Carrel name: keyword-vitamin-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-vitamin-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.json key: cord-005428-pm7ihh9t authors: Amrein, Karin; Scherkl, Mario; Hoffmann, Magdalena; Neuwersch-Sommeregger, Stefan; Köstenberger, Markus; Tmava Berisha, Adelina; Martucci, Gennaro; Pilz, Stefan; Malle, Oliver title: Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide date: 2020-01-20 journal: Eur J Clin Nutr DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y sha: doc_id: 5428 cord_uid: pm7ihh9t file: cache/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.json key: cord-004297-rm0zbgfm authors: Hemilä, Harri; Chalker, Elizabeth title: Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis date: 2020-02-07 journal: J Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y sha: doc_id: 4297 cord_uid: rm0zbgfm file: cache/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.json key: cord-257595-l8bsoqbx authors: Whittemore, Paul B. title: COVID-19 Fatalities, Latitude, Sunlight, and Vitamin D date: 2020-06-26 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193 sha: doc_id: 257595 cord_uid: l8bsoqbx file: cache/cord-269161-6nsvup68.json key: cord-269161-6nsvup68 authors: Kapoor, Indu; Prabhakar, Hemanshu; Mahajan, Charu title: Vitamins as adjunctive treatment for coronavirus disease! date: 2020-09-29 journal: Ann Intensive Care DOI: 10.1186/s13613-020-00748-7 sha: doc_id: 269161 cord_uid: 6nsvup68 file: cache/cord-271968-92p8dmha.json key: cord-271968-92p8dmha authors: Polzonetti, Valeria; Pucciarelli, Stefania; Vincenzetti, Silvia; Polidori, Paolo title: Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis date: 2020-06-10 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12061743 sha: doc_id: 271968 cord_uid: 92p8dmha file: cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.json key: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu authors: Starkel, Julie L.; Stapke, Christina; Stanley-O’Malley, Abigail; Noland, Diana title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 journal: Integrative and Functional Medical Nutrition Therapy DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 sha: doc_id: 16009 cord_uid: qa7bcsbu file: cache/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.json key: cord-285641-y5ianyqi authors: Bamji, Mahtab S.; Murty, P. V. V. S.; Sudhir, Parimala Diana title: Nutritionally sensitive agriculture—an approach to reducing hidden hunger date: 2020-10-01 journal: Eur J Clin Nutr DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00760-x sha: doc_id: 285641 cord_uid: y5ianyqi file: cache/cord-013342-vx3eor43.json key: cord-013342-vx3eor43 authors: Silwal, Prashanta; Paik, Seungwha; Jeon, Sang Min; Jo, Eun-Kyeong title: Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics date: 2020-08-27 journal: Cells DOI: 10.3390/cells9091979 sha: doc_id: 13342 cord_uid: vx3eor43 file: cache/cord-016130-5q9ufu28.json key: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 authors: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 journal: Preventive Nutrition DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 sha: doc_id: 16130 cord_uid: 5q9ufu28 file: cache/cord-034441-30pw419v.json key: cord-034441-30pw419v authors: Aslan, M. T.; Aslan, İ. Ö.; Özdemir, Öner title: Is Vitamin D One of the Key Elements in COVID-19 Days? date: 2020-06-13 journal: J Nutr Health Aging DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1517-y sha: doc_id: 34441 cord_uid: 30pw419v file: cache/cord-030992-ed0h045d.json key: cord-030992-ed0h045d authors: Akhtar, Saeed; Das, Jai K; Ismail, Tariq; Wahid, Muqeet; Saeed, Wisha; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A title: Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-15 journal: Nutr Rev DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063 sha: doc_id: 30992 cord_uid: ed0h045d file: cache/cord-298542-4du3gar7.json key: cord-298542-4du3gar7 authors: Karcioglu Batur, Lutfiye; Hekim, Nezih title: The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate date: 2020-08-16 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26409 sha: doc_id: 298542 cord_uid: 4du3gar7 file: cache/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.json key: cord-276483-4yp4beuh authors: Cooper, Isabella D; Crofts, Catherine A P; DiNicolantonio, James J; Malhotra, Aseem; Elliott, Bradley; Kyriakidou, Yvoni; Brookler, Kenneth H title: Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management date: 2020-09-16 journal: Open Heart DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001356 sha: doc_id: 276483 cord_uid: 4yp4beuh file: cache/cord-103451-h7986yl9.json key: cord-103451-h7986yl9 authors: Drodge, D. R.; Budu-Aggrey, A.; Paternoster, L. title: Causal analysis shows evidence of atopic dermatitis leading to an increase in vitamin D levels date: 2020-04-23 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075077 sha: doc_id: 103451 cord_uid: h7986yl9 file: cache/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.json key: cord-311965-3x3tjzhi authors: Alexander, Jan; Tinkov, Alexey; Strand, Tor A.; Alehagen, Urban; Skalny, Anatoly; Aaseth, Jan title: Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19 date: 2020-08-07 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12082358 sha: doc_id: 311965 cord_uid: 3x3tjzhi file: cache/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.json key: cord-290428-zrlqzbss authors: de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Christianne; Corgosinho, Flavia Campos; Sanches, Fabiane La Flor Ziegler; Prado, Carla Marques Maia; Laviano, Alessandro; Mota, João Felipe title: Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-12 journal: Nutr Rev DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067 sha: doc_id: 290428 cord_uid: zrlqzbss file: cache/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.json key: cord-255233-rvgj6pvk authors: Munday, Molly-Rose; Rodricks, Rohan; Fitzpatrick, Michael; Flood, Victoria M.; Gunton, Jenny E. title: A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients date: 2020-07-28 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12082255 sha: doc_id: 255233 cord_uid: rvgj6pvk file: cache/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.json key: cord-310738-fnsf2qqm authors: Yalcin Bahat, Pinar; Aldikactioglu Talmac, Merve; Bestel, Ayşegul; Topbas Selcuki, Nura F; Aydın, Zelal; Polat, İbrahim title: Micronutrients in COVID-19 Positive Pregnancies date: 2020-09-23 journal: Cureus DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10609 sha: doc_id: 310738 cord_uid: fnsf2qqm file: cache/cord-296836-aizquh16.json key: cord-296836-aizquh16 authors: Brenner, Hermann; Holleczek, Bernd; Schöttker, Ben title: Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic? date: 2020-08-18 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12082488 sha: doc_id: 296836 cord_uid: aizquh16 file: cache/cord-329321-usqjkj89.json key: cord-329321-usqjkj89 authors: Chakhtoura, M.; Napoli, N.; Fuleihan, G. El Hajj title: Myths and Facts on Vitamin D Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic() date: 2020-05-26 journal: Metabolism DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154276 sha: doc_id: 329321 cord_uid: usqjkj89 file: cache/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.json key: cord-300192-fgueg4mo authors: Richardson, David P.; Lovegrove, Julie A. title: Nutritional status of micronutrients as a possible and modifiable risk factor for COVID-19: a UK perspective date: 2020-08-20 journal: The British journal of nutrition DOI: 10.1017/s000711452000330x sha: doc_id: 300192 cord_uid: fgueg4mo file: cache/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.json key: cord-331191-mq1zwpt7 authors: Mandrioli, Mara; Boselli, Emanuele; Fiori, Federica; Rodriguez-Estrada, Maria Teresa title: Vitamin D3 in High-Quality Cow Milk: An Italian Case Study date: 2020-05-01 journal: Foods DOI: 10.3390/foods9050548 sha: doc_id: 331191 cord_uid: mq1zwpt7 file: cache/cord-017428-euzvhtax.json key: cord-017428-euzvhtax authors: Janssens, Wim; Lehouck, An; Decramer, Marc; Gayan-Ramirez, Ghislaine title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-02-17 journal: Vitamin D and the Lung DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11 sha: doc_id: 17428 cord_uid: euzvhtax file: cache/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.json key: cord-317265-n6x0r58i authors: Singh, Varsha title: Can Vitamins, as Epigenetic Modifiers, Enhance Immunity in COVID-19 Patients with Non-communicable Disease? date: 2020-07-13 journal: Curr Nutr Rep DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00330-4 sha: doc_id: 317265 cord_uid: n6x0r58i file: cache/cord-324246-liyk6mna.json key: cord-324246-liyk6mna authors: Shakoor, Hira; Feehan, Jack; Mikkelsen, Kathleen; Al Dhaheri, Ayesha S.; Ali, Habiba I.; Platat, Carine; Ismail, Leila Cheikh; Stojanovska, Lily; Apostolopoulos, Vasso title: Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19 date: 2020-08-15 journal: Maturitas DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007 sha: doc_id: 324246 cord_uid: liyk6mna file: cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.json key: cord-322899-uxvlagt3 authors: Gorji, Ali; Ghadiri, Maryam Khaleghi title: The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-11-06 journal: Nutrition DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111047 sha: doc_id: 322899 cord_uid: uxvlagt3 file: cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.json key: cord-010443-4jblod8j authors: Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto; Chrousos, George P. title: General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date: 2020-04-22 journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00161 sha: doc_id: 10443 cord_uid: 4jblod8j file: cache/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.json key: cord-339166-f7tw90tm authors: Tecilazich, Francesco; Formenti, Anna Maria; Giustina, Andrea title: Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects date: 2020-10-07 journal: Rev Endocr Metab Disord DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09575-4 sha: doc_id: 339166 cord_uid: f7tw90tm file: cache/cord-322866-au76nnzg.json key: cord-322866-au76nnzg authors: Bleizgys, Andrius title: Vitamin D and COVID‐19: It is time to act date: 2020-10-27 journal: Int J Clin Pract DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13748 sha: doc_id: 322866 cord_uid: au76nnzg file: cache/cord-265340-hc9003dj.json key: cord-265340-hc9003dj authors: Merzon, Eugene; Tworowski, Dmitry; Gorohovski, Alessandro; Vinker, Shlomo; Golan Cohen, Avivit; Green, Ilan; Frenkel Morgenstern, Milana title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study date: 2020-07-23 journal: FEBS J DOI: 10.1111/febs.15495 sha: doc_id: 265340 cord_uid: hc9003dj file: cache/cord-276942-dk1rk908.json key: cord-276942-dk1rk908 authors: Ebadi, Maryam; Montano-Loza, Aldo J. title: Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-12 journal: Eur J Clin Nutr DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0 sha: doc_id: 276942 cord_uid: dk1rk908 file: cache/cord-284193-qslc2wry.json key: cord-284193-qslc2wry authors: Malek Mahdavi, Aida title: A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: Implications for a potential treatment for COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-25 journal: Rev Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2119 sha: doc_id: 284193 cord_uid: qslc2wry file: cache/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.json key: cord-032544-2yrqjw1o authors: Haroon, Sabrina-Wong-Peixin; Tai, Bee-Choo; Ling, Lieng-Hsi; Teo, Lynette; Davenport, Andrew; Schurgers, Leon; Teo, Boon-Wee; Khatri, Priyanka; Ong, Ching-Ching; Low, Sanmay; Yeo, Xi-Er; Tan, Jia-Neng; Subramanian, Srinivas; Chua, Horng-Ruey; Tan, Swee-Yaw; Wong, Weng-Kin; Lau, Titus-Wai-Leong title: Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial date: 2020-09-04 journal: Medicine (Baltimore) DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021906 sha: doc_id: 32544 cord_uid: 2yrqjw1o file: cache/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.json key: cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 authors: Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée; Rodríguez-Pérez, Noel; Arias-Cruz, Alfredo; Blandón-Vijil, María Virginia; Del-Río-Navarro, Blanca E.; Estrada-Cardona, Alan; Gereda, José E.; Luna-Pech, Jorge A.; Navarrete-Rodríguez, Elsy Maureen; Onuma-Takane, Ernesto; Pozo-Beltrán, César Fireth; Rojo-Gutiérrez, María Isabel title: Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions date: 2020-10-09 journal: World Allergy Organ J DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476 sha: doc_id: 263749 cord_uid: bbhh5xb1 file: cache/cord-342335-awu50iev.json key: cord-342335-awu50iev authors: Carr, Anitra C.; Rowe, Sam title: Factors Affecting Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Global Health Perspective date: 2020-07-01 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12071963 sha: doc_id: 342335 cord_uid: awu50iev file: cache/cord-338140-p88fgojk.json key: cord-338140-p88fgojk authors: Cervantes-Pérez, Enrique; Cervantes-Guevara, Gabino; Martínez-Soto Holguín, Martha C.; Cervantes-Pérez, Lorena A.; Cervantes-Pérez, Gabino; Cervantes-Cardona, Guillermo Alonso; González-Ojeda, Alejandro; Fuentes-Orozco, Clotilde; Ramírez-Ochoa, Sol title: Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in a Non-critical Care Setting: Knowledge in Progress date: 2020-10-30 journal: Curr Nutr Rep DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00337-x sha: doc_id: 338140 cord_uid: p88fgojk file: cache/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.json key: cord-276130-wjnwpn8f authors: Bradley, Ryan; Schloss, Janet; Brown, Danielle; Celis, Deisy; Finnell, John; Hedo, Rita; Honcharov, Vladyslav; Pantuso, Traci; Pena, Hilda; Lauche, Romy; Steel, Amie title: The effects of Vitamin D on acute viral respiratory infections: a rapid review date: 2020-08-03 journal: Adv Integr Med DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.011 sha: doc_id: 276130 cord_uid: wjnwpn8f file: cache/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.json key: cord-018204-rqp4huk3 authors: Balan, K. V.; Babu, U. S.; Godar, D. E.; Calvo, M. S. title: Vitamin D and respiratory infections in infants and toddlers: a nutri-shine perspective date: 2013 journal: Handbook of vitamin D in human health DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-765-3_16 sha: doc_id: 18204 cord_uid: rqp4huk3 file: cache/cord-262773-mfta0emi.json key: cord-262773-mfta0emi authors: Jolliffe, D.; Camargo, C. A.; Sluyter, J.; Aglipay, M.; Aloia, J.; Bergman, P.; Damsgaard, C.; Dubnov-Raz, G.; Esposito, S.; Ganmaa, D.; Gilham, C.; Ginde, A.; Grant, C.; Griffiths, C.; Hibbs, A. M.; Janssens, W.; Khadilkar, A. V.; Laaksi, I.; Lee, M. T.; Loeb, M.; Maguire, J.; Mauger, D. T.; Majak, P.; Manaseki-Holland, S.; Murdoch, D.; Nakashima, A.; Neale, R. E.; Rake, C.; Rees, J.; Rosendahl, J.; Scragg, R.; Shah, D.; Shimizu, Y.; Simpson-Yap, S.; Trilok Kumar, G.; Urashima, M.; Martineau, A. R. title: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials date: 2020-07-17 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728 sha: doc_id: 262773 cord_uid: mfta0emi file: cache/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.json key: cord-291340-8gj0ofmp authors: Misra, Anoop title: Balanced Nutrition is Needed in Times of COVID19 Epidemic in India: A Call for Action for all Nutritionists and Physicians date: 2020-08-27 journal: Diabetes Metab Syndr DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.030 sha: doc_id: 291340 cord_uid: 8gj0ofmp file: cache/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.json key: cord-320959-sgdqhtns authors: Lee, Hanjun title: Vitamin E Acetate as Linactant in the Pathophysiology of EVALI date: 2020-08-12 journal: Med Hypotheses DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110182 sha: doc_id: 320959 cord_uid: sgdqhtns file: cache/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.json key: cord-017656-lqrkwlnb authors: Lee, Wang Jae title: Common Cold and Flu date: 2019-08-07 journal: Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1713-5_5 sha: doc_id: 17656 cord_uid: lqrkwlnb file: cache/cord-333248-5342lyeu.json key: cord-333248-5342lyeu authors: Elenius, Varpu; Palomares, Oscar; Waris, Matti; Turunen, Riitta; Puhakka, Tuomo; Rückert, Beate; Vuorinen, Tytti; Allander, Tobias; Vahlberg, Tero; Akdis, Mübeccel; Camargo, Carlos A.; Akdis, Cezmi A.; Jartti, Tuomas title: The relationship of serum vitamins A, D, E and LL-37 levels with allergic status, tonsillar virus detection and immune response date: 2017-02-24 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172350 sha: doc_id: 333248 cord_uid: 5342lyeu file: cache/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.json key: cord-286960-uz34fjyp authors: Ali, Nurshad title: Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity date: 2020-06-20 journal: J Infect Public Health DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021 sha: doc_id: 286960 cord_uid: uz34fjyp file: cache/cord-254646-psolkrom.json key: cord-254646-psolkrom authors: Matsui, Mary S. title: Vitamin D Update date: 2020-10-14 journal: Curr Dermatol Rep DOI: 10.1007/s13671-020-00315-0 sha: doc_id: 254646 cord_uid: psolkrom file: cache/cord-295414-v10454ns.json key: cord-295414-v10454ns authors: Baktash, Vadir; Hosack, Tom; Patel, Nishil; Shah, Shital; Kandiah, Pirabakaran; Van Den Abbeele, Koenraad; Mandal, Amit K J; Missouris, Constantinos G title: Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-08-26 journal: Postgrad Med J DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712 sha: doc_id: 295414 cord_uid: v10454ns file: cache/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.json key: cord-321817-z9oj9nmv authors: Cereda, Emanuele; Bogliolo, Laura; Lobascio, Federica; Barichella, Michela; Zecchinelli, Anna Lena; Pezzoli, Gianni; Caccialanza, Ricardo title: Vitamin D supplementation and outcome in COVID-19 patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, Italy date: 2020-11-11 journal: Nutrition DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111055 sha: doc_id: 321817 cord_uid: z9oj9nmv file: cache/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.json key: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq authors: nan title: Infusionstherapie und Ernährung von Risikogruppen date: 2005 journal: Infusionstherapie und Diätetik in der Pädiatrie DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27897-4_9 sha: doc_id: 20493 cord_uid: ddo3a7wq file: cache/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.json key: cord-284760-i1lspg8i authors: Bashandy, Samir A. E.; Ebaid, Hossam; Abdelmottaleb Moussa, Sherif A.; Alhazza, Ibrahim M.; Hassan, Iftekhar; Alaamer, Abdulaziz; al Tamimi, Jameel title: Potential effects of the combination of nicotinamide, vitamin B2 and vitamin C on oxidative-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide date: 2018-02-14 journal: Lipids Health Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0674-z sha: doc_id: 284760 cord_uid: i1lspg8i file: cache/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.json key: cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 authors: Berhan, Yifru title: What immunological and hormonal protective factors lower the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in pregnant women? date: 2020-07-18 journal: J Reprod Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103180 sha: doc_id: 286923 cord_uid: o4fj8kx0 file: cache/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.json key: cord-329997-jhejhz6d authors: Muscogiuri, Giovanna; Barrea, Luigi; Savastano, Silvia; Colao, Annamaria title: Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine date: 2020-04-14 journal: Eur J Clin Nutr DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2 sha: doc_id: 329997 cord_uid: jhejhz6d file: cache/cord-317758-oym8s4af.json key: cord-317758-oym8s4af authors: Manson, JoAnn E.; Bassuk, Shari S. title: Commentary. Eliminating Vitamin D Deficiency During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action date: 2020-07-23 journal: Metabolism DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154322 sha: doc_id: 317758 cord_uid: oym8s4af file: cache/cord-337849-tyabf12r.json key: cord-337849-tyabf12r authors: Greiller, Claire L.; Martineau, Adrian R. title: Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D date: 2015-05-29 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu7064240 sha: doc_id: 337849 cord_uid: tyabf12r file: cache/cord-290592-c9bsielo.json key: cord-290592-c9bsielo authors: Wang, Rui; DeGruttola, Victor; Lei, Quanhong; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Redline, Susan; Hazra, Aditi; Mora, Samia; Willett, Walter C.; Ganmaa, Davaasambuu; Manson, JoAnn E. title: The vitamin D for COVID-19 (VIVID) trial: A pragmatic cluster-randomized design date: 2020-10-10 journal: Contemp Clin Trials DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106176 sha: doc_id: 290592 cord_uid: c9bsielo file: cache/cord-294800-akr4f5p8.json key: cord-294800-akr4f5p8 authors: Kabir, Md. Tanvir; Uddin, Md. Sahab; Hossain, Md. Farhad; Abdulhakim, Jawaher A.; Alam, Md. Asraful; Ashraf, Ghulam Md; Bungau, Simona G.; Bin-Jumah, May N.; Abdel-Daim, Mohamed M.; Aleya, Lotfi title: nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date: 2020-07-10 journal: Front Cell Dev Biol DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00616 sha: doc_id: 294800 cord_uid: akr4f5p8 file: cache/cord-321401-w4ne60fn.json key: cord-321401-w4ne60fn authors: Schrumpf, Jasmijn A.; van der Does, Anne M.; Hiemstra, Pieter S. title: Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases date: 2020-07-10 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01433 sha: doc_id: 321401 cord_uid: w4ne60fn file: cache/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.json key: cord-345120-fa5sx5zm authors: Simonson, William title: Vitamin C and Coronavirus date: 2020-05-08 journal: Geriatr Nurs DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.002 sha: doc_id: 345120 cord_uid: fa5sx5zm file: cache/cord-303917-2tu707ng.json key: cord-303917-2tu707ng authors: Zhang, Lei; Liu, Yunhui title: Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review date: 2020-03-03 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25707 sha: doc_id: 303917 cord_uid: 2tu707ng file: cache/cord-324288-qgxswltx.json key: cord-324288-qgxswltx authors: Padhi, Sunali; Suvankar, Subham; Panda, Venketesh K.; Pati, Abhijit; Panda, Aditya K title: Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: an observational study date: 2020-09-14 journal: Int Immunopharmacol DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001 sha: doc_id: 324288 cord_uid: qgxswltx file: cache/cord-343122-lppdauei.json key: cord-343122-lppdauei authors: Ribeiro, Helena; de Santana, Keila Valente de Souza; Oliver, Sofia Lizarralde; Rondó, Patricia Helen de Carvalho; Mendes, Marcela Moraes; Charlton, Karen; Lanham-New, Susan title: Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? date: 2020-05-22 journal: Revista de saude publica DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002545 sha: doc_id: 343122 cord_uid: lppdauei file: cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.json key: cord-325436-pp3q022y authors: Alkhatib, Ahmad title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date: 2020-08-28 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12092633 sha: doc_id: 325436 cord_uid: pp3q022y file: cache/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.json key: cord-352744-dd2rbsla authors: Pagano, Maria Teresa; Peruzzu, Daniela; Ruggieri, Anna; Ortona, Elena; Gagliardi, Maria Cristina title: Vitamin D and Sex Differences in COVID-19 date: 2020-09-30 journal: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.567824 sha: doc_id: 352744 cord_uid: dd2rbsla file: cache/cord-330834-zqm4egei.json key: cord-330834-zqm4egei authors: Drall, Kelsea M.; Field, Catherine J.; Haqq, Andrea M.; de Souza, Russell J.; Tun, Hein M.; Morales-Lizcano, Nadia P.; Konya, Theodore B.; Guttman, David S.; Azad, Meghan B.; Becker, Allan B.; Lefebvre, Diana L.; Mandhane, Piush J.; Moraes, Theo J.; Sears, Malcolm R.; Turvey, Stuart E.; Subbarao, Padmaja; Scott, James A.; Kozyrskyj, Anita L title: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and early infancy in relation to gut microbiota composition and C. difficile colonization: implications for viral respiratory infections date: 2020-08-11 journal: Gut microbes DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1799734 sha: doc_id: 330834 cord_uid: zqm4egei file: cache/cord-332533-iqe6sdq2.json key: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 authors: Grant, William B.; Lahore, Henry; McDonnell, Sharon L.; Baggerly, Carole A.; French, Christine B.; Aliano, Jennifer L.; Bhattoa, Harjit P. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 journal: Nutrients DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988 sha: doc_id: 332533 cord_uid: iqe6sdq2 file: cache/cord-335024-0klf75qr.json key: cord-335024-0klf75qr authors: Saponaro, Federica; Saba, Alessandro; Zucchi, Riccardo title: An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism date: 2020-09-08 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186573 sha: doc_id: 335024 cord_uid: 0klf75qr file: cache/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.json key: cord-348567-rvwxysvc authors: Panfili, F. M.; Roversi, M.; D’Argenio, P.; Rossi, P.; Cappa, M.; Fintini, D. title: Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date: 2020-06-15 journal: J Endocrinol Invest DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 sha: doc_id: 348567 cord_uid: rvwxysvc file: cache/cord-006636-xgikbdns.json key: cord-006636-xgikbdns authors: Ühlein, E. title: Übersicht Über neue ernährungswissenschaftliche Publikationen date: 1964-02-01 journal: Z Ernahrungswiss DOI: 10.1007/bf02021334 sha: doc_id: 6636 cord_uid: xgikbdns file: cache/cord-026028-qj290zu6.json key: cord-026028-qj290zu6 authors: nan title: Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft date: 2008-12-10 journal: Arzneiverordnung in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit DOI: 10.1016/b978-343721332-8.50004-1 sha: doc_id: 26028 cord_uid: qj290zu6 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-vitamin-cord === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4860 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4002 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 98187 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4424 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 2217 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 3884 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4129 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4726 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4744 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4049 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298542-4du3gar7 author: Karcioglu Batur, Lutfiye title: The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate date: 2020-08-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269161-6nsvup68 author: Kapoor, Indu title: Vitamins as adjunctive treatment for coronavirus disease! date: 2020-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321817-z9oj9nmv author: Cereda, Emanuele title: Vitamin D supplementation and outcome in COVID-19 patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, Italy date: 2020-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034441-30pw419v author: Aslan, M. T. title: Is Vitamin D One of the Key Elements in COVID-19 Days? date: 2020-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-034441-30pw419v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257595-l8bsoqbx author: Whittemore, Paul B. title: COVID-19 Fatalities, Latitude, Sunlight, and Vitamin D date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324246-liyk6mna author: Shakoor, Hira title: Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19 date: 2020-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352744-dd2rbsla author: Pagano, Maria Teresa title: Vitamin D and Sex Differences in COVID-19 date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329997-jhejhz6d author: Muscogiuri, Giovanna title: Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine date: 2020-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317758-oym8s4af author: Manson, JoAnn E. title: Commentary. Eliminating Vitamin D Deficiency During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310738-fnsf2qqm author: Yalcin Bahat, Pinar title: Micronutrients in COVID-19 Positive Pregnancies date: 2020-09-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276130-wjnwpn8f author: Bradley, Ryan title: The effects of Vitamin D on acute viral respiratory infections: a rapid review date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291340-8gj0ofmp author: Misra, Anoop title: Balanced Nutrition is Needed in Times of COVID19 Epidemic in India: A Call for Action for all Nutritionists and Physicians date: 2020-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329321-usqjkj89 author: Chakhtoura, M. title: Myths and Facts on Vitamin D Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic() date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276942-dk1rk908 author: Ebadi, Maryam title: Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345120-fa5sx5zm author: Simonson, William title: Vitamin C and Coronavirus date: 2020-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284193-qslc2wry author: Malek Mahdavi, Aida title: A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: Implications for a potential treatment for COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103451-h7986yl9 author: Drodge, D. R. title: Causal analysis shows evidence of atopic dermatitis leading to an increase in vitamin D levels date: 2020-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333248-5342lyeu author: Elenius, Varpu title: The relationship of serum vitamins A, D, E and LL-37 levels with allergic status, tonsillar virus detection and immune response date: 2017-02-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343122-lppdauei author: Ribeiro, Helena title: Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-343122-lppdauei.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017656-lqrkwlnb author: Lee, Wang Jae title: Common Cold and Flu date: 2019-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265340-hc9003dj author: Merzon, Eugene title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255233-rvgj6pvk author: Munday, Molly-Rose title: A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338140-p88fgojk author: Cervantes-Pérez, Enrique title: Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in a Non-critical Care Setting: Knowledge in Progress date: 2020-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331191-mq1zwpt7 author: Mandrioli, Mara title: Vitamin D3 in High-Quality Cow Milk: An Italian Case Study date: 2020-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317265-n6x0r58i author: Singh, Varsha title: Can Vitamins, as Epigenetic Modifiers, Enhance Immunity in COVID-19 Patients with Non-communicable Disease? date: 2020-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-295414-v10454ns author: Baktash, Vadir title: Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-295414-v10454ns.txt cache: ./cache/cord-295414-v10454ns.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-295414-v10454ns.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286960-uz34fjyp author: Ali, Nurshad title: Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity date: 2020-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296836-aizquh16 author: Brenner, Hermann title: Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic? date: 2020-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-296836-aizquh16.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 author: Berhan, Yifru title: What immunological and hormonal protective factors lower the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in pregnant women? date: 2020-07-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254646-psolkrom author: Matsui, Mary S. title: Vitamin D Update date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-254646-psolkrom.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284760-i1lspg8i author: Bashandy, Samir A. E. title: Potential effects of the combination of nicotinamide, vitamin B2 and vitamin C on oxidative-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide date: 2018-02-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322899-uxvlagt3 author: Gorji, Ali title: The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032544-2yrqjw1o author: Haroon, Sabrina-Wong-Peixin title: Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 author: Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée title: Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions date: 2020-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311965-3x3tjzhi author: Alexander, Jan title: Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19 date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285641-y5ianyqi author: Bamji, Mahtab S. title: Nutritionally sensitive agriculture—an approach to reducing hidden hunger date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004297-rm0zbgfm author: Hemilä, Harri title: Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis date: 2020-02-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300192-fgueg4mo author: Richardson, David P. title: Nutritional status of micronutrients as a possible and modifiable risk factor for COVID-19: a UK perspective date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322866-au76nnzg author: Bleizgys, Andrius title: Vitamin D and COVID‐19: It is time to act date: 2020-10-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018204-rqp4huk3 author: Balan, K. V. title: Vitamin D and respiratory infections in infants and toddlers: a nutri-shine perspective date: 2013 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330834-zqm4egei author: Drall, Kelsea M. title: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and early infancy in relation to gut microbiota composition and C. difficile colonization: implications for viral respiratory infections date: 2020-08-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030992-ed0h045d author: Akhtar, Saeed title: Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303917-2tu707ng author: Zhang, Lei title: Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review date: 2020-03-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005428-pm7ihh9t author: Amrein, Karin title: Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide date: 2020-01-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271968-92p8dmha author: Polzonetti, Valeria title: Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290428-zrlqzbss author: de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Christianne title: Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262773-mfta0emi author: Jolliffe, D. title: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276483-4yp4beuh author: Cooper, Isabella D title: Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management date: 2020-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339166-f7tw90tm author: Tecilazich, Francesco title: Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects date: 2020-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320959-sgdqhtns author: Lee, Hanjun title: Vitamin E Acetate as Linactant in the Pathophysiology of EVALI date: 2020-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013342-vx3eor43 author: Silwal, Prashanta title: Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics date: 2020-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325436-pp3q022y author: Alkhatib, Ahmad title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017428-euzvhtax author: Janssens, Wim title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq author: nan title: Infusionstherapie und Ernährung von Risikogruppen date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4878 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010443-4jblod8j author: Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto title: General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date: 2020-04-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026028-qj290zu6 author: nan title: Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft date: 2008-12-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 10 resourceName b'cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-vitamin-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005428-pm7ihh9t author = Amrein, Karin title = Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide date = 2020-01-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6940 sentences = 333 flesch = 39 summary = As there is no evidence that increasing the recommended daily dose of vitamin D supplementation up to 50 μg (2000 IU) would cause severe side effects in the general population, and considering that 20 μg (800 IU) is the lowest dose consistently associated with a bone benefit, it seems reasonable to recommend a daily dose of 20-50 μg (800-2000 IU) (levels 2-4 evidence, grades B-D recommendation) [39] . However, several studies in recent years have highlighted that women are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency, and this is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] . VIOLET randomized patients with 25 (OH)D levels below 50 nmol/L (or 20 ng/ml) "at risk for ARDS" to one single high dose of vitamin D3 (540,000 IU), and evaluated its effect on the primary outcome: 90-day mortality. cache = ./cache/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004297-rm0zbgfm author = Hemilä, Harri title = Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis date = 2020-02-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5040 sentences = 295 flesch = 55 summary = Because of the high dropout rate (42%), we did not include this trial in our calculations, but we overlay the findings in Fig. 4 iv intravenous, po per oral, RoM ratio of means [22] : e.g., for the Bjordahl trial [11] , RoM = 0.86, based on 28.8/33.6, and RoM = 0.86 indicates that ventilation time in the vitamin C group was 14% shorter than in the placebo group (RoM) [22] . In a meta-regression analysis, we found that the heterogeneity between the trials was explained by the length of mechanical ventilation in the untreated control group (Fig. 4) . Thus, the statistically significant benefit observed in each of these three trials might be explained by the long ventilation time in the control groups, indicating greater severity of illness in the patients, rather than by the addition of vitamin E to the intervention. Although our meta-regression analysis by the ventilation time in the control group explains the heterogeneity in the published trials, it seems evident that other variables influence the effects of vitamin C. cache = ./cache/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257595-l8bsoqbx author = Whittemore, Paul B. title = COVID-19 Fatalities, Latitude, Sunlight, and Vitamin D date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2438 sentences = 109 flesch = 44 summary = BACKGROUND: Since Vitamin D is known to be vital in regulating the immune system, and sunlight UV radiation exposure on the skin produces Vitamin D and UV intensity is highest nearest the equator, a study was done to examine the correlation between the latitude and COVID-19 fatality rates for countries. This study is the first to document a statistically significant correlation between a country's latitude and its COVID-19 mortality and is consistent with other research regarding latitude, Vitamin D deficiency, and COVID-19 fatalities. Because of the positive correlation between sunlight UV radiation and healthy Vitamin D levels in the body, and reported positive correlation between Vitamin D deficiency and fatality rates to COVID-19, the present study examined the relationship between a country's proximity to the equator and its death rates from the current pandemic. cache = ./cache/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22266 sentences = 1187 flesch = 45 summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. cache = ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269161-6nsvup68 author = Kapoor, Indu title = Vitamins as adjunctive treatment for coronavirus disease! date = 2020-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 654 sentences = 51 flesch = 50 summary = We read with great interest the article by Li et al., where authors have reviewed many therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [1] . Though authors have not mentioned, another important supplementary adjunct to treat these critically ill patients in intensive care unit is various vitamins. A large systematic review and meta-analysis including 11,321 patients has also shown that vitamin D supplementation is effective against acute respiratory tract infection [6] . Therefore, these vitamins have shown to protect against the acute viral infections and should be the part of adjunctive therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19 The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data cache = ./cache/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285641-y5ianyqi author = Bamji, Mahtab S. title = Nutritionally sensitive agriculture—an approach to reducing hidden hunger date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5613 sentences = 315 flesch = 50 summary = Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. These findings are akin to those of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys in India, which show that the cereal-based Indian diets are deficient in the consumption of micronutrient-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, legumes and animal products [3] . A recent study from the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, shows a high prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, particularly, vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and vitamin D, assessed by subclinical status (blood values) and dietary intakes, in an apparently healthy urban adult population [4] . Hellen Keller International has supported an extensive programme of improved homestead gardens and backyard poultry in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines to increase the production and household availability of micronutrient-dense vegetables and fruits and eggs. cache = ./cache/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271968-92p8dmha author = Polzonetti, Valeria title = Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6993 sentences = 341 flesch = 42 summary = The higher protein content in bovine milk can also negatively affect the calcium balance; the final result is that the high consumption of dairy products, together with other dietary sources of phosphorus, can increase the risk of osteoporosis [32] . Even if donkey milk represents a niche product, its use is recommended for consumers at risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as children and/or elderly; in these patients, donkey milk could help prevent lack of vitamin D [58] . The results obtained in this clinical trial demonstrated that fortified soft plain cheese consumed by elderly women with vitamin D deficiency can reduce bone resorption, positively affecting Ca and protein metabolism, analyzing the decrease in PTH and increase in IGF-I, respectively [69] . Vitamin D fortification of basic foods such as dairy and flour products can increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. cache = ./cache/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013342-vx3eor43 author = Silwal, Prashanta title = Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics date = 2020-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7651 sentences = 435 flesch = 27 summary = NRs, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been shown to play critical functions in the regulation of autophagy-mediated host defensive immune responses during infection. HepG2, Huh7 cells ↑ Lipid metabolism Upregulation of C19orf80 expression, which is involved in lipid metabolism through breakdown of lipid droplets [208] Mice model of hepatocarcinogenesis, HepG2 cells ↑ Inhibition of hepatic DNA damage, inflammation, and carcinogenesis Induction of hepatic PINK1 expression, which ubiquitinates HBx protein to trigger mitophagy [209] CEBPB, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TFE3, transcription factor E3; LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; IL, interleukin; LKB1, liver kinase B1; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; DRAM2, DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator; PML, promyelocytic leukemia; ATRA, all-trans-retinoic acid; HPAIV, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium cells; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HBV, hepatitis B virus; DDA, dendrogenin A; Nur77, nerve growth factor IB; Nor1, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1; T3, triiodothyronine; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1. cache = ./cache/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034441-30pw419v author = Aslan, M. T. title = Is Vitamin D One of the Key Elements in COVID-19 Days? date = 2020-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1498 sentences = 95 flesch = 51 summary = In a clinical study, supplementation of 4000 IU / day vitamin D has also been reported to reduce Dengue virus infection severity (12) . When another study of 212 patients with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection was examined, serum 25 (OH) D level was the lowest in clinically severe cases, whereas it was highest in mild cases. When all the results in the study are evaluated, the rise in serum 25 (OH) D levels in the COVID-19 patients suggests that it may improve clinical course or alleviate clinical outcomes even in severe cases. Among the causes of this clinical diversity in the course and mortality rates of the COVID-19 cases, it is an important to remind that vitamin D deficiency can also be underlying comorbidity in the patients. Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-2019). cache = ./cache/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030992-ed0h045d author = Akhtar, Saeed title = Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6841 sentences = 352 flesch = 36 summary = Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, zinc, iron, and selenium, are common among vulnerable populations in general and among COVID-19 patients in particular and could plausibly increase the risk of mortality. Vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and E and many trace elements, such as iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have been shown to elicit immune-boosting properties, [14] [15] [16] and thus deficiencies of these micronutrients could be detrimental to immune function in viral infections. 73, 74 Zhang and Liu 12 suggested supplementation with vitamin C to reduce the incidence of severe lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia, and as a treatment option for COVID-19. In light of these findings on the role of PUFA derivatives in mediating immune function, omega-3 PUFA metabolites like protectin D1 may be useful as supportive dietary therapy for prevention and treatment of flu-like viral infections, including COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298542-4du3gar7 author = Karcioglu Batur, Lutfiye title = The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate date = 2020-08-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1621 sentences = 98 flesch = 41 summary = title: The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there was any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of 10 countries including Turkey. The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there is any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID-19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of ten countries including Turkey. 26 Regarding the genetic susceptibility to a viral infection in vitamin D deficiency, we also observed significant correlations between rs7041 polymorphism and prevalence of COVID-19 and mortality rates per country. Allelic variants of the DBP gene have been studied extensively for their association with vitamin D deficiency 29, 30 and viral infections. cache = ./cache/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276483-4yp4beuh author = Cooper, Isabella D title = Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management date = 2020-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7893 sentences = 405 flesch = 36 summary = Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis. Years of hyperinsulinaemia that would manifest overt pathologies such as obesity, CVD, hypertension and cancer would come with an already heavy-risk burden list, which includes: increased haemoglobin glycation damage, intracellular haem-oxidation with reduced antioxidative capacity, increased haem-oxygenase haem catabolism thus producing increased endogenous carbon monoxide production, leading to increased risk of DVT and subsequent PE and decreased mitochondrial vitamin D hydroxylase activation. cache = ./cache/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103451-h7986yl9 author = Drodge, D. R. title = Causal analysis shows evidence of atopic dermatitis leading to an increase in vitamin D levels date = 2020-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3422 sentences = 185 flesch = 49 summary = There was little evidence for vitamin D levels causally influencing the risk of AD (odds ratio per SD change in log-transformed 25-OHD levels = 1.233, 95% CI 0.927 to 1.639, P-value =0.150), a finding in keeping with the 2017 analysis which found an effect size of 1.12, (95% CI 0.92 to1.37, P-value =0.270) (Manousaki et al. To investigate the causal effect of genetically predicted vitamin D levels upon AD risk, a genetic instrument for 25-OHD levels was derived from SNPs reported to be most strongly associated (Pvalue < 5x10 -8 ) in the most current GWA study by Manousaki and colleagues (N=443,734) (Manousaki et al. Our genetic instrument for vitamin D levels was used to assess the causal effect upon AD risk using summary GWAS data from the most recent AD GWAS meta-analysis (Paternoster et al. cache = ./cache/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311965-3x3tjzhi author = Alexander, Jan title = Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19 date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5156 sentences = 273 flesch = 39 summary = Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Clinical and subclinical micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults are known to contribute to decreased immune function and age-related diseases [11] , implying that nutritional management is essential to reduce the risk of severe infection [12] . In view of a lack of clinical data on preventive and/or therapeutic efficiency of the nutritive adequacy of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D in COVID-19, we, in the present narrative review, discussed recent clinical data on the role of these micronutrients in the protection against bronchopulmonary infections, as well as the existing indications of their impact on COVID-19. We did a literature search for the period 2010-2020 on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar with the keywords of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID 19, coronavirus, micronutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D), immune system, inflammation, prevention, and treatment. cache = ./cache/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290428-zrlqzbss author = de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Christianne title = Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6419 sentences = 348 flesch = 45 summary = Since to date there is no vaccine or evidence-based treatment for COVID-19, the optimization of nutrient intake through well-balanced meals and the use of good hygiene practices in food selection, preparation, and conservation is probably the most effective approach for managing the continuous risk of viral infection. There is no evidence that COVID-19 is spread through eating or touching raw fruits or vegetables; Prior to consumption, fresh fruits and vegetables should be washed or scrubbed under cold, running, potable tap water; While there are no special precautions for storing food, handwashing after putting away purchased food and before preparing food is recommended; Hands should be washed before and after food containers are washed EUFIC (2020) 19 Appropriate intakes of copper, folate, iron, selenium, zinc, and vitamins A, B 6 , B 12 , C, and D play an important role in the immune system; In general, these nutrients should be obtained through foods Supplements can be used to add nutrients to the diet in individuals who have specific challenges in meeting dietary requirements cache = ./cache/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255233-rvgj6pvk author = Munday, Molly-Rose title = A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3895 sentences = 238 flesch = 51 summary = Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. Vitamin C deficiency is more common in smokers, the elderly and people of lower socio-economic status, potentially putting those groups at increased risk of periodontal diseases [24, 25] . Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. This study reports that a significant proportion of patients attending the Periodontics Clinic at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health have vitamin C deficiency. cache = ./cache/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310738-fnsf2qqm author = Yalcin Bahat, Pinar title = Micronutrients in COVID-19 Positive Pregnancies date = 2020-09-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2606 sentences = 153 flesch = 52 summary = The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in the prevention and to evaluate the possible cause between the blood levels of micronutrients and the COVID-19 infection. Pregnant women whose PCR test was positive for COVID-19, pregnancies older than eight weeks of gestation, and women who did not receive any antibacterial or antiviral treatment during the past three months or did not receive any 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc supplements during their pregnancy were included in the study. Additionally, it has been shown that serum zinc levels correlate positively with better immune response in pregnant women against infections [17] . cache = ./cache/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296836-aizquh16 author = Brenner, Hermann title = Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4435 sentences = 192 flesch = 39 summary = We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women. We previously assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and their association with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50-75 years from Saarland, Germany [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . cache = ./cache/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329321-usqjkj89 author = Chakhtoura, M. title = Myths and Facts on Vitamin D Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic() date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2016 sentences = 126 flesch = 44 summary = We examine the biological plausibility and evidence for a role of vitamin D in COVID-19 patients, and provide a framework for guidance on supplementation, based on a rigorous and systematic approach. The first investigating the effectiveness of vitamin D in the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases reported that the strongest evidence was in reducing the risk of acute respiratory illness and influenza [38] . More recently, an individual patient meta-analysis of 25 trials, of over 11,000 participants, showed vitamin D supplementation to reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections, including viral, by 12% in all participants. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data cache = ./cache/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300192-fgueg4mo author = Richardson, David P. title = Nutritional status of micronutrients as a possible and modifiable risk factor for COVID-19: a UK perspective date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5743 sentences = 232 flesch = 38 summary = Recent scientific evidence has indicated that the elderly have increased risk of COVID-19 infections, with over 70s and 80s being hardest hit – especially residents of care homes and in clinical settings, ethnic minorities, people who work indoors and those who are overweight and obese. Many of the risk factors identified so far that are related to viral infections and deaths from COVID-19 have underlying associations with nutritional status and specific essential nutrients that are known to contribute to the normal functions of the immune system. Furthermore, consumption of excessive quantities of some micronutrients can have adverse metabolic and health effects, and total intakes of each nutrient from all food and food supplement sources must take into account the tolerable upper safe level set by expert scientific committees such as European Food Safety Authority (78) , the Food and Nutrition Board/Institute of Medicine in the USA (31, 47, 79) and the UK Expert Vitamin and Mineral Group (80) . cache = ./cache/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017428-euzvhtax author = Janssens, Wim title = Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8830 sentences = 371 flesch = 41 summary = A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. Besides the well-known effect of vitamin D de fi ciency on bone loss in adults, accumulating evidence also links a low vitamin D nutritional status to highly prevalent chronic illnesses, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious and cardiovascular diseases [1] [2] [3] . This chapter aims to discuss the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D de fi ciency in COPD, the wellknown effect of vitamin D in the development and treatment of COPD-associated osteoporosis and its potential role in the uncontrolled in fl ammatory cascade and systemic consequences of the disease. The fact that the majority of COPD patients are of older age, have many common risk factors for osteoporosis and are more likely to be de fi cient in vitamin D supports standard supplementation, especially at the more severe stages of disease. cache = ./cache/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331191-mq1zwpt7 author = Mandrioli, Mara title = Vitamin D3 in High-Quality Cow Milk: An Italian Case Study date = 2020-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4468 sentences = 209 flesch = 51 summary = The quality-labeling category of high-quality (HQ) milk defined by the Italian legislation must comply with specific requirements concerning rigorous breeder management, hygienic controls, fat and protein content, bacterial load, somatic cells, lactic acid content, and non-denatured soluble serum proteins. Since the concentration of cholecalciferol in milk is important to assess the daily intake in humans, the present study aimed at evaluating the content of vitamin D3 in raw milk and pasteurized HQ whole milk obtained according to the Italian Ministerial Decree 185/1991 [11] . All FARM and PHQ samples were subjected to fat cold extraction according to the procedure described in Section 2.4, as well as to the determination and quantification of the vitamin D3 content by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array (HPLC/UV-DAD) detector and HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). cache = ./cache/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317265-n6x0r58i author = Singh, Varsha title = Can Vitamins, as Epigenetic Modifiers, Enhance Immunity in COVID-19 Patients with Non-communicable Disease? date = 2020-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3931 sentences = 206 flesch = 36 summary = The purpose of this review is to provide evidence to consider vitamins as epigenetic modifiers to enhance immunity and reduce inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients with non-communicable diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence has suggested the risk of getting infected is high among individuals with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and renal disease, as well as the elderly with high mortality rate among the cohort. SUMMARY: Based on current published scientific and medical evidence, the suggestions made in this article for combination of vitamin therapy as epigenetic modifiers to control the unregulated inflammatory and cytokine marker expressions, further needs to be clinically proven. The clinical link between active inflammatory pathways in ARDS and the vitamin deficiency clearly indicates why COVID-19 causes high mortality in patients with chronic lung diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324246-liyk6mna author = Shakoor, Hira title = Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19 date = 2020-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2240 sentences = 132 flesch = 40 summary = Vitamin B assists in proper activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, improves respiratory function, maintains endothelial integrity, prevents hypercoagulability and can reduce the length of stay in hospital [7, 8] . In a recent preprint it is suggested that PLP supplementation mitigates COVID-19 symptoms by regulating immune responses, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, maintaining endothelial integrity and preventing hypercoagulability [22] . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, vitamin B modulates immune response by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation, reducing breathing difficulty and gastrointestinal problems, preventing hypercoagulability, potentially improving outcomes and reducing the length of stay in the hospital for COVID-19 patients. cache = ./cache/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322899-uxvlagt3 author = Gorji, Ali title = The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4922 sentences = 292 flesch = 38 summary = Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. [16] Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired immune responses and leads to a higher risk of respiratory viral infections, particularly in elderly subjects. [61] The beneficial effects of vitamin A on morbidity and mortality of some viral infections, such as measles and HIV, could be due to increased antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation as well as enhanced T-cell lymphopoiesis. [102] A modest level of vitamin E supplementation regulates the cellular free radical-antioxidant balance, enhances the antibody response, and activates the immune cells of broilers vaccinated with the infectious bronchitis virus. Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians cache = ./cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010443-4jblod8j author = Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto title = General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date = 2020-04-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18827 sentences = 815 flesch = 23 summary = In critical illness, NF-κB-driven systemic inflammation, also known as a "cytokine storm" (14) , activates a multi-system response that includes at least three major domains: (i) the stress system composed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus caeruleus-norepinephrine/sympathetic nervous system activated to provide sufficient energy and hemodynamic stability to overcome the initial phase of critical illness (15) ; (ii) the acute-phase reaction (APR), which has several adaptive functions, including increasing the production of procoagulant factors in preparation for possible tissue damage (16) ; and (iii) the tissue defense response (TDR) of the target organs [ Figure 1 ; (11, 17) ]. In patients with septic shock (170, 171) or ARDS (172, 173) , prolonged glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone) treatment resulted in the following: (i) increased plasma activated protein C levels (173); (ii) reduction in markers of endothelial injury such as sICAM-1 (35); (iii) rapid and consistent improvement in capillary perfusion, independently of the cortisol response to ACTH (170) ; and (iv) improvement in alveolar-capillary (172) and renal (171) endothelial permeability. cache = ./cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339166-f7tw90tm author = Tecilazich, Francesco title = Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects date = 2020-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6983 sentences = 308 flesch = 35 summary = Since hypovitaminosis D is very frequent in patients with diabetes and vitamin D (VD) has vascular protective properties, several studies have addressed the association of VD deficiency with DR and its severity and progression, whereas the effects of VD supplementation on its natural history are largely unknown. Moreover, several studies have addressed, without reaching to date an univocal conclusion, the prevalence and role of hypovitaminosis D in diabetes, as well as the impact of VD supplementation on the natural history of diabetes, blood Fig. 1 Metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of VD, main external sources of VD and the potential mechanisms underlying widespread hypovitaminosis D (defined according to Sempos et al., 2018 [2] glucose control, and prevalence and severity of its macro and microvascular complications [6, 12] . Noteworthy, a sub-analysis of the Field Study, a placebo-controlled trial on nearly 10,000 T2DM patients, showed that subjects with hypovitaminosis D had a higher cumulative incidence of microvascular events; in fact, a 50 nmol/L difference in VD levels was associated with a 18% (p = 0.007) increase in risk of microvascular complications [83] . cache = ./cache/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322866-au76nnzg author = Bleizgys, Andrius title = Vitamin D and COVID‐19: It is time to act date = 2020-10-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6022 sentences = 317 flesch = 51 summary = High‐dose VitD supplementation, particularly for risk groups, could be recommended to achieve and maintain optimal (range 40‐60 ng/mL) serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D levels (marker of VitD status) both for COVID‐19 prevention and treatment. 17, 19, 26 Epidemiological studies of the past showed inverse relationships between VitD status and certain clinical events: lower 25OH-D levels are associated with higher risk of developing ARDS, heart failure and sepsis; the latter conditions are also known to increase risk for severe COVID-19 and death from COVID-19. Some authors even suggested that patients having VitD deficiency should be considered as high risk group for getting severe illness from COVID-19. 44, 45 VitD also increases the gene expression of antioxidative enzymes, eg glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and this was shown to help maintain higher levels of vitamin C, which is an antioxidant and has antimicrobial activity as well, and is suggested as a potential agent for fighting COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265340-hc9003dj author = Merzon, Eugene title = Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3117 sentences = 216 flesch = 50 summary = title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study We hypothesized that the mean plasma level of 25(OH)D would be significantly lower and, accordingly, the rate of suboptimal plasma 25(OH)D would be significantly higher, among persons testing positive for COVID-19 infection, and among persons subsequently hospitalized, in a large population-based data study. The main finding of this study was the low plasma 25(OH)D level association with COVID-19 hospitalization risks, for patients tested positively for COVID-19, after adjusting for age, gender, SES and chronic, mental and physical disorders. To conclude, our study found that suboptimal plasma vitamin D levels may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection, particularly, for the high hospitalization risks, independent of demographic characteristics and medical conditions. cache = ./cache/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276942-dk1rk908 author = Ebadi, Maryam title = Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 date = 2020-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2218 sentences = 108 flesch = 39 summary = In vitro culture of human fetal and adult alveolar type-II cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D increased VDR and the expression of surfactantassociated protein B, a lipid-associated protein of the pulmonary surfactant [23] , indicating the potential of vitamin D to reduce surface tension in COVID-19. In line with our objective to improve vitamin D status and its associated outcomes in patients with COVID-19, studies have shown treatment with high dose of 250,000-500,000 IU vitamin D to be safe in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and was associated with decreased hospital length of stay, improved ability of the blood to carry oxygen and increased hemoglobin levels [24, 25] . High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly, smokers, patients with chronic diseases, and excess uptake by adipose tissue in obesity make investigations of its role as a therapeutic agent in COVID-19 conceivable. cache = ./cache/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284193-qslc2wry author = Malek Mahdavi, Aida title = A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: Implications for a potential treatment for COVID‐19 date = 2020-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3226 sentences = 208 flesch = 44 summary = It can induce ACE2/Ang‐(1‐7)/MasR axis activity and inhibits renin and the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, thereby increasing expression and concentration of ACE2, MasR and Ang‐(1‐7) and having a potential protective role against acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a part of the reninangiotensin system (RAS), serves as the major entry point into cells for some coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 that cause SARS and COVID-19, respectively. 71, 72 Although it is more likely that any protective effect of vitamin D against COVID-19 is related to suppression of cytokine response and reduced severity/risk for ARDS, there is also evidence from a meta-analysis that regular oral vitamin D2/D3 intake (in doses up to 2000 IU/day) is safe and protective against acute respiratory tract infection, especially in subjects with vitamin D deficiency. cache = ./cache/cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032544-2yrqjw1o author = Haroon, Sabrina-Wong-Peixin title = Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5232 sentences = 276 flesch = 41 summary = title: Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial DISCUSSION: Evidence of successful regression or retardation of vascular calcification will support the conduct of larger and longer-term trials aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in this high-risk population using a safe and inexpensive strategy TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02870829. [27] A recent randomized trial reporting 1-year outcome of vitamin K2 supplementation in hemodialysis patients found no effect on aortic calcification despite reduction in dp-ucMGP. The proposed "Treatment to Reduce Vascular Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients Using Vitamin K" (Trevasc-HDK) study is therefore timely. Our trial is important even if the study is negative as we will have more insight into the baseline level and role of vitamin Kin Asian patients as well as provide us with the magnitude and progression of calcification in our multiethnic HD population. The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: a 1-year follow-up randomized trial cache = ./cache/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 author = Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée title = Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions date = 2020-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4122 sentences = 239 flesch = 40 summary = We divide the reviewed interventions in: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 hours sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod) and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, i.e.). The complete mechanism by which zinc could decrease the number or severity of viral infectious 308 processes in general and of COVID-19 in particular is not exactly understood yet; however, effects have 309 been observed on the binding of the viral agent to the mucosa and on its replication, as well as on the 310 regulation of the inflammatory process;(73) enhanced benefits have been hypothesized when co-311 administered with other medications such as (hydroxy)chloroquine that could function as a ionophore, 312 facilitating the entrance of zinc into the cells.(74) The human body's ability to store zinc is known to be 313 low; its deficiency compromises the immune system, as has been evidenced occasionally by thymic 314 atrophy, lymphopenia and altered lymphocyte responses. cache = ./cache/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338140-p88fgojk author = Cervantes-Pérez, Enrique title = Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in a Non-critical Care Setting: Knowledge in Progress date = 2020-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3964 sentences = 214 flesch = 42 summary = The purpose of this review is to provide concise guidance for the nutritional management of individuals with COVID-19 based on the current literature and focused on those in the non-ICU setting or with an older age and polymorbidity, which are independently associated with malnutrition and its negative impact on mortality. Numerous cases of pneumonia caused by a new virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were initially reported in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide possible and potential nutritional interventions on novel coronaviruses for clinicians. Older adults and polymorbid individuals suffering from chronic and acute disease conditions are at increased risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with the COVID-19-causing virus. cache = ./cache/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276130-wjnwpn8f author = Bradley, Ryan title = The effects of Vitamin D on acute viral respiratory infections: a rapid review date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2113 sentences = 99 flesch = 40 summary = Future clinical trials on vitamin D should consider the sources of heterogeneity in the existing experimental research and design trials that account for baseline status, evaluate the potential for prevention and treatment in at risk populations, standardize dosing strategies, assess product quality, assess outcomes according to gold standard definitions/diagnostic methods, and delineate viral ARTI from other causes when possible. Inclusion/exclusion criteria Reviews were included if they were described as "systematic" and exhibited methods consistent with systematic reviews (i.e., defined clinical question, detailed search protocol, etc.) and reported on human prospective intervention trials sampling adults and/or children with reported ARTI. Despite several positive systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the available experimental evidence related to the effects of vitamin D on acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is plagued with heterogeneity and mixed quality, and therefore is insufficient to recommend vitamin D supplementation to the general population as a protective agent against ARTI. Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials cache = ./cache/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018204-rqp4huk3 author = Balan, K. V. title = Vitamin D and respiratory infections in infants and toddlers: a nutri-shine perspective date = 2013 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6830 sentences = 290 flesch = 40 summary = If vitamin D intervention currently under study in several clinical trials is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aide in preventing neonates and children under five from developing pneumonia. If vitamin D intervention currently under study in the clinical trials described in this chapter is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aid in preventing neonates and children under five from developing respiratory infections. cache = ./cache/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262773-mfta0emi author = Jolliffe, D. title = Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5950 sentences = 332 flesch = 48 summary = title: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. We previously meta-analysed individual participant data from 25 RCTs and showed a protective overall effect that was stronger in those with lower baseline 25(OH)D levels, and in trials where vitamin D was administered daily or weekly rather than in more widely spaced bolus doses. Randomised, double-blind, trials of supplementation with vitamin D 3 , vitamin D 2 or 25(OH)D of any duration, with a placebo or low-dose vitamin D control, were eligible for inclusion if they had been approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if data on incidence of ARI were collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome. cache = ./cache/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291340-8gj0ofmp author = Misra, Anoop title = Balanced Nutrition is Needed in Times of COVID19 Epidemic in India: A Call for Action for all Nutritionists and Physicians date = 2020-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2147 sentences = 123 flesch = 40 summary = In a Cochrane review [26] , and other studies [27] probiotics were shown to decrease upper respiratory infections through their effect on the gut lung axis [28] Role of several other nutrients and food constituents like Vitamins(E, B) Carotenoids, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mg, Cu, Se), and polyphenols in immunity have been suggested because of their effects on inflammatory cascade, antioxidant activities and effects on nitrous oxide signalling pathways [25] (Table 1) . Controlled trials also show reduced complications when serum albumin level is adequate [44] .In a recent scoping review(four studies in patients with ventilator-related pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the other 4 in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia), intravenous ascorbic acid, intramuscular cholecalciferol, enteral and intramuscular vitamin E, enteral zinc sulphate, and oral and parenteral glutamine were given as interventions. cache = ./cache/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320959-sgdqhtns author = Lee, Hanjun title = Vitamin E Acetate as Linactant in the Pathophysiology of EVALI date = 2020-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6709 sentences = 305 flesch = 34 summary = In membrane biophysics, Vitamin E is a linactant and a potent modulator of lateral phase separation that effectively reduces the line tension at the two-dimensional phase boundaries and thereby exponentially increases the surface viscosity of the pulmonary surfactant. Supplementation of pulmonary surfactants which retain moderate level of cholesterol and 10 controlled hypothermia for patients are recommended when the hypothesis that the line-active property of the vitamin derivative drives the pathogenesis of EVALI holds. Currently, there are 5 five established non-antioxidative properties of Vitamin E in the biological system: i) its ability to induce gel-liquid crystalline phase transition, ii) its active deposition in the lipid droplet of macrophages, iii) its modulation of the antidiabetic cascade involving diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) and protein kinase C (PKC), iv) its activation of the xenobiotic-sensing pregnane X receptor (PXR) signaling, and v) its ability to modulate lateral phase separation. cache = ./cache/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017656-lqrkwlnb author = Lee, Wang Jae title = Common Cold and Flu date = 2019-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3887 sentences = 162 flesch = 53 summary = Inflammatory cells are markedly increased in BAL fluid, providing the immunological evidences that daily supplementation of high-dose vitamin C can prevent influenza infection and that, in extreme case, it can save the life. One is that the common cold comes from an imbalance between the human defense system and the normal viral flora, which normally reside at the initiation part of the respiratory system such as the nasal cavity and nasal or oral pharynx so that they usually do not induce new immunity against the normal floral virus. Unlike the common cold, which is usually not infected by a foreign pathogen but is just a kind of battle between the body defense system and the normal flora of viruses residing in the upper respiratory system, the flu is a disease caused by an influenza virus infection. cache = ./cache/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333248-5342lyeu author = Elenius, Varpu title = The relationship of serum vitamins A, D, E and LL-37 levels with allergic status, tonsillar virus detection and immune response date = 2017-02-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3309 sentences = 206 flesch = 45 summary = We studied how their serum levels were associated with allergy status, intratonsillar/nasopharyngeal virus detection and intratonsillar expression of T celland innate immune response-specific cytokines, transcription factors and type I/II/III interferons in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. We studied how serum vitamins and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 levels and allergic and tonsillar diseases were associated with direct in vivo detection of respiratory viruses and T cell subset-related transcription factors, cytokines as well as type I, II and III interferons in tonsils. The associations of serum levels of vitamins and LL-37, allergy status and virus detection with intratonsillar cytokine and transcription factor expressions were analyzed using univariable and age-adjusted linear regression. This study provides new insights into connections between serum levels of vitamins A, D, and E and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and several important outcomes: allergy, respiratory virus detection and tonsillar immune responses. cache = ./cache/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286960-uz34fjyp author = Ali, Nurshad title = Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity date = 2020-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4029 sentences = 222 flesch = 40 summary = This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. Some recent reviews hypothesized that vitamin D insufficiency may compromise respiratory immune function, increasing the risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality [12, 13] . There are also some retrospective studies that determined the correlation of vitamin D levels with COVID-19 severity and mortality [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] The recent outbreak and fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 are a global health threat with an unstable outcome worldwide. Another study included 25 randomized controlled trials, with 10,933 participants in total from 14 different countries indicated the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of at least one acute respiratory tract infection [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254646-psolkrom author = Matsui, Mary S. title = Vitamin D Update date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5106 sentences = 236 flesch = 42 summary = This review will briefly summarize fundamental, well-established aspects of vitamin D and human health and then will also discuss (a) some of the most recent work related to vitamin D and non-skeletal-associated health issues; (b) the complexity of establishing meaningful vitamin D measurement metrics and assessing vitamin D status; c)decisionmaking for obtaining vitamin D through diet, supplements, or sun exposure; (d) the impact of skin type, pigmentation, and sunscreen on vitamin D levels; and (e) evidence for a potential influence of vitamin D on the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19 through modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine response and respiratory response to the virus. To some extent, this is because relevant factors vary: vitamin D food fortification regulations, the strength of ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR), levels of smog, culture and ethnicity, skin phototype, chronological age, and ease and accuracy of specific clinical laboratory measurements. cache = ./cache/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-295414-v10454ns author = Baktash, Vadir title = Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19 date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3757 sentences = 234 flesch = 46 summary = 1 Furthermore, research by Alipio and colleagues 2 , in a retrospective study, provides evidence of an association between vitamin D deficiency and adverse outcome in patients with COVID-19. Among patients with vitamin D deficiency in the COVID-19-positive group, there was a higher average peak in D-dimer level (1914.00 μgFEU/L vs 1268.00 μgFEU/L) (p=0.034) and a higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission (30.77% vs 9.68%) (p=0.042). The main findings of our study suggest that older patients with lower serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, when compared with aged-matched vitamin D-replete patients, may demonstrate worse outcomes from COVID-19. In non-communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically unwell patients. • Older patients with COVID-19 infection and vitamin D deficiency (≤30 nmol/L) have higher peak D-dimer level and higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission. cache = ./cache/cord-295414-v10454ns.txt txt = ./txt/cord-295414-v10454ns.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020493-ddo3a7wq author = nan title = Infusionstherapie und Ernährung von Risikogruppen date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14984 sentences = 2050 flesch = 47 summary = Wenn abzusehen ist, dass postoperativ über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 3 Tagen eine teil-oder vollparenterale Ernährung erfolgen muss, sollten zusätzlich zu den Kohlenhydraten Proteine und Lipide supplementiert werden ( Kap. 7.2). Obwohl Wachstumshormon das potenteste Mittel zur Stimulation der Proteinsynthese mit dem Effekt einer verbesserten Wundheilung, verringerten Infektionsrate und entsprechender Verkürzung der Behandlungsdauer ist, zeigten Studien bisher jedoch eine erhöhte Mortalität nach Behandlung mit r-HGH bei akuter Katabolie, so dass sich dieser zunächst viel versprechende Therapieansatz zur Unterdrückung der Eiweißkatabolie nicht durchsetzen wird. ▬ Die Supplementation von Vitamin K sollte bei allen Frühgeborenen <35 Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) und kranken Reifgeborenen wegen der unklaren enteralen Resorption bei den ersten beiden Gaben als subkutane, intramuskuläre oder intravenöse Gabe erfolgen (Greer 1995 ▬ Bei gesunden reifen Neugeborenen bringt eine intramuskuläre Gabe keine Vorteile gegenüber einer oralen Supplementation (Baker et al. cache = ./cache/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321817-z9oj9nmv author = Cereda, Emanuele title = Vitamin D supplementation and outcome in COVID-19 patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, Italy date = 2020-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1483 sentences = 79 flesch = 42 summary = • The involvement of vitamin in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still not clear; • Some studies support a link between vitamin D deficiency and worse COVID-19 outcome; • Vitamin D may also enhance macrophages activation and aberrant immune response; • In our study vitamin D supplementation was associated with a trend to higher mortality; • Supplementation trials are crucial to clarify the role of vitamin D in COVID-19. The observation of lower mortality rates at lower degrees of latitude, along with other preliminary reports on the association between serum levels of 25OHD and the risk of having the disease or a critical outcome, have suggested that vitamin D could modulate the risk and mitigate the severity of COVID-19 [1, 2, 5] . Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether vitamin 25OHD supplementation, which may be a better surrogate of real 25OHD status, is associated with prognosis in COVID-19 patients from the Italian outbreak area of Lombardy. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of vitamin D supplementation and status in modulating the severity of COVID-19, as well as its prevention. cache = ./cache/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 author = Berhan, Yifru title = What immunological and hormonal protective factors lower the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in pregnant women? date = 2020-07-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4536 sentences = 212 flesch = 34 summary = The immunological changes predominantly inclining to anti-inflammatory state, which is augmented by placental hormones' immune modulating action, looks against with COVID-19 inflammatory reaction leading to cytokine storm and multiple organ failure. As discussed hereunder, accumulating evidence from other infections and autoimmune diseases shows that immune modulating hormones, cytokines and other anti-inflammatory endogenous ligands are determinant factors in reducing the severity of several diseases during pregnancy; which could also be the most plausible explanation for the less severity and mortality of Covid-19 in pregnant women. Despite serious concern for patients with autoimmune disease, taking their immune suppression and medications, at least 110 individuals (79% females) with rheumatoid arthritis and got infected with SARS CoV-2 (from six continents) were not as such at higher risk of mortality, probably as they were on anti-inflammatory medication; only 6(5%) persons died of COVID-19 [89] . cache = ./cache/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284760-i1lspg8i author = Bashandy, Samir A. E. title = Potential effects of the combination of nicotinamide, vitamin B2 and vitamin C on oxidative-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide date = 2018-02-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4433 sentences = 231 flesch = 36 summary = In the present study, we have investigated if the strong antioxidant power of Nicotinamide (NA), Vitamin B2 (VB2), and Vitamin C (VC) can ameliorate TAA-induced oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in the rats. Thus, this study aimed to investigate hepatoprotective activities of nicotinamide, vitamin B2, and vitamin C, separately or in combination, against thioacetamide-induced liver damage, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in rats. In the present data, TAA administration resulted in a significant reduction in the Table 3 Effect of Nicotinamide, Vitamin b2 and Vitamin C on hepatic MDA (nmol/mg), GSH (μmol/g tissue), catalase (U/g tissue), SOD (U/g tissue), NO (nmol/g,Hydroxyproline (Ug/g tissue) and plasma TNF-α (Pg/ml) plasma levels of a total protein that might be indicative of injury in the hepatocytes and excessive destruction of proteins including antioxidant enzymes and cellular reducing powers including SH-protein bond production or alterations in RNA sequences in the target tissues. cache = ./cache/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329997-jhejhz6d author = Muscogiuri, Giovanna title = Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine date = 2020-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1268 sentences = 71 flesch = 48 summary = CoVID-19 has now been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, and people in all countries are under quarantine in order to reduce the spread of the virus, which then also lessens the impact on medical resources. Further, beyond sleep-inducing properties, milk products such as yogurt could also augmented natural killer cell activity and reduce the risk of respiratory infections [6] During quarantine the increased intake of macronutrients could also be accompanied by micronutrients deficiency as occurs in obesity [7] , which is commonly associated with impaired immune responses, particularly cell-mediated immunity, phagocyte function, cytokine production, secretory antibody response, antibody affinity, and the complement system, thus making more susceptible to viral infections [8] . In addition, quarantine could be associated to a less time spent outdoor, less sun-exposure, and reduced production of vitamin D as a result of lower levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. cache = ./cache/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317758-oym8s4af author = Manson, JoAnn E. title = Commentary. Eliminating Vitamin D Deficiency During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1298 sentences = 69 flesch = 49 summary = 5 Ecologic studies show lower COVID-19 mortality in countries or regions with greater solar ultraviolet-B radiation (associated with increased cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D) or populations with higher mean 25(OH)D levels. 6 For example, among 212 COVID-19 patients at three South Asian hospitals, the risk of severe as opposed to mild illness was approximately eight times higher in those who were vitamin D deficient than in those who were vitamin D sufficient. In this period of heightened "vitamin D awareness," clinicians and public health authorities in countries that lack food fortification policies should advocate for a timely implementation of such policies to reduce vitamin D deficiency. Although additional research on its contribution to attenuating COVID-19 risk and severity is in progress, eliminating vitamin D deficiency will improve public health during the current pandemic and after the threat subsides. cache = ./cache/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345120-fa5sx5zm author = Simonson, William title = Vitamin C and Coronavirus date = 2020-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1852 sentences = 100 flesch = 55 summary = It would be wonderful if one or more of these agents is able to block the virus to prevent infection or treat sick patients but one course of therapy from some of these biologicals may have a price tag of many thousands of dollars. A recent scientific article published in 2019 before the detection of the novel coronavirus presents a metaanalysis of 18 controlled clinical trials with a total of more than 2000 patients looking at the effect of vitamin C on length of stay in the hospital intensive care unit and the duration of mechanical ventilation. Study results included the following: In 12 of the trials reviewed, length of ICU stay was reduced by 7.8% in patients receiving vitamin C. 8 Study design calls for intravenous administration of either 12 Gm. of vitamin C or placebo to patients with severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 infection twice a day for 7 days. cache = ./cache/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303917-2tu707ng author = Zhang, Lei title = Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review date = 2020-03-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5433 sentences = 369 flesch = 46 summary = We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children's RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, Semba et al 12 had reported that vitamin A supplementation reduced morbidity and mortality in different infectious diseases, such as measles, diarrheal disease, measles-related pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and malaria. 15 The mechanism by which vitamin A and retinoids inhibit measles replication is upregulating elements of the innate immune response in uninfected bystander cells, making them refractory to productive infection during subsequent rounds of viral replication. Remdesivir (RDV), a nucleoside analog GS-5734, had been reported to inhibit human and zoonotic coronavirus in vitro and to restrain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in vivo. Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association cache = ./cache/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343122-lppdauei author = Ribeiro, Helena title = Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2481 sentences = 134 flesch = 43 summary = The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our arguments respond to an article, published in Italy, that describes the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older Italian women and raises the possible preventive and therapeutic role of optimal vitamin D levels. (Isaia and Medico, 2020, p.1) a Reference studies show the role of optimal vitamin D levels in the prevention and control of severe respiratory infections. 12 hypothesize that supplementation with vitamin D, to increase concentrations in the general population, above 38 ng/ml, would result in significant health benefit, by reducing the burden of viral infections of the respiratory tract in healthy adults living in temperate climates. Adequate vitamin D status may play a role in prevention and management of respiratory tract infections, which might include the Covid-19 pandemic, especially among the older population and health professionals worldwide. cache = ./cache/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352744-dd2rbsla author = Pagano, Maria Teresa title = Vitamin D and Sex Differences in COVID-19 date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1507 sentences = 68 flesch = 35 summary = In particular, it plays a key role in the control of the cytokine storm, i.e., the sudden acute increase in circulating levels of different pro-inflammatory cytokines, induced in several inflammatory conditions and also in COVID-19 (7) . ACE2 plays a protective role in acute respiratory distress syndrome and higher levels of ACE2 seem to be associated with better outcomes for lung diseases and, in particular, for COVID-19 (11) (12) (13) . To note, epidemiological data indicate that COVID-19 has a significantly higher lethality in men than in women (ratios up to 3:1), suggesting the presence of sex-dependent biological factors underlying these differences in disease outcome (16, 17) . Interestingly, sex differences have been observed in the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Vitamin D3 in some autoimmune diseases. In particular, it is tempting to hypothesize that the synergy between Vitamin D3 and estrogen could affect the sex differences in the outcome of patients with COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325436-pp3q022y author = Alkhatib, Ahmad title = Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7472 sentences = 340 flesch = 32 summary = This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle. cache = ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330834-zqm4egei author = Drall, Kelsea M. title = Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and early infancy in relation to gut microbiota composition and C. difficile colonization: implications for viral respiratory infections date = 2020-08-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4509 sentences = 228 flesch = 35 summary = Since little is known about the impact of this supplementation on infant gut microbiota, we undertook a study to determine the association between maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation, infant gut microbiota composition and Clostridioides difficile colonization in 1,157 mother-infant pairs of the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study over 2009–2012. 2, 20 The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between maternal perinatal and infant vitamin D supplementation, and infant gut microbiota composition at 3 months of age, including C. These null associations were unchanged following adjustment for birth mode, maternal milk consumption, household pets, study center and infant age at sample collection ( Figure 1a , Table S1 ). 46 Ultimately, this study found evidence of an association between maternal vitamin D supplementation with the gut microbiota composition of all study infants, notably a lower abundance of Megamonas, with its potential implications for host defense against viral respiratory infections. cache = ./cache/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026028-qj290zu6 author = nan title = Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft date = 2008-12-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 79929 sentences = 10492 flesch = 47 summary = Früher behauptete Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlicher Therapie und erhöhtem Risiko für eine nekrotisierende Enterokolitis (NEC) beim Neugeborenen wurden unter anderem in einer Studie an 59 Schwangeren widerlegt, die Theophyllin als Tokolytikum oder zur Surfactantbildung vor Woche 34 erhalten hatten (Zanardo 1996) . B. für das Anticholinergikum Glycopyrronium) offenbar gut vom Fetus vertragen (Ure 1999 Mesalazin wird sehr häufig in der Schwangerschaft verordnet, ohne dass sich bisher Hinweise auf teratogene Wirkungen ergeben haben (Habel 1993 , Diav-Citrin 1998 , Marteau 1998 Ursodeoxycholsäure wirkt bei hepatozellulären Schäden, die durch Gallensäuren induziert sind, also vor allem bei cholestatischen Erkrankungen, wie der primär biliären Zirrhose. Kein Anhalt für ein erhöhtes Fehlbildungsrisiko fand sich hingegen in anderen prospektiven Kohortenstudien und retrospektiven Untersuchungen mit über 600 Frauen, die in den Monaten vor oder während einer Schwangerschaft meist wegen Vaginalmykose niedrig dosiert (150 mg/Tag) mit Fluconazol behandelten wurden (Jick 1999 , Sørensen 1999 , Campomori 1997 , Mastroiacovo 1996 , Inman 1994 . cache = ./cache/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-269161-6nsvup68 cord-262773-mfta0emi cord-330834-zqm4egei Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-005428-pm7ihh9t cord-004297-rm0zbgfm cord-257595-l8bsoqbx cord-016009-qa7bcsbu cord-269161-6nsvup68 cord-271968-92p8dmha cord-285641-y5ianyqi cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-013342-vx3eor43 cord-034441-30pw419v cord-030992-ed0h045d cord-276483-4yp4beuh cord-298542-4du3gar7 cord-103451-h7986yl9 cord-311965-3x3tjzhi cord-290428-zrlqzbss cord-255233-rvgj6pvk cord-310738-fnsf2qqm cord-296836-aizquh16 cord-329321-usqjkj89 cord-300192-fgueg4mo cord-331191-mq1zwpt7 cord-017428-euzvhtax cord-317265-n6x0r58i cord-324246-liyk6mna cord-322899-uxvlagt3 cord-010443-4jblod8j cord-339166-f7tw90tm cord-322866-au76nnzg cord-265340-hc9003dj cord-276942-dk1rk908 cord-284193-qslc2wry cord-032544-2yrqjw1o cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 cord-342335-awu50iev cord-338140-p88fgojk cord-276130-wjnwpn8f cord-018204-rqp4huk3 cord-262773-mfta0emi cord-291340-8gj0ofmp cord-320959-sgdqhtns cord-017656-lqrkwlnb cord-333248-5342lyeu cord-286960-uz34fjyp cord-254646-psolkrom cord-295414-v10454ns cord-321817-z9oj9nmv cord-020493-ddo3a7wq cord-284760-i1lspg8i cord-329997-jhejhz6d cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 cord-337849-tyabf12r cord-290592-c9bsielo cord-317758-oym8s4af cord-294800-akr4f5p8 cord-345120-fa5sx5zm cord-321401-w4ne60fn cord-303917-2tu707ng cord-324288-qgxswltx cord-343122-lppdauei cord-325436-pp3q022y cord-352744-dd2rbsla cord-330834-zqm4egei cord-335024-0klf75qr cord-348567-rvwxysvc cord-006636-xgikbdns cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-026028-qj290zu6 Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-004297-rm0zbgfm cord-016009-qa7bcsbu cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-103451-h7986yl9 cord-322866-au76nnzg cord-284193-qslc2wry cord-032544-2yrqjw1o cord-342335-awu50iev cord-276130-wjnwpn8f cord-262773-mfta0emi cord-286960-uz34fjyp cord-295414-v10454ns cord-321401-w4ne60fn cord-303917-2tu707ng cord-324288-qgxswltx cord-330834-zqm4egei cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-005428-pm7ihh9t cord-004297-rm0zbgfm cord-257595-l8bsoqbx cord-269161-6nsvup68 cord-285641-y5ianyqi cord-016009-qa7bcsbu cord-271968-92p8dmha cord-013342-vx3eor43 cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-034441-30pw419v cord-030992-ed0h045d cord-298542-4du3gar7 cord-276483-4yp4beuh cord-290428-zrlqzbss cord-103451-h7986yl9 cord-311965-3x3tjzhi cord-255233-rvgj6pvk cord-310738-fnsf2qqm cord-296836-aizquh16 cord-329321-usqjkj89 cord-300192-fgueg4mo cord-331191-mq1zwpt7 cord-017428-euzvhtax cord-317265-n6x0r58i cord-324246-liyk6mna cord-322899-uxvlagt3 cord-339166-f7tw90tm cord-322866-au76nnzg cord-010443-4jblod8j cord-276942-dk1rk908 cord-265340-hc9003dj cord-284193-qslc2wry cord-032544-2yrqjw1o cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 cord-342335-awu50iev cord-338140-p88fgojk cord-018204-rqp4huk3 cord-262773-mfta0emi cord-276130-wjnwpn8f cord-291340-8gj0ofmp cord-320959-sgdqhtns cord-017656-lqrkwlnb cord-333248-5342lyeu cord-286960-uz34fjyp cord-254646-psolkrom cord-295414-v10454ns cord-321817-z9oj9nmv cord-284760-i1lspg8i cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 cord-329997-jhejhz6d cord-020493-ddo3a7wq cord-317758-oym8s4af cord-337849-tyabf12r cord-290592-c9bsielo cord-345120-fa5sx5zm cord-294800-akr4f5p8 cord-321401-w4ne60fn cord-303917-2tu707ng cord-324288-qgxswltx cord-343122-lppdauei cord-325436-pp3q022y cord-352744-dd2rbsla cord-330834-zqm4egei cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-348567-rvwxysvc cord-335024-0klf75qr cord-006636-xgikbdns cord-026028-qj290zu6 Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-269161-6nsvup68 cord-257595-l8bsoqbx cord-004297-rm0zbgfm cord-034441-30pw419v cord-005428-pm7ihh9t cord-298542-4du3gar7 cord-285641-y5ianyqi cord-271968-92p8dmha cord-030992-ed0h045d cord-013342-vx3eor43 cord-311965-3x3tjzhi cord-276483-4yp4beuh cord-255233-rvgj6pvk cord-290428-zrlqzbss cord-310738-fnsf2qqm cord-296836-aizquh16 cord-329321-usqjkj89 cord-016130-5q9ufu28 cord-300192-fgueg4mo cord-103451-h7986yl9 cord-331191-mq1zwpt7 cord-317265-n6x0r58i cord-324246-liyk6mna cord-322899-uxvlagt3 cord-276942-dk1rk908 cord-017428-euzvhtax cord-322866-au76nnzg cord-265340-hc9003dj cord-339166-f7tw90tm cord-032544-2yrqjw1o cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 cord-338140-p88fgojk cord-276130-wjnwpn8f cord-284193-qslc2wry cord-291340-8gj0ofmp cord-016009-qa7bcsbu cord-018204-rqp4huk3 cord-342335-awu50iev cord-262773-mfta0emi cord-320959-sgdqhtns cord-333248-5342lyeu cord-286960-uz34fjyp cord-254646-psolkrom cord-295414-v10454ns cord-017656-lqrkwlnb cord-321817-z9oj9nmv cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 cord-284760-i1lspg8i cord-329997-jhejhz6d cord-317758-oym8s4af cord-290592-c9bsielo cord-345120-fa5sx5zm cord-324288-qgxswltx cord-352744-dd2rbsla cord-010443-4jblod8j cord-343122-lppdauei cord-303917-2tu707ng cord-330834-zqm4egei cord-337849-tyabf12r cord-321401-w4ne60fn cord-325436-pp3q022y cord-348567-rvwxysvc cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 cord-020493-ddo3a7wq cord-294800-akr4f5p8 cord-335024-0klf75qr cord-006636-xgikbdns cord-026028-qj290zu6 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-026028-qj290zu6 cord-006636-xgikbdns cord-020493-ddo3a7wq cord-026028-qj290zu6 cord-294800-akr4f5p8 cord-303917-2tu707ng number of items: 68 sum of words: 362,264 average size in words: 6,355 average readability score: 42 nouns: vitamin; patients; levels; study; risk; deficiency; supplementation; disease; cells; infection; effects; status; effect; infections; treatment; studies; role; pregnancy; lung; response; serum; children; cell; system; acid; mortality; analysis; health; diseases; review; virus; expression; function; protein; exposure; receptor; production; data; intake; activity; evidence; women; inflammation; coronavirus; trial; trials; milk; population; age; food verbs: die; increased; reduce; associated; shown; included; used; induced; reported; found; done; decreased; controlled; prevent; suggesting; based; affect; related; following; caused; treat; lead; enhance; regulating; inhibits; compared; known; improves; providing; taken; resulting; mediated; considering; activate; demonstrated; require; involving; recommended; needed; observed; binding; contributed; developing; indicated; determine; play; given; promoted; maintains; see adjectives: respiratory; immune; inflammatory; acute; human; high; clinical; viral; low; severe; higher; dietary; chronic; lower; important; covid-19; pulmonary; anti; recent; significant; several; potential; nutritional; randomized; non; different; many; maternal; early; healthy; specific; oxidative; antiviral; epithelial; common; systematic; innate; first; oral; protective; older; new; various; cardiovascular; normal; active; available; fatty; deficient; elderly adverbs: also; however; well; therefore; significantly; especially; particularly; even; critically; recently; furthermore; moreover; highly; und; still; respectively; currently; often; indeed; directly; mainly; less; interestingly; already; potentially; usually; rapidly; statistically; now; together; strongly; thereby; least; relatively; previously; additionally; yet; generally; worldwide; daily; widely; rather; likely; similarly; first; partly; finally; typically; specifically; commonly pronouns: i; it; its; their; we; our; they; them; itself; her; us; his; he; you; one; she; your; my; mg; me; themselves; und; erst; who; s; pteronyssinus; homocyst(e)ine; einfiu~; auf; 's proper nouns: der; mit; bei; von; D; COVID-19; und; eine; zu; werden; einer; den; nicht; SARS; auf; Schwangerschaft; zur; D3; sich; auch; ein; nach; keine; des; S.; wird; das; C; COPD; ist; CoV-2; B.; sind; als; z.; oder; IU; Eine; beim; Bei; Therapie; Trimenon; durch; über; kann; dass; einem; vor; Nr; dem keywords: vitamin; covid-19; sars; patient; infection; food; vdr; und; respiratory; immune; effect; disease; copd; zur; werden; von; therapie; study; receptor; pulmonary; nutrition; mit; mers; ist; increase; eine; dna; die; des; der; deficiency; cell; bei; Übersicht; zusammenhang; zinc; yon; woche; wirkung; vitd; vergleich; vegetable; uva; untersuchungen; united; tabelle; taa; t2dm; supplementation; stunden one topic; one dimension: vitamin file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091696/ titles(s): Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide three topics; one dimension: vitamin; der; der file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120155/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271219/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102153/ titles(s): Respiratory | Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft | Übersicht Über neue ernährungswissenschaftliche Publikationen five topics; three dimensions: vitamin 25 patients; vitamin covid respiratory; der und die; der und effect; autophagy receptor receptors file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189617/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754599/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271219/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102153/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7563212/ titles(s): General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections | nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics | Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft | Übersicht Über neue ernährungswissenschaftliche Publikationen | Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics Type: cord title: keyword-vitamin-cord date: 2021-05-25 time: 18:04 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:vitamin ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-030992-ed0h045d author: Akhtar, Saeed title: Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19 date: 2020-07-15 words: 6841.0 sentences: 352.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt summary: Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, zinc, iron, and selenium, are common among vulnerable populations in general and among COVID-19 patients in particular and could plausibly increase the risk of mortality. Vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and E and many trace elements, such as iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have been shown to elicit immune-boosting properties, [14] [15] [16] and thus deficiencies of these micronutrients could be detrimental to immune function in viral infections. 73, 74 Zhang and Liu 12 suggested supplementation with vitamin C to reduce the incidence of severe lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia, and as a treatment option for COVID-19. In light of these findings on the role of PUFA derivatives in mediating immune function, omega-3 PUFA metabolites like protectin D1 may be useful as supportive dietary therapy for prevention and treatment of flu-like viral infections, including COVID-19. abstract: Worldwide, there is an array of clinical trials under way to evaluate treatment options against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Concurrently, several nutritional therapies and alternative supportive treatments are also being used and tested to reduce the mortality associated with acute respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19. In the context of COVID-19, improved nutrition that includes micronutrient supplementation to augment the immune system has been recognized as a viable approach to both prevent and alleviate the severity of the infection. The potential role of micronutrients as immune-boosting agents is particularly relevant for low- and middle-income countries, which already have an existing high burden of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. A systematic literature review was performed to identify nutritional interventions that might prevent or aid in the recovery from COVID-19. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched electronically from February to April 2020. All abstracts and full-text articles were examined for their relevance to this review. The information gathered was collated under various categories. Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, zinc, iron, and selenium, are common among vulnerable populations in general and among COVID-19 patients in particular and could plausibly increase the risk of mortality. Judicious use of need-based micronutrient supplementation, alongside existing micronutrient fortification programs, is warranted in the current global pandemic, especially in low- and middle-income economies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7454773/ doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063 id: cord-311965-3x3tjzhi author: Alexander, Jan title: Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19 date: 2020-08-07 words: 5156.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt summary: Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Clinical and subclinical micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults are known to contribute to decreased immune function and age-related diseases [11] , implying that nutritional management is essential to reduce the risk of severe infection [12] . In view of a lack of clinical data on preventive and/or therapeutic efficiency of the nutritive adequacy of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D in COVID-19, we, in the present narrative review, discussed recent clinical data on the role of these micronutrients in the protection against bronchopulmonary infections, as well as the existing indications of their impact on COVID-19. We did a literature search for the period 2010-2020 on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar with the keywords of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID 19, coronavirus, micronutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D), immune system, inflammation, prevention, and treatment. abstract: Objectives: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) conveys a serious threat globally to health and economy because of a lack of vaccines and specific treatments. A common factor for conditions that predispose for serious progress is a low-grade inflammation, e.g., as seen in metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and heart failure, to which micronutrient deficiencies may contribute. The aim of the present article was to explore the usefulness of early micronutrient intervention, with focus on zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, to relieve escalation of COVID-19. Methods: We conducted an online search for articles published in the period 2010–2020 on zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, and corona and related virus infections. Results: There were a few studies providing direct evidence on associations between zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, and COVID-19. Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Hence, it is suggested that nutrition intervention securing an adequate status might protect against the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - coronavirus-2) and mitigate the course of COVID-19. Conclusion: We recommended initiation of adequate supplementation in high-risk areas and/or soon after the time of suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2. Subjects in high-risk groups should have high priority as regards this nutritive adjuvant therapy, which should be started prior to administration of specific and supportive medical measures. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082358 doi: 10.3390/nu12082358 id: cord-286960-uz34fjyp author: Ali, Nurshad title: Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity date: 2020-06-20 words: 4029.0 sentences: 222.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt summary: This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. Some recent reviews hypothesized that vitamin D insufficiency may compromise respiratory immune function, increasing the risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality [12, 13] . There are also some retrospective studies that determined the correlation of vitamin D levels with COVID-19 severity and mortality [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] The recent outbreak and fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 are a global health threat with an unstable outcome worldwide. Another study included 25 randomized controlled trials, with 10,933 participants in total from 14 different countries indicated the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of at least one acute respiratory tract infection [59] . abstract: The outbreak of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis. Little is known about the protective factors of this infection. Therefore, preventive health measures that can reduce the risk of infection, progression and severity are desperately needed. This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Moreover, this study determined the correlation of vitamin D levels with COVID-19 cases and deaths in 20 European countries as of 20 May 2020. A significant negative correlation (p = 0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries. However, the correlation of vitamin D with COVID-19 deaths of these countries was not significant. Some retrospective studies demonstrated a correlation between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, while other studies did not find the correlation when confounding variables are adjusted. Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels 75-125 nmol/L. In conclusion, there not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32605780/ doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021 id: cord-325436-pp3q022y author: Alkhatib, Ahmad title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus date: 2020-08-28 words: 7472.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt summary: This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle. abstract: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is causing global mortality and lockdown burdens. A compromised immune system is a known risk factor for all viral influenza infections. Functional foods optimize the immune system capacity to prevent and control pathogenic viral infections, while physical activity augments such protective benefits. Exercise enhances innate and adaptive immune systems through acute, transient, and long-term adaptations to physical activity in a dose-response relationship. Functional foods prevention of non-communicable disease can be translated into protecting against respiratory viral infections and COVID-19. Functional foods and nutraceuticals within popular diets contain immune-boosting nutraceuticals, polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, pigments, unsaturated fatty-acids, micronutrient vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate, and trace elements, including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper. Foods with antiviral properties include fruits, vegetables, fermented foods and probiotics, olive oil, fish, nuts and seeds, herbs, roots, fungi, amino acids, peptides, and cyclotides. Regular moderate exercise may contribute to reduce viral risk and enhance sleep quality during quarantine, in combination with appropriate dietary habits and functional foods. Lifestyle and appropriate nutrition with functional compounds may offer further antiviral approaches for public health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32872374/ doi: 10.3390/nu12092633 id: cord-005428-pm7ihh9t author: Amrein, Karin title: Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide date: 2020-01-20 words: 6940.0 sentences: 333.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt summary: As there is no evidence that increasing the recommended daily dose of vitamin D supplementation up to 50 μg (2000 IU) would cause severe side effects in the general population, and considering that 20 μg (800 IU) is the lowest dose consistently associated with a bone benefit, it seems reasonable to recommend a daily dose of 20-50 μg (800-2000 IU) (levels 2-4 evidence, grades B-D recommendation) [39] . However, several studies in recent years have highlighted that women are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency, and this is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] . VIOLET randomized patients with 25 (OH)D levels below 50 nmol/L (or 20 ng/ml) "at risk for ARDS" to one single high dose of vitamin D3 (540,000 IU), and evaluated its effect on the primary outcome: 90-day mortality. abstract: Vitamin D testing and the use of vitamin D supplements have increased substantially in recent years. Currently, the role of vitamin D supplementation, and the optimal vitamin D dose and status, is a subject of debate, because large interventional studies have been unable to show a clear benefit (in mostly vitamin D replete populations). This may be attributed to limitations in trial design, as most studies did not meet the basic requirements of a nutrient intervention study, including vitamin D-replete populations, too small sample sizes, and inconsistent intervention methods regarding dose and metabolites. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 50 nmol/L or 20 ng/ml) is associated with unfavorable skeletal outcomes, including fractures and bone loss. A 25(OH)D level of >50 nmol/L or 20 ng/ml is, therefore, the primary treatment goal, although some data suggest a benefit for a higher threshold. Severe vitamin D deficiency with a 25(OH)D concentration below <30 nmol/L (or 12 ng/ml) dramatically increases the risk of excess mortality, infections, and many other diseases, and should be avoided whenever possible. The data on a benefit for mortality and prevention of infections, at least in severely deficient individuals, appear convincing. Vitamin D is clearly not a panacea, and is most likely efficient only in deficiency. Given its rare side effects and its relatively wide safety margin, it may be an important, inexpensive, and safe adjuvant therapy for many diseases, but future large and well-designed studies should evaluate this further. A worldwide public health intervention that includes vitamin D supplementation in certain risk groups, and systematic vitamin D food fortification to avoid severe vitamin D deficiency, would appear to be important. In this narrative review, the current international literature on vitamin D deficiency, its relevance, and therapeutic options is discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091696/ doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y id: cord-034441-30pw419v author: Aslan, M. T. title: Is Vitamin D One of the Key Elements in COVID-19 Days? date: 2020-06-13 words: 1498.0 sentences: 95.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt summary: In a clinical study, supplementation of 4000 IU / day vitamin D has also been reported to reduce Dengue virus infection severity (12) . When another study of 212 patients with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection was examined, serum 25 (OH) D level was the lowest in clinically severe cases, whereas it was highest in mild cases. When all the results in the study are evaluated, the rise in serum 25 (OH) D levels in the COVID-19 patients suggests that it may improve clinical course or alleviate clinical outcomes even in severe cases. Among the causes of this clinical diversity in the course and mortality rates of the COVID-19 cases, it is an important to remind that vitamin D deficiency can also be underlying comorbidity in the patients. Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-2019). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7597430/ doi: 10.1007/s12603-020-1517-y id: cord-295414-v10454ns author: Baktash, Vadir title: Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19 date: 2020-08-26 words: 3757.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-295414-v10454ns.txt txt: ./txt/cord-295414-v10454ns.txt summary: 1 Furthermore, research by Alipio and colleagues 2 , in a retrospective study, provides evidence of an association between vitamin D deficiency and adverse outcome in patients with COVID-19. Among patients with vitamin D deficiency in the COVID-19-positive group, there was a higher average peak in D-dimer level (1914.00 μgFEU/L vs 1268.00 μgFEU/L) (p=0.034) and a higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission (30.77% vs 9.68%) (p=0.042). The main findings of our study suggest that older patients with lower serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, when compared with aged-matched vitamin D-replete patients, may demonstrate worse outcomes from COVID-19. In non-communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically unwell patients. • Older patients with COVID-19 infection and vitamin D deficiency (≤30 nmol/L) have higher peak D-dimer level and higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission. abstract: PURPOSE: Older adults are more likely to be vitamin D deficient. The aim of the study was to determine whether these patients have worse outcomes with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study between 1 March and 30 April 2020 to assess the importance of vitamin D deficiency in older patients with COVID-19. The cohort consisted of patients aged ≥65 years presenting with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (n=105). All patients were tested for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels during acute illness. Diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed via viral reverse transcriptase PCR swab or supporting radiological evidence. COVID-19-positive arm (n=70) was sub-divided into vitamin D-deficient (≤30 nmol/L) (n=39) and -replete groups (n=35). Subgroups were assessed for disease severity using biochemical, radiological and clinical markers. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were laboratory features of cytokine storm, thoracic imaging changes and requirement of non-invasive ventilation (NIV). RESULTS: COVID-19-positive arm demonstrated lower median serum 25(OH)D level of 27 nmol/L (IQR=20–47 nmol/L) compared with COVID-19-negative arm, with median level of 52 nmol/L (IQR=31.5–71.5 nmol/L) (p value=0.0008). Among patients with vitamin D deficiency, there was higher peak D-dimer level (1914.00 μgFEU/L vs 1268.00 μgFEU/L) (p=0.034) and higher incidence of NIV support and high dependency unit admission (30.77% vs 9.68%) (p=0.042). No increased mortality was observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Older adults with vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 may demonstrate worse morbidity outcomes. Vitamin D status may be a useful prognosticator. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712 doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712 id: cord-018204-rqp4huk3 author: Balan, K. V. title: Vitamin D and respiratory infections in infants and toddlers: a nutri-shine perspective date: 2013 words: 6830.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt summary: If vitamin D intervention currently under study in several clinical trials is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aide in preventing neonates and children under five from developing pneumonia. If vitamin D intervention currently under study in the clinical trials described in this chapter is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aid in preventing neonates and children under five from developing respiratory infections. abstract: There is compelling evidence of a global problem of poor vitamin D status in expecting mothers and postnatal life; and even more critical, is the evidence showing the association of vitamin D deficiency with increased morbidity and mortality risks from respiratory infections. Viral and bacterial pneumonia kills more children than any other illness, accounting for 19 % of all deaths in children less than five years of age worldwide; and under-nutrition, which includes vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, has been implicated in 53 % of all these deaths. Poor vitamin D status is a result of insufficient sunlight exposure and/or poor dietary intake. Greater understanding of the role of vitamin D deficiency in precipitating lung infections grew from the use of rodent models and observational and intervention studies in infants and toddlers. Vitamin D adequacy is important to maintaining the key protective mechanism of developing lungs since it mediates the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, the lungs strongest defense against viral and bacterial pathogens. If vitamin D intervention currently under study in several clinical trials is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aide in preventing neonates and children under five from developing pneumonia. Globally, there is potential to save more than a million young lives with preventive treatment, a compelling reason why the efficacy of optimizing vitamin D mediated defense against respiratory pathogens in infants and children merits further study. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123025/ doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-765-3_16 id: cord-285641-y5ianyqi author: Bamji, Mahtab S. title: Nutritionally sensitive agriculture—an approach to reducing hidden hunger date: 2020-10-01 words: 5613.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt summary: Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. These findings are akin to those of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys in India, which show that the cereal-based Indian diets are deficient in the consumption of micronutrient-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, legumes and animal products [3] . A recent study from the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, shows a high prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, particularly, vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and vitamin D, assessed by subclinical status (blood values) and dietary intakes, in an apparently healthy urban adult population [4] . Hellen Keller International has supported an extensive programme of improved homestead gardens and backyard poultry in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines to increase the production and household availability of micronutrient-dense vegetables and fruits and eggs. abstract: Cereal-based diets of the people in developing countries are qualitatively deficient in micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—due to low intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes and foods of animal origin. Consumption of nutritious millets has also come down in India. Calorie sufficiency may ensure protein sufficiency (though not protein quality), but it does not ensure adequacy of micronutrients. Studies in several countries in Asia, and India show that with education and advocacy even farmers with small and marginal land holdings can be persuaded to raise homestead vegetables and fruits gardens and increase household vegetables consumption. Backyard poultry also has good acceptance and impact on household egg consumption. For best results, the community, especially the mothers have to be educated about the importance of nutrition for health and wellbeing. Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. Impact of nutrition gardens and backyard poultry with high egg-yielding breeds had positive impact on the household consumption of vegetables and eggs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004981/ doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-00760-x id: cord-284760-i1lspg8i author: Bashandy, Samir A. E. title: Potential effects of the combination of nicotinamide, vitamin B2 and vitamin C on oxidative-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide date: 2018-02-14 words: 4433.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt summary: In the present study, we have investigated if the strong antioxidant power of Nicotinamide (NA), Vitamin B2 (VB2), and Vitamin C (VC) can ameliorate TAA-induced oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in the rats. Thus, this study aimed to investigate hepatoprotective activities of nicotinamide, vitamin B2, and vitamin C, separately or in combination, against thioacetamide-induced liver damage, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in rats. In the present data, TAA administration resulted in a significant reduction in the Table 3 Effect of Nicotinamide, Vitamin b2 and Vitamin C on hepatic MDA (nmol/mg), GSH (μmol/g tissue), catalase (U/g tissue), SOD (U/g tissue), NO (nmol/g,Hydroxyproline (Ug/g tissue) and plasma TNF-α (Pg/ml) plasma levels of a total protein that might be indicative of injury in the hepatocytes and excessive destruction of proteins including antioxidant enzymes and cellular reducing powers including SH-protein bond production or alterations in RNA sequences in the target tissues. abstract: BACKGROUND: The liver disease is one of the most important traditional public health problems in Egypt. Oxidative stress is attributed to such pathological condition that further contributes to the initiation and progression of liver injury. In the present study, we have investigated if the strong antioxidant power of Nicotinamide (NA), Vitamin B2 (VB2), and Vitamin C (VC) can ameliorate TAA-induced oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in the rats. METHODS: Thirty-six albino rats were divided into six groups: Control group; TAA group (IP injection with TAA at a dosage of 200 mg/Kg three times a week for two months); TAA + NA group (rats administered with NA at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily besides TAA as in the control); TAA + VB2 group (rats administered with vitamin B2 at a dosage of 30 mg/kg daily besides injection with TAA); TAA + VC group (rats administered with vitamin C at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily along with injection of TAA). TAA + NA + VB + VC group (rats administered the with the three vitamins daily in TAA pre-injected at the respective doses described above). RESULTS: Treatment of rats with TAA led to a significant elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the serum samples. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyproline and nitic oxide (NO) were also significantly increased in the TAA-treated rats, while reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly compromised in the hepatic samples. Rats administered with NA, VB2, and VC as individually or in combination ameliorated the deleterious effects of TAA that was confirmed by histopathology. However, the combination of the three vitamins was found more effective as compared to each of the vitamins. CONCLUSION: Our work demonstrates that NA, VB2, and VC cross-talk with each other that act as a more potent biochemical chain of antioxidant defense against TAA-induced toxicities in vivo. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29444683/ doi: 10.1186/s12944-018-0674-z id: cord-286923-o4fj8kx0 author: Berhan, Yifru title: What immunological and hormonal protective factors lower the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in pregnant women? date: 2020-07-18 words: 4536.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt summary: The immunological changes predominantly inclining to anti-inflammatory state, which is augmented by placental hormones'' immune modulating action, looks against with COVID-19 inflammatory reaction leading to cytokine storm and multiple organ failure. As discussed hereunder, accumulating evidence from other infections and autoimmune diseases shows that immune modulating hormones, cytokines and other anti-inflammatory endogenous ligands are determinant factors in reducing the severity of several diseases during pregnancy; which could also be the most plausible explanation for the less severity and mortality of Covid-19 in pregnant women. Despite serious concern for patients with autoimmune disease, taking their immune suppression and medications, at least 110 individuals (79% females) with rheumatoid arthritis and got infected with SARS CoV-2 (from six continents) were not as such at higher risk of mortality, probably as they were on anti-inflammatory medication; only 6(5%) persons died of COVID-19 [89] . abstract: Despite anticipated increased risk of COVID-19 and increased expression of the SARS CoV-2 receptor (ACE2), the relatively low mortality of pregnant women with COVID-19 has been an area of wonder. The immunological changes predominantly inclining to anti-inflammatory state, which is augmented by placental hormones’ immune modulating action, looks against with COVID-19 inflammatory reaction leading to cytokine storm and multiple organ failure. Unlike many other viral infections, the bilateral immune activation of COVID-19 may preferentially make pregnant women at low risk. Taking the physiological advantage of pregnant women, potential clinical trials are proposed. Quite a large number of epidemiological and obstetrics related studies have addressed the cases of women with COVID-19. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, little is done to explore the physiological internal milieu of pregnant women in relation to COVID-19. This review provides an insight into how the hormonal and immunological changes in pregnancy potentially reduce SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory response. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165037820301017?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103180 id: cord-322866-au76nnzg author: Bleizgys, Andrius title: Vitamin D and COVID‐19: It is time to act date: 2020-10-27 words: 6022.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt summary: High‐dose VitD supplementation, particularly for risk groups, could be recommended to achieve and maintain optimal (range 40‐60 ng/mL) serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D levels (marker of VitD status) both for COVID‐19 prevention and treatment. 17, 19, 26 Epidemiological studies of the past showed inverse relationships between VitD status and certain clinical events: lower 25OH-D levels are associated with higher risk of developing ARDS, heart failure and sepsis; the latter conditions are also known to increase risk for severe COVID-19 and death from COVID-19. Some authors even suggested that patients having VitD deficiency should be considered as high risk group for getting severe illness from COVID-19. 44, 45 VitD also increases the gene expression of antioxidative enzymes, eg glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and this was shown to help maintain higher levels of vitamin C, which is an antioxidant and has antimicrobial activity as well, and is suggested as a potential agent for fighting COVID-19. abstract: Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency is considered a global problem and might be associated with increased susceptibility to COVID‐19 illness. In the light of COVID‐19 pandemic, VitD might be a promising agent for fighting the SARS‐CoV‐2, since VitD is involved in various pathophysiological mechanisms that occur during COVID‐19 infection. High‐dose VitD supplementation, particularly for risk groups, could be recommended to achieve and maintain optimal (range 40‐60 ng/mL) serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D levels (marker of VitD status) both for COVID‐19 prevention and treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13748 doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13748 id: cord-276130-wjnwpn8f author: Bradley, Ryan title: The effects of Vitamin D on acute viral respiratory infections: a rapid review date: 2020-08-03 words: 2113.0 sentences: 99.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt summary: Future clinical trials on vitamin D should consider the sources of heterogeneity in the existing experimental research and design trials that account for baseline status, evaluate the potential for prevention and treatment in at risk populations, standardize dosing strategies, assess product quality, assess outcomes according to gold standard definitions/diagnostic methods, and delineate viral ARTI from other causes when possible. Inclusion/exclusion criteria Reviews were included if they were described as "systematic" and exhibited methods consistent with systematic reviews (i.e., defined clinical question, detailed search protocol, etc.) and reported on human prospective intervention trials sampling adults and/or children with reported ARTI. Despite several positive systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the available experimental evidence related to the effects of vitamin D on acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is plagued with heterogeneity and mixed quality, and therefore is insufficient to recommend vitamin D supplementation to the general population as a protective agent against ARTI. Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2212958820301440 doi: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.011 id: cord-296836-aizquh16 author: Brenner, Hermann title: Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic? date: 2020-08-18 words: 4435.0 sentences: 192.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt summary: We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women. We previously assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and their association with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50-75 years from Saarland, Germany [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] . abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic goes along with increased mortality from acute respiratory disease. It has been suggested that vitamin D(3) supplementation might help to reduce respiratory disease mortality. We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were common (44% and 15%, respectively). Compared to those with sufficient vitamin D status, participants with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency had strongly increased respiratory mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.1 (1.3–3.2) and 3.0 (1.8–5.2) overall, 4.3 (1.3–14.4) and 8.5 (2.4–30.1) among women, and 1.9 (1.1–3.2) and 2.3 (1.1–4.4) among men. Overall, 41% (95% confidence interval: 20–58%) of respiratory disease mortality was statistically attributable to vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32824839/ doi: 10.3390/nu12082488 id: cord-342335-awu50iev author: Carr, Anitra C. title: Factors Affecting Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Global Health Perspective date: 2020-07-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: A recent review of global vitamin C status has indicated a high prevalence of deficiency, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in specific subgroups within high-income countries. Here, we provide a narrative review of potential factors influencing vitamin C status globally. The in vivo status of vitamin C is primarily affected by dietary intake and supplement use, with those who supplement having a higher mean status and a lower prevalence of deficiency. Dietary intake can be influenced by cultural aspects such as traditional cooking practices and staple foods, with many staple foods, such as grains, contributing negligible vitamin C to the diet. Environmental factors can also affect vitamin C intake and status; these include geographic region, season, and climate, as well as pollution, the latter partly due to enhanced oxidative stress. Demographic factors such as sex, age, and race are known to affect vitamin C status, as do socioeconomic factors such as deprivation, education and social class, and institutionalization. Various health aspects can affect vitamin C status; these include body weight, pregnancy and lactation, genetic variants, smoking, and disease states, including severe infections as well as various noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Some of these factors have changed over time; therefore, we also explore if vitamin C status has shown temporal changes. Overall, there are numerous factors that can affect vitamin C status to different extents in various regions of the world. Many of these factors are not taken into consideration during the setting of global dietary intake recommendations for vitamin C. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071963 doi: 10.3390/nu12071963 id: cord-321817-z9oj9nmv author: Cereda, Emanuele title: Vitamin D supplementation and outcome in COVID-19 patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, Italy date: 2020-11-11 words: 1483.0 sentences: 79.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt summary: • The involvement of vitamin in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still not clear; • Some studies support a link between vitamin D deficiency and worse COVID-19 outcome; • Vitamin D may also enhance macrophages activation and aberrant immune response; • In our study vitamin D supplementation was associated with a trend to higher mortality; • Supplementation trials are crucial to clarify the role of vitamin D in COVID-19. The observation of lower mortality rates at lower degrees of latitude, along with other preliminary reports on the association between serum levels of 25OHD and the risk of having the disease or a critical outcome, have suggested that vitamin D could modulate the risk and mitigate the severity of COVID-19 [1, 2, 5] . Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether vitamin 25OHD supplementation, which may be a better surrogate of real 25OHD status, is associated with prognosis in COVID-19 patients from the Italian outbreak area of Lombardy. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of vitamin D supplementation and status in modulating the severity of COVID-19, as well as its prevention. abstract: • Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. • The involvement of vitamin in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still not clear; • Some studies support a link between vitamin D deficiency and worse COVID-19 outcome; • Vitamin D may also enhance macrophages activation and aberrant immune response; • In our study vitamin D supplementation was associated with a trend to higher mortality; • Supplementation trials are crucial to clarify the role of vitamin D in COVID-19. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0899900720303385 doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111055 id: cord-338140-p88fgojk author: Cervantes-Pérez, Enrique title: Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in a Non-critical Care Setting: Knowledge in Progress date: 2020-10-30 words: 3964.0 sentences: 214.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt summary: The purpose of this review is to provide concise guidance for the nutritional management of individuals with COVID-19 based on the current literature and focused on those in the non-ICU setting or with an older age and polymorbidity, which are independently associated with malnutrition and its negative impact on mortality. Numerous cases of pneumonia caused by a new virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were initially reported in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide possible and potential nutritional interventions on novel coronaviruses for clinicians. Older adults and polymorbid individuals suffering from chronic and acute disease conditions are at increased risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with the COVID-19-causing virus. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As of 13 September 2020, almost 28 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 including more than 920,000 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents a potential threat to patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Patients with the worst outcomes and higher mortality are reported to include older adults, polymorbid individuals, and malnourished people in general. The purpose of this review is to provide concise guidance for the nutritional management of individuals with COVID-19 based on the current literature and focused on those in the non-ICU setting or with an older age and polymorbidity, which are independently associated with malnutrition and its negative impact on mortality. RECENT FINDINGS: Prolonged hospital stays are reported to be required for individuals with COVID-19, and longer acute setting stays may directly worsen or cause malnutrition, with severe loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, which may lead to poor quality of life and additional morbidity. Nutritional therapy is among the mainstay of therapeutic principles and one of the core contents of comprehensive treatment measures. SUMMARY: The current COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of malnutrition should therefore be routinely included in the management of individuals with COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33125628/ doi: 10.1007/s13668-020-00337-x id: cord-329321-usqjkj89 author: Chakhtoura, M. title: Myths and Facts on Vitamin D Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic() date: 2020-05-26 words: 2016.0 sentences: 126.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt summary: We examine the biological plausibility and evidence for a role of vitamin D in COVID-19 patients, and provide a framework for guidance on supplementation, based on a rigorous and systematic approach. The first investigating the effectiveness of vitamin D in the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases reported that the strongest evidence was in reducing the risk of acute respiratory illness and influenza [38] . More recently, an individual patient meta-analysis of 25 trials, of over 11,000 participants, showed vitamin D supplementation to reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections, including viral, by 12% in all participants. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154276 doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154276 id: cord-276483-4yp4beuh author: Cooper, Isabella D title: Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management date: 2020-09-16 words: 7893.0 sentences: 405.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt summary: Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis. Years of hyperinsulinaemia that would manifest overt pathologies such as obesity, CVD, hypertension and cancer would come with an already heavy-risk burden list, which includes: increased haemoglobin glycation damage, intracellular haem-oxidation with reduced antioxidative capacity, increased haem-oxygenase haem catabolism thus producing increased endogenous carbon monoxide production, leading to increased risk of DVT and subsequent PE and decreased mitochondrial vitamin D hydroxylase activation. abstract: Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. A common denominator, hyperinsulinaemia, provides a plausible mechanism of action, underlying CVD, hypertension and strokes, all conditions typified with thrombi. The underlying science provides a theoretical management algorithm for the frontline practitioners. Vitamin D activation requires magnesium. Hyperinsulinaemia promotes: magnesium depletion via increased renal excretion, reduced intracellular levels, lowers vitamin D status via sequestration into adipocytes and hydroxylation activation inhibition. Hyperinsulinaemia mediates thrombi development via: fibrinolysis inhibition, anticoagulation production dysregulation, increasing reactive oxygen species, decreased antioxidant capacity via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion, haem oxidation and catabolism, producing carbon monoxide, increasing deep vein thrombosis risk and pulmonary emboli. Increased haem-synthesis demand upregulates carbon dioxide production, decreasing oxygen saturation capacity. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis. Patients with COVID-19 admitted with hyperglycaemia and/or hyperinsulinaemia should be placed on a restricted refined carbohydrate diet, with limited use of intravenous dextrose solutions. Degree/level of restriction is determined by serial testing of blood glucose, insulin and ketones. Supplemental magnesium, vitamin D and zinc should be administered. By implementing refined carbohydrate restriction, three primary risk factors, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, that increase inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis risk are rapidly managed. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2020-001356 doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001356 id: cord-330834-zqm4egei author: Drall, Kelsea M. title: Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and early infancy in relation to gut microbiota composition and C. difficile colonization: implications for viral respiratory infections date: 2020-08-11 words: 4509.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt summary: Since little is known about the impact of this supplementation on infant gut microbiota, we undertook a study to determine the association between maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation, infant gut microbiota composition and Clostridioides difficile colonization in 1,157 mother-infant pairs of the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study over 2009–2012. 2, 20 The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between maternal perinatal and infant vitamin D supplementation, and infant gut microbiota composition at 3 months of age, including C. These null associations were unchanged following adjustment for birth mode, maternal milk consumption, household pets, study center and infant age at sample collection ( Figure 1a , Table S1 ). 46 Ultimately, this study found evidence of an association between maternal vitamin D supplementation with the gut microbiota composition of all study infants, notably a lower abundance of Megamonas, with its potential implications for host defense against viral respiratory infections. abstract: In Canada and the US, the infant diet is supplemented with vitamin D via supplement drops or formula. Pregnant and nursing mothers often take vitamin D supplements. Since little is known about the impact of this supplementation on infant gut microbiota, we undertook a study to determine the association between maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation, infant gut microbiota composition and Clostridioides difficile colonization in 1,157 mother-infant pairs of the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study over 2009–2012. Logistic and MaAsLin regression were employed to assess associations between vitamin D supplementation, and C. difficile colonization, or other gut microbiota, respectively. Sixty-five percent of infants received a vitamin D supplement. Among all infants, infant vitamin D supplementation was associated with a lower abundance of genus Megamonas (q = 0.01) in gut microbiota. Among those exclusively breastfed, maternal prenatal supplementation was associated with lower abundance of Bilophila (q = 0.01) and of Lachnospiraceae (q = 0.02) but higher abundance of Haemophilus (q = 0.02). There were no differences in microbiota composition with vitamin D supplementation among partially and not breastfed infants. Neither infant nor maternal vitamin D supplementation were associated with C. difficile colonization, after adjusting for breastfeeding status and other factors. However, maternal consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk reduced the likelihood of C. difficile colonization in infants (adjustedOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19–0.82). The impact of this compositional difference on later childhood health, especially defense against viral respiratory infection, may go beyond the expected effects of vitamin D supplements and remains to be ascertained. url: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1799734 doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1799734 id: cord-103451-h7986yl9 author: Drodge, D. R. title: Causal analysis shows evidence of atopic dermatitis leading to an increase in vitamin D levels date: 2020-04-23 words: 3422.0 sentences: 185.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt summary: There was little evidence for vitamin D levels causally influencing the risk of AD (odds ratio per SD change in log-transformed 25-OHD levels = 1.233, 95% CI 0.927 to 1.639, P-value =0.150), a finding in keeping with the 2017 analysis which found an effect size of 1.12, (95% CI 0.92 to1.37, P-value =0.270) (Manousaki et al. To investigate the causal effect of genetically predicted vitamin D levels upon AD risk, a genetic instrument for 25-OHD levels was derived from SNPs reported to be most strongly associated (Pvalue < 5x10 -8 ) in the most current GWA study by Manousaki and colleagues (N=443,734) (Manousaki et al. Our genetic instrument for vitamin D levels was used to assess the causal effect upon AD risk using summary GWAS data from the most recent AD GWAS meta-analysis (Paternoster et al. abstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have been observed to have lower vitamin D levels. Previous studies have found little evidence that vitamin D levels causally influence the risk of AD, but the reverse direction has not yet been investigated. Here we used Mendelian Randomization to assess the causal relationship between AD and serum vitamin D levels, using genetic data from the most recent GWA studies of vitamin D and AD. There was little evidence for vitamin D levels causally influencing AD risk (odds per standard deviations increase in log-transformed vitamin D levels =1.233, 95% CI 0.927 to 1.639, P-value =0.150). However, genetic liability for AD raises serum vitamin D levels by 0.043 (95% CI 0.017 to 0.069) standard deviations per doubling of odds of disease (P-value =0.001). The AD-associated filaggrin (FLG) mutation R501X appears to show a particularly strong relationship with vitamin D. However, the relationship between AD and vitamin D holds when R501X is omitted (0.018, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.031, P-value =0.008). We found evidence that AD is causally associated with an increase in serum vitamin D levels. Whilst the AD-associated FLG gene has a particularly strong relationship with vitamin D, other AD SNPs show a consistent direction of effect, suggesting that AD more generally influences serum vitamin D levels. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.22.20075077v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075077 id: cord-276942-dk1rk908 author: Ebadi, Maryam title: Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-12 words: 2218.0 sentences: 108.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt summary: In vitro culture of human fetal and adult alveolar type-II cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D increased VDR and the expression of surfactantassociated protein B, a lipid-associated protein of the pulmonary surfactant [23] , indicating the potential of vitamin D to reduce surface tension in COVID-19. In line with our objective to improve vitamin D status and its associated outcomes in patients with COVID-19, studies have shown treatment with high dose of 250,000-500,000 IU vitamin D to be safe in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and was associated with decreased hospital length of stay, improved ability of the blood to carry oxygen and increased hemoglobin levels [24, 25] . High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly, smokers, patients with chronic diseases, and excess uptake by adipose tissue in obesity make investigations of its role as a therapeutic agent in COVID-19 conceivable. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0 doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0 id: cord-333248-5342lyeu author: Elenius, Varpu title: The relationship of serum vitamins A, D, E and LL-37 levels with allergic status, tonsillar virus detection and immune response date: 2017-02-24 words: 3309.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt summary: We studied how their serum levels were associated with allergy status, intratonsillar/nasopharyngeal virus detection and intratonsillar expression of T celland innate immune response-specific cytokines, transcription factors and type I/II/III interferons in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. We studied how serum vitamins and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 levels and allergic and tonsillar diseases were associated with direct in vivo detection of respiratory viruses and T cell subset-related transcription factors, cytokines as well as type I, II and III interferons in tonsils. The associations of serum levels of vitamins and LL-37, allergy status and virus detection with intratonsillar cytokine and transcription factor expressions were analyzed using univariable and age-adjusted linear regression. This study provides new insights into connections between serum levels of vitamins A, D, and E and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and several important outcomes: allergy, respiratory virus detection and tonsillar immune responses. abstract: BACKGROUND: Tonsils have an active role in immune defence and inducing and maintaining tolerance to allergens. Vitamins A, D, and E, and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 may have immunomodulatory effects. We studied how their serum levels were associated with allergy status, intratonsillar/nasopharyngeal virus detection and intratonsillar expression of T cell- and innate immune response-specific cytokines, transcription factors and type I/II/III interferons in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. METHODS: 110 elective tonsillectomy patients participated. Serum levels of vitamins A, 25(OH)D, and E, LL-37 and allergen-specific IgE as well as nasopharyngeal/intratonsillar respiratory viruses were analyzed. The mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-28, IL-29, IL-37, TGF-β, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2 and Tbet in tonsils were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 16 years (range 3–60), 28% of subjects had atopy, and 57% carried ≥1 respiratory virus in nasopharynx. Detection of viruses decreased by age. Higher vitamin A levels showed borderline significance with less viral detection (P = 0.056). Higher 25(OH)D was associated with less allergic rhinitis and atopy (P < 0.05) and higher vitamin E with less self-reported allergy (P < 0.05). In gene expression analyses, 25(OH)D was associated with higher IL-37, vitamin A with higher IFN-γ and vitamin E with less IL-28 (P < 0.05). LL-37 was associated with less FOXP3, RORC2 and IL-17 in tonsils (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D and E levels were associated with less allergic disorders. Vitamin A was linked to antiviral and vitamin D with anti-inflammatory activity. LL-37 and was linked to T regulatory cell effects. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172350 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172350 id: cord-322899-uxvlagt3 author: Gorji, Ali title: The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-11-06 words: 4922.0 sentences: 292.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt summary: Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. [16] Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired immune responses and leads to a higher risk of respiratory viral infections, particularly in elderly subjects. [61] The beneficial effects of vitamin A on morbidity and mortality of some viral infections, such as measles and HIV, could be due to increased antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation as well as enhanced T-cell lymphopoiesis. [102] A modest level of vitamin E supplementation regulates the cellular free radical-antioxidant balance, enhances the antibody response, and activates the immune cells of broilers vaccinated with the infectious bronchitis virus. Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians abstract: Preliminary studies indicate that a robust immune response across different cell types is crucial in the recovery from COVID-19. An enormous number of investigations point to the vital importance of various micronutrients in the interactions between the host immune system and viruses, including COVID-19. There are complex and multifaceted links between micronutrient status, the host immune response, and the virulence of pathogenic viruses. Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. Furthermore, inadequate amounts of micronutrients not only weaken the immune system in combating viral infections, but also contribute to the emergence of more virulent strains via alterations of the genetic make-up of the viral genome. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence which suggests the contribution of micronutrients in the spread as well as the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Both the presence of micronutrient deficiencies among infected subjects and the effect of micronutrient supplementation on the immune responses and overall outcome of the disease could be of great interest to weigh the use of micronutrients in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. These investigations could be of great value in dealing with future viral epidemics. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900720303300?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111047 id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2 author: Grant, William B. title: Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths date: 2020-04-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D(3) for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D(3) doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32252338/ doi: 10.3390/nu12040988 id: cord-337849-tyabf12r author: Greiller, Claire L. title: Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D date: 2015-05-29 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking. Scope: In this article, we review the literature reporting results of in vitro experiments investigating immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D metabolites in human respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Future research: More studies are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D metabolites on respiratory virus-induced expression of cell surface markers mediating viral entry and bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240 doi: 10.3390/nu7064240 id: cord-032544-2yrqjw1o author: Haroon, Sabrina-Wong-Peixin title: Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial date: 2020-09-04 words: 5232.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt summary: title: Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial DISCUSSION: Evidence of successful regression or retardation of vascular calcification will support the conduct of larger and longer-term trials aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in this high-risk population using a safe and inexpensive strategy TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02870829. [27] A recent randomized trial reporting 1-year outcome of vitamin K2 supplementation in hemodialysis patients found no effect on aortic calcification despite reduction in dp-ucMGP. The proposed "Treatment to Reduce Vascular Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients Using Vitamin K" (Trevasc-HDK) study is therefore timely. Our trial is important even if the study is negative as we will have more insight into the baseline level and role of vitamin Kin Asian patients as well as provide us with the magnitude and progression of calcification in our multiethnic HD population. The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: a 1-year follow-up randomized trial abstract: INTRODUCTION: End stage renal failure patients on hemodialysis have significant vascular calcification This is postulated to be related to sub-clinical vitamin K deficiency, which is prevalent in hemodialysis patients. Vitamin K deficiency result in the failure of the matrix GLA protein (MGP) to undergo carboxylation. MGP is a natural local inhibitor of vascular calcification and the lack of functional carboxylated MGP may contribute to increase vascular calcification. Vitamin K supplement should therefore correct this anomaly and decrease the rate or severity of vascular calcification in this population of patients on long-term maintenance hemodialysis. Our study seeks to evaluate the prevalence and the progression of vascular calcification in a cohort of maintenance hemodialysis patients. It will also evaluate the efficacy of vitamin K supplementation in reducing the progression of vascular calcification in this group of patients. METHODS: This will be a single-center randomized, prospective and open-label interventional clinical trial of end stage renal failure patients on hemodialysis. We aim to recruit 200 patients. Eligible patients will be randomized to either the standard care arm or active treatment arm. Active treatment arm patients will receive standard care plus supplementation with oral vitamin K2 isoform 360 mcg 3 times weekly for a total duration of 18 months. Primary outcome measured will be absolute difference in coronary artery calcification score at 18-month between control and intervention arms. Secondary outcomes will be to compare absolute difference in aortic valve calcification, percentage of patients with regression of coronary artery calcification of at least 10%, absolute difference in aortic and systemic arterial stiffness, mortality from any cause and major adverse cardiovascular over the same period. DISCUSSION: Evidence of successful regression or retardation of vascular calcification will support the conduct of larger and longer-term trials aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in this high-risk population using a safe and inexpensive strategy TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02870829. Registered on 17 August 2016 – Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02870829 National University Hospital's Institutional Review Board (2015/01000) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478798/ doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000021906 id: cord-004297-rm0zbgfm author: Hemilä, Harri title: Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis date: 2020-02-07 words: 5040.0 sentences: 295.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt summary: Because of the high dropout rate (42%), we did not include this trial in our calculations, but we overlay the findings in Fig. 4 iv intravenous, po per oral, RoM ratio of means [22] : e.g., for the Bjordahl trial [11] , RoM = 0.86, based on 28.8/33.6, and RoM = 0.86 indicates that ventilation time in the vitamin C group was 14% shorter than in the placebo group (RoM) [22] . In a meta-regression analysis, we found that the heterogeneity between the trials was explained by the length of mechanical ventilation in the untreated control group (Fig. 4) . Thus, the statistically significant benefit observed in each of these three trials might be explained by the long ventilation time in the control groups, indicating greater severity of illness in the patients, rather than by the addition of vitamin E to the intervention. Although our meta-regression analysis by the ventilation time in the control group explains the heterogeneity in the published trials, it seems evident that other variables influence the effects of vitamin C. abstract: BACKGROUND: Our recent meta-analysis indicated that vitamin C may shorten the length of ICU stay and the duration of mechanical ventilation. Here we analyze modification of the vitamin C effect on ventilation time, by the control group ventilation time (which we used as a proxy for severity of disease in the patients of each trial). METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and reference lists of relevant publications. We included controlled trials in which the administration of vitamin C was the only difference between the study groups. We did not limit our search to randomized trials and did not require placebo control. We included all doses and all durations of vitamin C administration. One author extracted study characteristics and outcomes from the trial reports and entered the data in a spreadsheet. Both authors checked the data entered against the original reports. We used meta-regression to examine whether the vitamin C effect on ventilation time depends on the duration of ventilation in the control group. RESULTS: We identified nine potentially eligible trials, eight of which were included in the meta-analysis. We pooled the results of the eight trials, including 685 patients in total, and found that vitamin C shortened the length of mechanical ventilation on average by 14% (P = 0.00001). However, there was significant heterogeneity in the effect of vitamin C between the trials. Heterogeneity was fully explained by the ventilation time in the untreated control group. Vitamin C was most beneficial for patients with the longest ventilation, corresponding to the most severely ill patients. In five trials including 471 patients requiring ventilation for over 10 h, a dosage of 1–6 g/day of vitamin C shortened ventilation time on average by 25% (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We found strong evidence that vitamin C shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation, but the magnitude of the effect seems to depend on the duration of ventilation in the untreated control group. The level of baseline illness severity should be considered in further research. Different doses should be compared directly in future trials. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7006137/ doi: 10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y id: cord-017428-euzvhtax author: Janssens, Wim title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-02-17 words: 8830.0 sentences: 371.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt summary: A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. Besides the well-known effect of vitamin D de fi ciency on bone loss in adults, accumulating evidence also links a low vitamin D nutritional status to highly prevalent chronic illnesses, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious and cardiovascular diseases [1] [2] [3] . This chapter aims to discuss the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D de fi ciency in COPD, the wellknown effect of vitamin D in the development and treatment of COPD-associated osteoporosis and its potential role in the uncontrolled in fl ammatory cascade and systemic consequences of the disease. The fact that the majority of COPD patients are of older age, have many common risk factors for osteoporosis and are more likely to be de fi cient in vitamin D supports standard supplementation, especially at the more severe stages of disease. abstract: Vitamin D is an important regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. It is also involved in the regulation of different genes and cellular functions, particularly in the context of inflammation, regeneration and immune control. Conversely, vitamin D deficiency which is often found in chronic, infectious and inflammatory diseases is thought to drive or enhance uncontrolled inflammation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways most often because of cigarette smoking. It has been recognized that repetitive airway infections and systemic consequences or co-morbidities also contribute to the progressive nature of COPD. Vitamin D deficiency is known to sneak in from the early stages of COPD, to become highly prevalent at the more severe stages, and may thereby catalyse airway infection, inflammation and systemic consequences. Undoubtedly, vitamin D deficiency enhances bone resorption and osteoporosis in COPD for which appropriate vitamin D supplementation is recommended. However, conflicting evidence has emerged on the extra-calcemic effects of vitamin D in COPD. A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. It confirms that severe vitamin D deficiency is a health hazard but that more clinical and experimental studies are needed to explore how vitamin D deficiency may affect airway biology and systemic effects in the context of smoke-induced lung diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121988/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11 id: cord-262773-mfta0emi author: Jolliffe, D. title: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials date: 2020-07-17 words: 5950.0 sentences: 332.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt summary: title: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. We previously meta-analysed individual participant data from 25 RCTs and showed a protective overall effect that was stronger in those with lower baseline 25(OH)D levels, and in trials where vitamin D was administered daily or weekly rather than in more widely spaced bolus doses. Randomised, double-blind, trials of supplementation with vitamin D 3 , vitamin D 2 or 25(OH)D of any duration, with a placebo or low-dose vitamin D control, were eligible for inclusion if they had been approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if data on incidence of ARI were collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome. abstract: Objectives: To assess the overall effect of vitamin D supplementation on risk of acute respiratory infection (ARI), and to identify factors modifying this effect. Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. Pre-specified sub-group analyses were done to determine whether effects of vitamin D on risk of ARI varied according to baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration or dosing regimen. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Standard RCT Number (ISRCTN) registry from inception to May 2020. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Studies: Double-blind RCTs of supplementation with vitamin D or calcidiol, of any duration, were eligible if they were approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if ARI incidence was collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome. Results: We identified 40 eligible RCTs (total 30,956 participants, aged 0 to 95 years). Data were obtained for 29,841 (96.5%) of 30,909 participants in 39 studies. For the primary comparison of vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo, the intervention reduced risk of ARI overall (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98; P for heterogeneity 0.009). No statistically significant effect of vitamin D was seen for any of the sub-groups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration. However, protective effects were seen for trials in which vitamin D was given using a daily dosing regimen (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.93); at daily dose equivalents of 400-1000 IU (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.89); and for a duration of [≤]12 months (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.94). Vitamin D did not influence the proportion of participants experiencing at least one serious adverse event (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.08). Risk of bias within individual studies was assessed as being low for all but two trials. A funnel plot showed asymmetry, suggesting that small trials showing non-protective effects of vitamin D may have been omitted from the meta-analysis. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation was safe and reduced risk of ARI, despite evidence of significant heterogeneity across trials. The overall effect size may have been over-estimated due to publication bias. Protection was associated with administration of daily doses of 400-1000 IU vitamin D for up to 12 months. The relevance of these findings to COVID-19 is not known and requires investigation. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728 id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8 author: Kabir, Md. Tanvir title: nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date: 2020-07-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: In December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related epidemic was first observed in Wuhan, China. In 2020, owing to the highly infectious and deadly nature of the virus, this widespread novel coronavirus disease 2019 (nCOVID-19) became a worldwide pandemic. Studies have revealed that various environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and air pollution may also affect the transmission pattern of COVID-19. Unfortunately, still, there is no specific drug that has been validated in large-scale studies to treat patients with confirmed nCOVID-19. However, remdesivir, an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), has appeared as an auspicious antiviral drug. Currently, a large-scale study on remdesivir (i.e., 200 mg on first day, then 100 mg once/day) is ongoing to evaluate its clinical efficacy to treat nCOVID-19. Good antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was not observed with the use of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Nonetheless, the combination of umifenovir and LPV/r was found to have better antiviral activity. Furthermore, a combination of hydroxychloroquine (i.e., 200 mg 3 times/day) and azithromycin (i.e., 500 mg on first day, then 250 mg/day from day 2–5) also exhibited good activity. Currently, there are also ongoing studies to evaluate the efficacy of teicoplanin and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in this article, we have analyzed the genetic diversity and molecular pathogenesis of nCOVID-19. We also present possible therapeutic options for nCOVID-19 patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754599/ doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00616 id: cord-269161-6nsvup68 author: Kapoor, Indu title: Vitamins as adjunctive treatment for coronavirus disease! date: 2020-09-29 words: 654.0 sentences: 51.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt summary: We read with great interest the article by Li et al., where authors have reviewed many therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [1] . Though authors have not mentioned, another important supplementary adjunct to treat these critically ill patients in intensive care unit is various vitamins. A large systematic review and meta-analysis including 11,321 patients has also shown that vitamin D supplementation is effective against acute respiratory tract infection [6] . Therefore, these vitamins have shown to protect against the acute viral infections and should be the part of adjunctive therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19 The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00748-7 doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00748-7 id: cord-298542-4du3gar7 author: Karcioglu Batur, Lutfiye title: The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate date: 2020-08-16 words: 1621.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt summary: title: The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there was any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of 10 countries including Turkey. The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there is any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID-19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of ten countries including Turkey. 26 Regarding the genetic susceptibility to a viral infection in vitamin D deficiency, we also observed significant correlations between rs7041 polymorphism and prevalence of COVID-19 and mortality rates per country. Allelic variants of the DBP gene have been studied extensively for their association with vitamin D deficiency 29, 30 and viral infections. abstract: Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has given rise to emerging respiratory infections with pandemic diffusion. The vitamin D binding protein (DBP) with emphasis on its regulation of total and free vitamin D metabolite levels participate in various clinical conditions. The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there was any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of 10 countries including Turkey. Positive significant correlations were found between the prevalence (per million) and mortality rates (per million), and GT genotype (P < .05) while there was a negative significant correlation between prevalence (per million) and mortality rates (per million), and TT genotype at rs7041 locus among all populations (P < .05). However, no significant correlation was found at rs4588 locus. GT genotype was found to confer this susceptibility to the populations of Germany, Mexico, Italy, Czech, and Turkey. The variations in the prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates among countries may be explained by Vitamin D metabolism differed by the DBP polymorphisms of rs7041 and rs4588. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32770768/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.26409 id: cord-263749-bbhh5xb1 author: Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée title: Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions date: 2020-10-09 words: 4122.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt summary: We divide the reviewed interventions in: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 hours sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod) and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, i.e.). The complete mechanism by which zinc could decrease the number or severity of viral infectious 308 processes in general and of COVID-19 in particular is not exactly understood yet; however, effects have 309 been observed on the binding of the viral agent to the mucosa and on its replication, as well as on the 310 regulation of the inflammatory process;(73) enhanced benefits have been hypothesized when co-311 administered with other medications such as (hydroxy)chloroquine that could function as a ionophore, 312 facilitating the entrance of zinc into the cells.(74) The human body''s ability to store zinc is known to be 313 low; its deficiency compromises the immune system, as has been evidenced occasionally by thymic 314 atrophy, lymphopenia and altered lymphocyte responses. abstract: Introduction In the light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from the first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy. Methods Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions in: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 hours sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod) and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, i.e.). Results For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence. Conclusion Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072240/ doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476 id: cord-320959-sgdqhtns author: Lee, Hanjun title: Vitamin E Acetate as Linactant in the Pathophysiology of EVALI date: 2020-08-12 words: 6709.0 sentences: 305.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt summary: In membrane biophysics, Vitamin E is a linactant and a potent modulator of lateral phase separation that effectively reduces the line tension at the two-dimensional phase boundaries and thereby exponentially increases the surface viscosity of the pulmonary surfactant. Supplementation of pulmonary surfactants which retain moderate level of cholesterol and 10 controlled hypothermia for patients are recommended when the hypothesis that the line-active property of the vitamin derivative drives the pathogenesis of EVALI holds. Currently, there are 5 five established non-antioxidative properties of Vitamin E in the biological system: i) its ability to induce gel-liquid crystalline phase transition, ii) its active deposition in the lipid droplet of macrophages, iii) its modulation of the antidiabetic cascade involving diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) and protein kinase C (PKC), iv) its activation of the xenobiotic-sensing pregnane X receptor (PXR) signaling, and v) its ability to modulate lateral phase separation. abstract: The recent identification of Vitamin E acetate as one of the causal agents for the e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) is a major milestone. In membrane biophysics, Vitamin E is a linactant and a potent modulator of lateral phase separation that effectively reduces the line tension at the two-dimensional phase boundaries and thereby exponentially increases the surface viscosity of the pulmonary surfactant. Disrupted dynamics of respiratory compression-expansion cycling may result in an extensive hypoxemia, leading to an acute respiratory distress entailing the formation of intraalveolar lipid-laden macrophages. Supplementation of pulmonary surfactants which retain moderate level of cholesterol and controlled hypothermia for patients are recommended when the hypothesis that the line-active property of the vitamin derivative drives the pathogenesis of EVALI holds. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0306987720315188 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110182 id: cord-017656-lqrkwlnb author: Lee, Wang Jae title: Common Cold and Flu date: 2019-08-07 words: 3887.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt summary: Inflammatory cells are markedly increased in BAL fluid, providing the immunological evidences that daily supplementation of high-dose vitamin C can prevent influenza infection and that, in extreme case, it can save the life. One is that the common cold comes from an imbalance between the human defense system and the normal viral flora, which normally reside at the initiation part of the respiratory system such as the nasal cavity and nasal or oral pharynx so that they usually do not induce new immunity against the normal floral virus. Unlike the common cold, which is usually not infected by a foreign pathogen but is just a kind of battle between the body defense system and the normal flora of viruses residing in the upper respiratory system, the flu is a disease caused by an influenza virus infection. abstract: Most of the causative agents of the common cold are viruses. The respiratory system consists of an air conduction portion and a respiratory portion. The direct initiating factor of the common cold is low temperature, especially relative coldness. When people feel cold or chilly, vascular constriction around the inlet area of air occurs, resulting in a reduction of mucus secretion containing various antiviral soluble mediators and followed by an explosive increase in the nasal viral flora. A relatively low temperature and dryness are good conditions for viral proliferation and invasion to the body. The first symptom of the common cold is usually a runny nose, followed by a sore throat and/or systemic fever. Acute symptoms of the common cold are usually terminated within 3 days, at the longest 5~7 days. The mortality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has reached around 10%. A novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus caused the occurrence of more than 130,000 patients and dead cases of more than 800 people. H5N1 avian influenza showed an extremely high mortality rate, even though its infectivity is low. A new serotype of AI (H7N9) has appeared in some areas of China. Vitamin C can prevent the onset of a cold. Vitamin C can even prevent influenza virus from spreading down from the upper respiratory tract to the lower one. In addition, levels of interferon (IFN) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid are markedly low in vitamin C-insufficient mice. Inflammatory cells are markedly increased in BAL fluid, providing the immunological evidences that daily supplementation of high-dose vitamin C can prevent influenza infection and that, in extreme case, it can save the life. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122289/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1713-5_5 id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28 author: Linday, Linda A. title: Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States date: 2010-12-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: KEY POINTS: In the United States, children have lower blood levels than adults of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important ω-3 fatty acid that helps decrease inflammation; vitamin A, the “anti-infective” vitamin; and selenium (Se), a trace metal that is an intrinsic part of glutathione peroxidase, an important free-radical scavenging enzyme. EPA, vitamin A, and Se are important in controlling inflammation and can be supplied by oral nutritional supplements. Cod liver oil contains EPA (and other important ω-3 fatty acids), and vitamin A as well as vitamin D. Fish oil contains ω-3 fatty acids (including EPA) but no vitamins. Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children’s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. These supplements can be used by practitioners on an individual basis, when clinically indicated; the supplements can be purchased in the United States without a prescription. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. However, their families may not be able to afford to purchase these supplements, which are not available through Medicaid, The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, or the Food Stamp Program. If our results are confirmed in larger studies, a system change will be needed to provide these supplements to nutritionally vulnerable, socioeconomically disadvantaged children living in the United States. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120316/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21 id: cord-284193-qslc2wry author: Malek Mahdavi, Aida title: A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: Implications for a potential treatment for COVID‐19 date: 2020-06-25 words: 3226.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt summary: It can induce ACE2/Ang‐(1‐7)/MasR axis activity and inhibits renin and the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, thereby increasing expression and concentration of ACE2, MasR and Ang‐(1‐7) and having a potential protective role against acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a part of the reninangiotensin system (RAS), serves as the major entry point into cells for some coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 that cause SARS and COVID-19, respectively. 71, 72 Although it is more likely that any protective effect of vitamin D against COVID-19 is related to suppression of cytokine response and reduced severity/risk for ARDS, there is also evidence from a meta-analysis that regular oral vitamin D2/D3 intake (in doses up to 2000 IU/day) is safe and protective against acute respiratory tract infection, especially in subjects with vitamin D deficiency. abstract: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is rapidly expanding and causing many deaths all over the world with the World Health Organization (WHO) declaring a pandemic in March 2020. Current therapeutic options are limited and there is no registered and/or definite treatment or vaccine for this disease or the causative infection, severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 syndrome (SARS‐CoV‐2). Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a part of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS), serves as the major entry point into cells for SARS‐CoV‐2 which attaches to human ACE2, thereby reducing the expression of ACE2 and causing lung injury and pneumonia. Vitamin D, a fat‐soluble‐vitamin, is a negative endocrine RAS modulator and inhibits renin expression and generation. It can induce ACE2/Ang‐(1‐7)/MasR axis activity and inhibits renin and the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, thereby increasing expression and concentration of ACE2, MasR and Ang‐(1‐7) and having a potential protective role against acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, targeting the unbalanced RAS and ACE2 down‐regulation with vitamin D in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is a potential therapeutic approach to combat COVID‐19 and induced ARDS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32584474/ doi: 10.1002/rmv.2119 id: cord-331191-mq1zwpt7 author: Mandrioli, Mara title: Vitamin D3 in High-Quality Cow Milk: An Italian Case Study date: 2020-05-01 words: 4468.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt summary: The quality-labeling category of high-quality (HQ) milk defined by the Italian legislation must comply with specific requirements concerning rigorous breeder management, hygienic controls, fat and protein content, bacterial load, somatic cells, lactic acid content, and non-denatured soluble serum proteins. Since the concentration of cholecalciferol in milk is important to assess the daily intake in humans, the present study aimed at evaluating the content of vitamin D3 in raw milk and pasteurized HQ whole milk obtained according to the Italian Ministerial Decree 185/1991 [11] . All FARM and PHQ samples were subjected to fat cold extraction according to the procedure described in Section 2.4, as well as to the determination and quantification of the vitamin D3 content by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array (HPLC/UV-DAD) detector and HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS). abstract: The quality-labeling category of high-quality (HQ) milk defined by the Italian legislation must comply with specific requirements concerning rigorous breeder management, hygienic controls, fat and protein content, bacterial load, somatic cells, lactic acid content, and non-denatured soluble serum proteins. However, there is no specification for the vitamin D content of HQ milk. Moreover, the data on the vitamin D content of this milk category are very scarce. In the present study, the content of vitamin D3 was evaluated in HQ raw and pasteurized cow milk obtained from Italian cowsheds and supermarkets. The vitamin D3 content varied from not detected (less than 1 µg L(−1)) to 17.0 ± 2.0 µg L(−1) milk and was not related to the milk fat content. These results represent a case study including a significant although not exhaustive part of the contemporary Italian market of HQ milk. It was shown for the first time that HQ raw milk does not necessarily contain more vitamin D3, even though non-expert consumers likely to buy milk labeled as HQ could expect it. The vitamin D3 content in HQ pasteurized whole milk should be reported on the label of the milk package as a best practice of consumer information policy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32369934/ doi: 10.3390/foods9050548 id: cord-317758-oym8s4af author: Manson, JoAnn E. title: Commentary. Eliminating Vitamin D Deficiency During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action date: 2020-07-23 words: 1298.0 sentences: 69.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt summary: 5 Ecologic studies show lower COVID-19 mortality in countries or regions with greater solar ultraviolet-B radiation (associated with increased cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D) or populations with higher mean 25(OH)D levels. 6 For example, among 212 COVID-19 patients at three South Asian hospitals, the risk of severe as opposed to mild illness was approximately eight times higher in those who were vitamin D deficient than in those who were vitamin D sufficient. In this period of heightened "vitamin D awareness," clinicians and public health authorities in countries that lack food fortification policies should advocate for a timely implementation of such policies to reduce vitamin D deficiency. Although additional research on its contribution to attenuating COVID-19 risk and severity is in progress, eliminating vitamin D deficiency will improve public health during the current pandemic and after the threat subsides. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32712223/ doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154322 id: cord-254646-psolkrom author: Matsui, Mary S. title: Vitamin D Update date: 2020-10-14 words: 5106.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt summary: This review will briefly summarize fundamental, well-established aspects of vitamin D and human health and then will also discuss (a) some of the most recent work related to vitamin D and non-skeletal-associated health issues; (b) the complexity of establishing meaningful vitamin D measurement metrics and assessing vitamin D status; c)decisionmaking for obtaining vitamin D through diet, supplements, or sun exposure; (d) the impact of skin type, pigmentation, and sunscreen on vitamin D levels; and (e) evidence for a potential influence of vitamin D on the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19 through modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine response and respiratory response to the virus. To some extent, this is because relevant factors vary: vitamin D food fortification regulations, the strength of ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR), levels of smog, culture and ethnicity, skin phototype, chronological age, and ease and accuracy of specific clinical laboratory measurements. abstract: PURPOSE: The goal of this review is to provide an update in the field of vitamin D, in particular, the role of vitamin D in non-skeletal health, the complexity of providing patient guidance regarding obtaining sufficient vitamin D, and the possible involvement of vitamin D in morbidity and mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to bone health, vitamin D may play a role in innate immunity, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. Although rickets is often regarded as an historical disease of the early twentieth century, it appears to be making a comeback worldwide, including “first-world” countries. Broad-spectrum sunscreens (with high UVA filters) that prevent erythema are unlikely to compromise vitamin D status in healthy populations. SUMMARY: New attention is now focused on the role of vitamin D in a variety of diseases, and more individualized patient recommendation schemes are being considered that take into account more realistic and achievable goals for achieving sufficient vitamin D through diet, supplements, and sun behavior. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-020-00315-0 doi: 10.1007/s13671-020-00315-0 id: cord-010443-4jblod8j author: Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto title: General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections date: 2020-04-22 words: 18827.0 sentences: 815.0 pages: flesch: 23.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt summary: In critical illness, NF-κB-driven systemic inflammation, also known as a "cytokine storm" (14) , activates a multi-system response that includes at least three major domains: (i) the stress system composed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus caeruleus-norepinephrine/sympathetic nervous system activated to provide sufficient energy and hemodynamic stability to overcome the initial phase of critical illness (15) ; (ii) the acute-phase reaction (APR), which has several adaptive functions, including increasing the production of procoagulant factors in preparation for possible tissue damage (16) ; and (iii) the tissue defense response (TDR) of the target organs [ Figure 1 ; (11, 17) ]. In patients with septic shock (170, 171) or ARDS (172, 173) , prolonged glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone) treatment resulted in the following: (i) increased plasma activated protein C levels (173); (ii) reduction in markers of endothelial injury such as sICAM-1 (35); (iii) rapid and consistent improvement in capillary perfusion, independently of the cortisol response to ACTH (170) ; and (iv) improvement in alveolar-capillary (172) and renal (171) endothelial permeability. abstract: In critical illness, homeostatic corrections representing the culmination of hundreds of millions of years of evolution, are modulated by the activated glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα) and are associated with an enormous bioenergetic and metabolic cost. Appreciation of how homeostatic corrections work and how they evolved provides a conceptual framework to understand the complex pathobiology of critical illness. Emerging literature place the activated GRα at the center of all phases of disease development and resolution, including activation and re-enforcement of innate immunity, downregulation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, and restoration of anatomy and function. By the time critically ill patients necessitate vital organ support for survival, they have reached near exhaustion or exhaustion of neuroendocrine homeostatic compensation, cell bio-energetic and adaptation functions, and reserves of vital micronutrients. We review how critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction/damage, and hypovitaminosis collectively interact to accelerate an anti-homeostatic active process of natural selection. Importantly, the allostatic overload imposed by these homeostatic corrections impacts negatively on both acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Since the bioenergetic and metabolic reserves to support homeostatic corrections are time-limited, early interventions should be directed at increasing GRα and mitochondria number and function. Present understanding of the activated GC-GRα's role in immunomodulation and disease resolution should be taken into account when re-evaluating how to administer glucocorticoid treatment and co-interventions to improve cellular responsiveness. The activated GRα interdependence with functional mitochondria and three vitamin reserves (B1, C, and D) provides a rationale for co-interventions that include prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in association with rapid correction of hypovitaminosis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189617/ doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00161 id: cord-265340-hc9003dj author: Merzon, Eugene title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study date: 2020-07-23 words: 3117.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt summary: title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study We hypothesized that the mean plasma level of 25(OH)D would be significantly lower and, accordingly, the rate of suboptimal plasma 25(OH)D would be significantly higher, among persons testing positive for COVID-19 infection, and among persons subsequently hospitalized, in a large population-based data study. The main finding of this study was the low plasma 25(OH)D level association with COVID-19 hospitalization risks, for patients tested positively for COVID-19, after adjusting for age, gender, SES and chronic, mental and physical disorders. To conclude, our study found that suboptimal plasma vitamin D levels may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection, particularly, for the high hospitalization risks, independent of demographic characteristics and medical conditions. abstract: AIM: To evaluate associations of plasma 25(OH)D status with the likelihood of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) infection and hospitalization. METHODS: The study population included the 14,000 members of Leumit Health Services who were tested for COVID‐19 infection from February 1(st) to April 30(th) 2020, and who had at least one previous blood test for plasma 25(OH)D level. "Suboptimal" or "low" plasma 25(OH)D level was defined as plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D, concentration below the level of 30 ng/mL. RESULTS: Of 7,807 individuals, 782 (10.1%) were COVID‐19‐positive, and 7,025 (89.9%) COVID‐19‐negative. The mean plasma vitamin D level was significantly lower among those who tested positive than negative for COVID‐19 [19.00 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.41‐19.59) vs. 20.55 (95% CI 20.32‐20.78)]. Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between low plasma 25(OH)D level and increased likelihood of COVID‐19 infection [crude odds ratio (OR) of 1.58 (95% CI 1.24‐2.01, p<0.001)], and of hospitalization due to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus [crude OR of 2.09 (95% CI 1.01‐ 4.30, p<0.05)]. In multivariate analyses that controlled for demographic variables, and psychiatric and somatic disorders, the adjusted OR of COVID‐19 infection [1.45 (95% CI 1.08‐1.95, p<0.001)], and of hospitalization due to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus [1.95 (95% CI 0.98‐4.845, p=0.061)] were preserved. In the multivariate analyses, age over 50 years, male gender and low‐medium socioeconomic status were also positively associated with the risk of COVID‐19 infection; age over 50 years was positively associated with the likelihood of hospitalization due to COVID‐19. CONCLUSION: Low plasma 25(OH)D level appears to be an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 infection and hospitalization. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15495 doi: 10.1111/febs.15495 id: cord-291340-8gj0ofmp author: Misra, Anoop title: Balanced Nutrition is Needed in Times of COVID19 Epidemic in India: A Call for Action for all Nutritionists and Physicians date: 2020-08-27 words: 2147.0 sentences: 123.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt summary: In a Cochrane review [26] , and other studies [27] probiotics were shown to decrease upper respiratory infections through their effect on the gut lung axis [28] Role of several other nutrients and food constituents like Vitamins(E, B) Carotenoids, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mg, Cu, Se), and polyphenols in immunity have been suggested because of their effects on inflammatory cascade, antioxidant activities and effects on nitrous oxide signalling pathways [25] (Table 1) . Controlled trials also show reduced complications when serum albumin level is adequate [44] .In a recent scoping review(four studies in patients with ventilator-related pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the other 4 in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia), intravenous ascorbic acid, intramuscular cholecalciferol, enteral and intramuscular vitamin E, enteral zinc sulphate, and oral and parenteral glutamine were given as interventions. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.030 doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.030 id: cord-255233-rvgj6pvk author: Munday, Molly-Rose title: A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients date: 2020-07-28 words: 3895.0 sentences: 238.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt summary: Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. Vitamin C deficiency is more common in smokers, the elderly and people of lower socio-economic status, potentially putting those groups at increased risk of periodontal diseases [24, 25] . Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. This study reports that a significant proportion of patients attending the Periodontics Clinic at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health have vitamin C deficiency. abstract: Background: Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss worldwide. Current periodontal treatment is limited by its dependency on patients learning and maintaining good dental habits, and repeated visits to oral health physicians. Vitamin C’s role in collagen synthesis and immune function makes it important in wound healing and possibly periodontal healing. Therefore, if some patients are deficient, this may worsen patient outcomes. Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Adults were eligible if they gave informed consent and had current periodontal disease. Study involvement consisted of periodontal assessment and care followed by an interview and measurement of serum vitamin C and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: A total of 6 out of 20 patients had vitamin C levels less than the institutional normal range, of whom 2 had levels <11.4 μmol/L and one <28 μmol/L. Low vitamin C was associated with higher periodontal disease stage (p = 0.03). Elevated CRP was found in 2/3 of people with low vitamin C and CRP was negatively correlated with vitamin C (p < 0.01). Vitamin C did not correlate with patient-reported fruit or vegetable consumption, but high processed meat intake was associated with lower vitamin C. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. This warrants further studies to assess vitamin C and whether supplementation improves periodontal outcomes, particularly in deficient subjects. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32731485/ doi: 10.3390/nu12082255 id: cord-329997-jhejhz6d author: Muscogiuri, Giovanna title: Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine date: 2020-04-14 words: 1268.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt summary: CoVID-19 has now been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, and people in all countries are under quarantine in order to reduce the spread of the virus, which then also lessens the impact on medical resources. Further, beyond sleep-inducing properties, milk products such as yogurt could also augmented natural killer cell activity and reduce the risk of respiratory infections [6] During quarantine the increased intake of macronutrients could also be accompanied by micronutrients deficiency as occurs in obesity [7] , which is commonly associated with impaired immune responses, particularly cell-mediated immunity, phagocyte function, cytokine production, secretory antibody response, antibody affinity, and the complement system, thus making more susceptible to viral infections [8] . In addition, quarantine could be associated to a less time spent outdoor, less sun-exposure, and reduced production of vitamin D as a result of lower levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32286533/ doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2 id: cord-324288-qgxswltx author: Padhi, Sunali title: Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: an observational study date: 2020-09-14 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: BACKGROUND: The role of vitamin D in the susceptibility and severity of various viral diseases has been well documented. Recently, some reports highlighted the possible importance of vitamin D in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although India receives adequate sunlight throughout the year, the majority of Indians are deficient in vitamin D levels. In the present study, we hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency would be associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and mortality in the Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality data were obtained from the Government of India's official website (accessed on 16(th) August 2020). Various literature databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to find the mean of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in different states and union territories of India, Pearson correlation was carried out to investigate the possible link between mean 25(OH)D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality per million of the population. RESULTS: An inverse correlation was observed between the mean level of 25(OH)D and SARS-CoV-2 infection rate (r= -0.43, p= 0.02) and mortality rate (r= -0.42, p= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present observational study revealed an association of vitamin D with SARS-CoV-2 infection and related mortality. Further studies are required to validate our observations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33182040/ doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001 id: cord-352744-dd2rbsla author: Pagano, Maria Teresa title: Vitamin D and Sex Differences in COVID-19 date: 2020-09-30 words: 1507.0 sentences: 68.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt summary: In particular, it plays a key role in the control of the cytokine storm, i.e., the sudden acute increase in circulating levels of different pro-inflammatory cytokines, induced in several inflammatory conditions and also in COVID-19 (7) . ACE2 plays a protective role in acute respiratory distress syndrome and higher levels of ACE2 seem to be associated with better outcomes for lung diseases and, in particular, for COVID-19 (11) (12) (13) . To note, epidemiological data indicate that COVID-19 has a significantly higher lethality in men than in women (ratios up to 3:1), suggesting the presence of sex-dependent biological factors underlying these differences in disease outcome (16, 17) . Interestingly, sex differences have been observed in the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Vitamin D3 in some autoimmune diseases. In particular, it is tempting to hypothesize that the synergy between Vitamin D3 and estrogen could affect the sex differences in the outcome of patients with COVID-19. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.567824 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.567824 id: cord-348567-rvwxysvc author: Panfili, F. M. title: Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date: 2020-06-15 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: PURPOSE: Covid-19 is a pandemic of unprecedented proportion, whose understanding and management is still under way. In the emergency setting new or available therapies to contrast the spread of COVID-19 are urgently needed. Elderly males, especially those affected by previous diseases or with comorbidities, are more prone to develop interstitial pneumonia that can deteriorate evolving to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) that require hospitalization in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Even children and young patients are not spared by SARS-CoV 2 infection, yet they seem to develop a milder form of disease. In this setting the immunomodulatory role of Vitamin D, should be further investigated. Methods: We reviewed the literature about the immunomodulatory role of Vitamin D collecting data from the databases Medline and Embase. RESULTS: Vitamin D proved to interact both with the innate immune system, by activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or increasing the levels of cathelicidins and β-defensins, and adaptive immune system, by reducing immunoglobulin secretion by plasma cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, thus modulating T cells function. Promising results have been extensively described as regards the supplementation of vitamin D in respiratory tract infections, autoimmune diseases and even pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we suggest that vitamin D supplementation might play a role in the prevention and/or treatment to SARS-CoV-2 infection disease, by modulating the immune response to the virus both in the adult and pediatric population. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 id: cord-271968-92p8dmha author: Polzonetti, Valeria title: Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis date: 2020-06-10 words: 6993.0 sentences: 341.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt summary: The higher protein content in bovine milk can also negatively affect the calcium balance; the final result is that the high consumption of dairy products, together with other dietary sources of phosphorus, can increase the risk of osteoporosis [32] . Even if donkey milk represents a niche product, its use is recommended for consumers at risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as children and/or elderly; in these patients, donkey milk could help prevent lack of vitamin D [58] . The results obtained in this clinical trial demonstrated that fortified soft plain cheese consumed by elderly women with vitamin D deficiency can reduce bone resorption, positively affecting Ca and protein metabolism, analyzing the decrease in PTH and increase in IGF-I, respectively [69] . Vitamin D fortification of basic foods such as dairy and flour products can increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations, reducing the risk of osteoporosis. abstract: Background: Vitamin D and calcium are important dietary compounds that affect bone mass, even if other minerals (potassium, zinc, etc.) and vitamins (A, C and K) are also involved. Vitamin D and certain minerals, in fact, play an important role in calcium homeostasis and calcium absorption. Hip fracture incidence is higher in Europe and the United States, where calcium is frequently included in the human diet; while the occurrence of these fractures is lower in developing countries, where diets are often poor in calcium. This condition is named the “calcium paradox”, and may be partially explained by phosphate toxicity, which can negatively affect mineral metabolism. It is important to maintain correct dietary calcium-phosphate balance in order to have a healthy life, reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures in older people. Vitamin D can also act as a hormone; vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived from the UV-B radiation of ergosterol, the natural vitamin D precursor detected in plants, fungi, and invertebrates. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is synthesized by sunlight exposure from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol that can also act as provitamin D3. Dietary intake of vitamin D3 is essential when the skin is exposed for short periods to ultraviolet B light (UV-B), a category of invisible light rays such as UV-A and UV-C. This can be considered the usual situation in northern latitudes during the winter season, or the typical lifestyle for older people and/or for people with very white delicate skin. The actual recommended daily intake of dietary vitamin D is strictly correlated with age, ranging from 5 μg for infants, children, teenagers, and adults—including pregnant and lactating women—to 15 μg for people over 65 years. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32532150/ doi: 10.3390/nu12061743 id: cord-343122-lppdauei author: Ribeiro, Helena title: Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil? date: 2020-05-22 words: 2481.0 sentences: 134.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt summary: The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our arguments respond to an article, published in Italy, that describes the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older Italian women and raises the possible preventive and therapeutic role of optimal vitamin D levels. (Isaia and Medico, 2020, p.1) a Reference studies show the role of optimal vitamin D levels in the prevention and control of severe respiratory infections. 12 hypothesize that supplementation with vitamin D, to increase concentrations in the general population, above 38 ng/ml, would result in significant health benefit, by reducing the burden of viral infections of the respiratory tract in healthy adults living in temperate climates. Adequate vitamin D status may play a role in prevention and management of respiratory tract infections, which might include the Covid-19 pandemic, especially among the older population and health professionals worldwide. abstract: The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our arguments respond to an article, published in Italy, that describes the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older Italian women and raises the possible preventive and therapeutic role of optimal vitamin D levels. Based on literature review, we highlight the findings regarding the protective role of vitamin D for infectious diseases of the respiratory system. However, randomized controlled trials are currently lacking. Adequate vitamin D status is obtained from sun exposure and foods rich in vitamin D. Studies in Brazil have shown that hypovitaminosis D is quite common in spite of high insolation. Authors recommend ecological, epidemiological and randomized controlled trials studies to verify this hypothesis. url: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002545 doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002545 id: cord-300192-fgueg4mo author: Richardson, David P. title: Nutritional status of micronutrients as a possible and modifiable risk factor for COVID-19: a UK perspective date: 2020-08-20 words: 5743.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt summary: Recent scientific evidence has indicated that the elderly have increased risk of COVID-19 infections, with over 70s and 80s being hardest hit – especially residents of care homes and in clinical settings, ethnic minorities, people who work indoors and those who are overweight and obese. Many of the risk factors identified so far that are related to viral infections and deaths from COVID-19 have underlying associations with nutritional status and specific essential nutrients that are known to contribute to the normal functions of the immune system. Furthermore, consumption of excessive quantities of some micronutrients can have adverse metabolic and health effects, and total intakes of each nutrient from all food and food supplement sources must take into account the tolerable upper safe level set by expert scientific committees such as European Food Safety Authority (78) , the Food and Nutrition Board/Institute of Medicine in the USA (31, 47, 79) and the UK Expert Vitamin and Mineral Group (80) . abstract: Recent scientific evidence has indicated that the elderly have increased risk of COVID-19 infections, with over 70s and 80s being hardest hit – especially residents of care homes and in clinical settings, ethnic minorities, people who work indoors and those who are overweight and obese. Other potential risk factors include lack of exposure to sunlight, darker skin pigmentation, co-morbidities, poor diet, certain medications, disadvantaged social and economic status, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol. A key question is to understand how and why certain groups of people are more susceptible to COVID-19, whether they have weakened immune systems and what the roles of good nutrition and specific micronutrients are in supporting immune functions. A varied and balanced diet with an abundance of fruits and vegetables and the essential nutrients like vitamin D, vitamin A, B vitamins (folate, vitamin B(6) and vitamin B(12)), vitamin C and the minerals, Fe, Cu, Se and Zn are all known to contribute to the normal functions of the immune system. Avoidance of deficiencies and identification of suboptimal intakes of these micronutrients in targeted groups of patients and in distinct and highly sensitive populations could help to strengthen the resilience of people to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to highlight evidence-based public health messages, to prevent false and misleading claims about the benefits of foods and food supplements and to communicate clearly that the extent of knowledge between micronutrients and COVID-19 infection is still being explored and that no diet will prevent or cure COVID-19 infection. Frequent handwashing and social distancing will be critical to reduce transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s000711452000330x doi: 10.1017/s000711452000330x id: cord-335024-0klf75qr author: Saponaro, Federica title: An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism date: 2020-09-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vitamin D is a steroid hormone classically involved in the calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Recently, new and interesting aspects of vitamin D metabolism has been elucidated, namely the special role of the skin, the metabolic control of liver hydroxylase CYP2R1, the specificity of 1α-hydroxylase in different tissues and cell types and the genomic, non-genomic and epigenomic effects of vitamin D receptor, which will be addressed in the present review. Moreover, in the last decades, several extraskeletal effects which can be attributed to vitamin D have been shown. These beneficial effects will be here summarized, focusing on the immune system and cardiovascular system. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186573 doi: 10.3390/ijms21186573 id: cord-321401-w4ne60fn author: Schrumpf, Jasmijn A. title: Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases date: 2020-07-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vitamin D plays an active role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses as well as in the protection against respiratory pathogens. Evidence for this immunomodulatory and protective role is derived from observational studies showing an association between vitamin D deficiency, chronic airway diseases and respiratory infections, and is supported by a range of experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. Furthermore, recent intervention studies have now shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces exacerbation rates in vitamin D-deficient patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and decreases the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D), is known to contribute to the integrity of the mucosal barrier, promote killing of pathogens (via the induction of antimicrobial peptides), and to modulate inflammation and immune responses. These mechanisms may partly explain its protective role against infections and exacerbations in COPD and asthma patients. The respiratory mucosa is an important site of local 1,25(OH)(2)D synthesis, degradation and signaling, a process that can be affected by exposure to inflammatory mediators. As a consequence, mucosal inflammation and other disease-associated factors, as observed in e.g., COPD and asthma, may modulate the protective actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D. Here, we discuss the potential consequences of various disease-associated processes such as inflammation and exposure to pathogens and inhaled toxicants on vitamin D metabolism and local responses to 1,25(OH)(2)D in both immune- and epithelial cells. We furthermore discuss potential consequences of disturbed local levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)(2)D for chronic lung diseases. Additional insight into the relationship between disease-associated mechanisms and local effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D is expected to contribute to the design of future strategies aimed at improving local levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D and signaling in chronic inflammatory lung diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754156/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01433 id: cord-324246-liyk6mna author: Shakoor, Hira title: Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19 date: 2020-08-15 words: 2240.0 sentences: 132.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt summary: Vitamin B assists in proper activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, improves respiratory function, maintains endothelial integrity, prevents hypercoagulability and can reduce the length of stay in hospital [7, 8] . In a recent preprint it is suggested that PLP supplementation mitigates COVID-19 symptoms by regulating immune responses, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, maintaining endothelial integrity and preventing hypercoagulability [22] . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, vitamin B modulates immune response by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation, reducing breathing difficulty and gastrointestinal problems, preventing hypercoagulability, potentially improving outcomes and reducing the length of stay in the hospital for COVID-19 patients. abstract: nan url: http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378512220303480/pdf doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007 id: cord-013342-vx3eor43 author: Silwal, Prashanta title: Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics date: 2020-08-27 words: 7651.0 sentences: 435.0 pages: flesch: 27.0 cache: ./cache/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt summary: NRs, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been shown to play critical functions in the regulation of autophagy-mediated host defensive immune responses during infection. HepG2, Huh7 cells ↑ Lipid metabolism Upregulation of C19orf80 expression, which is involved in lipid metabolism through breakdown of lipid droplets [208] Mice model of hepatocarcinogenesis, HepG2 cells ↑ Inhibition of hepatic DNA damage, inflammation, and carcinogenesis Induction of hepatic PINK1 expression, which ubiquitinates HBx protein to trigger mitophagy [209] CEBPB, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TFE3, transcription factor E3; LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; IL, interleukin; LKB1, liver kinase B1; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; DRAM2, DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator; PML, promyelocytic leukemia; ATRA, all-trans-retinoic acid; HPAIV, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium cells; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HBV, hepatitis B virus; DDA, dendrogenin A; Nur77, nerve growth factor IB; Nor1, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1; T3, triiodothyronine; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1. abstract: Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is tightly controlled at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of gene sets involved in, for example, metabolic and immune homeostasis. Several NRs show promise as host-directed anti-infectives through the modulation of autophagy activities by their natural ligands or small molecules (agonists/antagonists). Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of NRs (vitamin D receptors, estrogen receptors, estrogen-related receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) in linking immunity and autophagy during infection. We also discuss the potential of emerging NRs (REV-ERBs, retinoic acid receptors, retinoic acid-related orphan receptors, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptors, and thyroid hormone receptors) as candidate antimicrobials. The identification of novel roles and mechanisms for NRs will enable the development of autophagy-adjunctive therapeutics for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7563212/ doi: 10.3390/cells9091979 id: cord-345120-fa5sx5zm author: Simonson, William title: Vitamin C and Coronavirus date: 2020-05-08 words: 1852.0 sentences: 100.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt summary: It would be wonderful if one or more of these agents is able to block the virus to prevent infection or treat sick patients but one course of therapy from some of these biologicals may have a price tag of many thousands of dollars. A recent scientific article published in 2019 before the detection of the novel coronavirus presents a metaanalysis of 18 controlled clinical trials with a total of more than 2000 patients looking at the effect of vitamin C on length of stay in the hospital intensive care unit and the duration of mechanical ventilation. Study results included the following: In 12 of the trials reviewed, length of ICU stay was reduced by 7.8% in patients receiving vitamin C. 8 Study design calls for intravenous administration of either 12 Gm. of vitamin C or placebo to patients with severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 infection twice a day for 7 days. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0197457220301427 doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.002 id: cord-317265-n6x0r58i author: Singh, Varsha title: Can Vitamins, as Epigenetic Modifiers, Enhance Immunity in COVID-19 Patients with Non-communicable Disease? date: 2020-07-13 words: 3931.0 sentences: 206.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt summary: The purpose of this review is to provide evidence to consider vitamins as epigenetic modifiers to enhance immunity and reduce inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients with non-communicable diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence has suggested the risk of getting infected is high among individuals with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and renal disease, as well as the elderly with high mortality rate among the cohort. SUMMARY: Based on current published scientific and medical evidence, the suggestions made in this article for combination of vitamin therapy as epigenetic modifiers to control the unregulated inflammatory and cytokine marker expressions, further needs to be clinically proven. The clinical link between active inflammatory pathways in ARDS and the vitamin deficiency clearly indicates why COVID-19 causes high mortality in patients with chronic lung diseases. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The highly infectious transmissible disease, the novel SARS-CoV-2, causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has a median incubation time of 5 to 15 days. The symptoms vary from person to person and many are “hidden carriers.” Few people experience immediate reaction and even death within 48 h of infection. However, many show mild to chronic symptoms and recover. Nevertheless, the death rate due to COVID-19 transmission is high especially among patients with non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence to consider vitamins as epigenetic modifiers to enhance immunity and reduce inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients with non-communicable diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence has suggested the risk of getting infected is high among individuals with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and renal disease, as well as the elderly with high mortality rate among the cohort. The impact is due to an already compromised immune system of patients. Every patient has a different response to COVID-19, which shows that the ability to combat the deadly virus varies individually. Thus, treatment can be personalized and adjusted to help protect and combat COVID-19 infections, especially in individuals with non-communicable diseases. SUMMARY: Based on current published scientific and medical evidence, the suggestions made in this article for combination of vitamin therapy as epigenetic modifiers to control the unregulated inflammatory and cytokine marker expressions, further needs to be clinically proven. Future research and clinical trials can apply the suggestions given in this article to support metabolic activities in patients and enhance the immune response. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-020-00330-4 doi: 10.1007/s13668-020-00330-4 id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 words: 22266.0 sentences: 1187.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt summary: Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. abstract: Lung disease rivals the position for the top cause of death worldwide. Causes and pathology of the myriad lung diseases are varied, yet nutrition can either affect the outcome or support treatment in the majority of cases. This chapter explores the modifiable risk factors, from lifestyle changes to dietary intake to specific nutrients, anti-nutrients, and toxins helpful for the nutritionist or dietitian working with lung disease patients. General lung health is discussed, and three major disease states are explored in detail, including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although all lung diseases have diverse causes, many integrative and functional medical nutrition therapies are available and are not being utilized in practice today. This chapter begins the path toward better nutrition education for the integrative and functional medicine professional. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120155/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id: cord-339166-f7tw90tm author: Tecilazich, Francesco title: Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects date: 2020-10-07 words: 6983.0 sentences: 308.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt summary: Since hypovitaminosis D is very frequent in patients with diabetes and vitamin D (VD) has vascular protective properties, several studies have addressed the association of VD deficiency with DR and its severity and progression, whereas the effects of VD supplementation on its natural history are largely unknown. Moreover, several studies have addressed, without reaching to date an univocal conclusion, the prevalence and role of hypovitaminosis D in diabetes, as well as the impact of VD supplementation on the natural history of diabetes, blood Fig. 1 Metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of VD, main external sources of VD and the potential mechanisms underlying widespread hypovitaminosis D (defined according to Sempos et al., 2018 [2] glucose control, and prevalence and severity of its macro and microvascular complications [6, 12] . Noteworthy, a sub-analysis of the Field Study, a placebo-controlled trial on nearly 10,000 T2DM patients, showed that subjects with hypovitaminosis D had a higher cumulative incidence of microvascular events; in fact, a 50 nmol/L difference in VD levels was associated with a 18% (p = 0.007) increase in risk of microvascular complications [83] . abstract: Epidemiological data predict a dramatic increase in the prevalence of diabetes and of diabetic retinopathy (DR) – the most common complication of diabetes-for which however we do not have so far effective tools for prevention and treatment. Since hypovitaminosis D is very frequent in patients with diabetes and vitamin D (VD) has vascular protective properties, several studies have addressed the association of VD deficiency with DR and its severity and progression, whereas the effects of VD supplementation on its natural history are largely unknown. Here we review the available evidence that supports the possible protective role of VD in DR and suggests to determine the VD levels in DR patients calling for a definitive randomized clinical trial to ascertain whether VD supplementation could protect against DR. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33026598/ doi: 10.1007/s11154-020-09575-4 id: cord-290592-c9bsielo author: Wang, Rui title: The vitamin D for COVID-19 (VIVID) trial: A pragmatic cluster-randomized design date: 2020-10-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Objectives To determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on disease progression and post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 infection. We hypothesize that high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation will reduce risk of hospitalization/death among those with recently diagnosed COVID-19 infection and will reduce risk of COVID-19 infection among their close household contacts. Methods We report the rationale and design of a planned pragmatic, cluster randomized, double-blinded trial (N = 2700 in total nationwide), with 1500 newly diagnosed individuals with COVID-19 infection, together with up to one close household contact each (~1200 contacts), randomized to either vitamin D3 (loading dose, then 3200 IU/day) or placebo in a 1:1 ratio and a household cluster design. The study duration is 4 weeks. The primary outcome for newly diagnosed individuals is the occurrence of hospitalization and/or mortality. Key secondary outcomes include symptom severity scores among cases and changes in the infection (seroconversion) status for their close household contacts. Changes in vitamin D 25(OH)D levels will be assessed and their relation to study outcomes will be explored. Conclusions The proposed pragmatic trial will allow parallel testing of vitamin D3 supplementation for early treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19. The household cluster design provides a cost-efficient approach to testing an intervention for reducing rates of hospitalization and/or mortality in newly diagnosed cases and preventing infection among their close household contacts. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1551714420302548 doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106176 id: cord-257595-l8bsoqbx author: Whittemore, Paul B. title: COVID-19 Fatalities, Latitude, Sunlight, and Vitamin D date: 2020-06-26 words: 2438.0 sentences: 109.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Since Vitamin D is known to be vital in regulating the immune system, and sunlight UV radiation exposure on the skin produces Vitamin D and UV intensity is highest nearest the equator, a study was done to examine the correlation between the latitude and COVID-19 fatality rates for countries. This study is the first to document a statistically significant correlation between a country''s latitude and its COVID-19 mortality and is consistent with other research regarding latitude, Vitamin D deficiency, and COVID-19 fatalities. Because of the positive correlation between sunlight UV radiation and healthy Vitamin D levels in the body, and reported positive correlation between Vitamin D deficiency and fatality rates to COVID-19, the present study examined the relationship between a country''s proximity to the equator and its death rates from the current pandemic. abstract: BACKGROUND: Since Vitamin D is known to be vital in regulating the immune system, and sunlight UV radiation exposure on the skin produces Vitamin D and UV intensity is highest nearest the equator, a study was done to examine the correlation between the latitude and COVID-19 fatality rates for countries. METHODS: Eighty-eight countries were selected based on their likelihood of providing reliable data. Using death rates/million for each country from the “worldometer” web site, a correlation analysis was done between death rates and a country's latitude. RESULTS: A highly significant, positive correlation was found between lower death rates and a country's proximity to the equator (Pearson r = .40 p<.0001, two-tailed t-test). The R squared of .16 means that 16% of the variation in death rates among nations is accounted for by the latitude of the country. Evidence is presented suggesting a direct correlation between sunlight exposure and reduced mortality. DISCUSSION: This study is the first to document a statistically significant correlation between a country's latitude and its COVID-19 mortality and is consistent with other research regarding latitude, Vitamin D deficiency, and COVID-19 fatalities. Limitations of this study are noted. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to confirm the correlation between latitude and COVID-19 fatalities, and to determine the optimum amounts of safe sunlight exposure and/or vitamin D oral supplementation to reduce COVID-19 fatalities in populations that are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193 id: cord-310738-fnsf2qqm author: Yalcin Bahat, Pinar title: Micronutrients in COVID-19 Positive Pregnancies date: 2020-09-23 words: 2606.0 sentences: 153.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt summary: The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in the prevention and to evaluate the possible cause between the blood levels of micronutrients and the COVID-19 infection. Pregnant women whose PCR test was positive for COVID-19, pregnancies older than eight weeks of gestation, and women who did not receive any antibacterial or antiviral treatment during the past three months or did not receive any 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc supplements during their pregnancy were included in the study. Additionally, it has been shown that serum zinc levels correlate positively with better immune response in pregnant women against infections [17] . abstract: Pregnant women are considered among the high-risk population for COVID-19. Therefore, research for methods of treatment and prevention of COVID-19 positive pregnancies carries an importance. The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in treatment and prevention. A total of 44 COVID-19 positive pregnant women who were hospitalized and treated at a tertiary clinic were included in this study. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was measured to be 9.70 ± 59.14. The mean serum zinc level was 62.58 ± 2.63, and the mean serum vitamin B12 level was 295.55 ± 302.48. All these variables were significantly lower than the accepted cut-off values (p < 0.001). These low values might have contributed to a deficiency in their immune response and thus made these patients susceptible to COVID-19 infection. Supplementation of micronutrients during the pandemic could be beneficial during pregnancy for prevention. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32983745/ doi: 10.7759/cureus.10609 id: cord-303917-2tu707ng author: Zhang, Lei title: Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review date: 2020-03-03 words: 5433.0 sentences: 369.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt summary: We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children''s RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, Semba et al 12 had reported that vitamin A supplementation reduced morbidity and mortality in different infectious diseases, such as measles, diarrheal disease, measles-related pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and malaria. 15 The mechanism by which vitamin A and retinoids inhibit measles replication is upregulating elements of the innate immune response in uninfected bystander cells, making them refractory to productive infection during subsequent rounds of viral replication. Remdesivir (RDV), a nucleoside analog GS-5734, had been reported to inhibit human and zoonotic coronavirus in vitro and to restrain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in vivo. Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association abstract: An outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID‐19 or 2019‐CoV) infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of disease. Here, we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections as well as some RNA‐virus infection and we have found that general treatments, coronavirus‐specific treatments, and antiviral treatments should be useful in fighting COVID‐19. We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children's RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, convalescent plasma should be given to COVID‐19 patients if it is available. In conclusion, we suggest that all the potential interventions be implemented to control the emerging COVID‐19 if the infection is uncontrollable. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32052466/ doi: 10.1002/jmv.25707 id: cord-290428-zrlqzbss author: de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Christianne title: Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic date: 2020-07-12 words: 6419.0 sentences: 348.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt summary: Since to date there is no vaccine or evidence-based treatment for COVID-19, the optimization of nutrient intake through well-balanced meals and the use of good hygiene practices in food selection, preparation, and conservation is probably the most effective approach for managing the continuous risk of viral infection. There is no evidence that COVID-19 is spread through eating or touching raw fruits or vegetables; Prior to consumption, fresh fruits and vegetables should be washed or scrubbed under cold, running, potable tap water; While there are no special precautions for storing food, handwashing after putting away purchased food and before preparing food is recommended; Hands should be washed before and after food containers are washed EUFIC (2020) 19 Appropriate intakes of copper, folate, iron, selenium, zinc, and vitamins A, B 6 , B 12 , C, and D play an important role in the immune system; In general, these nutrients should be obtained through foods Supplements can be used to add nutrients to the diet in individuals who have specific challenges in meeting dietary requirements abstract: Optimal nutrition can improve well-being and might mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes nutritional guidelines to support dietary counseling provided by dietitians and health-related professionals. The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system. Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected. There was no convincing evidence that food or food packaging is associated with the transmission of COVID-19, but good hygiene practices for handling and preparing foods were recommended. No changes to breastfeeding recommendations have been made, even in women diagnosed with COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067 doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067 id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq author: nan title: Infusionstherapie und Ernährung von Risikogruppen date: 2005 words: 14984.0 sentences: 2050.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt summary: Wenn abzusehen ist, dass postoperativ über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 3 Tagen eine teil-oder vollparenterale Ernährung erfolgen muss, sollten zusätzlich zu den Kohlenhydraten Proteine und Lipide supplementiert werden ( Kap. 7.2). Obwohl Wachstumshormon das potenteste Mittel zur Stimulation der Proteinsynthese mit dem Effekt einer verbesserten Wundheilung, verringerten Infektionsrate und entsprechender Verkürzung der Behandlungsdauer ist, zeigten Studien bisher jedoch eine erhöhte Mortalität nach Behandlung mit r-HGH bei akuter Katabolie, so dass sich dieser zunächst viel versprechende Therapieansatz zur Unterdrückung der Eiweißkatabolie nicht durchsetzen wird. ▬ Die Supplementation von Vitamin K sollte bei allen Frühgeborenen <35 Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) und kranken Reifgeborenen wegen der unklaren enteralen Resorption bei den ersten beiden Gaben als subkutane, intramuskuläre oder intravenöse Gabe erfolgen (Greer 1995 ▬ Bei gesunden reifen Neugeborenen bringt eine intramuskuläre Gabe keine Vorteile gegenüber einer oralen Supplementation (Baker et al. abstract: Besondere Situationen erfordern ein besonderes Vorgehen spezifische Physiologie von Patientengruppen (z. B. Früh- oder Neugeborene), Auswirkungen von therapeutischen Maßnahmen (z. B. Operationen), Pathophysiologie von Erkrankungen (z. B. angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Erkrankungen des onkologischen, rheumatischen oder atopischen Formenkreises, Anorexia nervosa, Bulimie oder Adipositas) oder; besondere körperliche Belastungen [z. B. (Leistungs-)Sport]. Bekannte Strategien werden systematisch und prägnant dargestellt und diskutiert. Die Beschäftigung mit der Ernährung von »Risikogruppen« übt das Erkennen und den Umgang von potenziellen Gefahrensituationen bei der Verordnung von bilanzierter Ernährung. So sollte auch derjenige von dem Kapitel profitieren, der sich mit den behandelten Patientengruppen, Situationen, Erkrankungen üblicherweise nicht beschäftigen muss. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136897/ doi: 10.1007/3-540-27897-4_9 id: cord-026028-qj290zu6 author: nan title: Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft date: 2008-12-10 words: 79929.0 sentences: 10492.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt summary: Früher behauptete Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlicher Therapie und erhöhtem Risiko für eine nekrotisierende Enterokolitis (NEC) beim Neugeborenen wurden unter anderem in einer Studie an 59 Schwangeren widerlegt, die Theophyllin als Tokolytikum oder zur Surfactantbildung vor Woche 34 erhalten hatten (Zanardo 1996) . B. für das Anticholinergikum Glycopyrronium) offenbar gut vom Fetus vertragen (Ure 1999 Mesalazin wird sehr häufig in der Schwangerschaft verordnet, ohne dass sich bisher Hinweise auf teratogene Wirkungen ergeben haben (Habel 1993 , Diav-Citrin 1998 , Marteau 1998 Ursodeoxycholsäure wirkt bei hepatozellulären Schäden, die durch Gallensäuren induziert sind, also vor allem bei cholestatischen Erkrankungen, wie der primär biliären Zirrhose. Kein Anhalt für ein erhöhtes Fehlbildungsrisiko fand sich hingegen in anderen prospektiven Kohortenstudien und retrospektiven Untersuchungen mit über 600 Frauen, die in den Monaten vor oder während einer Schwangerschaft meist wegen Vaginalmykose niedrig dosiert (150 mg/Tag) mit Fluconazol behandelten wurden (Jick 1999 , Sørensen 1999 , Campomori 1997 , Mastroiacovo 1996 , Inman 1994 . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271219/ doi: 10.1016/b978-343721332-8.50004-1 id: cord-006636-xgikbdns author: Ühlein, E. title: Übersicht Über neue ernährungswissenschaftliche Publikationen date: 1964-02-01 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102153/ doi: 10.1007/bf02021334 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] parallel: Warning: Only enough available processes to run 52 jobs in parallel. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf parallel: Warning: or /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 51. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 50. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel