# pos

id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
pos: NN
token:
  https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/former-cdc-chief-tomfrieden-coronavirus-risk-may-be-reduced-with-vitamin-d

lemma:
  https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/former-cdc-chief-tomfrieden-coronavirus-risk-may-be-reduced-with-vitamin-d


# ent

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  TGF β Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Corruption Perceptions Index Pearson r computation with Correlation Vitamin D


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  stomach colorectal liver and gallbladder pancreas lung female breast prostate bladder and kidney cancers


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  Vitamin D Supplementation Reduces Both Oxidative DNA Damage and Insulin Resistance in the Elderly with Metabolic Disorders


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  The Therapeutic Nutritional and Cosmetic Properties of Donkey Milk Use of Donkey Milk in Cases of Cow s Milk Protein Allergies Role of proteins


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  cancers bladder breast colon endometrial lung ovarian pancreatic prostate rectal testicular and vaginal cancer Hodgkin s lymphoma


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  bronchus 50 Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma About 10 15 of lung cancers It can appear in any part of the lung and tends to grow and spread quickly A subtype of large cell carcinoma


id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
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  protein RI transforming growth factor b receptor I RII transforming growth factor b receptor II SARA Smad anchor


id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
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  receptor activation STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription TCF T cell factor TGF transforming growth factor


id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
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  growth factor ECM extracellular matrix EGF epidermal growth factor EMT epithelial mesenchymal transition HSC hepatic stellate cell IL interleukin MMP matrix metalloproteinase TGF transforming growth factor TIMP


id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  bananas grapes strawberries citrus fruits tomatoes nuts chocolate pineapples fish spinach fermented foods


id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency Let s talk about Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
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entity:
  human T lymphocyte proliferation 145 146 and vitamin D analogs have been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of some models of autoimmune disease in rodents particularly autoimmune diabetes in mice 144 147 148 In 1997 Muhe and colleagues 110 149


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: ORG
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  Medicaid The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children or the Food Stamp Program


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
type: ORG
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  the United States Department of Agriculture USDA Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infants and Children WIC


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
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  Free Radical Scavenging Enzyme Activity Profiles in Risk Assessment of Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions Free


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
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  American Medical Association International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision Clinical Modification Compliance


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
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  The Norwegian National Council on Nutrition and Physical Activity Feeding Recommendations for Infants for Health Care Workers


id: cord-013342-vx3eor43
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  e steroid receptors Class I retinoid X receptor RXR heterodimers Class II homodimeric orphan receptors Class III


id: cord-013342-vx3eor43
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  eNOS endothelial NOS VEGF A vascular endothelial growth factor A NF κB nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer


id: cord-013342-vx3eor43
type: PROTEIN
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  TFE3 transcription factor E3 LAMP1 lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 IL interleukin LKB1 liver kinase B1 AMPK AMP activated protein kinase DRAM2


id: cord-013342-vx3eor43
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  xenobiotic pregnane X receptor PXR NR1I2 79 80 81 rev Erb α REV ERBα NR1D1 82 83 farnesoid X receptors


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entity:
  The Nuclear Receptor Field A Historical Overview and Future Challenges Signals and Receptors Flavonoids


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entity:
  The Relationship Between the Genotype of Vitamin D Binding Protein and Plasma 25 OH D Concentration in Turkish Population


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entity:
  smoking chronic kidney disease diabetes cardiovascular disease chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


id: cord-290428-zrlqzbss
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  the United Nations World Health Organization United Nations Children s Fund Center for Disease Control and Prevention


id: cord-290428-zrlqzbss
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Associac ão Brasileira de Nutrologia Brazilian Association of Clinical Nutrition Position of the Brazilian Association of Clinical Nutrition ABRAN


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entity:
  glutathione GSSG haemoglobin A1c HbA1c haem oxygenase HO manganese superoxide dismutase 2 MnSOD2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD plasma membrane PM plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 PAI 1 pulmonary embolism


id: cord-276483-4yp4beuh
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Open Label Non Randomized Diabetic Ketoacidosis Symptoms Diagnosis and Treatment The management of diabetic ketoacidosis


id: cord-276483-4yp4beuh
type: GGP
entity:
  HbA1c haem oxygenase HO manganese superoxide dismutase 2 MnSOD2 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD


id: cord-276483-4yp4beuh
type: DISEASE
entity:
  increases in airway surface liquid epithelial production of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory host defence peptide cathelicidin 30 31 32


id: cord-276483-4yp4beuh
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  vitamin A vitamin K arsenic boron chromium copper iodine iron manganese molybdenum nickel silicon vanadium


id: cord-311965-3x3tjzhi
type: LAW
entity:
  Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Selenium Vitamin D status


id: cord-310738-fnsf2qqm
type: GGP
entity:
  Cureus DOI 10 7759 cureus 10609 sha 4c20f08bfe79468b0eb06a61161e9d811a5bce70 doc_id 310738 cord_uid fnsf2qqm


id: cord-296836-aizquh16
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  Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults Potential for Limiting the Death Toll


id: cord-322899-uxvlagt3
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entity:
  protein 10 monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 vascular endothelial growth factor macrophage inflammatory protein 1α


id: cord-322899-uxvlagt3
type: ORG
entity:
  The Protection Potential of Antioxidant Vitamins Against Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome a Rat Trial Effect of Vitamin C Infusion on Organ Failure and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Vascular Injury


id: cord-339166-f7tw90tm
type: GGP
entity:
  RAAS reninangiotensin aldosterone system SDF 1 stromal cell derived factor 1 C3 C3 complement factor ER endoplasmic reticulum EC endothelial cells


id: cord-322866-au76nnzg
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  interleukin IL 1 beta IL 6 IL 1RA TNF tumour necrosis factor alpha IL 17 monocytes chemoattractant protein 1


id: cord-322866-au76nnzg
type: GGP
entity:
  cytokines 4 5 13 19 38 Of note regulation of inflammation is of particular importance in older adults in the obese and those with chronic conditions as they have constant low grade chronic systemic inflammation and may already be pre set for a higher inflammatory response if exposed to COVID 19 In other words the aforementioned ones


id: cord-265340-hc9003dj
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chronic lung disorders asthma chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diabetes hypertension depressive


id: cord-010443-4jblod8j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cPLA2α cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthetase FKBP immunophilins GR glucocorticoid receptor HSP heat shock proteins MAPK mitogen activated protein kinases


id: cord-010443-4jblod8j
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  circulating cells 124 heart 125 lymph node spleen 124 liver 125 126 127 kidney 127 lung tissue 125 126 127 128 129 and skeletal muscle 125


id: cord-010443-4jblod8j
type: PROTEIN
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  angiopoietin 2 Angpt 2 von Willebrand factor VVF 150 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 35 vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF 145 151 and


id: cord-010443-4jblod8j
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  sphingosine kinase 1 SphK1 157 angiopoietin 1 Angpt 1 158 serum glucocorticoid kinase 1 SGK 1 159 160 GILZ 161


id: cord-010443-4jblod8j
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ascorbic acid 2 3 4 dihydro 2 5 7 8 tetramethyl 2 4 8 12 trimethyltridecyl 2H 1 benzopyran 6 yl hydrogen phosphate potassium


id: cord-032544-2yrqjw1o
type: ORG
entity:
  the National University Health System s Investigational Medicine Unit Department of Diagnostic Imaging


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type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cord 263749 bbhh5xb1 authors Larenas Linnemann Désirée Rodríguez Pérez Noel Arias Cruz Alfredo Blandón Vijil


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: CL
entity:
  mangoes melons cantaloupe spinach Swiss chard tomatoes asparagus and Brussels sprouts Figure 1 18 In contrast grains e g rice millet


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: GGP
entity:
  vitamin C Dotted lines lower line indicates daily intake to prevent scurvy 10 mg d upper line indicates daily intake for optimal health 200 mg d Suboptimal diet


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: GGP
entity:
  vitamin C status 14 17 20 28 42 Institutionalized Institutionalized elderly and other institutionalized individuals e g priests prisoners boarding school children have lower vitamin C


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Global Burden of Disease Study World Health Organization Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases Report of a Joint WHO FAO Expert Consultation Epidemiological


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entity:
  V Laaksi I Lee M T Loeb M Maguire J Mauger D T Majak P Manaseki Holland S Murdoch D Nakashima A Neale R E Rake C Rees J Rosendahl J Scragg R Shah D Shimizu Y Simpson Yap S Trilok Kumar G Urashima M Martineau A R title Vitamin D


id: cord-262773-mfta0emi
type: ORG
entity:
  Upper Respiratory Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Recurrent Wheezing in Black Infants


id: cord-291340-8gj0ofmp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia Exhibit Depleted Vitamin C Status and Elevated Oxidative Stress Diet Supplementation Probiotics and Nutraceuticals in SARS CoV 2 Infection A Scoping Review Probiotics


id: cord-320959-sgdqhtns
type: ORG
entity:
  Wisconsin Final Report Update Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Evaluating and Caring for Patients with Suspected


id: cord-284760-i1lspg8i
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  aspartate aminotransferase AST alanine aminotransferase ALT alkaline phosphatase ALP lactate dehydrogenase LDH


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type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Tabelle 8 4 Kristalloide sind Elektrolytlösungen Ringer Lösung isotone Kochsalzlösung oder niedermolekulare Kohlenhydratlösungen G 5


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type: PROTEIN
entity:
  altersentsprechende Tagesmenge erreicht ist Kap 4 3 Parallel zur TPN durchgeführte minimale enterale Nahrungszufuhr bis zu 10


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Langzeitgröße zur Beurteilung der Knochenmineralisation herangezogen werden Eine Isoenzymbestimmung der AP kann


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entity:
  Behandlung Die klinischen Symptome sind relativ unspezifisch Hyperbilirubinämie Hypoglykämie und es gibt eine große Zahl anderer Erkrankungen


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mit einer Häufigkeit zwischen 1 55 000 bis 1 300 000 erfasst Klinisch auffällig werden die Patienten mit klassischer schwerer Form der Ahornsirupkrankheit schon


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entity:
  von Orotat Da bei Minderung der OTC Aktivität dessen Substrat Carbamylphosphat zu Orotat abgebaut wird steigt diese dann nach Allopurinolgabe deutlich


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Erwachsenen zeigen nur bei etwa 25 einen wirklich erhöhten bei etwa 30 sogar einen erniedrigten und sonst


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Interleukin IL 1 und IL 6 Diese Zytokine werden von Lymphozyten und Makrophagen sezerniert und repräsentieren möglicherweise eine Immunantwort des Organismus auf Krebszellen Obwohl der genaue Mechanismus nicht bekannt ist kann durch Applikation von TNF


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Nahrungsstoffe Substitutionsdiäten mit dem Ziel der Zufuhr entzündungshemmender Nahrungsstoffe Vitamine oder Spurenelemente diätetische Prävention von


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von Steroiden zu einem verminderten Längenwachstum Auch hier sind nur wenige kontrollierte Studien mit kleinen


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Vitamin D Tag p o ab dem 7 Lebenstag scheint auch zur Vorbeugung bei sehr unreifen Frühgeborenen 1 500


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  unter 2 2 2 6 mmol l bzw 40 47 mg dl Physiologisch nach Geburt BZ Abnahme Neugeborene bis auf ca 2 5 2 8 mmol l 45 50 mg dl dann Stoffwechselanpassung u a Glykogenabbau Gluconeogenese Oft asymptomatisch bzw unspezifisch u a Apathie Hypotonie Trinkfaulheit


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  anorektischen Patienten gehäuft auf Beharrlichkeit Rigidität Introvertiertheit gesteigertes Harmoniebedürfnis


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: DISEASE
entity:
  therapiebedingte Appetitmangel sowie der ausgeprägte proteinkatabole Stoffwechsel einer Tumorkachexie Die Kachexie unterscheidet


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Extremsituation einer Stammzelltransplantation konnte eine signifikant verbesserte Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit durch


id: cord-337849-tyabf12r
type: DISEASE
entity:
  impaired alloreactive T cell activation 1 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 inhibits dendritic cell differentiation


id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8
type: DNA
entity:
  Simona G Bin Jumah May N Abdel Daim Mohamed M Aleya Lotfi title nCOVID 19 Pandemic From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics date 2020 07 10 journal Front Cell Dev Biol DOI 10 3389 fcell 2020 00616 sha 4252ee4473d8a8610d0f030be7a7fafd50d6143a doc_id 294800 cord_uid akr4f5p8


id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8
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entity:
  Reducing Hyperinflammation and Respiratory Distress in Patients With COVID 19 Infection Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Sarilumab in Hospitalized Patients With COVID 19 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir GS


id: cord-324288-qgxswltx
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entity:
  anti viral state 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS CoV 2


id: cord-324288-qgxswltx
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Healthy Postmenopausal Women in Haryana Correlation of Vitamin D Levels with Pigmentation in Vitiligo Patients Treated with NBUVB Therapy Current Scenario of Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Ostensibly Healthy Indian Population A Hospital


id: cord-343122-lppdauei
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diabetes cardiovascular diseases osteoporosis osteoarthritis Alzheimer s dementia myopia macular degeneration multiple sclerosis


id: cord-343122-lppdauei
type: DISEASE
entity:
  tumors cardiovascular diseases chronic autoimmune respiratory diseases diabetes mellitus neurological diseases


id: cord-325436-pp3q022y
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Lille COVID 19 and Obesity study group High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2


id: cord-325436-pp3q022y
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cucurbitaceae e g squash pumpkin zucchini Fabaceae legumes peas beans and Solanaceae eggplant tomato potato pepper


id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Prevent or Treat Common Colds A Review of Micronutrients and the Immune System Working in Harmony to Reduce the Risk of Infection A


id: cord-335024-0klf75qr
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Biological Activities of Vitamin D and Its Receptor in Relation to Calcium and Bone Homeostasis Cancer Immune and Cardiovascular Systems Skin Biology and Oral Health Disruption of vitamin D


id: cord-335024-0klf75qr
type: ORG
entity:
  Vitamin D Supplementation for the Prevention of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection A Randomized Double Blinded Trial


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  Ern hrung 16 1963 Nr 2 S 12 13 WADSWORTH G R Nutrition surveys Clinical signs and biochemical measurements Prec l utrition See 22 1963 Nr 1 S 72 78 WATSON W C GORDON R S KX EN A u


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type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CARUZZO C TARTARA D PAGANO P G PELLEGRINI A Costanzo F u 1963 Nr 10 63 2084 126 S 38 1963 Nr 6 S ll0ff 5 S GAL BOS J


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  e V Miinchen 22 Juni 1961 Milchwissensehaft 18 1963 Nr 5 S 236 237 PFEI TER 3 J GASS G H u ScHw rz 3 S


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  lawiL J gen Microbiol 30 Die Wirkung subletaler Konzentrationen yon Sorbinsi ure auf Escherichia coli und Aspergillus niger


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Ernghrung veto 14 bis 15 Mgrz Klinische Ernghrungslehre und Wissenschaftlicher KongreB der Deutschen Gesellschaft


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Dies Abstr 23 Des Vitamin C im Jugendalter II Mitt Uber die Wirkung yon natiirlichem und synthctisehemVitamin C bei l


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Beitrag zur Sfil gerinnung yon Kakaotrunk Jodophore als Desinfektionsmittel in der Milchwirtschaft Milchwissenschaft 17 1962 Nr 9 S 513ff S Zitat


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  Zitat Dt Lebensmittel Rdsch 59 1963 Nr 4 S 123 Die Verwendung yon gefrosteter Saline zur Butterherstellung Teil IV


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  itzliches zur Stabilisierung und Solubilisierung yon Carotin und Carotinoidpr paraten Riickst nde yon Pflanzensehutzmitteln Insektiziden und dergleichen


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Zulassung yon Gegeusachverst ndigen zur Untersuchung yon Lebensmittel Gegenproben Die ebensmittelrechtliche Bedeutung yon


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: GGP
entity:
  Schwellenwertes Zur Trennung yon Sacchariden an Kohle Celit S ulen Ern hrungs fomchung 7 Untersuehungen zur Bestimmung der LSslichkeit yon Milchpulver Selection of a medium for the isolation and enumeration of enterocoeei


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nr 1 S 202ff 4 S GERLINGER P mUCH J V u CLukVERT J Note pr4liminaire sur raction du eyclophosphamide endoxan sur


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
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entity:
  Nr 8 S 413ff S Zitat Dt Lebensmittel Rdsch 59 1963 Nr 4 S 123 GASIC G u MORRISON A B Mucopolysaccharides of renal collecting


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nr 5 S 826ff 6 S STUART A E u vity of the heart extract of rats Medlcina exporimentalis 7 1962 Nr 6 S 363ff 5 S SZEPSENWOL J Carcinogenic


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DISEASE
entity:
  nutritional imbalances Theorie und Praxis der Schwangerenern hrung Die pharmakologisehe Beeinflussung yon Hunger mad S ttigung Problems


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Sehautafeln 2 Mitt Behandlung der Tafeln IV bis VI Ernahrungsforschung 7 Die unterschiedliehe Problematik


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Anwendung der papierchromatographisehen Analyse auf dem Fettgebiet 4 Mitt Uber 5ls iurereiehe SamenOle


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Behandlung zur Prävention einer Plazentationsstörung mit daraus resultierendem Schwangerschaftshochdruck


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Kombination mit Codein Nach heutiger Kenntnislage ergibt sich aus einer dennoch erfolgten Exposition mit einem


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht reduzierten Kindsbewegungen Es wurde ein fetal mütterlicher Plasmaquotient von 0 6 ermittelt Kopecky 2000 appliziert


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einem Abbruch 15 mit einem Spontanabort und 135 mit einer Lebendgeburt endeten Große Fehlbildungen fanden sich


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Die zur Migräneprophylaxe empfohlenen Dosen von Betarezeptorenblockern Metoprolol und Propranolol können auch beim Fetus zu einer relativen Bradykardie


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  FMF und dem Risiko einer Therapie des Vaters mit Colchicin zum Zeitpunkt der Befruchtung Bei 60 Frauen von Toxikologie Umfangreiche Untersuchungen haben für keines der schon lange gebräuchlichen Antihistaminika wie Brompheniramin Chlorphenamin Chlorphenoxamin Clemastin Dexchlorpheniramin Dimetinden Diphenhydramin Hydroxyzin Mebhydrolin


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht zur Standardtherapie des Asthmas Spezifische g 2 Sympathomimetika sind vorzuziehen Eine dennoch erfolgte Therapie rechtfertigt weder


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  weil dieser Arzneimittelgruppe ursprünglich ein embryotoxisches Potenzial unterstellt wurde und gleichzeitig die Wirksamkeit


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Phosphatase AP und Glutamyltranspeptidase GT einhergeht Unter dieser Therapie wurde nicht nur eine Besserung


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  konnte kein Zusammenhang mit Fehlgeburten beobachtet werden Catindig und Mitarbeiter 1996 Nach Impfung mit dem


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mit mehr als 2 000 Frauen die kurz vor oder während der Schwangerschaft geimpft wurden ergeben keine Hinweise auf eine entwicklungstoxische Wirkung


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zur Hepatitisprophylaxe während der Schwangerschaft erhalten hatten beschreibt signifikant gehäufte Veränderungen der Hautlinien


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  jedoch nach wie vor keine einheitlichen Empfehlungen für Schwangere Systematische kontrollierte Studien mit großer


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einer klinischen Vergleichsstudie zu dem Ergebnis dass Urapidil eine gleichwertige antihypertensive Alternative zu Dihydralazin bei Präeklampsie darstellt Guanabenz Guanethidin z Z nur


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  werden Eine fetale Herzfrequenz von 55 Minute wird als hämodynamisch nicht mehr ausreichend beschrieben Eronen 2001 Daraus kann sich eine Herzinsuffizienz entwickeln die bis zum Hydrops führen kann Die Ursache ist meist ein AV Block III


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  partu gegeben zu Elektrolytveränderungen Hyponatriämie Hypokaliämie zu Thrombozytopenie und reaktiver Hypoglykämie infolge eines diabetogenen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einer Gruppe von 567 im 1 Trimenon behandelten Schwangeren wurde weder eine Häufung spezieller Anomalien noch eine erhöhte Gesamtfehlbildungsrate gefunden Übersicht


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Philtrum sowie schmale sich überkreuzende Finger und Zehen und hyperkonvexe Nägel Kozma 2001 Außerdem wurde über eine als Trigonozephalie imponierende Auffälligkeit der Schädelform berichtet Weitere Fallberichte beschreiben verschiedene präaxiale Extremitätenanomalien


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ist Tierexperimentelle Ergebnisse zeigen dass erhöhte Serotoninspiegel neuroanatomische Abweichungen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einer kleinen Studie eine eingeschränkte Mimik und Herzfrequenzvariabilität nach Schmerzreiz im Alter von 2 Monaten bei Kindern


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  YENTREVE zur Behandlung der Belastungsharninkontinenz zugelassen wurde liegen bisher keine ausreichenden Erfahrungen beim Menschen vor die Aussagen zum teratogenen Potenzial erlauben Tierexperimentell wurden bei Kaninchen kardiovaskuläre und Skelettfehlbildungen bei Dosen beobachtet die unterhalb des maximalen klinischen Bereichs lagen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Zusammenhang ist aber nicht auszuschließen Die lange Halbwertszeit von etwa 30 Stunden und die noch nicht voll


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von einem klassischen Neuroleptikum Phenothiazine Butyrophenone wie Haloperidol auf Quetiapin Seroquel mit seinem kombiniertem D 2 5 HT 2A Rezeptorantagonismus muss mit einer ungeplanten


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von einem klassischen Neuroleptikum Phenothiazine Butyrophenone wie Haloperidol auf Risperidon Risperdal einem Benzisoxazolderivat und kombiniertem D 2 5 HT 2A Rezeptorantagonisten muss mit einer ungeplanten


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von einem klassischen Neuroleptikum Phenothiazine Butyrophenone wie Haloperidol auf Ziprasidon Zeldox einem kombiniertem D 2 5 HT 2A Rezeptorantagonisten muss mit einer ungeplanten


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Glucocorticoid Prednisolon vor Insbesondere dann wenn keine Abstoßungsreaktion auftritt und die Transplantation mindestens 1 2 Jahre zurückliegt ist


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Interferon alfa 2a Roferon Interferon alfa 2b Intron A Interferon alfacon 1 Inferax sowie Peginterferon alfa 2a Pegasys und Peginterferon alfa 2b


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht praktizierte Einschränkungen und Kontrollen bei verordnungsbefugten Ärztinnen und Patientinnen teratogene Ereignisse


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Zu dem auch als Immunstimulator und als hämatopoetischer Wachstumsfaktor eingesetzten Zytokin Filgrastim Neupogen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  auch zur Prophylaxe von neonatalen Infektionen bei Frühgeborenen eingesetzt Calhoun 1996 Zu Inosin Isoprinosine liegen keine ausreichenden Erfahrungen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ist mit 0 2 1 pro 1 000 Schwangerschaften selten Am häufigsten treten Lymphome Leukämien Brustkrebs Zervix und Ovarialkarzinome Melanome sowie Schilddrüsen und Colonkarzinome


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zur Behandlung einer Vielzahl von malignen Erkrankungen und bei Autoimmunerkrankungen wie z B dem systemischen Lupus erythematodes einsetzt Tierexperimente bei Ratten Mäusen Kaninchen Affen und Hühnern führten


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einem dieser beiden Fälle wurden außerdem ein Ventrikelseptumdefekt kurze Finger mit dysplastischen Nägeln kurze Extremitäten und faziale Auffälligkeiten diagnostiziert die sich mit


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Spektrum von Indikationen eingesetzt zur Beendigung von ektopen oder unerwünschten Schwangerschaften bei Autoimmunerkrankungen bei chronisch


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht vor Sechs Kasuistiken zur Exposition mit Paclitaxel Taxol im 2 3 Trimenon berichten über gesunde Kinder


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Dies ist offenbar bei kurzzeitiger Tokolyse höchstens 48 Stunden und vor Woche 30 kaum problematisch Norton 1993 Andererseits sind generelle Vorteile dieser


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ist kontraindiziert Nitroglyzerin kann wenn eine entsprechende Indikation vorliegt unter Berücksichtigung der Nebenwirkungen als Tokolytikum eingesetzt werden g 2 14 11 Vaginaltherapeutika Es


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Chlorphenesin ist kritisch zu prüfen g 2 14 12 Spermizide Kontrazeptiva Frei verkäufliche vaginale Kontrazeptiva


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht zu einer nennenswerten Zunahme der Gesamtfehlbildungsrate führen Allerdings kann Methimazol mit einer Häufigkeit von 1 1 000 bis 1 10 000 exponierte Feten zu o g Organentwicklungsstörungen führen Eine sorgfältig eingestellte thyreostatische Therapie führt heute kaum noch zu einer schweren


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Retinopathie unter Insulinlispro wurde bisher nicht beobachtet ist aber auch noch nicht ausreichend untersucht Loukovaara 2003 Buchbinder 2000 Nach dem Stand der heutigen Erfahrungen ist


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nach Umstellung auf Insulinglargin nicht mehr auftraten In der Erprobung befindet sich das kurzwirksame inhalierbare Insulin Pramlintid Empfehlung


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  sie jedoch nicht Randomisierte Untersuchungen fanden keine Unterschiede im Schwangerschaftsverlauf und beim Status der Neugeborenen bei mehreren 100 mit Glibenclamid behandelten Frauen mit


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zur Zervixreifung Geburtseinleitung sowie bei Endometriose und Uterus myomatosus diskutiert Mifepriston


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nach Abbruchversuchen mit Mifepriston ausgetragen wurden beobachtete man verschiedene Fehlbildungen darunter 4 Kinder mit Klumpfuß Sitruk Ware 1998 Eine spezifische teratogene Wirkung lässt sich aus dieser Publikation und aus anderen Fallbeschreibungen die mehrheitlich gesunde Neugeborene


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Im Zusammenhang mit operativen Eingriffen verwendete Muskelrelaxanzien sind quartäre Ammoniumpräparate die unter physiologischen Bedingungen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  wenn dieser wegen einer Anämie für eine intrauterine Transfusion vorbereitet werden soll Mouw 1999 In einer anderen Untersuchung werden Vorteile des Vecuroniums bei dieser Anwendung


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  und mit Konzentrationen von mehr als 3 resorptive Vergiftungsbilder mit ZNS Symptomatik bei den behandelten Patienten beobachtet wurden


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Schäden mit Beteiligung von Augen und Innenohr bis zum Hydrozephalus reichen Lammer 1988 Lammer und 1985 Intelligenzdefizite wurden auch bei Kindern ohne erkennbare Fehlbildungen beobachtet Adams 1991 Prospektive Studien zur mütterlichen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Schwangerschaften mit Acitretin von denen 2 mit Schwangerschaftsabbruch 4 mit Spontanabort und weitere 2 mit einer Lebendgeburt endeten Einer der abortierten Feten


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  üblicher Dosierung stellt kein Problem dar g 2 19 14 Johanniskraut Hypericum perforatum Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Johanniskraut z B Esbericum wird bei leichten depressiven Verstimmungen psychovegetativen Störungen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mit 136 prospektiv erfassten Ecstasy exponierten Schwangeren wurden 12 Kinder mit Entwicklungsanomalien


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Es handelt sich dabei jedoch z T um kleine Anomalien z B Fußdeformitäten ein typisches Muster war nicht zu erkennen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht mit Uteruskontraktionen einhergingen sondern mit Phasen gesteigerter Kindsbewegungen Die Basalfrequenz


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  keine eigenen MAK Werte stattdessen wird für einzelne chemische Stoffe angegeben ob bei Einhaltung des MAK Wertes ein fruchtschädigendes Risiko besteht oder nicht Der Begriff fruchtschädigend


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zu Scheidenkarzinomen führte hat die Aufmerksam keit auf das Risiko einer transplazentaren Karzinogenese gelenkt Mit mehr als 200 Stoffen ist


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  eine typische kraniofaziale Dysmorphie mit schmalen Lidspalten Blepharophimose schmalem Lippenrot kurzem breiten Nasenrücken


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  aber Mikrozephalie Minderwuchs Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen und kognitive Defizite bleiben Die Schulleistungen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Opiate von reinen Antagonisten Naloxon und Stoffen die sowohl agonistische als auch antagonistische Eigenschaften besitzen Pentazocin Hinsichtlich des toxischen Potenzials


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  beiden Studien nicht beobachtet In einer neuen retrospektiven Studie wurden 563 Kinder mit Hypospadien und 1


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  kurzwirksames g 2 Sympathomimetikum eingenommen werden Sollte das nicht ausreichen kommen auch Theophyllin


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Wert von Antiemetika wurde intensiv diskutiert weil dieser Arzneimittelgruppe ursprünglich ein embryotoxisches Potenzial unterstellt wurde und gleichzeitig die Wirksamkeit der Therapie umstritten war Umfangreiche Untersuchungen ergaben keinen Anhalt für ein erhöhtes


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Schwangerschaft g 2 6 36 Nystatin Pharmakologie und Toxikologie Nystatin z B Candio Hermal Moronal ist


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Wert einer perinatalen Prophylaxe mit dem nucleosidanalogen Reverse Transkriptase Inhibitor NRTI Zidovudin zur


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Auch im Tierversuch wurde keine Teratogenität beobachtet Entzugserscheinungen nach der Geburt sind nicht auszuschließen Die wenigen bis


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Datenbank prospektiv erfassten Schwangerschaften wiesen 2 statistisch nicht signifikant gegenüber einer nicht behandelten Kontrollgruppe eine große Fehlbildung auf


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CL
entity:
  Natural Killer Zell Funktionen NK die aber offenbar klinisch nicht relevant waren DiPaolo 2000 In zwei anderen Untersuchungen zeigte sich keine veränderte Immunreaktion bei Kindern bis zum Alter von 2 Jahren Baarsma 1993 bzw bis zum Alter von 5 Jahren Rieder 1997 Weder die Untersuchung von Rieder 1997 an 14 Kindern noch eine andere von an 20 Kindern erbrachte Hinweise auf


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Hyaluronsäurepräparaten z B Hyaject und Oxaceprol AHP 200 liegen keine systematischen Untersuchungen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  versehentlichen Gabe von GnRH Antagonisten bei einer bereits bestehenden Schwangerschaft sind unzureichend für eine Risikobewertung bisher liegen jedoch keine Verdachtsmomente


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  begonnen Im Nabelschnurblut konnte Glibenclamid nicht nachgewiesen werden die Insulinkonzentration war dort in beiden Gruppen gleich Auch die Anzahl hypoglykämischer Kinder


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Podophyllotoxin z B Condulox Wartec einem pflanzlichen Mitosehemmstoff Bargman 1988 hat keine Hinweise auf Teratogenität ergeben eigene Daten Systematische Untersuchungen liegen allerdings nicht


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Kinder im Alter von 5 10 Jahren fanden eine hohe Rate an mentalen Retardierungen und speziellen Schwächen bei der visuell räumlichen Verarbeitung Bei 25 der Kinder mit Intelligenzdefekten wurden keine großen Fehlbildungen diagnostiziert


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Studien wurden 11 Fälle einer Acitretin Behandlung zum Zeitpunkt der Konzeption beim Vater erfasst Fünf Schwangerschaften


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Behandlung innerhalb eines Jahres vor der Schwangerschaft stattfand Die Autoren diskutieren sowohl die Exposition der Gonaden als auch eine ungenügende Schilddrüsenhormoneinstellung nach der nuklear medizinischen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Patienten mit 1 5 bis 2 Tesla T und für das Untersuchungspersonal mit 5 100 mT angegeben Die MRT wird seit rund 20 Jahren auch in der Schwangerschaft angewendet Mittels MRT wurde z B die Plazenta lokalisiert fetale Diagnostik betrieben


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: GGP
entity:
  Benzodiazepins im Urin 303 g l In der Kinetokardiotokographie etwa 8 Stunden nach Ingestion sah man erwartungsgemäß Phasen silenter bis eingeschränkt undulatorischer Oszillation der fetalen Herzfrequenz Darüber


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: ORG
entity:
  Das US amerikanische Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  insgesamt nicht reduzierten Kindsbewegungen Es wurde ein fetal mütterlicher Plasmaquotient von 0 6 ermittelt Kopecky 2000


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Teratogenität beim Menschen geäußert wurden Über Embryotoxizität wurde bisher auch nicht im Zusammenhang mit Buprenorphin Temgesic siehe Kapitel


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Dipidolor berichtet Systematische Untersuchungen zur Teratogenität fehlen jedoch Alle morphinähnlichen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nierenfunktion kann bis zur Anurie gehemmt werden wenn im letzten Drittel der Schwangerschaft mit einem NSAR behandelt wurde Dieser Effekt wird auf eine


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Empfindlichkeit des Atemzentrums gegenüber CO 2 und verursacht auf diese Weise eine Zunahme der Atemfrequenz


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Teratogenität beim Menschen vor Übersicht in Empfehlung für die Praxis Metronidazol darf bei entsprechender Indikation auch in der Schwangerschaft angewendet werden Dies betrifft auch die systemische Therapie zumal Zweifel an der Wirksamkeit der vaginalen Applikation bestehen Die parenterale Gabe ist nur bei bedrohlichen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Tinidazol vorgezogen werden Eine Behandlung mit Nimorazol oder Tinidazol rechtfertigt jedoch weder einen risikobegründeten Abbruch der Schwangerschaft noch


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Zu Famciclovir Famvir einem Prodrug des Penciclovir liegen keine dokumentierten Erfahrungen beim Menschen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Schwangerschaft wurden auch im Nabelschnurblut protektive Antikörperkonzentrationen gefunden Ingardia 1999


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Dieses Vorgehen ist kaum zu rechtfertigen Die meist nur milden Symptome einer g Rezeptorenblockade bessern sich beim


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nifedipin kann auch nach sublingualer Anwendung zur rapiden Blutdrucksenkung führen Hata 1995 Gute Erfahrungen wurden mit Nifedipin


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Lavoratti 1997 Der Pathomechanismus ist folgender Die fetale Nieren und Urinproduktion beginnt Ende des 1 Trimenons ACE Inhibitoren setzen den Gefäßtonus der


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  wurde für eine medikamentöse Behandlung plädiert Dabei wurde das Wirkungsprofil z B Tonisierung auch des venösen Systems bei


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Klasse II Antiarrhythmika Zu g Rezeptorenblockern siehe Abschnitt 2 8 2 Klasse III Antiarrhythmika Amiodaron hat eine sehr lange Eliminationshalbwertszeit


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nachweis protektiver Wirksamkeit wurde bisher jedoch nicht erbracht Hernandez Diaz 2000 Da heute generell für alle Frauen mindestens bis Schwangerschaftswoche 9 eine


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Untersuchung derselben Autorengruppe findet auch bei jenen Kindern deren Mütter während der gesamten Schwangerschaft


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Untersuchung derselben Autorengruppe findet auch bei Kindern deren Mütter während der gesamten Schwangerschaft


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Citalopram sollten bei einer Neueinstellung bevorzugt werden Eine unter Therapie mit einem anderen SSRI


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Hemmstoffe sind strukturell dem Amphetamin verwandt Therapeutisch wird heute vorwiegend Moclobemid und wegen der


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  tierexperimentelle Ergebnisse Trazodon ist strukturell dem Nefazodon verwandt und besitzt sedative Eigenschaften Es wird auch als Hypnotikum verschrieben und hat sich bei etwa 70 publizierten Schwangerschaftsverläufen meistens im 1 Trimenon bisher nicht


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  einem perinatologischen Zentrum anzustreben g 2 11 6 Antipsychotische Behandlung Neuroleptika rufen eine


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eine große Fehlbildung auf Vorhofseptumdefekt Dies ist gegenüber einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe statistisch nicht


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  durchschnittlich 2 Jahren bei den 117 Lebendgeborenen weder visuelle akustische noch Wachstums oder sonstige Entwicklungsdefizite finden Costedoat Chalumeu


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Erfahrungen beim Menschen liegen nicht vor Brent 2001 Der Autor diskutiert eine mehrtägige Behandlung mit 3 x 8 g Colestyramin zur


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  zu einer Schwangerschaft nicht eingehalten werden kann Bei der Planung einer Schwangerschaft wird ein therapiefreies Intervall


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Untersuchungen wie eine Ultraschallfeindiagnostik sollten jedoch eingeplant werden g 2 12 8 Thalidomid


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  nicht gerechtfertigt Ob diese Arzneimittel einen gemeinsamen embryotoxischen Wirkungsmechanismus besitzen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Praxis Ein verbleibendes IUCD rechtfertigt aus embryotoxikologischer Sicht weder einen risikobegründeten Abbruch einer Schwangerschaft noch


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  geistige Entwicklung des Kindes beeinträchtigen Dies ist seit langem insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit Iodmangel bekannt Eine


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  soll nicht mit einer Thyroxinsupplementierung kombiniert werden da diese den Thyreostatikabedarf der Mutter erhöht Sowohl fetale Hypothyreosen als auch eine


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eine zweite Kontrolle nach 14 Tagen Leichte Symptome einer Hyperthyreose mit grenzwertigen Laborparametern können in der Schwangerschaft symptomatisch ohne Thyreostatika behandelt werden z B mit g Rezeptorenblockern wie


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Progesteron behandelt worden waren Yalom 1973 Seit etwa 40 Jahren werden Progesteron z B Utrogest sowie


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eine Glaskörperanomalie bei einem Kind dessen Mutter 100 mg Clomifen bis Woche 6 eingenommen hatte Bishai 1999


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eines nicht zu hoch dosierten Injektionsnarkotikums keine Anästhesie des Fetus bzw des Neugeborenen während nach wiederholten Dosen mit einer depressorischen Wirkung beim Fetus gerechnet werden muss Die Konzentration im Neugeborenen ist bei Anwendung unter der Geburt


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  insgesamt 8 Schwangere mit einer äußerlichen Therapie mit dem Immunmodulator bzw Virustatikum Imiquimod Aldara


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  anderer Warzen davon 2 im 1 Trimenon wird berichtet Alle wurden von gesunden Kindern entbunden Einarson 2006


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  nicht retinoidtypisch bewertet wurden abgebrochen wurde Autret 1997 Im eigenen Datenbestand haben wir


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  dieses bei der Therapie einer Pedikulose bevorzugt werden sollte Permethrin wird zu etwa 2 perkutan resorbiert Fölster Holst


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Toxikologie Vitamin C z B Cebion Ctebe ist im zellulären Stoffwechsel zur Aufrechterhaltung des Oxidations Reduktions


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  4 anderen randomisierten plazebokontrollierten Doppelblindstudien zeigte sich jedoch dass sowohl die Übelkeit als auch die Häufigkeit des Erbrechens mit Ingwer signifikant reduziert wurden Willetts 2003


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Fried 1990 sowie einen signifikant kleineren Kopfumfang auch bei älteren Kindern obwohl die Geburtsmaße nicht auffällig waren Fried 1999 Insgesamt werden


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ausgeprägten Neugeborenenikterus Fünf Kinder wiesen unterschiedliche Fehlbildungen auf alle waren im 2 oder 3 Trimenon


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Fetus bzw zum Tod der Mutter geführt Andererseits gibt es keine Hinweise auf Fetotoxizität wenn toxische Symptome bei der Mutter ausbleiben oder toxische Serumspiegel


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Einzelfällen wurde bei Vergiftungen der Mutter mit solchen Stoffen auch das ungeborene Kind schwer geschädigt


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Bor Verbindungen sowie mit Phthalaten bei denen estrogenartige Nebenwirkungen vermutet werden haben zur Reproduktionstoxizität beim Menschen


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  anderen organischen Umweltschadstoffen führte hingegen nicht zur Beeinträchtigung der Reaktionen beim


# url

id: cord-324288-qgxswltx
domain: www.who.int
url:
  http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-openingremarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020


id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
domain: www.foxnews.com
url:
  http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/former-cdc-chief-tomfrieden-coronavirus-risk-may-be-reduced-with-vitamin-d


# bib

id: cord-004297-rm0zbgfm
author: Hemilä, Harri
date: 2020-02-07
txt: ./txt/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004297-rm0zbgfm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7006137/
doi: 10.1186/s40560-020-0432-y
summary:
  Because of the high dropout rate (42%), we did not include this trial in our calculations, but we overlay the findings in Fig. 4 iv intravenous, po per oral, RoM ratio of means [22] : e.g., for the Bjordahl trial [11] , RoM = 0.86, based on 28.8/33.6, and RoM = 0.86 indicates that ventilation time in the vitamin C group was 14% shorter than in the placebo group (RoM) [22] . In a meta-regression analysis, we found that the heterogeneity between the trials was explained by the length of mechanical ventilation in the untreated control group (Fig. 4) . Thus, the statistically significant benefit observed in each of these three trials might be explained by the long ventilation time in the control groups, indicating greater severity of illness in the patients, rather than by the addition of vitamin E to the intervention. Although our meta-regression analysis by the ventilation time in the control group explains the heterogeneity in the published trials, it seems evident that other variables influence the effects of vitamin C.

title:
  Vitamin C may reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: a meta-regression analysis

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Our recent meta-analysis indicated that vitamin C may shorten the length of ICU stay and the duration of mechanical ventilation. Here we analyze modification of the vitamin C effect on ventilation time, by the control group ventilation time (which we used as a proxy for severity of disease in the patients of each trial). METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and reference lists of relevant publications. We included controlled trials in which the administration of vitamin C was the only difference between the study groups. We did not limit our search to randomized trials and did not require placebo control. We included all doses and all durations of vitamin C administration. One author extracted study characteristics and outcomes from the trial reports and entered the data in a spreadsheet. Both authors checked the data entered against the original reports. We used meta-regression to examine whether the vitamin C effect on ventilation time depends on the duration of ventilation in the control group. RESULTS: We identified nine potentially eligible trials, eight of which were included in the meta-analysis. We pooled the results of the eight trials, including 685 patients in total, and found that vitamin C shortened the length of mechanical ventilation on average by 14% (P = 0.00001). However, there was significant heterogeneity in the effect of vitamin C between the trials. Heterogeneity was fully explained by the ventilation time in the untreated control group. Vitamin C was most beneficial for patients with the longest ventilation, corresponding to the most severely ill patients. In five trials including 471 patients requiring ventilation for over 10 h, a dosage of 1–6 g/day of vitamin C shortened ventilation time on average by 25% (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We found strong evidence that vitamin C shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation, but the magnitude of the effect seems to depend on the duration of ventilation in the untreated control group. The level of baseline illness severity should be considered in further research. Different doses should be compared directly in future trials.


id: cord-005428-pm7ihh9t
title: Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide
author: Amrein, Karin
date: 2020-01-20
txt: ./txt/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005428-pm7ihh9t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091696/
doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y
summary:
  As there is no evidence that increasing the recommended daily dose of vitamin D supplementation up to 50 μg (2000 IU) would cause severe side effects in the general population, and considering that 20 μg (800 IU) is the lowest dose consistently associated with a bone benefit, it seems reasonable to recommend a daily dose of 20-50 μg (800-2000 IU) (levels 2-4 evidence, grades B-D recommendation) [39] . However, several studies in recent years have highlighted that women are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency, and this is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preeclampsia and gestational diabetes [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] . VIOLET randomized patients with 25 (OH)D levels below 50 nmol/L (or 20 ng/ml) "at risk for ARDS" to one single high dose of vitamin D3 (540,000 IU), and evaluated its effect on the primary outcome: 90-day mortality.

abstract:
  Vitamin D testing and the use of vitamin D supplements have increased substantially in recent years. Currently, the role of vitamin D supplementation, and the optimal vitamin D dose and status, is a subject of debate, because large interventional studies have been unable to show a clear benefit (in mostly vitamin D replete populations). This may be attributed to limitations in trial design, as most studies did not meet the basic requirements of a nutrient intervention study, including vitamin D-replete populations, too small sample sizes, and inconsistent intervention methods regarding dose and metabolites. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 50 nmol/L or 20 ng/ml) is associated with unfavorable skeletal outcomes, including fractures and bone loss. A 25(OH)D level of >50 nmol/L or 20 ng/ml is, therefore, the primary treatment goal, although some data suggest a benefit for a higher threshold. Severe vitamin D deficiency with a 25(OH)D concentration below <30 nmol/L (or 12 ng/ml) dramatically increases the risk of excess mortality, infections, and many other diseases, and should be avoided whenever possible. The data on a benefit for mortality and prevention of infections, at least in severely deficient individuals, appear convincing. Vitamin D is clearly not a panacea, and is most likely efficient only in deficiency. Given its rare side effects and its relatively wide safety margin, it may be an important, inexpensive, and safe adjuvant therapy for many diseases, but future large and well-designed studies should evaluate this further. A worldwide public health intervention that includes vitamin D supplementation in certain risk groups, and systematic vitamin D food fortification to avoid severe vitamin D deficiency, would appear to be important. In this narrative review, the current international literature on vitamin D deficiency, its relevance, and therapeutic options is discussed.


id: cord-010443-4jblod8j
author: Meduri, Gianfranco Umberto
date: 2020-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-010443-4jblod8j.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189617/
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00161
summary:
  In critical illness, NF-κB-driven systemic inflammation, also known as a "cytokine storm" (14) , activates a multi-system response that includes at least three major domains: (i) the stress system composed by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the locus caeruleus-norepinephrine/sympathetic nervous system activated to provide sufficient energy and hemodynamic stability to overcome the initial phase of critical illness (15) ; (ii) the acute-phase reaction (APR), which has several adaptive functions, including increasing the production of procoagulant factors in preparation for possible tissue damage (16) ; and (iii) the tissue defense response (TDR) of the target organs [ Figure 1 ; (11, 17) ]. In patients with septic shock (170, 171) or ARDS (172, 173) , prolonged glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone) treatment resulted in the following: (i) increased plasma activated protein C levels (173); (ii) reduction in markers of endothelial injury such as sICAM-1 (35); (iii) rapid and consistent improvement in capillary perfusion, independently of the cortisol response to ACTH (170) ; and (iv) improvement in alveolar-capillary (172) and renal (171) endothelial permeability.

title:
  General Adaptation in Critical Illness: Glucocorticoid Receptor-alpha Master Regulator of Homeostatic Corrections

abstract:
  In critical illness, homeostatic corrections representing the culmination of hundreds of millions of years of evolution, are modulated by the activated glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα) and are associated with an enormous bioenergetic and metabolic cost. Appreciation of how homeostatic corrections work and how they evolved provides a conceptual framework to understand the complex pathobiology of critical illness. Emerging literature place the activated GRα at the center of all phases of disease development and resolution, including activation and re-enforcement of innate immunity, downregulation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, and restoration of anatomy and function. By the time critically ill patients necessitate vital organ support for survival, they have reached near exhaustion or exhaustion of neuroendocrine homeostatic compensation, cell bio-energetic and adaptation functions, and reserves of vital micronutrients. We review how critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction/damage, and hypovitaminosis collectively interact to accelerate an anti-homeostatic active process of natural selection. Importantly, the allostatic overload imposed by these homeostatic corrections impacts negatively on both acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Since the bioenergetic and metabolic reserves to support homeostatic corrections are time-limited, early interventions should be directed at increasing GRα and mitochondria number and function. Present understanding of the activated GC-GRα's role in immunomodulation and disease resolution should be taken into account when re-evaluating how to administer glucocorticoid treatment and co-interventions to improve cellular responsiveness. The activated GRα interdependence with functional mitochondria and three vitamin reserves (B1, C, and D) provides a rationale for co-interventions that include prolonged glucocorticoid treatment in association with rapid correction of hypovitaminosis.


id: cord-013342-vx3eor43
title: Nuclear Receptors as Autophagy-Based Antimicrobial Therapeutics
author: Silwal, Prashanta
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013342-vx3eor43.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7563212/
doi: 10.3390/cells9091979
summary:
  NRs, including the vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been shown to play critical functions in the regulation of autophagy-mediated host defensive immune responses during infection. HepG2, Huh7 cells ↑ Lipid metabolism Upregulation of C19orf80 expression, which is involved in lipid metabolism through breakdown of lipid droplets [208] Mice model of hepatocarcinogenesis, HepG2 cells ↑ Inhibition of hepatic DNA damage, inflammation, and carcinogenesis Induction of hepatic PINK1 expression, which ubiquitinates HBx protein to trigger mitophagy [209] CEBPB, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta; TFEB, transcription factor EB; TFE3, transcription factor E3; LAMP1, lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; IL, interleukin; LKB1, liver kinase B1; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; DRAM2, DNA-damage regulated autophagy modulator; PML, promyelocytic leukemia; ATRA, all-trans-retinoic acid; HPAIV, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus; APL, acute promyelocytic leukemia; MI/R, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium cells; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HBV, hepatitis B virus; DDA, dendrogenin A; Nur77, nerve growth factor IB; Nor1, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1; T3, triiodothyronine; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1.

abstract:
  Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets intracellular pathogens for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is tightly controlled at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a family of transcriptional factors that regulate the expression of gene sets involved in, for example, metabolic and immune homeostasis. Several NRs show promise as host-directed anti-infectives through the modulation of autophagy activities by their natural ligands or small molecules (agonists/antagonists). Here, we review the roles and mechanisms of NRs (vitamin D receptors, estrogen receptors, estrogen-related receptors, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) in linking immunity and autophagy during infection. We also discuss the potential of emerging NRs (REV-ERBs, retinoic acid receptors, retinoic acid-related orphan receptors, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptors, and thyroid hormone receptors) as candidate antimicrobials. The identification of novel roles and mechanisms for NRs will enable the development of autophagy-adjunctive therapeutics for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.


id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu
title: Respiratory
author: Starkel, Julie L.
date: 2019-10-07
txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120155/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51
summary:
  Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath.

abstract:
  Lung disease rivals the position for the top cause of death worldwide. Causes and pathology of the myriad lung diseases are varied, yet nutrition can either affect the outcome or support treatment in the majority of cases. This chapter explores the modifiable risk factors, from lifestyle changes to dietary intake to specific nutrients, anti-nutrients, and toxins helpful for the nutritionist or dietitian working with lung disease patients. General lung health is discussed, and three major disease states are explored in detail, including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although all lung diseases have diverse causes, many integrative and functional medical nutrition therapies are available and are not being utilized in practice today. This chapter begins the path toward better nutrition education for the integrative and functional medicine professional.


id: cord-016130-5q9ufu28
author: Linday, Linda A.
date: 2010-12-17
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120316/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-59259-880-9_21
title:
  Nutritional Supplements and Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses in Young Children in the United States

abstract:
  KEY POINTS: In the United States, children have lower blood levels than adults of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important ω-3 fatty acid that helps decrease inflammation; vitamin A, the “anti-infective” vitamin; and selenium (Se), a trace metal that is an intrinsic part of glutathione peroxidase, an important free-radical scavenging enzyme. EPA, vitamin A, and Se are important in controlling inflammation and can be supplied by oral nutritional supplements. Cod liver oil contains EPA (and other important ω-3 fatty acids), and vitamin A as well as vitamin D. Fish oil contains ω-3 fatty acids (including EPA) but no vitamins. Our clinical research demonstrates that daily supplementation with a flavored cod liver oil (which meets European purity standards) and a children’s multivitamin-mineral with trace metals, including Se, can decrease morbidity from upper respiratory tract illnesses, otitis media, and sinusitis in young children living in the United States. These supplements can be used by practitioners on an individual basis, when clinically indicated; the supplements can be purchased in the United States without a prescription. Socioeconomically disadvantaged children are at risk for micronutrient deficiencies. However, their families may not be able to afford to purchase these supplements, which are not available through Medicaid, The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children, or the Food Stamp Program. If our results are confirmed in larger studies, a system change will be needed to provide these supplements to nutritionally vulnerable, socioeconomically disadvantaged children living in the United States.


id: cord-017428-euzvhtax
title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
author: Janssens, Wim
date: 2012-02-17
txt: ./txt/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017428-euzvhtax.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121988/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11
summary:
  A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. Besides the well-known effect of vitamin D de fi ciency on bone loss in adults, accumulating evidence also links a low vitamin D nutritional status to highly prevalent chronic illnesses, including cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious and cardiovascular diseases [1] [2] [3] . This chapter aims to discuss the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D de fi ciency in COPD, the wellknown effect of vitamin D in the development and treatment of COPD-associated osteoporosis and its potential role in the uncontrolled in fl ammatory cascade and systemic consequences of the disease. The fact that the majority of COPD patients are of older age, have many common risk factors for osteoporosis and are more likely to be de fi cient in vitamin D supports standard supplementation, especially at the more severe stages of disease.

abstract:
  Vitamin D is an important regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. It is also involved in the regulation of different genes and cellular functions, particularly in the context of inflammation, regeneration and immune control. Conversely, vitamin D deficiency which is often found in chronic, infectious and inflammatory diseases is thought to drive or enhance uncontrolled inflammation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways most often because of cigarette smoking. It has been recognized that repetitive airway infections and systemic consequences or co-morbidities also contribute to the progressive nature of COPD. Vitamin D deficiency is known to sneak in from the early stages of COPD, to become highly prevalent at the more severe stages, and may thereby catalyse airway infection, inflammation and systemic consequences. Undoubtedly, vitamin D deficiency enhances bone resorption and osteoporosis in COPD for which appropriate vitamin D supplementation is recommended. However, conflicting evidence has emerged on the extra-calcemic effects of vitamin D in COPD. A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. It confirms that severe vitamin D deficiency is a health hazard but that more clinical and experimental studies are needed to explore how vitamin D deficiency may affect airway biology and systemic effects in the context of smoke-induced lung diseases.


id: cord-017656-lqrkwlnb
title: Common Cold and Flu
author: Lee, Wang Jae
date: 2019-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017656-lqrkwlnb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122289/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1713-5_5
summary:
  Inflammatory cells are markedly increased in BAL fluid, providing the immunological evidences that daily supplementation of high-dose vitamin C can prevent influenza infection and that, in extreme case, it can save the life. One is that the common cold comes from an imbalance between the human defense system and the normal viral flora, which normally reside at the initiation part of the respiratory system such as the nasal cavity and nasal or oral pharynx so that they usually do not induce new immunity against the normal floral virus. Unlike the common cold, which is usually not infected by a foreign pathogen but is just a kind of battle between the body defense system and the normal flora of viruses residing in the upper respiratory system, the flu is a disease caused by an influenza virus infection.

abstract:
  Most of the causative agents of the common cold are viruses. The respiratory system consists of an air conduction portion and a respiratory portion. The direct initiating factor of the common cold is low temperature, especially relative coldness. When people feel cold or chilly, vascular constriction around the inlet area of air occurs, resulting in a reduction of mucus secretion containing various antiviral soluble mediators and followed by an explosive increase in the nasal viral flora. A relatively low temperature and dryness are good conditions for viral proliferation and invasion to the body. The first symptom of the common cold is usually a runny nose, followed by a sore throat and/or systemic fever. Acute symptoms of the common cold are usually terminated within 3 days, at the longest 5~7 days. The mortality rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has reached around 10%. A novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus caused the occurrence of more than 130,000 patients and dead cases of more than 800 people. H5N1 avian influenza showed an extremely high mortality rate, even though its infectivity is low. A new serotype of AI (H7N9) has appeared in some areas of China. Vitamin C can prevent the onset of a cold. Vitamin C can even prevent influenza virus from spreading down from the upper respiratory tract to the lower one. In addition, levels of interferon (IFN) in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid are markedly low in vitamin C-insufficient mice. Inflammatory cells are markedly increased in BAL fluid, providing the immunological evidences that daily supplementation of high-dose vitamin C can prevent influenza infection and that, in extreme case, it can save the life.


id: cord-018204-rqp4huk3
title: Vitamin D and respiratory infections in infants and toddlers: a nutri-shine perspective
author: Balan, K. V.
date: 2013
txt: ./txt/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018204-rqp4huk3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123025/
doi: 10.3920/978-90-8686-765-3_16
summary:
  If vitamin D intervention currently under study in several clinical trials is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aide in preventing neonates and children under five from developing pneumonia. If vitamin D intervention currently under study in the clinical trials described in this chapter is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aid in preventing neonates and children under five from developing respiratory infections.

abstract:
  There is compelling evidence of a global problem of poor vitamin D status in expecting mothers and postnatal life; and even more critical, is the evidence showing the association of vitamin D deficiency with increased morbidity and mortality risks from respiratory infections. Viral and bacterial pneumonia kills more children than any other illness, accounting for 19 % of all deaths in children less than five years of age worldwide; and under-nutrition, which includes vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, has been implicated in 53 % of all these deaths. Poor vitamin D status is a result of insufficient sunlight exposure and/or poor dietary intake. Greater understanding of the role of vitamin D deficiency in precipitating lung infections grew from the use of rodent models and observational and intervention studies in infants and toddlers. Vitamin D adequacy is important to maintaining the key protective mechanism of developing lungs since it mediates the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, the lungs strongest defense against viral and bacterial pathogens. If vitamin D intervention currently under study in several clinical trials is proven successful, then implementation of new fortification practices, revised guidelines for healthy sun exposure and public health programs for vitamin D supplementation of pregnant/lactating women and their infants may be effective strategies to aide in preventing neonates and children under five from developing pneumonia. Globally, there is potential to save more than a million young lives with preventive treatment, a compelling reason why the efficacy of optimizing vitamin D mediated defense against respiratory pathogens in infants and children merits further study.


id: cord-020493-ddo3a7wq
title: Infusionstherapie und Ernährung von Risikogruppen
author: nan
date: 2005
txt: ./txt/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020493-ddo3a7wq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136897/
doi: 10.1007/3-540-27897-4_9
summary:
  Wenn abzusehen ist, dass postoperativ über einen Zeitraum von mehr als 3 Tagen eine teil-oder vollparenterale Ernährung erfolgen muss, sollten zusätzlich zu den Kohlenhydraten Proteine und Lipide supplementiert werden ( Kap. 7.2). Obwohl Wachstumshormon das potenteste Mittel zur Stimulation der Proteinsynthese mit dem Effekt einer verbesserten Wundheilung, verringerten Infektionsrate und entsprechender Verkürzung der Behandlungsdauer ist, zeigten Studien bisher jedoch eine erhöhte Mortalität nach Behandlung mit r-HGH bei akuter Katabolie, so dass sich dieser zunächst viel versprechende Therapieansatz zur Unterdrückung der Eiweißkatabolie nicht durchsetzen wird. ▬ Die Supplementation von Vitamin K sollte bei allen Frühgeborenen <35 Schwangerschaftswoche (SSW) und kranken Reifgeborenen wegen der unklaren enteralen Resorption bei den ersten beiden Gaben als subkutane, intramuskuläre oder intravenöse Gabe erfolgen (Greer 1995 ▬ Bei gesunden reifen Neugeborenen bringt eine intramuskuläre Gabe keine Vorteile gegenüber einer oralen Supplementation (Baker et al.

abstract:
  Besondere Situationen erfordern ein besonderes Vorgehen spezifische Physiologie von Patientengruppen (z. B. Früh- oder Neugeborene), Auswirkungen von therapeutischen Maßnahmen (z. B. Operationen), Pathophysiologie von Erkrankungen (z. B. angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Erkrankungen des onkologischen, rheumatischen oder atopischen Formenkreises, Anorexia nervosa, Bulimie oder Adipositas) oder; besondere körperliche Belastungen [z. B. (Leistungs-)Sport]. Bekannte Strategien werden systematisch und prägnant dargestellt und diskutiert. Die Beschäftigung mit der Ernährung von »Risikogruppen« übt das Erkennen und den Umgang von potenziellen Gefahrensituationen bei der Verordnung von bilanzierter Ernährung. So sollte auch derjenige von dem Kapitel profitieren, der sich mit den behandelten Patientengruppen, Situationen, Erkrankungen üblicherweise nicht beschäftigen muss.


id: cord-026028-qj290zu6
title: Spezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der Schwangerschaft
author: nan
date: 2008-12-10
txt: ./txt/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026028-qj290zu6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271219/
doi: 10.1016/b978-343721332-8.50004-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  Früher behauptete Zusammenhänge zwischen mütterlicher Therapie und erhöhtem Risiko für eine nekrotisierende Enterokolitis (NEC) beim Neugeborenen wurden unter anderem in einer Studie an 59 Schwangeren widerlegt, die Theophyllin als Tokolytikum oder zur Surfactantbildung vor Woche 34 erhalten hatten (Zanardo 1996) . B. für das Anticholinergikum Glycopyrronium) offenbar gut vom Fetus vertragen (Ure 1999 Mesalazin wird sehr häufig in der Schwangerschaft verordnet, ohne dass sich bisher Hinweise auf teratogene Wirkungen ergeben haben (Habel 1993 , Diav-Citrin 1998 , Marteau 1998 Ursodeoxycholsäure wirkt bei hepatozellulären Schäden, die durch Gallensäuren induziert sind, also vor allem bei cholestatischen Erkrankungen, wie der primär biliären Zirrhose. Kein Anhalt für ein erhöhtes Fehlbildungsrisiko fand sich hingegen in anderen prospektiven Kohortenstudien und retrospektiven Untersuchungen mit über 600 Frauen, die in den Monaten vor oder während einer Schwangerschaft meist wegen Vaginalmykose niedrig dosiert (150 mg/Tag) mit Fluconazol behandelten wurden (Jick 1999 , Sørensen 1999 , Campomori 1997 , Mastroiacovo 1996 , Inman 1994 .


id: cord-030992-ed0h045d
title: Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19
author: Akhtar, Saeed
date: 2020-07-15
txt: ./txt/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030992-ed0h045d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7454773/
doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063
summary:
  Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, zinc, iron, and selenium, are common among vulnerable populations in general and among COVID-19 patients in particular and could plausibly increase the risk of mortality. Vitamins A, B complex, C, D, and E and many trace elements, such as iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, and copper, have been shown to elicit immune-boosting properties, [14] [15] [16] and thus deficiencies of these micronutrients could be detrimental to immune function in viral infections. 73, 74 Zhang and Liu 12 suggested supplementation with vitamin C to reduce the incidence of severe lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia, and as a treatment option for COVID-19. In light of these findings on the role of PUFA derivatives in mediating immune function, omega-3 PUFA metabolites like protectin D1 may be useful as supportive dietary therapy for prevention and treatment of flu-like viral infections, including COVID-19.

abstract:
  Worldwide, there is an array of clinical trials under way to evaluate treatment options against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Concurrently, several nutritional therapies and alternative supportive treatments are also being used and tested to reduce the mortality associated with acute respiratory distress in patients with COVID-19. In the context of COVID-19, improved nutrition that includes micronutrient supplementation to augment the immune system has been recognized as a viable approach to both prevent and alleviate the severity of the infection. The potential role of micronutrients as immune-boosting agents is particularly relevant for low- and middle-income countries, which already have an existing high burden of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. A systematic literature review was performed to identify nutritional interventions that might prevent or aid in the recovery from COVID-19. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched electronically from February to April 2020. All abstracts and full-text articles were examined for their relevance to this review. The information gathered was collated under various categories. Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, zinc, iron, and selenium, are common among vulnerable populations in general and among COVID-19 patients in particular and could plausibly increase the risk of mortality. Judicious use of need-based micronutrient supplementation, alongside existing micronutrient fortification programs, is warranted in the current global pandemic, especially in low- and middle-income economies.


id: cord-032544-2yrqjw1o
author: Haroon, Sabrina-Wong-Peixin
date: 2020-09-04
txt: ./txt/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032544-2yrqjw1o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478798/
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000021906
summary:
  title: Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial DISCUSSION: Evidence of successful regression or retardation of vascular calcification will support the conduct of larger and longer-term trials aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in this high-risk population using a safe and inexpensive strategy TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02870829. [27] A recent randomized trial reporting 1-year outcome of vitamin K2 supplementation in hemodialysis patients found no effect on aortic calcification despite reduction in dp-ucMGP. The proposed "Treatment to Reduce Vascular Calcification in Hemodialysis Patients Using Vitamin K" (Trevasc-HDK) study is therefore timely. Our trial is important even if the study is negative as we will have more insight into the baseline level and role of vitamin Kin Asian patients as well as provide us with the magnitude and progression of calcification in our multiethnic HD population. The effect of vitamin K2 supplementation on vascular calcification in haemodialysis patients: a 1-year follow-up randomized trial

title:
  Treatment to reduce vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients using vitamin K (Trevasc-HDK): A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: End stage renal failure patients on hemodialysis have significant vascular calcification This is postulated to be related to sub-clinical vitamin K deficiency, which is prevalent in hemodialysis patients. Vitamin K deficiency result in the failure of the matrix GLA protein (MGP) to undergo carboxylation. MGP is a natural local inhibitor of vascular calcification and the lack of functional carboxylated MGP may contribute to increase vascular calcification. Vitamin K supplement should therefore correct this anomaly and decrease the rate or severity of vascular calcification in this population of patients on long-term maintenance hemodialysis. Our study seeks to evaluate the prevalence and the progression of vascular calcification in a cohort of maintenance hemodialysis patients. It will also evaluate the efficacy of vitamin K supplementation in reducing the progression of vascular calcification in this group of patients. METHODS: This will be a single-center randomized, prospective and open-label interventional clinical trial of end stage renal failure patients on hemodialysis. We aim to recruit 200 patients. Eligible patients will be randomized to either the standard care arm or active treatment arm. Active treatment arm patients will receive standard care plus supplementation with oral vitamin K2 isoform 360 mcg 3 times weekly for a total duration of 18 months. Primary outcome measured will be absolute difference in coronary artery calcification score at 18-month between control and intervention arms. Secondary outcomes will be to compare absolute difference in aortic valve calcification, percentage of patients with regression of coronary artery calcification of at least 10%, absolute difference in aortic and systemic arterial stiffness, mortality from any cause and major adverse cardiovascular over the same period. DISCUSSION: Evidence of successful regression or retardation of vascular calcification will support the conduct of larger and longer-term trials aimed at reducing cardiovascular disease mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events in this high-risk population using a safe and inexpensive strategy TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02870829. Registered on 17 August 2016 – Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02870829 National University Hospital's Institutional Review Board (2015/01000)


id: cord-034441-30pw419v
title: Is Vitamin D One of the Key Elements in COVID-19 Days?
author: Aslan, M. T.
date: 2020-06-13
txt: ./txt/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034441-30pw419v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7597430/
doi: 10.1007/s12603-020-1517-y
abstract: nan
summary:
  In a clinical study, supplementation of 4000 IU / day vitamin D has also been reported to reduce Dengue virus infection severity (12) . When another study of 212 patients with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection was examined, serum 25 (OH) D level was the lowest in clinically severe cases, whereas it was highest in mild cases. When all the results in the study are evaluated, the rise in serum 25 (OH) D levels in the COVID-19 patients suggests that it may improve clinical course or alleviate clinical outcomes even in severe cases. Among the causes of this clinical diversity in the course and mortality rates of the COVID-19 cases, it is an important to remind that vitamin D deficiency can also be underlying comorbidity in the patients. Vitamin D supplementation could possibly improve clinical outcomes of patients infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-2019).


id: cord-103451-h7986yl9
title: Causal analysis shows evidence of atopic dermatitis leading to an increase in vitamin D levels
author: Drodge, D. R.
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-103451-h7986yl9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.22.20075077v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20075077
summary:
  There was little evidence for vitamin D levels causally influencing the risk of AD (odds ratio per SD change in log-transformed 25-OHD levels = 1.233, 95% CI 0.927 to 1.639, P-value =0.150), a finding in keeping with the 2017 analysis which found an effect size of 1.12, (95% CI 0.92 to1.37, P-value =0.270) (Manousaki et al. To investigate the causal effect of genetically predicted vitamin D levels upon AD risk, a genetic instrument for 25-OHD levels was derived from SNPs reported to be most strongly associated (Pvalue < 5x10 -8 ) in the most current GWA study by Manousaki and colleagues (N=443,734) (Manousaki et al. Our genetic instrument for vitamin D levels was used to assess the causal effect upon AD risk using summary GWAS data from the most recent AD GWAS meta-analysis (Paternoster et al.

abstract:
  Atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have been observed to have lower vitamin D levels. Previous studies have found little evidence that vitamin D levels causally influence the risk of AD, but the reverse direction has not yet been investigated. Here we used Mendelian Randomization to assess the causal relationship between AD and serum vitamin D levels, using genetic data from the most recent GWA studies of vitamin D and AD. There was little evidence for vitamin D levels causally influencing AD risk (odds per standard deviations increase in log-transformed vitamin D levels =1.233, 95% CI 0.927 to 1.639, P-value =0.150). However, genetic liability for AD raises serum vitamin D levels by 0.043 (95% CI 0.017 to 0.069) standard deviations per doubling of odds of disease (P-value =0.001). The AD-associated filaggrin (FLG) mutation R501X appears to show a particularly strong relationship with vitamin D. However, the relationship between AD and vitamin D holds when R501X is omitted (0.018, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.031, P-value =0.008). We found evidence that AD is causally associated with an increase in serum vitamin D levels. Whilst the AD-associated FLG gene has a particularly strong relationship with vitamin D, other AD SNPs show a consistent direction of effect, suggesting that AD more generally influences serum vitamin D levels.


id: cord-254646-psolkrom
title: Vitamin D Update
author: Matsui, Mary S.
date: 2020-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254646-psolkrom.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-020-00315-0
doi: 10.1007/s13671-020-00315-0
summary:
  This review will briefly summarize fundamental, well-established aspects of vitamin D and human health and then will also discuss (a) some of the most recent work related to vitamin D and non-skeletal-associated health issues; (b) the complexity of establishing meaningful vitamin D measurement metrics and assessing vitamin D status; c)decisionmaking for obtaining vitamin D through diet, supplements, or sun exposure; (d) the impact of skin type, pigmentation, and sunscreen on vitamin D levels; and (e) evidence for a potential influence of vitamin D on the mortality and morbidity of COVID-19 through modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine response and respiratory response to the virus. To some extent, this is because relevant factors vary: vitamin D food fortification regulations, the strength of ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR), levels of smog, culture and ethnicity, skin phototype, chronological age, and ease and accuracy of specific clinical laboratory measurements.

abstract:
  PURPOSE: The goal of this review is to provide an update in the field of vitamin D, in particular, the role of vitamin D in non-skeletal health, the complexity of providing patient guidance regarding obtaining sufficient vitamin D, and the possible involvement of vitamin D in morbidity and mortality due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). RECENT FINDINGS: In addition to bone health, vitamin D may play a role in innate immunity, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. Although rickets is often regarded as an historical disease of the early twentieth century, it appears to be making a comeback worldwide, including “first-world” countries. Broad-spectrum sunscreens (with high UVA filters) that prevent erythema are unlikely to compromise vitamin D status in healthy populations. SUMMARY: New attention is now focused on the role of vitamin D in a variety of diseases, and more individualized patient recommendation schemes are being considered that take into account more realistic and achievable goals for achieving sufficient vitamin D through diet, supplements, and sun behavior.


id: cord-255233-rvgj6pvk
title: A Pilot Study Examining Vitamin C Levels in Periodontal Patients
author: Munday, Molly-Rose
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255233-rvgj6pvk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32731485/
doi: 10.3390/nu12082255
summary:
  Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. Vitamin C deficiency is more common in smokers, the elderly and people of lower socio-economic status, potentially putting those groups at increased risk of periodontal diseases [24, 25] . Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. Patients were eligible to participate in this study if they were an adult attending the Westmead Centre of Oral Health (WCOH) Periodontic Clinic. This study reports that a significant proportion of patients attending the Periodontics Clinic at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health have vitamin C deficiency.

abstract:
  Background: Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss worldwide. Current periodontal treatment is limited by its dependency on patients learning and maintaining good dental habits, and repeated visits to oral health physicians. Vitamin C’s role in collagen synthesis and immune function makes it important in wound healing and possibly periodontal healing. Therefore, if some patients are deficient, this may worsen patient outcomes. Methods: Patients were invited to participate following assessment and treatment at the Westmead Centre of Oral Health Periodontic Clinic, regardless of current disease stage or treatment. Adults were eligible if they gave informed consent and had current periodontal disease. Study involvement consisted of periodontal assessment and care followed by an interview and measurement of serum vitamin C and C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: A total of 6 out of 20 patients had vitamin C levels less than the institutional normal range, of whom 2 had levels <11.4 μmol/L and one <28 μmol/L. Low vitamin C was associated with higher periodontal disease stage (p = 0.03). Elevated CRP was found in 2/3 of people with low vitamin C and CRP was negatively correlated with vitamin C (p < 0.01). Vitamin C did not correlate with patient-reported fruit or vegetable consumption, but high processed meat intake was associated with lower vitamin C. Conclusion: Although a small study, this rate of vitamin C deficiency in the periodontal clinic is clinically important and correlations with disease severity and CRP suggests biological importance. This warrants further studies to assess vitamin C and whether supplementation improves periodontal outcomes, particularly in deficient subjects.


id: cord-257595-l8bsoqbx
title: COVID-19 Fatalities, Latitude, Sunlight, and Vitamin D
author: Whittemore, Paul B.
date: 2020-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257595-l8bsoqbx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.193
summary:
  BACKGROUND: Since Vitamin D is known to be vital in regulating the immune system, and sunlight UV radiation exposure on the skin produces Vitamin D and UV intensity is highest nearest the equator, a study was done to examine the correlation between the latitude and COVID-19 fatality rates for countries. This study is the first to document a statistically significant correlation between a country''s latitude and its COVID-19 mortality and is consistent with other research regarding latitude, Vitamin D deficiency, and COVID-19 fatalities. Because of the positive correlation between sunlight UV radiation and healthy Vitamin D levels in the body, and reported positive correlation between Vitamin D deficiency and fatality rates to COVID-19, the present study examined the relationship between a country''s proximity to the equator and its death rates from the current pandemic.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Since Vitamin D is known to be vital in regulating the immune system, and sunlight UV radiation exposure on the skin produces Vitamin D and UV intensity is highest nearest the equator, a study was done to examine the correlation between the latitude and COVID-19 fatality rates for countries. METHODS: Eighty-eight countries were selected based on their likelihood of providing reliable data. Using death rates/million for each country from the “worldometer” web site, a correlation analysis was done between death rates and a country's latitude. RESULTS: A highly significant, positive correlation was found between lower death rates and a country's proximity to the equator (Pearson r = .40 p<.0001, two-tailed t-test). The R squared of .16 means that 16% of the variation in death rates among nations is accounted for by the latitude of the country. Evidence is presented suggesting a direct correlation between sunlight exposure and reduced mortality. DISCUSSION: This study is the first to document a statistically significant correlation between a country's latitude and its COVID-19 mortality and is consistent with other research regarding latitude, Vitamin D deficiency, and COVID-19 fatalities. Limitations of this study are noted. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to confirm the correlation between latitude and COVID-19 fatalities, and to determine the optimum amounts of safe sunlight exposure and/or vitamin D oral supplementation to reduce COVID-19 fatalities in populations that are at high risk for vitamin D deficiency.


id: cord-262773-mfta0emi
author: Jolliffe, D.
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262773-mfta0emi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.14.20152728
summary:
  title: Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. We previously meta-analysed individual participant data from 25 RCTs and showed a protective overall effect that was stronger in those with lower baseline 25(OH)D levels, and in trials where vitamin D was administered daily or weekly rather than in more widely spaced bolus doses. Randomised, double-blind, trials of supplementation with vitamin D 3 , vitamin D 2 or 25(OH)D of any duration, with a placebo or low-dose vitamin D control, were eligible for inclusion if they had been approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if data on incidence of ARI were collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome.

title:
  Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data from randomised controlled trials

abstract:
  Objectives: To assess the overall effect of vitamin D supplementation on risk of acute respiratory infection (ARI), and to identify factors modifying this effect. Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. Pre-specified sub-group analyses were done to determine whether effects of vitamin D on risk of ARI varied according to baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration or dosing regimen. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Standard RCT Number (ISRCTN) registry from inception to May 2020. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Studies: Double-blind RCTs of supplementation with vitamin D or calcidiol, of any duration, were eligible if they were approved by a Research Ethics Committee and if ARI incidence was collected prospectively and pre-specified as an efficacy outcome. Results: We identified 40 eligible RCTs (total 30,956 participants, aged 0 to 95 years). Data were obtained for 29,841 (96.5%) of 30,909 participants in 39 studies. For the primary comparison of vitamin D supplementation vs. placebo, the intervention reduced risk of ARI overall (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98; P for heterogeneity 0.009). No statistically significant effect of vitamin D was seen for any of the sub-groups defined by baseline 25(OH)D concentration. However, protective effects were seen for trials in which vitamin D was given using a daily dosing regimen (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.93); at daily dose equivalents of 400-1000 IU (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.89); and for a duration of [≤]12 months (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.94). Vitamin D did not influence the proportion of participants experiencing at least one serious adverse event (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.08). Risk of bias within individual studies was assessed as being low for all but two trials. A funnel plot showed asymmetry, suggesting that small trials showing non-protective effects of vitamin D may have been omitted from the meta-analysis. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation was safe and reduced risk of ARI, despite evidence of significant heterogeneity across trials. The overall effect size may have been over-estimated due to publication bias. Protection was associated with administration of daily doses of 400-1000 IU vitamin D for up to 12 months. The relevance of these findings to COVID-19 is not known and requires investigation.


id: cord-263749-bbhh5xb1
author: Larenas-Linnemann, Désirée
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263749-bbhh5xb1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072240/
doi: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100476
summary:
  We divide the reviewed interventions in: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 hours sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod) and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, i.e.). The complete mechanism by which zinc could decrease the number or severity of viral infectious 308 processes in general and of COVID-19 in particular is not exactly understood yet; however, effects have 309 been observed on the binding of the viral agent to the mucosa and on its replication, as well as on the 310 regulation of the inflammatory process;(73) enhanced benefits have been hypothesized when co-311 administered with other medications such as (hydroxy)chloroquine that could function as a ionophore, 312 facilitating the entrance of zinc into the cells.(74) The human body''s ability to store zinc is known to be 313 low; its deficiency compromises the immune system, as has been evidenced occasionally by thymic 314 atrophy, lymphopenia and altered lymphocyte responses.

title:
  Enhancing innate immunity against virus in times of COVID-19: trying to untangle facts from fictions

abstract:
  Introduction In the light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, during which the world is confronted with a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its initial virulence mechanisms, thus escaping from the first-line human defense mechanisms, enhancing innate immunity seems a good preventive strategy. Methods Without the intention to write an official systematic review, but more to give an overview of possible strategies, in this review article we discuss several interventions that might stimulate innate immunity and thus our defense against (viral) respiratory tract infections. Some of these interventions can also stimulate the adaptive T- and B-cell responses, but our main focus is on the innate part of immunity. We divide the reviewed interventions in: 1) lifestyle related (exercise, >7 hours sleep, forest walking, meditation/mindfulness, vitamin supplementation); 2) Non-specific immune stimulants (letting fever advance, bacterial vaccines, probiotics, dialyzable leukocyte extract, pidotimod) and 3) specific vaccines with heterologous effect (BCG vaccine, mumps-measles-rubeola vaccine, i.e.). Results For each of these interventions we briefly comment on their definition, possible mechanisms and evidence of clinical efficacy or lack of it, especially focusing on respiratory tract infections, viral infections and eventually a reduced mortality in severe respiratory infections in the intensive care unit. At the end a summary table demonstrates the best trials supporting (or not) clinical evidence. Conclusion Several interventions have some degree of evidence for enhancing the innate immune response and thus conveying possible benefit, but specific trials in COVID-19 should be conducted to support solid recommendations.


id: cord-265340-hc9003dj
author: Merzon, Eugene
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-265340-hc9003dj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15495
doi: 10.1111/febs.15495
summary:
  title: Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study We hypothesized that the mean plasma level of 25(OH)D would be significantly lower and, accordingly, the rate of suboptimal plasma 25(OH)D would be significantly higher, among persons testing positive for COVID-19 infection, and among persons subsequently hospitalized, in a large population-based data study. The main finding of this study was the low plasma 25(OH)D level association with COVID-19 hospitalization risks, for patients tested positively for COVID-19, after adjusting for age, gender, SES and chronic, mental and physical disorders. To conclude, our study found that suboptimal plasma vitamin D levels may be a potential risk factor for COVID-19 infection, particularly, for the high hospitalization risks, independent of demographic characteristics and medical conditions.

title:
  Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study

abstract:
  AIM: To evaluate associations of plasma 25(OH)D status with the likelihood of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) infection and hospitalization. METHODS: The study population included the 14,000 members of Leumit Health Services who were tested for COVID‐19 infection from February 1(st) to April 30(th) 2020, and who had at least one previous blood test for plasma 25(OH)D level. "Suboptimal" or "low" plasma 25(OH)D level was defined as plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D, concentration below the level of 30 ng/mL. RESULTS: Of 7,807 individuals, 782 (10.1%) were COVID‐19‐positive, and 7,025 (89.9%) COVID‐19‐negative. The mean plasma vitamin D level was significantly lower among those who tested positive than negative for COVID‐19 [19.00 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.41‐19.59) vs. 20.55 (95% CI 20.32‐20.78)]. Univariate analysis demonstrated an association between low plasma 25(OH)D level and increased likelihood of COVID‐19 infection [crude odds ratio (OR) of 1.58 (95% CI 1.24‐2.01, p<0.001)], and of hospitalization due to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus [crude OR of 2.09 (95% CI 1.01‐ 4.30, p<0.05)]. In multivariate analyses that controlled for demographic variables, and psychiatric and somatic disorders, the adjusted OR of COVID‐19 infection [1.45 (95% CI 1.08‐1.95, p<0.001)], and of hospitalization due to the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus [1.95 (95% CI 0.98‐4.845, p=0.061)] were preserved. In the multivariate analyses, age over 50 years, male gender and low‐medium socioeconomic status were also positively associated with the risk of COVID‐19 infection; age over 50 years was positively associated with the likelihood of hospitalization due to COVID‐19. CONCLUSION: Low plasma 25(OH)D level appears to be an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 infection and hospitalization.


id: cord-269161-6nsvup68
title: Vitamins as adjunctive treatment for coronavirus disease!
author: Kapoor, Indu
date: 2020-09-29
txt: ./txt/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269161-6nsvup68.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13613-020-00748-7
doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00748-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  We read with great interest the article by Li et al., where authors have reviewed many therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) [1] . Though authors have not mentioned, another important supplementary adjunct to treat these critically ill patients in intensive care unit is various vitamins. A large systematic review and meta-analysis including 11,321 patients has also shown that vitamin D supplementation is effective against acute respiratory tract infection [6] . Therefore, these vitamins have shown to protect against the acute viral infections and should be the part of adjunctive therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19 The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data


id: cord-271968-92p8dmha
title: Dietary Intake of Vitamin D from Dairy Products Reduces the Risk of Osteoporosis
author: Polzonetti, Valeria
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271968-92p8dmha.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32532150/
doi: 10.3390/nu12061743
summary:
  The higher protein content in bovine milk can also negatively affect the calcium balance; the final result is that the high consumption of dairy products, together with other dietary sources of phosphorus, can increase the risk of osteoporosis [32] . Even if donkey milk represents a niche product, its use is recommended for consumers at risk of nutritional deficiencies, such as children and/or elderly; in these patients, donkey milk could help prevent lack of vitamin D [58] . The results obtained in this clinical trial demonstrated that fortified soft plain cheese consumed by elderly women with vitamin D deficiency can reduce bone resorption, positively affecting Ca and protein metabolism, analyzing the decrease in PTH and increase in IGF-I, respectively [69] . Vitamin D fortification of basic foods such as dairy and flour products can increase serum 25(OH)D concentrations, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

abstract:
  Background: Vitamin D and calcium are important dietary compounds that affect bone mass, even if other minerals (potassium, zinc, etc.) and vitamins (A, C and K) are also involved. Vitamin D and certain minerals, in fact, play an important role in calcium homeostasis and calcium absorption. Hip fracture incidence is higher in Europe and the United States, where calcium is frequently included in the human diet; while the occurrence of these fractures is lower in developing countries, where diets are often poor in calcium. This condition is named the “calcium paradox”, and may be partially explained by phosphate toxicity, which can negatively affect mineral metabolism. It is important to maintain correct dietary calcium-phosphate balance in order to have a healthy life, reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures in older people. Vitamin D can also act as a hormone; vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived from the UV-B radiation of ergosterol, the natural vitamin D precursor detected in plants, fungi, and invertebrates. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is synthesized by sunlight exposure from 7-dehydrocholesterol, a precursor of cholesterol that can also act as provitamin D3. Dietary intake of vitamin D3 is essential when the skin is exposed for short periods to ultraviolet B light (UV-B), a category of invisible light rays such as UV-A and UV-C. This can be considered the usual situation in northern latitudes during the winter season, or the typical lifestyle for older people and/or for people with very white delicate skin. The actual recommended daily intake of dietary vitamin D is strictly correlated with age, ranging from 5 μg for infants, children, teenagers, and adults—including pregnant and lactating women—to 15 μg for people over 65 years.


id: cord-276130-wjnwpn8f
title: The effects of Vitamin D on acute viral respiratory infections: a rapid review
author: Bradley, Ryan
date: 2020-08-03
txt: ./txt/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276130-wjnwpn8f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2212958820301440
doi: 10.1016/j.aimed.2020.07.011
abstract: nan
summary:
  Future clinical trials on vitamin D should consider the sources of heterogeneity in the existing experimental research and design trials that account for baseline status, evaluate the potential for prevention and treatment in at risk populations, standardize dosing strategies, assess product quality, assess outcomes according to gold standard definitions/diagnostic methods, and delineate viral ARTI from other causes when possible. Inclusion/exclusion criteria Reviews were included if they were described as "systematic" and exhibited methods consistent with systematic reviews (i.e., defined clinical question, detailed search protocol, etc.) and reported on human prospective intervention trials sampling adults and/or children with reported ARTI. Despite several positive systematic reviews and meta-analyses, the available experimental evidence related to the effects of vitamin D on acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) is plagued with heterogeneity and mixed quality, and therefore is insufficient to recommend vitamin D supplementation to the general population as a protective agent against ARTI. Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Respiratory Tract Infections in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials


id: cord-276483-4yp4beuh
author: Cooper, Isabella D
date: 2020-09-16
txt: ./txt/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276483-4yp4beuh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2020-001356
doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001356
summary:
  Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis. Years of hyperinsulinaemia that would manifest overt pathologies such as obesity, CVD, hypertension and cancer would come with an already heavy-risk burden list, which includes: increased haemoglobin glycation damage, intracellular haem-oxidation with reduced antioxidative capacity, increased haem-oxygenase haem catabolism thus producing increased endogenous carbon monoxide production, leading to increased risk of DVT and subsequent PE and decreased mitochondrial vitamin D hydroxylase activation.

title:
  Relationships between hyperinsulinaemia, magnesium, vitamin D, thrombosis and COVID-19: rationale for clinical management

abstract:
  Risk factors for COVID-19 patients with poorer outcomes include pre-existing conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease (CVD), heart failure, hypertension, low oxygen saturation capacity, cancer, elevated: ferritin, C reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer. A common denominator, hyperinsulinaemia, provides a plausible mechanism of action, underlying CVD, hypertension and strokes, all conditions typified with thrombi. The underlying science provides a theoretical management algorithm for the frontline practitioners. Vitamin D activation requires magnesium. Hyperinsulinaemia promotes: magnesium depletion via increased renal excretion, reduced intracellular levels, lowers vitamin D status via sequestration into adipocytes and hydroxylation activation inhibition. Hyperinsulinaemia mediates thrombi development via: fibrinolysis inhibition, anticoagulation production dysregulation, increasing reactive oxygen species, decreased antioxidant capacity via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide depletion, haem oxidation and catabolism, producing carbon monoxide, increasing deep vein thrombosis risk and pulmonary emboli. Increased haem-synthesis demand upregulates carbon dioxide production, decreasing oxygen saturation capacity. Hyperinsulinaemia decreases cholesterol sulfurylation to cholesterol sulfate, as low vitamin D regulation due to magnesium depletion and/or vitamin D sequestration and/or diminished activation capacity decreases sulfotransferase enzyme SULT2B1b activity, consequently decreasing plasma membrane negative charge between red blood cells, platelets and endothelial cells, thus increasing agglutination and thrombosis. Patients with COVID-19 admitted with hyperglycaemia and/or hyperinsulinaemia should be placed on a restricted refined carbohydrate diet, with limited use of intravenous dextrose solutions. Degree/level of restriction is determined by serial testing of blood glucose, insulin and ketones. Supplemental magnesium, vitamin D and zinc should be administered. By implementing refined carbohydrate restriction, three primary risk factors, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and hypertension, that increase inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis risk are rapidly managed.


id: cord-276942-dk1rk908
title: Perspective: improving vitamin D status in the management of COVID-19
author: Ebadi, Maryam
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276942-dk1rk908.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0
doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0661-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  In vitro culture of human fetal and adult alveolar type-II cells with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D increased VDR and the expression of surfactantassociated protein B, a lipid-associated protein of the pulmonary surfactant [23] , indicating the potential of vitamin D to reduce surface tension in COVID-19. In line with our objective to improve vitamin D status and its associated outcomes in patients with COVID-19, studies have shown treatment with high dose of 250,000-500,000 IU vitamin D to be safe in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients and was associated with decreased hospital length of stay, improved ability of the blood to carry oxygen and increased hemoglobin levels [24, 25] . High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly, smokers, patients with chronic diseases, and excess uptake by adipose tissue in obesity make investigations of its role as a therapeutic agent in COVID-19 conceivable.


id: cord-284193-qslc2wry
author: Malek Mahdavi, Aida
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-284193-qslc2wry.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32584474/
doi: 10.1002/rmv.2119
summary:
  It can induce ACE2/Ang‐(1‐7)/MasR axis activity and inhibits renin and the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, thereby increasing expression and concentration of ACE2, MasR and Ang‐(1‐7) and having a potential protective role against acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a part of the reninangiotensin system (RAS), serves as the major entry point into cells for some coronaviruses such as HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 that cause SARS and COVID-19, respectively. 71, 72 Although it is more likely that any protective effect of vitamin D against COVID-19 is related to suppression of cytokine response and reduced severity/risk for ARDS, there is also evidence from a meta-analysis that regular oral vitamin D2/D3 intake (in doses up to 2000 IU/day) is safe and protective against acute respiratory tract infection, especially in subjects with vitamin D deficiency.

title:
  A brief review of interplay between vitamin D and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2: Implications for a potential treatment for COVID‐19

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is rapidly expanding and causing many deaths all over the world with the World Health Organization (WHO) declaring a pandemic in March 2020. Current therapeutic options are limited and there is no registered and/or definite treatment or vaccine for this disease or the causative infection, severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 syndrome (SARS‐CoV‐2). Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a part of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS), serves as the major entry point into cells for SARS‐CoV‐2 which attaches to human ACE2, thereby reducing the expression of ACE2 and causing lung injury and pneumonia. Vitamin D, a fat‐soluble‐vitamin, is a negative endocrine RAS modulator and inhibits renin expression and generation. It can induce ACE2/Ang‐(1‐7)/MasR axis activity and inhibits renin and the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, thereby increasing expression and concentration of ACE2, MasR and Ang‐(1‐7) and having a potential protective role against acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, targeting the unbalanced RAS and ACE2 down‐regulation with vitamin D in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is a potential therapeutic approach to combat COVID‐19 and induced ARDS.


id: cord-284760-i1lspg8i
author: Bashandy, Samir A. E.
date: 2018-02-14
txt: ./txt/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284760-i1lspg8i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29444683/
doi: 10.1186/s12944-018-0674-z
summary:
  In the present study, we have investigated if the strong antioxidant power of Nicotinamide (NA), Vitamin B2 (VB2), and Vitamin C (VC) can ameliorate TAA-induced oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in the rats. Thus, this study aimed to investigate hepatoprotective activities of nicotinamide, vitamin B2, and vitamin C, separately or in combination, against thioacetamide-induced liver damage, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress in rats. In the present data, TAA administration resulted in a significant reduction in the Table 3 Effect of Nicotinamide, Vitamin b2 and Vitamin C on hepatic MDA (nmol/mg), GSH (μmol/g tissue), catalase (U/g tissue), SOD (U/g tissue), NO (nmol/g,Hydroxyproline (Ug/g tissue) and plasma TNF-α (Pg/ml) plasma levels of a total protein that might be indicative of injury in the hepatocytes and excessive destruction of proteins including antioxidant enzymes and cellular reducing powers including SH-protein bond production or alterations in RNA sequences in the target tissues.

title:
  Potential effects of the combination of nicotinamide, vitamin B2 and vitamin C on oxidative-mediated hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The liver disease is one of the most important traditional public health problems in Egypt. Oxidative stress is attributed to such pathological condition that further contributes to the initiation and progression of liver injury. In the present study, we have investigated if the strong antioxidant power of Nicotinamide (NA), Vitamin B2 (VB2), and Vitamin C (VC) can ameliorate TAA-induced oxidative stress-mediated liver injury in the rats. METHODS: Thirty-six albino rats were divided into six groups: Control group; TAA group (IP injection with TAA at a dosage of 200 mg/Kg three times a week for two months); TAA + NA group (rats administered with NA at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily besides TAA as in the control); TAA + VB2 group (rats administered with vitamin B2 at a dosage of 30 mg/kg daily besides injection with TAA); TAA + VC group (rats administered with vitamin C at a dosage of 200 mg/kg daily along with injection of TAA). TAA + NA + VB + VC group (rats administered the with the three vitamins daily in TAA pre-injected at the respective doses described above). RESULTS: Treatment of rats with TAA led to a significant elevation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the serum samples. Moreover, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroxyproline and nitic oxide (NO) were also significantly increased in the TAA-treated rats, while reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were significantly compromised in the hepatic samples. Rats administered with NA, VB2, and VC as individually or in combination ameliorated the deleterious effects of TAA that was confirmed by histopathology. However, the combination of the three vitamins was found more effective as compared to each of the vitamins. CONCLUSION: Our work demonstrates that NA, VB2, and VC cross-talk with each other that act as a more potent biochemical chain of antioxidant defense against TAA-induced toxicities in vivo.


id: cord-285641-y5ianyqi
title: Nutritionally sensitive agriculture—an approach to reducing hidden hunger
author: Bamji, Mahtab S.
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-285641-y5ianyqi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004981/
doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-00760-x
summary:
  Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. These findings are akin to those of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys in India, which show that the cereal-based Indian diets are deficient in the consumption of micronutrient-rich foods like vegetables, fruits, legumes and animal products [3] . A recent study from the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, shows a high prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, particularly, vitamins A, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and vitamin D, assessed by subclinical status (blood values) and dietary intakes, in an apparently healthy urban adult population [4] . Hellen Keller International has supported an extensive programme of improved homestead gardens and backyard poultry in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Philippines to increase the production and household availability of micronutrient-dense vegetables and fruits and eggs.

abstract:
  Cereal-based diets of the people in developing countries are qualitatively deficient in micronutrients—vitamins and minerals—due to low intake of vegetables, fruits, legumes and foods of animal origin. Consumption of nutritious millets has also come down in India. Calorie sufficiency may ensure protein sufficiency (though not protein quality), but it does not ensure adequacy of micronutrients. Studies in several countries in Asia, and India show that with education and advocacy even farmers with small and marginal land holdings can be persuaded to raise homestead vegetables and fruits gardens and increase household vegetables consumption. Backyard poultry also has good acceptance and impact on household egg consumption. For best results, the community, especially the mothers have to be educated about the importance of nutrition for health and wellbeing. Studies done by the authors in the villages of Medak district, of the South Indian state of Telangana, show remarkable improvement in the knowledge of food, nutrition, hygiene and health of mothers with children under 3 years of age, with education–behavioural change communication. Impact of nutrition gardens and backyard poultry with high egg-yielding breeds had positive impact on the household consumption of vegetables and eggs.


id: cord-286923-o4fj8kx0
author: Berhan, Yifru
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286923-o4fj8kx0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165037820301017?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103180
summary:
  The immunological changes predominantly inclining to anti-inflammatory state, which is augmented by placental hormones'' immune modulating action, looks against with COVID-19 inflammatory reaction leading to cytokine storm and multiple organ failure. As discussed hereunder, accumulating evidence from other infections and autoimmune diseases shows that immune modulating hormones, cytokines and other anti-inflammatory endogenous ligands are determinant factors in reducing the severity of several diseases during pregnancy; which could also be the most plausible explanation for the less severity and mortality of Covid-19 in pregnant women. Despite serious concern for patients with autoimmune disease, taking their immune suppression and medications, at least 110 individuals (79% females) with rheumatoid arthritis and got infected with SARS CoV-2 (from six continents) were not as such at higher risk of mortality, probably as they were on anti-inflammatory medication; only 6(5%) persons died of COVID-19 [89] .

title:
  What immunological and hormonal protective factors lower the risk of COVID-19 related deaths in pregnant women?

abstract:
  Despite anticipated increased risk of COVID-19 and increased expression of the SARS CoV-2 receptor (ACE2), the relatively low mortality of pregnant women with COVID-19 has been an area of wonder. The immunological changes predominantly inclining to anti-inflammatory state, which is augmented by placental hormones’ immune modulating action, looks against with COVID-19 inflammatory reaction leading to cytokine storm and multiple organ failure. Unlike many other viral infections, the bilateral immune activation of COVID-19 may preferentially make pregnant women at low risk. Taking the physiological advantage of pregnant women, potential clinical trials are proposed. Quite a large number of epidemiological and obstetrics related studies have addressed the cases of women with COVID-19. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, little is done to explore the physiological internal milieu of pregnant women in relation to COVID-19. This review provides an insight into how the hormonal and immunological changes in pregnancy potentially reduce SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory response.


id: cord-286960-uz34fjyp
title: Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity
author: Ali, Nurshad
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286960-uz34fjyp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32605780/
doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021
summary:
  This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. Some recent reviews hypothesized that vitamin D insufficiency may compromise respiratory immune function, increasing the risk of COVID-19 severity and mortality [12, 13] . There are also some retrospective studies that determined the correlation of vitamin D levels with COVID-19 severity and mortality [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] The recent outbreak and fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 are a global health threat with an unstable outcome worldwide. Another study included 25 randomized controlled trials, with 10,933 participants in total from 14 different countries indicated the beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of at least one acute respiratory tract infection [59] .

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis. Little is known about the protective factors of this infection. Therefore, preventive health measures that can reduce the risk of infection, progression and severity are desperately needed. This review discussed the possible roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of COVID-19 and other acute respiratory tract infections and severity. Moreover, this study determined the correlation of vitamin D levels with COVID-19 cases and deaths in 20 European countries as of 20 May 2020. A significant negative correlation (p = 0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries. However, the correlation of vitamin D with COVID-19 deaths of these countries was not significant. Some retrospective studies demonstrated a correlation between vitamin D status and COVID-19 severity and mortality, while other studies did not find the correlation when confounding variables are adjusted. Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels 75-125 nmol/L. In conclusion, there not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.


id: cord-290428-zrlqzbss
title: Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani, Christianne
date: 2020-07-12
txt: ./txt/cord-290428-zrlqzbss.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067
doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa067
summary:
  Since to date there is no vaccine or evidence-based treatment for COVID-19, the optimization of nutrient intake through well-balanced meals and the use of good hygiene practices in food selection, preparation, and conservation is probably the most effective approach for managing the continuous risk of viral infection. There is no evidence that COVID-19 is spread through eating or touching raw fruits or vegetables; Prior to consumption, fresh fruits and vegetables should be washed or scrubbed under cold, running, potable tap water; While there are no special precautions for storing food, handwashing after putting away purchased food and before preparing food is recommended; Hands should be washed before and after food containers are washed EUFIC (2020) 19 Appropriate intakes of copper, folate, iron, selenium, zinc, and vitamins A, B 6 , B 12 , C, and D play an important role in the immune system; In general, these nutrients should be obtained through foods Supplements can be used to add nutrients to the diet in individuals who have specific challenges in meeting dietary requirements

abstract:
  Optimal nutrition can improve well-being and might mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes nutritional guidelines to support dietary counseling provided by dietitians and health-related professionals. The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system. Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected. There was no convincing evidence that food or food packaging is associated with the transmission of COVID-19, but good hygiene practices for handling and preparing foods were recommended. No changes to breastfeeding recommendations have been made, even in women diagnosed with COVID-19.


id: cord-290592-c9bsielo
title: The vitamin D for COVID-19 (VIVID) trial: A pragmatic cluster-randomized design
author: Wang, Rui
date: 2020-10-10
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1551714420302548
doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106176
abstract:
  Objectives To determine the effect of vitamin D supplementation on disease progression and post-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 infection. We hypothesize that high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation will reduce risk of hospitalization/death among those with recently diagnosed COVID-19 infection and will reduce risk of COVID-19 infection among their close household contacts. Methods We report the rationale and design of a planned pragmatic, cluster randomized, double-blinded trial (N = 2700 in total nationwide), with 1500 newly diagnosed individuals with COVID-19 infection, together with up to one close household contact each (~1200 contacts), randomized to either vitamin D3 (loading dose, then 3200 IU/day) or placebo in a 1:1 ratio and a household cluster design. The study duration is 4 weeks. The primary outcome for newly diagnosed individuals is the occurrence of hospitalization and/or mortality. Key secondary outcomes include symptom severity scores among cases and changes in the infection (seroconversion) status for their close household contacts. Changes in vitamin D 25(OH)D levels will be assessed and their relation to study outcomes will be explored. Conclusions The proposed pragmatic trial will allow parallel testing of vitamin D3 supplementation for early treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19. The household cluster design provides a cost-efficient approach to testing an intervention for reducing rates of hospitalization and/or mortality in newly diagnosed cases and preventing infection among their close household contacts.


id: cord-291340-8gj0ofmp
author: Misra, Anoop
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-291340-8gj0ofmp.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.030
doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.08.030
abstract: nan
summary:
  In a Cochrane review [26] , and other studies [27] probiotics were shown to decrease upper respiratory infections through their effect on the gut lung axis [28] Role of several other nutrients and food constituents like Vitamins(E, B) Carotenoids, minerals (Fe, Zn, Mg, Cu, Se), and polyphenols in immunity have been suggested because of their effects on inflammatory cascade, antioxidant activities and effects on nitrous oxide signalling pathways [25] (Table 1) . Controlled trials also show reduced complications when serum albumin level is adequate [44] .In a recent scoping review(four studies in patients with ventilator-related pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the other 4 in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia), intravenous ascorbic acid, intramuscular cholecalciferol, enteral and intramuscular vitamin E, enteral zinc sulphate, and oral and parenteral glutamine were given as interventions.

title:
  Balanced Nutrition is Needed in Times of COVID19 Epidemic in India: A Call for Action for all Nutritionists and Physicians


id: cord-294800-akr4f5p8
title: nCOVID-19 Pandemic: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Potential Investigational Therapeutics
author: Kabir, Md. Tanvir
date: 2020-07-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754599/
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00616
abstract:
  In December 2019, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related epidemic was first observed in Wuhan, China. In 2020, owing to the highly infectious and deadly nature of the virus, this widespread novel coronavirus disease 2019 (nCOVID-19) became a worldwide pandemic. Studies have revealed that various environmental factors including temperature, humidity, and air pollution may also affect the transmission pattern of COVID-19. Unfortunately, still, there is no specific drug that has been validated in large-scale studies to treat patients with confirmed nCOVID-19. However, remdesivir, an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), has appeared as an auspicious antiviral drug. Currently, a large-scale study on remdesivir (i.e., 200 mg on first day, then 100 mg once/day) is ongoing to evaluate its clinical efficacy to treat nCOVID-19. Good antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 was not observed with the use of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r). Nonetheless, the combination of umifenovir and LPV/r was found to have better antiviral activity. Furthermore, a combination of hydroxychloroquine (i.e., 200 mg 3 times/day) and azithromycin (i.e., 500 mg on first day, then 250 mg/day from day 2–5) also exhibited good activity. Currently, there are also ongoing studies to evaluate the efficacy of teicoplanin and monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, in this article, we have analyzed the genetic diversity and molecular pathogenesis of nCOVID-19. We also present possible therapeutic options for nCOVID-19 patients.


id: cord-295414-v10454ns
title: Vitamin D status and outcomes for hospitalised older patients with COVID-19
author: Baktash, Vadir
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-295414-v10454ns.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712
doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138712
summary:
  1 Furthermore, research by Alipio and colleagues 2 , in a retrospective study, provides evidence of an association between vitamin D deficiency and adverse outcome in patients with COVID-19. Among patients with vitamin D deficiency in the COVID-19-positive group, there was a higher average peak in D-dimer level (1914.00 μgFEU/L vs 1268.00 μgFEU/L) (p=0.034) and a higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission (30.77% vs 9.68%) (p=0.042). The main findings of our study suggest that older patients with lower serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, when compared with aged-matched vitamin D-replete patients, may demonstrate worse outcomes from COVID-19. In non-communicable diseases, both viral and bacterial, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as a higher incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically unwell patients. • Older patients with COVID-19 infection and vitamin D deficiency (≤30 nmol/L) have higher peak D-dimer level and higher incidence of NIV support and HDU admission.

abstract:
  PURPOSE: Older adults are more likely to be vitamin D deficient. The aim of the study was to determine whether these patients have worse outcomes with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study between 1 March and 30 April 2020 to assess the importance of vitamin D deficiency in older patients with COVID-19. The cohort consisted of patients aged ≥65 years presenting with symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (n=105). All patients were tested for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels during acute illness. Diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed via viral reverse transcriptase PCR swab or supporting radiological evidence. COVID-19-positive arm (n=70) was sub-divided into vitamin D-deficient (≤30 nmol/L) (n=39) and -replete groups (n=35). Subgroups were assessed for disease severity using biochemical, radiological and clinical markers. Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were laboratory features of cytokine storm, thoracic imaging changes and requirement of non-invasive ventilation (NIV). RESULTS: COVID-19-positive arm demonstrated lower median serum 25(OH)D level of 27 nmol/L (IQR=20–47 nmol/L) compared with COVID-19-negative arm, with median level of 52 nmol/L (IQR=31.5–71.5 nmol/L) (p value=0.0008). Among patients with vitamin D deficiency, there was higher peak D-dimer level (1914.00 μgFEU/L vs 1268.00 μgFEU/L) (p=0.034) and higher incidence of NIV support and high dependency unit admission (30.77% vs 9.68%) (p=0.042). No increased mortality was observed between groups. CONCLUSION: Older adults with vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 may demonstrate worse morbidity outcomes. Vitamin D status may be a useful prognosticator.


id: cord-296836-aizquh16
author: Brenner, Hermann
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296836-aizquh16.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32824839/
doi: 10.3390/nu12082488
summary:
  We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women. We previously assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and their association with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases during a mean follow-up of 9.5 years in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50-75 years from Saarland, Germany [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

title:
  Vitamin D Insufficiency and Deficiency and Mortality from Respiratory Diseases in a Cohort of Older Adults: Potential for Limiting the Death Toll during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic?

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic goes along with increased mortality from acute respiratory disease. It has been suggested that vitamin D(3) supplementation might help to reduce respiratory disease mortality. We assessed the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, defined by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) blood levels of 30–50 and <30 nmol/L, respectively, and their association with mortality from respiratory diseases during 15 years of follow-up in a cohort of 9548 adults aged 50–75 years from Saarland, Germany. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were common (44% and 15%, respectively). Compared to those with sufficient vitamin D status, participants with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency had strongly increased respiratory mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 2.1 (1.3–3.2) and 3.0 (1.8–5.2) overall, 4.3 (1.3–14.4) and 8.5 (2.4–30.1) among women, and 1.9 (1.1–3.2) and 2.3 (1.1–4.4) among men. Overall, 41% (95% confidence interval: 20–58%) of respiratory disease mortality was statistically attributable to vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common and account for a large proportion of respiratory disease mortality in older adults, supporting the hypothesis that vitamin D(3) supplementation could be helpful to limit the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women.


id: cord-298542-4du3gar7
author: Karcioglu Batur, Lutfiye
date: 2020-08-16
txt: ./txt/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298542-4du3gar7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32770768/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.26409
summary:
  title: The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there was any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of 10 countries including Turkey. The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there is any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID-19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of ten countries including Turkey. 26 Regarding the genetic susceptibility to a viral infection in vitamin D deficiency, we also observed significant correlations between rs7041 polymorphism and prevalence of COVID-19 and mortality rates per country. Allelic variants of the DBP gene have been studied extensively for their association with vitamin D deficiency 29, 30 and viral infections.

title:
  The role of DBP gene polymorphisms in the prevalence of new coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality rate

abstract:
  Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has given rise to emerging respiratory infections with pandemic diffusion. The vitamin D binding protein (DBP) with emphasis on its regulation of total and free vitamin D metabolite levels participate in various clinical conditions. The main goal of this study was to evaluate if there was any association between the DBP gene polymorphism at rs7041 and rs4588 loci and the prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates caused among populations of 10 countries including Turkey. Positive significant correlations were found between the prevalence (per million) and mortality rates (per million), and GT genotype (P < .05) while there was a negative significant correlation between prevalence (per million) and mortality rates (per million), and TT genotype at rs7041 locus among all populations (P < .05). However, no significant correlation was found at rs4588 locus. GT genotype was found to confer this susceptibility to the populations of Germany, Mexico, Italy, Czech, and Turkey. The variations in the prevalence of COVID‐19 and its mortality rates among countries may be explained by Vitamin D metabolism differed by the DBP polymorphisms of rs7041 and rs4588.


id: cord-300192-fgueg4mo
author: Richardson, David P.
date: 2020-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300192-fgueg4mo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s000711452000330x
doi: 10.1017/s000711452000330x
summary:
  Recent scientific evidence has indicated that the elderly have increased risk of COVID-19 infections, with over 70s and 80s being hardest hit – especially residents of care homes and in clinical settings, ethnic minorities, people who work indoors and those who are overweight and obese. Many of the risk factors identified so far that are related to viral infections and deaths from COVID-19 have underlying associations with nutritional status and specific essential nutrients that are known to contribute to the normal functions of the immune system. Furthermore, consumption of excessive quantities of some micronutrients can have adverse metabolic and health effects, and total intakes of each nutrient from all food and food supplement sources must take into account the tolerable upper safe level set by expert scientific committees such as European Food Safety Authority (78) , the Food and Nutrition Board/Institute of Medicine in the USA (31, 47, 79) and the UK Expert Vitamin and Mineral Group (80) .

title:
  Nutritional status of micronutrients as a possible and modifiable risk factor for COVID-19: a UK perspective

abstract:
  Recent scientific evidence has indicated that the elderly have increased risk of COVID-19 infections, with over 70s and 80s being hardest hit – especially residents of care homes and in clinical settings, ethnic minorities, people who work indoors and those who are overweight and obese. Other potential risk factors include lack of exposure to sunlight, darker skin pigmentation, co-morbidities, poor diet, certain medications, disadvantaged social and economic status, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol. A key question is to understand how and why certain groups of people are more susceptible to COVID-19, whether they have weakened immune systems and what the roles of good nutrition and specific micronutrients are in supporting immune functions. A varied and balanced diet with an abundance of fruits and vegetables and the essential nutrients like vitamin D, vitamin A, B vitamins (folate, vitamin B(6) and vitamin B(12)), vitamin C and the minerals, Fe, Cu, Se and Zn are all known to contribute to the normal functions of the immune system. Avoidance of deficiencies and identification of suboptimal intakes of these micronutrients in targeted groups of patients and in distinct and highly sensitive populations could help to strengthen the resilience of people to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is important to highlight evidence-based public health messages, to prevent false and misleading claims about the benefits of foods and food supplements and to communicate clearly that the extent of knowledge between micronutrients and COVID-19 infection is still being explored and that no diet will prevent or cure COVID-19 infection. Frequent handwashing and social distancing will be critical to reduce transmission.


id: cord-303917-2tu707ng
title: Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review
author: Zhang, Lei
date: 2020-03-03
txt: ./txt/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303917-2tu707ng.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32052466/
doi: 10.1002/jmv.25707
summary:
  We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children''s RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, Semba et al 12 had reported that vitamin A supplementation reduced morbidity and mortality in different infectious diseases, such as measles, diarrheal disease, measles-related pneumonia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and malaria. 15 The mechanism by which vitamin A and retinoids inhibit measles replication is upregulating elements of the innate immune response in uninfected bystander cells, making them refractory to productive infection during subsequent rounds of viral replication. Remdesivir (RDV), a nucleoside analog GS-5734, had been reported to inhibit human and zoonotic coronavirus in vitro and to restrain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in vivo. Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association

abstract:
  An outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID‐19 or 2019‐CoV) infection has posed significant threats to international health and the economy. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of disease. Here, we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections as well as some RNA‐virus infection and we have found that general treatments, coronavirus‐specific treatments, and antiviral treatments should be useful in fighting COVID‐19. We suggest that the nutritional status of each infected patient should be evaluated before the administration of general treatments and the current children's RNA‐virus vaccines including influenza vaccine should be immunized for uninfected people and health care workers. In addition, convalescent plasma should be given to COVID‐19 patients if it is available. In conclusion, we suggest that all the potential interventions be implemented to control the emerging COVID‐19 if the infection is uncontrollable.


id: cord-310738-fnsf2qqm
title: Micronutrients in COVID-19 Positive Pregnancies
author: Yalcin Bahat, Pinar
date: 2020-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310738-fnsf2qqm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32983745/
doi: 10.7759/cureus.10609
summary:
  The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in the prevention and to evaluate the possible cause between the blood levels of micronutrients and the COVID-19 infection. Pregnant women whose PCR test was positive for COVID-19, pregnancies older than eight weeks of gestation, and women who did not receive any antibacterial or antiviral treatment during the past three months or did not receive any 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc supplements during their pregnancy were included in the study. Additionally, it has been shown that serum zinc levels correlate positively with better immune response in pregnant women against infections [17] .

abstract:
  Pregnant women are considered among the high-risk population for COVID-19. Therefore, research for methods of treatment and prevention of COVID-19 positive pregnancies carries an importance. The aim of this study was to measure serum 25(OH)D, vitamin B12, and zinc levels in COVID-19 positive pregnant women to evaluate the role of these micronutrients in treatment and prevention. A total of 44 COVID-19 positive pregnant women who were hospitalized and treated at a tertiary clinic were included in this study. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was measured to be 9.70 ± 59.14. The mean serum zinc level was 62.58 ± 2.63, and the mean serum vitamin B12 level was 295.55 ± 302.48. All these variables were significantly lower than the accepted cut-off values (p < 0.001). These low values might have contributed to a deficiency in their immune response and thus made these patients susceptible to COVID-19 infection. Supplementation of micronutrients during the pandemic could be beneficial during pregnancy for prevention.


id: cord-311965-3x3tjzhi
author: Alexander, Jan
date: 2020-08-07
txt: ./txt/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311965-3x3tjzhi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082358
doi: 10.3390/nu12082358
summary:
  Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Clinical and subclinical micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults are known to contribute to decreased immune function and age-related diseases [11] , implying that nutritional management is essential to reduce the risk of severe infection [12] . In view of a lack of clinical data on preventive and/or therapeutic efficiency of the nutritive adequacy of selenium, zinc, and vitamin D in COVID-19, we, in the present narrative review, discussed recent clinical data on the role of these micronutrients in the protection against bronchopulmonary infections, as well as the existing indications of their impact on COVID-19. We did a literature search for the period 2010-2020 on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar with the keywords of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, COVID 19, coronavirus, micronutrients (zinc, selenium, vitamin D), immune system, inflammation, prevention, and treatment.

title:
  Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19

abstract:
  Objectives: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) conveys a serious threat globally to health and economy because of a lack of vaccines and specific treatments. A common factor for conditions that predispose for serious progress is a low-grade inflammation, e.g., as seen in metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and heart failure, to which micronutrient deficiencies may contribute. The aim of the present article was to explore the usefulness of early micronutrient intervention, with focus on zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, to relieve escalation of COVID-19. Methods: We conducted an online search for articles published in the period 2010–2020 on zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, and corona and related virus infections. Results: There were a few studies providing direct evidence on associations between zinc, selenium, and vitamin D, and COVID-19. Adequate supply of zinc, selenium, and vitamin D is essential for resistance to other viral infections, immune function, and reduced inflammation. Hence, it is suggested that nutrition intervention securing an adequate status might protect against the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - coronavirus-2) and mitigate the course of COVID-19. Conclusion: We recommended initiation of adequate supplementation in high-risk areas and/or soon after the time of suspected infection with SARS-CoV-2. Subjects in high-risk groups should have high priority as regards this nutritive adjuvant therapy, which should be started prior to administration of specific and supportive medical measures.


id: cord-317265-n6x0r58i
author: Singh, Varsha
date: 2020-07-13
txt: ./txt/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317265-n6x0r58i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-020-00330-4
doi: 10.1007/s13668-020-00330-4
summary:
  The purpose of this review is to provide evidence to consider vitamins as epigenetic modifiers to enhance immunity and reduce inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients with non-communicable diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence has suggested the risk of getting infected is high among individuals with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and renal disease, as well as the elderly with high mortality rate among the cohort. SUMMARY: Based on current published scientific and medical evidence, the suggestions made in this article for combination of vitamin therapy as epigenetic modifiers to control the unregulated inflammatory and cytokine marker expressions, further needs to be clinically proven. The clinical link between active inflammatory pathways in ARDS and the vitamin deficiency clearly indicates why COVID-19 causes high mortality in patients with chronic lung diseases.

title:
  Can Vitamins, as Epigenetic Modifiers, Enhance Immunity in COVID-19 Patients with Non-communicable Disease?

abstract:
  PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The highly infectious transmissible disease, the novel SARS-CoV-2, causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has a median incubation time of 5 to 15 days. The symptoms vary from person to person and many are “hidden carriers.” Few people experience immediate reaction and even death within 48 h of infection. However, many show mild to chronic symptoms and recover. Nevertheless, the death rate due to COVID-19 transmission is high especially among patients with non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence to consider vitamins as epigenetic modifiers to enhance immunity and reduce inflammatory response in COVID-19 patients with non-communicable diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Clinical evidence has suggested the risk of getting infected is high among individuals with non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and renal disease, as well as the elderly with high mortality rate among the cohort. The impact is due to an already compromised immune system of patients. Every patient has a different response to COVID-19, which shows that the ability to combat the deadly virus varies individually. Thus, treatment can be personalized and adjusted to help protect and combat COVID-19 infections, especially in individuals with non-communicable diseases. SUMMARY: Based on current published scientific and medical evidence, the suggestions made in this article for combination of vitamin therapy as epigenetic modifiers to control the unregulated inflammatory and cytokine marker expressions, further needs to be clinically proven. Future research and clinical trials can apply the suggestions given in this article to support metabolic activities in patients and enhance the immune response.


id: cord-317758-oym8s4af
title: Commentary. Eliminating Vitamin D Deficiency During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action
author: Manson, JoAnn E.
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317758-oym8s4af.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32712223/
doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154322
abstract: nan
summary:
  5 Ecologic studies show lower COVID-19 mortality in countries or regions with greater solar ultraviolet-B radiation (associated with increased cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D) or populations with higher mean 25(OH)D levels. 6 For example, among 212 COVID-19 patients at three South Asian hospitals, the risk of severe as opposed to mild illness was approximately eight times higher in those who were vitamin D deficient than in those who were vitamin D sufficient. In this period of heightened "vitamin D awareness," clinicians and public health authorities in countries that lack food fortification policies should advocate for a timely implementation of such policies to reduce vitamin D deficiency. Although additional research on its contribution to attenuating COVID-19 risk and severity is in progress, eliminating vitamin D deficiency will improve public health during the current pandemic and after the threat subsides.


id: cord-320959-sgdqhtns
title: Vitamin E Acetate as Linactant in the Pathophysiology of EVALI
author: Lee, Hanjun
date: 2020-08-12
txt: ./txt/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320959-sgdqhtns.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0306987720315188
doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110182
summary:
  In membrane biophysics, Vitamin E is a linactant and a potent modulator of lateral phase separation that effectively reduces the line tension at the two-dimensional phase boundaries and thereby exponentially increases the surface viscosity of the pulmonary surfactant. Supplementation of pulmonary surfactants which retain moderate level of cholesterol and 10 controlled hypothermia for patients are recommended when the hypothesis that the line-active property of the vitamin derivative drives the pathogenesis of EVALI holds. Currently, there are 5 five established non-antioxidative properties of Vitamin E in the biological system: i) its ability to induce gel-liquid crystalline phase transition, ii) its active deposition in the lipid droplet of macrophages, iii) its modulation of the antidiabetic cascade involving diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) and protein kinase C (PKC), iv) its activation of the xenobiotic-sensing pregnane X receptor (PXR) signaling, and v) its ability to modulate lateral phase separation.

abstract:
  The recent identification of Vitamin E acetate as one of the causal agents for the e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) is a major milestone. In membrane biophysics, Vitamin E is a linactant and a potent modulator of lateral phase separation that effectively reduces the line tension at the two-dimensional phase boundaries and thereby exponentially increases the surface viscosity of the pulmonary surfactant. Disrupted dynamics of respiratory compression-expansion cycling may result in an extensive hypoxemia, leading to an acute respiratory distress entailing the formation of intraalveolar lipid-laden macrophages. Supplementation of pulmonary surfactants which retain moderate level of cholesterol and controlled hypothermia for patients are recommended when the hypothesis that the line-active property of the vitamin derivative drives the pathogenesis of EVALI holds.


id: cord-321401-w4ne60fn
author: Schrumpf, Jasmijn A.
date: 2020-07-10
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32754156/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01433
title:
  Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases

abstract:
  Vitamin D plays an active role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses as well as in the protection against respiratory pathogens. Evidence for this immunomodulatory and protective role is derived from observational studies showing an association between vitamin D deficiency, chronic airway diseases and respiratory infections, and is supported by a range of experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. Furthermore, recent intervention studies have now shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces exacerbation rates in vitamin D-deficient patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and decreases the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D), is known to contribute to the integrity of the mucosal barrier, promote killing of pathogens (via the induction of antimicrobial peptides), and to modulate inflammation and immune responses. These mechanisms may partly explain its protective role against infections and exacerbations in COPD and asthma patients. The respiratory mucosa is an important site of local 1,25(OH)(2)D synthesis, degradation and signaling, a process that can be affected by exposure to inflammatory mediators. As a consequence, mucosal inflammation and other disease-associated factors, as observed in e.g., COPD and asthma, may modulate the protective actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D. Here, we discuss the potential consequences of various disease-associated processes such as inflammation and exposure to pathogens and inhaled toxicants on vitamin D metabolism and local responses to 1,25(OH)(2)D in both immune- and epithelial cells. We furthermore discuss potential consequences of disturbed local levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)(2)D for chronic lung diseases. Additional insight into the relationship between disease-associated mechanisms and local effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D is expected to contribute to the design of future strategies aimed at improving local levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D and signaling in chronic inflammatory lung diseases.


id: cord-321817-z9oj9nmv
author: Cereda, Emanuele
date: 2020-11-11
txt: ./txt/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321817-z9oj9nmv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0899900720303385
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111055
summary:
  • The involvement of vitamin in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still not clear; • Some studies support a link between vitamin D deficiency and worse COVID-19 outcome; • Vitamin D may also enhance macrophages activation and aberrant immune response; • In our study vitamin D supplementation was associated with a trend to higher mortality; • Supplementation trials are crucial to clarify the role of vitamin D in COVID-19. The observation of lower mortality rates at lower degrees of latitude, along with other preliminary reports on the association between serum levels of 25OHD and the risk of having the disease or a critical outcome, have suggested that vitamin D could modulate the risk and mitigate the severity of COVID-19 [1, 2, 5] . Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether vitamin 25OHD supplementation, which may be a better surrogate of real 25OHD status, is associated with prognosis in COVID-19 patients from the Italian outbreak area of Lombardy. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of vitamin D supplementation and status in modulating the severity of COVID-19, as well as its prevention.

title:
  Vitamin D supplementation and outcome in COVID-19 patients from the outbreak area of Lombardy, Italy

abstract:
  • Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. • The involvement of vitamin in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still not clear; • Some studies support a link between vitamin D deficiency and worse COVID-19 outcome; • Vitamin D may also enhance macrophages activation and aberrant immune response; • In our study vitamin D supplementation was associated with a trend to higher mortality; • Supplementation trials are crucial to clarify the role of vitamin D in COVID-19.


id: cord-322866-au76nnzg
title: Vitamin D and COVID‐19: It is time to act
author: Bleizgys, Andrius
date: 2020-10-27
txt: ./txt/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322866-au76nnzg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13748
doi: 10.1111/ijcp.13748
summary:
  High‐dose VitD supplementation, particularly for risk groups, could be recommended to achieve and maintain optimal (range 40‐60 ng/mL) serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D levels (marker of VitD status) both for COVID‐19 prevention and treatment. 17, 19, 26 Epidemiological studies of the past showed inverse relationships between VitD status and certain clinical events: lower 25OH-D levels are associated with higher risk of developing ARDS, heart failure and sepsis; the latter conditions are also known to increase risk for severe COVID-19 and death from COVID-19. Some authors even suggested that patients having VitD deficiency should be considered as high risk group for getting severe illness from COVID-19. 44, 45 VitD also increases the gene expression of antioxidative enzymes, eg glutathione reductase and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, and this was shown to help maintain higher levels of vitamin C, which is an antioxidant and has antimicrobial activity as well, and is suggested as a potential agent for fighting COVID-19.

abstract:
  Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency is considered a global problem and might be associated with increased susceptibility to COVID‐19 illness. In the light of COVID‐19 pandemic, VitD might be a promising agent for fighting the SARS‐CoV‐2, since VitD is involved in various pathophysiological mechanisms that occur during COVID‐19 infection. High‐dose VitD supplementation, particularly for risk groups, could be recommended to achieve and maintain optimal (range 40‐60 ng/mL) serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D levels (marker of VitD status) both for COVID‐19 prevention and treatment.


id: cord-322899-uxvlagt3
title: The potential roles of micronutrient deficiency and immune system dysfunction in COVID-19 pandemic
author: Gorji, Ali
date: 2020-11-06
txt: ./txt/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322899-uxvlagt3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900720303300?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111047
summary:
  Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. [16] Zinc deficiency is associated with impaired immune responses and leads to a higher risk of respiratory viral infections, particularly in elderly subjects. [61] The beneficial effects of vitamin A on morbidity and mortality of some viral infections, such as measles and HIV, could be due to increased antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation as well as enhanced T-cell lymphopoiesis. [102] A modest level of vitamin E supplementation regulates the cellular free radical-antioxidant balance, enhances the antibody response, and activates the immune cells of broilers vaccinated with the infectious bronchitis virus. Micronutrient deficiencies are associated with impaired immune response and higher burden of respiratory infections in elderly Ecuadorians

abstract:
  Preliminary studies indicate that a robust immune response across different cell types is crucial in the recovery from COVID-19. An enormous number of investigations point to the vital importance of various micronutrients in the interactions between the host immune system and viruses, including COVID-19. There are complex and multifaceted links between micronutrient status, the host immune response, and the virulence of pathogenic viruses. Micronutrients play a critical role in the coordinated recruitment of innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infections, particularly in the regulation of pro-and anti-inflammatory host responses. Furthermore, inadequate amounts of micronutrients not only weaken the immune system in combating viral infections, but also contribute to the emergence of more virulent strains via alterations of the genetic make-up of the viral genome. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence which suggests the contribution of micronutrients in the spread as well as the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Both the presence of micronutrient deficiencies among infected subjects and the effect of micronutrient supplementation on the immune responses and overall outcome of the disease could be of great interest to weigh the use of micronutrients in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. These investigations could be of great value in dealing with future viral epidemics.


id: cord-324246-liyk6mna
title: Be well: A potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19
author: Shakoor, Hira
date: 2020-08-15
txt: ./txt/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324246-liyk6mna.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378512220303480/pdf
doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.08.007
abstract: nan
summary:
  Vitamin B assists in proper activation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, improves respiratory function, maintains endothelial integrity, prevents hypercoagulability and can reduce the length of stay in hospital [7, 8] . In a recent preprint it is suggested that PLP supplementation mitigates COVID-19 symptoms by regulating immune responses, decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, maintaining endothelial integrity and preventing hypercoagulability [22] . J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, vitamin B modulates immune response by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation, reducing breathing difficulty and gastrointestinal problems, preventing hypercoagulability, potentially improving outcomes and reducing the length of stay in the hospital for COVID-19 patients.


id: cord-324288-qgxswltx
author: Padhi, Sunali
date: 2020-09-14
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33182040/
doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107001
title:
  Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: an observational study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The role of vitamin D in the susceptibility and severity of various viral diseases has been well documented. Recently, some reports highlighted the possible importance of vitamin D in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although India receives adequate sunlight throughout the year, the majority of Indians are deficient in vitamin D levels. In the present study, we hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency would be associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and mortality in the Indian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality data were obtained from the Government of India's official website (accessed on 16(th) August 2020). Various literature databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were searched to find the mean of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in different states and union territories of India, Pearson correlation was carried out to investigate the possible link between mean 25(OH)D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality per million of the population. RESULTS: An inverse correlation was observed between the mean level of 25(OH)D and SARS-CoV-2 infection rate (r= -0.43, p= 0.02) and mortality rate (r= -0.42, p= 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present observational study revealed an association of vitamin D with SARS-CoV-2 infection and related mortality. Further studies are required to validate our observations.


id: cord-325436-pp3q022y
title: Antiviral Functional Foods and Exercise Lifestyle Prevention of Coronavirus
author: Alkhatib, Ahmad
date: 2020-08-28
txt: ./txt/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325436-pp3q022y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32872374/
doi: 10.3390/nu12092633
summary:
  This review presents key evidence on how functional foods and lifestyle approaches, including physical activity, effective for cardiometabolic disease prevention outcomes [9] , can also optimize the immune system response to viral infection, especially respiratory tract infections and COVID-19. Enhancing the antiviral immune defence can benefit from the functional food intake of a considerable variety of plant, animal, and fungi species, consumed across different diets and cultural practices including traditional herbal medicine such as teas, roots, mushrooms, and fermented plants and leaves; MD components such as olive-based products, oily fish, seeds, fruits, and vegetables; popular beverages such as coffee; and protein-rich foods such as chicken extract and soybean peptides. Below is a review of popular foods within various dietary patterns, including olive oil nutraceuticals, popular vitamins such as vitamin D, traditional medicinal herbs and roots, and protein peptides for preventing viral infections including COVID-19, especially when they are adopted as part of an active lifestyle.

abstract:
  Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is causing global mortality and lockdown burdens. A compromised immune system is a known risk factor for all viral influenza infections. Functional foods optimize the immune system capacity to prevent and control pathogenic viral infections, while physical activity augments such protective benefits. Exercise enhances innate and adaptive immune systems through acute, transient, and long-term adaptations to physical activity in a dose-response relationship. Functional foods prevention of non-communicable disease can be translated into protecting against respiratory viral infections and COVID-19. Functional foods and nutraceuticals within popular diets contain immune-boosting nutraceuticals, polyphenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, pigments, unsaturated fatty-acids, micronutrient vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate, and trace elements, including zinc, iron, selenium, magnesium, and copper. Foods with antiviral properties include fruits, vegetables, fermented foods and probiotics, olive oil, fish, nuts and seeds, herbs, roots, fungi, amino acids, peptides, and cyclotides. Regular moderate exercise may contribute to reduce viral risk and enhance sleep quality during quarantine, in combination with appropriate dietary habits and functional foods. Lifestyle and appropriate nutrition with functional compounds may offer further antiviral approaches for public health.


id: cord-329321-usqjkj89
title: Myths and Facts on Vitamin D Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic()
author: Chakhtoura, M.
date: 2020-05-26
txt: ./txt/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329321-usqjkj89.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154276
doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154276
abstract: nan
summary:
  We examine the biological plausibility and evidence for a role of vitamin D in COVID-19 patients, and provide a framework for guidance on supplementation, based on a rigorous and systematic approach. The first investigating the effectiveness of vitamin D in the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases reported that the strongest evidence was in reducing the risk of acute respiratory illness and influenza [38] . More recently, an individual patient meta-analysis of 25 trials, of over 11,000 participants, showed vitamin D supplementation to reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections, including viral, by 12% in all participants. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths Effect of Vitamin D supplementation to reduce respiratory infections in children and adolescents in Vietnam: A randomized controlled trial. Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data


id: cord-329997-jhejhz6d
title: Nutritional recommendations for CoVID-19 quarantine
author: Muscogiuri, Giovanna
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329997-jhejhz6d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32286533/
doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0635-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  CoVID-19 has now been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, and people in all countries are under quarantine in order to reduce the spread of the virus, which then also lessens the impact on medical resources. Further, beyond sleep-inducing properties, milk products such as yogurt could also augmented natural killer cell activity and reduce the risk of respiratory infections [6] During quarantine the increased intake of macronutrients could also be accompanied by micronutrients deficiency as occurs in obesity [7] , which is commonly associated with impaired immune responses, particularly cell-mediated immunity, phagocyte function, cytokine production, secretory antibody response, antibody affinity, and the complement system, thus making more susceptible to viral infections [8] . In addition, quarantine could be associated to a less time spent outdoor, less sun-exposure, and reduced production of vitamin D as a result of lower levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin.


id: cord-330834-zqm4egei
author: Drall, Kelsea M.
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330834-zqm4egei.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1799734
doi: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1799734
summary:
  Since little is known about the impact of this supplementation on infant gut microbiota, we undertook a study to determine the association between maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation, infant gut microbiota composition and Clostridioides difficile colonization in 1,157 mother-infant pairs of the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study over 2009–2012. 2, 20 The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between maternal perinatal and infant vitamin D supplementation, and infant gut microbiota composition at 3 months of age, including C. These null associations were unchanged following adjustment for birth mode, maternal milk consumption, household pets, study center and infant age at sample collection ( Figure 1a , Table S1 ). 46 Ultimately, this study found evidence of an association between maternal vitamin D supplementation with the gut microbiota composition of all study infants, notably a lower abundance of Megamonas, with its potential implications for host defense against viral respiratory infections.

title:
  Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and early infancy in relation to gut microbiota composition and C. difficile colonization: implications for viral respiratory infections

abstract:
  In Canada and the US, the infant diet is supplemented with vitamin D via supplement drops or formula. Pregnant and nursing mothers often take vitamin D supplements. Since little is known about the impact of this supplementation on infant gut microbiota, we undertook a study to determine the association between maternal and infant vitamin D supplementation, infant gut microbiota composition and Clostridioides difficile colonization in 1,157 mother-infant pairs of the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study over 2009–2012. Logistic and MaAsLin regression were employed to assess associations between vitamin D supplementation, and C. difficile colonization, or other gut microbiota, respectively. Sixty-five percent of infants received a vitamin D supplement. Among all infants, infant vitamin D supplementation was associated with a lower abundance of genus Megamonas (q = 0.01) in gut microbiota. Among those exclusively breastfed, maternal prenatal supplementation was associated with lower abundance of Bilophila (q = 0.01) and of Lachnospiraceae (q = 0.02) but higher abundance of Haemophilus (q = 0.02). There were no differences in microbiota composition with vitamin D supplementation among partially and not breastfed infants. Neither infant nor maternal vitamin D supplementation were associated with C. difficile colonization, after adjusting for breastfeeding status and other factors. However, maternal consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk reduced the likelihood of C. difficile colonization in infants (adjustedOR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19–0.82). The impact of this compositional difference on later childhood health, especially defense against viral respiratory infection, may go beyond the expected effects of vitamin D supplements and remains to be ascertained.


id: cord-331191-mq1zwpt7
title: Vitamin D3 in High-Quality Cow Milk: An Italian Case Study
author: Mandrioli, Mara
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331191-mq1zwpt7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32369934/
doi: 10.3390/foods9050548
summary:
  The quality-labeling category of high-quality (HQ) milk defined by the Italian legislation must comply with specific requirements concerning rigorous breeder management, hygienic controls, fat and protein content, bacterial load, somatic cells, lactic acid content, and non-denatured soluble serum proteins. Since the concentration of cholecalciferol in milk is important to assess the daily intake in humans, the present study aimed at evaluating the content of vitamin D3 in raw milk and pasteurized HQ whole milk obtained according to the Italian Ministerial Decree 185/1991 [11] . All FARM and PHQ samples were subjected to fat cold extraction according to the procedure described in Section 2.4, as well as to the determination and quantification of the vitamin D3 content by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array (HPLC/UV-DAD) detector and HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS).

abstract:
  The quality-labeling category of high-quality (HQ) milk defined by the Italian legislation must comply with specific requirements concerning rigorous breeder management, hygienic controls, fat and protein content, bacterial load, somatic cells, lactic acid content, and non-denatured soluble serum proteins. However, there is no specification for the vitamin D content of HQ milk. Moreover, the data on the vitamin D content of this milk category are very scarce. In the present study, the content of vitamin D3 was evaluated in HQ raw and pasteurized cow milk obtained from Italian cowsheds and supermarkets. The vitamin D3 content varied from not detected (less than 1 µg L(−1)) to 17.0 ± 2.0 µg L(−1) milk and was not related to the milk fat content. These results represent a case study including a significant although not exhaustive part of the contemporary Italian market of HQ milk. It was shown for the first time that HQ raw milk does not necessarily contain more vitamin D3, even though non-expert consumers likely to buy milk labeled as HQ could expect it. The vitamin D3 content in HQ pasteurized whole milk should be reported on the label of the milk package as a best practice of consumer information policy.


id: cord-332533-iqe6sdq2
author: Grant, William B.
date: 2020-04-02
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32252338/
doi: 10.3390/nu12040988
title:
  Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths

abstract:
  The world is in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures that can reduce the risk of infection and death in addition to quarantines are desperately needed. This article reviews the roles of vitamin D in reducing the risk of respiratory tract infections, knowledge about the epidemiology of influenza and COVID-19, and how vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce risk. Through several mechanisms, vitamin D can reduce risk of infections. Those mechanisms include inducing cathelicidins and defensins that can lower viral replication rates and reducing concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines that produce the inflammation that injures the lining of the lungs, leading to pneumonia, as well as increasing concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Several observational studies and clinical trials reported that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of influenza, whereas others did not. Evidence supporting the role of vitamin D in reducing risk of COVID-19 includes that the outbreak occurred in winter, a time when 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations are lowest; that the number of cases in the Southern Hemisphere near the end of summer are low; that vitamin D deficiency has been found to contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome; and that case-fatality rates increase with age and with chronic disease comorbidity, both of which are associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration. To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D(3) for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d. The goal should be to raise 25(OH)D concentrations above 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L). For treatment of people who become infected with COVID-19, higher vitamin D(3) doses might be useful. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations.


id: cord-333248-5342lyeu
author: Elenius, Varpu
date: 2017-02-24
txt: ./txt/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333248-5342lyeu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172350
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172350
summary:
  We studied how their serum levels were associated with allergy status, intratonsillar/nasopharyngeal virus detection and intratonsillar expression of T celland innate immune response-specific cytokines, transcription factors and type I/II/III interferons in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. We studied how serum vitamins and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 levels and allergic and tonsillar diseases were associated with direct in vivo detection of respiratory viruses and T cell subset-related transcription factors, cytokines as well as type I, II and III interferons in tonsils. The associations of serum levels of vitamins and LL-37, allergy status and virus detection with intratonsillar cytokine and transcription factor expressions were analyzed using univariable and age-adjusted linear regression. This study provides new insights into connections between serum levels of vitamins A, D, and E and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and several important outcomes: allergy, respiratory virus detection and tonsillar immune responses.

title:
  The relationship of serum vitamins A, D, E and LL-37 levels with allergic status, tonsillar virus detection and immune response

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Tonsils have an active role in immune defence and inducing and maintaining tolerance to allergens. Vitamins A, D, and E, and antimicrobial peptide LL-37 may have immunomodulatory effects. We studied how their serum levels were associated with allergy status, intratonsillar/nasopharyngeal virus detection and intratonsillar expression of T cell- and innate immune response-specific cytokines, transcription factors and type I/II/III interferons in patients undergoing tonsillectomy. METHODS: 110 elective tonsillectomy patients participated. Serum levels of vitamins A, 25(OH)D, and E, LL-37 and allergen-specific IgE as well as nasopharyngeal/intratonsillar respiratory viruses were analyzed. The mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, IL-28, IL-29, IL-37, TGF-β, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2 and Tbet in tonsils were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 16 years (range 3–60), 28% of subjects had atopy, and 57% carried ≥1 respiratory virus in nasopharynx. Detection of viruses decreased by age. Higher vitamin A levels showed borderline significance with less viral detection (P = 0.056). Higher 25(OH)D was associated with less allergic rhinitis and atopy (P < 0.05) and higher vitamin E with less self-reported allergy (P < 0.05). In gene expression analyses, 25(OH)D was associated with higher IL-37, vitamin A with higher IFN-γ and vitamin E with less IL-28 (P < 0.05). LL-37 was associated with less FOXP3, RORC2 and IL-17 in tonsils (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D and E levels were associated with less allergic disorders. Vitamin A was linked to antiviral and vitamin D with anti-inflammatory activity. LL-37 and was linked to T regulatory cell effects.


id: cord-335024-0klf75qr
title: An Update on Vitamin D Metabolism
author: Saponaro, Federica
date: 2020-09-08
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186573
doi: 10.3390/ijms21186573
abstract:
  Vitamin D is a steroid hormone classically involved in the calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Recently, new and interesting aspects of vitamin D metabolism has been elucidated, namely the special role of the skin, the metabolic control of liver hydroxylase CYP2R1, the specificity of 1α-hydroxylase in different tissues and cell types and the genomic, non-genomic and epigenomic effects of vitamin D receptor, which will be addressed in the present review. Moreover, in the last decades, several extraskeletal effects which can be attributed to vitamin D have been shown. These beneficial effects will be here summarized, focusing on the immune system and cardiovascular system.


id: cord-337849-tyabf12r
title: Modulation of the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses by Vitamin D
author: Greiller, Claire L.
date: 2015-05-29
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240
doi: 10.3390/nu7064240
abstract:
  Background: Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to be independently associated with increased risk of viral acute respiratory infection (ARI) in a number of observational studies, and meta-analysis of clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation for prevention of ARI has demonstrated protective effects. Several cellular studies have investigated the effects of vitamin D metabolites on immune responses to respiratory viruses, but syntheses of these reports are lacking. Scope: In this article, we review the literature reporting results of in vitro experiments investigating immunomodulatory actions of vitamin D metabolites in human respiratory epithelial cells infected with respiratory viruses. Key findings: Vitamin D metabolites do not consistently influence replication or clearance of rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cell culture, although they do modulate expression and secretion of type 1 interferon, chemokines including CXCL8 and CXCL10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-6. Future research: More studies are needed to clarify the effects of vitamin D metabolites on respiratory virus-induced expression of cell surface markers mediating viral entry and bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells.


id: cord-338140-p88fgojk
author: Cervantes-Pérez, Enrique
date: 2020-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338140-p88fgojk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33125628/
doi: 10.1007/s13668-020-00337-x
summary:
  The purpose of this review is to provide concise guidance for the nutritional management of individuals with COVID-19 based on the current literature and focused on those in the non-ICU setting or with an older age and polymorbidity, which are independently associated with malnutrition and its negative impact on mortality. Numerous cases of pneumonia caused by a new virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were initially reported in Wuhan, China, at the end of December 2019. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide possible and potential nutritional interventions on novel coronaviruses for clinicians. Older adults and polymorbid individuals suffering from chronic and acute disease conditions are at increased risk for poor outcomes and higher mortality following infection with the COVID-19-causing virus.

title:
  Medical Nutrition Therapy in Hospitalized Patients With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection in a Non-critical Care Setting: Knowledge in Progress

abstract:
  PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As of 13 September 2020, almost 28 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 including more than 920,000 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents a potential threat to patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Patients with the worst outcomes and higher mortality are reported to include older adults, polymorbid individuals, and malnourished people in general. The purpose of this review is to provide concise guidance for the nutritional management of individuals with COVID-19 based on the current literature and focused on those in the non-ICU setting or with an older age and polymorbidity, which are independently associated with malnutrition and its negative impact on mortality. RECENT FINDINGS: Prolonged hospital stays are reported to be required for individuals with COVID-19, and longer acute setting stays may directly worsen or cause malnutrition, with severe loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, which may lead to poor quality of life and additional morbidity. Nutritional therapy is among the mainstay of therapeutic principles and one of the core contents of comprehensive treatment measures. SUMMARY: The current COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented. The prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of malnutrition should therefore be routinely included in the management of individuals with COVID-19.


id: cord-339166-f7tw90tm
title: Role of vitamin D in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological and clinical aspects
author: Tecilazich, Francesco
date: 2020-10-07
txt: ./txt/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339166-f7tw90tm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33026598/
doi: 10.1007/s11154-020-09575-4
summary:
  Since hypovitaminosis D is very frequent in patients with diabetes and vitamin D (VD) has vascular protective properties, several studies have addressed the association of VD deficiency with DR and its severity and progression, whereas the effects of VD supplementation on its natural history are largely unknown. Moreover, several studies have addressed, without reaching to date an univocal conclusion, the prevalence and role of hypovitaminosis D in diabetes, as well as the impact of VD supplementation on the natural history of diabetes, blood Fig. 1 Metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of VD, main external sources of VD and the potential mechanisms underlying widespread hypovitaminosis D (defined according to Sempos et al., 2018 [2] glucose control, and prevalence and severity of its macro and microvascular complications [6, 12] . Noteworthy, a sub-analysis of the Field Study, a placebo-controlled trial on nearly 10,000 T2DM patients, showed that subjects with hypovitaminosis D had a higher cumulative incidence of microvascular events; in fact, a 50 nmol/L difference in VD levels was associated with a 18% (p = 0.007) increase in risk of microvascular complications [83] .

abstract:
  Epidemiological data predict a dramatic increase in the prevalence of diabetes and of diabetic retinopathy (DR) – the most common complication of diabetes-for which however we do not have so far effective tools for prevention and treatment. Since hypovitaminosis D is very frequent in patients with diabetes and vitamin D (VD) has vascular protective properties, several studies have addressed the association of VD deficiency with DR and its severity and progression, whereas the effects of VD supplementation on its natural history are largely unknown. Here we review the available evidence that supports the possible protective role of VD in DR and suggests to determine the VD levels in DR patients calling for a definitive randomized clinical trial to ascertain whether VD supplementation could protect against DR.


id: cord-342335-awu50iev
title: Factors Affecting Vitamin C Status and Prevalence of Deficiency: A Global Health Perspective
author: Carr, Anitra C.
date: 2020-07-01
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071963
doi: 10.3390/nu12071963
abstract:
  A recent review of global vitamin C status has indicated a high prevalence of deficiency, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, as well as in specific subgroups within high-income countries. Here, we provide a narrative review of potential factors influencing vitamin C status globally. The in vivo status of vitamin C is primarily affected by dietary intake and supplement use, with those who supplement having a higher mean status and a lower prevalence of deficiency. Dietary intake can be influenced by cultural aspects such as traditional cooking practices and staple foods, with many staple foods, such as grains, contributing negligible vitamin C to the diet. Environmental factors can also affect vitamin C intake and status; these include geographic region, season, and climate, as well as pollution, the latter partly due to enhanced oxidative stress. Demographic factors such as sex, age, and race are known to affect vitamin C status, as do socioeconomic factors such as deprivation, education and social class, and institutionalization. Various health aspects can affect vitamin C status; these include body weight, pregnancy and lactation, genetic variants, smoking, and disease states, including severe infections as well as various noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Some of these factors have changed over time; therefore, we also explore if vitamin C status has shown temporal changes. Overall, there are numerous factors that can affect vitamin C status to different extents in various regions of the world. Many of these factors are not taken into consideration during the setting of global dietary intake recommendations for vitamin C.


id: cord-343122-lppdauei
title: Does Vitamin D play a role in the management of Covid-19 in Brazil?
author: Ribeiro, Helena
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343122-lppdauei.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002545
doi: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002545
summary:
  The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our arguments respond to an article, published in Italy, that describes the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older Italian women and raises the possible preventive and therapeutic role of optimal vitamin D levels. (Isaia and Medico, 2020, p.1) a Reference studies show the role of optimal vitamin D levels in the prevention and control of severe respiratory infections. 12 hypothesize that supplementation with vitamin D, to increase concentrations in the general population, above 38 ng/ml, would result in significant health benefit, by reducing the burden of viral infections of the respiratory tract in healthy adults living in temperate climates. Adequate vitamin D status may play a role in prevention and management of respiratory tract infections, which might include the Covid-19 pandemic, especially among the older population and health professionals worldwide.

abstract:
  The study discusses the possible role of adequate vitamin D status in plasma or serum for preventing acute respiratory infections during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our arguments respond to an article, published in Italy, that describes the high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in older Italian women and raises the possible preventive and therapeutic role of optimal vitamin D levels. Based on literature review, we highlight the findings regarding the protective role of vitamin D for infectious diseases of the respiratory system. However, randomized controlled trials are currently lacking. Adequate vitamin D status is obtained from sun exposure and foods rich in vitamin D. Studies in Brazil have shown that hypovitaminosis D is quite common in spite of high insolation. Authors recommend ecological, epidemiological and randomized controlled trials studies to verify this hypothesis.


id: cord-345120-fa5sx5zm
title: Vitamin C and Coronavirus
author: Simonson, William
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345120-fa5sx5zm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0197457220301427
doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.002
abstract: nan
summary:
  It would be wonderful if one or more of these agents is able to block the virus to prevent infection or treat sick patients but one course of therapy from some of these biologicals may have a price tag of many thousands of dollars. A recent scientific article published in 2019 before the detection of the novel coronavirus presents a metaanalysis of 18 controlled clinical trials with a total of more than 2000 patients looking at the effect of vitamin C on length of stay in the hospital intensive care unit and the duration of mechanical ventilation. Study results included the following: In 12 of the trials reviewed, length of ICU stay was reduced by 7.8% in patients receiving vitamin C. 8 Study design calls for intravenous administration of either 12 Gm. of vitamin C or placebo to patients with severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 infection twice a day for 7 days.


id: cord-348567-rvwxysvc
title: Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population
author: Panfili, F. M.
date: 2020-06-15
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0
doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0
abstract:
  PURPOSE: Covid-19 is a pandemic of unprecedented proportion, whose understanding and management is still under way. In the emergency setting new or available therapies to contrast the spread of COVID-19 are urgently needed. Elderly males, especially those affected by previous diseases or with comorbidities, are more prone to develop interstitial pneumonia that can deteriorate evolving to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) that require hospitalization in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Even children and young patients are not spared by SARS-CoV 2 infection, yet they seem to develop a milder form of disease. In this setting the immunomodulatory role of Vitamin D, should be further investigated. Methods: We reviewed the literature about the immunomodulatory role of Vitamin D collecting data from the databases Medline and Embase. RESULTS: Vitamin D proved to interact both with the innate immune system, by activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or increasing the levels of cathelicidins and β-defensins, and adaptive immune system, by reducing immunoglobulin secretion by plasma cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, thus modulating T cells function. Promising results have been extensively described as regards the supplementation of vitamin D in respiratory tract infections, autoimmune diseases and even pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we suggest that vitamin D supplementation might play a role in the prevention and/or treatment to SARS-CoV-2 infection disease, by modulating the immune response to the virus both in the adult and pediatric population.


id: cord-352744-dd2rbsla
title: Vitamin D and Sex Differences in COVID-19
author: Pagano, Maria Teresa
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-352744-dd2rbsla.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.567824
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.567824
abstract: nan
summary:
  In particular, it plays a key role in the control of the cytokine storm, i.e., the sudden acute increase in circulating levels of different pro-inflammatory cytokines, induced in several inflammatory conditions and also in COVID-19 (7) . ACE2 plays a protective role in acute respiratory distress syndrome and higher levels of ACE2 seem to be associated with better outcomes for lung diseases and, in particular, for COVID-19 (11) (12) (13) . To note, epidemiological data indicate that COVID-19 has a significantly higher lethality in men than in women (ratios up to 3:1), suggesting the presence of sex-dependent biological factors underlying these differences in disease outcome (16, 17) . Interestingly, sex differences have been observed in the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Vitamin D3 in some autoimmune diseases. In particular, it is tempting to hypothesize that the synergy between Vitamin D3 and estrogen could affect the sex differences in the outcome of patients with COVID-19.


