "spike protein" OR "genome" OR "reproductive number" OR "incubation period" OR "serial interval" OR "fatality rate" OR "clinical characteristics" OR "pathology" OR "autopsy" OR "treatment". doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.071 id = cord-298899-lkrmg5qr author = Xie, Yewei title = Epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory findings of the COVID-19 in the current pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-08-31 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; Wuhan; clinical summary = To fill the research gaps mentioned above, this review article systematically summarizes global findings on the natural history, clinical spectrum, transmission patterns, laboratory findings, CT results, and risk factors of the COVID-19. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study Clinical course and potential predicting factors of pneumonia of adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a retrospective observational analysis of 193 confirmed cases in Thailand Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan Epidemiology, risk factors and clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in a Swiss university hospital: an observational retrospective study doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05371-2 id = cord-304925-9gvx3swf author = Xie, Zhixiang title = Spatial and temporal differentiation of COVID-19 epidemic spread in mainland China and its influencing factors date = 2020-07-14 keywords = Wuhan; covid-19; epidemic summary = doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140929 id = cord-337809-bxvgr6qg author = Xiong, Yong title = Family cluster of three recovered cases of pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection date = 2020-05-04 keywords = SARS; Wuhan summary = Our observations suggest the importance of preventing family transmission and the efficacy of current integrated treatment for mild/ moderate pneumonia in COVID-19 cases. Our observations suggest the importance of preventing family transmission and the efficacy of current integrated treatment for mild/ moderate pneumonia in COVID-19 cases. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] This report describes the epidemiological and clinical features of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among three members of a family following SARS-CoV-2 infection. On 10 and 11 January 2020, a family of three, comprising the father (65 years), the mother (61 years) and the son (38 years), were admitted to the Department of Infectious Disease at the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University with symptoms of cough and fever. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-235302 id = cord-119576-8qp8o2g2 author = Xu, Liyan title = Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Antiepidemic Policies and Global Situation Assessment of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-16 keywords = China; Wuhan; case; control summary = With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel restriction. We find that: 1) intercity travel restriction has minimal or even negative effect compared to the other two at the national level; 2) the time of reaching turning point is independent of the current number of cases, and only related to the enforcement stringency of epidemiological control and social interaction control measures; 3) strong enforcement at the early stage is the only opportunity to maximize both antiepidemic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; 4) mediocre stringency of social interaction measures is the worst choice. Overall, compared with in-city epidemiological and social interaction control measures, the contribution of inter-city travel restrictions to the reduction of the number of infected cases and the spatial spread of disease is much smaller-lower by two orders of magnitudes. doi = nan id = cord-306373-61snvddh author = Xu, Xiao-Wei title = Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series date = 2020-02-19 keywords = Cov-2; SARS; Wuhan summary = OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics of patients in Zhejiang province, China, infected with the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019). Since the outbreak of covid-19, strict precautionary measures have been implemented in Zhejiang province, including the creation of fever clinics that exclusively receive patients with suspected SARS-Cov-2 infection, defined as presenting with a fever or any respiratory symptoms, including dry cough, and especially in those with a history of travel to Wuhan or exposure to infected people within two weeks before the onset of illness since January 2020. The incubation period was defined as the time from exposure to the onset of illness, which was estimated among patients who could provide the exact date of close contact with individuals from Wuhan with confirmed or suspected SARS-Cov-2 infection. doi = 10.1136/bmj.m606 id = cord-136515-e0j2iruo author = Xue, Ling title = A Data-Driven Network Model for the Emerging COVID-19 Epidemics in Wuhan, Toronto and Italy date = 2020-05-28 keywords = Toronto; Wuhan summary = The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization algorithm. Ziff and Ziff analyzed the number of reported cases for Wuhan (China) and showed that the growth of the daily number of confirmed new cases indicates an underlying fractal or small-world network of connections between susceptible and infected individuals [2] . developed a compartmental model dividing individuals into susceptible, exposed, removed, and quarantined symptomatically infected and showed that the distinctive subexponential increase of confirmed cases in mainland China could be explained as a direct consequence of containment policies that effectively deplete the susceptible population [10] . The model then projected the trends of COVID-19 spread by simulating epidemics in the Wuhan, Toronto, and Italy networks. Simulation results showed that personal protection, reducing the node degrees of symptomatically infected individuals, and quarantine of close contacts are effective in reducing the peak epidemic size and final epidemic size. doi = nan id = cord-328787-r0i3zo6t author = Xue, Ling title = A data-driven network model for the emerging COVID-19 epidemics in Wuhan, Toronto and Italy date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Wuhan summary = The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) optimization algorithm. The transmission network model was respectively fitted to the reported data for the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan (China), Toronto (Canada), and the Italian Republic using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (M-CMC) optimization algorithm. Ziff and Ziff analyzed the number of reported cases for Wuhan (China) and showed that the growth of the daily number of confirmed new cases indicates an underlying fractal or small-world network of connections between susceptible and infected individuals [2]. The model then projected the trends of COVID-19 spread by simulating epidemics in the Wuhan, Toronto, and Italy networks. Simulation results showed that personal protection, reducing the node degrees of symptomatically infected individuals, and quarantine of close contacts are effective in reducing the peak epidemic size and final epidemic size. doi = 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108391 id = cord-283985-8mdnkegz author = Yang, Chayu title = A mathematical model for the novel coronavirus epidemic in Wuhan, China date = 2020-03-11 keywords = Wuhan summary = [11] introduced a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model to describe the transmission dynamics, and forecasted the national and global spread of the disease, based on reported data from December 31, 2019 to January 28, 2020. Most of these models have emphasized the significant role of the direct, human-to-human transmission pathway in this epidemic [16] , as highlighted by the facts that the majority of the infected individuals did not have any contact with the marketplaces in Wuhan, that the number of infections has been rapidly increasing, and that the disease has spread to all provinces in China as well as more than 20 other countries. To estimate the values for these three parameters, similar to [32] , we fit our model to the daily reported infection data for Wuhan from January 23 to February 10 by using the standard least squares method. doi = 10.3934/mbe.2020148 id = cord-275853-fym8qze2 author = Yang, Juan title = Disease burden and clinical severity of the first pandemic wave of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-09-01 keywords = September; Wuhan; covid-19 summary = In 62 contrast, the 2009 influenza pandemic is considered mild but provides a benchmark 63 for a pandemic in modern times, as the health systems, supportive care, and Wuhan is a particularly well-suited location to assess the health burden of Firstly, Wuhan experienced intense community transmission of severe acute 73 respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); secondly, the first wave has 74 ended, with only seven sporadic cases reported between March 24 and May 18 3 . Here we used multiple data sources to estimate age-78 specific rates of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, medically attended cases, 79 hospitalizations, and deaths, accounting for health seeking behaviors and 80 underdiagnoses. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20183228 doi: medRxiv preprint burden and clinical severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza using Wuhan age 290 profile as a reference (Supplementary Information File 5 and File 8). doi = 10.1101/2020.08.27.20183228 id = cord-285502-rvv64190 author = Yang, Lie title = Emergency response to the explosive growth of health care wastes during COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-18 keywords = MEE; Wuhan; covid-19 summary = During the pandemic, municipal solid wastes (MSWs) from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals, isolation locations and residential areas (e.g. face masks) were collected and categorized as HCWs due to the high infectiousness and strong survivability of COVID-19, and accordingly the average production of HCWs per 1000 persons in Wuhan explosively increased from 3.64 kg/d to 27.32 kg/d. However, during the pandemic, municipal solid wastes (MSWs) from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals, isolation locations and residential areas (e.g. face masks) are of potential infectiousness due to the high infectiousness and strong survivability of COVID-19, and need to be collected, transported, storage and treated as part of HCWs (MEE, 2005 (MEE, , 2006a . For instance, MSWs from designated hospitals, Fangcang shelter hospitals and isolation locations were packaged and collected as HCWs. Therefore, all of these HCWs were collected with strict segregation packages and managed according to the criterions of infectious wastes (MEE, 2008) during the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan. doi = 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105074 id = cord-269453-30l6rzgo author = Yang, Po title = Feasibility study of mitigation and suppression strategies for controlling COVID-19 outbreaks in London and Wuhan date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; London; Wuhan summary = While above methods demonstrate good performance in prediction of COVID-19 outbreak by taking strong public intervention, also named as suppression strategy [13] that aims to reverse epidemic growth, one important challenge is that taking suppression strategy only is to treat disease controls as single-objective optimization of reducing the overall infectious populations as soon as possible, and require strategic consistency in a long term. Targeting at this problem, this paper conducts a feasibility study that analyses and compares mitigation and suppression intervention strategies for controlling COVID-19 outbreaks in Wuhan and London. In order to utilize our proposed SEMCR model into practical cases, we design an evaluation protocol to access multiple effects of taking different intervention strategies to control outbreak of COVID-19 in 4 typical cases, including Hubei province, Wuhan city, the UK and London, as shown in doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236857 id = cord-275765-58iul47s author = Yao, Wenlong title = Critical role of Wuhan cabin hospitals in controlling the local COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-04-22 keywords = Wuhan summary = Here, we evaluate the role of cabin hospitals in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic by retrospectively analyzing the correlation between available beds in cabin hospitals and epidemic data. We obtained the data regarding total daily beds available in cabin hospitals from the official website of the Wuhan municipal government, and we extracted daily numbers of newly diagnosed cases, newly cured cases, and new deaths, and we calculated the overall recovery rate and mortality from COVID-19 in Wuhan from the official website of the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China. The official government website reported a total of 28 designated hospitals with 8,254 beds for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan before February 4, 2020. Our analysis showed that, with the increase of available beds by cabin hospitals, the newly diagnosed cases and severe cases decreased. The relationships between total beds of cabin hospitals and epidemic data of COVID-19 in Wuhan. doi = 10.1017/ice.2020.167 id = cord-305422-t8azymo7 author = Yi, Ye title = COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease date = 2020-03-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) [1] . Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012). Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases ( Table 2) . doi = 10.7150/ijbs.45134 id = cord-323882-127c5bve author = Yu, Wen-Bin title = Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 / HCoV-19) using whole genomic data date = 2020-05-17 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan summary = Of the 93 genomes of SARS-CoV-2, 39 (41.93%) were from infected patients in 11 countries outside China and encoded 31 haplotypes (H d =0.987±0.009 (SD), P i =0.16×10 -3 ± 0.01×10 -3 ), with 27 nationally/regionally private haplotypes. Three different datasets were used to infer evolutionary networks, which consistently supported H13 and H38 as the potentially ancestral haplotypes, i.e., the outgroup bat-RaTG13-CoV could connect to both H13 and H38, or H38 alone, or through a medium vector mv1 (an intermediate host or the first infected humans) connected to both H13 and H38 by single mutations at positions 18067 (S, synonymous substitution) and/or 29102 (S), referring to the numbering of the alignment length 29 910 bp ( Figure 5 ). To clarify the exact origins of these haplotypes outside China, we need more epidemiological investigative efforts and more SARS-CoV-2 genomic data from patients at the early stage of transmissions. doi = 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.022 id = cord-282058-it0ojdk3 author = Yu, Yuanqiang title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Neonates and Children From China: A Review date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan summary = References for this review were identified through searches of PubMed for articles published from January 1, 2003, to May 1, 2020, by use of the terms "coronavirus, " "neonate, " "children, " "COVID19, " and "SARS-CoV-2." Relevant articles published between 2003 and 2020 were identified through searches in the authors'' personal files. The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organization (WHO) subsequently named the novel coronavirus pneumonia Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and named the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The symptoms of COVID-19 appear to be less severe in infants and children than in adult patients, similar to the SARS-CoV infection (15) (16) (17) . Of the 34 pregnant women who were confirmed with the SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple hospitals in Wuhan, including one pregnant woman with a negative nucleic acid test result, 30 had a fever and 16 had a cough (54) (55) (56) (57) . doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00287 id = cord-347204-cafr7f38 author = Yuan, Zheming title = Modelling the effects of Wuhan’s lockdown during COVID-19, China date = 2020-07-01 keywords = China; January; Wuhan summary = FINDINGS: Delaying the start date of control measures by only 3 days would have increased the estimated 30 699 confirmed cases of COVID-19 by 1 March 2020 in regions outside Wuhan by 34.6% (to 41 330 people). We present a simple model based on online data on population movements and confirmed numbers of people infected to quantify the consequences of the control measures in Wuhan on the ongoing spread of COVID-19 across mainland China. To determine the number of people represented by the migration index per unit, we used data on population movements during the 2019 Spring Festival travel rush in China (over 40 days from 21 January 2019 to 1 March 2019). We therefore concluded that the first key factor (x 1 ) affecting the final cumulative number of confirmed cases in cities outside Wuhan on 1 March 2020 was the sum of people travelling out of Wuhan during 20-26 January 2020 (there were few population movements after 27 January 2020 because of the control measures). doi = 10.2471/blt.20.254045 id = cord-280892-net44oxu author = Zhan, Yu-xin title = Prevalence and Influencing Factors on Fatigue of First-line Nurses Combating with COVID-19 in China: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-08-07 keywords = Wuhan; fatigue; nurse; score summary = The descriptive statistic of nurses'' social-demographic characteristics was conducted, and the related variables of work, anxiety, depression, perceived stress and fatigue were analyzed by t-tests, nonparametric test and Pearson''s correlation analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed the participants in the risk groups of anxiety, depression and perceived stress had higher scores on physical and mental fatigue and the statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the variables and nurses'' fatigue, the frequency of exercise and nurses'' fatigue had a statistically significant negative correlation, and average daily working hours had a significantly positive correlation with nurses'' fatigue, and the frequency of weekly night shift had a low positive correlation with nurses'' fatigue (P<0.01). Government and health authorities need to formulate and take effective intervention strategies according to the relevant risk factors, and undertake preventive measures aimed at reducing health hazards due to increased work-related fatigue among first-line nurses, and to enhance their health status and provide a safe occupational environment worldwide. doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2226-9 id = cord-277430-x02u7oh0 author = Zhang, Hongyan title = Outcomes of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection in 107 patients with cancer from Wuhan, China date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan; patient summary = Secondary analyses included the reporting of clinical presentation and outcomes based on the different cancer types, and the association between mortality due to COVID-19 and whether the patient was receiving ongoing active anticancer treatment (systemic therapy, local therapy, or a combination). 5, 16 Rather, in the current study cohort of 107 patients, we observed that active anticancer treatment within 1 month of a diagnosis of COVID-19 was associated with profound lymphopenia (median of 0.55 vs 1.05 for those on follow-up) and markedly elevated inflammatory markers of C-reactive protein (36.00 vs 27.40) and procalcitonin (0.17 vs 0.06). The results of the current study demonstrated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in a large cohort of 107 patients with different cancer types, and suggested a high incidence of severe illness and case fatality rates compared with the community population. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19-infected cancer patients: a retrospective case study in three hospitals within Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1002/cncr.33042 id = cord-011558-ls6cdive author = Zhang, Jingping title = An Asymptomatic Patient with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-01 keywords = Wuhan summary = key: cord-011558-ls6cdive authors: Zhang, Jingping; Du, Yonghao; Bai, Lu; Pu, Jiantao; Jin, Chenwang; Yang, Jian; Guo, Youmin cord_uid: ls6cdive Our case verified the asymptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as previously reported (3, 4) and suggested that 1) the transmission of COVID-19 seemingly could occur during the incubation period and may cause a potential threat to public health, and 2) the CT examination is very helpful for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 because the abnormalities (e.g., unilateral or bilateral subpleural multifocal ground-glass opacities of the lungs) associated with COVID-19 could be visualized on CT while subjects remain asymptomatic (5) . n Author disclosures are available with the text of this article at www.atsjournals.org. Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-toperson transmission: a study of a family cluster Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study doi = 10.1164/rccm.202002-0241im id = cord-340369-y8o5j2be author = Zhang, Juanjuan title = Age profile of susceptibility, mixing, and social distancing shape the dynamics of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China date = 2020-03-20 keywords = Shanghai; Wuhan summary = To estimate changes in age-mixing patterns associated with COVID-19 interventions, we performed contact surveys in two cities, Wuhan, the epicenter of the outbreak, and Shanghai, one of the largest and most densely populated cities in southeast China. Based on the estimated age-specific mixing patterns and susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, we developed a SIR model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and tested the impact of social distancing measures on disease dynamics. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted March 20, 2020. preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in The copyright holder for this this version posted March 20, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.19.20039107 id = cord-285403-h8ahn8fw author = Zhang, Liangsheng title = Origin and Evolution of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus date = 2020-02-03 keywords = Wuhan summary = To the Editor-The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV or COVID-19) recently reported from Wuhan (China), which has cases in Thailand, Japan, South Korea, and the United States, has been confirmed as a new coronavirus [1] . Based on our phylogenomic analysis of the recently released genomic data of 2019-nCoV, we showed that the 2019-nCoV is most closely related to 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like CoV sequences that were isolated in bats during 2015 to 2017 [2] , suggesting that the bats'' CoV and the human 2019-nCoV share a recent common ancestor ( Figure 1A) . This market also sells wild animals or mammals, which were likely intermediate hosts of 2019-nCoV, which originated from bat hosts ( Figure 1B ). The 2019-nCoVs have long branches (0.09) for the 2 isolated in the phylogenomic tree ( Figure 1A) , indicating that the 2019-nCoVs likely share bat hosts. There were 3 genotypes present in samples from Guangdong province, indicating that the 6 strains were infected from different places in Wuhan. doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa112 id = cord-254968-czrgzyr3 author = Zhang, Qiang title = A serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in cat in Wuhan date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan summary = Here, we investigated the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cats during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan by serological detection methods. Our data demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 has infected cats in Wuhan during the outbreak and described serum antibody dynamics in cats, providing an important reference for clinical treatment and prevention of COVID-19. Here, we investigated the serological prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cats by an indirect ELISA and virus neutralization tests (VNT), and monitored the serum antibody dynamics of cats infected SARS-CoV-2, providing a basis for further understanding the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cats. In this study, we detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in cats in Wuhan during the COVID-19 outbreak with ELISA, VNT and western blot. Virus neutralization test and Western blot assay of cat serum samples for SARS-CoV-2 (A) Cat#14, Cat#15 and Cat#4 sera were 3-fold serially diluted and mixed with SARS-CoV-2; after incubated at 37°C for 1 h, the mixture was used to infect Vero E6 cells, and replaced with semi-solid media 1 h later. doi = 10.1080/22221751.2020.1817796 id = cord-351600-bqw9ks4a author = Zhang, Shuai title = Development and validation of a risk factor-based system to predict short-term survival in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study date = 2020-07-16 keywords = COVID-19; Hospital; Wuhan summary = title: Development and validation of a risk factor-based system to predict short-term survival in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study We aimed to explore the risk factors of 14-day and 28-day mortality and develop a model for predicting 14-day and 28-day survival probability among adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Nomogram scoring systems for predicting the 14-day and 28-day survival probability of patients with COVID-19 were developed and exhibited strong discrimination and calibration power in the two external validation cohorts (C-index, 0.878 and 0.839). CONCLUSION: Older age, high lactate dehydrogenase level, evaluated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and high direct bilirubin level were independent predictors of 28-day mortality in adult hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19. We aimed to explore the risk factors of 28-day mortality and develop a nomogram scoring system for predicting 28-day survival probability among patients with COVID-19. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03123-x id = cord-267574-etnjo4nz author = Zhao, Shi title = The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report date = 2020-02-29 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tmaid The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven correlational report Thus, we examine and explore the association between load of domestic passengers from Wuhan and the number of 2019-nCoV cases confirmed in different cities. We calculated the daily average number of passengers from Wuhan to six selected major cities, including Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu and Chongqing, from December 16 to January 15 of the next year. We estimated that 10-fold increase in the number of train passengers from Wuhan is likely to associated with 8.27, 95%CI: (0.35, 16.18), increase in the number of imported cases, see Fig. 1(B) . Estimating the potential total number of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases in Wuhan City, China. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101568 id = cord-342268-azi9i2a8 author = Zhao, Shi title = Quantifying the association between domestic travel and the exportation of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases from Wuhan, China in 2020: a correlational analysis date = 2020-02-20 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = title: Quantifying the association between domestic travel and the exportation of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases from Wuhan, China in 2020: a correlational analysis In this work, we quantified the association between the domestic travel load and the number of cases exported from Wuhan to other cityclusters in mainland China. We examined the association between the load of domestic passengers departed from Wuhan and the number of confirmed cases to the 10 city-clusters (including the three municipalities, Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing). 1 We found a statistically significant positive association between the load of passengers multiplied by the local infectivity in Wuhan and the number of cases reported outside Wuhan, see Table 1 . The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus outbreak in China, from 2019 to 2020: a data-driven correlational report Estimating the potential total number of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) cases in Wuhan City, China Preprint published by the doi = 10.1093/jtm/taaa022 id = cord-273209-ou80n3p3 author = Zheng, Fang title = Clinical Characteristics of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Hubei, China date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Wuhan summary = Since December 2019, an epidemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has occurred unexpectedly in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and it had quickly spread from Wuhan to the other areas in China and abroad [1] [2] [3] [4] . In recent weeks, emerging studies have reported that most patients with COVID-19 had an epidemiological history including a travel or residence history in Wuhan City and neighboring areas, and contacting with confirmed or suspected cases [7] . Clinical diagnoses included upper respiratory tract infection (URI) (n=8), mild pneumonia (n=15), and critical cases (n=2). In our study, most patients had mild diseases including upper respiratory tract infection and mild pneumonia, which were less severe than symptoms reported in adult patients [9, 10] . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1007/s11596-020-2172-6 id = cord-321358-plxz5mkg author = Zheng, Jun title = SARS-CoV-2: an Emerging Coronavirus that Causes a Global Threat date = 2020-03-15 keywords = China; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan summary = An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, currently designated as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported recently. In this review, we summarize the key events occurred during the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the basic characteristics of the pathogen, the signs and symptoms of the infected patients as well as the possible transmission pathways of the virus. CoVs have been identified in both avian hosts and various mammals, including bat, camels, dogs and masked palm civets, and are previously regarded as pathogens that only cause mild diseases in the immunocompetent people until the emergence of the coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in late of 2002 [3] [4] [5] [6] . doi = 10.7150/ijbs.45053 id = cord-327716-ehm4fgos author = Zhou, Can title = Evaluating new evidence in the early dynamics of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China with real time domestic traffic and potential asymptomatic transmissions date = 2020-02-18 keywords = Wuhan; international summary = title: Evaluating new evidence in the early dynamics of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China with real time domestic traffic and potential asymptomatic transmissions With updated real time domestic traffic, this study aims to integrate recent evidence of international evacuees extracted from Wuhan between Jan. 29 and Feb. 2, 2020 to infer the dynamics of the COVD-19 outbreak in Wuhan. With updated real time domestic traffic, this study aims to integrate recent evidence of international evacuees extracted from Wuhan between Jan. 29 and Feb. 2, 2020 to infer the dynamics of the COVD-19 outbreak in Wuhan. (2020) With updated real time domestic traffic data, this study aims to update the current status of the COVD-19 outbreak in the city of Wuhan with the alternative information from the evacuees between the end of January and the start of February. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.15.20023440 id = cord-328687-clr1e9p6 author = Zhou, Fuling title = Tracing asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers among 3674 hospital staff:a cross-sectional survey date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; Wuhan summary = BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic carriers were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) without developing symptoms, which might be a potential source of infection outbreak. Recently, in order to avoid further nosocomial infection, all staff without clinical symptoms in our hospital participated in the physical examination before resumption of ordinary job, including chest CT, throat swab RT-PCR test and plasma COVID-19 IgM/IgG antibodies test. This study aims to analyze the examination results, understand the infection status of staff, track the infection related risk factors, as well as tracing of asymptomatic infection individual, so as to provide effective suggestions for other hospitals and non-medical institution in Wuhan, ensuring scientific and safe return to work. In our study, asymptomatic carrier refers to patients who have mild or non-symptoms but with positive test for viral nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 or with positive test for serum specific IgM antibody. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100510 id = cord-344480-6tcush4w author = Zhou, Guangbiao title = Back to the spring of Wuhan: facts and hope of COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-03-14 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = The updated genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 has been shared to the public, clinical trials are undergoing, and scientists from China and overseas are working together to combat this public health emergency. Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding Therapeutic strategies in an outbreak scenario to treat the novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China. doi = 10.1007/s11684-020-0758-9 id = cord-291583-1nxfh9yt author = Zhou, Hongmei title = Understanding the current status of patients with pulmonary hypertension during COVID-19 outbreak: a small-scale national survey from China date = 2020-05-18 keywords = Wuhan summary = title: Understanding the current status of patients with pulmonary hypertension during COVID-19 outbreak: a small-scale national survey from China One-hundred twenty pulmonary hypertension patients and 23 family members participated in the survey; 64.8% (n = 87) participants came from Hubei, and others were from 15 other provinces; 98.6% (n = 141) participants were in home quarantine; 65.8% (n = 79) were pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease; and 76.7% (n = 92) patients proclaimed their heart function was well maintained at class I or II. To understand the status of PH patients during COVID-19 outbreak in China, the questions were designed to cover the following issues: (1) basic clinical information of the patients, including age, gender, medical history of PH, and current heart function; (2) physical and mental conditions associated with COVID-19; and (3) details of the medications they were using and requirements for medical care if any. doi = 10.1177/2045894020924566 id = cord-305213-bt0qsbyf author = Zhou, Jian title = Epidemiological and clinical features of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha city, Hunan, China date = 2020-08-21 keywords = Changsha; ICU; Wuhan summary = The present study was conducted to report the clinical characteristics of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha, China, a city outside of Wuhan. In the past month, several studies [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] reported the epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan city. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive analysis to describe the clinical features, epidemiologic characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of 201 COVID-19 patients in Changsha, China, a city outside of Wuhan, and the differences of clinical features between ICU and non-ICU patients were analyzed. [11, 18] Several studies [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] reported the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients, providing information for SARS-CoV-2 evolution, infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenicity. In this study, we reported a total of 201 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection outside of Wuhan, China. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000021824 id = cord-287222-wojyisu0 author = Zhou, Min title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update date = 2020-04-02 keywords = COVID-19; China; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = Of the first 99 laboratory-confirmed patients, 49 (49%) had been exposed to HSWM, which was reported to be the possible initial source of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . New Coronavirus Infection Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme (Trial Version) published by Military Support Hubei Medical Team also put forward that for mild to moderate COVID-19 patients, corticosteroids should not be given principally and highdose corticosteroid pulse therapy was not recommended. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Clinical pathology of critical patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) doi = 10.1007/s11684-020-0767-8 id = cord-328859-qx7kvn0u author = Zhu, Hongjun title = Transmission Dynamics and Control Methodology of COVID-19: a Modeling Study date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COVID-19; SEIR; Wuhan; number summary = Unfortunately, to our best knowledge, the existing models are based on the common assumption that the total population follows a homogeneous spatial distribution, which is not the case for the prevalence occurred both in the community and in hospital due to the difference in the contact rate. Using the model alongside the exclusive optimization algorithm, the spread process of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan city is reproduced and then the propagation characteristics and unknown data are estimated. The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 introduces the previous work; Section 3 defines the related terminology; Section 4 explains the SEIR-HC model in detail; Section 5 describes the two-step optimization for parameter estimation; Section 6 shows the analysis results, and finally, Section 7 states the conclusions. ( ) : number of outbound travellers every day in Wuhan at time t; : contact rate in the community; ℎ : contact rate in hospitals; ( ) : incidence rate of the exposed individuals who are infected days ago, which follows the Weibull distribution; doi = 10.1016/j.apm.2020.08.056 id = cord-298857-4y5o2p44 author = Zhu, Jie title = Engaging the communities in Wuhan, China during the COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-13 keywords = CPC; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1186/s41256-020-00162-3 id = cord-345724-6u9q0ox9 author = Zhu, Xiaolin title = Spatially Explicit Modeling of 2019-nCoV Epidemic Trend based on Mobile Phone Data in Mainland China date = 2020-02-11 keywords = China; Wuhan summary = The aim of this study is to model the current dynamics of 2019-nCoV at city level and predict the trend in the next 30 days under three possible scenarios in mainland China. We used the trained model to predict the future dynamics up to March 12, 2020 under different scenarios: the current trend maintained, control efforts expanded, and person-to-person contact increased due to work resuming. Although these studies at the early stage of outbreak help us understand the key epidemiological characteristics of 2019-nCoV, the fine-scale and updated epidemic trend in individual Chinese cities remains unknown, which is more helpful for allocating medical resources to achieve the optimal result of preventing disease spreading. We predicted daily infected cases of each city up to March 12, 2020 under three different scenarios (scenario 1 -the current trend maintained; scenario 2 -control efforts expanded; and scenario 3 -person-to-person contacts increased due to work resuming). doi = 10.1101/2020.02.09.20021360 id = cord-304165-4f84pc83 author = Zhuang, Zian title = Estimation of local novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in Wuhan, China from off-site reported cases and population flow data from different sources date = 2020-03-02 keywords = January; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.03.02.20030080 id = cord-297552-n4uvsi3v author = Zou, Li title = Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Disease Severity and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China date = 2020-08-13 keywords = COVID-19; Wuhan summary = title: Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Disease Severity and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China Methods: In this retrospective study, we collected data from 121 COVID-19 cases confirmed by RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing in Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 30, 2019, to March 23, 2020, and conducted statistical analysis. Our goal is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, to compare the clinical characteristics of severe and non-severe cases, and to describe the potential risk factors for disease deterioration and death. We collected data including demographic information (age, gender, and address of usual residence), clinical characteristics (including medical history, comorbidities, symptoms, and signs), initial laboratory findings (hematologic, blood biochemicals, coagulation function, infection-related, and immune-related indices), and clinical outcomes (survival and death). doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00532