# pos

id: cord-333269-nntcac2k
pos: NNP
token:
  www.awwa.org/AWWA-Articles/reduction-in-uswater-utility-revenue-may-result-in-327-billion-economic-hit

lemma:
  www.awwa.org/AWWA-Articles/reduction-in-uswater-utility-revenue-may-result-in-327-billion-economic-hit


# ent

id: cord-004890-fob5lk2m
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  I V L V_ G L R L I I G I G I V I D D i l C I T Y r S C A H F D L G L l N I F D I C 2 p F W I S S T A S H L S N T S N Ap R S LA V L D DG A


id: cord-004890-fob5lk2m
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  K Y Q r E I s A p V i v D A A I V L V_ G L R L I I G I G I V I D D i l C I T Y r S C A H F D L G L l N I F D I C 2 p F W I S S T A S H L S N T S N Ap R S LA V L D DG A iD s R 2 R M


id: cord-016564-od9mf2f2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Real Time Detection of Intentional Chemical Contamination in Decision Support System for Water Distribution System Monitoring for Homeland Security Universal


id: cord-014900-yw088jvf
type: GGP
entity:
  Plant Physiol DOI 10 1134 s1021443711030101 sha 64e414b7bd7b24eeb991dd0a9fcd9bb12854a50a doc_id 14900 cord_uid yw088jvf


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Drinking Water of Cochabamba iBolivia Comparison of Adsorption Elution Methods for Concentration and Detection of Viruses in Water Evaluation of Gauze Pad Method to Recover Viruses From Water Virus in Water I


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: ORG
entity:
  Seawater Isolation of Enteroviruses From Water A New and Simple Method for Recuperation of Enterobiruses From Wate Detection d


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: EVENT
entity:
  Humic Materials on Virus Recovery From Water Effects of Humic and Fulvic Acids on Poliovirus Concentration From Water by Microporous Filtration Concentration of Enteroviruses From Large Volumes of Water Simultaneous Concentration of Salmonella and Enterovirus From Surface Water bv Using Micro Fiber Glass Filters Rapid Concentration


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: ORG
entity:
  the Detection of Human Viruses in Drinking Water Novel Approach for Modifying Microporous Filters for Virus Concentration From Water Concentration of Enteroviruses


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: ORG
entity:
  Water Comparative Study of Four Microporous Filters for Concentrating Viruses From Drinking Water Developments


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: ORG
entity:
  Membrane Filtration and Organic Flocculation Evaluation of Procedures for Recovery of Viruses From Water I Concentration Systems


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: ORG
entity:
  Using Talc Celite Layers and Hydroextraction Adsorption of Virusrs on Magnetic Particles Australian Water Resources Council Survie de Virus Enteriques Adsorbes sur Microfibre de Verreau Cours d un Transport Postal


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: ORG
entity:
  Iododeoxyuridine Evaluation of Procedures for Recovery of Viruses From Water II Detection Systems Influence of Inoculum Size Incubation Temperature and Cell Culture Densityon Virus Detection


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Use of Proportioning Injectors to Condition Large Volumes of Water for Virological Analysis Comparison of Positively Charged Membrane Filters


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Similar Materials for Recovering Viruses From Environmental Samples Second Step Reconcentration of Environmental Samples by Ammonium Sulfate Flocculation of Beef Extract Organic Flocculation


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Use of Nucleic Acid Probes in Diagnosis of Viral Diseases of Man Suppression of Viral Replication by Guanidine A Comparison of Human Adenoviruses


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: ORG
entity:
  Overview of Monitoring Techniques for Evaluating Water Quality at Potable Reuse Treatment Facilities


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Recycled Water Recommendations of a Science Advisory Panel Development of Indicators and Surrogates for Chemical Contaminant Removal During Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: ORG
entity:
  Human and Animal Faeces Distinguishing Human From Animal Fecal Contamination in Water by Typing Male Specific RNA Coliphages


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Recycled Water Is the Replication of Somatic Coliphages in Water Environments Significant Phage Methods Drinking Water Through Recycling The Benefits and Costs of Supplying Direct


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: ORG
entity:
  Inlet and Outlet Samples From Sewage Treatment Plants Water Reuse Potential for Expanding the Nation s Water Supply Through Reuse of Municipal Wastewater Indicators


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  in Water Applications of Whole Cell Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Hygiene Links to Health Facts and Figures WHO Water Quality Guidelines Standards and Health Detection of Escherichia


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
type: ORG
entity:
  Water Using a Flow Through Chemiluminescence Microarray Readout System Spectroscopic Differentiation and Quantification of Micro Organisms


id: cord-023464-uklnrgt8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Drinking Water Universal Preenrichment Broth for The Simultaneous Detection of Salmonella and Listeria in Foods 1 Food Prot


id: cord-023464-uklnrgt8
type: ORG
entity:
  Correlation of In Vitro Excystation with Inclusion or Exclusion of Fluorogenic Vital Dyes Detection ofSalmonellas


id: cord-023464-uklnrgt8
type: ORG
entity:
  Waste Waters of Different Quality Synthetic DNA Probes for Detection of Genes for Diagnostic Application of Monoclonal Antibodies


id: cord-023464-uklnrgt8
type: ORG
entity:
  the Australian Wet Dry Use of the Polymerase Chain Reaction for Specific Detection of Type A Type D and Type E Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus


id: cord-023464-uklnrgt8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Diarrhoeal Disease in Animals Using the Polymerase ChainReaction Factors Stimulating Propagation of Legionellae in Cooling Tower Water Enzyme labeled Oligonucleotide Probes for Detection of the Genes for Thermostable Direct Hemolysin TDH


id: cord-022947-ruizhgwh
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Vibrio cholerae Mycobacterium tuberculosis hepatitis A virus poliovirus other human enteric viruses and parasitic protozoa


id: cord-022147-istz1iql
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  bromophenol blue 3 0 4 6 bromocresol green 4 0 5 6 methyl red 4 4 6 0 bromocresol purple 5 0 6 6 bromothymol blue 6 0 7 6 phenol


id: cord-267680-n1t7by3r
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  coli 4 7 log enterococci 2 4 log Clostridium perfringens spores 2 1 log coliphages 2 8 log and aerobic bacterial load Heterotrophic


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: DNA
entity:
  Egyptian Aswan High Dam Khalil 1949 Strickland 1982 the Sudanese Gezira Managil Dam Amin 1977 Omer 1978 Teklehaimanot


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: FAC
entity:
  the WHO FAO United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: ORG
entity:
  United States Distribution of Insecticide Treated Bednets During an Integrated Nationwide Immunization Campaign Togo Pathogenic


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
type: ORG
entity:
  the Joint WHO FAO UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control PEEM Avaliação


id: cord-294005-gjrj1gvr
type: ORG
entity:
  The United Nations World Water Development Report Water for a Sustainable World International decade


id: cord-301181-s3cb1sq7
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Applications of Nanotechnology in Plant Growth and Crop Protection A Review Application of Nanomaterials


id: cord-301181-s3cb1sq7
type: ORG
entity:
  Review of Mechanical Properties Migration and Potential Applications in Active Food Packaging Systems


id: cord-292031-weiwksh6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Drinking Water Quality Volume 1 Recommendations World Health Organization WHO Geneva Switzwerland Towards


id: cord-292031-weiwksh6
type: ORG
entity:
  Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Waterborne Disease Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Indicator Organisms in Surface Water in South Western Finland Water Related Disease Outbreaks Seasonal Detection of Human Viruses and Coliphage in Detection of Naturally Occurring Enteroviruses in Waters by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction and Hybridization Estimates of the Severity of Illnesses Associated with Bathing in Marine Recreational Waters Contaminated with Domestic Sewage Environmental Virology From Detection of Virus in Sewage and Water by Isolation to Identification by Molecular Biology A Trip of Over 50 Years Distribution


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Fingerprinting the Origin of Faecal Pollution in Water Samples Evaluation of the Application of Bacteriophages as Indicators of Water Quality Comparison of F


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: ORG
entity:
  the Marine Environment Incidence of Adenoviruses in Raw and Treated Water Quantification and Typing of Adenoviruses Detected in River


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: ORG
entity:
  Humans and Animals in Aquatic Environments Health Risks Detection and Potential Water Quality Assessment Tools Microbiol Gastroenteritis Outbreak


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Concentrate and Purify Viruses in Pelagic Ecosystems Application of Digital Image Analysis and Flow Cytometry


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: FAC
entity:
  the Rapid Diagnosis of Viral Infections Review Modern Uses of Electron Microscopy for Detection of Viruses


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: ORG
entity:
  the Study of Gastroenteritis Viruses Determination of Enteroviruses Hepatitis A Virus Bacteriophages


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
type: ORG
entity:
  Oligotrophic Marine Environments by Tangential Flow Filtration Bacteriophage Electron Microscopy Direct Electron Microscopy Study on the Morphological Diversity of Bacteriophage Populations


id: cord-329397-t951n4dv
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Use of Bacteriophages in Animal Health and Food Protection New Tools for Safer Food Bacteriophage


id: cord-329397-t951n4dv
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Recent Growth of Aquaculture Create Antibiotic Resistance Threats Different from those Associated with Land Animal Production in Agriculture Persistence


id: cord-329397-t951n4dv
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems RAS Towards Developing Phage Therapy


id: cord-301767-1jv20em8
type: CL
entity:
  enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 H7 in soil and on leaf lettuce and parsley grown in fields treated with contaminated manure composts or irrigation water


id: cord-301767-1jv20em8
type: DISEASE
entity:
  enteroviruses echovirus type 7 strain Wallace coxsackievirus B3 strain Nancy and poliovirus type 1 strain LSc


id: cord-292000-uytnpn2f
type: ORG
entity:
  Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry Water


id: cord-344208-5mbn6b9x
type: ORG
entity:
  Municipal Raw Water Drinking Water and New Main Water Samples Diagnostic Medical Parasitology Institute of Medicine 1992 Emerging Infections Microbial Threats to Health


id: cord-344208-5mbn6b9x
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Acute Nonbacterial Gastroenteritis Waterborne Transmission of Infectious Agents Manual of Environmental Microbiology Particle Behavior


id: cord-301991-n87le8ix
type: ORG
entity:
  the World Health Organization WHO Indian Standard Institution ISI Indian Council of Medical Research ICMR


id: cord-346715-r6a5vxl0
type: GGP
entity:
  Cr VI drinking water regulatory standard is established and used as a benchmark to compare against other new technologies Meanwhile recent advances in nanotechnology lead


id: cord-337218-risqto89
type: ORG
entity:
  TEEB United Nations Environment Programme Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment Wadeable Streams Assessment A Collaborative Survey of the Nation s Streams


id: cord-337218-risqto89
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera decimating the kelp fronds and the habitat they provided for countless other marine creatures including commercially harvested fishes Thanks


id: cord-302848-a246wl7f
type: ORG
entity:
  the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Vision for Water and Nature A World Strategy for Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water Resources


id: cord-302848-a246wl7f
type: ORG
entity:
  the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Preliminary Review of Adaptation Options for Climate Sensitive Ecosystems


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Role of Influenza and Pollution The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring Towards a Unified System


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: ORG
entity:
  the Standard Gravimetric Methods to Measure Personal Exposure and Kitchen Concentrations to Fine Particulate Matter


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: ORG
entity:
  the Total Coliform Rule WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality A Systematic Review of the Health Outcomes Related to Household Water Quality in Developing Countries Coliform Bacteria


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Bacteriology of the Coliform Group Their Suitability as Markers of Microbial Water Safety Presence and Growth of Naturalized Escherichia Coli in Temperate Soils


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: FAC
entity:
  Lake Superior Watersheds Microbial Source Tracking Current Methodology and Future Directions Microbial Source Tracking Markers for Detection of Fecal Contamination


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: FAC
entity:
  Detecting Viral Diversity in Water Environments Metagenomic Analysis Reveals Wastewater Treatment Plants


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: ORG
entity:
  Quantitative Molecular Diagnostic Methods to Identify Causes of Diarrhoea in Children A Reanalysis of the GEMS Case Control Study Specific Burdens of Community Diarrhoea in Developing Countries


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
type: ORG
entity:
  Rationale Metagenomics of Two Severe Foodborne Outbreaks Provides Diagnostic Signatures and Signs of Coinfection


id: cord-284498-54j6ys8s
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Los Angeles Brisbane Hongkong Brisbane New Delhi Sydney Cruise ship Australia 22 March 2020Wastewater


id: cord-284498-54j6ys8s
type: ORG
entity:
  Survivability Partitioning and Recovery of Enveloped Viruses in Untreated Municipal Wastewater Coronavirus


id: cord-284498-54j6ys8s
type: ORG
entity:
  the Persistence and Disinfection of Human Coronaviruses and Their Viral Surrogates in Water and Wastewater


id: cord-327865-xxov2x33
type: ORG
entity:
  The United Nations World Water Development Report United Nations Development Programme Human Development Report 2006 Beyond Scarcity Power Poverty


id: cord-327865-xxov2x33
type: LAW
entity:
  Guidelines of the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture Guidelines For Drinking Water Quality Recommendations Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment Report Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation


id: cord-025995-nxeg03xj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Wastewater Treatment Viruses in Sewage Effect of Phosphate Removal with Calcium Hydroxide Lime Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation Health Aspects of Excreta and Sillage Management A State of the Art Review Behavior and Transport of Microbial Pathogens and Indicator Organisms in Soils Treated with Organic Wastes Well Water Quality Deteri


id: cord-025995-nxeg03xj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Percolating Water through Selected Oahu Soils Comparative Adsorption of Human Enteroviruses Simian Rotavirus


id: cord-025995-nxeg03xj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Soil and Their Contribution to Storm water Pollution Persistence of Virus on Sewage Irrigated Vegetables Persistence of Poliovirus 1 in Soil


id: cord-336378-7f2fizfr
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  anatase Derived TiO 2 nanosheets graphene hybrid materials Origin of High Photocatalytic Efficiency in Monolayer g C 3 N 4 CdS Heterostructure A Hybrid DFT Study Atomic Interface Engineering and Electric Field Effect in Ultrathin Bi 2 MoO 6 Nanosheets for Superior Lithium Ion Storage


id: cord-336378-7f2fizfr
type: ORG
entity:
  Graphene Oxide How Sharp Edged Structure and Charge Matter Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of Common Fabrics Used


id: cord-336378-7f2fizfr
type: ORG
entity:
  GO Liquid Droplet Excitation of Freestanding Polymethylmethacrylate Graphene Oxide Films for Mechanical Energy Harvesting Polymethyl


id: cord-265715-u8rc48f4
type: ORG
entity:
  Hydroponically Grown Romaine Lettuce Health Risks of Limited Contact Water Recreation Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders


# bib

id: cord-004890-fob5lk2m
author: Fischbarg, J.
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-004890-fob5lk2m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004890-fob5lk2m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087546/
doi: 10.1007/bf00233446
summary:
  Figure la shows a multiple-sequence alignment of nine proteins of the MIP family, namely: (a) the major intrinsic protein of the lens (MIP26) (Pisano & Chepelinsky, 1991) ; (b) soybean nodulin 26 (NOD26) (Sandal & Marcker, 1988) ; (c) glycerol facilitator (GLP) (Muramatsu & Mizuno, 1989) ; (d) Drosophila big brain (BIB) (Rao, Jan & Jan, 1990) ; (e) the vacuolar membrane pro-tein (7-TIP) (Maurel et al., 1993 ); (f) the frog aquaporin (FA-CHIP) (Abrami et al,, 1994) ; (g) the proximal tubule water channel (CHIP28k) (Zhang et al., 1993a) ; (h) the collecting duct water channel (WCH-CD1) (Fushimi et al., 1993) ; and (i) the erythrocyte water channel (CHIP28) (Preston & Agre, 1991) . In Fig. 3b , the CFPp marks and the PHD predictions delimit consistent segments which are generally once more too short to span the membrane as o~-helices. Since the structured transmembrane segments we predict are too short to be a-helices but have the correct length for [3-strands, we favor a [3-barrel fold for CHIP28.

title:
  Predictive evidence for a porin-type β-barrel fold in CHIP28 and other members of the MIP family. A restricted-pore model common to water channels and facilitators

abstract:
  Water channels are the subject of much current attention, as they may be central for cell functions in a host of tissues. We have analyzed the possible fold of facilitators and water channels of the MIP family based on structural predictions, on findings about the topology of CHIP28, and on the biophysical characteristics of water channels. We developed predictions for the following proteins: MIP26, NOD26, GLP, BIB, γ-TIP, FA-CHIP, CHIP28k, WCH-CD1, and CHIP28. We utilized Kyte Doolittle hydrophobicity, Eisenberg's amphiphilicity, Chou-Fasman-Prevelige propensities, and our own Union algorithm. We found that hydrophobic amphiphilic segments likely to be transmembrane were consistently shorter than required for α-helical segments, but of the correct length for β-strands. Turn propensity was high at frequent intervals, consistent with transmembrane β-strands. We propose that these proteins fold as porin-like 16-stranded antiparallel β-barrels. In water channels, from the size of molecules excluded, an extramembrane loop(s) would enter the pore and restrict it to a bottleneck with a width 4 Å ⩽w ⩽5 Å. A similar but more mobile loop(s) would act as gate and binding site for the facilitators of the MIP family.


id: cord-009804-4lozmf0h
title: Evapotranspiration and water source of a tropical rainforest in peninsular Malaysia
author: Lion, Marryanna
date: 2017-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-009804-4lozmf0h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009804-4lozmf0h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165644/
doi: 10.1002/hyp.11360
summary:
  In Pasoh Forest Reserve (FR), which is located in a dry zone of Peninsular Malaysia and receives the lowest yearly rainfall amount among adjacent south-eastern tropical rainforests, relatively stable ET, which includes transpiration, interception evaporation, and soil evaporation, was observed even during the driest period, based on 7 years of continuous eddy covariance (EC) measurement (Kosugi, Takanashi, Tani, et al., 2012) . Our study of ET and water sources in the Pasoh FR comprised three objectives: (a) measure and calculate ET using the EC method over a 4-year period (2012-2015); (b) determine spatial and temporal patterns of water uptake and provenance, using water budget methods combining ET, precipitation, and soil moisture data; and (c) determine the provenance of water that is transpired at different times of the year by assessing the stable isotope signatures of water in precipitation, soils, plants, and streams.

abstract:
  To evaluate water use and the supporting water source of a tropical rainforest, a 4‐year assessment of evapotranspiration (ET) was conducted in Pasoh Forest Reserve, a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. The eddy covariance method and isotope signals of rain, plant, soil, and stream waters were used to determine forest water sources under different moisture conditions. Four sampling events were conducted to collect soil and plant twig samples in wet, moderate, dry, and very dry conditions for the identification of isotopic signals. Annual ET from 2012 to 2015 was quite stable with an average of 1,182 ± 26 mm, and a substantial daily ET was observed even during drought periods, although some decline was observed, corresponding with volumetric soil water content. During the wet period, water for ET was supplied from the surface soil layer between 0 and 0.5 m, whereas in the dry period, approximately 50% to 90% was supplied from the deeper soil layer below 0.5‐m depth, originating from water precipitated several months previously at this forest. Isotope signatures demonstrated that the water sources of the plants, soil, and stream were all different. Water in plants was often different from soil water, probably because plant water came from a different source than water that was strongly bound to the soil particles. Plants showed no preference for soil depth with their size, whereas the existence of storage water in the xylem was suggested. The evapotranspiration at this forest is balanced and maintained using most of the available water sources except for a proportion of rapid response run‐off.


id: cord-012419-tmcm4kxn
author: Nakamura, Shingo
date: 2020-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-012419-tmcm4kxn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-012419-tmcm4kxn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7412244/
doi: 10.3390/molecules25133001
summary:
  In vitro assays demonstrated that BiSCaO Water eliminated more than 99.9% of influenza A (H1N1) and Feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli such as NBRC 3972 and O-157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus within 15 min. We compared BiSCaO Water with the other microbicidal reagents such as ethanol, BiSCaO, BiSCa(OH)(2) suspensions, povidone iodine, NaClO, BiSCaO dispersion and colloidal dispersion with respect to deodorization activity and microbicidal efficacy. The microbicidal activities of BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH) 2 (suspension) and NaClO against TC and CF were intermediate between that of BiSCaO Water and povidone iodine, and no CFU were detectable following treatment with high concentrations of 0.8 wt% (final 0.4 wt%). The microbicidal activities of BiSCaO and BiSCa(OH) 2 (suspension) and NaClO against TC and CF were intermediate between that of BiSCaO Water and povidone iodine, and no CFU were detectable following treatment with high concentrations of 0.8 wt% (final 0.4 wt%).

title:
  Concentrated Bioshell Calcium Oxide (BiSCaO) Water Kills Pathogenic Microbes: Characterization and Activity

abstract:
  Bioshell calcium oxide (BiSCaO) exhibits deodorizing properties and broad microbicidal activity. In this study, we examined possible utility of BiSCaO Water for that purpose. BiSCaO Water was prepared by adding 10 wt% BiSCaO to clean water and gently collecting the supernatant in a bottle. The same volume of clean water was gently poured onto the BiSCaO precipitate and the supernatant was gently collected in a bottle; this process was repeated fifty times. The produced BiSCaO Water contained nanoparticles (about 400–800 nm) composed of smaller nanoparticles (100–200 nm), and was colorless and transparent, with a pH > 12.7. In vitro assays demonstrated that BiSCaO Water eliminated more than 99.9% of influenza A (H1N1) and Feline calicivirus, Escherichia coli such as NBRC 3972 and O-157:H7, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus within 15 min. We compared BiSCaO Water with the other microbicidal reagents such as ethanol, BiSCaO, BiSCa(OH)(2) suspensions, povidone iodine, NaClO, BiSCaO dispersion and colloidal dispersion with respect to deodorization activity and microbicidal efficacy. The results showed that BiSCaO Water was a potent reagent with excellent deodorization and disinfection activities against pathogenic bacteria and viruses (including both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses).


id: cord-014900-yw088jvf
author: Li, W. D.
date: 2011-05-05
txt: ./txt/cord-014900-yw088jvf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014900-yw088jvf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089503/
doi: 10.1134/s1021443711030101
summary:
  title: Effect of water deficit on biomass production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Water use efficiency and the root-to-shoot ratio increased significantly in response to water deficit, indicating a high tolerance to drought. Weak water deficit did not decrease root biomass production, but significantly increased the production of glycyrrhizic acid (by 89%) and liquiritin (by 125%) in the roots. Although the responses of the metabolites to drought have been investigated in some medicinal plants [4, 10] , no reference concerning the effect of various water deficit levels on their production by lic orice roots is available. The present study aims to determine the effect of water deficit on gas exchange, biomass and secondary metabolites production in licorice plants. At 60-70% WC, the amounts of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin in plant roots were the highest among the studied four levels of soil water con ditions: the gain increased by 85.0 and 119.4%, respectively (Figs.

title:
  Effect of water deficit on biomass production and accumulation of secondary metabolites in roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

abstract:
  Two-year-old seedlings of licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) were exposed to three degrees of water deficit, namely weak (60–70%), moderate (40–50%), and strong (20–30%) relative water content in soil, whereas control plants were grown in soil with 80–90% water content. Moderate and strong water deficit decreased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and biomass production. Water use efficiency and the root-to-shoot ratio increased significantly in response to water deficit, indicating a high tolerance to drought. Weak water deficit did not decrease root biomass production, but significantly increased the production of glycyrrhizic acid (by 89%) and liquiritin (by 125%) in the roots. Therefore, a weak water deficit can increase the yield of root medical compounds without negative effect on root growth.


id: cord-016564-od9mf2f2
title: Online Monitoring Technologies For Drinking Water Systems Security
author: Capodaglio, Andrea G.
date: 2009
txt: ./txt/cord-016564-od9mf2f2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016564-od9mf2f2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120896/
doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2365-0_15
summary:
  More stringent constraints placed nowadays on water companies to provide high quality drinking water, increasing water resources scarcity in many areas of the planet, forcing water companies to work on marginal water bodies for supply, and the threat of hostile actions by political extremists and terrorist groups, that may willingly and deliberately cause contamination of an otherwise safe supply, are recent issues that have spurred demand for more efficient and comprehensive online water monitoring technologies. Monitoring requirements can be defined in relationship to: • Source water quality: (a) variability, in space and time (very low for groundwater, low for lakes, high for rivers); (b) vulnerability (type and location of possible contaminating activity), time-of-travel of the contaminant to the intake, effectiveness of barriers, control options after an alarm • Water treatment: process optimization options and response times, sampling frequency must allow adequate process control • Distribution systems: minimization of deterioration of water quality over time and distance, early detection of cross-connections and water losses In addition, it must be considered that online monitors could have different sensitivity and selectivity according to the matrix and range of concentrations analyzed.

abstract:
  More stringent constraints placed nowadays on water companies to provide high quality drinking water, increasing water resources scarcity in many areas of the planet, forcing water companies to work on marginal water bodies for supply, and the threat of hostile actions by political extremists and terrorist groups, that may willingly and deliberately cause contamination of an otherwise safe supply, are recent issues that have spurred demand for more efficient and comprehensive online water monitoring technologies. Traditionally, quality parameters associated with drinking water provision were monitored using routine grab samples followed by laboratory analysis. This approach only allowed to capture small data sets, mostly unrepresentative of the true variance at the source, and allowed potentially important events to occur undetected. This paper examines state-of-the-art technologies for online monitoring of water quality in supply water systems, and reports some recent application examples.


id: cord-017003-3farxcc3
title: Numerical Simulation of Urban Coastal Zones
author: Koibuchi, Yukio
date: 2010
txt: ./txt/cord-017003-3farxcc3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017003-3farxcc3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121458/
doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-99720-7_3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Such a mixing process continues until the river water reaches the same density as the surrounding sea water, resulting in vertical circulation in the bays that is is several to ten times greater than the river flux (Unoki 1998) . The ecosystem model introduced here was developed to simulate the nutrient budget of an urban coastal zone. To quantify the nutrients budget, we applied our numerical model to Tokyo Bay. The computational domain was divided into 1km horizontal grids with 20 vertical layers. Fig. 3-13 shows the calculation results of an annual budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in Tokyo Bay. The annual budget is useful in understanding nutrient cycles. We have developed a water quality model to simulate both nutrient cycles and pathogens distributions, and coupled it with a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of urban coastal areas. We applied this model to the Tokyo Bay and simulated water column temperatures, salinity, and nutrient concentrations that were closely linked with field observations.


id: cord-017620-p65lijyu
author: Rodriguez-Proteau, Rosita
date: 2005-07-07
txt: ./txt/cord-017620-p65lijyu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017620-p65lijyu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122228/
doi: 10.1007/b11434
summary:
  title: Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials Presently, numerous federal agencies provide guidance on methods and approaches used to evaluate potential health effects and assess risks from contaminated source media, i.e., soil, air, and water. The systematic scientific approach of evaluating potential adverse health effects resulting from human exposure to hazardous agents or situations occur by the following steps: i) hazard identification; ii) dose-response (quantitative) assessment; iii) exposure assessment; iv) risk characterization [ 4] . If information concerning COPCs is not present in the drinking water and/or state and tribal water standards databases, or additional exposure pathways need to be included during the site assessment, then media-specific comparison values are available from the Soil Screening Guidance [16] , several USEPA regional offices, and individual state governments (Table 6 ).

title:
  Toxicity Evaluation and Human Health Risk Assessment of Surface and Ground Water Contaminated by Recycled Hazardous Waste Materials

abstract:
  Prior to the 1970s, principles involving the fate and transport of hazardous chemicals from either hazardous waste spills or landfills into ground water and/or surface water were not fully understood. In addition, national guidance on proper waste disposal techniques was not well developed. As a result, there were many instances where hazardous waste was not disposed of properly, such as the Love Canal environmental pollution incident. This incident led to the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. This act gave the United States Environmental Protection Agency regulatory control of all stages of the hazardous waste management cycle. Presently, numerous federal agencies provide guidance on methods and approaches used to evaluate potential health effects and assess risks from contaminated source media, i.e., soil, air, and water. These agencies also establish standards of exposure or health benchmark values in the different media, which are not expected to produce environmental or human health impacts. The risk assessment methodology is used by various regulatory agencies using the following steps: i) hazard identification; ii) dose-response (quantitative) assessment; iii) exposure assessment; iv) risk characterization. The overall objectives of risk assessment are to balance risks and benefits; to set target levels; to set priorities for program activities at regulatory agencies, industrial or commercial facilities, or environmental and consumer organizations; and to estimate residual risks and extent of risk reduction. The chapter will provide information on the concepts used in estimating risk and hazard due to exposure to ground and surface waters contaminated from the recycling of hazardous waste and/or hazardous waste materials for each of the steps in the risk assessment process. Moreover, this chapter will provide examples of contaminated water exposure pathway calculations as well as provide information on current guidelines, databases, and resources such as current drinking water standards, health advisories, and ambient water quality criteria. Finally, specific examples of contaminants released from recycled hazardous waste materials and case studies evaluating the human health effects due to contamination of ground and surface waters from recycled hazardous waste materials will be provided and discussed.


id: cord-018166-savdgy0u
title: Survival and Transport of Enteric Viruses in the Environment
author: Bosch, Albert
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-018166-savdgy0u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018166-savdgy0u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122973/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-29251-9_6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Environmental virology may be defined as the study of viruses that can be transmitted through various environments (water, sewage, soil, air, or surfaces) or food and persist enough in these vehicles to represent a health threat. Since that time, other enteric viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and hepatitis have replaced enteroviruses as the main target for detection in the environment, although the near eradication of poliomyelitis from the globe calls for exhaustive studies on the occurrence of wild-type and vaccinal-type polioviruses in environmental samples. The possibility nowadays to detect the presence of human enteric viruses in different types of water samples and foodstuff, in particular shellfish samples, should be a valuable tool in the prevention of waterborne and food-borne diseases. These data suggest that temperature, and probably relative humidity, may be meaningful in the seasonal distribution of outbreaks of certain human enteric viruses (Enright, 1954) , due to the influence of these factors on virus persistence.


id: cord-018316-drjfwcdg
title: Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness
author: Shephard, Roy J.
date: 2017-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123162/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22
summary:
  4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel. The success of urban living has depended in great part on governmental ability to maintain population health through the building of an adequate infrastructure to provide clean water and to dispose of waste, as well as the enactment of appropriate regulations to control the prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Diligent housewives adopted a few other simple changes in household management to preserve the health of their families, and Cambridge University insisted on a direct control of its food supply, The Great Plague The London "Plague" of 1665 CE was one in a series of European epidemics of bubonic plague dating back to the "Black Death." The Great Plague claimed at least 70,000 lives in central London, this being about a half of the population who had not fled from the city.

abstract:
  1. To recognize the importance to the maintenance of good health of adequate public health regulations and an infrastructure that provides clean water and appropriate waste management. 2. To see the lack of such amenities over many centuries, but the progressive development of public health bureaucracies dedicated to provision of an appropriate infrastructure for healthy cities, beginning during the Victorian Era. 3. To observe how responsibility for the provision of adequate housing for poorer city dwellers has been shared between government, benevolent entrepreneurs and charities. 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel.


id: cord-022141-yxttl3gh
title: Progressive Adaptation: The Key to Sustaining a Growing Global Population
author: Siegel, Frederic R.
date: 2014-08-23
txt: ./txt/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153416/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-09686-5_9
summary:
  Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The chronic malnutrition that about 1 billion people suffered from in 2013 is likely to grow in number in some regions due to global warming/climate change because humans cannot adapt to less food if they are already at subsistence rations. As the global population increases and more people in developing and less developed nations have more disposable income, there will be a growing draw on natural resources other than water and food to service their industrial, agricultural, and manufacturing needs and wants. The effects of higher temperatures from global warming and climate change included what has been discussed in previous chapters of this book: heat, drought, sea level rise, coastal zones, typhoons, flooding, river runoff, water availability, ecosystem shifts, crop yields, fishing, aquaculture, livestock, health and poverty, and tourism.

abstract:
  Adaptation is an evolving long-term process during which a population of life forms adjusts to changes in its habitat and surrounding environments. Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The latter include water, food, energy, metal ores, industrial minerals, and wood. Within this framework, it is necessary to adapt as well to changes in local and regional physical conditions brought on by natural and anthropogenic hazards, by health threats of epidemic or pandemic reach, by social conditions such as conflicts driven by religious and ethnic fanaticism, and by tribalism and clan ties.


id: cord-022147-istz1iql
title: Procedures to Investigate Waterborne Illness
author: nan
date: 2016-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-022147-istz1iql.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022147-istz1iql.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153435/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-26027-3_1
summary:
  • Identifying illness associated with an exposure and verifying that the causative agent is waterborne • Detecting all cases, the causative agent, and the place of exposure • Determining the water source, mode of contamination, processes, or practices by which proliferation and/or survival of the etiological agent occurred • Implementing emergency measures to control the spread of the outbreak • Gathering information on the epidemiology of waterborne diseases and the etiology of the causative agents that can be used for education, training, and program planning, thereby impacting on the prevention of waterborne illness • Determining if the outbreak under investigation is part of a larger outbreak by immediately reporting to state/provincial/national epidemiologists In the instance of a bottled water outbreak, halting of distribution and sale of product and recall of product, some of which may already be in consumers'' homes, are necessary to prevent further illness.

abstract:
  Humanity could not survive without a reliably clean, safe, and steady flow of drinking water. Since the early 1900s when typhoid fever and cholera were frequently causes of waterborne illness in developed countries, drinking water supplies have been protected and treated to ensure water safety, quality, and quantity. Having access to safe drinking water has always been one of the cornerstones of good public health. Not only safe water is limited to drinking water, but recreational water can also be a source for waterborne illness—both from treated waters such as in swimming pools, whirlpools, or splash pads and from non-treated surface waters such as lakes, rivers, streams and ponds. Recreational waters may cause illness not only from ingestion of pathogens, but also when in contact with eyes, ears, or skin. Some pathogens in water can be acquired by inhalation of aerosols from water that is agitated or sprayed such as in humidifiers, fountains, or misting of produce. This poses a potential risk to those exposed, particularly if they are immunocompromised.


id: cord-022663-n21jvt22
author: Vandegrift, Jillian
date: 2019-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-022663-n21jvt22.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022663-n21jvt22.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159541/
doi: 10.1002/awwa.1320
summary:
  Subsequently, advanced treated water must meet the requirements of the SDWA and National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and abide by nonregulatory water quality standards for aesthetics in the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation MCLs. Specific regulations, policies, provisions, and/or guidance for potable reuse have been developed in 15 states: Arizona, California, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Washington (USEPA 2017 While several recent pilot and demonstration-scale studies have been conducted, two notable full-scale potable reuse facilities have provided water directly into the distribution system: Big Spring Colorado River Municipal Water District (1.6 mgd) in 2013 and Wichita Falls (5 mgd) in 2014, both of which are in Texas. A challenge for potable reuse monitoring is how to effectively characterize pathogens, chemical constituents, and emerging contaminants in advanced treated water in an appropriate time frame.

title:
  Overview of Monitoring Techniques for Evaluating Water Quality at Potable Reuse Treatment Facilities

abstract:
  Needless to say, the safety of treated water for potable reuse must be definitively ensured. Numerous methods are available for assessing water quality; it's important to understand their challenges and limitations.


id: cord-022674-90g0461f
title: Detecting Viruses in Water
author: Hurst, Christon J.
date: 1989-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-022674-90g0461f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022674-90g0461f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159604/
doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1989.tb03273.x
summary:
  Subsequent recovery of the adsorbed viruses can occur either by dissolving the filter material, if it is composed of alginate,"" or by exposing the adsorbent to a volume of eluant that is smaller than the original water sample and facilitates a reversal of the virus adsorption process. Of the many different types and configurations of virus adsorbents, those now preferred for use in recovering viruses from large volumes of water are wound cartridge filters*'' and pleated cartridge filter@ based on either glass fiber or nylon, including types that are positively charged, and columns of glass powder.26 Also of interest is the use of sheet filter material that has been modified in situ either by a precipitation of metal hydroxides within the filter ma-trix2" or by coating the filter with cationic 74 RESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGY Cultures of mammalian cells were prepared using a laminar-flow filtered air hood.

abstract:
  Various and divergent approaches that have been used to concentrate and assay viruses from tap water and environmental freshwaters are summarized and briefly explained. The basic principles behind the different methodologies and descriptions of the most recent developments are emphasized. Comparisons help demonstrate the relative sensitivities of different concentration and assay techniques.


id: cord-022947-ruizhgwh
title: Indicator organisms for estuarine and marine waters
author: Elliot, Elisa L
date: 2006-03-27
txt: ./txt/cord-022947-ruizhgwh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022947-ruizhgwh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164043/
doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb01183.x
summary:
  These bacteria and other coliforms were used in the past as indicators of water-borne pathogens, that is, the presence of fecal contamination being correlated with the occurrence of pathogens, for which direct detection methods were not available. Total coliforms are the most universally used indicator group, but include bacteria, in addition to Escherichia coil, that are not specifically associated with fecal pollution, i.e., Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., and Enterobacter spp. Finding an appropriate indicator for the presence of enteric viruses, i.e., poliovirus, coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B, and echovirus [50, 147] , in sea water, is a vexing problem, especially for those responsible for regulating the use of sewage-contamined sites, including fresh, estuarine, and marine water and sediment, and shellfish harvested from these waters. Correlations between the number of fecal bacterial pathogens and indicator bacteria and their respective bacteriophages in fresh and marine water have been reported [185] .

abstract:
  Abstract The use of indicator organisms for estuarine and coastal waters has been reviewed. The natural flora of the environment must be considered in selecting an indicator organism, but, more importantly, recent work which shows a viable but non‐recoverable stage of pathogens entering the marine environment demonstrates that the conventional detection of indicator microorganisms is misleading, if not inaccurate. Results suggest that the newly developed epifluorescent/immunofluorescent direct detection of pathogens in the environment may be the most reliable method for determining public health hazards in marine and estuarine waters.


id: cord-023464-uklnrgt8
title: Detection and occurrence of waterborne bacterial and viral pathogens
author: Black, E. Kathleen
date: 1993-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-023464-uklnrgt8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023464-uklnrgt8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169731/
doi: 10.1002/j.1554-7531.1993.tb00050.x
abstract: nan
summary:
  The correlation between salmonella and coliform June 1993 bacteria or enterococci was unclear in a survey of two pools in the Australian wet-dry tropics (Townsend) , in an estuary of a river in Spain (Martinez-Manzanares et al.) , and in storm water runoff (O''Shea and Field). Developments in gene probe and immunoassay technologies are making these detection methods more accessible to routine water analysis laboratories (Atlas et al.; Kerr et al.; Sano et al.; Thorns et al.; and Yamamoto, K. Polymerase Chain Reaction-gene Probe Detection of Microorganisms by Using Filter-concentrated Samples Detection of Virulence Factors in Culturable Escherichia coli Isolates from Water Samples by DNA Probes and Recovery of Toxin-bearing Strains in Minimal Ortho-nitrophenolbeta-D-galactopyranoside-4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide Media Use of a Hydrophobic Grid-membrane Filter DNA Probe Method to Detect Listeria monocytogenes in Artifically-contaminated Foods


id: cord-025995-nxeg03xj
title: Pathogen Removal from Wastewater during Groundwater Recharge
author: Gerba, Charles P.
date: 2013-11-17
txt: ./txt/cord-025995-nxeg03xj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025995-nxeg03xj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271151/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-250-40549-7.50015-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Studies indicate that bacteria and viruses are not removed effectively from wastewaters during primary treatment [19] ; removal of viruses during secondary treatment (active sludge) is dependent largely on virus adsorption to solids. [40] with cores of sandy forest soil receiving poliovirus in sewage effluent at various pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0, virus retention was best at pH 5.5, and the release and migration of retained viruses by subsequent distilled water applications was lower from the cores that re ceived sewage effluent having lower pH values. [57] on virus survival and movement in a rapid-infiltration system for wastewater, the rate of inactivation of indigenous viruses was greater in the fall than in the winter, possibly due in part to the effects of higher temperatures in the former season.


id: cord-025998-1qawjquv
title: Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology
author: Lara, R.J.
date: 2012-03-23
txt: ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271162/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9
summary:
  The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms).

abstract:
  This chapter treats two main topics: the relationship between human health, aquatic ecosystems, and water use; and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches for the development of water management policies and disease control. Main waterborne diseases, mostly affecting developing countries and relevant in terms of water management and changes in land use, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, or cholera, are discussed stressing links to the global water crisis. Also, the role of artificial and natural wetlands in influenza epidemics is treated. The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agri- and aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. Surveillance systems should monitor changes in water management, ecotones, and hydrological cycles and shifts in, for example, the outbreak timing of strongly seasonal diseases. These indicators would provide criteria for the development of innovative water management policies, combining methods of vector control and the safe creation of water reservoirs, irrigation systems, and wetland habitats.


id: cord-034138-uarxxalj
author: Oluwole, Adewumi Olufemi
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-034138-uarxxalj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034138-uarxxalj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7579856/
doi: 10.1186/s13065-020-00714-1
summary:
  Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment, highlights the failure of the conventional methods in degrading pharmaceuticals and personal care products from the water matrices and why photocatalytic degradation processes of pharmaceuticals and personal care products via the use of various semiconductor photocatalyst immobilized either on other semiconductors, metal oxide or on different carbon sources such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxides has been able to degrade these organic pollutants to propose more alternative nanomaterial that is green, efficient, non-toxic, cheap and more effective with a short time for the photocatalytic degradation of different organic pollutants. To achieve a more rapid and efficient removal of PPCPs in WWTPs, there is a need to modify the photocatalytic process through immobilization of TiO 2 onto a suitable solid support such as activated carbon, molecular sieve, graphene, and minerals as a result of their ability to enrich the pollutants and improves their photocatalytic degradation rate due to its stability, mechanical resistance, high surface area and appropriate porosity [157, 158] .

title:
  Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in water and wastewater: a review of treatment processes and use of photocatalyst immobilized on functionalized carbon in AOP degradation

abstract:
  The presence of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical and personal care products in many aqueous matrices have been reported. One of such matrix is streams of wastewater, including wastewater treatment plants inflows and outflows and wastewater flow by-passing wastewater treatment plants. Their persistence arises from their resistant to breakdown, hence they may remain in the environment over long time, with a potential to cause adverse effects including endocrine disruption, gene toxicity, the imposition of sex organs, antibiotic resistance and many others in some aquatic organisms exposed to arrays of residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products. Among the treatment techniques, advanced oxidation processes have been reported to be a better technique through which these PPCPs can be degraded in the WWTPs. Heterogeneous photocatalysis using various photocatalyst immobilized on solid support such as activated carbon, graphene and carbon nanotubes in AOPs have been shown to be a viable and efficient method of PPCPs degradation. This is because, the performance of most WWTPs is limited since they were not designed to degrade toxic and recalcitrant PPCPs. This review highlight the occurrence, concentration of PPCPs in wastewater and the removal efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalysis of TiO(2) immobilized on solid supports.


id: cord-102315-ncjdsbn4
author: Nazeeri, A. I.
date: 2020-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-102315-ncjdsbn4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102315-ncjdsbn4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.12.20059709v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.12.20059709
summary:
  It is currently believed that these masks and respirators cannot be cleaned with 70 to 75% alcohol-water solutions, as past wet/dry experiments show that filtration efficiency can drop by ~40% after the first such treatment. The mechanism seems to be the removal of water molecules adsorbed on the fiber surfaces, a hypothesis which is supported by two independent observations: (A) the filtering efficiency increases non-linearly with the weight loss during drying, and (B) filtration efficiency shows an abrupt recovery as the vacuum pressure drops from 13 to 6 mBar, the range physically attributable to the removal of adsorbed water. We report here the discovery that decontaminating polypropylene microfiber filters in a 70% v/v solution of ethanol and deionized (DI) water, using standard medical procedures including air drying, does not permanently damage the microfibers as has been suggested 3, 4, 7 . We describe the easily constructed experimental setup that we use for measuring filtration efficiency, present results with 70% v/v ethanol treatment and the effectiveness of vacuum drying on .

title:
  An Efficient Ethanol-Vacuum Method for the Decontamination and Restoration of Polypropylene Microfiber Medical Masks & Respirators

abstract:
  A critical shortage of respirators, masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) exists across all sectors of society afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic, placing medical staff and service workers at heightened risk and hampering efforts to reduce transmission rates. Of particular need are the N95 medical face respirators that filter 95% of all airborne particles at and above 0.3 um in diameter, many of which use meltblown microfibers of charged polypropylene (e.g, the 3M 8200). An intensive search is underway to find reliable methods to lengthen the useful life of these normally disposable units. It is currently believed that these masks and respirators cannot be cleaned with 70 to 75% alcohol-water solutions, as past wet/dry experiments show that filtration efficiency can drop by ~40% after the first such treatment. This has been interpreted as the liquids disrupting the surface charge on the fibers and has led to a recent CDC/NIOSH advisory against using alcohol for their decontamination. We have replicated the drop in efficiency after alcohol treatment. However, we find that the efficiency can be recovered by more effective drying, which we achieve with a vacuum chamber. Drying at pressures of < ~6 mBar (0.6 kPa) restores the measured filtering efficiency to within 2% or so of the pre-washing value, which we have sustained for 5 cleaning-drying cycles so far in three models of N95 masks. The mechanism seems to be the removal of water molecules adsorbed on the fiber surfaces, a hypothesis which is supported by two independent observations: (A) the filtering efficiency increases non-linearly with the weight loss during drying, and (B) filtration efficiency shows an abrupt recovery as the vacuum pressure drops from 13 to 6 mBar, the range physically attributable to the removal of adsorbed water. These results are not compatible with the electrostatic discharge hypothesis, and rather suggest that water molecules adsorbed to the fiber surface are reducing the filtration efficiency via surface tension interactions (e.g., wicking between the fibers and coating their surfaces with a film). Such a degradation mechanism has two implications: (A) Respirators decontaminated by a soak in 70% v/v ethanol regain their filtration efficiency once they are fully dry. We employ vacuum chambers in this study, which are inexpensive and commonly available. (B) This mechanism presents the possibility that mask filtration performance may be subject to degradation by other sources of moisture, and that the mask would continue to be compromised even if it appears dry. The mask would need to be vacuum-dried to restore its performance. This study introduces a number of methods which could be developed and validated for use in resource-limited settings. As the pandemic spreads to rural areas and developing nations, these would allow for local efforts to decontaminate, restore, monitor, and test medical masks.


id: cord-247879-jdkikd29
author: Kayode, John Stephen
date: 2020-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-247879-jdkikd29.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-247879-jdkikd29.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.04468v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  title: The Covid-19 pandemic''s effects on poor rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of access to basic clean water, sanitary systems and hand-washing facilities In the present uncertain situation surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, it is critical for the people to get access to clean and safe sustainable water for domestic and sanitation uses to guarantee public hygiene and better food and, hence, improve their health conditions (Hunter, et al., 2009). This paper therefore provides proven knowledge and valuable support for sustainable, hygienic, clean, safe water and good sanitary systems for the rural poor dwellers in the SSA to safeguard the people from unrestricted exposure to possible infection from the COVID-19 disease through water and sanitation systems, with the level of cases recorded as at 30th April shown in Table 1 .

title:
  The Covid-19 pandemic''s effects on poor rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of access to basic clean water, sanitary systems and hand-washing facilities

abstract:
  The fear of the invisible but prevalent Coronavirus (COVID-19), disease cannot be overemphasized since there is the potential possibility of it wiping out the entire world population within a few months if adequate and quick steps are not taken to curb this menace, and the sub-Saharan African (SSAn) region is no exception. It is evident that water, as an essential daily commodity, has long been in a state of emergency in SSAn nations, which is largely attributed to decades of neglect by the successive governments, because it has not been possible to separate the existing bond between water, health, livelihood and the economy. The laudable Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) proposed by the United Nations had yet to achieve the stated objective of improving the standards of living and health conditions of the rural communities in the SSAn region before the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. This failure has been masked by a sort of delusion in which the people of this region are subjected to the hardship of searching for clean and healthy water in their own ponds, rivers, streams and shallow hand-dug local wells on a continuous basis. Less than 17% of the rural population in all the SSAn communities can access basic hand-washing facilities and sanitation systems. The total water productivity, as measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per cubic meter of total freshwater withdrawn, for the people was less than 5 GDP.


id: cord-265268-5xu9hj2n
author: Ahmed, W.
date: 2016-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-265268-5xu9hj2n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265268-5xu9hj2n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214527/
doi: 10.1007/s11270-016-3026-5
summary:
  title: Evaluation of Glass Wool Filters and Hollow-Fiber Ultrafiltration Concentration Methods for qPCR Detection of Human Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses in River Water Here, we compared the recovery efficiencies of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from 10-L river water samples seeded with raw human wastewater (100 and 10 mL) using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) and glass wool filter (GWF) methods. Little has been documented on the recovery efficiencies of HFUF and GWF methods for concentrating HAdVs and HPyVs markers from environmental water samples seeded with raw human wastewater. HFUF method recovered significantly higher concentration of HAdVs (P = 0.004; P = 0.003) and HPyVs (P = 0.01; P = 0.009) compared to GWF method for river water samples seeded with 100 and 10 mL of human wastewater, respectively.

title:
  Evaluation of Glass Wool Filters and Hollow-Fiber Ultrafiltration Concentration Methods for qPCR Detection of Human Adenoviruses and Polyomaviruses in River Water

abstract:
  Pathogenic human viruses cause over half of gastroenteritis cases associated with recreational water use worldwide. They are difficult to concentrate from environmental waters due to low numbers and small sizes. Rapid enumeration of viruses by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has the potential to improve water quality analysis and risk assessment. However, capturing and recovering these viruses from environmental water remain formidable barriers to routine use. Here, we compared the recovery efficiencies of human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) from 10-L river water samples seeded with raw human wastewater (100 and 10 mL) using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration (HFUF) and glass wool filter (GWF) methods. The mean recovery efficiencies of HAdVs in river water samples through HFUF were 36 and 86 % for 100 and 10 mL of seeded human wastewater, respectively. In contrast, the estimated mean recovery efficiencies of HAdVs in river water samples through GWF were 1.3 and 3 % for 100 and 10 mL seeded raw human wastewater, respectively. Similar trends were also observed for HPyVs. Recovery efficiencies of HFUF method were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than GWF for both HAdVs and HPyVs. Our results clearly suggest that HFUF would be a preferred method for concentrating HAdVs and HPyVs from river water followed by subsequent detection and quantification with PCR/qPCR assays.


id: cord-265504-yq9wsugy
title: Water scarcity and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa
author: Anim, Desmond Ofosu
date: 2020-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-265504-yq9wsugy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265504-yq9wsugy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445320303121?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.032
abstract: nan
summary:
  In this paper, we highlight the issues that characterize water services amid the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and discuss avenues for improving water management during this pandemic and future infectious disease outbreaks. In response to the promotion of hand hygiene by the World Health Organization (WHO) and national public health agencies as a means to curbing the spread of COVID-19, Water Service Providers (WSP) in most developed countries have outlined drastic measures with the goal of ensuring continuous provision of essential water and sewerage services to all during this pandemic. Nevertheless, across many SSA countries where inequalities in access to safe water is pervasive [6] , there is a need to be worried in light of COVID-19 pandemic. Ensuring affordable access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services is important to address the current COVID-19 and future pandemics.


id: cord-265715-u8rc48f4
author: Ishaq, Sadia
date: 2020-07-06
txt: ./txt/cord-265715-u8rc48f4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265715-u8rc48f4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720343023?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140778
summary:
  Although LIDs offer sustainable runoff management, these infrastructures can be considered a risk to public health due to the presence of pathogens in the runoff and human exposure to contaminated water held in and transported by LIDs. The objective of this study is to examine the disease burden from exposure to LIDs at the residential, neighbourhood, and municipal levels. The combinations of keywords used in this search included the following: "runoff"/"rainwater"/"surface water"/"stormwater"/"floods" and "low impact development"/"green infrastructure"/"water sensitive urban design" and "quantitative microbial risk assessment"/"public health risk"/" disease burden". This study establishes the conceptual foundation of the effects of LIDs on public health and presents a wider perspective of the disease burden from exposure to LIDs. The results revealed that the probability of GI illness exceeding the WHO and US EPA guidelines was highest for floodwater, followed by recreation in surface water, and non-potable exposures to harvested rainwater.

title:
  Investigating the public health risks of low impact development at residential, neighbourhood, and municipal levels

abstract:
  Abstract Low Impact Developments (LIDs) employ a series of vegetative techniques to retain rainfall close to the origin. Although LIDs offer sustainable runoff management, these infrastructures can be considered a risk to public health due to the presence of pathogens in the runoff and human exposure to contaminated water held in and transported by LIDs. The objective of this study is to examine the disease burden from exposure to LIDs at the residential, neighbourhood, and municipal levels. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of literature on three water features: (1) harvested rainwater obtained from LIDs, (2) surface water, and (3) floodwater. A set of 32 studies were systematically selected to collect values of risks of infection and expressed as the disease burden, i.e. disability adjusted life years (DALYs). The results showed that the percentage of GI illness exceeding the health guidelines were high for harvested rainwater, i.e. 22% of annual disease burden exceeded the WHO guidelines (0.001 DALYs/1000 persons), and 2% exceeded the US EPA guidelines (5.75 DALYs/1000 bathers). Among the six exposures for harvested rainwater, exposure to spray irrigation, exceeded US EPA guidelines whereas; five exposures, i.e. flushing, hosing, daily shower, spray irrigation, and children playing, surpassed the WHO guidelines. Considering LID treatment, the values of annual disease burden from all the selected barriers were below US EPA guidelines however, these values exceeded the WHO guidelines for three barriers i.e. water plaza, grass swale, and open storage ponds. These findings provide a broader perspective of the disease burden associated with LIDs and emphasise to consider the type of exposures and required treatment barriers for developing LID infrastructures in urban areas.


id: cord-267680-n1t7by3r
title: Biofiltration technique for removal of waterborne pathogens
author: Maurya, Anurag
date: 2020-02-14
txt: ./txt/cord-267680-n1t7by3r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267680-n1t7by3r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128187838000074
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818783-8.00007-4
summary:
  Slow sand filter (SSF) characterized by slow flow rate (0.1–0.2 m(3)/h) and a biological layer over filter bed called schmutzdecke is fairly efficient in removal of coliform microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, total coliform and fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, bacteriophage, and MS2 virus from wastewater. However, some studies referred filter media as biofilter without confirming role of indigenous microorganisms or biofilm in removal of pollutants and pathogens. Other factors that were not included in the model such as net surface charge on the filter media and microbial surfaces; media properties (type, size, and depth); hydraulic loading rates; upstream chemical use (oxidants and/or coagulants); water quality variables; flow control; and backwashing and postbackwashing practices may also significantly influence pathogen removal efficiency of filter media.

abstract:
  Pathogenic agents such as protozoa, bacteria, virus, and helminths disseminate among human community via ingestion of contaminated water and pose a serious concern to public health. Biological filtration method of disinfection is the key step in centralized multistep and decentralized point-of-use water treatment system. A biofilm of indigenous microorganisms fixed on solid surface, called biofilter, is an eco-friendly and economic technique for removal of pollutants and pathogens. Stone, gravel, sand, soil, compost, mesoporous mineral stone, wood chips, etc., exemplify solid bed medium which provide enhanced surface area for microbial adherence and water retention. Slow sand filter (SSF) characterized by slow flow rate (0.1–0.2 m(3)/h) and a biological layer over filter bed called schmutzdecke is fairly efficient in removal of coliform microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, total coliform and fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, bacteriophage, and MS2 virus from wastewater. Rapid sand filter characterized by coarser sand and higher flow rate than SSF removes indicator microorganisms efficiently. Stormwater biofilter is popular and effective method for removal of pathogen and involves biological activity and physical retention of pathogen on filter media. Microbial diversity, inoculum size, pH and moisture of medium, temperature, and nutrient content are key parameters governing optimum performance of biofilter system. Therefore, biofiltration can be an efficient bioremediation technology for pathogen removal.


id: cord-268999-6748c617
title: Viral pathogens in water: occurrence, public health impact, and available control strategies
author: Gibson, Kristen E
date: 2014-01-14
txt: ./txt/cord-268999-6748c617.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268999-6748c617.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879625713002083
doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.12.005
summary:
  Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. The current review ( Figure 1 ) focuses on (1) the occurrence of viral pathogens of primary concern in various water sources; (2) virus-related WBDOS by water type reported worldwide over the past decade (from approximately 2000 to 2012); and (3) DW treatment options for the inactivation or removal of viruses. This paucity of available data for viruses in DW can most likely be attributed to the need for very large volumes (>100 to 6000 L) of water to be concentrated followed by subsequent recovery and detection of virus targets -a process that is challenging often Viral pathogens in water Gibson 51 Treatment options specific to removal/inactivation of viruses: -Many options available though implementation varies worldwide due to availability of technology.

abstract:
  The public health impact of the transmission of viruses in water is significant worldwide. Waterborne viruses can be introduced into our recreational and finished drinking water sources through a variety of pathways ultimately resulting in the onset of illness in a portion of the exposed population. Although there have been advances in both drinking water treatment technologies and source water protection strategies, waterborne disease outbreaks (WBDOs) due to viral pathogens still occur each year worldwide. By highlighting the prevalence of viral pathogens in water as well as (1) the dominant viruses of concern, (2) WBDOs due to viruses, and (3) available water treatment technologies, the goal of this review is to provide insight into the public health impact of viruses in water.


id: cord-273291-75j2axjd
author: Chen, Ying-Chu
date: 2020-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-273291-75j2axjd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273291-75j2axjd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714420302877
doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101409
summary:
  title: System dynamics evaluation of household water use behavior and associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental costs: A case study of Taipei city A system dynamic model was developed to investigate interactions between household water use behaviors (toilet flushing, clothes washing, bathing/showering, and cleaning) and associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental costs. The environmental cost of GHG emissions associated with water use behavior was US$0.001/t, causing an 8% increase in water price. Taking Taipei city as a case study, the model captures more water use behaviors including toilet flushing, clothes washing, bathing/showering, and cleaning than previous studies. Taiwan''s Water Resources Agency [62] found that toilet flushing (27 %), clothes washing (21 %), and bathing/ showering (20 %) were the highest contributors to household water use (Fig. 4) . Taking Taipei city as a case study, the model captures different behaviors including toilet flushing, clothes washing, bathing/showering, and cleaning.

title:
  System dynamics evaluation of household water use behavior and associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental costs: A case study of Taipei city

abstract:
  Abstract Taiwan is an island surrounded by sea and only 19 % of its freshwater usage is for domestic applications. A system dynamic model was developed to investigate interactions between household water use behaviors (toilet flushing, clothes washing, bathing/showering, and cleaning) and associated greenhouse gas emissions and environmental costs. Six hundred and fifty face-to-face interviews were conducted in 12 districts of Taipei. The results showed that the respondents’ individual attributes were not significantly related to water use behaviors. The highest volume of water was used for cleaning (27.7 %), followed by clothes washing (26.2 %), bathing/showering (26.1 %), and toilet flushing (20.0 %). Five water management scenarios with 5 %–20 % reductions in water volume from different water use behaviors were simulated. The maximum reduction in water use (6.27 t) was found in the fifth scenario (20 % reduction), which reflected the priority the respondents gave to save water if its price increased. 27.2 % of respondents had water saving appliances; 20.5 % and 16.4 % of the appliances were toilets and shower heads, respectively. The environmental cost of GHG emissions associated with water use behavior was US$0.001/t, causing an 8% increase in water price. A better understanding of household water use behaviors is needed to develop bottom-up strategies or measures for sustainable water management. Water saving measures or strategies would lead to targets being met in a short time.


id: cord-279798-b5tduubu
title: Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: Review
author: Sano, Daisuke
date: 2016-03-14
txt: ./txt/cord-279798-b5tduubu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279798-b5tduubu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26985655/
doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.001
summary:
  The objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system. In this review article, current guidelines for designing wastewater reclamation and reuse systems from the viewpoint of virus risk management are overviewed, and the efficiency of virus removal from wastewater by currently employed wastewater treatment units are shown by the results of meta-analysis. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2012) guideline explicitly notes that setting a tolerable virus concentration in reclaimed wastewater (virus limit) is not recommended for the following reasons: 1) viruses are well reduced by appropriate wastewater treatments, 2) identification and enumeration of viruses is time-and labor-consuming, 3) detection of infectious viruses in water is further labor-and time-consuming, 4) molecular-based virus detection does not always indicate the presence of infectious viruses, and 5) waterborne viral infections due to reclaimed water have not been documented.

abstract:
  Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal efficiency of each unit. The objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system. The removal efficiencies of human noroviruses, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes were obtained by a systematic review protocol and a meta-analysis approach. The log(10) reduction (LR) of norovirus GII and enterovirus in MBR were 3.35 (95% confidence interval: 2.39, 4.30) and 2.71 (1.52, 3.89), respectively. The LR values of rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII in CAS processes were 0.87 (0.20, 1.53), 1.48 (0.96, 2.00) and 1.35 (0.52, 2.18), respectively. The systematic review process eliminated a substantial number of articles about virus removal in wastewater treatment because of the lack of information required for the meta-analysis. It is recommended that future publications should explicitly describe their treatment of left-censored datasets. Indicators, surrogates and methodologies appropriate for validating virus removal performance during daily operation of wastewater reclamation systems also need to be identified.


id: cord-284498-54j6ys8s
author: Ihsanullah, Ihsanullah
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-284498-54j6ys8s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284498-54j6ys8s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2214714420306127
doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101735
summary:
  Some of the significant challenges and research opportunities are the development of standard techniques for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in the water phase, assessment of favorable environments for its survival and decay in water; and development of effective strategies for elimination of the novel virus from water. Development of effective standard techniques for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in water, assessment of the existing water purification technologies and development of novel advanced water treatment systems are major challenges and open research opportunities. Furthermore, careful surveillance of water and wastewater to be used as an early warning tool for such outbreaks in future, understanding the survival and decay mechanism of the novel virus in water and wastewater, analysis of potential pathways of SARS-CoV-2 into water bodies are other potential research opportunities for environmental researchers [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] .

title:
  Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in water environments: Current status, challenges and research opportunities

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 has posed enormous health, social, environmental and economic challenges to the entire human population. Nevertheless, it provides an opportunity for extensive research in various fields to evaluate the fate of the crisis and combat it. The apparent need for imperative research in the biological and medical field is the focus of researchers and scientists worldwide. However, there are some new challenges and research opportunities in the field of water and wastewater treatment concerning the novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This article briefly summarizes the latest literature reporting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in water and wastewater/sewage. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges, potential opportunities and research directions in the water and wastewater treatment field. Some of the significant challenges and research opportunities are the development of standard techniques for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in the water phase, assessment of favorable environments for its survival and decay in water; and development of effective strategies for elimination of the novel virus from water. Advancement in research in this domain will help to protect the environment, human health, and managing this type of pandemic in the future.


id: cord-285620-oawrnmhy
title: Efficient removal of water bacteria and viruses using electrospun nanofibers
author: Fahimirad, Shohreh
date: 2020-08-16
txt: ./txt/cord-285620-oawrnmhy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285620-oawrnmhy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32866832/
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141673
summary:
  This review intends to provide a detailed summary of the recent advances in the fabrication of antibacterial and antiviral electrospun nanofibers and discuss their application efficiency as a water filtration membrane. The present work reviews previous studies on the production and application of electrospun nanofibers as antimicrobial water filtration membranes. The objectives of this review were to: (i) introduce the different procedures, which have been applied for incorporation of the various antimicrobial agents into electrospun nanofibers (ii) discuss the different antimicrobial tests used for proving antimicrobial activity of the fabricated electrospun water filters (iii) study the efficiency of the produced antimicrobial electrospun application in the water treatment industry. Based on the majority of researches studied in this review, blending and post-modification strategies are two commonly used techniques to incorporate biocide agents into nanofibers aiming for water disinfection application (Shalaby et al., 2018; He et al., 2018; Makaremi et al., 2016) .

abstract:
  Abstract Pathogenic contamination has been considered as a significant worldwide water quality concern. Due to providing promising opportunities for the production of nanocomposite membranes with tailored porosity, adjustable pore size, and scaled-up ability of biomolecules incorporation, electrospinning has become the center of attention. This review intends to provide a detailed summary of the recent advances in the fabrication of antibacterial and antiviral electrospun nanofibers and discuss their application efficiency as a water filtration membrane. The current review attempts to give a functionalist perspective of the fundamental progress in construction strategies of antibacterial and antiviral electrospun nanofibers. The review provides a list of antibacterial and antiviral agents commonly used as water membrane filters and discusses the challenges in the incorporation process. We have thoroughly studied the recent application of functionalized electrospun nanofibers in the water disinfection process, with an emphasis on their efficiency. Moreover, different antibacterial and antiviral assay techniques for membranes are discussed, the gaps and limitations are highlighted and promising strategies to overcome barriers are studies.


id: cord-287711-gw8mgg4m
title: Cellulose-based virus-retentive filters: a review
author: Junter, Guy-Alain
date: 2017-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-287711-gw8mgg4m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287711-gw8mgg4m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214924/
doi: 10.1007/s11157-017-9434-1
summary:
  Data from spiking studies quantifying the viral filtration performance of cellulosic filters are detailed, i.e., first, the virus reduction capacity of regenerated cellulose hollow fiber filters in the manufacturing process of blood products and, second, the efficiency of virus recovery/concentration from water samples by the viradel (virus adsorption–elution) method using charge modified, electropositive cellulosic filters or conventional electronegative cellulose ester microfilters. Data from spiking studies quantifying the viral filtration performance of cellulosic filters are detailed, i.e., first, the virus reduction capacity of regenerated cellulose hollow fiber filters in the manufacturing process of blood products and, second, the efficiency of virus recovery/concentration from water samples by the viradel (virus adsorption-elution) method using charge modified, electropositive cellulosic filters or conventional electronegative cellulose ester microfilters.

abstract:
  Viral filtration is a critical step in the purification of biologics and in the monitoring of microbiological water quality. Viral filters are also essential protection elements against airborne viral particles. The present review first focuses on cellulose-based filter media currently used for size-exclusion and/or adsorptive filtration of viruses from biopharmaceutical and environmental water samples. Data from spiking studies quantifying the viral filtration performance of cellulosic filters are detailed, i.e., first, the virus reduction capacity of regenerated cellulose hollow fiber filters in the manufacturing process of blood products and, second, the efficiency of virus recovery/concentration from water samples by the viradel (virus adsorption–elution) method using charge modified, electropositive cellulosic filters or conventional electronegative cellulose ester microfilters. Viral analysis of field water samples by the viradel technique is also surveyed. This review then describes cellulose-based filter media used in individual protection equipment against airborne viral pathogens, presenting innovative filtration media with virucidal properties. Some pros and cons of cellulosic viral filters and perspectives for cellulose-based materials in viral filtration are underlined in the review.


id: cord-287778-ewowkq8o
title: Salt Poisoning as a Cause of Morbidity and Mortality in Neonatal Dairy Calves
author: Ollivett, T.L.
date: 2013-04-03
txt: ./txt/cord-287778-ewowkq8o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287778-ewowkq8o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551171/
doi: 10.1111/jvim.12078
abstract: nan
summary:
  Serum chemistry determinations and measurement of the sodium content of milk replacer and water used on the farm identified salt poisoning as the cause of the clinical signs. 1, 3 The current report describes acute and chronic salt toxicity in neonatal dairy calves on a Wisconsin dairy from November 2010 to February 2011 in which abnormally high concentrations of sodium were detected in sera collected from these animals and in the water in which a commercial milk replacer powder was being mixed. Two milk replacer samples from the first and last calves fed for each of 6 successive feedings after the farm visit were analyzed for total solids and sodium concentration. Additional sodium from the milk replacer powder (approximately 60 mEq/L), electrolyte powder (3% sodium), and 2 times the recommended lasalocid concentration fed to calves with no access to free-choice water likely contributed to the early onset of clinical signs and death.


id: cord-292000-uytnpn2f
title: Chapter One Water Chemistry and Microbiology
author: Abu Shmeis, Reham M.
date: 2018-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-292000-uytnpn2f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292000-uytnpn2f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0166526X18300023
doi: 10.1016/bs.coac.2018.02.001
summary:
  An overview will be given of the different types of microorganisms and their classification as well as the main processes they carry out in living cell such as metabolism, respiration, and microbial growth. BOD is a measure of the quantity of oxygen used by aerobic microorganisms (need molecular oxygen for living) in the oxidation of organic matter present in a given water sample at certain temperatures over a specific time period. The rate of oxygen consumption and therefore BOD is affected by a number of variables: temperature, pH, the presence of certain kinds of microorganisms, and the type of organic and inorganic material in the water (Davis and Cornwell, 2012; Weiner and Matthews, 2003) . Disinfection: involves the addition of chemicals in order to kill or reduce the number of pathogenic organisms Softening plants utilize the same operational unit as filtration plants but use different chemicals in order to remove water hardness (Davis, 2010; Davis and Cornwell, 2012; Weiner and Matthews, 2003) .

abstract:
  Abstract Water is essential to life; therefore, providing access to safe and clean water is a major concern for health development at the local, national, and regional levels. Enhancing water quality by improving sanitation systems needs a profound understanding of water chemistry and microbiology. This chapter will give an overview of water chemistry and microbiology. The chapter will be divided into two main parts: the first one will discuss water chemistry in terms of its physical properties and the main chemical processes that takes place within water bodies, the main parameters that govern the water quality, and water quality management. This section will finally mark out the basics of water treatment processes. The second part will be devoted to water microbiology where the main concepts that are encountered when discussing water microbiology will be outlined. An overview will be given of the different types of microorganisms and their classification as well as the main processes they carry out in living cell such as metabolism, respiration, and microbial growth. A brief synopsis will be depicted about the main diseases caused by microorganisms that could be present in water bodies, the main microbial indicator, as well as the main analytical tests for microbial indicators. This section will also give a short overview about microbial control and the terms related to it such as disinfection. The final part of this section will delineate the role of microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants.


id: cord-292031-weiwksh6
title: Waterborne Pathogens: Detection Methods and Challenges
author: Ramírez-Castillo, Flor Yazmín
date: 2015-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-292031-weiwksh6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292031-weiwksh6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26011827/
doi: 10.3390/pathogens4020307
summary:
  Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a helpful tool to evaluate the scenarios for pathogen contamination that involve surveillance, detection methods, analysis and decision-making. Molecular techniques, such as nucleic acid amplification procedures, offer sensitive and analytical tools for detecting a variety of pathogens, including new emerging strains, present the possibility of automation, and real-time analysis to provide information for microbial risk assessment purposes [33] . Limitations of DNA based methods such as PCR include the inability to discriminate between viable from non-viable cells that both contain DNA, the low concentration of several pathogens in water such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia and viruses, and the lack of data to indicate the real infectious risk to a population. Oligonucleotide microarrays are a powerful genomic technology that is widely utilized to monitor gene expression under different cell growth conditions, detecting specific mutations in DNA sequences and characterizing microorganisms in environmental samples [76] .

abstract:
  Waterborne pathogens and related diseases are a major public health concern worldwide, not only by the morbidity and mortality that they cause, but by the high cost that represents their prevention and treatment. These diseases are directly related to environmental deterioration and pollution. Despite the continued efforts to maintain water safety, waterborne outbreaks are still reported globally. Proper assessment of pathogens on water and water quality monitoring are key factors for decision-making regarding water distribution systems’ infrastructure, the choice of best water treatment and prevention waterborne outbreaks. Powerful, sensitive and reproducible diagnostic tools are developed to monitor pathogen contamination in water and be able to detect not only cultivable pathogens but also to detect the occurrence of viable but non-culturable microorganisms as well as the presence of pathogens on biofilms. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a helpful tool to evaluate the scenarios for pathogen contamination that involve surveillance, detection methods, analysis and decision-making. This review aims to present a research outlook on waterborne outbreaks that have occurred in recent years. This review also focuses in the main molecular techniques for detection of waterborne pathogens and the use of QMRA approach to protect public health.


id: cord-292604-x9amm87g
title: Introduction to Tropical Medicine
author: Rupali, Priscilla
date: 2019-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30712755/
doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.011
summary:
  Air pollution: Among the tropical regions, Southeast Asia reported the greatest increase in CO2 emissions leading to a decreased air quality followed by South Asia and South America, which has significantly impacted the climate and led to higher weather-related mortality and morbidity, infectious disease rates, and respiratory illnesses. Foodborne illnesses are defined by the WHO as diseases of infectious or toxic nature caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Foodborne diseases result in considerable morbidity and mortality, and contribute to significant costs in tropical countries. Foodborne parasitic diseases excluding enteric protozoa cause an estimated 23.2 million cases and 45,927 deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million DALYs. 5 Among these foodborne ascariasis and toxoplasmosis were common Tropical Health contributing to 12.3 and 10.3 million cases respectively. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis

abstract:
  Tropical medicine deals with infectious and noninfectious diseases geographically located between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. It encompasses diseases that result from poverty, poor sanitation, infrastructure, and inadequate health resources. Lack of availability of clean water and food made with unhygienic practices add to the morbidity of these diseases. The tropics are reeling under the onslaught of climate change, deforestation, and air, water, and soil pollution, which worsens an already fragile health system. This article provides an overview of the definition, classification, geophysical problems, syndromic approach to common tropical infections, diagnostic challenges in the tropics, and access to medicines.


id: cord-294005-gjrj1gvr
title: Citizen participation dilemmas in water governance: An empirical case of Kumasi, Ghana
author: Odei Erdiaw-Kwasie, Michael
date: 2020-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-294005-gjrj1gvr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294005-gjrj1gvr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100242
doi: 10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100242
summary:
  Findings from the study show that citizens are willing to participate in decision-making on water-related process through radio programs; public meetings; surveys or polls and telephone. In line with the Ghana National Water Policy that aims to ensure full participation of all stakeholders in decision-making on water-related issues in realization of the Ghana Water Vision for 2025 [which states ''''promoting an efficient and effective management system and environmentally sound development of all water resources in Ghana"], the study''s focus is timely and relevant. With regard to this study, at the district/community level, key variables that were adopted in the interview and focus group discussion (FGD) instruments included the following: level of involvement in decision making, governance processes and the effects on citizens'' participation. A majority of respondents agreed that GWCL uses the following mechanisms in making decisions on participation approaches in water governance issues, radio programs, public meetings, surveys or polls, and telephone.

abstract:
  Abstract Citizen participation in decision-making on water-related initiatives offers a valuable pathway to move towards a more equitable and sustainable water delivery, now and into the future. However, given the acknowledged impacts of active citizen participation in the water governance process, there is an increase institutional search for ideal approaches to enhance local inputs in water decisions. To enhance institutional knowledge on this quest, this paper adopts a qualitative exploratory method using 48 interviews and 2 focus group discussions (6 participants in each group) to present an empirical case of Kumasi in Ghana. Findings from the study show that citizens are willing to participate in decision-making on water-related process through radio programs; public meetings; surveys or polls and telephone. It was also realised that Ghana Water Company focuses more on the technical aspect of water delivery than the social aspect which borders on appropriate engagement strategies that involve customers in the decision-making process. The results imply a significant difference regarding feasibility and outcomes for each currently deployed participatory mechanism. The study recommends a change in current institutional and governance arrangements to influence citizen participation strategies at all levels of water service delivery and governance.


id: cord-301181-s3cb1sq7
author: Ndukwu, M. C.
date: 2020-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-301181-s3cb1sq7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301181-s3cb1sq7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589299120300446?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.mset.2020.07.006
summary:
  The study discussed nanotechnology applicability in climate control and photosynthesis in the greenhouse farming, hydroponic systems, solar drying, fabrication of crop processing machine components, oxygen scavengers in crop packaging, and micro-organism stimulant in anaerobic digestion for agro biomass conversion. [38] [39] Therefore, most reviews on nanomaterials in agriculture focused on this area of seed science, precision farming, disease control in plants and animals, fertilizer application, nutrition and biosensors, feed development, the influence of polymeric nano-carriers in agricultural applications and metal-based nanoparticles interaction and transport in the soil and plants [2, [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] . One of these areas where nature can meet nanotechnology is in the controlled atmospheric greenhouse cooling where temperate crops can be grown in a tropical climate under a controlled climate of evaporative cooling or fogging as shown in The application of evaporative cooling technology utilizes water and cooling pads (porous media) of different materials to cool the air [51] [52] [53] [54] as shown in Fig. 4 .

title:
  Nanomaterials application in greenhouse structures, crop processing machinery, packaging materials and agro-biomass conversion

abstract:
  Abstract The discovery of nanomaterials has flagged off crucial research and innovations in science and engineering. Its unique properties and diverse applications present it as the material for the future. The aim of this study is to presents the relative applications of nanomaterial in some aspects of agriculture production. The study discussed nanotechnology applicability in climate control and photosynthesis in the greenhouse farming, hydroponic systems, solar drying, fabrication of crop processing machine components, oxygen scavengers in crop packaging, and micro-organism stimulant in anaerobic digestion for agro biomass conversion. Some highlights from the review revealed that Nanotechnology can be applied to increase water surface area to volume ratio and heat transfer in the air moving into a greenhouse farming. Water cluster can be changed when treated with nanoparticles through ultraviolet absorption spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy resulting in lower micelles to manipulate water delivery in green house farming. Nano-fluids or Nano-composites can be used to recombine the reactive parts of thermal storage materials after broken at elevated temperature to recover the stored heat for drying purpose during the off-sunshine periods in solar drying of crops. Nanomaterials can be a source of electroluminescence light in hydroponic system and act as coatings and surface hardener in crop processing machinery for post-harvest machines. The reviewed work showed that nanotechnologies has good prospect in adding value in agricultural production in the aspects discussed.


id: cord-301767-1jv20em8
author: Alegbeleye, Oluwadara Oluwaseun
date: 2018-02-03
txt: ./txt/cord-301767-1jv20em8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301767-1jv20em8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29526204/
doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.01.003
summary:
  Primarily, pathogens may contaminate produce ''on-field'' via various routes including; atmospheric deposition, uptake from contaminated soils and groundwater (Harris et al., 2003; Lynch et al., 2009; Mei Soon et al., 2012) , use of raw (or poorly treated) manure and compost, exposure to contaminated water (irrigation or flooding), transfer by insects, or by fecal contamination generated by livestock or wild Table 1 The most commonly implicated etiological agents in fresh produce borne illnesses (Brackett, 1994; Buck et al., 2003; Heaton and Jones, 2008; Jung et al., 2014; Callej on et al., 2015) . Epidemiological investigations of food poisoning outbreaks, experimental studies examining pathogen contamination of fruits and vegetables as well as observations of increased incidence of disease in areas practicing wastewater irrigation with little or no wastewater treatment indicate that contaminated irrigation water might indeed be a source of foodborne pathogens on fresh produce (Norman and Kabler, 1953; Hern andez et al., 1997; Steele and Odumeru, 2004) .

title:
  Sources and contamination routes of microbial pathogens to fresh produce during field cultivation: A review

abstract:
  Foodborne illness resulting from the consumption of contaminated fresh produce is a common phenomenon and has severe effects on human health together with severe economic and social impacts. The implications of foodborne diseases associated with fresh produce have urged research into the numerous ways and mechanisms through which pathogens may gain access to produce, thereby compromising microbiological safety. This review provides a background on the various sources and pathways through which pathogenic bacteria contaminate fresh produce; the survival and proliferation of pathogens on fresh produce while growing and potential methods to reduce microbial contamination before harvest. Some of the established bacterial contamination sources include contaminated manure, irrigation water, soil, livestock/ wildlife, and numerous factors influence the incidence, fate, transport, survival and proliferation of pathogens in the wide variety of sources where they are found. Once pathogenic bacteria have been introduced into the growing environment, they can colonize and persist on fresh produce using a variety of mechanisms. Overall, microbiological hazards are significant; therefore, ways to reduce sources of contamination and a deeper understanding of pathogen survival and growth on fresh produce in the field are required to reduce risk to human health and the associated economic consequences.


id: cord-301991-n87le8ix
title: Diatoms recovery from wastewater: Overview from an ecological and economic perspective
author: Saxena, Abhishek
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-301991-n87le8ix.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301991-n87le8ix.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214714420305833
doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101705
summary:
  Because diatoms produce organic matter to a large extent that permits natural inbuilt capacity to withstand toxicity levels in water bodies, extended survival rate, short regeneration time than microalgae, fishes, and other micro invertebrates thus making them one of the best candidate for water quality monitoring, and excellent bioindicators of aquatic biological integrity [12, 13] . Isolation and identification of benthic diatoms are problematic in comparison with planktonic species due to difficulties in sample treatment, sampling, and microscopic observation though benthic diatoms play the main role as bioindicators in the aquatic ecosystem because they attached to the substratum with secreted mucilage from their cell wall [44, 45] . An outline of isolation of pure diatom species getting affected by the surrounding contaminants is challenging since they get heavily occupied with different interfering organisms, which pose a significant threat in obtaining axenic culture, as presented in Fig. 3 .

abstract:
  Alarming water pollution is toxic to the aquatic ecosystem leading to a sharp decline in species diversity. Diatoms have great potency to survive in contaminated water bodies, hence they can be compelling bioindicators to monitor the change in the environmental matrices effectively. Around the globe, researchers are intended to evaluate the impact of pollution on the diatoms recovery and techniques used for the assessment. The diatoms are precious for futuristic need viz. value-added products, energy generation, pharmaceuticals, and aquaculture feedstocks. All these applications led to a significant rise in diatoms research among the scientific community. This review presents different isolation practices, cultivation, and other challenges associated with the diatoms. A precise focus is given to diatoms isolation techniques from highly polluted water bodies with the main thrust towards obtaining an axenic culture to elucidate the significance of pure diatom cultures. Recovery of “jewels of the sea” from polluted water signifies the prospective ecological and economic aspects.


id: cord-302848-a246wl7f
author: Lawler, J. J.
date: 2013-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302848-a246wl7f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847034004366
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384703-4.00436-6
summary:
  Maintaining or increasing ecosystem services into the future will require integrating adaptation strategies (actions that help human and natural systems accommodate changes) and mitigation strategies (actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate) ( Figure 1 ). In this chapter, we provide an overview of what will likely be some of the most effective and most important mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing changes to the climate system stemming from increased GHG emissions. We discuss various ways in which mitigation and adaptation strategies can help reduce the magnitude and the impacts of the changes we are likely to experience, as well as improve human health and directly or indirectly affect ecosystem functions and services. Restoring or protecting some semblance of the natural river flow conditions necessary to support ecosystem function (called environmental flows) into the future is one of the most important climate change adaptation strategies for flowing waters.

title:
  4.25 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Reduce Climate Vulnerabilities and Maintain Ecosystem Services

abstract:
  Abstract Increasing temperatures and altered precipitation regimes associated with human-caused changes in the earth s climate are having substantial impacts on ecological systems and human well-being. Maintaining functioning ecosystems, the provision of ecosystem services, and healthy human populations into the future will require integrating adaptation and mitigation strategies. Adaptation strategies are actions that help human and natural systems accommodate changes. Mitigation strategies are actions that reduce anthropogenic influences on climate. Here, we provide an overview of what will likely be some of the most effective and most important mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing climate change. In addition to describing the ways in which these strategies can address impacts to natural and human systems, we discuss the social considerations that we believe must be incorporated into the development and application of mitigation or adaptation strategies to address political situations, cultural differences, and economic limitations.


id: cord-307549-1g6x5grl
title: “Water, water, everywhere”: a challenge to ventilators in the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Fullick, James
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-307549-1g6x5grl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307549-1g6x5grl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.077
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.077
abstract: nan
summary:
  E-mail: james.fullick@nhs.net Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; resource management; ventilator; water trap EditordWith the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), intensive care facilities have been rapidly overwhelmed across the UK and elsewhere. We write from a South Wales district general hospital that has moved patients into our recovery facility as an outreach ICU to discuss some of the challenges and potential solutions of the use of anaesthetic machines in long-term ventilation. One of the main issues we have encountered in ventilating these patients for durations outside the routine scope of anaesthetic machines is water condensation within the 22 mm tubing. A final water trap design was created using an HME filter with the filter material removed and connected in the middle of the expiratory limb of the circuit. A more complex design using a short in-line suction catheter (Fig 1d) was also proposed, however it requires more complex connections that increase the risk of disconnects, turbulent flow, or leaks.


id: cord-308342-ycdok8fc
title: Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection from contaminated water systems
author: Shutler, J.
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-308342-ycdok8fc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308342-ycdok8fc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.17.20133504v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.17.20133504
summary:
  Collectively this evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 virus can survive 45 within water and the viral loads within untreated sewage effluent are likely high in countries 46 of high infection rates, a portion of which is viable virus, and therefore water contaminated 47 We note that adenoviruses are 122 known to be particularly resilient, and therefore likely to represent an upper estimate, but 123 also that our selected range is consistent with the 10 -3 value used elsewhere for assessing 124 viral risk in water systems (eg 14 ), including one assessment for SARS CoV-2 transmission 125 risk to wastewater workers 18 . Collectively this means that if a drinking water source 156 was to become infected with SARS-CoV-2 the standard virus removal and disinfection 157 approaches of ultraviolet exposure and chlorination may not reduce the virus below 158 detectable limits.

abstract:
  Following the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China, airborne water droplets (aerosols) have been identified as the main transmission route, although other transmission routes are likely to exist. We quantify SARS-CoV-2 virus survivability within water and the risk of infection posed by faecal contaminated water within 39 countries. We identify that the virus can remain stable within water for up to 25 days, and country specific relative risk of infection posed by faecal contaminated water is related to the environment. Faecal contaminated rivers, waterways and water systems within countries with high infection rates can provide infectious doses >100 copies within 100 ml of water. The implications for freshwater systems, the coastal marine environment and virus resurgence are discussed.


id: cord-309179-5hlatbqe
title: New tools for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water
author: Bosch, Albert
date: 2008-05-26
txt: ./txt/cord-309179-5hlatbqe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309179-5hlatbqe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0958166908000517
doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2008.04.006
summary:
  Main difficulties to overcome for virus detection and characterisation in water samples encompass viral diversity, occurrence of low particle numbers, particularly in drinking water, and the technical challenges of virus assays. Nucleic acid amplification techniques are currently the most widely used methods for detection of viruses in 298 Environmental Biotechnology water, which also enable to gather information of the virus genotypes occurring in the environment, thus providing most relevant epidemiological information, particularly important for the implementation and follow-up of vaccination programmes [2, 3, 4 ] . Nevertheless, as stated above, no alternative to molecular detection analysis exists for highly health significant waterborne viruses such as human norovirus and hepatitis A virus. Development, evaluation, and standardization of a real-time TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical and shellfish samples

abstract:
  Half a century ago scientists attempted the detection of poliovirus in water. Since then other enteric viruses responsible for gastroenteritis and hepatitis have replaced enteroviruses as the main target for detection. However, most viral outbreaks are restricted to norovirus and hepatitis A virus, making them the main targets in water. The inclusion of virus analysis in regulatory standards for viruses in water samples must overcome several shortcomings such as the technical difficulties and high costs of virus monitoring, the lack of harmonised and standardised assays and the challenge posed by the ever-changing nature of viruses. However, new tools are nowadays available for the study and direct surveillance of viral pathogens in water that may contribute to fulfil these requirements.


id: cord-312161-egwo19oc
title: Detection of pathogens in water: from phylochips to qPCR to pyrosequencing
author: Aw, Tiong Gim
date: 2011-12-05
txt: ./txt/cord-312161-egwo19oc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312161-egwo19oc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.016
doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.11.016
summary:
  Microbial water quality monitoring has undergone tremendous transition in recent years, with novel molecular tools beginning to offer rapid, high-throughput, sensitive and specific detection of a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens that challenge traditional culture-based techniques. High-density microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and pyrosequencing which are considered to be breakthrough technologies borne out of the ''molecular revolution'' are at present emerging rapidly as tools of pathogen detection and discovery. The limitations in detecting and identifying pathogens directly from environmental water samples by culture or microscopy can now be addressed by integrating concentration techniques with molecular tools to provide sensitive, specific and quantitative data on any pathogens of interest. Pyrosequencing technology is revolutionizing the study of microbial ecology as well as direct metagenomic detection Detection of pathogens in water Aw and Rose 425 High levels of several classes of resistance genes in bacterial communities exposed to antibiotic were identified.

abstract:
  Waterborne pathogens pose a significant threat to human health and a proper assessment of microbial water quality is important for decision making regarding water infrastructure and treatment investments and eventually to provide early warning of disease, particularly given increasing global disasters associated with severe public health risks. Microbial water quality monitoring has undergone tremendous transition in recent years, with novel molecular tools beginning to offer rapid, high-throughput, sensitive and specific detection of a wide spectrum of microbial pathogens that challenge traditional culture-based techniques. High-density microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and pyrosequencing which are considered to be breakthrough technologies borne out of the ‘molecular revolution’ are at present emerging rapidly as tools of pathogen detection and discovery. Future challenges lie in integrating these molecular tools with concentration techniques and bioinformatics platforms for unbiased guide of pathogen surveillance in water and developing standardized protocols.


id: cord-312431-de7zhswl
title: Detecting Virus‐Like Particles from the Umgeni River, South Africa
author: Ganesh, Atheesha
date: 2013-08-30
txt: ./txt/cord-312431-de7zhswl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312431-de7zhswl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313584/
doi: 10.1002/clen.201200564
summary:
  These results indicate the potential of viruses in the water samples especially from the lower catchment areas of the Umgeni River to infect human hosts throughout the year. It is well recognised that monitoring the presence of enteric viruses could be challenging due to the relatively low level of infectious viral particles towards the respective host species and small viral particle size existing in environmental waters, thus making it essential to start with a large water sample volume and concentrate it to several orders of magnitude [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] . The present study was conducted to optimise procedures to extract and enumerate indigenous virus-like particles (VLPs) and to determine the community structures and infectivity of these viruses from river water. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to reveal the association amongst the bacteriophages, VLPs and the physical and chemical water quality variables, which were measured from the same sites and seasons in concurrent studies performed in this laboratory [46] , with a view to defining the significant variables accountable for the observed spatial and temporal distribution of the communities.

abstract:
  It is important to consider viruses in water quality because of their incidence as causal agents for diarrhoeal disease, and due to their characteristics, which allow them to survive in changing environmental conditions indefinitely. This study assessed the viral quality of the Umgeni River in South Africa seasonally. A two‐step tangential flow filtration process was setup to remove the bacteria and to concentrate the virus populations from large volume water samples. The concentrated water samples contained up to 659 and 550 pfu/mL of somatic and F‐RNA coliphages, respectively. Several virus families including Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae and Reoviridae were found in the river based on the morphologies examined under transmission electron microscopy. All concentrated water samples produced substantial cytopathic effects on the Vero, HEK 293, Hela and A549 cell lines. These results indicate the potential of viruses in the water samples especially from the lower catchment areas of the Umgeni River to infect human hosts throughout the year. The present study highlights the importance of routine environmental surveillance of human enteric viruses in water sources. This can contribute to a better understanding of the actual burden of disease on those who might be using the water directly without treatment.


id: cord-312528-erl8jftp
title: Pandemic spotlight on urban water quality
author: Hallema, Dennis W.
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-312528-erl8jftp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312528-erl8jftp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32391241/
doi: 10.1186/s13717-020-00231-y
summary:
  Surface water improvements associated with the COVID-19 economic slowdown illustrate environmental resiliency and societal control over urban water quality. Under an economic slowdown scenario, headwaters hundreds of kilometers away from urban areas will experience reduced deposition from nonpoint sources of pollution (regionally produced nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and other gaseous pollutants). For example, given the reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations observed over Eastern China, Europe, the Northeastern United States, and India ( Fig. 1) , this is where urban surface water quality may start showing signs of temporary recovery. Given the frequent occurrence of urban water crises, it is critical to document how COVID-19 pandemic response management affects natural processes and surface water quality in the short term. The current challenge, though, is that economic sectors and industries that contribute to pollution (e.g., energy, consumer, pharmaceutical, and other industries) receive little incentive to promote urban water quality beyond what the law requires.

abstract:
  Surface water improvements associated with the COVID-19 economic slowdown illustrate environmental resiliency and societal control over urban water quality.


id: cord-315198-v4ay9kwg
title: SARS-CoV-2: The Increasing Importance of Water Filtration against Highly Pathogenic Microbes
author: Siddiqui, Ruqaiyyah
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-315198-v4ay9kwg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315198-v4ay9kwg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32790273/
doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00468
summary:
  Additionally, the frequent use of contaminated water for bathing, nasal irrigation, swimming, and ablution can be a risk factor in contracting infectious agents such as the brain-eating amoebae and possibly SARS-CoV-2. For example, the observation of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to brain-eating amoebae (i.e., Naegleria fowleri) is mostly unnoticed, especially in rural areas and disadvantaged communities, and is known to be associated with nasal irrigation for cleansing, ritual ablution, bathing, and swimming. Thus, the contamination of human waste as well as human wastewater into drinking water supplies highlights a major risk factor in contracting infectious agents such as brain-eating amoeba and possibly COVID-19, especially for developing countries. The use of simple tap water filters in households prior to ablution or nasal irrigation ( Figure 1E ,F) can be effective in eradicating microbial contaminants.

abstract:
  [Image: see text] The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in human wastewater together with poor quality of public drinking water supplies in developing countries is of concern. Additionally, the frequent use of contaminated water for bathing, nasal irrigation, swimming, and ablution can be a risk factor in contracting infectious agents such as the brain-eating amoebae and possibly SARS-CoV-2. The use of appropriate tap water filters should be encouraged to remove pathogenic microbes, together with restrained nasal irrigation (not forcing water inside nostrils vigorously) during ritual ablution or bathing to avoid dangerous consequences for populations residing in developing countries.


id: cord-319297-h6ulh3y7
author: Eliades, Theodore
date: 2020-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-319297-h6ulh3y7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319297-h6ulh3y7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.06.002
doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.06.002
summary:
  27, 28, 37, 38 Evidence from a study on bacterial load during orthodontic procedures comparing bracket debonding followed by enamel clean-up with high-speed handpiece and water cooling versus standard orthodontic care involving archwire and/or ligature change, and replacing procedures, highlighted the increased pathogenic state of aerosols produced by the former, with a mean difference of 49.2 (95% CI, 19.4-79.0) in total CFUs. 31 This highlights the exposure hazards of orthodontists related to certain orthodontic procedures in practice and draws attention to additional prophylactic measures to be selectively taken within the dental operating office.

title:
  Minimizing the aerosol-generating procedures in orthodontics in the era of a pandemic: Current evidence on the reduction of hazardous effects for the treatment team and patients

abstract:
  The purpose of this critical review is to list the sources of aerosol production during orthodontic standard procedure, analyze the constituent components of aerosol and their dependency on modes of grinding, the presence of water and type of bur, and suggest a method to minimize the quantity and detrimental characteristics of the particles comprising the solid matter of aerosol. Minimization of water-spray syringe utilization for rinsing is suggested on bonding related procedures, while temporal conditions as represented by seasonal epidemics should be considered for the decision of intervention scheme provided as a preprocedural mouth rinse, in an attempt to reduce the load of aerosolized pathogens. In normal conditions, chlorhexidine 0.2%, preferably under elevated temperature state should be prioritized for reducing bacterial counts. In the presence of oxidation vulnerable viruses within the community, substitute strategies might be represented by the use of povidone iodine 0.2%-1%, or hydrogen peroxide 1%. After debonding, extensive material grinding, as well as aligner related attachment clean-up, should involve the use of carbide tungsten burs under water cooling conditions for cutting efficiency enhancement, duration restriction of the procedure, as well as reduction of aerosolized nanoparticles. In this respect, selection strategies of malocclusions eligible for aligner treatment should be reconsidered and future perspectives may entail careful and more restricted utilization of attachment grips. For more limited clean-up procedures, such as grinding of minimal amounts of adhesive remnants, or individualized bracket debonding in the course of treatment, hand-instruments for remnant removal might well represent an effective strategy. Efforts to minimize the use of rotary instrumentation in orthodontic settings might also lead the way for future solutions. Measures of self-protection for the treatment team should never be neglected. Dressing gowns and facemasks with filter protection layers, appropriate ventilation and fresh air flow within the operating room comprise significant links to the overall picture of practice management. Risk management considerations should be constant, but also updated as new material applications come into play, while being grounded on the best available evidence.


id: cord-320055-6ycp8m89
title: Indicator organisms for estuarine and marine waters
author: Elliot, Elisa L
date: 1985-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-320055-6ycp8m89.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320055-6ycp8m89.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/0378109785900576
doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(85)90057-6
summary:
  These bacteria and other coliforms were used in the past as indicators of water-borne pathogens, that is, the presence of fecal contamination being correlated with the occurrence of pathogens, for which direct detection methods were not available. Total coliforms are the most universally used indicator group, but include bacteria, in addition to Escherichia coil, that are not specifically associated with fecal pollution, i.e., Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., and Enterobacter spp. Finding an appropriate indicator for the presence of enteric viruses, i.e., poliovirus, coxsackievirus A, coxsackievirus B, and echovirus [50, 147] , in sea water, is a vexing problem, especially for those responsible for regulating the use of sewage-contamined sites, including fresh, estuarine, and marine water and sediment, and shellfish harvested from these waters. Correlations between the number of fecal bacterial pathogens and indicator bacteria and their respective bacteriophages in fresh and marine water have been reported [185] .

abstract:
  Abstract The use of indicator organisms for estuarine and coastal waters has been reviewed. The natural flora of the environment must be considered in selecting an indicator organism, but, more importantly, recent work which shows a viable but non-recoverable stage of pathogens entering the marine environment demonstrates that the conventional detection of indicator microorganisms is misleading, if not inaccurate. Results suggest that the newly developed epifluorescent/immunofluorescent direct detection of pathogens in the environment may be the most reliable method for determining public health hazards in marine and estuarine waters.


id: cord-322120-wtu04r2j
author: Goddard, Frederick G. B.
date: 2020-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-322120-wtu04r2j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322120-wtu04r2j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32813503/
doi: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02421
summary:
  Systematic reviews of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) evaluations, conducted to identify the health effects of interventions designed to reduce enteric pathogen exposure, have generally found improved WaSH to be protective against diarrhea, 24 soil-transmitted helminthiasis, 25 and malnutrition. A systematic review of the effects of sanitation interventions on fecal−oral transmission pathways identified the following approaches used: enteric pathogens or indicator bacteria in environmental samples (drinking water, hands, sentinel toys, food, household and latrine surfaces, and soil); the presence or abundance of flies; and observations of human and animal feces. 68 There are a number of factors to consider when measuring enteric pathogen prevalence in the environment, including environmental sampling strategies, the use of indicators as proxies for enteric pathogens, differentiating between human and animal sources of contamination, detection limits, and selecting which specific pathogens to target.

title:
  Measuring Environmental Exposure to Enteric Pathogens in Low-Income Settings: Review and Recommendations of an Interdisciplinary Working Group

abstract:
  [Image: see text] Infections with enteric pathogens impose a heavy disease burden, especially among young children in low-income countries. Recent findings from randomized controlled trials of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have raised questions about current methods for assessing environmental exposure to enteric pathogens. Approaches for estimating sources and doses of exposure suffer from a number of shortcomings, including reliance on imperfect indicators of fecal contamination instead of actual pathogens and estimating exposure indirectly from imprecise measurements of pathogens in the environment and human interaction therewith. These shortcomings limit the potential for effective surveillance of exposures, identification of important sources and modes of transmission, and evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. In this review, we summarize current and emerging approaches used to characterize enteric pathogen hazards in different environmental media as well as human interaction with those media (external measures of exposure), and review methods that measure human infection with enteric pathogens as a proxy for past exposure (internal measures of exposure). We draw from lessons learned in other areas of environmental health to highlight how external and internal measures of exposure can be used to more comprehensively assess exposure. We conclude by recommending strategies for advancing enteric pathogen exposure assessments.


id: cord-323683-9h9mld6x
title: Virus Removal by Disinfection of Effluents
author: Butler, M.
date: 2013-11-17
txt: ./txt/cord-323683-9h9mld6x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323683-9h9mld6x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080264011500257
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-026401-1.50025-7
summary:
  The removal of viruses from sludges has only relatively recently attracted serious attention (Cliver, 1975; Berg, 1978; Osborn and Hattingh, 1978) but for effluents, various procedures have been adopted for some time, particularly disinfection with chlorine, a treatment now under critical review. Although many different enteric viruses are likely to be present in wastewater, the risks of transmission of infection via contaminated water in developed countries by various routes (Fig. 1 ) is thought to be slight although probably increasing, but elsewhere the risks may be very great indeed (WHO, 1976) . 4. The methods available for the inactivation of viruses in effluent differ little in principle from those applied to potable water, but are distinct from the disinfection of viruses contaminating, laboratory or medical equipment, where highly toxic chemicals like detergents, phenols, formaldehyde or permanganate may be used (Spalding et al 1977) .

abstract:
  The safe disposal of effluents can present a major problem to large urban communities because of their inevitable content of potentially pathogenic enteric viruses. At least one hundred types of virus may be present although many of these are difficult or even impossible to characterise under these conditions. Wastewater treatment does not greatly effect the survival of many enteric viruses and some survive well even after effluent disposal. The use of disinfectants for the inactivation of virus in effluent is practicable but requires careful manipulation in order to avoid the disemination of byproducts toxic to man or capable of interferring with the ecology of the receiving waters or soils. No one system is likely to be either universally acceptable because of the variable quality of effluents and much research remains to be done before guidelines can be recommended or established.


id: cord-327865-xxov2x33
title: Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas
author: Cisneros, B.J.
date: 2011-01-24
txt: ./txt/cord-327865-xxov2x33.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327865-xxov2x33.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444531995000828
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53199-5.00082-8
summary:
  As part of the text and to face the requirements for poor rural and urban areas and water-scarce regions, basic sanitation, wastewater treatment, and water reuse alternatives are described with emphasis on their constraints and limitations for developing countries. In addition, in the developed countries, the term sanitation applies not only to the installation of sewers but also to the full implementation of systems for the safe disposal and reuse of treated wastewater, sludge, and septage. In addition, they offer the following benefits (Lenghton et al., 2005; Correlje and Schuetze, 2008) : (1) they allow investments to be made stepwise, in line with available funds, local development, and population growth; (2) they are used in smaller areas of service that are easier to manage; (3) they allow the use of different technologies to provide services to different socioeconomic groups; and (4) they facilitate the reuse of water on-site.

abstract:
  This chapter presents the advances in sanitation for developing countries as well as the needs in terms of goals, standards, technology, and policy. To understand why a special chapter for low-income areas is needed, it describes the main types of pollutants, their origins, and treatment options. As part of the text and to face the requirements for poor rural and urban areas and water-scarce regions, basic sanitation, wastewater treatment, and water reuse alternatives are described with emphasis on their constraints and limitations for developing countries. Some aspects concerning the development of policies, costs, and funding to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals are also included. The importance of developing innovative solutions that can be sustainable, affordable, and progressively implemented is discussed.


id: cord-329397-t951n4dv
title: Phages as a Cohesive Prophylactic and Therapeutic Approach in Aquaculture Systems
author: Żaczek, Maciej
date: 2020-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-329397-t951n4dv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329397-t951n4dv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090564
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9090564
summary:
  Recently performed studies showed that mutual phage interactions with bacterial hosts are responsible for conversion from organic to inorganic carbon in water environments [51] . However, there is a greater chance for disruption of the nitrogen cycle in water through the use of aquaculture drugs, and phage lytic activity towards nitrifying bacteria should be studied more precisely in terms of possibility, not a real threat. However, there is a greater chance for disruption of the nitrogen cycle in water through the use of aquaculture drugs, and phage lytic activity towards nitrifying bacteria should be studied more precisely in terms of possibility, not a real threat. Thus, prophylactic use of phages could work in three different ways: (a) through direct lytic activity, (b) as immunomodulators in fish tanks through interactions in mucus, and (c) due to phenotypic changes in bacteria that lead to lower bacterial virulence.

abstract:
  Facing antibiotic resistance has provoked a continuously growing focus on phage therapy. Although the greatest emphasis has always been placed on phage treatment in humans, behind phage application lies a complex approach that can be usefully adopted by the food industry, from hatcheries and croplands to ready-to-eat products. Such diverse businesses require an efficient method for combating highly pathogenic bacteria since antibiotic resistance concerns every aspect of human life. Despite the vast abundance of phages on Earth, the aquatic environment has been considered their most natural habitat. Water favors multidirectional Brownian motion and increases the possibility of contact between phage particles and their bacterial hosts. As the global production of aquatic organisms has rapidly grown over the past decades, phage treatment of bacterial infections seems to be an obvious and promising solution in this market sector. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Aeromonas and Vibrio, have already proved to be responsible for mass mortalities in aquatic systems, resulting in economic losses. The main objective of this work is to summarize, from a scientific and industry perspective, the recent data regarding phage application in the form of targeted probiotics and therapeutic agents in aquaculture niches.


id: cord-330779-mso2zfom
author: Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-330779-mso2zfom.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330779-mso2zfom.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720358277
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142298
summary:
  Hence, it is proposed that governments in Africa must put measures like improved WASH facilities and public awareness campaigns, suburbanization of wastewater treatment facilities, utilizing low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems, legally backed policy interventions, and Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). Overall, since most of the people living in Africa, especially those dwelling in rural and peri-urban settlements depend on surface and groundwater resources for their domestic water supply, the risk of contracting COVID-19 through SARS-CoV-2 contaminated water is very high and thus, the sources and routes of community spread of the virus, which is currently being reported must be critically re-examined. Since most of the people living in Africa, especially those dwelling in rural and peri-urban settlements depend on surface and groundwater resources for their domestic water supply, the risk of contracting COVID-19 through SARS-CoV-2 contaminated water from wastewater systems is very high.

title:
  Sources and routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water systems in Africa: Are there any sustainable remedies?

abstract:
  Governments across the globe are currently besieged with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Although some countries have been largely affected by this pandemic, others are only slightly affected. In this regard, every government is taking precautionary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in wastewater raising an alarm for Africa due to the poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities. Also, most countries in Africa do not have resilient policies governing sanitation and water management systems, which expose them to higher risk levels for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this study unearthed the likely sources and routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water systems (mainly wastewater) in Africa through a holistic review of published works. This provided the opportunity to propose sustainable remedial measures, which can be extrapolated to most developing countries in the world. The principal sources and routes of potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in water systems are hospital sewage, waste from isolation and quarantine centres, faecal-oral transmission, contaminated surface and groundwater sources, and contaminated sewage. The envisioned overwhelming impact of these sources on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through water systems in Africa suggests that governments need to put stringent and sustainable measures to curtail the scourge. Hence, it is proposed that governments in Africa must put measures like improved WASH facilities and public awareness campaigns, suburbanization of wastewater treatment facilities, utilizing low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems, legally backed policy interventions, and Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). SARS-CoV-2 in water systems can be inactivated and destroyed by integrating ozonation, chlorination, UV irradiation, and sodium hypochlorite in low-cost point-of-use treatment systems. These proposed sustainable remedial measures can help policymakers in Africa to effectively monitor and manage the untoward impact of SARS-CoV-2 on water systems and consequently, on the health of the general public.


id: cord-330813-43l9m0yh
author: Ishihara, Masayuki
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-330813-43l9m0yh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330813-43l9m0yh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194502
doi: 10.3390/molecules25194502
summary:
  These results suggest that the insoluble powder was CaCO3 generated by an interaction between Ca 2+ ions in BiSCaO Water and CO2 in the air, and that the BiSCaO suspension, dispersion, and colloidal dispersion contained insoluble CaO and/or Ca(OH)2 in the form of micro-/nano-particles or precipitates that provide hydroxyl ions (OH -) to maintain the alkaline pH. Although the CFU/mL for TC and CF following treatment with undiluted (final two-fold diluted) BiSCaO Water and 0.4 (final 0.2 wt.%) BiSCaO suspension, dispersion, and colloidal dispersion exhibited high disinfection activities (>5 log decreases in CFU/mL), a small part of TC (>1000 CFU/mL) and CF (>100 CFU/mL) remained viable (Figure 7) . Although the CFU/mL for TC and CF following treatment with undiluted (final two-fold diluted) BiSCaO Water and 0.4 (final 0.2 wt.%) BiSCaO suspension, dispersion, and colloidal dispersion exhibited high disinfection activities (>5 log decreases in CFU/mL), a small part of TC (>1000 CFU/mL) and CF (>100 CFU/mL) remained viable (Figure 7) .

title:
  Safety of Concentrated Bioshell Calcium Oxide Water Application for Surface and Skin Disinfections against Pathogenic Microbes

abstract:
  Immediately post-production, commercially available bioshell calcium oxide (BiSCaO) water is colorless, transparent, and strongly alkaline (pH 12.8), and is known to possess deodorizing properties and broad microbicidal activity. However, BiSCaO Water may represent a serious safety risk to the living body, given the strong alkalinity. This study aimed to investigate the safety of BiSCaO Water for use as an antiseptic/disinfectant despite concerns regarding its high alkalinity. The change over time in pH of BiSCaO Water was measured during air contact (stirring BiSCaO Water in ambient air). When sprayed on metal, plastic, wood piece, paper, and skin surfaces, the pH of BiSCaO Water decreased rapidly, providing a white powder coating upon drying. Scanning electron microscopy images, energy dispersive X-ray elemental mapping, and X-ray diffractograms showed that the dried powder residues of BiSCaO Water were composed primarily of calcium carbonate. These results suggested that BiSCaO Water is a potent reagent that may overcome the obstacles of being strongly alkaline, making this material appropriate for use in disinfection against pathogenic microbes.


id: cord-333269-nntcac2k
title: Water Utility Communications Can Build Trust During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
author: Retzlaff, Kimberly J.
date: 2020-08-04
txt: ./txt/cord-333269-nntcac2k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333269-nntcac2k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1553
doi: 10.1002/awwa.1553
summary:
  Following a communications plan and using a spokesperson, water utilities should focus on simple messages that use basic terminology. Depending on the utility''s employee structure, any employee could be a point of contact for customers and the community, so sharing information with the entire team helps ensure consistent messaging. In cases where a utility shares broader city platforms for social media, it could be helpful to work with the city communications team to promote water utility activities, for example, showcasing how utility operations protect public health. For any online COVID-19 messaging, link directly to the utility''s Consumer Confidence Report, reinforcing the emphasis on water quality and showing where customers can go to find more information or speak with someone if they have questions. Beyond consistently providing safe and reliable service, water utilities can build and reinforce public trust through their communications efforts.

abstract:
  In April 2020, AWWA hosted a webinar on how utilities can be a trusted source of information during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Following a communications plan and using a spokesperson, water utilities should focus on simple messages that use basic terminology. Utilities should express empathy, focus on facts, and be transparent to build and reinforce public trust during a crisis.


id: cord-334369-xgw7o5gd
title: A One Health Approach to Tackle Cryptosporidiosis
author: Innes, Elisabeth A.
date: 2020-01-23
txt: ./txt/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334369-xgw7o5gd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147149222030009X
doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.016
summary:
  Livestock, in particular young calves, are very vulnerable to cryptosporidiosis and a recent modelling study estimated the global load of Cryptosporidium parasites in livestock manure to be in the region of 3.2 × 10 23 oocysts per year, with cattle being the predominant source [10] . Therefore, improving our understanding of environmental transmission routes of zoonotic Cryptosporidium and oocyst survival is important in assessing and mitigating against disease risk and is essential for a One Health approach to tackle human and animal cryptosporidiosis. In addition, applying methods on farm to minimise the environmental contamination with faeces containing infective Cryptosporidium oocysts will also help to minimise risk to other animals and to people through protection of the environment and water catchments (Figure 2 ). Treatment of livestock and human faecal waste to reduce viability of Cryptosporidium oocysts would help to minimise contamination of the environment with infectious parasites and protect human and animal health.

abstract:
  Cryptosporidiosis is a significant diarrhoeal disease in both people and animals across the world and is caused by several species of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Recent research has highlighted the longer-term consequences of the disease for malnourished children, involving growth stunting and cognitive deficits, and significant growth and production losses for livestock. There are no vaccines currently available to prevent the disease and few treatment options in either humans or animals, which has been a significant limiting factor in disease control to date. A One Health approach to tackle zoonotic cryptosporidiosis looking at new advances in veterinary, public, and environmental health research may offer several advantages and new options to help control the disease.


id: cord-336378-7f2fizfr
author: Valentini, Luca
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-336378-7f2fizfr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336378-7f2fizfr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32708367/
doi: 10.3390/polym12071596
summary:
  In this study, we performed first-principles calculations suggesting that water molecules once in contact with the graphene oxide (GO) layer interact with its functional groups, therefore, developing an electric field induced by the heterostructure formation. The combination of GO sharp edged structure and surface charge when dispersed into nonionic polymers was found to be efficient in antiviral activity [10] ; thus, aerosols consisting of water droplets with a dimension in the range from 100 nm to 1 µm that cannot be stopped mechanically by the pores of filter fibers could be removed, for example, by the electrostatic interaction with GO based polymer fibers, making the face masks more efficient [11] . More on the theoretical side, our setup follows those reported in the literature; density functional theory based methodologies are used to predict interfacial electric field within (mono)layers in van der Waals heterostructures to evaluate (among the others) the photocatalytic performance enhancement [16, 17] , and the storage of alkali atoms (batteries) [18] , while similar approaches are exploited to compute properties of metal/oxide interfaces in terms of workfunction variation and charge distribution between heterostructure components [19] .

title:
  Engineering Graphene Oxide/Water Interface from First Principles to Experiments for Electrostatic Protective Composites

abstract:
  From the global spread of COVID-19 we learned that SARS-CoV-2 virus can be transmitted via respiratory liquid droplets. In this study, we performed first-principles calculations suggesting that water molecules once in contact with the graphene oxide (GO) layer interact with its functional groups, therefore, developing an electric field induced by the heterostructure formation. Experiments on GO polymer composite film supports the theoretical findings, showing that the interaction with water aerosol generates a voltage output signal of up to −2 V. We then developed an electrostatic composite fiber by the coagulation method mixing GO with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). These findings could be used to design protective fabrics with antiviral activity against negatively charged spike proteins of airborne viruses.


id: cord-337218-risqto89
title: Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of
author: Chu, Ellen W.
date: 2013-02-05
txt: ./txt/cord-337218-risqto89.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337218-risqto89.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123847195002537
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384719-5.00253-7
summary:
  107 ) sums up what he calls the hazards of human progress this way: ''''Each time history repeats itself, the price goes up.'''' Indeed, as the second decade of the 21st century begins, humans are ecosystem engineers on a planetary scale, and our global civilization threatens the life-sustaining capacity of all of Earth''s environmental ''''spheres'''': But with nearly 7 billion people occupying or using resources from every place on Earth, humans are overwhelming the ability of other life-forms to make a living and depleting the planet''s natural wealth. Chemicals -as varied as prescription drugs flowing out of sewage plants, pesticides, heavy metals, and cancer-causing by-products of countless manufacturing processes -now lace the world''s water, soil, and air and the bodies of all living things, including humans. The list of chemicals'' effects on living things is so long that chemical pollution equals humans'' environmental impact in most people''s minds, yet it is just one form of biotic impoverishment.

abstract:
  Environments on Earth are always changing, and living systems evolve within them. For most of their history, human beings did the same. But in the last two centuries, humans have become the planet's dominant species, changing and impoverishing the environment for all life on Earth and even decimating humans' own cultural diversity. Contemporary cultural worldviews that have severed humans' ancient connections with the natural world, along with consumption and population growth, have deepened this impoverishment. Understanding, measuring, and managing human environmental impacts – the most important of which is the impoverishment of living systems – is the 21st century's greatest challenge.


id: cord-338285-7rrq3o7n
title: COVID-19 and water
author: Sivakumar, Bellie
date: 2020-07-09
txt: ./txt/cord-338285-7rrq3o7n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338285-7rrq3o7n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01837-6
doi: 10.1007/s00477-020-01837-6
summary:
  I point out that our efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 will increase the water demand and worsen the water quality, leading to additional challenges in water planning and management. In view of the impacts of COVID-19 and other global-scale phenomena influencing water resources (e.g., global climate change), I highlight the urgent need for interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers studying water and new strategies to address water issues. Therefore, mitigating or controlling the spread of COVID-19 is highly challenging in these regions, as it necessitates identifying, accessing, and supplying significant quantity of additional water resources all around (not to mention the social-distancing). For instance, use of more water (and also soap and disinfectants) to wash one''s hands to control the spread of COVID-19 will increase the quantity of wastewater, with perhaps even poorer quality, coming from homes, workplaces, and other public places.

abstract:
  The 2019 coronavirus disease, called COVID-19, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since it was first identified in China in December 2019, COVID-19 has spread to almost all countries and territories and caused over 310,000 deaths, as on May 16, 2020. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are now seen in almost every sector of our society. In this article, I discuss the impacts of COVID-19 on the water sector. I point out that our efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 will increase the water demand and worsen the water quality, leading to additional challenges in water planning and management. In view of the impacts of COVID-19 and other global-scale phenomena influencing water resources (e.g., global climate change), I highlight the urgent need for interdisciplinary collaborations among researchers studying water and new strategies to address water issues.


id: cord-340497-8l3gw6sk
author: Avgoustaki, Dafni Despoina
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-340497-8l3gw6sk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340497-8l3gw6sk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2452263520300021
doi: 10.1016/bs.af2s.2020.08.002
summary:
  This way, inside the greenhouses, farmers can develop and maintain the desired microclimate and create a more predictable environment that enhances the final plant yield, achieving higher quality and reduced water consumption compared to open field crops. Greenhouses is a type of farming that can provide the option to connect with renewable energy resources in order to increase the sustainability of such systems and the energy efficiency of the various treatments that are necessary for mass food production (Manos and Xydis, 2019) . Indoor vertical farming is an innovative type of closed plant production system that provides the opportunity of a controlled-environment agriculture, which can be controlled according to the crop regardless of the weather conditions. In addition to the hydroponic systems that recirculate the nutrient solution and benefit greenhouse cultivations, vertical farms use systems that condense and collect the water that is transpired by plants at the cooling panel of the air conditioners and continuously recycle and reuse it for irrigation.

title:
  How energy innovation in indoor vertical farming can improve food security, sustainability, and food safety?

abstract:
  Food safety is an important scientific field, but at the same time a discussion topic of modern society that occupies more and more space of our every day time, dealing with the preparation of food, with its nutritious value, and various transportation and storage ways aiming at preventing food-related sickness. This work compares traditional farming with greenhouses and indoor vertical farming focusing on the challenges and the opportunities for each category. The scope of this work was to stress the role of indoor vertical farming towards this direction. Indoor vertical farms can produce high quality and virus-free products that can be locally distributed, inside the urban environment that such investments take place, saving annually millions of tons CO2 emissions. Beyond that, in this work it was pointed out how energy plays a role in food safety in such systems. It was stressed that indoor vertical farms can act as a demand response aggregator. In large scale units it could play a role to adjust their production according to different electricity prices offered in different time zones throughout the day. This way, the owners under a multi-value business model will create the opportunity to the vertical farm owners not only to improve their production but at the same time absorb inexpensive electricity offered, by creating an additional profit mechanism (multiple revenue streams) under such an approach by entering into contracts with companies in a utility electric region.


id: cord-344208-5mbn6b9x
title: Effect of Filtration Conditions On Removal of Emerging waterborne pathogens
author: Harrington, Gregory W.
date: 2003-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-344208-5mbn6b9x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-344208-5mbn6b9x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313289/
doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10514.x
summary:
  This study evaluated removal of live emerging waterborne pathogens by pilot‐scale conventional treatment with alum coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. The objective of this research was to evaluate the removal of several emerging waterborne pathogens by using pilot-scale conventional treatment with alum coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Six pilot-scale challenge experiments were performed to investigate the effects of various filtration conditions on the removal of live waterborne pathogens by alum coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and rapid-rate granular media filtration. Nevertheless, the pathogen characteristics listed in Table 1 play a role in determining the physical and chemical characteristics of the floc parAlthough many studies have focused on the effects of particle size on particle removal in clean bed filters, little research has been conducted to determine the breakthrough rates of different-sized particles. The other tests indicated that settled water pumping had no effect on turbidity removal through filtration provided that the sedimentation basin was cleaned out one day prior to a challenge experiment.

abstract:
  This study evaluated removal of live emerging waterborne pathogens by pilot‐scale conventional treatment with alum coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. The microbes tested were Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Aeromonas hydrophila, and bacteriophage MS2. The study showed the effects of filter run time, alternative loading rates, alternative filter media, and pH on pathogen removal. Results indicated that turbidity breakthrough was accompanied by breakthrough of all pathogens tested in this study. Results also suggest that the breakthrough of A. hydrophila and E. coli O157:H7 occurred more rapidly than that of turbidity. In general, filtration rate or alternative filter media configurations had no apparent effect on pathogen removal.


id: cord-345347-wrgg8met
author: Campling, Paul
date: 2020-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-345347-wrgg8met.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345347-wrgg8met.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720365013
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142971
summary:
  A pan-European, multi-actor approach was adapted in the context of seven rural or mixed rural/urban Action Labs (also known as Living Labs) to determine barriers and factors that hinder the uptake of BMPs and MMs to protect drinking water sources from nitrates and PPPs and that have an impact on farmers'' decision making and strategies. The main environmental policy instruments related to water that are to be considered here are: Directive (WFD) and sets groundwater quality standards, introducing measures to prevent or limit inputs of pollutants into groundwater (European Parliament and Council, 2006) ; and, For EU agriculture policies, the cross-compliance requirements (set of minimum agricultural production standards) and the measures included in the Rural Development Plans are those that define the framework for the farmers, in order to benefit from EU subsidies. The first step in the analysis of the uptake of BMPs and MMs to prevent the pollution of drinking water sources from agriculture was to match the wealth of information from previous European projects that assess mitigation measures with the local knowledge of the farming systems and the focus issues in the seven Action Labs.

title:
  A multi-actor, participatory approach to identify policy and technical barriers to better farming practices that protect our drinking water sources

abstract:
  Despite an improvement of water quality across Europe there are many pollution hotspots for both nitrates and PPPs, mainly due to agricultural activities. The BMPs and MMs to reduce pollution from agriculture are well known, and there are policy instruments in place to ensure drinking water standards, but the current approach has not been efficient enough. Within the H2020 Water Protect project the premise was that there is a need for a multi-actor, participatory approach to tackle the issue from a new angle, and to assess why the uptake of known BMPs and MMs was not better among farmers. Seven “Action Labs” were selected that represent major physical, socio-economical, cultural and farming settings across Europe. A methodology of multi-actor engagement was chosen but with different approaches due to the local context. Initially the level of farmers' awareness about water quality issues was matched to the observed uptake rates of BMPs and MMs. In a second survey barriers hindering the uptake of measures were identified. The first survey revealed a low general awareness on the potential pollution to drinking water sources. Despite this, between 24% to 88% of the surveyed farmers per Action Lab were already voluntarily adopting one quarter of the selected BMPs and MMs. The second survey demonstrated the need to address organisational, legislative, sociological and technical barriers. The lack of coordination between different institutional bodies promoting measures and the financial incentives needed to invest and operate these often-costly measures need to be considered. The multi-actor, participatory approach with its improved awareness and collaboration made it possible to identify the crucial factors for improvement - to build a social acceptance among all actors and communicate the issues and solutions from the start.


id: cord-346595-96zg8q0b
title: Water pollution prevention and state of the art treatment technologies
author: Weng, Chih-Huang
date: 2020-07-20
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32691309/
doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09994-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  This special issue (SI) of Environmental Science and Pollution Research (ESPR) includes a collection of 18 peer-reviewed articles relating to water quality and toxicity risk assessments, ecosystem protection, groundwater contamination assessment, soil and sediment remediation technologies, water treatment technologies, climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, and control of carbon intensity that were formally presented at the 4th International Conference on Water Resources and Environment (WRE 2018) , the 5th International Conference on Water Resources and Environment (WRE 2019), and the 1st International Conference on Advances in Civil and Ecological Engineering Research (ACEER 2019). & Lee and Lin (2019) provide relationships between integrated vulnerability (biophysical and social) and personal ecological footprint of Taipei (urban) and Yunlin county (rural), Taiwan, for governments and communities to establish implementation strategies in risk areas to adapt and mitigate to climate change. His main research interests focus on using advanced oxidation processes and adsorption for the treatment of wastewater and bacteria inactivation, ground water modeling, and application of electrokinetic technologies to soil remediation/sludge treatment/activated carbon regeneration.


id: cord-346715-r6a5vxl0
author: Liu, Haizhou
date: 2020-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-346715-r6a5vxl0.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-020-1267-4
doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1267-4
summary:
  Chromium (Cr) typically exists in either trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states in drinking water, i.e., Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) of particular concern in recent years due to its high toxicity and new regulatory standards. To moving forward in the right direction, three key questions need further exploration for the technology implementation, including effective management of residual waste, minimizing the risks of Cr(VI) re-occurrence downstream of drinking water treatment plant, and promote the socioeconomic drivers for Cr(VI) control in the future. The reactions of Cr(III) solids oxidation by free chlorine residuals can take place in drinking water distribution systems, as supported by statistical analysis of EPA UCMR3 database. Redox-driven Cr(VI) treatment technologies are more promising and cost-effective than physical separation technologies (for example, ion exchange), because Cr (VI) is chemically reduced to non-toxic Cr(III) solids in the presence of a reductant and subsequently removed as Cr (III) particles, eliminating the need for additional brine disposal (Eary and Rai, 1988) .

title:
  Hexavalent chromium in drinking water: Chemistry, challenges and future outlook on Sn(II)- and photocatalyst-based treatment

abstract:
  Chromium (Cr) typically exists in either trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states in drinking water, i.e., Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) of particular concern in recent years due to its high toxicity and new regulatory standards. This Account presented a critical analysis of the sources and occurrence of Cr(VI) in drinking water in the United States, analyzed the equilibrium chemistry of Cr(VI) species, summarized important redox reaction relevant to the fate of Cr(VI) in drinking water, and critically reviewed emerging Cr(VI) treatment technologies. There is a wide occurrence of Cr(VI) in US source drinking water, with a strong dependence on groundwater sources, mainly due to naturally weathering of chromium-containing aquifers. Challenges regarding traditional Cr(VI) treatment include chemical cost, generation of secondary waste and inadvertent re-generation of Cr(VI) after treatment. To overcome these challenges, reductive Cr(VI) treatment technologies based on the application of stannous tin or electron-releasing titanium dioxide photocatalyst hold extreme promise in the future. To moving forward in the right direction, three key questions need further exploration for the technology implementation, including effective management of residual waste, minimizing the risks of Cr(VI) re-occurrence downstream of drinking water treatment plant, and promote the socioeconomic drivers for Cr(VI) control in the future.


id: cord-350876-e7le4oh5
author: Hamada, Kazuhiro
date: 2005-12-12
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url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.085
doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.085
summary:
  Abstract Uniform polymeric nanoparticles with various morphologies of projection coronas like the viruses in the coronavirus group have been formed by the self-organization of macromolecular chains polymerizing in a dispersion system of styrene (St), acrylonitrile (AN) and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethoxymonomethacrylate (PEGm) in a polar solvent (water/ethanol). An increase in the water composition reduced the crystallization degree of AN units, resulting in a variety of the nanoparticle morphology such as the increased particle size, the reduced projection size, the increased projection number, and the decreased inter-projection distance. As shown in Fig. 1(a) , nanoparticles prepared in the solvent with a water composition of 20 vol% had projection coronas similar to a coronavirus in morphology. On the other hand, nanoparticles with projection coronas were not formed when the water composition was higher than 50 vol% since the dispersion system was not created during polymerization.

title:
  One-step nanomorphology control of self-organized projection coronas in uniform polymeric nanoparticles

abstract:
  Abstract Uniform polymeric nanoparticles with various morphologies of projection coronas like the viruses in the coronavirus group have been formed by the self-organization of macromolecular chains polymerizing in a dispersion system of styrene (St), acrylonitrile (AN) and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethoxymonomethacrylate (PEGm) in a polar solvent (water/ethanol). An increase in the water composition reduced the crystallization degree of AN units, resulting in a variety of the nanoparticle morphology such as the increased particle size, the reduced projection size, the increased projection number, and the decreased inter-projection distance. The difference in the projection morphology strongly affected a dispersibility in water.


id: cord-354345-p4ld0tun
title: A Review and Update on Waterborne Viral Diseases Associated with Swimming Pools
author: Bonadonna, Lucia
date: 2019-01-09
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30634384/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16020166
summary:
  We carried out a comprehensive literature review aimed at investigating waterborne viral outbreaks linked to swimming pools, to explore the etiological agents implicated, pathways of transmission, associations between indicator organisms and disease, and key issues related to chlorination/disinfection procedures. Different databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were accessed using the terms norovirus, Norwalk virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, echovirus, coxsackievirus, and hepatitis A, in combination with terms recreation, swimming, pool, and water. In Oklahoma, USA, an outbreak of pharyngitis caused by HAdV type 7a was recorded in 1982 among 77 children attending a swimming pool [17] . In 2013-2014, a study investigated the presence of human enteric viruses (adenovirus, norovirus, and enterovirus) in indoor and outdoor swimming pool waters in Rome. Pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 4: Report of a swimming pool-related outbreak with recovery of virus from pool water A swimming pool-associated outbreak of pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by human adenovirus type 4 in Beijing

abstract:
  Infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and molds, may threaten the health of swimming pool bathers. Viruses are a major cause of recreationally-associated waterborne diseases linked to pools, lakes, ponds, thermal pools/spas, rivers, and hot springs. They can make their way into waters through the accidental release of fecal matter, body fluids (saliva, mucus), or skin flakes by symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. We present an updated overview of epidemiological data on viral outbreaks, a project motivated, among other things, by the availability of improved viral detection methodologies. Special attention is paid to outbreak investigations (source of the outbreak, pathways of transmission, chlorination/disinfection). Epidemiological studies on incidents of viral contamination of swimming pools under non-epidemic conditions are also reviewed.


id: cord-355993-vyyboega
title: Disaster incubation, cumulative impacts and the urban/ex-urban/rural dynamic
author: Mulvihill, Peter R.
date: 2007-04-11
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287653/
doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2007.01.003
summary:
  To illustrate and discuss this potential of disaster research we give context Environmental Impact Assessment Review 27 (2007) 343 -358 www.elsevier.com/locate/eiar and substance to our analysis by focusing on two case studies, the first involving water contamination/pollution problems in rural Ontario and the other focusing on the changing ecological and social landscapes of areas which surround the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). Although drinking water contamination problems tend to be associated with developing nationsthe World Health Organization notes that the leading cause of illness and deaths in most developing countries is attributable to gastrointestinal infections from the ingestion of water containing pathogens (Nadakavukaren, 2000) the Walkerton outbreak dramatically illustrates that the waterborne route of the disease may pose an equal, if not greater, threat to public health in the North American, and particularly, Canadian context.

abstract:
  This article explores environmental impacts and risks that can accumulate in rural and ex-urban areas and regions and their relation to urban and global development forces. Two Southern Ontario cases are examined: an area level water disaster and cumulative change at the regional level. The role of disaster incubation analysis and advanced environmental assessment tools are discussed in terms of their potential to contribute to more enlightened and effective assessment and planning processes. It is concluded that conventional approaches to EA and planning are characteristically deficient in addressing the full range of impacts and risks, and particularly those originating from pathogens, dispersed and insidious sources. Rigorous application of disaster incubation analysis and more advanced forms of EA has considerable potential to influence a different pattern of planning and decision making.


