Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 39 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5727 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 VSV 7 virus 6 SARS 5 cell 5 Fig 4 RNA 4 IFN 3 figure 3 EBOV 2 protein 2 MERS 2 HIV-1 2 Golgi 1 virion 1 viral 1 vector 1 translation 1 tetherin 1 rn2 1 rfeifn 1 polysome 1 p2y 1 membrane 1 ifit2 1 glycoprotein 1 display 1 bud 1 ZEBOV 1 West 1 WNV 1 Vpu 1 Vacuolin-1 1 VSVΔG 1 VRP 1 TMPRSS2 1 Supplementary 1 Sindbis 1 SDS 1 RNP 1 RLR 1 RIPA 1 RBD 1 PRRSV 1 Nile 1 N4CT1-EBOVGP1 1 MLT 1 M51-G 1 LCMV 1 Kozak 1 JHMV Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 3169 virus 3076 cell 1766 protein 803 infection 693 mouse 672 vector 636 % 589 antibody 545 gene 536 glycoprotein 519 study 493 host 479 stomatitis 474 expression 473 vaccine 452 activity 451 membrane 428 replication 399 influenza 368 assay 361 type 349 response 347 g 331 c 312 effect 310 virion 306 translation 301 figure 295 result 293 surface 290 h 285 animal 279 group 269 control 267 synthesis 264 system 256 entry 253 ml 252 sequence 249 particle 246 ° 246 mrna 236 site 236 analysis 230 level 227 receptor 221 envelope 221 challenge 215 acid 214 day Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 2167 VSV 757 al 725 . 640 et 536 G 500 Fig 416 RNA 364 SARS 314 IFN 253 EBOV 241 CoV 227 MERS 194 S 189 M 184 CoV-2 180 RIPA 174 HA 168 GFP 166 C 163 PBS 157 ER 155 Golgi 153 CCHFV 147 HIV-1 144 Vero 138 GP 137 mRNAs 133 HeLa 131 MLT 131 Ebola 129 mRNA 117 IRF3 116 Gml 113 pseudotyped 111 BV 109 ADP 102 Figure 100 WNV 97 HAL 95 SDS 95 AUG 90 T 90 L 86 PRRSV 78 N 77 HIV 73 Ifit2 72 West 70 PCR 70 Nile Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 724 we 421 it 161 i 127 they 34 them 25 us 23 one 14 mrnas 14 itself 12 you 5 me 4 he 3 wtvsv 1 sgp 1 n4ct1-ebovgp1 1 ifnb1-rev 1 gpr80gag Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 7890 be 1093 use 922 have 567 show 403 express 379 infect 303 contain 302 inhibit 294 do 292 treat 273 base 246 describe 244 induce 241 determine 237 indicate 233 demonstrate 228 detect 212 mediate 210 observe 207 bind 206 neutralize 205 suggest 195 include 192 follow 190 associate 189 find 187 incubate 174 encode 170 compare 167 perform 161 require 150 test 150 result 147 produce 144 provide 144 generate 142 activate 141 identify 137 obtain 136 reduce 132 add 127 analyze 123 block 121 increase 120 form 118 measure 116 protect 114 reveal 112 purify 112 involve Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1014 viral 881 not 515 - 475 vesicular 417 also 371 human 350 high 326 antiviral 313 other 303 specific 272 recombinant 254 only 254 however 250 more 233 anti 225 different 225 cellular 204 then 195 well 194 immune 188 single 186 low 185 further 174 previously 168 similar 165 infected 164 respiratory 161 such 149 most 146 infectious 146 first 132 small 132 several 132 positive 126 same 124 significant 123 highly 120 thus 119 therefore 118 major 118 cytoplasmic 113 early 109 as 106 efficient 104 large 104 functional 104 dependent 104 clinical 102 novel 102 many Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 high 44 most 27 least 14 ω 9 good 6 Most 4 low 3 large 3 early 2 strong 2 small 2 outermost 2 easy 2 close 1 ½a 1 wilcox_t 1 vMVA 1 great 1 broad 1 bare 1 VSV)-pseudotypes 1 1:200 1 /animal 1 -I Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 105 most 21 least 9 well 1 lowest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 www.cbs.dtu.dk 5 doi.org 1 www.who 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.cbs.dtu 1 www 1 npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr 1 creativecommons.org 1 creativecommons 1 creat 1 clinicaltrials Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 2 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/YinOYang/ 2 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TargetP 2 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/ 2 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNGlyc/ 2 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/ 1 http://www.who 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/12/4/442/s1 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-3.0/ 1 http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos/ 1 http://www.cbs.dtu 1 http://www 1 http://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007875.g005 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189073.g005 1 http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189073 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44210-6.Competing 1 http://doi.org/10.1038/ 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://creativecommons 1 http://creat 1 http://clinicaltrials Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 nicolas.ruggli@ivi.admin.ch 1 erich.gulbins@uni-due.de Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 cells were then 7 cells expressing gml 7 cells were extensively 6 cells were further 6 cells were pre 6 mice were intraperitoneally 6 vectors expressing glycoproteins 6 vsv was significantly 5 cells do not 5 genes encoding feifn 5 vectors expressing ebovgp 5 vectors expressing hiv 4 cells expressing vsv 4 protein inhibits host 4 proteins were also 4 vectors expressing antigens 4 virus is more 3 activities were especially 3 antibodies were not 3 cells are not 3 cells did not 3 cells were either 3 expression is genetically 3 g did not 3 glycoprotein is necessary 3 mice were im 3 mice were intranasally 3 protein is responsible 3 protein was approximately 3 proteins showed antiviral 3 proteins were strongly 3 vectors expressing avian 3 vectors expressing herpes 3 virus expressing cottontail 3 viruses expressing respiratory 3 vsv neutralizing antibody 2 activities are dependent 2 activity was not 2 antibodies are available 2 antibodies are usually 2 assays using live 2 cells are competent 2 cells expressing angiotensin 2 cells is unknown 2 cells showed significantly 2 cells showed similar 2 cells showed strong 2 cells was significantly 2 cells were again 2 cells were also Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 vectors contained no additional 1 antibody did not significantly 1 cells are not available 1 cells are not useful 1 genes are not essential 1 genes had no effect 1 glycoproteins had not previously 1 infection are not fully 1 infection had no effect 1 infection is not tight 1 membranes is not surprising 1 mice are not more 1 mice had no evidence 1 mice were not significantly 1 proteins are not directly 1 proteins is not available 1 vector containing no glycoprotein 1 vectors are not traditionally 1 viruses are not suitable 1 viruses having no exogenous 1 viruses is not always 1 vsv is not lethal A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-296399-vvbjulm9 author = Brinkmann, Constantin title = The glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus promotes release of virus-like particles from tetherin-positive cells date = 2017-12-07 keywords = EBOV; VSV; Vpu; tetherin summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0189073 id = cord-326013-5i35zdmv author = Carpinteiro, Alexander title = Pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase prevents uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by epithelial cells date = 2020-10-29 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; VSV summary = The data justify clinical studies investigating whether amitriptyline, a safe drug used clinically for almost 60 years, or other antidepressants that functionally block acid sphingomyelinase prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pretreatment of the cells with 5, 10, 20, or 25 µM amitriptyline prevented the activation of acid sphingomyelinase and the release of ceramide upon infection with pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike for 30 min (Fig. 3B, Fig. 4A ). Treating Vero cells with neutralizing antibodies to spike or with recombinant ACE2 protein prevented the activation of acid sphingomyelinase and the release of ceramide upon infection with pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike (Fig. 3B, Fig. 4A Amitriptyline and other drugs with similar structure and properties have been clinically used for many years (since 1962) to treat patients with depressive disorder. Best results were obtained with venlafaxin, fluoxetine, escitalopram and mirtazipine, drugs that were also shown in the present study to inhibit acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide release upon pp-VSV-SARS-CoV-2 spike infection. doi = 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100142 id = cord-286390-ytgw3j4s author = Case, James Brett title = Neutralizing antibody and soluble ACE2 inhibition of a replication-competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. date = 2020-07-03 keywords = SARS; VSV summary = An anticipated correlate of such countermeasures is the level of neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which engages with host ACE2 receptor for entry. Using an infectious molecular clone of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing eGFP as a marker of infection, we replaced the glycoprotein gene (G) with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (VSV-eGFP-SARS-CoV-2) and developed a high-throughput imaging-based neutralization assay at biosafety level 2. We engineered an infectious molecular clone of vesicular 83 stomatitis virus (VSV) to encode the SARS-CoV-2 S protein in place of the native envelope 84 glycoprotein (G) and rescued an autonomously replication-competent virus bearing the spike. Evaluation of a novel vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype-based assay for detection of 641 neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV Vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyped with severe acute 645 respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein Retroviruses pseudotyped with the severe acute respiratory 722 syndrome coronavirus spike protein efficiently infect cells expressing angiotensin-converting 723 enzyme 2 doi = 10.1016/j.chom.2020.06.021 id = cord-268565-2sg1tlrg author = Clarke, David K. title = Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus as an HIV-1 vaccine vector date = 2006-09-15 keywords = RNA; VSV; vector summary = However, because durable neutralizing antibodies are usually elicited against the VSV surface glycoprotein after a single vaccination with replication-competent rVSV vectors, glycoprotein exchange vectors were designed to allow more effective boosting of immune responses to target antigens. In these pioneering studies, rhesus macaques were immunized with a combination of two prototypic rVSV vectors expressing a HIV-1 89.6 Env gp160/VSV-G fusion polypeptide and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag p55 protein. Vaccine vector administration by a combination of intramuscular and intranasal routes clearly demonstrated the ability of rVSV vectors to elicit potent antigen-specific cellmediated immune responses in NHPs. In addition, this study also clearly demonstrated for the first time the ability of rVSV vectors expressing Env and Gag proteins to provide highly significant protection from AIDS after an intravenous heterologous SIV/HIV (SHIV) 89 .6P challenge [89] . Immunogenicity of attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing HIV type 1 Env and SIV Gag proteins: comparison of intranasal and intramuscular vaccination routes doi = 10.1007/s00281-006-0042-3 id = cord-020714-h1fevqcw author = Compans, Richard W. title = Membrane Glycoproteins of Enveloped Viruses date = 2008-05-30 keywords = Compans; Sindbis; VSV; glycoprotein; membrane; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60750-9 id = cord-292593-apdyaujt author = Coulter-Mackie, Marion title = In vivo and in vitro models of demyelinating diseases XII. Persistence and expression of corona JHM vims functions in RN2-2 Schwannoma cells during latency date = 1985-10-31 keywords = IFN; JHMV; VSV; rn2 summary = Interference with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) production by JHMV was tested in persistently or latently infected RN-2 cells using as the controls, uninfected RN2-2 cells. Since upon infection of RN2-2 cultures with JHMV at 39.5"C and maintenance in a state of latency at that temperature for several days, the cells commenced yielding pfu upon shift down to 32.5"C (Lucas et al., 1978) , these data suggest that penetration and eclipse of the virus inoculum must have occurred normally at 39.5"C and restriction most probably developed at a subsequent stage. It is very significant that during incubation at the restrictive temperature for as long as 7 days and beyond, when RN2-2 cells had multiplied through 6-7 generations, the 56K antigen was readily detectable (channel I), implying that during latency, in the absence of infectious virus production, translation into JHMV nucleocapsid protein continued. doi = 10.1016/0168-1702(85)90049-8 id = cord-351881-qea4b0i5 author = Eck, Melanie title = Virus replicon particles expressing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proteins elicit immune priming but do not confer protection from viremia in pigs date = 2016-02-19 keywords = GP3; GP5; PRRSV; VRP; VSV summary = doi = 10.1186/s13567-016-0318-0 id = cord-318686-we6pveus author = Ehlen, Lukas title = Epithelial cell lines of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) are highly susceptible in vitro models to zoonotic Bunya-, Rhabdo-, and Flaviviruses date = 2016-05-04 keywords = VSV; cell; virus summary = CONCLUSION: In the current study, we showed that newly established cell lines from the cotton rat can serve as host-specific in vitro models for viral infection experiments. The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) is a unique example of a rodent species that is a well-established animal model to study viral pathogenesis and is also associated with a large range of zoonotic viruses in the wild [20] [21] [22] . To evaluate whether the broad viral susceptibility seen in both animalmodel and wild cotton rats was also reflected in in vitro cell culture models, we generated continuous cell lines from the respiratory and renal tracts of a cotton rat, and assessed their use for virus replication studies of known and potentially novel zoonotic viruses. In the work presented herein, we generated epithelial cell lines from the respiratory and renal tracts of a cotton rat due to its susceptibility to a broad range of human viruses, as well as the association of multiple important and emerging zoonotic viruses with this species. doi = 10.1186/s12985-016-0531-5 id = cord-267712-mhx8e5y0 author = Fang, Xinkui title = Evaluation of attenuated VSVs with mutated M or/and G proteins as vaccine vectors date = 2012-02-08 keywords = M51-G; VSV summary = Due to its potent capabilities in triggering cellular, humoral, and mucosal immunities in animals, even after a single administration, recombinant VSV has been studied as a vaccine vector not only for preventing vesicular stomatitis disease in livestock [4] , but a number of human pathogens including: Influenza virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus, and Hepatitis C virus [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . In vivo, however, VSV M protein mutant proved to be only moderately attenuated in experimental infections [16, 21] , whereas there is currently no information available if recombinant VSV with truncated G protein is safe or not when animals challenged with high dose of the mutant virus. Based on pathogenicity and capabilities to stimulate potent immune responses, we aimed to identify a suitable recombinant VSV vaccine vector and vaccine candidate for preventing vesicular stomatitis disease. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.085 id = cord-272051-arz8r204 author = Federico, Maurizio title = HIV-protease inhibitors block the replication of both vesicular stomatitis and influenza viruses at an early post-entry replication step date = 2011-08-15 keywords = HIV-1; VSV summary = Since the replication of many virus species requires the activity of host cell proteases, investigating the effects of PIs on the life cycle of viruses other than HIV would be of interest. Considering that PIs are well tolerated drugs in vivo, and that many relevant human pathogens belong to the family of RNA viruses infecting cells through an endocytic pathway, this finding would open the way towards a broader therapeutic use of PIs. HIV virions emerging from cells treated with PIs remain immature viral particles as a consequence of the block of Gag polyprotein cleavage. Cells were treated overnight with the PI doses most effective against VSV and/or influenza virus replication, then labeled with LysoSensor Green DND-189 for 30 min in the presence of PIs, and finally analyzed by FACS. doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2011.05.002 id = cord-000660-tsvzg0ax author = Fensterl, Volker title = Interferon-Induced Ifit2/ISG54 Protects Mice from Lethal VSV Neuropathogenesis date = 2012-05-17 keywords = IFN; RNA; VSV; figure; ifit2 summary = Interferon protects mice from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection and pathogenesis; however, it is not known which of the numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) mediate the antiviral effect. In contrast, in acute infection by viruses that cause severe pathogenesis and death within a few days after infection, protection is primarily provided by the intrinsic antiviral actions of IFN-induced proteins encoded by the hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) [10] [11] [12] , several of which often contribute to the overall effect of IFN against a given virus. From the above observations, we conclude that after intranasal infection by VSV, Ifit2 protects mice from neuropathogenesis by suppressing replication or spread of the virus in brain neurons. In the complete absence of type I IFN action in the IFNAR 2/2 mice, intranasally infected VSV replicated vigorously not only in brains, but also in livers and lungs ( Figure 7A-C) . doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002712 id = cord-004126-u6ts87ur author = Furuyama, Wakako title = A single dose of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based influenza vaccine confers rapid protection against H5 viruses from different clades date = 2020-01-10 keywords = EBOV; Fig; H5N1; Supplementary; VSV summary = Moreover, single vaccination induced cross-protective H5-specific antibodies and protected mice against lethal challenge with various H5 clade 2 viruses, highlighting the potential of the VSV-based HAfl as a pan-H5 influenza virus emergency vaccine. We found that a single vaccination with VSV-vectors expressing the full-length HA (HAfl) induced crossreactive H5-specific antibodies and conferred complete protection against lethal challenge with various H5 clade 2 viruses. In contrast to all the sHA-based vaccines, single doses of the VSV-EBOV-HAfl or VSV-HAfl vectors were sufficient to provide complete protection from lethal homologous H5N1 challenge in mice (Fig. 2) . However, this study did not provide any data supporting an advantage of including VSV-EBOV as part of the vector design over just expressing VSV-HAfl as both vectors performed similarly well with no statistically significant difference in efficacy following single-dose or prime/boost administration (Fig. 2 ) nor in antibody responses (Fig. 3, Table 1 ). doi = 10.1038/s41541-019-0155-z id = cord-011435-x73foqu7 author = Glanz, Anna title = High Throughput Screening of FDA-Approved Drug Library Reveals the Compounds that Promote IRF3-Mediated Pro-Apoptotic Pathway Inhibit Virus Replication date = 2020-04-14 keywords = IRF3; RIPA; RLR; VSV; figure summary = title: High Throughput Screening of FDA-Approved Drug Library Reveals the Compounds that Promote IRF3-Mediated Pro-Apoptotic Pathway Inhibit Virus Replication Previously, we uncovered a function for nontranscriptional IRF3 (nt-IRF3), RLR (RIG-I-like receptor)-induced IRF3-mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA), which triggers apoptotic killing of virus-infected cells. In contrast to the transcriptional pathway, nt-Irf3 in virus-infected cells functions as a chaperone protein by translocating the pro-apoptotic protein BCL2-associated X (BAX) to the mitochondria, thereby causing apoptotic cell death, which we named RLR (RIG-I-like receptor)-induced IRF3-mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA) ( Figure 1A ) [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] . We validated these results by immunoblot analyses, which demonstrate that doxorubicin treatment inhibited the expression of VSV-G protein, a viral envelope glycoprotein as well as the virus-encoded GFP ( Figure 3B ). We validated these results by immunoblot analyses, which demonstrate that doxorubicin treatment inhibited the expression of VSV-G protein, a viral envelope glycoprotein as well as the virus-encoded GFP ( Figure 3B ). doi = 10.3390/v12040442 id = cord-285749-0ejhd9nw author = Hoffmann, Markus title = The Hemagglutinin of Bat-Associated Influenza Viruses Is Activated by TMPRSS2 for pH-Dependent Entry into Bat but Not Human Cells date = 2016-03-30 keywords = FLUAV; HAL; TMPRSS2; VSV summary = Generation of VSV pseudotypes (VSVpp) was performed as follows: HEK-293T cells were transfected by calcium-phosphate precipitation with expression plasmids encoding viral surface proteins, VSV-G (positive control) , NiV-F/G, FLUAV-HA and/or NA and bat-FLUAV-HAL and/or NAL, or empty plasmid (pCAGGS) as negative control. In order to investigate the potential of human TTSPs to proteolytically activate batFLUAV-HAL for host cell entry, we additionally cotransfected the cells with expression plasmids for TMPRSS2, DESC-1 or MSPL. Notably, three bat cell lines (EidNi/41, HypNi/1.1 and EpoNi/22.1) were susceptible to entry of pseudotypes bearing HAL and NAL of batFLUAV (Fig 2B) , demonstrating that surface glycoproteins of batFLUAV can mediate cellular entry. To assess proteolytic activation of HA/HAL proteins, vesicular stomatitis virus-based pseudotypes (VSVpp) were produced in cells transfected to express the indicated type II transmembrane serine proteases (B) or different amounts of TMPRSS2 (C). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0152134 id = cord-000079-533xlisc author = Huszthy, Peter C. title = Remission of Invasive, Cancer Stem-Like Glioblastoma Xenografts Using Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Suicide Gene Therapy date = 2009-07-20 keywords = LCMV; VSV; figure summary = Both, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein (LCMV-GP) and vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentiviral vectors very efficiently transduced human glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo. In a therapeutic approach using the suicide gene herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-1-tk) fused to eGFP, both lentiviral vectors mediated a complete remission of solid tumors as seen on MRI resulting in a highly significant survival benefit (p<0.001) compared to control groups. Furthermore, we showed a significant therapeutic effect of LCMV-GP pseudotyped lentiviral vectors in the cell-line based 9L rat glioma model using the suicide gene HSV-1-tk. In the presented work, we showed that both, VSV-G and LCMV-GP pseudotyped lentiviruses efficiently transduced human glioma cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas gammaretroviral transduction was inefficient. When analyzed at higher magnification, both LCMV-GP and VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vectors showed efficient transgene delivery to nestin-positive tumor cells in solid ( Figure 3B ,E) and invasive tumor areas ( Figure 3C ,F). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006314 id = cord-276009-p98wjtjb author = Iyer, Arun V. title = Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based west Nile vaccine elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses and protects mice against lethal challenge with the virulent west Nile virus strain LSU-AR01 date = 2009-02-05 keywords = Nile; VSV; WNV; West; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.087 id = cord-291323-kbjyd5g3 author = Kang, Yuan-Lin title = Inhibition of PIKfyve kinase prevents infection by Zaire ebolavirus and SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-08-25 keywords = Apilimod; SARS; VSV; Vacuolin-1; ZEBOV summary = We describe here potent inhibitory effects on content release and infection by chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing the envelope proteins of Zaire ebolavirus (VSV-ZEBOV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (VSV-SARS-CoV-2) elicited by Apilimod and Vacuolin-1, small-molecule inhibitors of the main endosomal phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate/phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase, PIKfyve. We describe here potent inhibitory effects on content release and infection by chimeric vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) containing the envelope proteins of Zaire ebolavirus (VSV-ZEBOV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (VSV-SARS-CoV-2) elicited by Apilimod and Vacuolin-1, small-molecule inhibitors of the main endosomal phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate/phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase, PIKfyve. We have constructed chimeric forms of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) bearing the fusion proteins of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) or SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and shown that two small-molecule inhibitors of an endosomal lipid kinase (PIKfyve) inhibit viral infection by preventing release of the viral contents from endosomes. doi = 10.1073/pnas.2007837117 id = cord-275348-jna496x7 author = Kapadia, Sagar U. title = SARS vaccine based on a replication-defective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus is more potent than one based on a replication-competent vector date = 2008-06-20 keywords = SARS; VSV; VSVΔG summary = A SARS vaccine based on a live-attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) recombinant expressing the SARS-CoV S protein provides long-term protection of immunized mice from SARS-CoV infection (Kapadia, S.U., Rose, J. We found that the vaccine given intramuscularly induced a neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV that was approximately ten-fold greater than that required for the protection from SARS-CoV infection, and significantly greater than that generated by the replication-competent vector expressing SARS-CoV S protein given by the same route. In order to evaluate this vector as a SARS vaccine candidate, we also developed a SARS-CoV neutralization assay using a pseudotyped VSV recombinant expressing a green fluorescent protein. SARS-CoV neutralizing antibody titers of these sera were determined by incubating VSVΔG-EGFP/SΔtail-HA virus with serial dilutions of these sera, and the virusserum mixtures were transferred to a monolayer of Vero E6 cells. doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.002 id = cord-290243-m8yfugr0 author = Kim, Kyung Ran title = Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel iso-d-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorothianucleoside derivatives date = 2007-01-01 keywords = VSV summary = The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane and ethyl acetate (5:1) as the eluent to give the corresponding alcohol 8 (5.570 g, 95%) as a colorless oil: ½a To a stirred solution of alcohol 8 (3.050 g, 6.19 mmol) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (20 mL) was dropwise added (dieth-ylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST, 1.23 mL, 9.31 mmol) at À10°C and the reaction mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 30 min. After the volatiles were removed in vacuo, the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane and ethyl acetate (3:1) as the eluent to give To a stirred solution of 13 (110 mg, 0.19 mmol) in methanol (4.5 mL) and CH 2 Cl 2 (1.5 mL) was added 1 M NaOMe (0.40 mL, 0.40 mmol, in MeOH) at 0°C and the reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h at room temperature. doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.066 id = cord-008556-oetrdm8g author = Kozak, Marilyn title = Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Virus-Infected Animal Cells date = 2008-03-01 keywords = AUG; Kozak; RNA; VSV; cell; protein; translation; virus summary = One consequence of the scanning mechanism is that deleting the "ribosome binding site" (i.e., the normal initiator codon and flanking sequences) will not abolish translation; ribosomes will simply use the next AUG codon downstream, which, in some cases, has been shown to direct the synthesis of a biologically active, truncated protein (Downey et al., 1984; Halpern and Smiley, 1984; Katinka and Yaniv, 1982) . The best evidence for this is the ability of both EMC and SFV 26 S mRNA to be translated in EMC virus-infected cells, in which host translation is drastically inhibited by a mechanism that has not been difined, but that clearly does not involve cap binding protein (Mosenkis et al., 1985) . In wild-type adenovirus-infected cells, in which host protein synthesis is drastically reduced, both adenovirus and influenza virus mRNAs are translated efficiently. doi = 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60265-1 id = cord-346777-zmmnn9b2 author = Lester, Sandra title = Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) spike (S) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies date = 2019-09-11 keywords = CoV; MERS; VSV summary = doi = 10.1099/acmi.0.000057 id = cord-262752-bwofzbwa author = Li, Qianqian title = Current status on the development of pseudoviruses for enveloped viruses date = 2017-12-07 keywords = HIV; VSV; virus summary = Early work by Witte and colleagues showed that when they used VSV to infect the cells in which MLV is packaged, they were able to harvest pseudovirus for use in neutralization antibody assays. Development of in vitro and in vivo rabies virus neutralization assays based on a high-titer pseudovirus system Development of a pseudotyped-lentiviral-vector-based neutralization assay for chikungunya virus infection Second generation of pseudotype-based serum neutralization assay for Nipah virus antibodies: sensitive and high-throughput analysis utilizing secreted alkaline phosphatase Use of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes bearing Hantaan or Seoul virus envelope proteins in a rapid and safe neutralization test A neutralization test for specific detection of Nipah virus antibodies using pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus expressing green fluorescent protein Truncation of the human immunodeficiency virus-type-2 envelope glycoprotein allows efficient pseudotyping of murine leukemia virus retroviral vector particles Cholesterol supplementation during production increases the infectivity of retroviral and Lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) doi = 10.1002/rmv.1963 id = cord-001765-7wv4cb37 author = Matassov, Demetrius title = Vaccination With a Highly Attenuated Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector Protects Against Challenge With a Lethal Dose of Ebola Virus date = 2015-06-24 keywords = EBOVGP; Ebola; N4CT1-EBOVGP1; VSV summary = One of these rVSV vectors (N4CT1-EBOVGP1), which expresses membrane-anchored EBOV GP from the first position in the genome (GP1), elicited a balanced cellular and humoral GP-specific immune response in mice. Guinea pigs immunized with a single dose of this vector were protected from any signs of disease following lethal EBOV challenge, while control animals died in 7-9 days. Guinea pigs immunized with a single dose of this vector were protected from any signs of disease following lethal EBOV challenge, while control animals died in 7-9 days. The studies described here are the first to demonstrate protection of guinea pigs and macaques with a single dose of highly attenuated rVSV expressing EBOVGP, and we believe that the N4CT1-EBOVGP1 vector has the essential safety and efficacy characteristics for use in a vaccine to prevent EBOV infection in humans and the great apes. doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiv316 id = cord-327199-ggomuomb author = Moerdyk-Schauwecker, Megan title = Cellular Proteins Associated with the Interior and Exterior of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Virions date = 2014-08-08 keywords = RNP; VSV; protein; virion; virus summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0104688 id = cord-296187-nnv2e7gr author = Mulgaonkar, Nirmitee title = Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib as a potential drug for COVID-19 date = 2020-08-18 keywords = ACE2; RBD; SARS; VSV summary = The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, due to its primary interaction with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cell-surface receptor, is considered as a potential target for drug development. Based on in silico screening followed by in vitro studies, here we report that the existing FDA-approved Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 with an IC50 of 130 nM. We provide evidence that although imatinib binds to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with an affinity at micromolar, i.e., 2.32 ± 0.9 μM levels, imatinib does not directly inhibit the spike RBD:ACE2 interaction – suggesting a Bcr-Abl kinase-mediated fusion inhibition mechanism is responsible for the inhibitory action. This study utilizes in silico methodology followed by in vitro experimental validation to screen existing FDA-approved small molecule drugs specific to the RBD of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to identify repurposable drugs targeting further clinical validation. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.158196 id = cord-296466-hakaoo9i author = Mäkelä, Anna R. title = Baculovirus Display: A Multifunctional Technology for Gene Delivery and Eukaryotic Library Development date = 2006-09-22 keywords = VSV; cell; display summary = doi = 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)68003-2 id = cord-316589-f1hq0xl5 author = Nagalo, Bolni Marius title = Oncolytic Virus With Attributes of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Measles Virus in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancers date = 2020-08-19 keywords = VSV summary = Our results indicate that high intrahepatic doses of VSV-FH did not result in any significant toxicity and were well tolerated by transgenic mice expressing the measles virus receptor CD46. Furthermore, single intratumoral treatments with VSV-FH yielded improved survival and complete tumor regressions in a proportion of mice in the Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma model, but not in mice xenografted with BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated whether treatment with oncolytic VSV-FH could trigger a potent cytotoxicity effect in HBPC cell lines in vitro and in vivo using animal models. Safety studies on intrahepatic or intratumoral injection of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon-beta in rodents and nonhuman primates High CD46 receptor density determines preferential killing of tumor cells by oncolytic measles virus Vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon-beta is oncolytic and promotes antitumor immune responses in a syngeneic murine model of non-small cell lung cancer doi = 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.007 id = cord-004733-i0a3igc7 author = Nagata, S. title = Identification of epitopes associated with different biological activities on the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus by use of monoclonal antibodies date = 1992 keywords = VSV summary = title: Identification of epitopes associated with different biological activities on the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus by use of monoclonal antibodies Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype Indiana were prepared and examined for their effects on various biological activities of VSV, including in vitro infection, hemagglutination, adsorption to cells, and mediation of cell fusion. Many enveloped viruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), family Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus, transfer their nucleocapsids to the cytoplasm of host cells by the adsorption and receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by fusion with the endosomal membrane [20, 21] . In the present study, we prepared thirteen MAbs specific for seven distinct epitopes on G protein of VSV-Indiana and examined for their effects on various biological activities of VSV including in vitro infection, HA, adsorption to the cells, and mediation of cell-cell fusion. doi = 10.1007/bf01309581 id = cord-262753-jld1ygxt author = Neidermyer, William J. title = Global analysis of polysome-associated mRNA in vesicular stomatitis virus infected cells date = 2019-06-21 keywords = Fig; RNA; VSV; cell; polysome; viral summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007875 id = cord-339854-scb7pz87 author = Overend, Christopher title = The synthetic futures of vesicular stomatitis virus date = 2012-07-11 keywords = VSV; virus summary = Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is one of the most promising viruses for engineering vaccines and oncolytic therapies [2] . Of particular interest is a study in which VSV expressing the H5 antigen from highly pathogenic avian influenza induced sterilizing immunity against heterologous challenge in mice [4] . This demonstrates the safety and efficacy potential of VSV when live virus vaccination would otherwise be contraindicated. Even more promising, recombinant VSV expressing a secreted form of a virulence factor protein for Yersinia pestis, LcrV, induced high levels of LcrV-specific antibodies, protecting 90% of the mice challenged with 10 LD 50 [6] . Vesicular stomatitis virus-based Ebola vaccine is well-tolerated and protects immunocompromised nonhuman primates Potent vesicular stomatitis virus-based avian influenza vaccines provide long-term sterilizing immunity against heterologous challenge Heterologous boosting of recombinant adenoviral prime immunization with a novel vesicular stomatitis virus-vectored tuberculosis vaccine SARS vaccine based on a replicationdefective recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus is more potent than one based on a replication-competent vector doi = 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.06.002 id = cord-003667-u1xa44nw author = Rodriguez, Sergio E. title = Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccine Protects Mice against Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever date = 2019-05-23 keywords = CCHFV; Congo; Crimean; Fig; GPC; VSV summary = Based on the results of these initial pilot studies, we elected to adjust vaccine and challenge doses, and administered 10 7 pfu/dose of the replication competent virus (ΔGrVSV-CCHFV-GPCΔ) to prime and boosted groups of five STAT-1 −/− mice, respectively (Fig. 3) . Regardless, protection was achieved by both regimens, although the boosted group data suggests that at study endpoint, the observed IgG titers against CCHFV-GPC along with lower neutralizing titers (PRNT 50 of < 1:320) are evidence of the ability to combat lethal CCHFV infection in the STAT-1 −/− mouse model after vaccination (Fig. 5A,B) . Now that we have established that this new vector can provide protective benefit, our future studies will temporally examine the antibody and T cell repertoire after prime and boosting doses following ΔGrVSV-CCHFV-GPCΔ, but before CCHFV challenge, as these would be informative for the STAT-1 −/− mouse model. doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-44210-6 id = cord-318587-ewvnkdr2 author = Steeds, Kimberley title = Pseudotyping of VSV with Ebola virus glycoprotein is superior to HIV-1 for the assessment of neutralising antibodies date = 2020-08-31 keywords = EBOV; HIV-1; VSV summary = doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-71225-1 id = cord-277823-vijh6x1l author = TERAMICHI, Takurou title = Evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in Ethiopia date = 2019-11-05 keywords = MERS; VSV summary = A serological survey of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals sharing the same pasturage in Ethiopia. One of camel serum that showed a high antibody titer in the neutralization test by live MERS-CoV was treated as a positive control. According to the results of the previous study, antibody titers of ≥16 are treated as positive in neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP. Cows that were antibody positive in the neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP or cELISA were different animals and both were antibody negative in the neutralization test using MERS-CoV. S1-ELISA was not sensitive compared to other tests because only 16 serum samples were positive and they required an antibody titer of ≥64 in VSV-MERS/GFP. The present study shows that the neutralization test using VSV-MERS/GFP, S1-ELISA, and cELISA are as specific to MERS-CoV infection as the serological tests, although their sensitivities slightly differ. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study doi = 10.1292/jvms.19-0436 id = cord-346554-a98pjtxs author = Uddin, Md Bashir title = Inhibitory effects of bee venom and its components against viruses in vitro and in vivo date = 2016-11-26 keywords = EV-71; GFP; MLT; VSV summary = doi = 10.1007/s12275-016-6376-1 id = cord-270380-1me7ugkg author = Wang, Xiaona title = Cloning, Prokaryotic Soluble Expression, and Analysis of Antiviral Activity of Two Novel Feline IFN-ω Proteins date = 2020-03-19 keywords = IFN; INTERCAT; VSV; rfeifn summary = Both proteins exhibited effective anti-vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) activity in Vero, F81 (feline kidney cell), Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK), Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK), and porcine kidney (PK-15) cells, showing broader cross-species antiviral activity than the INTERCAT IFN antiviral drug. Furthermore, the recombinant feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb proteins demonstrated antiviral activity against VSV, feline coronavirus (FCoV), canine parvovirus (CPV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), indicating better broad-spectrum antiviral activity than the INTERCAT IFN. As shown in Figure 6 , the purified recombinant feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb proteins showed antiviral activity in both homologous animal cells (F81 cells) and heterologous animal cells (Vero, MDCK, MDBK, and PK-15 cells) in vitro. Our data showed that purified recombinant feIFN-ωa and feIFN-ωb had broad-spectrum antiviral activity in homologous and heterologous animal cells, suggesting they are candidates for the development of effective therapeutic agents to be used against viral infections in pet cats. doi = 10.3390/v12030335 id = cord-345299-4k7qymqd author = Xiong, Hua-Long title = Several FDA-approved drugs effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro date = 2020-06-05 keywords = SARS; VSV summary = To identify drugs that are potentially used for the treatment of COVID-19, the potency of 1403 FDA-approved drugs were evaluated using a robust pseudovirus assay and the candidates were further confirmed by authentic SARS-CoV-2 assay. Four compounds, Clomiphene (citrate), Vortioxetine, Vortioxetine (hydrobromide) and Asenapine (hydrochloride), showed potent inhibitory effects in both pseudovirus and authentic virus assay. In this study, the anti-SARS-Cov-2 potentiality of 1403 FDA approved drugs were quantitatively evaluated by the pseudovirus-based assay. In the second round of screening, inhibition of VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 virus infection and cell cytotoxicity were both detected (Supplementary Figure 1) . The robust assay based on VSV-SARS-CoV-2-Sdel18 pseudovirus screened out the potential drugs with high efficiency, then the inhibitory effect was confirmed by authentic SARS-CoV-2 assay. The relative value or inhibition rate of candidate drugs were calculated according to the decrease of GFP positive cell number (for pseudovirus-based assay) or cytopathic effect (for authentic SARS-CoV-2-based assay). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.05.135996 id = cord-324674-yd7idp90 author = Zhang, Chengfei title = IFN-stimulated P2Y(13) protects mice from viral infection by suppressing the cAMP/EPAC1 signaling pathway date = 2018-08-22 keywords = ADP; IFN; VSV; p2y summary = ADP/P2Y 13 -mediated protection against viral infection operates by suppressing the expression of exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1), which is an alternative key intracellular sensor for cAMP. To our surprise, the RNA replication of VSV in ADP-treated RAW264.7 cells was reduced significantly in a time-( Figure 2D ) and concentration-( Figure 2E ) dependent manner. To explore the key receptors involved in ADP-mediated antiviral activities, we detected the expression of P2Y 1 , P2Y 12 , and P2Y 13 after VSV infection. ADP/P2Y 13 restricts viral replication by inhibiting cAMP signaling Type I IFN plays pivotal roles in fighting against the invaded virus, so we tested whether it was involved in ADP/P2Y 13mediated antiviral activities. As shown in Figure 7A , when infected RAW264.7 cells with VSV, NDV, and HSV-1, RNA expression of EPAC1 was increased significantly. doi = 10.1093/jmcb/mjy045 id = cord-104239-xxlcdbqi author = nan title = The organization of endoplasmic reticulum export complexes date = 1996-10-01 keywords = Fig; Golgi; VSV; bud; cell summary = doi = nan id = cord-299281-5z1xminb author = nan title = Oligomerization of a membrane protein correlates with its retention in the Golgi complex date = 1993-09-02 keywords = Fig; Gml; Golgi; SDS; VSV summary = doi = nan